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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Harrison_(singer)
|
Sarah Harrison (singer)
|
["1 Early life","2 Radio","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Sarah HarrisonBackground informationBorn1990 (age 33–34)MaltaOriginLondon, England, UKGenresHip hop, R&B, popOccupation(s)Singer, songwriter, DJ, music producer, actressInstrument(s)Vocals, PianoWebsiteimsarahharrison.comMusical artist
Sarah Harrison (born 1990), also known as LadyInTheTrap (LITT), is an English-Maltese DJ and singer.
Early life
Born in Malta, Harrison began her career as a child, hosting a children's television show on ONE TV in Malta. At the age of 12, she moved to London, where she began attending the Sylvia Young Theatre School.
At the age of 13, she represented Malta at the inaugural Junior Eurovision Song Contest in Copenhagen, Denmark. She performed the self-written song "Like a Star", which placed 7th.
In 2006, she featured as one of the subjects of the Channel 4 documentary series My Crazy Life. An episode in the series followed Harrison's quest for fame and her family's sacrifices to support her. She later attended Laine Theatre Arts College.
She appeared as an extra in two Harry Potter films and was part of an ensemble that recorded sessions at Abbey Road studios for the Disney and Walden Media film version of CS Lewis's The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.
Radio
Harrison and Quincy Jones
Her interest in producing was boosted by a meeting with Quincy Jones. Her first break came in early 2012, after she was contacted by Snoop Dogg after he heard her tracks on SoundCloud.
She became host of a self-titled weekly radio show, The Sarah Harrison Show, on The Beat London 103.6 FM. Harrison made trips to the US to host DJ for the International Music Conference in Atlanta.
Alongside a Nike Town residency, she has opened for The Game and Ciara, and been a part of the Wireless line-up.
References
^ a b c Ariadne Massa. "Young singer joins Harry Potter extras". The Times (Malta), 20 October 2003.
^ Ariadne Massa. "Channel 4 highlights budding Maltese singer's quest for fame". The Times (Malta). 24 July 2006.
^ a b c "Sarah Harrison: Talks Life as a Hip Hop DJ | LadyInTheTRAP". What's Good? Online. 14 June 2014. Archived from the original on 26 June 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
^ "Sarah Harrison in Harry Potter's latest film". ESC Today. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
^ Ariadne Massa. "Maltese teenager walks Hogwarts' great hall". The Times (Malta). 28 November 2005.
^ a b c d "London-based Maltese DJ to perform alongside music superstars at UK Wireless festival". The Malta Independent. 10 July 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
External links
Official site
Awards and achievements
Preceded bynone
Malta in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2003
Succeeded byYoung Talent Teamwith "Power of a Song"
vteJunior Eurovision Song Contest 2003
Belarus
Belgium
X!NK
Croatia
Cyprus
Dino Jelusić
Denmark
Anne Gadegaard
Greece
Latvia
Macedonia
Marija and Viktorija
Malta
Sarah Harrison
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
vte Malta in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest
2003
Sarah Harrison
2004
2005
2006
2007
Cute
2008
2009
2010
2013
Gaia Cauchi
"The Start"
2014
Federica Falzon
2015
Destiny Chukunyere
"Not My Soul"
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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|
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| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_NC-860
|
SNCAC NC.860
|
[]
|
NC.860
Role
Civil utility aircraftType of aircraft
National origin
France
Manufacturer
SNCAC
First flight
28 March 1949
Number built
1
Developed from
NC.853
The SNCAC NC.860 (also known as the Aérocentre NC.860) was a French twin-engined development of the NC.853 light aircraft.
Development
The NC.860 was developed from the earlier NC.853 single-engined high-wing monoplane, major changes included a four-seat cabin and the fitting of two 105 hp (78 kW) Walter Minor 4-III engines on a re-designed wing. With the engines mounted on the high-wing the wing span was increased and the NC.860 had a tricycle landing gear.
The NC.860, registered F-WFKJ, first flew 28 March 1949.
Specification
Data from General characteristics
Crew: 1
Capacity: 3
Length: 7.7 m (25 ft 3 in)
Wingspan: 13.42 m (44 ft 0 in)
Wing area: 20.0 m2 (215 sq ft)
Empty weight: 760 kg (1,676 lb)
Gross weight: 1,200 kg (2,646 lb)
Powerplant: 2 × Walter Minor 4-III four-cylinder inverted inline air-cooled engine, 78 kW (105 hp) each
Performance
Maximum speed: 240 km/h (150 mph, 130 kn)
Cruise speed: 210 km/h (130 mph, 110 kn)
Range: 1,000 km (620 mi, 540 nmi)
References
Notes
^ a b c d Simpson 1991, p. 207
^ Note: AviaFrance website has first flight as 29 July 1949
^ "S.N.C.A.C. NC-860". Retrieved 2009-12-19.
Bibliography
Simpson, R.W. (1991). Airlife's General Aviation. England: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-85310-194-X.
External links
AviaFrance S.N.C.A.C. NC-860 (including image)
vteSociété Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Centre (SNCAC) (Centre) aircraftby number
NC.130
NC.150
NC.211
NC.223
NC.4-10
NC.420
NC.433
NC.47-0
NC.47-1
NC.47-2
NC.510
NC.530
NC.600
NC.700
NC.701
NC.702
NC.832
NC.840
NC.841
NC.850
NC.851
NC.853
NC.854
NC.855
NC.856
NC.860
NC.900
NC.1070
NC.1071
NC 1080
NC.2001
NC 211
NC.271
NC.3021
by name
Abeille
Belphégor
Chardonneret
Cormoran
Martinet
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Juglas
|
Jean-Jacques Juglas
|
["1 Positions","2 References"]
|
French politician (1904–1982)
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jean-Jacques Juglas" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Jean-Jacques JuglasDéputé for Seineand Lot-et-GaronneIn office1945–1955ConstituencySeineand Lot-et-Garonne
Personal detailsBorn10 June 1904Died17 August 1982Political partyMRP
Jean-Jacques Juglas (10 June 1904 in Bergerac (Dordogne) – 17 August 1982 in Paris), was a French politician.
Positions
Minister of Overseas France in the Pierre Mendès France government (20 January 1955 to 23 February 1955)
MRP deputy for the Seine (1945-1951)
MRP deputy for Lot-et-Garonne (1951-1955)
President of the Institut de recherche pour le développement (1960s)
References
Portals: Biography Politics France
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
People
Sycomore
Other
IdRef
This article about a French politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27ve_Got_Each_Other
|
We've Got Each Other
|
["1 Premise","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Episodes","5 References","6 External links"]
|
American TV series or program
We've Got Each OtherGenreSitcomCreated byJay TarsesTom PatchettStarringOliver ClarkBeverly ArcherCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes13ProductionExecutive producersJay TarsesTom PatchettProducerJack BurnsCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning time30 mins.Production companiesCompany FourMTM EnterprisesOriginal releaseNetworkCBSReleaseOctober 1, 1977 (1977-10-01) –January 7, 1978 (1978-01-07)
We've Got Each Other is an American television sitcom that aired on CBS from October 1, 1977, to January 7, 1978.
Premise
The television series follows the lives of the Hibbard couple dealing with neighbors, work, and life in general. In this show, the roles of domestic housewife and working business man are reversed. Judy is the bread winner of the small family.
Stuart Hibbard (Oliver Clark), who works from home and writes for a mail order catalogue ("Herman Gutman Mail Order Catalogs") is married to Judy Hibbard (Beverly Archer) who works as an office manager for forgetful photographer Damon Jerome (Tom Poston). Both Judy and Stuart had a nemesis in their daily lives: self-centered model, Dee Dee Baldwin (Joan Van Ark) was Judy's, and their next door neighbor, Ken Redford (Martin Kove) was Stuart's.
Cast
Oliver Clark as Stuart Hibbard
Beverly Archer as Judy Hibbard
Tom Poston as Damon Jerome
Joan Van Ark as Dee Dee
Renn Woods as Donna
Martin Kove as Ken
Production
The show was created by Tom Patchett and Jay Tarses for MTM Enterprises and CBS, it aired Saturdays following The Bob Newhart Show (also produced by MTM Enterprises), replacing The Mary Tyler Moore Show. The show did not garner critical or commercial success, with cancellation coming after just 13 episodes. At the time, Tarses was quoted in TV Guide as saying he wouldn’t have watched it if he’d been a viewer: “I have better things to do with my time.”
Episodes
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date1"Pilot"James BurrowsJay Tarses & Tom PatchettOctober 1, 1977 (1977-10-01)
Judy walks off the job because of an egotistic model.
2"The Old-Beau Incident"George TyneMary-David SheinerOctober 8, 1977 (1977-10-08)
Judy goes out to lunch with an old flame.
3"The Collector"Will MackenzieSy RosenOctober 15, 1977 (1977-10-15)
Stuart purchases a valuable collectors item for 1 dollar.
4"Mother McCree"Harvey MedlinksyJack BurnsOctober 22, 1977 (1977-10-22)
Judy's mother stays with them and Stuart is determined to impress her.
5"The 101st Hibbard"Lee BernhardiSy RosenOctober 29, 1977 (1977-10-29)
Stuart finds out that he is responsible for the Hibbards having no children.
6"Incomplete Pass"Asaad KeladaMary-David SheinerNovember 12, 1977 (1977-11-12)
Damon finds out that his ex-wife is getting married.
7"A Space Odyssey"Will MackenzieMadeline Di MaggioNovember 19, 1977 (1977-11-19)
8"My Brother's Keeper"Will MackenzieJack BurnsNovember 26, 1977 (1977-11-26)
Stuart's brother and his bride sleeps over at the Hibbards'.
9"Oil Spill"Tony MordenteMadeline Di MaggioDecember 3, 1977 (1977-12-03)
The tomboy daughter of Dee Dee refuses to follow in her mother's glamorous footsteps.
10"Miss Wonderful"Lee BernhardiSy RosenDecember 17, 1977 (1977-12-17)
Judy is chosen as the model for a soap ad.
11"The Magic Show"Michael ZinbergSy RosenDecember 24, 1977 (1977-12-24)
Stuart tries to become a professional magician.
12"The Long Vacation"James BurrowsLloyd GarverDecember 31, 1977 (1977-12-31)
Stuart misses out on the Hibbards' Hawaiian vacation because of last-minute work.
13"Pumping Iron"Lee BernhardiJack BurnsJanuary 7, 1978 (1978-01-07)
Judy wants Stuart to shape up.
References
^ a b IMDb. "We've Got Each Other - Plot Summary". IMDb. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
^ WordPress.com, Blog at (2012-06-27). "1970s Fun Flops: "The Tony Randall Show" (Part 2)". This Was Television. Retrieved 2021-06-18.
External links
We've Got Each Other at IMDb
We've Got Each Other at TV Guide
We've Got Each Other at epguides.com
We've Got Each Other opening credits on YouTube
1977 CBS promo for We've Got Each Other on YouTube
vteMTM Enterprises
Mary Tyler Moore
Grant Tinker
TV shows
The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1970–77)
The Bob Newhart Show (1972–78)
Friends and Lovers (1974–1975)
The Texas Wheelers (1974–75)
Rhoda (1974–78)
The Bob Crane Show (1975)
Doc (1975–76)
Three for the Road (1975)
Phyllis (1975–77)
The Tony Randall Show (1976–78)
Lou Grant (1977–82)
The Betty White Show (1977–78)
We've Got Each Other (1977–78)
The White Shadow (1978–81)
WKRP in Cincinnati (1978–82)
Mary (1978)
The Mary Tyler Moore Hour (1979)
The Last Resort (1979–80)
Paris (1979–80)
Hill Street Blues (1981–87)
Remington Steele (1982–87)
St. Elsewhere (1982–88)
Newhart (1982–90)
Bay City Blues (1983–84)
The Duck Factory (1984)
Mary (1985–86)
Fresno (1986)
The Popcorn Kid (1987)
Beverly Hills Buntz (1987–88)
Eisenhower and Lutz (1988)
Annie McGuire (1988)
Tattingers (1988–89)
City (1990)
Capital News (1990)
Evening Shade (1990–94)
The Trials of Rosie O'Neill (1990–92)
You Take the Kids (1990–91)
The New WKRP in Cincinnati (1991–93)
Xuxa (1993)
Boogies Diner (1994–95)
Wild Animal Games (1995–96)
Family Challenge (1995–97)
Bailey Kipper's P.O.V. (1996)
Shopping Spree (1996–97)
Sparks (1996–98)
The Pretender (1996–2000)
It Takes Two (1997)
Good News (1997–98)
Films
Something for Joey (1977)
The Boy Who Drank Too Much (1980)
A Little Sex (1982)
Just Between Friends (1986)
Clara's Heart (1988)
Night of the Twisters (1996)
Christmas Every Day (1996)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"}],"text":"We've Got Each Other is an American television sitcom that aired on CBS from October 1, 1977, to January 7, 1978.","title":"We've Got Each Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Oliver Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Clark"},{"link_name":"Beverly Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Archer"},{"link_name":"Tom Poston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Poston"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Joan Van Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Van_Ark"},{"link_name":"Martin Kove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kove"}],"text":"The television series follows the lives of the Hibbard couple dealing with neighbors, work, and life in general.[1] In this show, the roles of domestic housewife and working business man are reversed. Judy is the bread winner of the small family.Stuart Hibbard (Oliver Clark), who works from home and writes for a mail order catalogue (\"Herman Gutman Mail Order Catalogs\") is married to Judy Hibbard (Beverly Archer) who works as an office manager for forgetful photographer Damon Jerome (Tom Poston).[1] Both Judy and Stuart had a nemesis in their daily lives: self-centered model, Dee Dee Baldwin (Joan Van Ark) was Judy's, and their next door neighbor, Ken Redford (Martin Kove) was Stuart's.","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oliver Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Clark"},{"link_name":"Beverly Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Archer"},{"link_name":"Tom Poston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Poston"},{"link_name":"Joan Van Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Van_Ark"},{"link_name":"Renn Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renn_Woods"},{"link_name":"Martin Kove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kove"}],"text":"Oliver Clark as Stuart Hibbard\nBeverly Archer as Judy Hibbard\nTom Poston as Damon Jerome\nJoan Van Ark as Dee Dee\nRenn Woods as Donna\nMartin Kove as Ken","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Patchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Patchett"},{"link_name":"Jay Tarses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Tarses"},{"link_name":"The Bob Newhart Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bob_Newhart_Show"},{"link_name":"MTM Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTM_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"The Mary Tyler Moore Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mary_Tyler_Moore_Show"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The show was created by Tom Patchett and Jay Tarses for MTM Enterprises and CBS, it aired Saturdays following The Bob Newhart Show (also produced by MTM Enterprises), replacing The Mary Tyler Moore Show. The show did not garner critical or commercial success, with cancellation coming after just 13 episodes. At the time, Tarses was quoted in TV Guide as saying he wouldn’t have watched it if he’d been a viewer: “I have better things to do with my time.”[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"IMDb. \"We've Got Each Other - Plot Summary\". IMDb. Retrieved 2013-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075598/plotsummary","url_text":"\"We've Got Each Other - Plot Summary\""}]},{"reference":"WordPress.com, Blog at (2012-06-27). \"1970s Fun Flops: \"The Tony Randall Show\" (Part 2)\". This Was Television. Retrieved 2021-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://thiswastv.com/2012/06/27/1970s-fun-flops-the-tony-randall-show-part-2/","url_text":"\"1970s Fun Flops: \"The Tony Randall Show\" (Part 2)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075598/plotsummary","external_links_name":"\"We've Got Each Other - Plot Summary\""},{"Link":"https://thiswastv.com/2012/06/27/1970s-fun-flops-the-tony-randall-show-part-2/","external_links_name":"\"1970s Fun Flops: \"The Tony Randall Show\" (Part 2)\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075598/","external_links_name":"We've Got Each Other"},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/-/205394/","external_links_name":"We've Got Each Other"},{"Link":"http://epguides.com/WeveGotEachOther","external_links_name":"We've Got Each Other"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiPwQlQr8bU","external_links_name":"We've Got Each Other opening credits on YouTube"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P_w3TtmX4U","external_links_name":"1977 CBS promo for We've Got Each Other on YouTube"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miditech
|
Miditech
|
["1 History","2 Programs","2.1 Productions","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Indian Television Production Company
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
MiditechIndustryEntertainmentFounded1993FounderNiret Alva and Nikhil AlvaHeadquartersMumbai, India & Gurgaon, HaryanaKey peopleNiret AlvaNikhil AlvaNivedith AlvaProductsTelevision ProgramsWebsiteOfficial Website
Miditech Pvt. Ltd. is an Indian television production company based in Gurgaon, Mumbai, and Bangalore, India.
History
It was founded in 1992 by brothers, Niret Alva and Nikhil, Alva and is today a Rs 50-crore television software company.
The company creates documentaries and programming for television.
Programs
Living on the Edge (TV Magazine featuring environmental issues)
Head On! (Documentary of 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision)
Air Hijack (Documentary of Indian Airlines Flight 814)
Inside : Mumbai Terror Attack
Wheels (TV series) (1998)
Hum 2 Hain Na (2004)
Fame Gurukul (Reality-singing competition) (2005)
Indian Idol (Reality-singing competition) (2005–2009)
Deal Ya No Deal (TV series) (2005)
Galli Galli Sim Sim (TV series) (2006)
M.A.D. (Art & Craft Show) (2005)
Chhoona Hai Aasmaan (TV series) (2007)
K For Kishore (2007)
Champion Chaalbaaz No.1 (Reality-comedy show) (2007)
Skatoony (TV Series) (2008)
Naya Roop Nayi Zindagi (Reality-makeover show) (2008)
PokerFace: Dil Sachcha Chehra Jhootha (Reality-game show) (2009)
Iss Jungle Se Mujhe Bachao (Reality-game show) (2009)
Sitaron Ko Choona Hai (Reality-talent show) (2009)
Ninja Pandav (Reality-show) (2009)
Sarkaar Ki Duniya (Reality-show) (2009)
Shaitaan: A Criminal Mind (Crime Drama Series) (2013)
Kyuki Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai (TV series)
Productions
Year
Serial
Channel
Status
2014–2015
Airlines
Star Plus
Off-Air
2012
Survivor India
Star Plus
Off Air
2011 – present
Khiladi No. 1
Big Magic
On-Air
2011 – present
Super Stud
UTV Bindaas
On-Air
2011 – present
Trapped in Ladakh
National Geographic
On-Air
2011 – present
MTV Louders
MTV
Off-Air
2011 – present
Guinness World Records-Ab India Todega
Colors TV
Off-Air
2011 – present
Chris Saleems Boho Kitchen
FOOD First
On-Air
2011 – present
Adam vs Madam
Channel V
On-Air
2011 – present
Girls Night Out
MTV
On-Air
2011
Kyunki Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hain
DD National
Off-Air
2011 – present
Namoora Yuva Rani
Etv Kannada
On-Air
References
^ "About Us - miditech". www.miditech.tv. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
^ Profile Archived 29 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine miditech.
^ "Miditech moves on". Business Standard. 29 September 2004.
^ "Creative future 2007". British Council India. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008.
^ Head On – AirCrash Archived 2007-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
^ IC 814 Hijack Archived 14 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Inside the world of terror". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008.
^ Entertainment Archived 16 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Companies portalFilm portalTelevision portalIndia portal
Miditech, Official website
Miditech, Official website
This article about a film production company or film distributor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foy_Gadberry
|
Foy Gadberry
|
["1 References"]
|
American politician
Foy Bryan GadberryMember of the Louisiana House of Representativesfrom the 15th districtIncumbentAssumed office January 2020Preceded byFrank Hoffman
Personal detailsPolitical partyRepublicanResidence(s)West Monroe, Louisiana, U.S.OccupationEngineering Consultant
Foy Bryan Gadberry is a Republican member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for District 15, which encompasses Calhoun, Claiborne, and parts of West Monroe. On January 8, 2020, Gadberry succeeded outgoing Republican Representative Frank Hoffman, who was term limited and ineligible to run for re-election. He won the 2019 election with 8,092 votes (53.2%), beating fellow Republican Justin Tidwell, who received 7,114 votes (46.8%). He also won the Blanket primary with 4,881 votes (37.8%), beating Tidwell who got 3,815 votes (29.5%), Drake Graves with 2,821 votes (21.9%), and lastly, Ryan Reid with 1,397 votes (10.8%).
Gadberry resides in West Monroe, and is an engineering consultant.
References
^ "Foy Gadberry". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
^ "Louisiana House of Representatives District 15". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
^ "About – Foy Gadberry – House District 15". Retrieved 2020-05-15.
Louisiana House of Representatives
Preceded byFrank Hoffman
Louisiana State Representative for District 15 (Calhoun, Claiborne, West Monroe) 2020 –
Succeeded byIncumbent
vteMembers of the Louisiana House of Representatives
Speaker of the House
Phillip DeVillier (R)
Speaker pro tempore
Michael T. Johnson (R)
▌Danny McCormick (R)
▌Steven Jackson (D)
▌Tammy Phelps (D)
▌Joy Walters (D)
▌Dennis Bamburg Jr. (R)
▌Michael Melerine (R)
▌Larry Bagley (R)
▌Raymond Crews (R)
▌Dodie Horton (R)
▌Wayne McMahen (R)
▌Rashid Armand Young (D)
▌Chris Turner (R)
▌Jack McFarland (R)
▌Michael Echols (R)
▌Foy Gadberry (R)
▌Adrian Fisher (D)
▌Pat Moore (D)
▌Jeremy LaCombe (R)
▌Francis C. Thompson (R)
▌Neil Riser (R)
▌C. Travis Johnson (D)
▌Gabe Firment (R)
▌Shaun Mena (D)
▌Rodney Schamerhorn (R)
▌Jason Brian DeWitt (R)
▌Ed Larvadain III (D)
▌Michael T. Johnson (R)
▌Daryl Deshotel (R)
▌Edmond Jordan (D)
▌Charles Owen (R)
▌Troy Hebert (R)
▌R. Dewith Carrier (R)
▌Les Farnum (R)
▌Wilford Carter Sr. (D)
▌Brett F. Geymann (R)
▌Phillip Tarver (R)
▌Troy Romero (R)
▌Rhonda Butler (R)
▌Julie Emerson (R)
▌Dustin Miller (D)
▌Phillip DeVillier (R)
▌Chance Keith Henry (R)
▌Josh Carlson (R)
▌Tehmi Jahi Chassion (D)
▌Brach Myers (R)
▌Chad Michael Boyer (R)
▌Ryan Bourriaque (R)
▌Beau Beaulieu (R)
▌Jacob Jules Gabriel Landry (R)
▌Vincent St. Blanc III (R)
▌Beryl Amedee (R)
▌Jerome Zeringue (R)
▌Jessica Domangue (R)
▌Joseph Orgeron (R)
▌Bryan Fontenot (R)
▌Beth Anne Billings (R)
▌Sylvia Elaine Taylor (D)
▌Ken Brass (D)
▌Tony Bacala (R)
▌Chad Brown (D)
▌C. Denise Marcelle (D)
▌Roy Daryl Adams (D)
▌Barbara West Carpenter (D)
▌Kellee Hennessy Dickerson (R)
▌Lauren Ventrella (R)
▌Emily Chenevert (R)
▌Larry Selders (D)
▌Dixon McMakin (R)
▌Paula Davis (R)
▌Barbara Reich Freiberg (R)
▌Roger William Wilder, III (R)
▌Robby Carter (D)
▌Kimberly Coates (R)
▌Peter F. Egan, Sr. (R)
▌John Wyble (R)
▌Stephanie Berault (R)
▌Mark Wright (R)
▌John Illg (R)
▌Debbie Villio (R)
▌Polly Thomas (R)
▌Jeffrey Wiley (R)
▌Laurie Schlegel (R)
▌Kyle Green (D)
▌Timothy P. Kerner Sr. (R)
▌Vincent Cox III (R)
▌Nicholas Muscarello (R)
▌Rodney Lyons (D)
▌Kathy Edmonston (R)
▌Christopher Kim Carver (R)
▌Brian Glorioso (R)
▌Mandie Landry (D)
▌Joseph A. Stagni (R)
▌Alonzo Knox (D)
▌Stephanie Hilferty (R)
▌Shane Mack (R)
▌Marcus Bryant (D)
▌Matthew Willard (D)
▌Aimee Adatto Freeman (D)
▌Candace Newell (D)
▌Jason Hughes (D)
▌Vanessa Caston LaFleur (D)
▌Delisha Boyd (D)
▌Michael Bayham (R)
▌Jack Galle (R)
▌Jacob Braud (R)
▌Republican (73)
▌Democratic (32)
Louisiana Legislature
Louisiana House of Representatives
Louisiana State Senate
This article about a member of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Foy Gadberry\". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2020-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ballotpedia.org/Foy_Gadberry","url_text":"\"Foy Gadberry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louisiana House of Representatives District 15\". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2020-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ballotpedia.org/Louisiana_House_of_Representatives_District_15","url_text":"\"Louisiana House of Representatives District 15\""}]},{"reference":"\"About – Foy Gadberry – House District 15\". Retrieved 2020-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://foygadberry.com/about/","url_text":"\"About – Foy Gadberry – House District 15\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://ballotpedia.org/Foy_Gadberry","external_links_name":"\"Foy Gadberry\""},{"Link":"https://ballotpedia.org/Louisiana_House_of_Representatives_District_15","external_links_name":"\"Louisiana House of Representatives District 15\""},{"Link":"https://foygadberry.com/about/","external_links_name":"\"About – Foy Gadberry – House District 15\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foy_Gadberry&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isao_Shibata
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Isao Shibata
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["1 External links"]
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Japanese baseball player
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Isao Shibata" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Baseball player
Isao ShibataOutfielderBorn: (1944-02-08) February 8, 1944 (age 80)Yokohama, JapanBatted: BothThrew: Rightdebut1962, for the Yomiuri GiantsLast appearance1981, for the Yomiuri GiantsCareer statisticsBatting average.267Hits2,018Stolen bases579Home runs194Runs batted in708
TeamsAs player
Yomiuri Giants (1962–1981)
As coach
Yomiuri Giants (1982–1985)
Career highlights and awards
Central League stolen base champion (1966, 1967, 1969)
Japan Series champion (1963, 1965-1973, 1981)
Isao Shibata (柴田 勲, Shibata Isao) (born February 8, 1944) is a former professional baseball outfielder who played his entire career with the Yomiuri Giants from 1962 to 1981.
A speedy switch-hitter, he won the Japan Series Most Valuable Player Award in 1966, after he hit .565 with 13 hits in the 1966 Japan Series. With 579 career stolen bases, Shibata is third on the all-time Nippon Professional Baseball list. With more than 2,000 career hits, Shibata is a member of Meikyukai, otherwise known as the Golden Players Club.
External links
Baseball-Reference
vteJapan Series MVP Award
1950: Betto
1951: Minamimura
1952: Bessho
1953: Kawakami
1954: Sugishita
1955: Bessho
1956: Toyoda
1957: Ohshita
1958: Inao
1959: Sugiura
1960: Kondo
1961: Miyamoto
1962: Dobashi
1962: Tanemo
1963: S. Nagashima
1964: Stanka
1965: S. Nagashima
1966: Shibata
1967: Mori
1968: Takada
1969: S. Nagashima
1970: S. Nagashima
1971: Suetsugu
1972: Horiuchi
1973: Horiuchi
1974: Hirota
1975: Yamaguchi
1976: Fukumoto
1977: Yamada
1978: Osugi
1979: Takahashi
1980: Lyttle
1981: Nishimoto
1982: Higashio
1983: Ota
1984: K. Nagashima
1985: Bass
1986: Kudō
1987: Kudō
1988: Ishige
1989: Komada
1990: Destrade
1991: Akiyama
1992: Take. Ishii
1993: Kawasaki
1994: Makihara
1995: O'Malley
1996: Neel
1997: Furuta
1998: Suzuki
1999: Akiyama
2000: Matsui
2001: Furuta
2002: Nioka
2003: Sugiuchi
2004: Taka. Ishii
2005: Imae
2006: Inaba
2007: N. Nakamura
2008: Kishi
2009: Abe
2010: Imae
2011: Kokubo
2012: Utsumi
2013: Mima
2014: Uchikawa
2015: Lee
2016: Laird
2017: Sarfate
2018: Kai
2019: Gracial
2020: Kurihara
2021: Y. Nakamura
2022: Sugimoto
2023: Chikamoto
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Japan
This biographical article relating to a Japanese baseball outfielder is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Force_(1978%E2%80%931988)
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Cleveland Force (1978–1988)
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["1 History","2 Year-by-year","3 Honors","4 Head coaches","5 Players","6 External links"]
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The original Cleveland Force was one of six charter franchises in the original Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL). The team played from 1978 to 1988 at the Richfield Coliseum, the home of the Cleveland Cavaliers, and regularly drew crowds in excess of 12,000 in the mid-1980s.
Akron businessman Eric J. Henderson, who had been involved in ownership of the Cleveland Cobras of the American Soccer League in 1977, was the Force's first owner. He sold controlling interest to Cleveland multi-millionaire Bert Wolstein in 1979. Under Wolstein and his son Scott's direction, the club became a rarity in America — a professional soccer team that turned a profit.
The team's nickname was a reference to the Force, a mystical power used by the Jedi Knights in the then recently released film Star Wars. The team theatrics originally included Darth Vader and Star Wars music until the team faced litigation and had to change the "mascot". Scott Wolstein worked out an agreement with George Lucas and a year later, the mascot and music returned.
Despite its popularity and success, Wolstein folded the team on July 22, 1988, after repeated frustrations in trying to get concessions from the MISL Players Association (MISLPA).
History
The Force started off the '78–'79 season by splitting their first two games. That turned out to be the high point of the season. The team lost 13 of its last 14 games to finish in sixth place, one game behind the Pittsburgh Spirit. Only Brian Budd and Roy Sinclair managed to break double digits in goals, netting 24 and 10 respectively.
The MISL expanded to 10 teams and a 32-game schedule in '79–'80. The Force was placed in the Central Division with Houston, which finished the previous year with the best record, and expansion teams in Detroit, St. Louis and Wichita. Cleveland's roster was almost entirely new with only four players from the previous season returning. The result was pretty much the same as the Force tied for last place in the division with the St. Louis Steamers
Cleveland made it to the playoffs for the first time the following season with a 21–19 record, then fell back again in 1981–82. Wolstein then hired Timo Liekoski as coach. Liekoski brought in several players from the North American Soccer League, and the Force had its first truly successful season. Still, Wolstein was not happy with attendance until a flash crowd of 19,106 jammed the Richfield Coliseum for a playoff game against the Chicago Sting. The team was an overnight success. That success continued through the remainder of the team's existence, as it qualified for the playoffs each year and averaged at least 11,000 fans per game each year until the team folded in 1988.
Big crowds were commonplace for the next few years as the Force displayed a fan-pleasing high-powered offense. Despite success on the field and at the turnstiles, Wolstein grew increasingly displeased with other MISL owners failing to put as much time, effort and money into their franchises as he did. With other clubs folding and Cleveland's attendance starting to tumble, he gave up the quest in the summer of 1988. It was one month after the club reached the championship round for the first time, being swept in four games by the San Diego Sockers.
Year-by-year
Year
League
Reg. Season
Playoffs
Attendance Average
1978/79
MISL
6th, 5–19
did not qualify
3,116
1979/80
MISL
5th, Central, 12–20
did not qualify
3,080
1980/81
MISL
2nd, Central, 21–19
1st Round
4,884
1981/82
MISL
6th, Eastern, 15–29
did not qualify
5,001
1982/83
MISL
2nd, Eastern, 29–19
Semifinals
6,609
1983/84
MISL
3rd, Eastern, 31–17
Semifinals
13,692
1984/85
MISL
3rd, Eastern, 27–21
Semifinals
12,929
1985/86
MISL
1st, Eastern, 27–21
Semifinals
12,793
1986/87
MISL
1st, Eastern, 34–18
Semifinals
14,111
1987/88
MISL
2nd, Eastern, 30–26
Lost Finals
11,279
Honors
Pass Master
1986–1987 Kai Haaskivi
Defender of the Year
1982–1983 Bernie James
Rookie of the Year
1984–1985 Ali Kazemaini
1986–1987 John Stollmeyer
First Team All-MISL
1980–81 Ian Anderson, D
1983–84 Kai Haaskivi, M
1986–87 Kai Haaskivi, M
Second Team All-MISL
1978–79 Alan Hamlyn, D
1982–83 Kai Haaskivi, F
1983–84 Craig Allen, F
1985–86 Craig Allen, F
1986–87 Bernie James, D
Honorable Mention All-MISL
1981–82 Keith Furphy, F
1982–83 Bernie James, D
1984–85 Benny Dargle, D
1987–88 Kai Haaskivi, M
Head coaches
Gordon Fearnley (1978–79) 2–4 (.333)
Peter Terry (1979) 3–15 (.167)
Eddie McCreadie (1979–82) 48–68 (.414); Playoffs: 1–2 (.333)
Timo Liekoski (1982–88) 178–122 (.593); Playoffs: 27–29 (.482)
Players
Further information: List of Cleveland Force (1978–1988) players
External links
Cleveland Force/Crunch tribute/stats/rosters
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"Richfield Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richfield_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Cobras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Cobras"},{"link_name":"American Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Soccer_League_(1933%E2%80%931983)"},{"link_name":"Bert Wolstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Wolstein"},{"link_name":"the Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Force"},{"link_name":"Jedi Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"Darth Vader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Vader"},{"link_name":"Star Wars music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas"}],"text":"The original Cleveland Force was one of six charter franchises in the original Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL). The team played from 1978 to 1988 at the Richfield Coliseum, the home of the Cleveland Cavaliers, and regularly drew crowds in excess of 12,000 in the mid-1980s.Akron businessman Eric J. Henderson, who had been involved in ownership of the Cleveland Cobras of the American Soccer League in 1977, was the Force's first owner. He sold controlling interest to Cleveland multi-millionaire Bert Wolstein in 1979. Under Wolstein and his son Scott's direction, the club became a rarity in America — a professional soccer team that turned a profit.The team's nickname was a reference to the Force, a mystical power used by the Jedi Knights in the then recently released film Star Wars. The team theatrics originally included Darth Vader and Star Wars music until the team faced litigation and had to change the \"mascot\". Scott Wolstein worked out an agreement with George Lucas and a year later, the mascot and music returned.Despite its popularity and success, Wolstein folded the team on July 22, 1988, after repeated frustrations in trying to get concessions from the MISL Players Association (MISLPA).","title":"Cleveland Force (1978–1988)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Wichita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Steamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Steamers_(1979%E2%80%931988)"},{"link_name":"North American Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_(1968%E2%80%931984)"},{"link_name":"Richfield Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richfield_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sting"},{"link_name":"San Diego Sockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Sockers_(NASL)"}],"text":"The Force started off the '78–'79 season by splitting their first two games. That turned out to be the high point of the season. The team lost 13 of its last 14 games to finish in sixth place, one game behind the Pittsburgh Spirit. Only Brian Budd and Roy Sinclair managed to break double digits in goals, netting 24 and 10 respectively.The MISL expanded to 10 teams and a 32-game schedule in '79–'80. The Force was placed in the Central Division with Houston, which finished the previous year with the best record, and expansion teams in Detroit, St. Louis and Wichita. Cleveland's roster was almost entirely new with only four players from the previous season returning. The result was pretty much the same as the Force tied for last place in the division with the St. Louis SteamersCleveland made it to the playoffs for the first time the following season with a 21–19 record, then fell back again in 1981–82. Wolstein then hired Timo Liekoski as coach. Liekoski brought in several players from the North American Soccer League, and the Force had its first truly successful season. Still, Wolstein was not happy with attendance until a flash crowd of 19,106 jammed the Richfield Coliseum for a playoff game against the Chicago Sting. The team was an overnight success. That success continued through the remainder of the team's existence, as it qualified for the playoffs each year and averaged at least 11,000 fans per game each year until the team folded in 1988.Big crowds were commonplace for the next few years as the Force displayed a fan-pleasing high-powered offense. Despite success on the field and at the turnstiles, Wolstein grew increasingly displeased with other MISL owners failing to put as much time, effort and money into their franchises as he did. With other clubs folding and Cleveland's attendance starting to tumble, he gave up the quest in the summer of 1988. It was one month after the club reached the championship round for the first time, being swept in four games by the San Diego Sockers.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Year-by-year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kai Haaskivi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Haaskivi"},{"link_name":"Bernie James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_James"},{"link_name":"Ali Kazemaini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Kazemaini"},{"link_name":"John Stollmeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stollmeyer"},{"link_name":"Ian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Anderson_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Kai Haaskivi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Haaskivi"},{"link_name":"Kai Haaskivi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Haaskivi"},{"link_name":"Kai Haaskivi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Haaskivi"},{"link_name":"Kai Haaskivi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Haaskivi"}],"text":"Pass Master1986–1987 Kai HaaskiviDefender of the Year1982–1983 Bernie JamesRookie of the Year1984–1985 Ali Kazemaini\n1986–1987 John StollmeyerFirst Team All-MISL1980–81 Ian Anderson, D\n1983–84 Kai Haaskivi, M\n1986–87 Kai Haaskivi, MSecond Team All-MISL1978–79 Alan Hamlyn, D\n1982–83 Kai Haaskivi, F\n1983–84 Craig Allen, F\n1985–86 Craig Allen, F\n1986–87 Bernie James, DHonorable Mention All-MISL1981–82 Keith Furphy, F\n1982–83 Bernie James, D\n1984–85 Benny Dargle, D\n1987–88 Kai Haaskivi, M","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Gordon Fearnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Fearnley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Eddie McCreadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_McCreadie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Timo Liekoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_Liekoski"}],"text":"Gordon Fearnley (1978–79) 2–4 (.333)\n Peter Terry (1979) 3–15 (.167)\n Eddie McCreadie (1979–82) 48–68 (.414); Playoffs: 1–2 (.333)\n Timo Liekoski (1982–88) 178–122 (.593); Playoffs: 27–29 (.482)","title":"Head coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Cleveland Force (1978–1988) players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cleveland_Force_(1978%E2%80%931988)_players"}],"text":"Further information: List of Cleveland Force (1978–1988) players","title":"Players"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.geocities.ws/hx823/","external_links_name":"Cleveland Force/Crunch tribute/stats/rosters"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nazareth
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Peter Nazareth
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["1 Life","2 In academia","3 Family","4 Works","4.1 Books","4.2 Ebooks","4.3 Edited anthologies","5 References","6 External links"]
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Literary critic and writer
Peter NazarethBorn (1940-04-27) 27 April 1940 (age 84)UgandaEducationMakerere University, Kampala, UgandaUniversity of LondonUniversity of LeedsOccupation(s)Literary critic and writerSpouseMary NazarethChildren2 daughters
Peter Nazareth (born 27 April 1940) is a Ugandan-born literary critic and writer of fiction and drama.
Life
Peter Nazareth was born in Uganda of Indian Goan ancestry, and his mother's family was earlier based in Malaya-Malaysia-Singapore. He was educated at Makerere University (Kampala, Uganda), where he received his BA in English Literature in 1962, and at the universities of London and Leeds in England.
While residing in Africa, he simultaneously served as senior finance officer in Idi Amin's finance ministry until 1973, when he accepted a fellowship at Yale University and emigrated to the United States from Uganda.
In academia
He is a professor of English and African-American World Studies at the University of Iowa, where he is also a consultant to the International Writing Program. Nazareth taught that university's course "Elvis as Anthology", which explores the deep mythological roots of Elvis Presley's roles in popular culture. This class on Elvis led to Nazareth being interviewed by a range of publications — The Wall Street Journal, UPI, AP, World News Tonight With Peter Jennings, NBC's The Today Show, ABC Chicago, MTV, Voice of America, National Public Radio, the BBC, and the Cedar Rapids Gazette, among others, according to his cv.
He teaches and has written about African, Caribbean, African-American, Goan, and other literatures. His publications include In the Trickster Tradition: The Novels of Andrew Salkey, Francis Ebejer, and Ishmael Reed (1994); Edwin Thumboo: Creating a Nation Through Poetry (2008); and the long essay "Elvis as Anthology" in Vernon Chadwick (ed.), In Search of Elvis: Music, Race, Art, Religion. Nazareth edited Critical Essays on Ngugi wa Thiong'o (2000) and Pivoting on the Point of Return: Modern Goan Literature (2010). His first novel, In a Brown Mantle (1972), has been taught at the University of Pretoria and by Ngugi wa Thiong’o at U.C. Irvine.
His literary criticisms have often involved observations of the fate of diverse global economic and academic migrants, spanning the Asian, African and black American cultural histories. This includes the Goan diaspora settled in Western countries, the post-Idi Amin Asian emigration from Eastern Africa, and the cultural superstitions of the pre-Obama presidency of American politics. Nazareth has edited a special issue of the journal Callaloo on Goan literature, and an anthology of its literature, and has championed the work of Mozambique-born Goan writer Violet Dias Lannoy.
Family
He has been married to Mary Nazareth for more than 50 years. They have two daughters.
Works
Books
In a Brown Mantle, East African Literature Bureau, 1972; Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau, 1981.
Literature and Society in Modern Africa, East African Literature Bureau, 1972; Kenya Literature Bureau, 1980; published as An African View of Literature, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1974.
Two Radio Plays, East African Literature Bureau, 1976.
The Third World Writer: His Social Responsibility, Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau, 1978.
Literature of the African Peoples, Study Guide for Independent Study with audiotape/CD, Center for Credit Programs, The University of Iowa, 1983.
A Feny Fele, Budapest: Europa Publishing House, 1984 (selected essays in Hungarian translation)
The General is Up, Toronto: TSAR Books, 1991
In the Trickster Tradition: The Novels of Andrew Salkey, Francis Ebejer and Ishmael Reed, London: Bogle-L'Ouverture Press, 1994.
Edwin Thumboo: Creating a Nation Through Poetry, Singapore: Interlogue Series Vol. 7, Ethos Books, 2008.
Ebooks
Re-Membering Singapore.
Elvis -- Rewriting the World through Multicultural Movies.
Edited anthologies
African Writing Today, special issue of Pacific Quarterly Moana, Hamilton, New Zealand: Outrigger Publishers, Vol. 6, No. 3/4, 1981.
Goan Literature: A Modern Reader, issue of the Journal of South Asian Literature, East Lansing: Michigan State University, 1983.
Critical Essays on Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, New York: G.K. Hall, 2000.
Uganda South Asians Exodus: Kololian Perspectives (co-edited), University of Toronto, 2002.
References
^ Simawe, Saadi A.m "Creating a Nation: Peter Nazareth as Literary Critic", Asiatic 3.1 (2009): 1. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
^ "Peter Nazareth", The Writing University.
^ Carney, Megan, "Peter Nazareth, Ugandan Born UI Professor Enlivens Classes with His Multi-cultural Heritage" Archived 8 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Iowa Source, 8 February 2008.
^ a b c d e thelibrarychannel (19 June 2017), One of a Kind: Peter Nazareth, retrieved 22 June 2018
^ Nazareth, Peter (22 June 2018). "CV" (PDF). uiowa.edu. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
^ "Peter Nazareth | Department of English | College of Liberal Arts & Sciences | The University of Iowa". english.uiowa.edu. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
^ "Modern Goan Literature Pivoting On the Point of Return: An Anthology". Goa 1556. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
^ Nazareth, Peter (1983). "Introduction ". Journal of South Asian Literature. 18 (1): 1–6..
^ "Peter Nazareth of the University of Iowa on Singapore literature". Goa 1556. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
^ "Elvis: Rewriting the World thru Multicultural Movies - Goa 1556". Goa 1556. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
External links
Megan Carney, "Peter Nazareth, Ugandan Born UI Professor Enlivens Classes with His Multi-cultural Heritage", The Iowa Source, 8 February 2008.
One of a Kind: Peter Nazareth
Books by Peter Nazareth
Peter Nazareth, Ugandan and UI Professor, Feb08 | Ugandan Born UI Professor Enlivens Classes with His Multi-cultural Heritage
Peter Nazareth, University of Iowa
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Poland
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ugandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Peter Nazareth (born 27 April 1940) is a Ugandan-born literary critic and writer of fiction and drama.[1]","title":"Peter Nazareth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Goan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goan"},{"link_name":"Makerere University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makerere_University"},{"link_name":"Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"Idi Amin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi_Amin"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Peter Nazareth was born in Uganda of Indian Goan ancestry, and his mother's family was earlier based in Malaya-Malaysia-Singapore. He was educated at Makerere University (Kampala, Uganda), where he received his BA in English Literature in 1962,[2] and at the universities of London and Leeds in England.While residing in Africa, he simultaneously served as senior finance officer in Idi Amin's finance ministry until 1973, when he accepted a fellowship at Yale University and emigrated to the United States from Uganda.[3]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"International Writing Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Writing_Program"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OneOfAKind-4"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OneOfAKind-4"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"UPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPI"},{"link_name":"AP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"The Today Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Today_Show"},{"link_name":"ABC Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Chicago"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Voice of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America"},{"link_name":"National Public Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"Goan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goan"},{"link_name":"University of Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pretoria"},{"link_name":"Ngugi wa Thiong’o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngugi_wa_Thiong%E2%80%99o"},{"link_name":"U.C. Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.C._Irvine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OneOfAKind-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OneOfAKind-4"},{"link_name":"Idi Amin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi_Amin"},{"link_name":"Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Callaloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callaloo_(literary_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Violet Dias Lannoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Dias_Lannoy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nazareth-8"}],"text":"He is a professor of English and African-American World Studies at the University of Iowa, where he is also a consultant to the International Writing Program.[4] Nazareth taught that university's course \"Elvis as Anthology\", which explores the deep mythological roots of Elvis Presley's roles in popular culture.[4] This class on Elvis led to Nazareth being interviewed by a range of publications — The Wall Street Journal, UPI, AP, World News Tonight With Peter Jennings, NBC's The Today Show, ABC Chicago, MTV, Voice of America, National Public Radio, the BBC, and the Cedar Rapids Gazette, among others, according to his cv.[5]He teaches and has written about African, Caribbean, African-American, Goan, and other literatures. His publications include In the Trickster Tradition: The Novels of Andrew Salkey, Francis Ebejer, and Ishmael Reed (1994); Edwin Thumboo: Creating a Nation Through Poetry (2008); and the long essay \"Elvis as Anthology\" in Vernon Chadwick (ed.), In Search of Elvis: Music, Race, Art, Religion. Nazareth edited Critical Essays on Ngugi wa Thiong'o (2000) and Pivoting on the Point of Return: Modern Goan Literature (2010). His first novel, In a Brown Mantle (1972), has been taught at the University of Pretoria and by Ngugi wa Thiong’o at U.C. Irvine.[6]His literary criticisms have often involved observations of the fate of diverse global economic and academic migrants, spanning the Asian, African and black American cultural histories.[4] This includes the Goan diaspora[4] settled in Western countries, the post-Idi Amin Asian emigration from Eastern Africa, and the cultural superstitions of the pre-Obama presidency of American politics.[7] Nazareth has edited a special issue of the journal Callaloo on Goan literature, and an anthology of its literature, and has championed the work of Mozambique-born Goan writer Violet Dias Lannoy.[8]","title":"In academia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OneOfAKind-4"}],"text":"He has been married to Mary Nazareth for more than 50 years. They have two daughters.[4]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East African Literature Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Literature_Bureau"},{"link_name":"The General is Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_General_is_Up&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bogle-L'Ouverture Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogle-L%27Ouverture_Press"},{"link_name":"Ethos Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos_Books"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"In a Brown Mantle, East African Literature Bureau, 1972; Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau, 1981.\nLiterature and Society in Modern Africa, East African Literature Bureau, 1972; Kenya Literature Bureau, 1980; published as An African View of Literature, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1974.\nTwo Radio Plays, East African Literature Bureau, 1976.\nThe Third World Writer: His Social Responsibility, Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau, 1978.\nLiterature of the African Peoples, Study Guide for Independent Study with audiotape/CD, Center for Credit Programs, The University of Iowa, 1983.\nA Feny Fele, Budapest: Europa Publishing House, 1984 (selected essays in Hungarian translation)\nThe General is Up, Toronto: TSAR Books, 1991\nIn the Trickster Tradition: The Novels of Andrew Salkey, Francis Ebejer and Ishmael Reed, London: Bogle-L'Ouverture Press, 1994.\nEdwin Thumboo: Creating a Nation Through Poetry, Singapore: Interlogue Series Vol. 7, Ethos Books, 2008.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Ebooks","text":"Re-Membering Singapore.[9]\nElvis -- Rewriting the World through Multicultural Movies.[10]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Edited anthologies","text":"African Writing Today, special issue of Pacific Quarterly Moana, Hamilton, New Zealand: Outrigger Publishers, Vol. 6, No. 3/4, 1981.\nGoan Literature: A Modern Reader, issue of the Journal of South Asian Literature, East Lansing: Michigan State University, 1983.\nCritical Essays on Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, New York: G.K. Hall, 2000.\nUganda South Asians Exodus: Kololian Perspectives (co-edited), University of Toronto, 2002.","title":"Works"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"thelibrarychannel (19 June 2017), One of a Kind: Peter Nazareth, retrieved 22 June 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqI9TmOsFgs","url_text":"One of a Kind: Peter Nazareth"}]},{"reference":"Nazareth, Peter (22 June 2018). \"CV\" (PDF). uiowa.edu. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.uiowa.edu/sites/english.uiowa.edu/files/field/cv/Nazareth%20CV%202015%20website.pdf","url_text":"\"CV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Nazareth | Department of English | College of Liberal Arts & Sciences | The University of Iowa\". english.uiowa.edu. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.uiowa.edu/people/peter-nazareth","url_text":"\"Peter Nazareth | Department of English | College of Liberal Arts & Sciences | The University of Iowa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Modern Goan Literature Pivoting On the Point of Return: An Anthology\". Goa 1556. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goa1556.in/book/modern-goan-literature-pivoting-on-the-point-of-return-an-anthology/","url_text":"\"Modern Goan Literature Pivoting On the Point of Return: An Anthology\""}]},{"reference":"Nazareth, Peter (1983). \"Introduction [to a special issue on Goan literature]\". Journal of South Asian Literature. 18 (1): 1–6.","urls":[{"url_text":"Nazareth, Peter"},{"url":"http://www.jstor.com/stable/40872502","url_text":"\"Introduction [to a special issue on Goan literature]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_South_Asian_Literature&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Journal of South Asian Literature"}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Nazareth of the University of Iowa on Singapore literature\". Goa 1556. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goa1556.in/book/re-membering-singapore-ebook/","url_text":"\"Peter Nazareth of the University of Iowa on Singapore literature\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elvis: Rewriting the World thru Multicultural Movies - Goa 1556\". Goa 1556. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goa1556.in/book/elvis-rewriting-the-world-thru-multicultural-movies/","url_text":"\"Elvis: Rewriting the World thru Multicultural Movies - Goa 1556\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Changjie_(general)
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Chen Changjie (general)
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["1 References"]
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Chinese general (1892–1968)
Chen Changjie (simplified Chinese: 陈长捷; traditional Chinese: 陳長捷; pinyin: Chén Chángjié; 2 June 1892 – 7 April 1968) was a KMT general from Fujian.
Chen ChanjieNative name陳長捷Born(1892-06-02)2 June 1892Fuzhou, Fujian, Qing dynasty, ChinaDied7 April 1968(1968-04-07) (aged 75)Shanghai, People's Republic of ChinaAllegiance Republic of ChinaService/branch National Revolutionary ArmyYears of service1911–1949Rank Lieutenant GeneralCommands heldCommander-in-Chief of the Sixth Army and Commander of Tianjin GarrisonBattles/wars
Second Sino-Japanese War
Chinese Civil War
Pingjin Campaign
AwardsOrder of the Cloud and Banner
References
^ Chen, C. Peter. "Changjie Chen". World War II Database. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
This biographical article related to the military of China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"KMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"Fujian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Chen Changjie (simplified Chinese: 陈长捷; traditional Chinese: 陳長捷; pinyin: Chén Chángjié; 2 June 1892 – 7 April 1968) was a KMT general from Fujian.[1]","title":"Chen Changjie (general)"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Chen, C. Peter. \"Changjie Chen\". World War II Database. Retrieved 19 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=661","url_text":"\"Changjie Chen\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=661","external_links_name":"\"Changjie Chen\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chen_Changjie_(general)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Onana
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Moshe Onana
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["1 Honours","2 References"]
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Israeli footballer and manager
Moshe Onana
Personal informationDate of birth
(1950-01-13) January 13, 1950 (age 74)Place of birth
Jerusalem, IsraelPosition(s)
StrikerTeam informationCurrent team
Maccabi JaffaYouth career
Maccabi JaffaSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1967–1982
Maccabi Jaffa
379
(113)1982–1985
Bnei Yehuda
55
(12)1985
Hakoah Ramat Gan
4
(0)International career1973–1974
Israel
16
(10)Managerial career1998–1999
Maccabi Jaffa2000–2002
Sektzia Nes Tziona
Hapoel Be'er Ya'akov2008–2009
Maccabi Be'er Ya'akov2010–2012
Maccabi Jaffa
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Moshe Onana (born January 13, 1950, in Jerusalem), is a former Israeli soccer player and soccer coach ,who played as a striker, scored 114 league goals, 15 goals in the state soccer cup and 2 goals in the Intertoto tournament. He was one of the prominent symbols of Maccabi Jaffa, in the 1970s and early 1980s and the team's all-time top scorer.
Honours
Liga Leumit (top division):
Runner-up (1): 1976–77
Liga Alef/Liga Artzit (second tier):
Winner (2): 1970–71, 1984–85
References
^ Moshe Onana at National-Football-Teams.com
This biographical article relating to Israeli football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Maccabi Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi_Jaffa_F.C."}],"text":"Moshe Onana (born January 13, 1950, in Jerusalem), is a former Israeli soccer player and soccer coach [1],who played as a striker, scored 114 league goals, 15 goals in the state soccer cup and 2 goals in the Intertoto tournament. He was one of the prominent symbols of Maccabi Jaffa, in the 1970s and early 1980s and the team's all-time top scorer.","title":"Moshe Onana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liga Leumit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Leumit"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_Liga_Leumit"},{"link_name":"Liga Alef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Alef"},{"link_name":"Liga Artzit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Artzit"},{"link_name":"1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_Liga_Alef"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Liga_Artzit"}],"text":"Liga Leumit (top division):\nRunner-up (1): 1976–77\nLiga Alef/Liga Artzit (second tier):\nWinner (2): 1970–71, 1984–85","title":"Honours"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/28220.html","external_links_name":"Moshe Onana"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Onana&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Robert_Brown
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Carl Robert Brown
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["1 Biography","1.1 School problems","2 The shooting","3 Victims","3.1 Killed","3.2 Wounded","4 Aftermath","5 See also","6 Bibliography","7 References","8 External links"]
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American mass murderer
Carl Robert BrownBornNovember 26, 1930Chicago, Illinois, U.S.DiedAugust 20, 1982 (aged 51)Miami, Florida, U.S.Cause of deathGunshot woundsOccupationTeacherDetailsDateAugust 20, 1982c. 11:00 a.m.Location(s)Miami, Florida, U.S.Killed8Injured3WeaponsIthaca 37 12 gauge pump-action shotgun
Carl Robert Brown (November 26, 1930 – August 20, 1982) was an American teacher and mass murderer who fatally shot eight people and injured another three in a Miami welding shop on August 20, 1982. He was later fatally shot by two witnesses while cycling away from the scene.
Biography
Brown joined the U.S. Navy and was honorably discharged in 1954. People later stated that Brown always kept a military bearing about himself and was quite militaristic. In 1955, he moved from Chicago to Florida, where he graduated from the University of Miami in 1957 and in 1964 from East Carolina College in Greenville, North Carolina, earning a master's degree in education. After working briefly for Keyes Realty, he got a full-time job as a history teacher at Hialeah Junior High School in 1962 and moonlighted at Miami-Dade Community College as an accounting instructor from 1964 to 1970.
Brown was married twice and had three children. His first wife died and his second marriage failed, according to his second wife, Sylvia, because he refused to seek psychological help. As a consequence, his condition began to deteriorate, resulting in an increasingly disheveled and gaunt appearance, and, though once being a rather gregarious person, he began isolating himself more and more. A neighbor later described him looking "as if he were 80 years old". Reportedly, one of his daughters once tried to have him hospitalized, though as his admission had to be voluntary, her request was declined. Additionally, his career began to suffer. At Hialeah Junior High, Brown was an alleged bigot who hated everyone, and was transferred to Drew Middle School, a school with a black majority, in 1981. There he taught American history until March 3, 1982, when he was relieved of his teaching duties for medical leave to treat his psychiatric problems.
Though neighbors described Brown as a quiet, kind and helpful man, who was working hard to keep his duplex neat and clean, and praising him overall as a landlord, it was also said that he made a habit of walking into other people's yards early in the morning, waking them by yelling "United States!" and that during the night, shots were heard from his house. It was also reported that he once broke a window when firing a pellet gun, and picked grapefruit from a neighbor's tree wearing only his underwear. Apparently, he also collected aluminum cans.
After a trip abroad, which he had taken shortly before the shooting, he came back in worse shape than before and stated that nothing in the United States stood for anything.
School problems
While Brown wrote in his application for a job as a teacher in 1961 that he "always enjoyed being with younger people" and felt that he "could benefit these younger people with his abilities", his work began to suffer as his psychological problems aggravated over the years. Being seen as a competent teacher for a long time, more and more complaints were filed against him as his condition worsened. Students began to refuse to sit in his class as he rambled incoherently about his personal problems and topics unrelated to his curriculum and conducted confusing conversations where he strung together completely unrelated things. Students would often take advantage of this by asking him a question that resulted in him talking for the rest of the period. On one occasion, on May 5, 1977, Brown sent three girls to detention because they refused to sit in his class, as they were "sick and tired of hearing him talk." He was also known to be very prejudiced, to make threatening remarks, and to insult people of other races.
During his time at Hialeah Junior High, Brown wrote a letter to the principal for "the enlightenment of the assistant principals," discussing the misbehavior of his students in rambling and poorly constructed sentences. "I don't read the students their rights as infants, you all do...If you ever study business law, until a child is 18, the child can do just about anything the child desires to do and get away with the abuse. Any adult interfering, is accountable as an adult, but with infancy laws, the child is a child."
In the summer of 1981, Brown was transferred to Drew Middle School. There, on December 3, he had a dispute with two students, whom he accused of throwing books. During the argument, Brown described his sexual behavior with a girlfriend and chased the boys with a stapler. The school board's director of personnel control, Pat Gray, described this as "a classroom incident...wherein Mr. Brown demonstrated a significant lack of adult judgment, an overtone of sexual fixation, and definitive aggression toward students." The school's principal wrote: "I found Mr. Brown to be incoherent and unable to grasp the severity of the situation at hand. I, also, fear for the safety of the students since during my conference with Mr. Brown he demonstrated no regret for his actions pointing to the fact that he is a 'man' and any man would have reacted in the same manner."
Principal Octavio Visiedo wrote in his last evaluation of Brown: "I find Mr. Brown to be a negative force. Today I did a follow-up observation of Mr. Brown's second-period class and I continue to be alarmed about the potential for disaster in that class. As you can see, from today's observation, there is absolutely no discipline or control in that class and I am concerned for the safety of the students and also Mr. Brown." Further, he stated that Brown's class was in "total and complete chaos", with students talking constantly, wandering about at will, and leaving without permission.
Brown reacted by writing a response in which he suggested that the principal "should seek the help" of the school board's employee assistance program, to which he himself was referred to in January 1982.
Psychiatrist Dr. Robert A. Wainger examined Brown, saying that "Mr. Brown is suffering from rather severe anxiety associated with some paranoid and grandiose ideas" and that he also "demonstrates a probable thinking disorder". Though Wainger wrote that these symptoms would affect Brown's work, he was also of the opinion that he would be able to continue teaching if given psychotherapy and medication. Wainger also wrote that "although he may appear to be rather unusual and disorganized to the people around him, he (Brown) does not represent a danger to either."
After his examination, Brown wrote to Wainger: "I wish to thank you for the very interesting and informative meeting I experienced yesterday. Please stress blood analysis, heart cartograph and urine plus the other mental health features of your program." Finally, on March 3, Brown was relieved of his duties to seek psychiatric help and he agreed to seek further treatment from Wainger, though in a meeting with Pat Gray, Brown apparently said: "Wainger wants to study me, that's all. I can cure Dr. Wainger. I will treat him. I will change his seeds."
According to his former wife, Sylvia, Brown asked to return to work two days prior to the shooting, but his psychiatrist, who later stated that Brown showed no aggressiveness at that time, declined his request.
The shooting
Map of Bob Moore's welding shop indicating the positions of Brown's victims
On August 19, the day before the shooting, Brown had a heated argument with Jorge Castalleda, an employee at Bob Moore's Welding & Machine Service Inc., about a $20 bill for repairing a lawnmower engine he wanted to use to power his bicycle, saying the work was poorly done. He was also angry because his traveler's check was refused. Realizing that his complaints were of no avail, Brown left the shop, stating that he would come in and kill everybody; no one took him seriously.
Early the next day Brown went to a gun store a few blocks from his home in Hialeah and purchased two shotguns, a semi-automatic rifle and ammunition. An hour before starting his rampage, Brown invited his 10-year-old son to join him in "killing a lot of people" telling him that the final destination would be Hialeah Junior High School.
Shortly before 11:00 a.m. he arrived at the welding shop on his bicycle, wearing a Panama hat and carrying one of the shotguns, which was initially mistakenly identified as a 12 gauge Mossberg 500 Persuader but was later identified as an Ithaca 37 with a pistol grip, slung over his shoulder. He entered the shop through a side door and began shooting while yelling that he would send everybody to Germany. According to police, Brown walked through the building methodically shooting everyone, most of the time at close range and sometimes twice, leaving three victims in the office and others in the work area and the driveway in front of the shop. In the end, six of the eleven employees present were dead and two more dying, while three who were injured managed to escape and jump into the car of a passing motorist, who took them to a gas station a mile away and called for help. Out of ammunition, Carl Brown left the store, got back on his bicycle and started cycling away, apparently towards Hialeah Junior High School. According to a witness, Brown "looked very passive and very nonchalant" and "wasn't trying to escape, just casually leaving the crime scene." Another witness put it this way: "He got on his bike and pedaled off as if he was going for a stroll on North River Drive."
When Mark Kram, an employee at a nearby metal shop, was told of the massacre, he grabbed a .38 revolver and set out to pursue the shooter in his car. Down the street he picked up Ernest Hammett, who was trying to flag down cars, and together they tried to find the perpetrator. Six blocks away from the crime scene, near Miami International Airport, they caught up with Brown, and Kram, according to himself, fired a warning shot "over his (Brown's) head", though the bullet hit Brown in the back and later proved to be the cause of his death. When Brown turned in his saddle, aiming at his pursuers with his shotgun, they ran him over, crashing him into a concrete light pole. Brown, who still had 20 shells in his pockets, died shortly afterward.
Victims
Killed
Nelson Barrios, 46, welder
Lonie Jeffries, 53, crane operator
Carl Lee, 47, manager
Ernestine Moore, 67, the machine shop owner's mother
Mangum Moore, 78, the machine shop owner's uncle
Martha Steelman, 29, secretary
Juan Ramon Trespalacios, 38, machinist
Pedro Vasques, 44, shop foreman
Wounded
Eduardo Lima, 30
Carlos Vazquez Sr., 42
Carlos Vazquez Jr., 17
Aftermath
Following the shooting Robert Steelman, whose wife Martha was among the dead, filed lawsuits against the Garcia Gun Center, where Brown had purchased his weapons, and the Ithaca Gun Company, the manufacturer of the shotgun used by Brown in his rampage.
Police found a cassette tape in Brown's house, where he called himself "Logos", a mythical figure he considered to be the controlling principle of the universe - "This is the Logos speaking. God through me is responsible for the good and bad sounds in your head." "Now I shall say a few good words in your head before I return you to the bad sounds in your head...The Logos is the spark of God, the most logical. I am indestructible on Earth."
No charges were filed against Kram.
See also
List of rampage killers in the United States
Bibliography
Bustos, Sergio & Yanez, Luisa: Miami's Criminal Past Uncovered; Charleston, SC, United States: History Press (2007) ISBN 978-1-59629-388-5 (pp 65–76)
References
^ "The day a ticked-off Miami teacher killed 8 people before a witness chased him down". Miami Herald. 2019-08-19. Archived from the original on 2024-06-10.
^ a b "Right to know about teachers" Archived 2020-02-08 at the Wayback Machine, St. Petersburg Times (September 18, 1982)
^ a b c d "Miami killer was a 'hater'", The Evening Independent (August 21, 1982)
^ a b c d "Dispute over bill ends in tragedy" Archived 2020-02-08 at the Wayback Machine, St. Petersburg Times (August 21, 1982)
^ a b
"Principal feared trouble in class of mass murderer" Archived 2012-10-16 at the Wayback Machine, Miami Herald (January 12, 1984)
^ "File bares killer teacher's bizarre behavior" Archived 2012-10-16 at the Wayback Machine, Miami Herald (July 2, 1983)
^ a b c "Detectives investigating tape after mass slaying", Rome News-Tribune (August 23, 1982)
^ "Did gunman plan to attack school?", Miami Herald (August 22, 1982)
^ a b "Police Say Killer of 8 Had Just Purchased Gun", The New York Times (August 22, 1982)
^ Bustos, Sergio & Yanez, Luisa: Miami's Criminal Past Uncovered; Charleston, SC, United States: History Press (2007) ISBN 978-1-59629-388-5
^ "Mass killing victim's family sues gun firms", The Palm Beach Post (September 22, 1982)
External links
"Murderer's Row", Time (August 30, 1982)
"Gunman in Miami kills 8 in rampage", The New York Times (August 21, 1982)
"No charges planned against Miami man who shot gunman", The New York Times (August 24, 1982)
"Florida City Rescinds Law on Buying Guns", The New York Times (October 14, 1982)
vteMass shootings in the United States in the 1980s and before1920s
Chicago, IL (1929)
1930s
Brookline, MO (1932)
Cleveland, OH (1933)
Belfast, ME (1933)
Kansas City, MO (1933)
Honea Path, SC (1934)
Kelayres, PA (1934)
1940s
Salina, UT (1945)
Georgia (1946)
Camden, NJ (1949)
1950s
Wichita Falls, TX (1950–51)
Washington, D.C. (1954)
1960s
Orcutt, CA (1965)
Austin, TX (1966)
Mesa, AZ (1966)
Clinton County, PA (1967)
Orangeburg, SC (1968)
Readmond Township, MI (1968)
Cleveland, OH (1968)
Westernville, NY (1969)
Pennsylvania Turnpike, PA (1969)
Greensboro, NC (1969)
1970s
Valencia, CA (1970)
Kent, OH (1970)
Jackson, MS (1970)
San Rafael, CA (1970)
Dallas, TX (1971)
Detroit, MI (1971)
Westfield, NJ (1971)
St. Croix, USVI (1972)
New Orleans, LA (1973)
Washington, D.C. (1973)
Amityville, NY (1974)
Olean, NY (1974)
Hamilton, OH (1975)
Los Angeles, CA (1976)
Fullerton, CA (1976)
Carol City, FL (1977)
San Francisco, CA (1977)
Boston, MA (1978)
San Diego, CA (1979)
Greensboro, NC (1979)
1980s
Norco, CA (1980)
Daingerfield, TX (1980)
Manhattan, NY (1980)
Salem, OR (1981)
Grand Prairie, TX (1982)
Miami, FL (1982)
Wilkes-Barre & Jenkins Township, PA (1982)
Seattle, WA (1983)
Grayson County, TX (1983)
Los Angeles, CA (1984)
Brooklyn, NY (1984)
Dallas, TX (1984)
San Diego, CA (1984)
Manhattan, NY (1984)
Springfield Township, PA (1985)
Miami-Dade County, FL (1986)
Edmond, OK (1986)
Oakland, CA (1986)
Shelby, NC (1987)
Palm Bay, FL (1987)
Cayucos, CA (1987)
Sunnyvale, CA (1988)
Winnetka, IL (1988)
Winston-Salem, NC (1988)
Greenwood, SC (1988)
Stockton, CA (1989)
Louisville, KY (1989)
Part of mass shootings in the United States by time period (1980s and before, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, 2020s)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher"},{"link_name":"mass murderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_murderer"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"}],"text":"Carl Robert Brown (November 26, 1930[1] – August 20, 1982) was an American teacher and mass murderer who fatally shot eight people and injured another three in a Miami welding shop on August 20, 1982. He was later fatally shot by two witnesses while cycling away from the scene.","title":"Carl Robert Brown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"honorably discharged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorably_discharged"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petersburg18-2"},{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"East Carolina College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Carolina_University"},{"link_name":"Greenville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petersburg18-2"},{"link_name":"Miami-Dade Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dade_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evening-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petersburg21-4"},{"link_name":"duplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(building)"},{"link_name":"pellet gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellet_gun"},{"link_name":"grapefruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evening-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petersburg21-4"}],"text":"Brown joined the U.S. Navy and was honorably discharged in 1954. People later stated that Brown always kept a military bearing about himself and was quite militaristic. In 1955, he moved from Chicago to Florida,[2] where he graduated from the University of Miami in 1957 and in 1964 from East Carolina College in Greenville, North Carolina, earning a master's degree in education. After working briefly for Keyes Realty, he got a full-time job as a history teacher at Hialeah Junior High School in 1962[2] and moonlighted at Miami-Dade Community College as an accounting instructor from 1964 to 1970.Brown was married twice and had three children. His first wife died and his second marriage failed, according to his second wife, Sylvia, because he refused to seek psychological help. As a consequence, his condition began to deteriorate, resulting in an increasingly disheveled and gaunt appearance, and, though once being a rather gregarious person, he began isolating himself more and more. A neighbor later described him looking \"as if he were 80 years old\". Reportedly, one of his daughters once tried to have him hospitalized, though as his admission had to be voluntary, her request was declined. Additionally, his career began to suffer. At Hialeah Junior High, Brown was an alleged bigot who hated everyone,[3][4] and was transferred to Drew Middle School, a school with a black majority, in 1981. There he taught American history until March 3, 1982, when he was relieved of his teaching duties for medical leave to treat his psychiatric problems.Though neighbors described Brown as a quiet, kind and helpful man, who was working hard to keep his duplex neat and clean, and praising him overall as a landlord, it was also said that he made a habit of walking into other people's yards early in the morning, waking them by yelling \"United States!\" and that during the night, shots were heard from his house. It was also reported that he once broke a window when firing a pellet gun, and picked grapefruit from a neighbor's tree wearing only his underwear. Apparently, he also collected aluminum cans.After a trip abroad, which he had taken shortly before the shooting, he came back in worse shape than before and stated that nothing in the United States stood for anything.[3][4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"curriculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evening-3"},{"link_name":"stapler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapler"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miami12-5"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miami12-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petersburg21-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rome-7"}],"sub_title":"School problems","text":"While Brown wrote in his application for a job as a teacher in 1961 that he \"always enjoyed being with younger people\" and felt that he \"could benefit these younger people with his abilities\", his work began to suffer as his psychological problems aggravated over the years. Being seen as a competent teacher for a long time, more and more complaints were filed against him as his condition worsened. Students began to refuse to sit in his class as he rambled incoherently about his personal problems and topics unrelated to his curriculum and conducted confusing conversations where he strung together completely unrelated things. Students would often take advantage of this by asking him a question that resulted in him talking for the rest of the period.[3] On one occasion, on May 5, 1977, Brown sent three girls to detention because they refused to sit in his class, as they were \"sick and tired of hearing him talk.\" He was also known to be very prejudiced, to make threatening remarks, and to insult people of other races.During his time at Hialeah Junior High, Brown wrote a letter to the principal for \"the enlightenment of the assistant principals,\" discussing the misbehavior of his students in rambling and poorly constructed sentences. \"I don't read the students their rights as infants, you all do...If you ever study business law, until a child is 18, the child can do just about anything the child desires to do and get away with the abuse. Any adult interfering, is accountable as an adult, but with infancy laws, the child is a child.\"In the summer of 1981, Brown was transferred to Drew Middle School. There, on December 3, he had a dispute with two students, whom he accused of throwing books. During the argument, Brown described his sexual behavior with a girlfriend and chased the boys with a stapler. The school board's director of personnel control, Pat Gray, described this as \"a classroom incident...wherein Mr. Brown demonstrated a significant lack of adult judgment, an overtone of sexual fixation, and definitive aggression toward students.\" The school's principal wrote: \"I found Mr. Brown to be incoherent and unable to grasp the severity of the situation at hand. I, also, fear for the safety of the students since during my conference with Mr. Brown he demonstrated no regret for his actions pointing to the fact that he is a 'man' and any man would have reacted in the same manner.\"Principal Octavio Visiedo wrote in his last evaluation of Brown: \"I find Mr. Brown to be a negative force. Today I did a follow-up observation of Mr. Brown's second-period class and I continue to be alarmed about the potential for disaster in that class. As you can see, from today's observation, there is absolutely no discipline or control in that class and I am concerned for the safety of the students and also Mr. Brown.\" Further, he stated that Brown's class was in \"total and complete chaos\", with students talking constantly, wandering about at will, and leaving without permission.Brown reacted by writing a response in which he suggested that the principal \"should seek the help\" of the school board's employee assistance program, to which he himself was referred to in January 1982.Psychiatrist Dr. Robert A. Wainger examined Brown, saying that \"Mr. Brown is suffering from rather severe anxiety associated with some paranoid and grandiose ideas\" and that he also \"demonstrates a probable thinking disorder\". Though Wainger wrote that these symptoms would affect Brown's work, he was also of the opinion that he would be able to continue teaching if given psychotherapy and medication. Wainger also wrote that \"although he may appear to be rather unusual and disorganized to the people around him, he (Brown) does not represent a danger to either.\"[5]After his examination, Brown wrote to Wainger: \"I wish to thank you for the very interesting and informative meeting I experienced yesterday. Please stress blood analysis, heart cartograph [sic] and urine plus the other mental health features of your program.\" Finally, on March 3, Brown was relieved of his duties to seek psychiatric help and he agreed to seek further treatment from Wainger, though in a meeting with Pat Gray, Brown apparently said: \"Wainger wants to study me, that's all. I can cure Dr. Wainger. I will treat him. I will change his seeds.\"[5][6]According to his former wife, Sylvia, Brown asked to return to work two days prior to the shooting, but his psychiatrist, who later stated that Brown showed no aggressiveness at that time, declined his request.[4][7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Bob_Moore%27s_Welding_Shop_1982.png"},{"link_name":"traveler's check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveler%27s_check"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rome-7"},{"link_name":"semi-automatic rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-automatic_rifle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Panama hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_hat"},{"link_name":"12 gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_(bore_diameter)"},{"link_name":"Mossberg 500 Persuader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossberg_500"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT22-9"},{"link_name":"Ithaca 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca_37"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Miami International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT22-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evening-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petersburg21-4"}],"text":"Map of Bob Moore's welding shop indicating the positions of Brown's victimsOn August 19, the day before the shooting, Brown had a heated argument with Jorge Castalleda, an employee at Bob Moore's Welding & Machine Service Inc., about a $20 bill for repairing a lawnmower engine he wanted to use to power his bicycle, saying the work was poorly done. He was also angry because his traveler's check was refused.[7] Realizing that his complaints were of no avail, Brown left the shop, stating that he would come in and kill everybody; no one took him seriously.Early the next day Brown went to a gun store a few blocks from his home in Hialeah and purchased two shotguns, a semi-automatic rifle and ammunition. An hour before starting his rampage, Brown invited his 10-year-old son to join him in \"killing a lot of people\" telling him that the final destination would be Hialeah Junior High School.[8]Shortly before 11:00 a.m. he arrived at the welding shop on his bicycle, wearing a Panama hat and carrying one of the shotguns, which was initially mistakenly identified as a 12 gauge Mossberg 500 Persuader[9] but was later identified as an Ithaca 37[10] with a pistol grip, slung over his shoulder. He entered the shop through a side door and began shooting while yelling that he would send everybody to Germany. According to police, Brown walked through the building methodically shooting everyone, most of the time at close range and sometimes twice, leaving three victims in the office and others in the work area and the driveway in front of the shop. In the end, six of the eleven employees present were dead and two more dying, while three who were injured managed to escape and jump into the car of a passing motorist, who took them to a gas station a mile away and called for help. Out of ammunition, Carl Brown left the store, got back on his bicycle and started cycling away, apparently towards Hialeah Junior High School. According to a witness, Brown \"looked very passive and very nonchalant\" and \"wasn't trying to escape, just casually leaving the crime scene.\" Another witness put it this way: \"He got on his bike and pedaled off as if he was going for a stroll on North River Drive.\"When Mark Kram, an employee at a nearby metal shop, was told of the massacre, he grabbed a .38 revolver and set out to pursue the shooter in his car. Down the street he picked up Ernest Hammett, who was trying to flag down cars, and together they tried to find the perpetrator. Six blocks away from the crime scene, near Miami International Airport, they caught up with Brown, and Kram, according to himself, fired a warning shot \"over his (Brown's) head\",[9] though the bullet hit Brown in the back and later proved to be the cause of his death. When Brown turned in his saddle, aiming at his pursuers with his shotgun, they ran him over, crashing him into a concrete light pole. Brown, who still had 20 shells in his pockets, died shortly afterward.[3][4]","title":"The shooting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Victims"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Killed","title":"Victims"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wounded","text":"Eduardo Lima, 30\nCarlos Vazquez Sr., 42\nCarlos Vazquez Jr., 17","title":"Victims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ithaca Gun Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca_Gun_Company"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rome-7"}],"text":"Following the shooting Robert Steelman, whose wife Martha was among the dead, filed lawsuits against the Garcia Gun Center, where Brown had purchased his weapons, and the Ithaca Gun Company, the manufacturer of the shotgun used by Brown in his rampage.[11]Police found a cassette tape in Brown's house, where he called himself \"Logos\", a mythical figure he considered to be the controlling principle of the universe - \"This is the Logos speaking. God through me is responsible for the good and bad sounds in your head.\" \"Now I shall say a few good words in your head before I return you to the bad sounds in your head...The Logos is the spark of God, the most logical. I am indestructible on Earth.\"[7]No charges were filed against Kram.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59629-388-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-388-5"}],"text":"Bustos, Sergio & Yanez, Luisa: Miami's Criminal Past Uncovered; Charleston, SC, United States: History Press (2007) ISBN 978-1-59629-388-5 (pp 65–76)","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Map of Bob Moore's welding shop indicating the positions of Brown's victims","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Map_Bob_Moore%27s_Welding_Shop_1982.png/220px-Map_Bob_Moore%27s_Welding_Shop_1982.png"}]
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[{"title":"List of rampage killers in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rampage_killers_in_the_United_States"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The day a ticked-off Miami teacher killed 8 people before a witness chased him down\". Miami Herald. 2019-08-19. Archived from the original on 2024-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20240610170901/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/hialeah/article234124132.html","url_text":"\"The day a ticked-off Miami teacher killed 8 people before a witness chased him down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald","url_text":"Miami Herald"},{"url":"https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/hialeah/article234124132.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bedford_(photographer)
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Francis Bedford (photographer)
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Photography records","5 Collections","6 Gallery","7 References"]
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English photographer (1815–1894)
Francis BedfordFrancis BedfordBorn1815LondonDied15 May 1894LondonResting placeHighgate CemeteryOccupationPhotographerYears activeOver 40 yearsKnown forLandscape photography
Francis Bedford (1815 in London – 15 May 1894) was one of England's most prominent landscape photographers and the first to accompany a royal tour.
Early life
Bedford was the eldest son of the successful church architect Francis Octavius Bedford. He was christened at St Giles in Camberwell on 11 September 1815. He began his career as an architectural draughtsman and lithographer, before taking up photography in the early 1850s.
Career
He helped to found the Royal Photographic Society in 1853. In 1854, at Marlborough House Queen Victoria commissioned him to photograph objects in the royal collection and in 1857 she commissioned him to photograph her husband Prince Albert's hometown of Coburg, Germany. There followed several more royal commissions, and his series of stereographs of England and Wales have come to be regarded as some of the finest landscape works of their time. Following the death of Prince Albert in 1861 his eldest son, Prince Albert (later King Edward VII), invited Bedford to photograph his extensive tour of Greece and the Middle East, the first royal tour to be photographically documented.
For much of his career Bedford tended towards photography as an art form, painting in clouds, enhancing fine detail with pencil or brushes, and using tissue paper to darken negatives to improve lighting, but by the late 1870s, he was an advocate of simplicity. Between 1851 and 1894 he produced nearly 9,000 wet collodion negatives and albumen prints, making him one of the most prolific landscape photographers of his time.
Personal life
Grave of Francis Bedford in Highgate Cemetery
On 1 November 1843 he married Mary Graham at St Andrew's in Holborn, London. The couple appear on the 1851 census living at 23 Rochester Road, Kentish Town, London, with their two young sons, Arthur and William. Francis gave 'Lithographic Artist' as his profession. When the 1861 census was taken, Francis, now an 'Artist', was staying at a hotel in Peterborough. Ten years later he and Mary were living at 326 Camden Road, London. Francis now gave 'Photographic Artist' as his profession. He was still at the same address in 1881. Also present that night were his wife Mary, his son William, his daughter-in-law Wilhelmina, and his six-year-old grandson Francis.
He died on 15 May 1894 and is buried on the west side of Highgate Cemetery, close to the grave of another celebrated Victorian photographer, Henry White.
Photography records
On 19 February 2009 Swann Galleries set an auction record for Bedford's work Photographic Pictures Made by Mr. Francis Bedford During the Tour in the East, a suite of three albums from 1862. The albums sold for $132,000.
The National Gallery of Art Library in Washington, D.C. holds a two-volume index of Bedford's photographs that is organized by print type.
Collections
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Francis Bedford" photographer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Duke University Libraries
National Gallery of Art, Department of Image Collections
The Royal Collection
Museum of Modern Art
National Galleries of Scotland
J. Paul Getty Museum
Ryerson Image Centre
Gallery
River Elwy
Sphinx and Egyptian pyramids
The Temple of the Sun and Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek, Lebanon 1862
Teignmouth - View in the Harbour
West Facade of Exeter Cathedral 1864 or 1865
Teignmouth - Arched Rock Beneath the Ness
Francis Bedford, Kenilworth Castle, England, 1860s, albumen print, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC
Library in Shrewsbury England by Francis Bedford, c. 1863–1884. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library.
Butterwalk in Dartmouth England by Francis Bedford, c. 1863–1884. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library.
A Welsh Lady by Francis Bedford, c. 1863–1884. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library.
Valley of Rocks Hotel in Lynton England by Francis Bedford, c. 1863–1884. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library.
Llanberis Station in Wales by Francis Bedford, c. 1863–1884. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library.
Old Bishop's Palace in Llandoff Wales by Francis Bedford, c. 1863–1884. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library.
Castle in Shrewsbury England by Francis Bedford, c. 1863–1884. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library.
St Andrew's Church in Torquay England by Francis Bedford, c. 1863–1884. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Francis Bedford.
^ "This day, May 15, in Jewish history". Cleveland Jewish News. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
^ Phillip N. Allen. "The Francis Bedford Topographical Photographs from Birmingham Central Library". Adam Matthew Publication. Archived from the original on 24 December 2005. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
^ Francis Bedford, Answers.com
^ a b c "Francis Bedford, Photographer". www.historiccamera.com. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
^ Pollak, Sorcha (9 March 2013). "Royal Diaries Reveal the Life of Edward VII in the 1800s". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
^ "Featured Photographers". www.nga.gov. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"royal tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_tour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Francis Bedford (1815 in London – 15 May 1894) was one of England's most prominent landscape photographers and the first to accompany a royal tour.[1]","title":"Francis Bedford (photographer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Octavius Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Octavius_Bedford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Bedford was the eldest son of the successful church architect Francis Octavius Bedford. He was christened at St Giles in Camberwell on 11 September 1815. He began his career as an architectural draughtsman and lithographer, before taking up photography in the early 1850s.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Photographic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Photographic_Society"},{"link_name":"Marlborough House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_House"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort"},{"link_name":"Coburg, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coburg,_Germany"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HC-4"},{"link_name":"stereographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereographs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HC-4"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"collodion negatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collodion_process"},{"link_name":"albumen prints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumen_print"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HC-4"}],"text":"He helped to found the Royal Photographic Society in 1853. In 1854, at Marlborough House Queen Victoria commissioned him to photograph objects in the royal collection[3] and in 1857 she commissioned him to photograph her husband Prince Albert's hometown of Coburg, Germany.[4] There followed several more royal commissions, and his series of stereographs of England and Wales have come to be regarded as some of the finest landscape works of their time.[4] Following the death of Prince Albert in 1861 his eldest son, Prince Albert (later King Edward VII), invited Bedford to photograph his extensive tour of Greece and the Middle East, the first royal tour to be photographically documented.[5]For much of his career Bedford tended towards photography as an art form, painting in clouds, enhancing fine detail with pencil or brushes, and using tissue paper to darken negatives to improve lighting, but by the late 1870s, he was an advocate of simplicity. Between 1851 and 1894 he produced nearly 9,000 wet collodion negatives and albumen prints, making him one of the most prolific landscape photographers of his time.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Francis_Bedford_in_Highgate_Cemetery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Highgate Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Highgate Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Henry White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_White_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Grave of Francis Bedford in Highgate CemeteryOn 1 November 1843 he married Mary Graham at St Andrew's in Holborn, London. The couple appear on the 1851 census living at 23 Rochester Road, Kentish Town, London, with their two young sons, Arthur and William. Francis gave 'Lithographic Artist' as his profession. When the 1861 census was taken, Francis, now an 'Artist', was staying at a hotel in Peterborough. Ten years later he and Mary were living at 326 Camden Road, London. Francis now gave 'Photographic Artist' as his profession. He was still at the same address in 1881. Also present that night were his wife Mary, his son William, his daughter-in-law Wilhelmina, and his six-year-old grandson Francis.[citation needed]He died on 15 May 1894 and is buried on the west side of Highgate Cemetery, close to the grave of another celebrated Victorian photographer, Henry White.[citation needed]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swann Galleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swann_Galleries"}],"text":"On 19 February 2009 Swann Galleries set an auction record for Bedford's work Photographic Pictures Made by Mr. Francis Bedford During the Tour in the East, a suite of three albums from 1862. The albums sold for $132,000.The National Gallery of Art Library in Washington, D.C. holds a two-volume index of Bedford's photographs that is organized by print type.","title":"Photography records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duke University Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Libraries"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Royal Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Collection"},{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"National Galleries of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Galleries_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"J. Paul Getty Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ryerson Image Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryerson_Image_Centre"}],"text":"Duke University Libraries\nNational Gallery of Art, Department of Image Collections[6]\nThe Royal Collection\nMuseum of Modern Art\nNational Galleries of Scotland\nJ. Paul Getty Museum\nRyerson Image Centre","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:River_Elwy_(ca._1860).png"},{"link_name":"River Elwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Elwy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_Bedford_-_The_Sphinx,_the_Great_Pyramid_and_two_lesser_Pyramids,_Ghizeh,_Egypt_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sphinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx"},{"link_name":"Egyptian pyramids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_Bedford_(1815-94)_-_The_Temple_of_the_Sun_and_Temple_of_Jupiter,_Baalbek,_Lebanon_-_4_May_1862.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baalbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedford,_Teignmouth_-_View_in_the_Harbour.jpg"},{"link_name":"Teignmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teignmouth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedford,_(West_Facade_of_Exeter_Cathedral).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedford,_Teignmouth_-_Arched_Rock_Beneath_the_Ness.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenilworth_Castle_by_Francis_Bedford.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Library_in_Shrewsbury_England_by_Francis_Bedford,_c._1863-1884.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Butterwalk_in_Dartmouth_England_by_Francis_Bedford,_c._1863-1884.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Welsh_Lady_by_Francis_Bedford,_c._1863-1884.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vallery_of_Rocks_Hotel_in_Lynton_England_by_Francis_Bedford,_c._1863-1884.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Llanberis_Station_in_Wales_by_Francis_Bedford,_c._1863-1884.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Bishops_Palace_in_Llandoff_Wales_by_Francis_Bedford,_c._1863-1884.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castle_in_Shrewsbury_England_by_Francis_Bedford,_c._1863-1884.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Andrew%27s_Church_in_Torquay_England_by_Francis_Bedford,_c._1863-1884.jpg"}],"text":"River Elwy\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSphinx and Egyptian pyramids\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Temple of the Sun and Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek, Lebanon 1862\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTeignmouth - View in the Harbour\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWest Facade of Exeter Cathedral 1864 or 1865\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTeignmouth - Arched Rock Beneath the Ness\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrancis Bedford, Kenilworth Castle, England, 1860s, albumen print, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLibrary in Shrewsbury England by Francis Bedford, c. 1863–1884. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tButterwalk in Dartmouth England by Francis Bedford, c. 1863–1884. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Welsh Lady by Francis Bedford, c. 1863–1884. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tValley of Rocks Hotel in Lynton England by Francis Bedford, c. 1863–1884. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLlanberis Station in Wales by Francis Bedford, c. 1863–1884. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld Bishop's Palace in Llandoff Wales by Francis Bedford, c. 1863–1884. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCastle in Shrewsbury England by Francis Bedford, c. 1863–1884. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt Andrew's Church in Torquay England by Francis Bedford, c. 1863–1884. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library.","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"Grave of Francis Bedford in Highgate Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Grave_of_Francis_Bedford_in_Highgate_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Francis_Bedford_in_Highgate_Cemetery.jpg"}]
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Christianity in Botswana
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["1 History","2 Major denominations","2.1 Catholic Church","2.2 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","2.3 Dutch Reformed Church","2.4 Evangelical Lutheran Church","3 Youth programs","4 Beliefs and attitudes","4.1 Conversion","5 Education","6 Media","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading"]
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Christianity portalvte
More than 70% of the population of Botswana is Christian. Most are members of the Anglican, United Congregational Church of Southern Africa, the Methodist Church of Southern Africa, and African independent churches. Anglicans are part of the Church of the Province of Central Africa. The Roman Catholic Church includes about 5% of the nation's population.
The number of Pentecostal churches has been rising in the 21st century. Churchgoers participate in night prayers, evangelism and crusades. Midweek Bible study services are conducted in some churches. In these meetings, prayers are offered for the church, members, community, and leaders in the nation. Churches in Botswana include Pentecostal Protestant Church, Assemblies of God, Apostolic Faith Mission, Eloyi Christian Church, Pentecostal Holiness Church, Dutch Reformed Church in Botswana, Good News Ministries, Christ Embassy, Bible Life Ministries, Victory International Centre (VIC), Royal Assembly Ministries Int’l, First Love Church, and Winners Chapel International. The Eastern Orthodox Church and Serbian Orthodox Church are present. Many of the churches are members of the Botswana Council of Churches.
The churches normally meet occasionally to worship together under the name Evangelical Fellowship of Botswana. This body is like an organization of churches and it is the voice of the church.
History
One of the first missionaries to bring the gospel to Botswana was David Livingstone.
Major denominations
According to the country’s 2011 census, 79% of the population are members of Christian groups, typically as Anglicans, Methodists, or as members of the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa.
A survey identified the distribution among these groups as 66% Protestant, 7% Roman Catholics and 1% Other.
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church in Botswana is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in the Vatican City. Catholics represent about 5–6% of the total population.
Initially Catholic missionaries were not allowed in Botswana by native tribes at the urging of Protestant missionaries who arrived first. Missionaries began to work in Botswana in 1928, and were noted for setting up schools and clinics. In 2006 the church in Francistown started a program to treat refugees infected with AIDS with anti retro viral therapy. As of 2011 there were thirteen seminarians preparing for the priesthood in Botswana.
The church in Botswana is organised into the Diocese of Gaborone, which serves the southern portion of the country, and the Diocese of Francistown, which serves the faithful of northern communities.
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Main article: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Botswana
The first branch was organised in 1991 with fewer than 100 members. As of 2022, there were 4,031 members in 16 congregations in Botswana.
Dutch Reformed Church
The Dutch Reformed Church in Botswana was founded by Swiss missionaries led by the Rev. Henri Gronin begun working in 1863 among the tribe Bakgatla, Kgafela in Saulsport and Rustenburg in South Africa. In 1870 part of the tribe moved north to Botswana and the missionaries followed them. The great chief was baptised and most of the tribe followed him. In 1966 when Botswana become independent, a Synod of the Reformed Church was formed. In the 1970s the church gained independence. The church in the following years expanded to Basarwa, Bakalanga and Bakgatla.
The denomination has 6,000 members and 13 parishes with 50 house fellowships in 2 presbyteries and one Synod. The 14 churches are in : Muchudi, Muchudi East, Muchudi West, Sikwane, Gaborone, Tlokweng, Lobatse, Kgalagadi, Ghanzi, Maun, Makaleng, Selebi Phikwe, Boseja (Mochudi).
The church subscribe the Reformed confessions:
Apostles Creed
Nicene Creed
Canons of Dort
Heidelberg Catechism.
The church is member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches. It is also a member of the Botswana Council of Churches.
Evangelical Lutheran Church
The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Botswana is an Evangelical Lutheran church. It has a membership of 22,000, and has been a member of the Lutheran World Federation since 1986. It is also affiliated with its regional expression, the Lutheran Communion in Southern Africa. The church's head is Bishop Mothusi Letlhage. It is a member of the Botswana Council of Churches.
Youth programs
While children were treated as small adults during the colonial era, the 1800s brought a wave of Sunday school programs (Protestants) and parochial schools (Catholics) specifically for that young population. By the late 1800s, over half of Botswana's young members were attending elementary schools run by local parishes.
Beliefs and attitudes
19 percent of Botswana Christians: believe in salvation through Jesus Christ, attend church regularly, study the Bible, invest in personal faith development through a church community, accept church leadership positions, and believe they are obligated to evangelize to others.
20 percent are Professing Christians. These persons are also committed to "accepting Christ as Savior and Lord" with an emphasis on personal spirituality over organized religion.
24 percent are Liturgical Christians, predominantly Lutheran and Roman Catholic. They are regular churchgoers, exhibit a high level of spiritual activity, and recognize the authority of the church.
16 percent are Private Christians. They own a Bible, but rarely read it. Only about one-third attend church. They believe in God and good works, but not necessarily within a church context. This was the largest and youngest segment. Almost none are church leaders.
21 percent are Cultural Christians. They identify as Christians, yet they do not view Jesus as essential to salvation, exhibiting minimal religious behaviors and attitudes favoring a universality theology.
Conversion
A study from 2015 estimated that about 100 Botswana Muslims convert to Christianity each year, most of whom belong to an evangelical or Pentecostal community. It has been reported that conversion into Christianity is significantly increasing among East Asians.
Education
The majority of Botswana Christians attend co-educational public schools, mostly government operated. The Christian schools were built by churches such as Moeding College for the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa, and St. Joseph's College (established by the Roman Catholic Church). Although the schools are Christian schools, Botswana's government participates in their development, related infrastructure, and hiring practices (particularly in hiring teachers).
Media
Every week day public channel BTV broadcasts short religious programs.
See also
Christianity portalHistory portal
Religion in Botswana
Islam in Botswana
References
^ "St. Sava Serbian Orthodox Church, Gaborone, Botswana". World Orthodox Directory. Archived from the original on 2023-08-23. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
^ US State Dept 2022 report
^ a b c d Zenit Editorial Staff (2011-05-30). "Botswana's Bishop Valentine and His Big Heart". Zenit News Agency. Retrieved 2013-02-22.
^ CNA Editorial Staff (2006-06-28). "Catholic Church helps refugees with AIDS in Botswana". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2013-02-22.
^ "Facts and Statistics: Statistics by Country: Botswana", Newsroom, LDS Church
^ a b Johannes a Lasco Library. "Address data base of Reformed churches and institutions". Reformiert-online.net. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
^ "Dutch Reformed Church In Botswana (Synod Office) (Mochudi, Botswana)". Localbotswana.com. 2013-08-06. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
^ "World Communion of Reformed Churches - WCRC | Bringing together 80 million Reformed Christians worldwide". Wcrc.ch. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
^ "Lutheran World". Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
^ "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". www.academia.edu. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
^ "ST JOSEPH'S COLLEGE". LocalBotswana. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
Further reading
Balmer, Randall. The Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism (2002) excerpt and text search
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Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Burundi"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Comoros"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Eswatini"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Gabon"},{"link_name":"The Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Lesotho"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Malawi"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Mali"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Namibia"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Niger"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Rwanda"},{"link_name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Senegal"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Togo"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Uganda"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Melilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Madeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mayotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Réunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ascension Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tristan da Cunha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Western Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Western_Sahara"}],"text":"Balmer, Randall. The Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism (2002) excerpt and text searchvteReligion in BotswanaReligions\nBahá'í Faith\nChristianity\nAnglicanism\nChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\nEloyi Christian Church\nHinduism\nTraditional African religions\nBadimo\nSan religion\nFlag of BotswanaRelated\nFreedom of religion\nPublic holidays\n CategoryvteChristianity in Africa Sovereign states\nAlgeria\nAngola\nBenin\nBotswana\nBurkina Faso\nBurundi\nCameroon\nCape Verde\nCentral African Republic\nChad\nComoros\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nRepublic of the Congo\nDjibouti\nEgypt\nEquatorial Guinea\nEritrea\nEswatini\nEthiopia\nGabon\nThe Gambia\nGhana\nGuinea\nGuinea-Bissau\nIvory Coast\nKenya\nLesotho\nLiberia\nLibya\nMadagascar\nMalawi\nMali\nMauritania\nMauritius\nMorocco\nMozambique\nNamibia\nNiger\nNigeria\nRwanda\nSão Tomé and Príncipe\nSenegal\nSeychelles\nSierra Leone\nSomalia\nSouth Africa\nSouth Sudan\nSudan\nTanzania\nTogo\nTunisia\nUganda\nZambia\nZimbabwe\nStates with limitedrecognition\nSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic\nSomaliland\nDependencies andother territories\nCanary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain)\nMadeira (Portugal)\nMayotte / Réunion (France)\nSaint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)\nWestern Sahara","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"\"St. Sava Serbian Orthodox Church, Gaborone, Botswana\". World Orthodox Directory. Archived from the original on 2023-08-23. Retrieved 2023-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://orthodox-world.org/en/i/27430/botswana/south-east/gaborone/church/st.-sava-serbian-orthodox-church","url_text":"\"St. Sava Serbian Orthodox Church, Gaborone, Botswana\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230823113506/https://orthodox-world.org/en/i/27430/botswana/south-east/gaborone/church/st.-sava-serbian-orthodox-church","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zenit Editorial Staff (2011-05-30). \"Botswana's Bishop Valentine and His Big Heart\". Zenit News Agency. Retrieved 2013-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/botswana-s-bishop-valentine-and-his-big-heart","url_text":"\"Botswana's Bishop Valentine and His Big Heart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenit_News_Agency","url_text":"Zenit News Agency"}]},{"reference":"CNA Editorial Staff (2006-06-28). \"Catholic Church helps refugees with AIDS in Botswana\". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2013-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/catholic_church_helps_refugees_with_aids_in_botswana/","url_text":"\"Catholic Church helps refugees with AIDS in Botswana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facts and Statistics: Statistics by Country: Botswana\", Newsroom, LDS Church","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/botswana","url_text":"\"Facts and Statistics: Statistics by Country: Botswana\""}]},{"reference":"Johannes a Lasco Library. \"Address data base of Reformed churches and institutions\". Reformiert-online.net. Retrieved 2013-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reformiert-online.net/adressen/detail.php?id=1271&lg=eng","url_text":"\"Address data base of Reformed churches and institutions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch Reformed Church In Botswana (Synod Office) (Mochudi, Botswana)\". Localbotswana.com. 2013-08-06. Retrieved 2013-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.localbotswana.com/company/9986/DUTCH_REFORMED_CHURCH_IN_BOTSWANA_SYNOD_OFFICE","url_text":"\"Dutch Reformed Church In Botswana (Synod Office) (Mochudi, Botswana)\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Communion of Reformed Churches - WCRC | Bringing together 80 million Reformed Christians worldwide\". Wcrc.ch. Retrieved 2013-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wcrc.ch/","url_text":"\"World Communion of Reformed Churches - WCRC | Bringing together 80 million Reformed Christians worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lutheran World\". Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2012-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811223124/http://www.lutheranworld.org/Directory/afr/EvLuthCchinBotswana-EN.html","url_text":"\"Lutheran World\""},{"url":"http://www.lutheranworld.org/Directory/afr/EvLuthCchinBotswana-EN.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census\". www.academia.edu. Retrieved 2016-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census","url_text":"\"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"ST JOSEPH'S COLLEGE\". LocalBotswana. Retrieved 2016-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.localbotswana.com/company/12397/ST_JOSEPHS_COLLEGE","url_text":"\"ST JOSEPH'S COLLEGE\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://orthodox-world.org/en/i/27430/botswana/south-east/gaborone/church/st.-sava-serbian-orthodox-church","external_links_name":"\"St. Sava Serbian Orthodox Church, Gaborone, Botswana\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230823113506/https://orthodox-world.org/en/i/27430/botswana/south-east/gaborone/church/st.-sava-serbian-orthodox-church","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/botswana","external_links_name":"US State Dept 2022 report"},{"Link":"http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/botswana-s-bishop-valentine-and-his-big-heart","external_links_name":"\"Botswana's Bishop Valentine and His Big Heart\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/catholic_church_helps_refugees_with_aids_in_botswana/","external_links_name":"\"Catholic Church helps refugees with AIDS in Botswana\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/botswana","external_links_name":"\"Facts and Statistics: Statistics by Country: Botswana\""},{"Link":"http://www.reformiert-online.net/adressen/detail.php?id=1271&lg=eng","external_links_name":"\"Address data base of Reformed churches and institutions\""},{"Link":"http://www.localbotswana.com/company/9986/DUTCH_REFORMED_CHURCH_IN_BOTSWANA_SYNOD_OFFICE","external_links_name":"\"Dutch Reformed Church In Botswana (Synod Office) (Mochudi, Botswana)\""},{"Link":"http://www.wcrc.ch/","external_links_name":"\"World Communion of Reformed Churches - WCRC | Bringing together 80 million Reformed Christians worldwide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811223124/http://www.lutheranworld.org/Directory/afr/EvLuthCchinBotswana-EN.html","external_links_name":"\"Lutheran World\""},{"Link":"http://www.lutheranworld.org/Directory/afr/EvLuthCchinBotswana-EN.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census","external_links_name":"\"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census\""},{"Link":"http://www.localbotswana.com/company/12397/ST_JOSEPHS_COLLEGE","external_links_name":"\"ST JOSEPH'S COLLEGE\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Evangelicalism-Randall-Herbert-Balmer/dp/0664224091/","external_links_name":"excerpt and text search"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoetymologies
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False etymology
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["1 Source and influence","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
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Popular, but false belief about word origins
This article is about derivational-only popular etymology. For generative popular etymology, see folk etymology.
A false etymology (fake etymology or pseudo-etymology) is a false theory about the origin or derivation of a specific word or phrase. When a false etymology becomes a popular belief in a cultural/linguistic community, it is a folk etymology (or popular etymology). Nevertheless, folk/popular etymology may also refer to the process by which a word or phrase is changed because of a popular false etymology. To disambiguate the usage of the term "folk/popular etymology", Ghil'ad Zuckermann proposes a clear-cut distinction between the derivational-only popular etymology (DOPE) and the generative popular etymology (GPE): the DOPE refers to a popular false etymology involving no neologization, and the GPE refers to neologization generated by a popular false etymology.
Such etymologies often have the feel of urban legends and can be more colorful and fanciful than the typical etymologies found in dictionaries, often involving stories of unusual practices in particular subcultures (e.g. Oxford students from non-noble families being supposedly forced to write sine nobilitate by their name, soon abbreviated to s.nob., hence the word snob).
Source and influence
Erroneous etymologies can exist for many reasons. Some are reasonable interpretations of the evidence that happen to be false. For a given word there may often have been many serious attempts by scholars to propose etymologies based on the best information available at the time, and these can be later modified or rejected as linguistic scholarship advances. The results of medieval etymology, for example, were plausible given the insights available at the time, but have often been rejected by modern linguists. The etymologies of humanist scholars in the early modern period began to produce more reliable results, but many of their hypotheses have also been superseded.
Other false etymologies are the result of specious and untrustworthy claims made by individuals, such as the unfounded claims made by Daniel Cassidy that hundreds of common English words such as baloney, grumble, and bunkum derive from the Irish language.
In the United States, some of these scandalous legends have had to do with racism and slavery; common words such as picnic, buck, and crowbar have been alleged to stem from derogatory terms or racist practices.
See also
List of common false etymologies of English words
Back-formation
Backronym
Bongo-Bongo (linguistics)
Chinese word for "crisis"
Eggcorn
Etymological fallacy
False cognate
False friend
Just-so story
Linguistic interference
List of proposed etymologies of OK
Phonestheme
Phono-semantic matching
Pseudoscientific language comparison
Semantic change
Notes
References
^ Rundblad, Gabriella; Kronenfeld, David B. (2003-01-01). "The inevitability of folk etymology: a case of collective reality and invisible hands". Journal of Pragmatics. 35 (1): 119–138. doi:10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00059-0. ISSN 0378-2166.
^ Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403917232.
^ "nouns – Etymology of "snob"". English Language & Usage Stack Exchange. Retrieved 2013-08-26.
^ "What is the origin of the word 'snob'?". Oxford Dictionaries Online. 2013-08-21. Archived from the original on December 30, 2011. Retrieved 2013-08-26.
^ Zwicky, Arnold (2007-11-09). "Language Log: Gullibility in high places". Itre.cis.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2015-07-12.
^ Liberman, Mark (2006-07-06). "Language Log: The bunkum of 'The Bunkum of Bunkum'?". Itre.cis.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2015-07-12.
^ Mikkelson, David (21 January 2017). "Picnic Pique". Snopes.com. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
^ "Etymology on the phrase 'passing the buck'". Snopes.com. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 2015-07-12.
^ "Etymology of Crowbar". Snopes.com. 14 December 2008. Retrieved 2015-07-12.
External links
Richard Lederer, Spook Etymology on the Internet
Popular Fallacies – the Nonsense Nine
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"folk etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_etymology"},{"link_name":"folk etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_etymology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ghil'ad Zuckermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann"},{"link_name":"neologization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zuckerman20032-2"},{"link_name":"etymologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"urban legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legend"},{"link_name":"snob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snob"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"This article is about derivational-only popular etymology. For generative popular etymology, see folk etymology.A false etymology (fake etymology or pseudo-etymology) is a false theory about the origin or derivation of a specific word or phrase. When a false etymology becomes a popular belief in a cultural/linguistic community, it is a folk etymology (or popular etymology).[1] Nevertheless, folk/popular etymology may also refer to the process by which a word or phrase is changed because of a popular false etymology. To disambiguate the usage of the term \"folk/popular etymology\", Ghil'ad Zuckermann proposes a clear-cut distinction between the derivational-only popular etymology (DOPE) and the generative popular etymology (GPE): the DOPE refers to a popular false etymology involving no neologization, and the GPE refers to neologization generated by a popular false etymology.[2]Such etymologies often have the feel of urban legends and can be more colorful and fanciful than the typical etymologies found in dictionaries, often involving stories of unusual practices in particular subcultures (e.g. Oxford students from non-noble families being supposedly forced to write sine nobilitate by their name, soon abbreviated to s.nob., hence the word snob).[3][4]","title":"False etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medieval etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_etymology"},{"link_name":"humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"Daniel Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Cassidy"},{"link_name":"baloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baloney"},{"link_name":"grumble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grumble"},{"link_name":"bunkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bunkum"},{"link_name":"Irish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Erroneous etymologies can exist for many reasons. Some are reasonable interpretations of the evidence that happen to be false. For a given word there may often have been many serious attempts by scholars to propose etymologies based on the best information available at the time, and these can be later modified or rejected as linguistic scholarship advances. The results of medieval etymology, for example, were plausible given the insights available at the time, but have often been rejected by modern linguists. The etymologies of humanist scholars in the early modern period began to produce more reliable results, but many of their hypotheses have also been superseded.Other false etymologies are the result of specious and untrustworthy claims made by individuals, such as the unfounded claims made by Daniel Cassidy that hundreds of common English words such as baloney, grumble, and bunkum derive from the Irish language.[5][6]In the United States, some of these scandalous legends have had to do with racism and slavery; common words such as picnic,[7] buck,[8] and crowbar[9] have been alleged to stem from derogatory terms or racist practices.","title":"Source and influence"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of common false etymologies of English words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_false_etymologies_of_English_words"},{"title":"Back-formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-formation"},{"title":"Backronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backronym"},{"title":"Bongo-Bongo (linguistics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongo-Bongo_(linguistics)"},{"title":"Chinese word for \"crisis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_word_for_%22crisis%22"},{"title":"Eggcorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggcorn"},{"title":"Etymological fallacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymological_fallacy"},{"title":"False cognate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_cognate"},{"title":"False friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_friend"},{"title":"Just-so story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-so_story"},{"title":"Linguistic interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_interference"},{"title":"List of proposed etymologies of OK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proposed_etymologies_of_OK"},{"title":"Phonestheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonestheme"},{"title":"Phono-semantic matching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching"},{"title":"Pseudoscientific language comparison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscientific_language_comparison"},{"title":"Semantic change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_change"}]
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[{"reference":"Rundblad, Gabriella; Kronenfeld, David B. (2003-01-01). \"The inevitability of folk etymology: a case of collective reality and invisible hands\". Journal of Pragmatics. 35 (1): 119–138. doi:10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00059-0. ISSN 0378-2166.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378216602000590","url_text":"\"The inevitability of folk etymology: a case of collective reality and invisible hands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-2166%2802%2900059-0","url_text":"10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00059-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2166","url_text":"0378-2166"}]},{"reference":"Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403917232.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann","url_text":"Zuckermann, Ghil'ad"},{"url":"http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232","url_text":"Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403917232","url_text":"978-1403917232"}]},{"reference":"\"nouns – Etymology of \"snob\"\". English Language & Usage Stack Exchange. Retrieved 2013-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/22147/etymology-of-snob","url_text":"\"nouns – Etymology of \"snob\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is the origin of the word 'snob'?\". Oxford Dictionaries Online. 2013-08-21. Archived from the original on December 30, 2011. Retrieved 2013-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111230013936/http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/what-is-the-origin-of-the-word-snob","url_text":"\"What is the origin of the word 'snob'?\""},{"url":"http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/what-is-the-origin-of-the-word-snob","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zwicky, Arnold (2007-11-09). \"Language Log: Gullibility in high places\". Itre.cis.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2015-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/005098.html","url_text":"\"Language Log: Gullibility in high places\""}]},{"reference":"Liberman, Mark (2006-07-06). \"Language Log: The bunkum of 'The Bunkum of Bunkum'?\". Itre.cis.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2015-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003326.html","url_text":"\"Language Log: The bunkum of 'The Bunkum of Bunkum'?\""}]},{"reference":"Mikkelson, David (21 January 2017). \"Picnic Pique\". Snopes.com. Retrieved 5 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snopes.com/language/offense/picnic.htm","url_text":"\"Picnic Pique\""}]},{"reference":"\"Etymology on the phrase 'passing the buck'\". Snopes.com. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 2015-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snopes.com/language/offense/buck.htm","url_text":"\"Etymology on the phrase 'passing the buck'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Etymology of Crowbar\". Snopes.com. 14 December 2008. Retrieved 2015-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snopes.com/language/offense/crowbar.asp","url_text":"\"Etymology of Crowbar\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378216602000590","external_links_name":"\"The inevitability of folk etymology: a case of collective reality and invisible hands\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-2166%2802%2900059-0","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00059-0"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2166","external_links_name":"0378-2166"},{"Link":"http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232","external_links_name":"Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew"},{"Link":"http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/22147/etymology-of-snob","external_links_name":"\"nouns – Etymology of \"snob\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111230013936/http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/what-is-the-origin-of-the-word-snob","external_links_name":"\"What is the origin of the word 'snob'?\""},{"Link":"http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/what-is-the-origin-of-the-word-snob","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/005098.html","external_links_name":"\"Language Log: Gullibility in high places\""},{"Link":"http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003326.html","external_links_name":"\"Language Log: The bunkum of 'The Bunkum of Bunkum'?\""},{"Link":"http://www.snopes.com/language/offense/picnic.htm","external_links_name":"\"Picnic Pique\""},{"Link":"http://www.snopes.com/language/offense/buck.htm","external_links_name":"\"Etymology on the phrase 'passing the buck'\""},{"Link":"http://www.snopes.com/language/offense/crowbar.asp","external_links_name":"\"Etymology of Crowbar\""},{"Link":"http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0203/lederer022003.asp","external_links_name":"Spook Etymology on the Internet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080807180001/http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/fallacy.html","external_links_name":"Popular Fallacies – the Nonsense Nine"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/430_West_Records
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430 West Records
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["1 Discography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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American independent record label
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "430 West Records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
430 West RecordsCompany typePrivateIndustryMusicFounded1991HeadquartersUnited States Detroit, MI, United StatesKey peopleLawrence Burden (Label Manager), Lenny Burden (Label Manager)Website430 West Records website
430 West Records is an independent record label based in Detroit, Michigan, United States, formed in 1990 by Lawrence Burden, Lenny Burden, and Lynell Burden, just months after recording their debut record for Derrick Mays' Transmat label. 430 West was formed as an outlet for the Burden Brothers' own productions (recording as Octave One, Random Noise Generation, Never On Sunday, and Metro D). Later it was expanded to be the home for releases by electronic music artists Jay Denham, Terrence Parker, Eddie Fowlkes, Aux 88, Wild Planet, and Gerald Mitchell, among others. In 1998, 430 West also became the musical home for the trio's youngest brothers, Lance Burden and Lorne Burden.
As of 2000, 430 West functions as a production company and record label, focusing once again on the work of the Burden Brothers. The company has distribution, licensing, and promotion relationships in North America, Europe, United Kingdom, and Japan.
Discography
1990: 4W-100 Octave One - Octivation The EP (12", EP, Promo)
1991: 4W-100B Octave One - Octivation The EP (12", EP)
1991: 4W-110 Metro D - What Is A Dancer? (12")
1991: 4W-120 Random Noise Generation - Falling In Dub (12")
1991: 4W-125 Eddie Flashin Fowlkes - Inequality (12")
1991: 4W-140 Vice - Survival Instinct (12")
1992: 4W-145 Terrence Parker - TP1 (12")
1992: 4W-150 Random Noise Generation - Falling In Dub (The Remixes) (12")
1992: 4W-155 Terrence Parker And D.J.B. - The Call My Name (The Remixes) (12")
1992: 4W-160 Metro D - In The City (12")
1992: 4W-165 Never On Sunday - Day By Day (12")
1992: 4W-175 Sight Beyond Sight - Good Stuff (12")
1993: 4W-130 Random Noise Generation - Random Beats & Tracks Vol. I (12")
1993: 4W-180 Mind Readers - Living My Life Underground (12")
1993: 4W-185 Family Of Few - Sunrise (12")
1993: 4WCS-190 Aux 88 - Bass Magnetic (Cass, Album)
1993: NEVER 1 Various - 430 West Sampler EP (12", W/Lbl, EP)
1994: 4W-130 Random Noise Generation - Random Beats & Tracks Vol. I & II (2x12")
1994: 4W-190 Aux 88 - Bass Magnetic (2x12", Ltd)
1994: 4W-195 Tokyo Gospel Renegades - Tokyo Soul (12")
1994: 4W-200 Unit 2 - Keep Your Head Up (2x12")
1994: 4W-205 L'Homme Van Renn - The Man (12")
1994: 4W-210 365 Black - Home Land (12")
1994: 4W-215 Sight Beyond Sight - No More Tears (12")
1994: 4W-220 Octave One - The "X" Files (2x12")
1994: 4W-225 Random Noise Generation - Random Beats & Tracks Vol. 3 (12")
1995: 4W-230 Alien FM - Alien FM (2x12")
1995: 4W-235 Various - Detroit Techno City (12")
1995: 4W-240 Octave One - Foundation EP (12")
1995: 4W-245 Octave One - Conquered Nation (12")
1995: 4W-250 Bobby Ceal - The Middle Passage (12")
1995: 4W-255 Octave One - Cymbolic (2x12")
1995: 4W-260 Unknown Force - Circuit Maximus / Internal Drive (12")
1995: 4W-MS10 Octave One - I Believe (12")
1996: 4W-265 Octave One - Point Blank (12")
1996: 4W-270 Various - Detroit Techno City II (12")
1996: 4W-275 Random Noise Generation - Generations Of Soul (12")
1996: 4W-280 Octave One - Images From Above (2x12")
1997: 4W-285 Random Noise Generation - The Legacy (12")
1997: 4W-290 Octave One - The Living Key (2x12")
1997: 4WCD-2 Octave One - The Living Key (To Images From Above) (CD, Album)
1998: 4W-291 Mad Mike* & DJ Rolando / Octave One - Aztlan / DayStar Rising (12")
1998: 4W-295 Wildplanet - Synthetic (12")
1998: 4W-300 Octave One - The Collective (2x12", Compilation)
1998: 4WCD-1 Aux 88 Meets Alien FM - 88 FM (CD, compilation album)
1998: 4WCD-300 Octave One - The Collective (CD, compilation album)
1999: 4W-305 Random Noise Generation - Instrument Of Change (12")
1999: 4W-310 Octave One - Art And Soul (12")
1999: 4W-315 Gerald Mitchell - Groove Within The Groove (12")
1999: 4W-320 Wild Planet - Genetic Remixes (12")
1999: 4W-325 Octave One Presents Kaotic Spacial Rhythms - M-Class / Kaotic Space(12")
1999: 4W-330 Random Noise Generation - The Existence Of Echelon (12")
1999: 4W-335 Octave One Presents Kaotic Spacial Rhythm - Kaotic Spacial Rhythms Two (12")
1999: 4W-400 Wild Planet - Transmitter (2x12")
1999: 4WCD-400 Wild Planet - Transmitter (CD, album)
2000: 430WUKT1 DJ Rolando - Jaguar (12")
2000: 430WUKT2 DJ Rolando - Jaguar (12", Ltd)
2000: 430WUKTCD1 DJ Rolando A.k.a. Aztec Mystic - Jaguar (CD, Maxi)
2000: 430WUKTCD2 DJ Rolando - Jaguar (CD, Enh, Maxi)
2000: 4W-340 Octave One - Black Water (12")
2000: 4W-345 Octave One Presents Kaotic Spacial Rhythms - Kaotic Spacial Rhythms Three - Barrage (12")
2000: 4W-350 DJ Rolando - Jaguar (Mayday Remixes) (12")
2000: 4W-45011 Random Noise Generation - Links In The Chain (2x12", compilation)
2000: 4WCD-4049 DJ Rolando - Jaguar (CD, Maxi)
2000: 4WCD-45012 Random Noise Generation - Links In The Chain (CD, compilation album)
2002: 4W-500 Random Noise Generation - The Unknown (12")
2002: 4W-505 KSR - Down From The Sky (12")
2004: 4W-370 Random Noise Generation - Games Of Chance (4 Mixes) (12", W/Lbl, Promo)
2004: 4W-380 Random Noise Generation Featuring Lance Burden - A Better Tomorrow / Roof Raiser (12")
2005: 4W-385 Octave One - Somedays (12")
2005: 4W-390 Random Noise Generation - Rock My Soul (12")
2006: 4WDVD560 Octave One - Off The Grid (DVD-10, PAL, NTSC)
2008: 4W-590 Octave One - I Need Release (12")
2009: 4WCD-600 Octave One - Summers on Jupiter (CD, album)
2009: 4W-600 Octave One Summers on Jupiter (2X12")
See also
List of record labels
References
^ Colin Larkin, ed. (1998). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Dance Music (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 123. ISBN 0-7535-0252-6.
^ "430 West". Discogs.com. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
^ a b c 430 West Records, Allmusic
^ "430west.com". 430west.com. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
External links
430 West Records discography at Discogs.
Official Website.
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz label
|
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Later it was expanded to be the home for releases by electronic music artists Jay Denham,[3] Terrence Parker, Eddie Fowlkes,[3] Aux 88, Wild Planet, and Gerald Mitchell, among others. In 1998, 430 West also became the musical home for the trio's youngest brothers, Lance Burden and Lorne Burden.As of 2000, 430 West functions as a production company and record label, focusing once again on the work of the Burden Brothers. The company has distribution, licensing, and promotion relationships in North America, Europe, United Kingdom, and Japan.[4]","title":"430 West Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Random Noise Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Noise_Generation"},{"link_name":"Eddie Flashin Fowlkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Flashin_Fowlkes"},{"link_name":"Terrence Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Parker"},{"link_name":"Random Noise Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Noise_Generation"},{"link_name":"Random Noise Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Noise_Generation"},{"link_name":"Aux 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aux_88"},{"link_name":"Random Noise Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Noise_Generation"},{"link_name":"Aux 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aux_88"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Random Noise Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Noise_Generation"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Random Noise Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Noise_Generation"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Random Noise Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Noise_Generation"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Mad Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Banks_(musician)"},{"link_name":"DJ Rolando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Rolando"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Aux 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aux_88"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Random Noise Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Noise_Generation"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Random Noise Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Noise_Generation"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"DJ Rolando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Rolando"},{"link_name":"DJ Rolando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Rolando"},{"link_name":"DJ Rolando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Rolando"},{"link_name":"DJ Rolando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Rolando"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"DJ Rolando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Rolando"},{"link_name":"Random Noise Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Noise_Generation"},{"link_name":"DJ Rolando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Rolando"},{"link_name":"Random Noise Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Noise_Generation"},{"link_name":"Random Noise Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Noise_Generation"},{"link_name":"Random Noise Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Noise_Generation"},{"link_name":"Random Noise Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Noise_Generation"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Random Noise Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Noise_Generation"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"}],"text":"1990: 4W-100 \tOctave One - Octivation The EP (12\", EP, Promo)\n1991: 4W-100B \tOctave One - Octivation The EP (12\", EP)\n1991: 4W-110 \tMetro D - What Is A Dancer? (12\")\n1991: 4W-120 \tRandom Noise Generation - Falling In Dub (12\")\n1991: 4W-125 \tEddie Flashin Fowlkes - Inequality (12\")\n1991: 4W-140 \tVice - Survival Instinct (12\")\n1992: 4W-145 \tTerrence Parker - TP1 (12\")\n1992: 4W-150 \tRandom Noise Generation - Falling In Dub (The Remixes) (12\")\n1992: 4W-155 \tTerrence Parker And D.J.B. - The Call My Name (The Remixes) (12\")\n1992: 4W-160 \tMetro D - In The City (12\")\n1992: 4W-165 \tNever On Sunday - Day By Day (12\")\n1992: 4W-175 \tSight Beyond Sight - Good Stuff \t(12\")\n1993: 4W-130 \tRandom Noise Generation - Random Beats & Tracks Vol. I (12\")\n1993: 4W-180 \tMind Readers - Living My Life Underground (12\")\n1993: 4W-185 \tFamily Of Few - Sunrise (12\")\n1993: 4WCS-190 \tAux 88 - Bass Magnetic (Cass, Album)\n1993: NEVER 1 \tVarious - 430 West Sampler EP \t(12\", W/Lbl, EP)\n1994: 4W-130 \tRandom Noise Generation - Random Beats & Tracks Vol. I & II (2x12\")\n1994: 4W-190 \tAux 88 - Bass Magnetic (2x12\", Ltd)\n1994: 4W-195 \tTokyo Gospel Renegades - Tokyo Soul (12\")\n1994: 4W-200 \tUnit 2 - Keep Your Head Up (2x12\")\n1994: 4W-205 \tL'Homme Van Renn - The Man (12\")\n1994: 4W-210 \t365 Black - Home Land \t(12\")\n1994: 4W-215 \tSight Beyond Sight - No More Tears \t(12\")\n1994: 4W-220 \tOctave One - The \"X\" Files \t(2x12\")\n1994: 4W-225 \tRandom Noise Generation - Random Beats & Tracks Vol. 3 (12\")\n1995: 4W-230 \tAlien FM - Alien FM (2x12\")\n1995: 4W-235 \tVarious - Detroit Techno City (12\")\n1995: 4W-240 \tOctave One - Foundation EP (12\")\n1995: 4W-245 \tOctave One - Conquered Nation \t(12\")\n1995: 4W-250 \tBobby Ceal - The Middle Passage (12\")\n1995: 4W-255 \tOctave One - Cymbolic (2x12\")\n1995: 4W-260 \tUnknown Force - Circuit Maximus / Internal Drive (12\")\n1995: 4W-MS10 \tOctave One - I Believe (12\")\n1996: 4W-265 \tOctave One - Point Blank (12\")\n1996: 4W-270 \tVarious - Detroit Techno City II (12\")\n1996: 4W-275 \tRandom Noise Generation - Generations Of Soul (12\")\n1996: 4W-280 \tOctave One - Images From Above (2x12\")\n1997: 4W-285 \tRandom Noise Generation - The Legacy (12\")\n1997: 4W-290 \tOctave One - The Living Key (2x12\")\n1997: 4WCD-2 \tOctave One - The Living Key (To Images From Above) (CD, Album)\n1998: 4W-291 \tMad Mike* & DJ Rolando / Octave One - Aztlan / DayStar Rising (12\")\n1998: 4W-295 \tWildplanet - Synthetic (12\")\n1998: 4W-300 \tOctave One - The Collective (2x12\", Compilation)\n1998: 4WCD-1 \tAux 88 Meets Alien FM - 88 FM (CD, compilation album)\n1998: 4WCD-300 \tOctave One - The Collective (CD, compilation album)\n1999: 4W-305 \tRandom Noise Generation - Instrument Of Change (12\")\n1999: 4W-310 \tOctave One - Art And Soul (12\")\n1999: 4W-315 \tGerald Mitchell - Groove Within The Groove (12\")\n1999: 4W-320 \tWild Planet - Genetic Remixes (12\")\n1999: 4W-325 \tOctave One Presents Kaotic Spacial Rhythms - M-Class / Kaotic Space(12\")\n1999: 4W-330 \tRandom Noise Generation - The Existence Of Echelon (12\")\n1999: 4W-335 \tOctave One Presents Kaotic Spacial Rhythm - Kaotic Spacial Rhythms Two (12\")\n1999: 4W-400 \tWild Planet - Transmitter (2x12\")\n1999: 4WCD-400 \tWild Planet - Transmitter (CD, album)\n2000: 430WUKT1 \tDJ Rolando - Jaguar (12\")\n2000: 430WUKT2 \tDJ Rolando - Jaguar (12\", Ltd)\n2000: 430WUKTCD1 \tDJ Rolando A.k.a. Aztec Mystic - Jaguar (CD, Maxi)\n2000: 430WUKTCD2 \tDJ Rolando - Jaguar (CD, Enh, Maxi)\n2000: 4W-340 \tOctave One - Black Water \t(12\")\n2000: 4W-345 \tOctave One Presents Kaotic Spacial Rhythms - Kaotic Spacial Rhythms Three - Barrage (12\")\n2000: 4W-350 \tDJ Rolando - Jaguar (Mayday Remixes) (12\")\n2000: 4W-45011 \tRandom Noise Generation - Links In The Chain (2x12\", compilation)\n2000: 4WCD-4049 \tDJ Rolando - Jaguar \t(CD, Maxi)\n2000: 4WCD-45012 \tRandom Noise Generation - Links In The Chain (CD, compilation album)\n2002: 4W-500 \tRandom Noise Generation - The Unknown (12\")\n2002: 4W-505 \tKSR - Down From The Sky (12\")\n2004: 4W-370 \tRandom Noise Generation - Games Of Chance (4 Mixes) (12\", W/Lbl, Promo)\n2004: 4W-380 \tRandom Noise Generation Featuring Lance Burden - A Better Tomorrow / Roof Raiser (12\")\n2005: 4W-385 \tOctave One - Somedays (12\")\n2005: 4W-390 \tRandom Noise Generation - Rock My Soul (12\")\n2006: 4WDVD560 \tOctave One - Off The Grid \t(DVD-10, PAL, NTSC)\n2008: 4W-590 Octave One - I Need Release (12\")\n2009: 4WCD-600 \tOctave One - Summers on Jupiter (CD, album)\n2009: 4W-600 \tOctave One \tSummers on Jupiter\t(2X12\")","title":"Discography"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels"}]
|
[{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1998). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Dance Music (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 123. ISBN 0-7535-0252-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Dance Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7535-0252-6","url_text":"0-7535-0252-6"}]},{"reference":"\"430 West\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 22 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/label/257-430-West","url_text":"\"430 West\""}]},{"reference":"\"430west.com\". 430west.com. Retrieved 22 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.430west.com/","url_text":"\"430west.com\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCAF_Station_North_Bay
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CFB North Bay
|
["1 Activities at North Bay 1920–1945","1.1 Pre–Second World War","1.2 Second World War","2 RCAF Station North Bay","2.1 No. 3 All-Weather (Fighter) Operational Training Unit","2.2 Fighter squadrons","2.3 131 Composite Unit and the temporary end of military flying at North Bay","3 Air Defence Ground Units and installations at North Bay","3.1 6 Aircraft Control & Warning Unit","3.2 Ground Observer Corps","4 NORAD and the Underground Complex","4.1 Construction of the Underground Complex","4.2 Features of the Underground Complex","4.3 NORAD regions at North Bay","5 BOMARC","6 Canadian Forces Base North Bay","6.1 414 (Electronic Warfare) Squadron","6.2 22 Wing","6.3 Near-death of the base, massive reductions and their effects on North Bay","7 Re-Shaping of 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay & the 21st Century","7.1 End of Air Defence Operations in the Underground Complex","7.2 NORAD Air Defence organization today","7.3 North Bay Air Defence Operations in the 21st Century","8 Miscellaneous","8.1 22 Wing Band","8.2 Air Cadets","9 References","9.1 Notes","9.2 Citations","9.3 Bibliography","10 External links"]
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Coordinates: 46°21′25.62″N 79°24′54.21″W / 46.3571167°N 79.4150583°W / 46.3571167; -79.4150583Airforce base in Ontario, Canada
CFB North Bay North Bay, Ontario, Canada Entrance sign at main gate of CFB North Bay.CFB North BayCoordinates46°21′28″N 79°24′59″W / 46.357846°N 79.416477°W / 46.357846; -79.416477Site informationControlled by Royal Canadian Air ForceWebsite22 Wing WebsiteSite historyBuilt1951Built by Royal Canadian Air ForceGarrison informationCurrentcommanderColonel Richard Jolette, CDGarrison22 Wing North Bay
21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron (RCAF)
51 Aerospace Control and Warning Operational Training Squadron (RCAF)
Detachment 2, First Air Force (United States Air Force)
22 Wing Air Reserve Flight (RCAF)
22 Wing Band
Canadian Forces Base North Bay, also CFB North Bay, is an air force base located at the City of North Bay, Ontario about 350 km (220 mi) north of Toronto. The base is subordinate to 1 Canadian Air Division, Winnipeg, Manitoba, and is the centre for North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) operations in Canada, under the Canadian NORAD Region Headquarters, also in Winnipeg. It is also home to the 1 Air Force, Detachment 2 of the United States Air Force.
22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay is the most important military base in Canada with respect to the continental air defence of North America and the country's air sovereignty. It is also home to one of the most unusual military installations in North America, the NORAD Underground Complex, an installation built over 60 storeys underground inside a cave almost 1.5x longer than an American football field and nearly 5 storeys tall.
On 1 April 1993, all air bases in Canada were redesignated as wings; the base was renamed 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay. This is abbreviated as 22 Wing/CFB North Bay. Today, although this designation still stands, the base is often referred to simply as "22 Wing", and the Base Commander as the "Wing Commander".
North Bay's air force base is the centre for the air defence of the entire country, and works in concert with the United States via NORAD for the air defence of Canada-U.S. portion of the North American continent. Activities are wide-ranging, from identifying and monitoring all aircraft entering Canada from overseas, to guarding foreign dignitaries travelling in the country's airspace, to assisting aircraft suffering airborne emergencies, to aiding law enforcement versus smugglers, to participating in NORAD's Christmas Eve Tracking of Santa Claus for children. From the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s it took in Unidentified Flying Object reports from across the country on behalf of the National Research Council of Canada, relaying the reports to a study at the Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, British Columbia. In 2000, it resumed UFO reporting, provided to researcher Chris Rutkowski at the University of Manitoba.
In 2010, North Bay's operations centre took the first steps towards transitioning from air to aerospace defence, commencing preparations for Sapphire, Canada's first military satellite. Sapphire functions as a contributing sensor in the United States Space Surveillance Network (SSN), performing surveillance of objects orbiting at 6,000 to 40,000 kilometres altitude, and delivering data on those objects (called Resident Space Objects, or RSOs) to the Space Surveillance Operations Centre (SSOC), in North Bay's operations centre. The SSOC, in turn, coordinates with the Joint Space Operations Center, in Vandenberg, California. On 25 February 2013, Sapphire was launched from a site in India, and underwent technical testing and checks, expected to begin its duties in July 2013. Due to various technical delays, the satellite's FOC (Final Operational Certification) wasn't achieved until 30 January 2014. By end of that year it had delivered 1.2 million observations of space objects.
22 Wing/CFB North Bay has two unique properties among air bases in Canada. It is the only Canadian air base that does not have flying units (as of August 1992, when the last flying squadron departed), and the only air base in the country that does not have an airfield (base assets such as control tower, fuel depot and hangars were demolished or sold following the 1992 departure).
Activities at North Bay 1920–1945
Pre–Second World War
North Bay's first contact with the air force took place on 9 October 1920, when a Government of Canada Felixstowe F.3 flying boat overflew the (then) town during the first crossing of Canada by aircraft. (North Bay was not incorporated as a city until 1925.) The F.3's pilots were Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Leckie, of Toronto, and Major Basil Deacon Hobbs, of Sault Ste. Marie. The trans-Canada expedition was an epic venture, lasting 11 days and requiring six aircraft. The third leg was flown non-stop from the Canadian capital, Ottawa, to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, with North Bay as a checkpoint.
Leckie's and Hobbs's encounter with North Bay was fleeting. They arrived without warning, approaching out of the east, catching residents unaware. Few had seen an aircraft before; the effect was electrifying, akin to the Space Shuttle appearing suddenly over the city today. Leckie steered for the downtown. Over the Canadian Pacific Railway station he dropped a signal to be telegraphed to the Air Board in Ottawa, "Making a good 50 miles per hour", then with a wave to lunchtime onlookers, the pilots swung their F.3 out over nearby Lake Nipissing, onwards to Sault Ste. Marie.
No photos were taken of the North Bay overflight; this image of the F.3 was shot shortly afterwards, upon arrival at the Red River, Manitoba. Department of National Defence photo.
The overflight planted interest in local politicians, businessmen and community leaders towards aviation, particularly the establishment of an air station at North Bay. In the summer of 1921, a Government of Canada Curtiss HS-2L flying boat, taking on exploration and aerial survey work, landed at North Bay, on Lake Nipissing. The HS-2L landed on Lake Nipissing and Trout Lake (on the eastern periphery of North Bay) in 1922, for further aerial surveying as well as cargo and passenger transport. These flights amplified this interest and a campaign to the federal government for an aerodrome commenced.
On 1 January 1923, the Department of National Defence (DND) took over responsibility and control over military and (until 2 November 1936) civil aviation in Canada. Over the next decade-and-half Canadian Air Force (as of 1 April 1924, "Royal Canadian Air Force") Squadron Leader John Henry Tudhope, a South African-born First World War fighter pilot, almost single-handedly laid down the network of aviation in Canada, exploring and surveying the country for the construction of aerodromes and establishment of air routes for the Trans-Canada Air Lines system, essentially a national air highway network. Considering that Canada was nearly the size of Europe and mostly raw, primal wilderness, Tudhope's undertaking was staggering. In 1930, S/L Tudhope received the McKee Trophy for his endeavours, the premier aviation award in Canada.
In 1928, Tudhope stopped twice at North Bay, and again in 1931 and 1932. Based on his exploration and survey work in the Northern Ontario region, in June 1933 DND set up a headquarters in North Bay to supervise construction of emergency landing fields for the Ottawa to Port Arthur (now Thunder Bay) portion of the Trans-Canada Airway system. An 18-man unit operated out of the Dominion Rubber Company building, leased on Oak Street, downtown North Bay, which served as their headquarters, supply depot and living quarters. Unemployed men in each local district were hired as labour. Despite the primal ruggedness of Northern Ontario, by July 1936, eight airfields had been hacked out of the wilderness, at Reay, Diver, Emsdale, South River, Ramore, Porquis Junction, Gilles Depot and Tudhope (named after the squadron leader), and the unit was disbanded. Most of these airfields have since been abandoned to the wild. Ironically, although the nucleus of the operation, and recommended by S/L Tudhope in June 1936, North Bay was not considered as a site for an aerodrome.
The first air force aircraft to land at North Bay arrived 17 to 23 May 1930. Eight Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) flying boats stopped temporarily at Trout Lake during flights west. Two were en route to Winnipeg; two to Lake Athabasca, Saskatchewan; four to Northern Saskatchewan. This plus the landing field construction described above prompted local politicians, businessmen and community leaders to intensify their years-long campaign to the Canadian government for an airport. At issue was money; who would finance the project. On 21 March 1938, their perseverance paid off. The Canadian government approved expenditure of funds to build an airport at North Bay. The Province of Ontario and City of North Bay would provide the land. It would be a Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA) facility; TCA was the country's government-operated air line (and forerunner of Air Canada).
On 27 April 1938, work began. The first unofficial landing by two area residents in a de Havilland DH.60 Moth took place on 4 July 1938, in the midst of construction. The first official landing occurred 30 September 1938, by Squadron Leader Robert Dodds, RCAF, to inspect the work. A Royal Flying Corps fighter pilot during the First World War, and close associate of Squadron Leader Tudhope during the latter's exploration and survey of Canada, Dodds had been seconded by DND to the Department of Transport as Inspector of Airways and Aerodromes for the country. On 28 November 1938, the long sought after airport was ready to receive aircraft; due to bad weather regular passenger service at the facility did not begin until May 1939.
Second World War
Despite a common, popular misconception that Royal Canadian Air Force Station North Bay was formed during the Second World War, the air base didn't exist until 1951.
In October 1939, the Canadian government announced that North Bay's fledgling airport, open less than 12 months, was in contention as a British Empire Air Training Plan site. The BEATP (eventually renamed the "British Commonwealth Air Training Plan", or "BCATP") was the biggest international military aircrew training operation in history. There were more aircrew training schools in Britain, but the BCATP taught and evaluated 131,553 pilot, navigator, observer, wireless (radio) operator, air gunner, wireless air gunner and flight engineer recruits from around the world, plus 5,296 graduates from Royal Air Force (RAF) schools.
North Bay's location presented an allure for air training. It was far from major built-up areas and its skies uncluttered by air traffic, altogether a reasonably safe arena for young aircrew hopefuls attempting to learn the tricky art of military flying. In 1940 a small glass "greenhouse" was constructed atop the airport's administration building in anticipation of air traffic control, necessary to handle the sudden proliferation of aircraft. But the government decided not to include North Bay in the training scheme.
The airport's sole service to the air force over the next two years was essentially like a roadside truckstop, providing fuel, rest and meals to aircrew flying across the country. By 1942 so many aircraft were stopping at North Bay that No. 124 Squadron, RCAF, set up a seven-man detachment at the airport. Under the command of a Flying Officer (today's rank, Lieutenant), two aeroengine mechanics, an electrician and an airframe mechanic re-fuelled, serviced and repaired the aircraft. A driver and vehicle mechanic saw to the detachment's staff car, aircraft towing tractor and 1,000-imperial-gallon (4,500 L; 1,200 US gal) fuel truck. The staff car was eventually replaced by a more practical "Truck, Panel, Delivery".
The biggest impact on the airport during the war was delivered by the Royal Air Force (RAF). In November 1940 a grand, dangerous experiment had been conducted. Masses of new, desperately needed aircraft shipped from Canada and Newfoundland for the war effort in Britain were being lost in the Atlantic Ocean, their cargo vessels sunk by German U-boats. To reduce these losses an idea was proposed to ferry aircraft instead—fly them over the ocean. It was a breath-taking proposal. In 1940 transoceanic flying was raw and new. Aircrew had no navigation aids to steer by except the sun, moon and stars. Search and rescue beyond the coasts of North America, Ireland and Britain was nonexistent. Mechanical and electrical breakdowns in aircraft were common. In an emergency there was nowhere to land except the North Atlantic.
Nevertheless, on the evening of 10 November 1940, the experiment began; seven twin-engine Lockheed Hudson light bombers lifted off from Gander, Newfoundland en route for Britain. The odds were deemed so poor that only four of the bombers were expected to succeed. Yet the following morning, engines sucking their last gallons of fuel, all seven bombers arrived safely in Northern Ireland.
Inspired, the Royal Air Force commenced large-scale ferrying of aircraft. A training school for ferry aircrews was set up at Dorval, Quebec, outside Montreal, but by 1942 Dorval's airspace had become crowded with military aircraft. A new training site was set up at North Bay, taking advantage of the uncluttered skies and freedom from major built-up areas that had made the airport an ideal BEATP/BCATP candidate.
On 1 June 1942, ground around the airport was cleared and tents set up for RAF Ferry Command's Trans-Atlantic Training Unit. Five Hudson bombers arrived shortly afterwards. Over the next three years, the unit—renamed No. 313 Ferry Training Unit in 1943—taught hundreds of aircrew, in three to four-week courses, the techniques and procedures of transatlantic flying, and how to solve in-flight problems and emergencies. The size of the unit isn't known. However, although a formal air base hadn't been established, the RAF expanded the airport dramatically. A new double hangar was built (still in use today), as well as a Works and Stores Building (i.e., Supply), guard house, salvage store, recreation building, hospital, fire station and fire protective system, coal compound and general purpose building.
The Canadian Department of Transport added water and power supply systems, plus provided clearing and grading for the hangars, aprons and roads.
In 1943, three air traffic controllers were posted to the airport—the first ATC at North Bay—to coordinate airfield flying operations from the glass "greenhouse" built atop the admin building in 1940.
Nine more Hudsons joined the original five, along with two North American B-25 Mitchell bombers and a de Havilland Tiger Moth biplane. Avro Lancaster heavy bombers, de Havilland Mosquitos and Douglas Dakota transports were taken on in 1944.Allied aircrew at North Bay's airport, 1943, part of their three- to four-week Royal Air Force trans-oceanic flying training. The vast Canadian wilderness served as an excellent and safe stand-in for the Atlantic Ocean.
The RAF personnel melded seamlessly into North Bay. They loved the fresh wildness of the region, an exotic experience for many of the British. Area citizens welcomed them as part of the community. The Unit responded in kind, such as aiding blood donor drives, entering a team in the local softball league, and participated in shooting where they won and golf competitions, earning a consolation prize.
In September 1945, with the war over, the RCAF detachment disbanded. No. 313 Ferry Training Unit followed suit in October. Their facilities were donated to the Canadian government. Mass flying finished, the air traffic controllers were posted out and North Bay's airport returned to its sleepy, low-key pre-war state, and so it would remain until birth of the air base in 1951.
Despite the thousands of military flights transiting through North Bay and training for trans-oceanic flying, there were only 11 crashes, with only one being fatal. On 28 April 1945, a No. 313 Ferry Training Unit B-25 Mitchell crashed, killing pilots Flying Officer Leslie William Laurence Davies of England and Flight Sergeant William Gribbin of Scotland. Both men are buried in North Bay cemeteries. This was also the first fatal crash of an aircraft, civilian or military, at North Bay's airport and in the North Bay area.
RCAF Station North Bay
Royal Canadian Air Force Station North Bay was founded on 1 September 1951, part of the expansion of Canada's air defences in face of the rising threat of nuclear air attack from the Soviet Union. Canada, by virtue of its geography, was presented with an unpleasant situation. No sooner had the Second World War ended than friction between the Soviet Union and Western countries began, rapidly heated up, and spread around the globe, raising the spectre of a Third World War. Called the "Cold War", both sides had weapons pointed at each other—by 1949 nuclear weapons. The main adversaries were the Soviet Union and the United States. Canada lay between the two, meaning Soviet bombers would cross Canadian territory to strike at the United States, while U.S. fighters would swarm Canada to shoot them down. Whether the country liked it or not, in a war it would become a major nuclear battleground. For this reason, plus its long-standing friendship with the United States, Canada embarked on a nationwide development of its air defences, dovetailed with America's expansion of its own defences (which included building and manning numerous air defence radar sites on Canadian soil). North Bay's air force base was a piece of this development.
Created in 1960 and authorized by Queen Elizabeth in 1961, it is the only Canadian Armed Forces badge that uses the logo of its neighbouring civilian community, specifically the City of North Bay's gateway.
A massive building campaign began in 1951 around North Bay's tiny airport, including construction of an additional, larger double hangar; a proper control tower; air traffic control radio and radar systems; and fuel, oil, lubricant and weapons facilities for military aircraft; plus improvements to the runways, taxiways and aprons. In fact, North Bay was outfitted with a 10,000-foot runway, one of the longest in Canada, for reasons other than air defence: during war, the base was also a designated recovery site for American bombers returning damaged and/or short of fuel from nuclear strikes on the Soviet Union. A side effect of having this runway, decades later North Bay was selected as an emergency site for NASA's Space Shuttle, and periodically, due to the long runway and relatively isolated location, free of air traffic and built-up areas, plus security offered by the military, NASA used North Bay's airfield for research into different fields of aviation.
Across Airport Road, the main route to the airfield from the City of North Bay, the rugged Northern Ontario terrain was cleared and the support infrastructure for the station built—headquarters, barracks, dining hall, messes, hospital, gym, motor pool, supply, firehall, RCAF police guardhouse, Protestant and Roman Catholic chapels, married quarters for air force families, and much more. The majority of facilities donated to the airfield by the British when the Royal Air Force departed at the end of the Second World War were demolished and replaced.
The base had the biggest impact on the community since the linking of railways with North Bay in the early 20th century. Construction, services and contracts for the base infused millions of dollars into the community, and by the end of November 1953 the RCAF station was the leading employer in the area: 1,018 military personnel plus over 160 civilians. This status would continue for four decades, until the departure of the last flying squadron from North Bay in 1992 and subsequent downsizing of the air base. At its peak, the air base had a strength of about 2,200 military and civilian personnel. (Base strength, as of June 2011, was 540 Regular Force, 77 Reserve Force, 34 United States Air Force and over 100 civilian personnel.)
No. 3 All-Weather (Fighter) Operational Training Unit
The air base's raison d'etre was (and still is) air defence. On 1 October 1951, one month after RCAF Station North Bay's official birth, No. 3 All-Weather (Fighter) Operational Training Unit was formed at the base. No. 3 AW(F)OTU was a state-of-the-art school teaching military flying, interception and fighter combat in all weather conditions, day or night—cutting-edge techniques in 1951. Students came from as far away as New Zealand. The instructors were among the world's elite in air defence. The unit's second Officer Commanding (OC) was Wing Commander Edward Crew, Royal Air Force. Crew was replaced in 1954 by another Englishman, Wing Commander Robert Braham. Crew and Braham also commanded RCAF Station North Bay for brief periods. No. 3 AW(F)OTU transferred to RCAF Station Cold Lake in mid-1955.
Among No. 3 AW(F)OTU's instructors were the first Americans to serve at North Bay's air base: USAF Major John Eiser and Captain B. Delosier, arriving 9 January 1952. Americans have continued to serve at North Bay in one military capacity or another into the 21st Century.
In 1952 No. 3 AW(F)OTU adopted the nickname "Night Witches", suggested by the wife of the unit's Engineering Officer, and the orange and black logo seen on the nose of this CF-100 interceptor trainer, denoting its all-weather day-or-night operations. Department of National Defence image, courtesy 22 Wing Heritage Office Archives.
A Squadron shoulder patch used by RCAF Aircrew with 3 AW(F)OTU in the late 50s. The back-stamp confirms the Crest was manufactured by Crest Craft and was only found on crests manufactured between 1957 through 1959.
Fighter squadrons
The sole purpose of the air force base at North Bay is air defence, to monitor and protect the skies. At first this was limited to around North Bay, then expanded to the Northern Ontario area of Canada, then east, central and Arctic Canada, and finally all of Canada, the latter an area the size of Europe. Between the base's birth in 1951 to 1964, as well as the operational training unit, it was home to a succession of combat units devoted to this purpose.
Five fighter interceptor squadrons served at North Bay. In succession, 430 Squadron (5 November 1951 to 27 September 1952), 445 Squadron (1 April to 31 August 1953), 419 Squadron (15 March 1954 to 1 August 1957), 433 Squadron (15 October 1955 to 1 August 1961) and 414 Squadron (1 August 1957 to 30 June 1964).
430 Squadron flew Canadair Sabre Mark II fighters, plus T-33 Silver Star jet trainers and propeller-driven North American Harvards for training. While at North Bay, the squadron was commanded by James "Stocky" Edwards, a highly decorated and an extraordinarily skilled fighter pilot with an impressive wartime career.
North Bay's next fighter unit, 445 Squadron, was the first in the world armed with the Avro CF-100 Canuck interceptor. The CF-100 was one of two combat aircraft designed and built entirely in Canada, and the only one to enter air force service. It had the ability to hunt other aircraft in any weather, night or day, making the CF-100 the preeminent interceptor among global air forces when it began service with the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1952. Nos. 419, 433 and 414 Squadrons also flew CF-100 interceptors. CF-100s also flew with the RCAF in Europe on NATO deployments.
North Bay's last fighter unit, 414 Squadron, was re-armed with the CF-101 Voodoo in 1962, flying the jet fighters in air defence until the squadron was disbanded in 1964. Retired EF-101B "Electric Voodoo" on pedestal at the main gate to CFB North Bay.
In addition to its fighter squadrons, from September 1956 – September 1960, North Bay operated a CF-100 Staging Detachment at Lakehead Airport in Fort William, Ontario. A pair of CF-100 interceptors from the base were deployed, or "staged", at the Lakehead to defend the Northwest Ontario and Manitoba regions of the country.
In September 1960 and on 14 October 1961—the date of this photo at RCAF Station North Bay—NORAD conducted Exercise Sky Shield. Practicing to respond to an attack on North America, all civilian aircraft in Canada and the United States were ordered grounded, and remained at that status for hours, while over 1,800 NORAD interceptors took part in 6,000 sorties. It was the largest airborne military exercise in history. Department of National Defence image.
In 1960 the staging detachment was changed from a fighter to a TACAN (Tactical Air Navigation) unit. RCAF Station North Bay also operated a second TACAN unit at Kapuskasing, in Northern Ontario. "TACAN" is a radio navigation beacon that helps military aircrew determine their location and direction of flight. In the 1950s and 1960s it was an indispensable aid when traversing the vast Canadian wilderness landscape. Flight computers in aircraft then were Stone Age compared to today, and navigation-assistance systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) did not exist. To get lost over Canada presented airmen with the prospect of running out of fuel and having to eject or crash-land in some of the wildest territory in North America. Wrecks and bodies were sometimes not found for weeks, months or years; some have never been found. To give an idea of the roughness of the Canadian wilderness: even though authorities knew the general location, it took four years to find a rocket pod full of live rockets that had jettisoned from a jet fighter in 1958 when a switch malfunctioned.
Both of North Bay's TACAN units were disbanded in the 1960s, but TACAN sites are still found throughout the country today, some providing assistance to civilian as well as military aviators.
A concern for northern and bush operations in Canada was in identifying the Magnetic North Pole, benchmark for all land, sea and air compasses in the northern hemisphere. The exact position of the Magnetic North Pole was not pinpointed until flyers from 22 Wing in 1948 plotted the exact position. At that point, 22 Wing was a photographic flying unit stationed at CFB Rockcliffe, Ontario, mapping and charting the country, separate from and unrelated to the air base at North Bay.
131 Composite Unit and the temporary end of military flying at North Bay
414 Squadron, North Bay's last fighter squadron, was disbanded in June 1964, partly due to government cuts to the RCAF, and partly due to a change in the strategy for the air defence of North America, that Soviet nuclear-weapon armed bombers should be stopped as far from the North American landmass as possible. Better to fight the war (especially one of nuclear weapons) over the ocean rather than over home territory; North Bay was deemed too far from the coast for its fighters to be useful in this strategy.
414 Squadron's departure left 131 Composite Unit as the sole flying unit at the base. Formed on 1 July 1962, 131 Composite Unit was a "catch-all" organization that flew two-seat T-33 Silver Star jet trainers and propeller-engine Beech C-45 Expeditor and Douglas C-47/CC-129 Dakota transports. As well as hauling cargo and personnel, the unit provided targets for training of RCAF interceptor aircrews, and were used by pilots and navigators on the Northern NORAD Region headquarters staff, at the base, to maintain their flying skills.
131 Composite Unit was disbanded in November 1967. For the next five years, except for occasional visits by aircraft from other air force bases, all military flying at North Bay ceased. One of the hangars, once packed with jet interceptors, was converted into an ice arena for the City of North Bay. The only air defence activity at the base in this five-year period was in NORAD's famous Underground Complex (described below).
Air Defence Ground Units and installations at North Bay
Air defence ground units are those air defence organizations not equipped with aircraft. The majority are devoted to searching for, identifying, and keeping track of aircraft in the sky, and coordinating with fighters to intercept aircraft that either cannot be identified; are suspicious; require assistance; participating in criminal activity; intruding in sovereign airspace; or have been declared hostile.
Surface-to-air missile (SAM) squadrons like the BOMARCs in Canada during the 1960s and early 1970s are also considered air defence ground units. SAMs of course are used only in war, or if an isolated attack (such as the 9/11 attacks) is made during peacetime.
In war, the air defence ground units monitoring the skies may use surface-to-air missiles as well as fighters to intercept and shoot down hostile aircraft and any air-to-surface missiles (ASMs) launched by those aircraft (especially since ASMs launched against countries or a continent are usually nuclear-tipped, aimed to destroy cities, military bases and industrial installations).
Today, CFB North Bay is responsible for the air defence of all of Canada's skies, and, in concert with the United States, the skies over the Canadian-U.S. portion of the North American continent, an airspace about twice the size of Europe. The seeds of this important work were sown over 60 years ago in a tiny radar unit, crammed into a small clutch of trucks.
6 Aircraft Control & Warning Unit
North Bay's first air defence ground unit was 6 Aircraft Control & Warning Unit (abbreviated as "6 AC&WU"). Created on 4 February 1952, just four months after the base was born, the unit was equipped with Second World War-vintage British Air Ministry Experimental System (AMES) 11C radar equipment. Intended to be mobile, to move and operate wherever the air force needed it, 6 AC&WU worked inside a handful of van-size trucks. It stood sentinel over the skies in a circle of about 120 miles (190 kilometers) centered on the base at North Bay; its assignments were to detect all aircraft entering this area; evaluate who they were and if they posed a threat; provide early warning to RCAF Station North Bay of hostile, suspicious and unidentified aircraft; and guide the air station's jet fighters by radio to intercept these aircraft.
6 AC&WU's strength comprised three officers and 32 Other Ranks. The latter including 19 airwomen, the first time in Royal Canadian Air Force history women were allowed to work in air defence.
In March 1952 it was decided that 6 AC&WU would not be using its mobility, and the ground air defence unit was transferred out of its trucks into a building on the base.
"Ground Controlled Interception", or "GCI", was a major function of the base, providing air force personnel in a ground station, like a radar site or an air defence command and control centre with the systems to guide fighters to intercept an aircraft. The ground control is done by radio. The usual method is the ground controller and the interceptor's aircrew talk to each other. In the past, on occasion – such as with the CF-101 Voodoo interceptor – the information could sometimes be transmitted to the fighter by datalink. Datalink sends information to the fighter's crew by the press of a button at a console in the ground station rather than a controller speaking to the aircrew, loosely similar to how WiFi sends data to computers today. Datalink has the advantage that, since no words are spoken, an enemy can't eavesdrop into the radio frequency and listen to what the ground controller and aircrew are doing and planning. Despite this advantage, the majority of GCI practiced by air forces around the world was (and still is) done by the ground controller and the aircrew talking over the radio.
On 15 April 1952, 6 AC&WU carried out the first GCI at North Bay, a training session to evaluate the unit's people and radar equipment. The unit's ground controllers guided a No. 3 All-Weather (Fighter) Operational Training Unit jet interceptor against one of the operational training unit's twin-engine C-45 Expeditor transports. From the success of this and subsequent training, on 15 May 1952, 6 Aircraft Control & Warning Unit began around-the-clock air defence operations, working with 430 Squadron Sabre jet fighters for the defence of the North Bay area. It was the first small step in North Bay's gradual expansion to overseeing the air defence of the entire country.
6 AC&WU continued as part of the base until 1 December 1952, when it was reassigned to a new, large radar station being built at Falconbridge, Ontario, about 65 miles (105 kilometres) west of North Bay. Renamed "33 Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron Detachment", the unit remained at North Bay for seven more months, defending the area, until the end of May 1953, when Falconbridge was finally ready to assume control of air defence in its region of Canada. (Falconbridge watched a circle of sky about 400 miles in diameter, about 640 kilometres, a dramatic improvement over 6 AC&WU.)
Ground Observer Corps
Between June 1953 and May 1960, two RCAF Ground Observer Corps groups operated in North Bay: 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit and 50 Ground Observer Corps Detachment. 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit was set up in a leased commercial building in the heart of the City of North Bay. Commanded by an RCAF squadron leader, and manned by RCAF personnel as well as seven paid civilian employees, it oversaw Ground Observer Corps Detachments and Observation Posts in Ontario at North Bay, Brockville, London and Peterborough, and at Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Many GObC volunteers went to great lengths in the enthusiasm for their operations, such building this tower. Department of National Defence image.
While 6 AC&WU had defended airspace in the vicinity of a single city, 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit was watching the skies over all of Ontario, part of Manitoba and a slice of western Quebec, an area larger than France, Belgium and the Netherlands combined. The scope of the Unit's operations is illustrated by one 1958 air defence exercise that involved 14,000 civilian volunteers and military personnel and over 60 aircraft.
50 Ground Observer Corps Detachment and its filter centre belonged to 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit. Opened on 30 June 1953 by Air Vice Marshal Arthur James, Commander of the RCAF's Air Defence Command, the Detachment and its centre were installed in a converted ex-movie theatre in the Sibbett Building, a well-known downtown North Bay City landmark, and were responsible for surveillance of the skies and providing early warning of hostile aircraft in north-central Ontario, an area roughly the size of England, Scotland and Wales. Along with an RCAF Commanding Officer, a small RCAF staff, and 1 or 2 paid civilians, a large contingent of unpaid civilian volunteers were employed at the Detachment and its centre, hired through newspaper advertisements and recruiting drives at such places as movie theatres and department stores. Despite the heavy reliance on civilian volunteers, the Detachment and centre were round-the-clock operations, and trained exhaustively how to respond to a Soviet air attack, such as in the military exercise mentioned above.
The problem with the Ground Observer Corps and its filter centres is that they largely mirrored the air defences of the Battle of Britain, 1940. They relied heavily on "eyeball" reports of aircraft, a particular conundrum if an air attack was made at night, in bad weather, or dense cloud cover when visibility was severely hampered or nonexistent. In the filter centres, aircraft movements were marked by plots hand-pushed atop giant map tables. In an age of jet aircraft and nuclear weapons this process was achingly slow and woefully unreliable. In May 1960 the Corps and its filter centres south of the 55th Parallel (including those in North Bay) were disbanded, rendered obsolete by NORAD's new computerized SAGE system and the (then) state-of-the-art Distant Early Warning, Mid-Canada Line and Pinetree Line radar networks. The Ground Observer Corps north of the 55th Parallel was retained for four more years, due to the value to NORAD and RCAF Air Defence Command of observations phoned or radioed in of aircraft spotted crossing the north. In January 1964 the northern operations were ended, and the Ground Observer Corps finally disbanded.
NORAD and the Underground Complex
During the Cold War, Canada found itself in an unenviable geographic position, lying directly between the Cold War's principal adversaries, the Soviet Union and United States. This meant if the war turned "hot", Canada would become a major nuclear battleground: to reach their American targets—cities, military bases and industrial installations—Soviet nuclear weapon–armed bombers would have to cross Canadian airspace, while U.S. interceptors would swarm Canadian airspace to shoot the attackers down (and vice versa).
Thus by default Canada was the air defence "front trenches" for the North American continent. For this reason, plus its friendship with the United States, on 12 September 1957, Canada and the U.S. formed NORAD, the North American Air Defence Command, an organization that unified the two countries' air defences into a single, coordinated, fast-reacting, continent-wide network. It was (and still is) a true partnership; the Commander-in-Chief of NORAD is always an American, the deputy commander always a Canadian. Both are able to access the highest levels of the U.S. and Canadian militaries and national governments. Canadian and American NORAD personnel work at each other's bases and installations, performing the same defence duties.
The NORAD Agreement was officially signed by both nations on 12 May 1958. The name was altered to North American Aerospace Defense Command, 12 May 1981, to more accurately reflect the extent of command's responsibilities, keeping watch of activities in space over North America as well as those inside the Earth's atmosphere.
By virtue of Canada's frontline position, the Canadian air defence command and control centre was deemed the most important piece of the NORAD "pie", with respect to bombers. (North Bay was never involved in ballistic missile defence.) Its early warning of and reaction against a Soviet nuclear air attack were critical for the survival of the U.S.-Canadian portion of the North American continent. As one air force officer put it: "(regarding a bomber attack) We lose North Bay, we lose the continent." Ergo, the centre was a prime target for a Soviet nuclear strike. To minimize the possibility of its destruction, planners decided to build the facility underground. It would be the only subterranean regional command and control centre in NORAD.
Following a cross-Canada survey of candidate sites, North Bay was selected for the following reasons:
An air force base existed, eliminating the need to build one.
The City of North Bay was a crossroad of rail, highway and telecommunications.
The geology comprised a 2.6 billion year old rock formation altered 1.5 billion years ago by the Grenville Metamorphic Event into granite, one of the hardest rock types on the planet, excellent armour against a nuclear strike.
Trout Lake, on the eastern edge of the city, presented an abundant source of water needed to cool the complex.
Construction of the Underground Complex
Construction of the Underground Complex (UGC) took four years, August 1959 to September 1963: 1+1⁄2 years for excavation; 2+1⁄2 years to build and outfit the centre. The cost was $51,000,000. One-third was paid by Canada, two-thirds by the U.S. Situated 60 storeys beneath the surface of the Earth (600 feet (180 meters)—deeper underground than most of the buildings in Toronto are tall—the facility was specially designed to withstand a 4-megaton nuclear blast, 267 times more powerful than the bomb dropped at Hiroshima.
Because its subterranean location complicated access by firefighting vehicles and personnel, the complex was fashioned from fire-retardant and fireproof materials, making it one of the most fire-safe structures in the country.
The complex (which still exists) comprises two sections. The "Main Installation" is a three-storey, figure-eight-shaped building inside a 430-foot-long (131 meters (430 feet)-wide (70.1 meter), 5.4-storey high (54 feet (16 meters) cave. The "Power Cavern", which provides life support and utility services to the complex, is a 401-foot-long (122.23 meters (401.0 feet)-wide (15.24 meter), 2.7-storey high (27-foot (8.2-meter) chamber.
Access to the complex is via a 6,600-foot-long (2,012 meter) North Tunnel from the air base, and a 3,150-foot-long (960 meter) South Tunnel from the city. The tunnels meet; the idea was if a nuclear weapon struck the air base the blast would shoot down the North Tunnel and out the South Tunnel, minimizing blast damage to the complex and its structures. In fact, the three-storey Main Installation is mounted off the ground on specially designed pillars (not springs) to reduce seismic shock—on 1 January 2000, North Bay was hit by an earthquake registering 5.2 on the Richter magnitude scale, yet occupants in the Main Installation did not feel a thing.
As an added measure against damage from a nuclear blast, as well as for the security of the installation, the complex is situated behind three 19-ton steel bank vault-type doors. The doors are normally kept open, and shut in times of emergency. Despite weighing as much as a medium-size bulldozer, each door is so well balanced it can be moved effortlessly by a 12-year-old child.
Features of the Underground Complex
Air defence operations officially began in the UGC on 1 October 1963, and continued around-the-clock, unabated for 43 years until October 2006. There was nothing like it in NORAD (the Cheyenne Mountain Complex did not officially open until 1966) or in Canada, and it attracted worldwide interest. Its opening was reported in newspapers throughout the United States; it was the subject of numerous engineering publications; and visitors included the commander of the Japanese Air Self Defense Force, commander of the Royal New Zealand Air Force, and Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia In its heyday about 700 Canadian and American military and civilian personnel worked in the centre, in day jobs and shift work. As well as air defence facilities, the Main Installation encompassed a barber shop, small medical centre, gym, cafeteria, chaplain's office, and other amenities for the complex's personnel (important since the complex was designed to seal up in time of war), plus a command post, intelligence centre, briefing rooms, a telephone switching network large enough to handle a town of 30,000 people, and a national civil defence warning centre.
When sealed up, the Underground Complex could support 400 people for upwards of four weeks cut off from the outside world. Since Canada would be the front line for the air defence of North America if the Cold War turned "hot", it was crucial to ensure that air defence operations would continue as long as possible. A critical factor was electrical power. The complex gets its power from the outside civilian hydro-electric grid. In the event of a power failure, such as the August 2003 blackout that hobbled the northeast United States and Canada, two banks of 194 batteries automatically switch on and provide electricity to the complex while an electrical generator is readied to take the load. Once a generator is running, it can power the complex without stopping as long as it has fuel. The generator can also power key air base buildings on the Earth's surface. Originally the complex had six 750-kilowatt generators. These were replaced in the 1990s by three 1.2-megawatt generators. Both types of generators could run on diesel or natural gas. If the Cold War had turned "hot", and the complex sealed airtight and forced to use its generators for electrical power, the facility's NORAD commander faced a harrowing choice. The original 750-kilowatt generators devoured air voraciously; in the sealed up environment of the complex, instead of weeks the generators would have cut life support for the complex's personnel to a mere few hours, as the machines sucked away the breathable atmosphere. The commander could limit use of the generators to prolong his personnel's survival, but a nuclear air attack would have demanded maximum power from all of the generators to support the complex's air defence computers and electronics in order to repel the invaders, i.e. the commander and his personnel would be dead in hours. Luckily a crisis that called for such a choice to be made never arose during the Underground Complex's 43 years.
The Underground Complex is colloquially referred to as "The Hole". Although officially titled the Combat Centre/Direction Centre (CC/DC) Installation when it began air defence operations, during its construction it was known as the "SAGE Installation, North Bay", a term still often used today. Canada and the United States combined are roughly twice the size of Europe—a Battle of Britain-style air defence network was too slow and unwieldy to protect such vast airspace in an age of jet aircraft and nuclear weapons. SAGE was a massive computer system that linked the ground elements of Canadian and American air defence—such as command and control centres, radar sites, and headquarters—providing high speed detection of aircraft, assistance in their rapid identification, and, when required, aiding quick Ground Controlled Interception of unknown, suspicious and hostile aircraft. Also, the SAGE system enabled the different NORAD regions and NORAD headquarters to interact seamlessly in their air defence activities and crises.
The Underground Complex's SAGE computer equipment comprised a pair of computers, nicknamed "Bonnie and Clyde", plus Maintenance & Programming and Input & Output areas. Combined, "Bonnie and Clyde" weighed 275 tons (245.5 metric tonnes); encompassed 11,900 square feet of floor space (.273 acres, 1,105.5 square meters—the floorspace of a dozen small houses); and had a (then) staggering memory capacity of about 256K. When the Maintenance & Programming and Input & Output areas are included, total floor space used by SAGE was 18,810 sq ft (1,747.5 sq m – equal in size to about 20 small homes).
In 1982–1983, the SAGE computer system was replaced throughout NORAD by the "Regional Operations Control Centre/Sector Operations Control Centre" computer system. This long-winded term is abbreviated "ROCC/SOCC". It was a faster, more versatile and, in particular, substantially smaller system. North Bay's ROCC/SOCC total computer components took up the floor space equal to about two houses versus 20 for SAGE. North Bay's SAGE computer system was also tied into Canada's BOMARC nuclear-tipped air defence missiles. Cost to convert systems in North Bay was $96,000,000.
The ROCC/SOCC system remained in use in North Bay until air defence operations were moved out of the Underground Complex, in October 2006. The ROCC/SOCC system, better known as the FYQ-93 by the technicians who maintained it, was officially powered down by the last Aerospace Telecommunications and Information Systems Technician (ATIS Tech) to work on the system, Sergeant (then Corporal) Michael A. Dambrauskas. A ceremonial Shutdown was later performed by one of the ROCC/SOCC's longest serving technicians, Master Warrant Officer (MWO) Jean-Pierre Paris.
Due to its important, sensitive role in the security of Canada and North America, working in the Underground Complex was limited to very few people. Over its 43-year span in air defence operations only about 17,000 Canadian and American military personnel and civilians served in the UGC. Of this number approximately 15,500 were Canadians, out of nearly a million men and women over the same timeframe who were members of Canada's Department of National Defence.
NORAD regions at North Bay
The Canada-United States portion of North America is colossal, about twice the size of Europe. To enable thorough, in-depth air defence operations over such a vast territory, NORAD divided its organization into divisions and regions. Each division and region was responsible to NORAD Headquarters in Colorado Springs for watching over and protecting the air sovereignty in their geographic chunk of Canada and/or the United States.
The Underground Complex was home to three successive NORAD regions. Each region was the largest in NORAD's organization. The first was the "Northern NORAD Region (NNR)", created with the formation of NORAD in 1957. Originally set up at Air Defence Command, at RCAF Station St. Hubert, an air base just south of Montreal, Quebec, the NNR was transferred to North Bay in 1962–1963 to operate in the then new Underground Complex. The NNR's area of responsibility comprised the north, Atlantic and east-central airspaces of Canada, the frontline "trenches" of North America with respect to the Soviet Union, as well as the northern two-thirds of the state of Maine.
American NORAD regions oversaw air security for the rest of Canada. Because of the severe nature of the Cold War, everything that flew into the Northern NORAD Region had to be identified within two minutes by Underground Complex air defence personnel. If an aircraft was still unknown at two minutes, fighters were scrambled to intercept it, to find out why the aircraft could not be identified. If necessary, the fighters would force the aircraft to land at the nearest airfield, and the aircraft met by authorities. If hostile, the aircraft would be shot down.
From receiving notification from North Bay to scramble, the jet fighters had to be airborne within five minutes. Under certain conditions, 15 minutes or even one hour was permitted, but five minutes was the norm. To meet this requirement, jet fighters were positioned at air force bases across Canada and in Maine, fully fuelled and fully armed, 24 hours a day/seven days per week. They, and their pilots, were housed in special Quick Reaction Alert hangars (abbreviated "QRA") at the end of runways. When North Bay contacted an air base for a scramble, simultaneously air traffic control on that base would halt and/or move aside all activity on the airfield. The fighter pilots would strap into and start their jets and the QRA's doors opened, then the jets would taxi out to the runway and take off.
In effect, the total time from Northern NORAD Region detecting an aircraft to jet fighters taking off was seven minutes. Anything longer without an excellent reason was deemed unacceptable, and could result in disciplining by NORAD authorities of everyone involved in the operation.
In July 1969, NORAD underwent a continent-wide revamping of its organization. The Northern NORAD Region was redesignated as the "22nd NORAD Region (22nd NR)", but its area of responsibility: north, Atlantic and east-central Canada and northern Maine—remained unaltered.
On 1 July 1983, the SAGE computer network at North Bay was officially switched off, and air defence operations taken over by the Underground Complex's Regional Operations Control Center/Sector Operations Control Center (ROCC/SOCC) computer system. The ROCC/SOCC system was incorporated throughout NORAD, as well as in North Bay, and caused another wholesale re-arranging of North America's air defences. In particular to Canada, the 22nd NORAD Region was replaced by the "Canadian NORAD Region (CANR)", Maine was transferred to an American NORAD centre, and the Underground Complex given responsibility for monitoring and protection of the airspace of the entire country. Canadian Forces Base North Bay had become the most important air base in Canada, with respect to the defence of the country and the continent.
The Canadian NORAD Region still exists. Its headquarters moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba, in April 1997, but air defence operations remained in North Bay.
In October 2006, Canadian NORAD Region air defence operations moved out of the Underground Complex into a new state-of-the-art installation built on the Earth's surface, named the Sgt David L. Pitcher Building after a Canadian serviceman who was killed in the crash of a United States Air Force AWACS patrol plane, in 1995.
BOMARC
447 Squadron emblem (1960s)North Bay's Underground Complex was also the command and control centre for two CIM-10 BOMARC surface-to-air missile squadrons in Canada. From 28 December 1961 – 31 March 1972, 446 Surface-to-Air Missile Squadron operated five miles (eight kilometres) north of the City of North Bay, at the site of a former RCAF radio station. The second squadron, 447 Surface-to-Missile Squadron, operated from a newly constructed site at La Macaza, Quebec. Each site was equipped with 29 BOMARC missiles: 28 for combat and a 29th for training purposes. The BOMARC was tipped with a 10-kiloton W-40 nuclear warhead (the bomb used at Hiroshima was 15 kilotons). In the event of a Soviet air attack on North America, some or all of the 56 missiles would have been launched into the air raids, and their nuclear warheads detonated, to destroy as many of the bombers as possible, while crippling surviving aircraft or "cooking" their bombs (rendering their nuclear devices inoperable) such that they could not complete their missions. The skies of central to eastern Canada would have been awash in Hiroshima-level detonations.
446 Squadron emblem (1960s)
The BOMARCs were deployed in the United States as well as Canada. While U.S. missiles were controlled strictly by American authorities, the Canadian BOMARCs were an international affair. The missiles were under Canadian government control, the warheads controlled by the United States. Permission was required from both governments for a launch. To activate a missile for launch, a Canadian and American officer at the BOMARC site, and a Canadian and American officer in the Underground Complex simultaneously turned keys. To launch, the Canadian and American officers in the UGC, at separate consoles, pressed a button at the same time. The missile would then be guided by a controller at a SAGE console in the UGC, until 10 miles (16 kilometres) from its target(s), then the BOMARC's homing system would take over and steer the missile until detonation. No BOMARCs were launched in Canada; squadron personnel from North Bay and La Macaza fired missiles (non-nuclear warhead) at the Santa Rosa Island Test Facility, Florida.
Due to the nuclear nature of the missiles all potential Bomarc personnel underwent Human Reliability Program tests to weed out those with "hidden idiosyncrasies, repressions, emotional disturbances, psychosomatic traits and even latent homosexuality". Their "family, friends, past history, schooling, religion and travel experiences were also gone into".
From 1961 to the end of 1963, the BOMARCs were not equipped with their warheads due to government indecision as to whether to equip the Canadian military with nuclear weapons. In late 1963, nuclear weapons were finally approved by the federal government, and the warheads distributed to the sites between 31 December 1963 and early 1964. They were to remain under American control; therefore, a section of each site was fenced off and declared American territory. Here the warheads were stored and serviced when not on installed in the BOMARCs. Canadians were not permitted to enter the area; when time came to load it onto a missile, a small, special gate was opened in the American section and the warhead pushed through into the Canadian side. In 1972, during the disbanding of the BOMARC squadrons and closing of the two sites, the warheads were removed from Canada.
RCAF Bomarc on launch erector (1965)
The missile site was sold to Canadore College, which used it as a flight and aircraft maintenance training centre.
Canadian Forces Base North Bay
Official badge of the air force base at North Bay, Ontario, after it changed from an RCAF Station to a Canadian Forces Base. Image courtesy and copyright 22 Wing/CFB North Bay, authorized by the Base Commander.
RCAF Station North Bay was renamed the Canadian Forces Base North Bay (abbreviated "CFB North Bay") on 1 April 1966 as part of the Canadian government's plan to merge the country's air force, army, and navy into a single entity: the Canadian Armed Forces. This plan, called "Unification," came into effect on 1 February 1968. The word "Armed" was eventually removed, and the country's military became the "Canadian Forces," a term that was used for many years until the reintroduction of the word "Armed" coinciding with the 2011 change of the air and sea elements being individually renamed as the "Royal Canadian Air Force" and "Royal Canadian Navy."
From December 1967 until August 1972, there were no flying units at CFB North Bay. The airfield portion of the base, at one time a thriving fighter station, fell largely into disuse. For example, one of its main hangars, employed to service and house heavily armed jet interceptors, was converted into an ice rink and saw year-round use by hockey leagues, figure skating clubs, and various other civilian entities in and around the City of North Bay.
414 (Electronic Warfare) Squadron
414 Squadron returned to CFB North Bay in August 1972. Deployed as an electronic warfare unit, the squadron trained flying and ground air defence personnel to fight a war when an enemy has disrupted radar systems and radio communications. Specializing in the jamming, interference, and "stealing of radar and radio signals," the unit earned considerable renown, even notoriety, for its abilities. Its services were frequently requested by the navy and American armed forces.
Regarding the stealing of radar, the 414 Squadron personnel would electronically find and lock onto the radar set of a jet or a ground station, and take control of it. In stealing a radio communication frequency, 414 would pretend to be a fighter pilot or ground controller, and disrupt the air defence by doing things such as sending fighters in a wrong direction. A superb example of such stealing took place during a huge air exercise at Cold Lake, Alberta. A swarm of American and Canadian aircraft were divided into two teams. One team received command, control, and warnings of an enemy from a United States Air Force Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) jet, whose radar could monitor the entire battlefield. The crew of a 414 Squadron aircraft, the other team, was unable to break into the AWACS's air defence radio frequencies, but instead managed to contact the pilot and convince him that the AWACS had to return immediately to their home base at Tinker, Oklahoma. Off the AWACS flew, leaving their team to fend for themselves.
In July 1992, 414 Squadron was split into two units and posted to the east and west coasts of Canada. It was the last military flying unit in North Bay. Thereafter, all of the base's airfield facilities were either demolished or sold, and CFB North Bay became the only air base in Canada not to have any military flying whatsoever. The federal government considered the possibility of shutting down the facility altogether.
22 Wing
On 1 April 1993, all Canadian air bases were dubbed "wings" to restore an air force cachet to the installations, lost when the Canadian government lumped the army, navy and air force into a single military force in 1968. North Bay's base became "22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay", abbreviated as "22 Wing/CFB North Bay". It is often referred to simply as "22 Wing". The number "22" was chosen for North Bay to honour the old 22nd NORAD Region.
One of the units at the base was 22 Radar Control Wing, which evolved out of a unit called the "Radar Control Wing". The Radar Control Wing was created by the air force in 1987 to run day-to-day air defence operations in the Underground Complex for the Canadian NORAD Region. When an extraordinary event occurred or was about to occur, such as the approach to Canada of Soviet bombers, the Radar Control Wing alerted the Canadian NORAD Region, and the region's general and selected members of his staff would man a command post on the second floor of the Underground Complex. The Radar Control Wing and command post would then coordinate their efforts to handle the situation. For example, regarding Soviet bombers, while the Radar Control Wing saw to such activities as intercepting the aircraft and coordinating with civilian air traffic control in the area of the interception to avoid running into airliners, the command post would advise and consult with NORAD Headquarters in Colorado Springs, arrange an AWACS aircraft to assist, if deemed useful, and talk with the adjacent American NORAD region if it looked like the intercepted aircraft would enter their area, too.
When the Radar Control Wing was created, it was given command of the Sector Operations Control Centre East, which watched the eastern half of Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Manitoba border, and the Sector Operations Control Centre West, which oversaw Canadian skies from Manitoba to the Pacific Ocean.
In June 1989, the wing was renamed "22 Radar Control Wing". Simultaneously, the eastern control centre was renamed 21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron and the western centre became 51 Aerospace Control & Warning Squadron. Although it resided on CFB North Bay, and the base provided such things as pay, clothing and medical services, 22 Radar Control Wing was an entirely separate entity from the base with its own commander and staff of personnel.
In 1992, CFB North Bay and 22 Radar Control Wing were amalgamated under a single commander and command staff, but the base was still officially CFB North Bay. The wing and the base remained as separate organizations until united into 22 Wing/CFB North Bay in April 1993.
New (and current) badge of the air force base at North Bay, Ontario, authorized in 1995 after "22 Wing" was added to the name.
Near-death of the base, massive reductions and their effects on North Bay
As well as divesting the base of the airfield following 414 Squadron's departure in 1992, the Canadian government embarked on the wholesale demolition of CFB North Bay's non-airfield buildings and facilities, and dramatically slashed the numbers of civilian and military base personnel. Finally, the Canadian government announced it was closing the base, and the destruction of the base and reduction of its personnel accelerated.
This decision to close the base was monumental from a military standpoint since North Bay was the nerve center for the air defence of the country, and intricately tied into the United States in the air defence network of the continent. Somehow this huge, complex, deeply entrenched system for national and continental air defence would have to be transposed en masse to another base, yet no other base in Canada had the means in place to receive the system.
From the non-military perspective, the decision had a seismic effect on the civilian community. CFB North Bay was the adjoining city's biggest industry. Between hiring employees from the community, contracting work on the base (such as roofing upgrades to its buildings), making purchases in local businesses, plus the money spent by its personnel and their family members, CFB North Bay infused tens of millions of dollars into the community annually. Already, due to the drop off of income from reductions to the base and its number of personnel, dozens of restaurants, shops and other businesses had folded. Exacerbating the situation the City of North Bay was being hit by another financial hammer—massive cutbacks to its fifth largest industry, the railways. Therefore, the base's closing was perceived by the community as catastrophic, and North Bay political, business and civic leaders launched a vocal, dogged, energetic campaign to persuade the Canadian government to reverse the decision. They succeeded. On 8 May 1998, Minister of National Defence the Honourable Art Eggleton visited North Bay and announced that the base would stay open indefinitely.
Despite the reprieve, the Minister stated that drastic cuts to the base were to continue. Manpower on the base, once numbering 2,200 military and civilian employees, was 530 when the announcement was made; the Minister remarked that another 100 personnel would be cut, and the base's infrastructure, at one time well over 100 buildings, was to be chopped to five, plus the air defence centre.
Re-Shaping of 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay & the 21st Century
22 Wing/CFB North Bay has continued as the centre for the air defence of the country, and partner with the United States in NORAD guarding the air sovereignty of the continent. In the late 1990s plans were enacted for a new air defence facility to replace the aging Underground Complex. The complex's air defence electronic, communications and computer systems—the leading edge of early 1980s technology—had become antiquated, struggling to cope with the demands and crises of an Internet Age world. Moreover, the cost of operating the decades-old, shopping centre-size subterranean complex was rapidly becoming prohibitive.
Map showing the extent of CFB North Bay in the 21st Century. To the north is North Bay Airport.
On 20 August 2003, Prime Minister the Right Honourable Jean Chrétien turned soil inaugurating the construction of a new above ground complex. Three years later, 12 October 2006, 43 years and 11 days after the Underground Complex's birth, a new surface installation was opened by Minister of National Defence, the Honorable Gordon O'Connor, officially taking the baton of air defence operations from the Underground Complex. The new installation was named the Sgt David L. Pitcher Building, in honour of a Canadian Forces Air Defence Technician who was killed in the crash of a Boeing E-3 Sentry Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft, call sign Yukla 27, at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, on 22 September 1995. The aircraft ingested birds into two of its four engines during takeoff; all 24 crew members were killed.
End of Air Defence Operations in the Underground Complex
On 26 October 2006, the Base Commander Colonel Rick Pitre led a parade of personnel in a ceremonial march-out of the Underground Complex, symbolically closing out all military operations in the Underground Complex for good. Since then the UGC has been maintained in "warm storage". All of its furniture, effects and equipment were removed except for the environmental controls, equipment and machinery in the Power Cavern. The Power Cavern (life support for the Underground Complex) has continued to provide heat, ventilation, air conditioning and other utility operations to prevent the complex from falling into decay. It is hoped that the complex will be leased or bought; it is one of the most secure, fire-safe facilities in the country, endowed with precision environmental controls that are ideal for certain uses such as an archives storage.
One option that arose: after three years of visits and discussions with DND and the base the Canadian motion picture company Alcina Pictures shot part of a science fiction movie in the Underground Complex. The low budget production, called The Colony, stars Laurence Fishburne, Bill Paxton and Kevin Zegers. In 2007, the base began entertaining the idea of using the UGC as a site for motion picture and television productions as a means to help offset its operating cost. Maintaining the UGC in warm storage required an outlay of $1,500 per day, with no foreseeable sale or lease of the site on the horizon, and many visitors had remarked about the Dr. Strangelove/mad scientist's lair look of the complex. The Ontario Media Development Corporation was subsequently contacted by the base, and representatives given a comprehensive tour. The Colony resulted, but, the requirements of security, logistics and other operations of the base for the movie proved staggering. The Underground Complex will not be used in this capacity again.
In 2005, the Main Installation and Power Cavern were designated as Federal Heritage Buildings, "Control Building 55" and "Power Cavern 53", on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings.
NORAD Air Defence organization today
In 2000, the air defence aspect at 22 Wing/CFB North Bay was given the title "Canadian Air Defence Sector", abbreviated as "CADS". As a result, NORAD air defence in Canada in the 21st Century is organized as follows:
Canada and the United States are divided into three NORAD Regions: the Alaskan NORAD Region, the Continental U.S. NORAD Region and the Canadian NORAD Region. Headquarters of the Canadian NORAD Region is in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Canadian NORAD Region operations center, which watches the skies and reacts to problems in the air, is the Canadian Air Defence Sector, at North Bay. The CADS was originally situated in the Underground Complex; as described above it moved above ground in October 2006, into the building named after Sergeant David L. Pitcher.
CADS is just one of many parts of 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay. 21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron is the unit in CADS that carries out the air sovereignty of Canada. 51 Aerospace Control and Warning Operational Training Squadron is the operational training unit in CADS. It trains and tests military personnel in the various jobs and duties of air defence, as well as such non-air defence activities as first-aid and small arms handling.
North Bay Air Defence Operations in the 21st Century
The end of the Cold War on Christmas Day 1991 stirred many arguments in Canada and internationally that an era of global safety from major threats had arrived, and entities like NORAD were no longer needed. However, the al-Qaeda attacks of 11 September 2001 (colloquially known as the "9/11" attacks) against New York City and Washington, D.C. proved the necessity of continued surveillance and defence of North American skies, that attacks to the continent can come from anywhere, at any time, and in a least expected manner.
In another vivid example, on 11 September 2001, a Korean Air Flight 85 Boeing 747 en route to New York City from Seoul, Korea, headed to Anchorage, Alaska, for a refuelling stop, was ordered to land at Whitehorse, Yukon Territory. First, while making towards Anchorage, the crew had sent a text message to its airline including the letters "HJK", code for hijack, which prompted a scramble of two F-15s.
F-15s from Elmendorf Air Force Base by the Alaskan NORAD Region to intercept the jet, and Alaskan air traffic control to ask the Korean Air pilots via coded questions if they had been hijacked. During this exchange, the Korean pilots, supposedly on the instructions of ATC, set their transponder to 7500, which officially declared themselves hijacked. The Alaskan NORAD Region advised ATC they would shoot down the airliner if it flew near any significant ground targets, such as a city. ATC ordered the Korean crew to fly to Whitehorse instead, avoiding all populated centers in Alaska.
When the airliner and F-15s entered Canadian airspace they also entered the Canadian NORAD Region, thus came under the watch and control of the Canadian Air Defence Sector at 22 Wing/CFB North Bay. Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien gave his permission to the Canadian NORAD Region Commander in Winnipeg: if the situation warranted North Bay could order the F-15s to shoot down Korean Air Flight 85. Fortunately the airliner landed without incident at Whitehorse. Royal Canadian Mounted Police boarded the aircraft; their investigation and interrogation of the pilots revealed no hijack, the incident apparently resulting from misunderstandings in the communications between the crew and Alaskan ATC.
22 Wing/CFB North Bay has been a participant in Operation Noble Eagle (abbreviated "ONE") since the operation was created by the United States on 14 September 2001, as a result of 9/11. ONE's purpose is to watch for and defend against similar air threats. For example, on 5 February 2006 the Canadian Air Defence Sector at 22 Wing/CFB North Bay provided air defence security over the Windsor, Ontario-Detroit, Michigan area, in support of Super Bowl XL, played in Detroit, and on 10 April 2012, a Korean Air Boeing 777 that had taken off from Vancouver International Airport was intercepted by F-15s under North Bay's control and diverted to 19 Wing/Canadian Forces Base Comox, British Columbia, after a bomb threat was reported against the airliner. The USAF F-15s had been scrambled from Portland, Oregon, in NORAD's Western Air Defense Sector (Continental U.S. NORAD Region), instead of RCAF CF-18s from Canada because the United States Air Force fighters were closer to the Korean airliner. Since NORAD is bi-national, Canadian and American interceptors routinely work with each other's NORAD air defence centers.
North Bay has also provided air defence security for many events unrelated to Operation Noble Eagle, such as the 2002 G8 Summit at Kananaskis, Alberta, the 2010 G8/G20 Summit at Huntsville and Toronto, Ontario and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. For the latter, for the first time in its history, in order to meet any threats posed by slow speed aircraft, North Bay's NORAD controllers trained to carry out Ground Controlled Interceptions of helicopters.
In August 2007, a Russian submarine planted a one-meter titanium Russian flag on the sea bottom at the geographic North Pole, both as a propaganda venture and as a hint at the country's mindset towards the untapped multibillion-dollar oil and gas fields beneath the Arctic ice. That September, the Russians followed up by resuming Bear bomber flights along the northern fringe of North American airspace. Their aircraft have been intercepted both by the Alaskan NORAD Region and by Canadian CF-18 and American F-15 fighters controlled by the CADS at 22 Wing/CFB North Bay.
On 30 January 2014, North Bay officially added space surveillance to its operations. In 2010 its NORAD operations had taken the first steps to prepare for this new responsibility, forming a Space Surveillance Operations Centre (SSOC) that would act as part of the United States Space Surveillance Network. Sapphire, Canada's first military satellite, had been originally slated for a Russian rocket, but the washing machine-size craft was allocated to India in 2008–09. In 2010 two Indian rockets carrying commercial payloads went out of control and exploded, setting back scheduled launches—including Sapphire—years. After a continuous string of postponements the satellite was finally launched in February 2013. For the year of 2014, following its Final Operational Certification on 30 January, Sapphire delivered 1.2 million observations of space objects to the surveillance network.
In 2017, the Canadian Broadcast Museum Foundation announced that it was in negotiations to take over the underground bunker as a storage repository for the country's audiovisual broadcasting archives.
Miscellaneous
22 Wing Band
The 22 Wing Band was formed in 1990. It performs mainly in military functions but also public and charity events.
Air Cadets
While all regular-force flying units have moved away from the base, the civilian North Bay airfield is still home to a cadet gliding operation training air cadets as glider pilots.
References
Notes
^ "Air defence" refers strictly to aviation activities within the atmosphere of the Earth, such as those of helicopters and aircraft. "Aerospace defence" covers these activities as well as those in space, such as monitoring satellites and tracking space junk.
^ Referenced documents cited in this and following sections are from the air base's archives and active files, which have file numbers, publication numbers and registration numbers that may be unfamiliar to those without a military background, although the information's accuracy is assured.
^ Coincidental to the future air force base, the F.3 was a descendant of the Felixstowe F.2a and Curtiss H-12 flying boats employed by the Royal Naval Air Service and Royal Air Force in the First World War as interceptors against German Zeppelin and Schuette-Lanz airships. During the war, only 12 airships were shot down by British and Commonwealth flyers. Between them Hobbs and Leckie had three. On 14 June 1917, Hobbs shot down German Naval Airship Division Zeppelin L 43. Leckie was the war's top airship hunter; he engaged eight Zeppelins, shot down two (L 22 and L 70, on 14 May 1917 and 5 August 1918), and killed the commander of the German airship fleet, Fregattenkapitan Peter Strasser. Strasser's loss, a national hero, devastated the German public, still mourning the death of Manfred von Richthofen. A third Zeppelin (L 65) escaped destruction when Leckie's gun jammed.
^ An "air station" was the term used in Canada in 1919-early 1920s for any land- or water-based aerodrome.
^ W/C Crew was the recipient of two Distinguished Service Orders (DSO) and two Distinguished Flying Crosses (DFC) for his leadership, courage and daring in the Second World War, which included shooting down 21 V-1 "Flying Bombs".
^ Serving in the RAF, Braham had received three DSOs, three DFCs, plus the Air Force Cross (AFC), and was the top nightfighter ace among British and Commonwealth pilots in the Second World War, credited with 29 1/2 victories, one probable and six damaged enemy aircraft. Braham retired from the RAF in May 1952 and joined the RCAF.
^ Edwards received the Distinguished Flying Cross and bar, Distinguished Flying Medal, Mention in Dispatches (and, eventually, the Order of Canada). During the Second World War, he shot down 19 enemy aircraft. In the North African campaign, although a Flight Sergeant, Edwards periodically led his unit, No. 260 Squadron, RAF, into battle, a function normally reserved for an officer. During one flying operation, his wingman, nominally a subordinate position in a formation, was the United States Army Air Force lieutenant-colonel commanding the U.S. 57th Fighter Group.
^ SAGE stands for "Semi-Automatic Ground Environment", a 1950s-era network of computer systems providing the ground environment for the larger air defense system with buildings, radars, and defense aircraft in North America.
Citations
^ 22 Wing/CFB North Bay notice of 722d Air Control Squadron re-designation, effective 1 July 2011.
^ "The hole truth: Five facts about North Bay's Cold War-era bunker". cbc.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
^ Base historical archives file W1325-1 (W Heritage), 22 Wing Heritage Office, Canadian Forces Base North Bay.
^ Canadian Department of National Defence Media Advisory, 25 February 2013.
^ a b North Bay Nugget, 6 February 2014
^ a b 22 Wing/CFB North Bay Annual Historical Report for 2014 to the Canadian Department of National Defence, March 2015
^ Ellis 1954, pp. 180–185.
^ Wise, 1980 .
^ Robinson 1994.
^ Transcript of speech by Robert Leckie, typed with handwritten editing by Leckie, radio broadcast in 1959, pp. 5–13.
^ Air Board Report, 1921.
^ Air Board Report, 1922.
^ 22 Wing Heritage Office Photo Archives.
^ a b "Transport Canada document TP 5239 E: History of Canadian Airports AK-01-09-002", p. 459.
^ a b c d Sutherland. 1978, p. 57.
^ a b c d Gunning 1996 .
^ North Bay Nugget newspaper, 21, 23 May 1930.
^ "History of North Bay Airport." Transport Canada Report CA1 DTA 177-66 H35, 1966.
^ North Bay Nugget, 1 October 1938.
^ Milberry and Halliday 1990, pp. 28–29.
^ Dunmore 1994, p. 346.
^ Transport Canada report, North Bay Airport – History, 1938–1980 – 42 Years of Progress.
^ a b c d e f g h i j RCAF Station North Bay diary
^ Royal Canadian Air Force Establishment broadsheets of manning and equipment, May 1943 – September 1945.
^ Christie 1995, pp. 47–57.
^ Christie 1995, pp. 203–204.
^ North Bay Airport – History, 1938–1980 – 42 Years of Progress.
^ North Bay Nugget, various issues, 1943 to 1945.
^ North Bay Nugget, 30 April 1945.
^ "List of crashes, North Bay." DND Directorate of History & Heritage, provided to CFB North Bay archives file W1325-1 (W Heritage) by Dr. John MacFarlane, 8 December 2008.
^ RCAF Organization Order 31/51, 4 July 1951.
^ a b RCAF Station North Bay Diary, 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit Diary, and various North Bay Nugget articles.
^ a b RCAF Station/CFB North Bay historical records, various, W1325-1. W1325-1.
^ Milberry 1981, p. 79.
^ Dunmore 1996, pp. 171–176.
^ The North Bay Nugget, 23 November 1962.
^ Pickett 1994, Ch. 2.
^ 131 Composite Unit Diary.
^ RCAF Station North Bay Diary and 6 AC&WU Diary
^ Futrell 1971, p. 187.
^ remark to NORAD officers in training at North Bay, fall 1986.
^ a b c RCAF Station/CFB North Bay historical records, various, W1325-1
^ a b Underground Chambers for Defence, Special Supplement to Construction Engineering News, Vol. 3 No.4, Oct–Nov–Dec 1962, RCAF
^ Report on Hardening of SAGE, SCC, North Bay for A.D. Margison & Associates Ltd., Consulting Engineers, March 1960
^ 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay photo archives
^ Northern NORAD Region Contingency Plan 310N-64.
^ a b "SAGE Installation Data Sheets." Royal Canadian Air Force, October 1960.
^ North Bay Nugget, 1983.
^ a b 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay Archives, W1325-1.
^ Montreal Star, 28 March 1964.
^ 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay Archives, various documents.
^ North Bay Nugget, 1 March 1972
^ 414 Squadron archives
^ North Bay Nugget, various editions, 1972–1992.
^ North Bay Nugget, 9 August 1995.
^ North Bay Nugget, various, 1995–1998.
^ North Bay Nugget, 8 May 1998.
^ "Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings". Parks Canada. Retrieved: 10 May 2013.
^ 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay Archives, and Canadian Press, The Globe and Mail, and Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reports, 12 September 2001.
^ 22 Wing/CFB North Bay Archives.
^ "60-storeys underground, Cold War bunker eyed as place to preserve Canada's broadcast history". National Post, 12 July 2017.
^ "22 Wing Band". 22 Wing. Canadian Armed Forces. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ "547 Canuck Squadron". 547 Canuck Squadron Royal Canadian Air Cadets. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
Bibliography
Christie, Carl. Ocean Bridge. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8020-8131-2.
Clearwater, Dr. John. Canadian Nuclear Weapons. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1998. ISBN 1-55002-299-7.
Dunmore, Spencer. Above and Beyond. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1996. ISBN 0-7710-2928-4.
Dunmore, Spencer. Wings for Victory. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1994. ISBN 0-7710-2927-6.
Ellis, Frank H. Canada's Flying Heritage. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1954.
Futrell, Robert Frank."Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: A History of Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force 1907–1964." Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine History of Strategic Air and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume I: 1945–1955. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Air Force, 1971.
Gunning, Cuth. North Bay: The Lean Years, 1929–1939. North Bay: C. Gunning publisher, 1996. ISBN 0-9694721-5-3.
Milberry, Larry. The Avro CF-100. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1981. ISBN 0-9690703-0-6.
Milberry, Larry and Hugh Halliday. The Royal Canadian Air Force at War, 1939–1945. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1990. ISBN 0-921022-04-2.
Pickett, James. Into the Sausage Machine: The History of 22 Wing. North Bay: Twenty-Second Wing, 1994. ISBN 978-0-96986-810-1.
Robinson, Douglas H. The Zeppelin in Combat. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Ltd, 1994. ISBN 0-88740-510-X.
Sutherland, Alice Gibson. Canadian's Aviation Pioneers. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1978. ISBN 0-07-082704-4.
Wilson, Gordon A.A. NORAD and the Soviet Nuclear Threat. Toronto: Dundurn Press, Toronto, 2011. ISBN 978-1-45970-410-7.
Wise, Sydney F. (1980). Canadian Airmen and the First World War (1980 ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802023797. - Total pages: 771
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"air force base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces_base"},{"link_name":"North Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bay,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"1 Canadian Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Canadian_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"North American Aerospace Defense Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORAD"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"further explanation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Wing Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_Commander_(rank)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Research Council of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Sapphire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"[N 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United States Space Surveillance Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Space_Surveillance_Network"},{"link_name":"Joint Space Operations Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Space_Operations_Center"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceD-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceE-7"},{"link_name":"[N 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Airforce base in Ontario, CanadaCanadian Forces Base North Bay, also CFB North Bay, is an air force base located at the City of North Bay, Ontario about 350 km (220 mi) north of Toronto. The base is subordinate to 1 Canadian Air Division, Winnipeg, Manitoba, and is the centre for North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) operations in Canada, under the Canadian NORAD Region Headquarters, also in Winnipeg. It is also home to the 1 Air Force, Detachment 2 of the United States Air Force.[1]22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay is the most important military base in Canada with respect to the continental air defence of North America and the country's air sovereignty.[citation needed] It is also home to one of the most unusual[further explanation needed] military installations in North America, the NORAD Underground Complex, an installation built over 60 storeys underground inside a cave almost 1.5x longer than an American football field and nearly 5 storeys tall.[2]On 1 April 1993, all air bases in Canada were redesignated as wings; the base was renamed 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay. This is abbreviated as 22 Wing/CFB North Bay. Today, although this designation still stands, the base is often referred to simply as \"22 Wing\", and the Base Commander as the \"Wing Commander\".[3]North Bay's air force base is the centre for the air defence of the entire country, and works in concert with the United States via NORAD for the air defence of Canada-U.S. portion of the North American continent. Activities are wide-ranging, from identifying and monitoring all aircraft entering Canada from overseas, to guarding foreign dignitaries travelling in the country's airspace, to assisting aircraft suffering airborne emergencies, to aiding law enforcement versus smugglers, to participating in NORAD's Christmas Eve Tracking of Santa Claus for children. From the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s it took in Unidentified Flying Object reports from across the country on behalf of the National Research Council of Canada, relaying the reports to a study at the Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, British Columbia. In 2000, it resumed UFO reporting, provided to researcher Chris Rutkowski at the University of Manitoba.In 2010, North Bay's operations centre took the first steps towards transitioning from air to aerospace defence, commencing preparations for Sapphire, Canada's first military satellite.[N 1] Sapphire functions as a contributing sensor in the United States Space Surveillance Network (SSN), performing surveillance of objects orbiting at 6,000 to 40,000 kilometres altitude, and delivering data on those objects (called Resident Space Objects, or RSOs) to the Space Surveillance Operations Centre (SSOC), in North Bay's operations centre. The SSOC, in turn, coordinates with the Joint Space Operations Center, in Vandenberg, California. On 25 February 2013, Sapphire was launched from a site in India, and underwent technical testing and checks, expected to begin its duties in July 2013.[4] Due to various technical delays, the satellite's FOC (Final Operational Certification) wasn't achieved until 30 January 2014.[5] By end of that year it had delivered 1.2 million observations of space objects.[6]22 Wing/CFB North Bay has two unique properties among air bases in Canada. It is the only Canadian air base that does not have flying units (as of August 1992, when the last flying squadron departed), and the only air base in the country that does not have an airfield (base assets such as control tower, fuel depot and hangars were demolished or sold following the 1992 departure).[N 2]","title":"CFB North Bay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Activities at North Bay 1920–1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Felixstowe F.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felixstowe_F.3"},{"link_name":"flying boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_boat"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-Colonel_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Robert Leckie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Leckie_(RCAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Basil Deacon Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Deacon_Hobbs"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Sault Ste. Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[N 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Air Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Board_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Lake Nipissing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nipissing"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F.3_aircraft_just_landed_at_Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario,_after_using_North_Bay_as_a_checkpoint_on_its_cross-country_flight.jpg"},{"link_name":"air station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_airbase"},{"link_name":"[N 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Curtiss HS-2L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_HS"},{"link_name":"aerial survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_survey"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Trout Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout_Lake_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canadian_Airports_AK-01-09-002_Page_459-18"},{"link_name":"Department of National Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"military and","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aviation"},{"link_name":"civil aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_aviation"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Squadron Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_Leader"},{"link_name":"John Henry Tudhope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Tudhope"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"McKee Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AGS-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AGS-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuth_Gunning_1996-20"},{"link_name":"Northern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Port Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay"},{"link_name":"Emsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"South River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_River,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ramore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_River-Matheson,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Porquis Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_Falls,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AGS-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canadian_Airports_AK-01-09-002_Page_459-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuth_Gunning_1996-20"},{"link_name":"Lake Athabasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Athabasca"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"airport at North Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bay/Jack_Garland_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Air Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Canada"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuth_Gunning_1996-20"},{"link_name":"de Havilland DH.60 Moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.60_Moth"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Robert Dodds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dodds_(aviator)"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"Department of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Canada"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AGS-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuth_Gunning_1996-20"}],"sub_title":"Pre–Second World War","text":"North Bay's first contact with the air force took place on 9 October 1920, when a Government of Canada Felixstowe F.3 flying boat overflew the (then) town during the first crossing of Canada by aircraft. (North Bay was not incorporated as a city until 1925.) The F.3's pilots were Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Leckie, of Toronto, and Major Basil Deacon Hobbs, of Sault Ste. Marie. The trans-Canada expedition was an epic venture, lasting 11 days and requiring six aircraft. The third leg was flown non-stop from the Canadian capital, Ottawa, to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, with North Bay as a checkpoint.[7] \n[N 3]\nLeckie's and Hobbs's encounter with North Bay was fleeting. They arrived without warning, approaching out of the east, catching residents unaware. Few had seen an aircraft before; the effect was electrifying, akin to the Space Shuttle appearing suddenly over the city today. Leckie steered for the downtown. Over the Canadian Pacific Railway station he dropped a signal to be telegraphed to the Air Board in Ottawa, \"Making a good 50 miles per hour\", then with a wave to lunchtime onlookers, the pilots swung their F.3 out over nearby Lake Nipissing, onwards to Sault Ste. Marie.[10]No photos were taken of the North Bay overflight; this image of the F.3 was shot shortly afterwards, upon arrival at the Red River, Manitoba. Department of National Defence photo.The overflight planted interest in local politicians, businessmen and community leaders towards aviation, particularly the establishment of an air station at North Bay. [N 4] In the summer of 1921, a Government of Canada Curtiss HS-2L flying boat, taking on exploration and aerial survey work, landed at North Bay, on Lake Nipissing.[11] The HS-2L landed on Lake Nipissing and Trout Lake (on the eastern periphery of North Bay) in 1922, for further aerial surveying as well as cargo and passenger transport.[12][13] These flights amplified this interest and a campaign to the federal government for an aerodrome commenced.[14]On 1 January 1923, the Department of National Defence (DND) took over responsibility and control over military and (until 2 November 1936) civil aviation in Canada. Over the next decade-and-half Canadian Air Force (as of 1 April 1924, \"Royal Canadian Air Force\") Squadron Leader John Henry Tudhope, a South African-born First World War fighter pilot, almost single-handedly laid down the network of aviation in Canada, exploring and surveying the country for the construction of aerodromes and establishment of air routes for the Trans-Canada Air Lines system, essentially a national air highway network. Considering that Canada was nearly the size of Europe and mostly raw, primal wilderness, Tudhope's undertaking was staggering. In 1930, S/L Tudhope received the McKee Trophy for his endeavours, the premier aviation award in Canada.[15]In 1928, Tudhope stopped twice at North Bay, and again in 1931 and 1932.[15][16] Based on his exploration and survey work in the Northern Ontario region, in June 1933 DND set up a headquarters in North Bay to supervise construction of emergency landing fields for the Ottawa to Port Arthur (now Thunder Bay) portion of the Trans-Canada Airway system. An 18-man unit operated out of the Dominion Rubber Company building, leased on Oak Street, downtown North Bay, which served as their headquarters, supply depot and living quarters. Unemployed men in each local district were hired as labour. Despite the primal ruggedness of Northern Ontario, by July 1936, eight airfields had been hacked out of the wilderness, at Reay, Diver, Emsdale, South River, Ramore, Porquis Junction, Gilles Depot and Tudhope (named after the squadron leader), and the unit was disbanded. Most of these airfields have since been abandoned to the wild.[15] Ironically, although the nucleus of the operation, and recommended by S/L Tudhope in June 1936, North Bay was not considered as a site for an aerodrome.[14][16]The first air force aircraft to land at North Bay arrived 17 to 23 May 1930. Eight Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) flying boats stopped temporarily at Trout Lake during flights west. Two were en route to Winnipeg; two to Lake Athabasca, Saskatchewan; four to Northern Saskatchewan.[17] This plus the landing field construction described above prompted local politicians, businessmen and community leaders to intensify their years-long campaign to the Canadian government for an airport. At issue was money; who would finance the project. On 21 March 1938, their perseverance paid off. The Canadian government approved expenditure of funds to build an airport at North Bay. The Province of Ontario and City of North Bay would provide the land. It would be a Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA) facility; TCA was the country's government-operated air line (and forerunner of Air Canada).[16]On 27 April 1938, work began. The first unofficial landing by two area residents in a de Havilland DH.60 Moth took place on 4 July 1938, in the midst of construction.[18] The first official landing occurred 30 September 1938, by Squadron Leader Robert Dodds, RCAF, to inspect the work. A Royal Flying Corps fighter pilot during the First World War, and close associate of Squadron Leader Tudhope during the latter's exploration and survey of Canada, Dodds had been seconded by DND to the Department of Transport as Inspector of Airways and Aerodromes for the country.[15][19] On 28 November 1938, the long sought after airport was ready to receive aircraft; due to bad weather regular passenger service at the facility did not begin until May 1939.[16]","title":"Activities at North Bay 1920–1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth Air Training Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator"},{"link_name":"navigator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigator"},{"link_name":"observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_observer"},{"link_name":"air gunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_gunner"},{"link_name":"flight engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_engineer"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"air traffic control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"aircrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrew"},{"link_name":"Flying Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Officer"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"airframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airframe"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCAF_Station_North_Bay_diary-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"U-boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"navigation aids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigational_aid"},{"link_name":"Search and rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson"},{"link_name":"light bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bomber"},{"link_name":"Gander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gander,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Dorval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorval"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"airspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspace"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"RAF Ferry Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Ferry_Command"},{"link_name":"transatlantic flying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_flight"},{"link_name":"hangar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCAF_Station_North_Bay_diary-27"},{"link_name":"aprons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_ramp"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCAF_Station_North_Bay_diary-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"North American B-25 Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Tiger Moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth"},{"link_name":"biplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplane"},{"link_name":"Avro Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"heavy bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_bomber"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Mosquitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito"},{"link_name":"Douglas Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"transports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCAF_Station_North_Bay_diary-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_World_War_Return_From_Night_Flying_Training.jpg"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCAF_Station_North_Bay_diary-27"},{"link_name":"Flight Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Sergeant"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Second World War","text":"Despite a common, popular misconception that Royal Canadian Air Force Station North Bay was formed during the Second World War, the air base didn't exist until 1951.In October 1939, the Canadian government announced that North Bay's fledgling airport, open less than 12 months, was in contention as a British Empire Air Training Plan site. The BEATP (eventually renamed the \"British Commonwealth Air Training Plan\", or \"BCATP\") was the biggest international military aircrew training operation in history. There were more aircrew training schools in Britain, but the BCATP taught and evaluated 131,553 pilot, navigator, observer, wireless (radio) operator, air gunner, wireless air gunner and flight engineer recruits from around the world, plus 5,296 graduates from Royal Air Force (RAF) schools.[20][21]North Bay's location presented an allure for air training. It was far from major built-up areas and its skies uncluttered by air traffic, altogether a reasonably safe arena for young aircrew hopefuls attempting to learn the tricky art of military flying. In 1940 a small glass \"greenhouse\" was constructed atop the airport's administration building in anticipation of air traffic control, necessary to handle the sudden proliferation of aircraft.[22] But the government decided not to include North Bay in the training scheme.The airport's sole service to the air force over the next two years was essentially like a roadside truckstop, providing fuel, rest and meals to aircrew flying across the country. By 1942 so many aircraft were stopping at North Bay that No. 124 Squadron, RCAF, set up a seven-man detachment at the airport. Under the command of a Flying Officer (today's rank, Lieutenant), two aeroengine mechanics, an electrician and an airframe mechanic re-fuelled, serviced and repaired the aircraft. A driver and vehicle mechanic saw to the detachment's staff car, aircraft towing tractor and 1,000-imperial-gallon (4,500 L; 1,200 US gal) fuel truck. The staff car was eventually replaced by a more practical \"Truck, Panel, Delivery\".[23][24]The biggest impact on the airport during the war was delivered by the Royal Air Force (RAF). In November 1940 a grand, dangerous experiment had been conducted. Masses of new, desperately needed aircraft shipped from Canada and Newfoundland for the war effort in Britain were being lost in the Atlantic Ocean, their cargo vessels sunk by German U-boats. To reduce these losses an idea was proposed to ferry aircraft instead—fly them over the ocean. It was a breath-taking proposal. In 1940 transoceanic flying was raw and new. Aircrew had no navigation aids to steer by except the sun, moon and stars. Search and rescue beyond the coasts of North America, Ireland and Britain was nonexistent. Mechanical and electrical breakdowns in aircraft were common. In an emergency there was nowhere to land except the North Atlantic.Nevertheless, on the evening of 10 November 1940, the experiment began; seven twin-engine Lockheed Hudson light bombers lifted off from Gander, Newfoundland en route for Britain. The odds were deemed so poor that only four of the bombers were expected to succeed. Yet the following morning, engines sucking their last gallons of fuel, all seven bombers arrived safely in Northern Ireland.[25]Inspired, the Royal Air Force commenced large-scale ferrying of aircraft. A training school for ferry aircrews was set up at Dorval, Quebec, outside Montreal, but by 1942 Dorval's airspace had become crowded with military aircraft. A new training site was set up at North Bay, taking advantage of the uncluttered skies and freedom from major built-up areas that had made the airport an ideal BEATP/BCATP candidate.[26]On 1 June 1942, ground around the airport was cleared and tents set up for RAF Ferry Command's Trans-Atlantic Training Unit. Five Hudson bombers arrived shortly afterwards. Over the next three years, the unit—renamed No. 313 Ferry Training Unit in 1943—taught hundreds of aircrew, in three to four-week courses, the techniques and procedures of transatlantic flying, and how to solve in-flight problems and emergencies. The size of the unit isn't known. However, although a formal air base hadn't been established, the RAF expanded the airport dramatically. A new double hangar was built (still in use today), as well as a Works and Stores Building (i.e., Supply), guard house, salvage store, recreation building, hospital, fire station and fire protective system, coal compound and general purpose building.[23]The Canadian Department of Transport added water and power supply systems, plus provided clearing and grading for the hangars, aprons and roads.[23]In 1943, three air traffic controllers were posted to the airport—the first ATC at North Bay—to coordinate airfield flying operations from the glass \"greenhouse\" built atop the admin building in 1940.[27]Nine more Hudsons joined the original five, along with two North American B-25 Mitchell bombers and a de Havilland Tiger Moth biplane. Avro Lancaster heavy bombers, de Havilland Mosquitos and Douglas Dakota transports were taken on in 1944.[23]Allied aircrew at North Bay's airport, 1943, part of their three- to four-week Royal Air Force trans-oceanic flying training. The vast Canadian wilderness served as an excellent and safe stand-in for the Atlantic Ocean.The RAF personnel melded seamlessly into North Bay. They loved the fresh wildness of the region, an exotic experience for many of the British. Area citizens welcomed them as part of the community. The Unit responded in kind, such as aiding blood donor drives, entering a team in the local softball league, and participated in shooting where they won and golf competitions, earning a consolation prize.[28]In September 1945, with the war over, the RCAF detachment disbanded. No. 313 Ferry Training Unit followed suit in October. Their facilities were donated to the Canadian government. Mass flying finished, the air traffic controllers were posted out and North Bay's airport returned to its sleepy, low-key pre-war state, and so it would remain until birth of the air base in 1951.[23]Despite the thousands of military flights transiting through North Bay and training for trans-oceanic flying, there were only 11 crashes, with only one being fatal. On 28 April 1945, a No. 313 Ferry Training Unit B-25 Mitchell crashed, killing pilots Flying Officer Leslie William Laurence Davies of England and Flight Sergeant William Gribbin of Scotland. Both men are buried in North Bay cemeteries.[29][30] This was also the first fatal crash of an aircraft, civilian or military, at North Bay's airport and in the North Bay area.","title":"Activities at North Bay 1920–1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_badge_of_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_Station_North_Bay.jpg"},{"link_name":"control tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_tower"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCAF_Station_North_Bay_diary-27"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceF-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceG-37"},{"link_name":"Regular Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Force"},{"link_name":"Reserve Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Reserve"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceG-37"}],"text":"Royal Canadian Air Force Station North Bay was founded on 1 September 1951, part of the expansion of Canada's air defences in face of the rising threat of nuclear air attack from the Soviet Union.[31] Canada, by virtue of its geography, was presented with an unpleasant situation. No sooner had the Second World War ended than friction between the Soviet Union and Western countries began, rapidly heated up, and spread around the globe, raising the spectre of a Third World War. Called the \"Cold War\", both sides had weapons pointed at each other—by 1949 nuclear weapons. The main adversaries were the Soviet Union and the United States. Canada lay between the two, meaning Soviet bombers would cross Canadian territory to strike at the United States, while U.S. fighters would swarm Canada to shoot them down. Whether the country liked it or not, in a war it would become a major nuclear battleground. For this reason, plus its long-standing friendship with the United States, Canada embarked on a nationwide development of its air defences, dovetailed with America's expansion of its own defences (which included building and manning numerous air defence radar sites on Canadian soil). North Bay's air force base was a piece of this development.Created in 1960 and authorized by Queen Elizabeth in 1961, it is the only Canadian Armed Forces badge that uses the logo of its neighbouring civilian community, specifically the City of North Bay's gateway.A massive building campaign began in 1951 around North Bay's tiny airport, including construction of an additional, larger double hangar; a proper control tower; air traffic control radio and radar systems; and fuel, oil, lubricant and weapons facilities for military aircraft; plus improvements to the runways, taxiways and aprons. In fact, North Bay was outfitted with a 10,000-foot runway, one of the longest in Canada, for reasons other than air defence: during war, the base was also a designated recovery site for American bombers returning damaged and/or short of fuel from nuclear strikes on the Soviet Union. A side effect of having this runway, decades later North Bay was selected as an emergency site for NASA's Space Shuttle, and periodically, due to the long runway and relatively isolated location, free of air traffic and built-up areas, plus security offered by the military, NASA used North Bay's airfield for research into different fields of aviation.Across Airport Road, the main route to the airfield from the City of North Bay, the rugged Northern Ontario terrain was cleared and the support infrastructure for the station built—headquarters, barracks, dining hall, messes, hospital, gym, motor pool, supply, firehall, RCAF police guardhouse, Protestant and Roman Catholic chapels, married quarters for air force families, and much more. The majority of facilities donated to the airfield by the British when the Royal Air Force departed at the end of the Second World War were demolished and replaced.[23]The base had the biggest impact on the community since the linking of railways with North Bay in the early 20th century. Construction, services and contracts for the base infused millions of dollars into the community, and by the end of November 1953 the RCAF station was the leading employer in the area: 1,018 military personnel plus over 160 civilians.[32] This status would continue for four decades, until the departure of the last flying squadron from North Bay in 1992 and subsequent downsizing of the air base. At its peak, the air base had a strength of about 2,200 military and civilian personnel.[33] (Base strength, as of June 2011, was 540 Regular Force, 77 Reserve Force, 34 United States Air Force and over 100 civilian personnel.)[33]","title":"RCAF Station North Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Officer Commanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_Commanding"},{"link_name":"[N 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Robert Braham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Braham"},{"link_name":"[N 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"RCAF Station Cold Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCAF_Station_Cold_Lake"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RCAF_No._3_All-Weather_(Fighter)_Operational_Training_Unit_pilot_and_jet.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RCAF_3AW(F)_OTU,_North_Bay,_circa_1957-59_Crest_Craft_back-stamp.jpg"}],"sub_title":"No. 3 All-Weather (Fighter) Operational Training Unit","text":"The air base's raison d'etre was (and still is) air defence. On 1 October 1951, one month after RCAF Station North Bay's official birth, No. 3 All-Weather (Fighter) Operational Training Unit was formed at the base. No. 3 AW(F)OTU was a state-of-the-art school teaching military flying, interception and fighter combat in all weather conditions, day or night—cutting-edge techniques in 1951. Students came from as far away as New Zealand. The instructors were among the world's elite in air defence. The unit's second Officer Commanding (OC) was Wing Commander Edward Crew, Royal Air Force.[N 5] Crew was replaced in 1954 by another Englishman, Wing Commander Robert Braham. [N 6] Crew and Braham also commanded RCAF Station North Bay for brief periods. No. 3 AW(F)OTU transferred to RCAF Station Cold Lake in mid-1955.[34]Among No. 3 AW(F)OTU's instructors were the first Americans to serve at North Bay's air base: USAF Major John Eiser and Captain B. Delosier, arriving 9 January 1952. Americans have continued to serve at North Bay in one military capacity or another into the 21st Century.In 1952 No. 3 AW(F)OTU adopted the nickname \"Night Witches\", suggested by the wife of the unit's Engineering Officer, and the orange and black logo seen on the nose of this CF-100 interceptor trainer, denoting its all-weather day-or-night operations. Department of National Defence image, courtesy 22 Wing Heritage Office Archives.A Squadron shoulder patch used by RCAF Aircrew with 3 AW(F)OTU in the late 50s. The back-stamp confirms the Crest was manufactured by Crest Craft and was only found on crests manufactured between 1957 through 1959.","title":"RCAF Station North Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"430 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/430_Squadron"},{"link_name":"445 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._445_Squadron_RCAF"},{"link_name":"419 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/419_Squadron"},{"link_name":"433 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/433_Squadron"},{"link_name":"414 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/414_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Canadair Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_Sabre"},{"link_name":"T-33 Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CT-133_Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"North American Harvards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan"},{"link_name":"[N 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Avro CF-100 Canuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-100_Canuck"},{"link_name":"CF-101 Voodoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_CF-101_Voodoo"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCAF_Station_North_Bay_diary-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CF_101_Voodoo.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fort William, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William,_Ontario"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RCAF_INTERCEPTOR_CREWS_SCRAMBLE_TO_NORTH_BAY_CF-100_FIGHTER_JETS_DURING_EXERCISE_SKY_SHIELD.jpg"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCAF_Station_North_Bay_diary-27"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Fighter squadrons","text":"The sole purpose of the air force base at North Bay is air defence, to monitor and protect the skies. At first this was limited to around North Bay, then expanded to the Northern Ontario area of Canada, then east, central and Arctic Canada, and finally all of Canada, the latter an area the size of Europe. Between the base's birth in 1951 to 1964, as well as the operational training unit, it was home to a succession of combat units devoted to this purpose.Five fighter interceptor squadrons served at North Bay. In succession, 430 Squadron (5 November 1951 to 27 September 1952), 445 Squadron (1 April to 31 August 1953), 419 Squadron (15 March 1954 to 1 August 1957), 433 Squadron (15 October 1955 to 1 August 1961) and 414 Squadron (1 August 1957 to 30 June 1964).430 Squadron flew Canadair Sabre Mark II fighters, plus T-33 Silver Star jet trainers and propeller-driven North American Harvards for training. While at North Bay, the squadron was commanded by James \"Stocky\" Edwards, a highly decorated and an extraordinarily skilled fighter pilot with an impressive wartime career. [N 7]North Bay's next fighter unit, 445 Squadron, was the first in the world armed with the Avro CF-100 Canuck interceptor. The CF-100 was one of two combat aircraft designed and built entirely in Canada, and the only one to enter air force service. It had the ability to hunt other aircraft in any weather, night or day, making the CF-100 the preeminent interceptor among global air forces when it began service with the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1952. Nos. 419, 433 and 414 Squadrons also flew CF-100 interceptors. CF-100s also flew with the RCAF in Europe on NATO deployments.North Bay's last fighter unit, 414 Squadron, was re-armed with the CF-101 Voodoo in 1962, flying the jet fighters in air defence until the squadron was disbanded in 1964.[23]Retired EF-101B \"Electric Voodoo\" on pedestal at the main gate to CFB North Bay.In addition to its fighter squadrons, from September 1956 – September 1960, North Bay operated a CF-100 Staging Detachment at Lakehead Airport in Fort William, Ontario. A pair of CF-100 interceptors from the base were deployed, or \"staged\", at the Lakehead to defend the Northwest Ontario and Manitoba regions of the country.In September 1960 and on 14 October 1961—the date of this photo at RCAF Station North Bay—NORAD conducted Exercise Sky Shield. Practicing to respond to an attack on North America, all civilian aircraft in Canada and the United States were ordered grounded, and remained at that status for hours, while over 1,800 NORAD interceptors took part in 6,000 sorties. It was the largest airborne military exercise in history. Department of National Defence image.In 1960 the staging detachment was changed from a fighter to a TACAN (Tactical Air Navigation) unit. RCAF Station North Bay also operated a second TACAN unit at Kapuskasing, in Northern Ontario. \"TACAN\" is a radio navigation beacon that helps military aircrew determine their location and direction of flight. In the 1950s and 1960s it was an indispensable aid when traversing the vast Canadian wilderness landscape. Flight computers in aircraft then were Stone Age compared to today, and navigation-assistance systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) did not exist. To get lost over Canada presented airmen with the prospect of running out of fuel and having to eject or crash-land in some of the wildest territory in North America. Wrecks and bodies were sometimes not found for weeks, months or years; some have never been found. To give an idea of the roughness of the Canadian wilderness: even though authorities knew the general location, it took four years to find a rocket pod full of live rockets that had jettisoned from a jet fighter in 1958 when a switch malfunctioned.[36]Both of North Bay's TACAN units were disbanded in the 1960s, but TACAN sites are still found throughout the country today, some providing assistance to civilian as well as military aviators.[23]A concern for northern and bush operations in Canada was in identifying the Magnetic North Pole, benchmark for all land, sea and air compasses in the northern hemisphere. The exact position of the Magnetic North Pole was not pinpointed until flyers from 22 Wing in 1948 plotted the exact position. At that point, 22 Wing was a photographic flying unit stationed at CFB Rockcliffe, Ontario, mapping and charting the country, separate from and unrelated to the air base at North Bay.[37]","title":"RCAF Station North Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beech C-45 Expeditor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_18"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47/CC-129 Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"131 Composite Unit and the temporary end of military flying at North Bay","text":"414 Squadron, North Bay's last fighter squadron, was disbanded in June 1964, partly due to government cuts to the RCAF, and partly due to a change in the strategy for the air defence of North America, that Soviet nuclear-weapon armed bombers should be stopped as far from the North American landmass as possible. Better to fight the war (especially one of nuclear weapons) over the ocean rather than over home territory; North Bay was deemed too far from the coast for its fighters to be useful in this strategy.414 Squadron's departure left 131 Composite Unit as the sole flying unit at the base. Formed on 1 July 1962, 131 Composite Unit was a \"catch-all\" organization that flew two-seat T-33 Silver Star jet trainers and propeller-engine Beech C-45 Expeditor and Douglas C-47/CC-129 Dakota transports. As well as hauling cargo and personnel, the unit provided targets for training of RCAF interceptor aircrews, and were used by pilots and navigators on the Northern NORAD Region headquarters staff, at the base, to maintain their flying skills.[38]131 Composite Unit was disbanded in November 1967. For the next five years, except for occasional visits by aircraft from other air force bases, all military flying at North Bay ceased. One of the hangars, once packed with jet interceptors, was converted into an ice arena for the City of North Bay. The only air defence activity at the base in this five-year period was in NORAD's famous Underground Complex (described below).","title":"RCAF Station North Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"9/11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"}],"text":"Air defence ground units are those air defence organizations not equipped with aircraft. The majority are devoted to searching for, identifying, and keeping track of aircraft in the sky, and coordinating with fighters to intercept aircraft that either cannot be identified; are suspicious; require assistance; participating in criminal activity; intruding in sovereign airspace; or have been declared hostile.Surface-to-air missile (SAM) squadrons like the BOMARCs in Canada during the 1960s and early 1970s are also considered air defence ground units. SAMs of course are used only in war, or if an isolated attack (such as the 9/11 attacks) is made during peacetime.In war, the air defence ground units monitoring the skies may use surface-to-air missiles as well as fighters to intercept and shoot down hostile aircraft and any air-to-surface missiles (ASMs) launched by those aircraft (especially since ASMs launched against countries or a continent are usually nuclear-tipped, aimed to destroy cities, military bases and industrial installations).Today, CFB North Bay is responsible for the air defence of all of Canada's skies, and, in concert with the United States, the skies over the Canadian-U.S. portion of the North American continent, an airspace about twice the size of Europe. The seeds of this important work were sown over 60 years ago in a tiny radar unit, crammed into a small clutch of trucks.","title":"Air Defence Ground Units and installations at North Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"6 Aircraft Control & Warning Unit","text":"North Bay's first air defence ground unit was 6 Aircraft Control & Warning Unit (abbreviated as \"6 AC&WU\"). Created on 4 February 1952, just four months after the base was born, the unit was equipped with Second World War-vintage British Air Ministry Experimental System (AMES) 11C radar equipment. Intended to be mobile, to move and operate wherever the air force needed it, 6 AC&WU worked inside a handful of van-size trucks. It stood sentinel over the skies in a circle of about 120 miles (190 kilometers) centered on the base at North Bay; its assignments were to detect all aircraft entering this area; evaluate who they were and if they posed a threat; provide early warning to RCAF Station North Bay of hostile, suspicious and unidentified aircraft; and guide the air station's jet fighters by radio to intercept these aircraft.6 AC&WU's strength comprised three officers and 32 Other Ranks. The latter including 19 airwomen, the first time in Royal Canadian Air Force history women were allowed to work in air defence.In March 1952 it was decided that 6 AC&WU would not be using its mobility, and the ground air defence unit was transferred out of its trucks into a building on the base.\"Ground Controlled Interception\", or \"GCI\", was a major function of the base, providing air force personnel in a ground station, like a radar site or an air defence command and control centre with the systems to guide fighters to intercept an aircraft. The ground control is done by radio. The usual method is the ground controller and the interceptor's aircrew talk to each other. In the past, on occasion – such as with the CF-101 Voodoo interceptor – the information could sometimes be transmitted to the fighter by datalink. Datalink sends information to the fighter's crew by the press of a button at a console in the ground station rather than a controller speaking to the aircrew, loosely similar to how WiFi sends data to computers today. Datalink has the advantage that, since no words are spoken, an enemy can't eavesdrop into the radio frequency and listen to what the ground controller and aircrew are doing and planning. Despite this advantage, the majority of GCI practiced by air forces around the world was (and still is) done by the ground controller and the aircrew talking over the radio.On 15 April 1952, 6 AC&WU carried out the first GCI at North Bay, a training session to evaluate the unit's people and radar equipment. The unit's ground controllers guided a No. 3 All-Weather (Fighter) Operational Training Unit jet interceptor against one of the operational training unit's twin-engine C-45 Expeditor transports. From the success of this and subsequent training, on 15 May 1952, 6 Aircraft Control & Warning Unit began around-the-clock air defence operations, working with 430 Squadron Sabre jet fighters for the defence of the North Bay area. It was the first small step in North Bay's gradual expansion to overseeing the air defence of the entire country.6 AC&WU continued as part of the base until 1 December 1952, when it was reassigned to a new, large radar station being built at Falconbridge, Ontario, about 65 miles (105 kilometres) west of North Bay. Renamed \"33 Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron Detachment\", the unit remained at North Bay for seven more months, defending the area, until the end of May 1953, when Falconbridge was finally ready to assume control of air defence in its region of Canada. (Falconbridge watched a circle of sky about 400 miles in diameter, about 640 kilometres, a dramatic improvement over 6 AC&WU.)[39]","title":"Air Defence Ground Units and installations at North Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RCAF Ground Observer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCAF_Ground_Observer_Corps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ground_Observer_Corps_Tower.jpg"},{"link_name":"SAGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment"},{"link_name":"Mid-Canada Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Canada_Line"},{"link_name":"Pinetree Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinetree_Line"},{"link_name":"[N 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceF-36"}],"sub_title":"Ground Observer Corps","text":"Between June 1953 and May 1960, two RCAF Ground Observer Corps groups operated in North Bay: 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit and 50 Ground Observer Corps Detachment. 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit was set up in a leased commercial building in the heart of the City of North Bay. Commanded by an RCAF squadron leader, and manned by RCAF personnel as well as seven paid civilian employees, it oversaw Ground Observer Corps Detachments and Observation Posts in Ontario at North Bay, Brockville, London and Peterborough, and at Winnipeg, Manitoba.Many GObC volunteers went to great lengths in the enthusiasm for their operations, such building this tower. Department of National Defence image.While 6 AC&WU had defended airspace in the vicinity of a single city, 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit was watching the skies over all of Ontario, part of Manitoba and a slice of western Quebec, an area larger than France, Belgium and the Netherlands combined. The scope of the Unit's operations is illustrated by one 1958 air defence exercise that involved 14,000 civilian volunteers and military personnel and over 60 aircraft.50 Ground Observer Corps Detachment and its filter centre belonged to 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit. Opened on 30 June 1953 by Air Vice Marshal Arthur James, Commander of the RCAF's Air Defence Command, the Detachment and its centre were installed in a converted ex-movie theatre in the Sibbett Building, a well-known downtown North Bay City landmark, and were responsible for surveillance of the skies and providing early warning of hostile aircraft in north-central Ontario, an area roughly the size of England, Scotland and Wales. Along with an RCAF Commanding Officer, a small RCAF staff, and 1 or 2 paid civilians, a large contingent of unpaid civilian volunteers were employed at the Detachment and its centre, hired through newspaper advertisements and recruiting drives at such places as movie theatres and department stores. Despite the heavy reliance on civilian volunteers, the Detachment and centre were round-the-clock operations, and trained exhaustively how to respond to a Soviet air attack, such as in the military exercise mentioned above.The problem with the Ground Observer Corps and its filter centres is that they largely mirrored the air defences of the Battle of Britain, 1940. They relied heavily on \"eyeball\" reports of aircraft, a particular conundrum if an air attack was made at night, in bad weather, or dense cloud cover when visibility was severely hampered or nonexistent. In the filter centres, aircraft movements were marked by plots hand-pushed atop giant map tables. In an age of jet aircraft and nuclear weapons this process was achingly slow and woefully unreliable. In May 1960 the Corps and its filter centres south of the 55th Parallel (including those in North Bay) were disbanded, rendered obsolete by NORAD's new computerized SAGE system and the (then) state-of-the-art Distant Early Warning, Mid-Canada Line and Pinetree Line radar networks.[N 8] The Ground Observer Corps north of the 55th Parallel was retained for four more years, due to the value to NORAD and RCAF Air Defence Command of observations phoned or radioed in of aircraft spotted crossing the north. In January 1964 the northern operations were ended, and the Ground Observer Corps finally disbanded.[32]","title":"Air Defence Ground Units and installations at North Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North American Aerospace Defense Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Grenville Metamorphic Event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenville_orogeny"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-50"}],"text":"During the Cold War, Canada found itself in an unenviable geographic position, lying directly between the Cold War's principal adversaries, the Soviet Union and United States. This meant if the war turned \"hot\", Canada would become a major nuclear battleground: to reach their American targets—cities, military bases and industrial installations—Soviet nuclear weapon–armed bombers would have to cross Canadian airspace, while U.S. interceptors would swarm Canadian airspace to shoot the attackers down (and vice versa).Thus by default Canada was the air defence \"front trenches\" for the North American continent. For this reason, plus its friendship with the United States, on 12 September 1957, Canada and the U.S. formed NORAD, the North American Air Defence Command, an organization that unified the two countries' air defences into a single, coordinated, fast-reacting, continent-wide network. It was (and still is) a true partnership; the Commander-in-Chief of NORAD is always an American, the deputy commander always a Canadian. Both are able to access the highest levels of the U.S. and Canadian militaries and national governments. Canadian and American NORAD personnel work at each other's bases and installations, performing the same defence duties.The NORAD Agreement was officially signed by both nations on 12 May 1958. The name was altered to North American Aerospace Defense Command, 12 May 1981, to more accurately reflect the extent of command's responsibilities, keeping watch of activities in space over North America as well as those inside the Earth's atmosphere.By virtue of Canada's frontline position, the Canadian air defence command and control centre was deemed the most important piece of the NORAD \"pie\", with respect to bombers. (North Bay was never involved in ballistic missile defence.) Its early warning of and reaction against a Soviet nuclear air attack were critical for the survival of the U.S.-Canadian portion of the North American continent. As one air force officer put it: \"(regarding a bomber attack) We lose North Bay, we lose the continent.\"[41] Ergo, the centre was a prime target for a Soviet nuclear strike. To minimize the possibility of its destruction, planners decided to build the facility underground. It would be the only subterranean regional command and control centre in NORAD.Following a cross-Canada survey of candidate sites, North Bay was selected for the following reasons:An air force base existed, eliminating the need to build one.\nThe City of North Bay was a crossroad of rail, highway and telecommunications.\nThe geology comprised a 2.6 billion year old rock formation altered 1.5 billion years ago by the Grenville Metamorphic Event into granite, one of the hardest rock types on the planet, excellent armour against a nuclear strike.\nTrout Lake, on the eastern edge of the city, presented an abundant source of water needed to cool the complex.[42]","title":"NORAD and the Underground Complex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-50"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defence_1962-51"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-50"}],"sub_title":"Construction of the Underground Complex","text":"Construction of the Underground Complex (UGC) took four years, August 1959 to September 1963: 1+1⁄2 years for excavation; 2+1⁄2 years to build and outfit the centre. The cost was $51,000,000. One-third was paid by Canada, two-thirds by the U.S.[42][43] Situated 60 storeys beneath the surface of the Earth (600 feet (180 meters)—deeper underground than most of the buildings in Toronto are tall—the facility was specially designed to withstand a 4-megaton nuclear blast, 267 times more powerful than the bomb dropped at Hiroshima.[44]Because its subterranean location complicated access by firefighting vehicles and personnel, the complex was fashioned from fire-retardant and fireproof materials, making it one of the most fire-safe structures in the country.The complex (which still exists) comprises two sections. The \"Main Installation\" is a three-storey, figure-eight-shaped building inside a 430-foot-long (131 meters (430 feet)-wide (70.1 meter), 5.4-storey high (54 feet (16 meters) cave. The \"Power Cavern\", which provides life support and utility services to the complex, is a 401-foot-long (122.23 meters (401.0 feet)-wide (15.24 meter), 2.7-storey high (27-foot (8.2-meter) chamber.Access to the complex is via a 6,600-foot-long (2,012 meter) North Tunnel from the air base, and a 3,150-foot-long (960 meter) South Tunnel from the city. The tunnels meet; the idea was if a nuclear weapon struck the air base the blast would shoot down the North Tunnel and out the South Tunnel, minimizing blast damage to the complex and its structures. In fact, the three-storey Main Installation is mounted off the ground on specially designed pillars (not springs) to reduce seismic shock—on 1 January 2000, North Bay was hit by an earthquake registering 5.2 on the Richter magnitude scale, yet occupants in the Main Installation did not feel a thing.[42]As an added measure against damage from a nuclear blast, as well as for the security of the installation, the complex is situated behind three 19-ton steel bank vault-type doors. The doors are normally kept open, and shut in times of emergency. Despite weighing as much as a medium-size bulldozer, each door is so well balanced it can be moved effortlessly by a 12-year-old child.","title":"NORAD and the Underground Complex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCAF_Station_North_Bay_diary-27"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defence_1962-51"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-55"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-55"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Features of the Underground Complex","text":"Air defence operations officially began in the UGC on 1 October 1963, and continued around-the-clock, unabated for 43 years until October 2006. There was nothing like it in NORAD (the Cheyenne Mountain Complex did not officially open until 1966) or in Canada, and it attracted worldwide interest. Its opening was reported in newspapers throughout the United States;[23] it was the subject of numerous engineering publications;[43] and visitors included the commander of the Japanese Air Self Defense Force, commander of the Royal New Zealand Air Force, and Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia[45] In its heyday about 700 Canadian and American military and civilian personnel worked in the centre, in day jobs and shift work. As well as air defence facilities, the Main Installation encompassed a barber shop, small medical centre, gym, cafeteria, chaplain's office, and other amenities for the complex's personnel (important since the complex was designed to seal up in time of war), plus a command post, intelligence centre, briefing rooms, a telephone switching network large enough to handle a town of 30,000 people, and a national civil defence warning centre.When sealed up, the Underground Complex could support 400 people for upwards of four weeks cut off from the outside world. Since Canada would be the front line for the air defence of North America if the Cold War turned \"hot\", it was crucial to ensure that air defence operations would continue as long as possible. A critical factor was electrical power. The complex gets its power from the outside civilian hydro-electric grid. In the event of a power failure, such as the August 2003 blackout that hobbled the northeast United States and Canada, two banks of 194 batteries automatically switch on and provide electricity to the complex while an electrical generator is readied to take the load. Once a generator is running, it can power the complex without stopping as long as it has fuel. The generator can also power key air base buildings on the Earth's surface. Originally the complex had six 750-kilowatt generators. These were replaced in the 1990s by three 1.2-megawatt generators. Both types of generators could run on diesel or natural gas. If the Cold War had turned \"hot\", and the complex sealed airtight and forced to use its generators for electrical power, the facility's NORAD commander faced a harrowing choice. The original 750-kilowatt generators devoured air voraciously; in the sealed up environment of the complex, instead of weeks the generators would have cut life support for the complex's personnel to a mere few hours, as the machines sucked away the breathable atmosphere. The commander could limit use of the generators to prolong his personnel's survival, but a nuclear air attack would have demanded maximum power from all of the generators to support the complex's air defence computers and electronics in order to repel the invaders, i.e. the commander and his personnel would be dead in hours. Luckily a crisis that called for such a choice to be made never arose during the Underground Complex's 43 years.The Underground Complex is colloquially referred to as \"The Hole\". Although officially titled the Combat Centre/Direction Centre (CC/DC) Installation when it began air defence operations,[46] during its construction it was known as the \"SAGE Installation, North Bay\",[47] a term still often used today. Canada and the United States combined are roughly twice the size of Europe—a Battle of Britain-style air defence network was too slow and unwieldy to protect such vast airspace in an age of jet aircraft and nuclear weapons. SAGE was a massive computer system that linked the ground elements of Canadian and American air defence—such as command and control centres, radar sites, and headquarters—providing high speed detection of aircraft, assistance in their rapid identification, and, when required, aiding quick Ground Controlled Interception of unknown, suspicious and hostile aircraft. Also, the SAGE system enabled the different NORAD regions and NORAD headquarters to interact seamlessly in their air defence activities and crises.The Underground Complex's SAGE computer equipment comprised a pair of computers, nicknamed \"Bonnie and Clyde\", plus Maintenance & Programming and Input & Output areas. Combined, \"Bonnie and Clyde\" weighed 275 tons (245.5 metric tonnes); encompassed 11,900 square feet of floor space (.273 acres, 1,105.5 square meters—the floorspace of a dozen small houses); and had a (then) staggering memory capacity of about 256K. When the Maintenance & Programming and Input & Output areas are included, total floor space used by SAGE was 18,810 sq ft (1,747.5 sq m – equal in size to about 20 small homes).[47]In 1982–1983, the SAGE computer system was replaced throughout NORAD by the \"Regional Operations Control Centre/Sector Operations Control Centre\" computer system. This long-winded term is abbreviated \"ROCC/SOCC\". It was a faster, more versatile and, in particular, substantially smaller system. North Bay's ROCC/SOCC total computer components took up the floor space equal to about two houses versus 20 for SAGE. North Bay's SAGE computer system was also tied into Canada's BOMARC nuclear-tipped air defence missiles. Cost to convert systems in North Bay was $96,000,000.[48]The ROCC/SOCC system remained in use in North Bay until air defence operations were moved out of the Underground Complex, in October 2006. The ROCC/SOCC system, better known as the FYQ-93 by the technicians who maintained it, was officially powered down by the last Aerospace Telecommunications and Information Systems Technician (ATIS Tech) to work on the system, Sergeant (then Corporal) Michael A. Dambrauskas. A ceremonial Shutdown was later performed by one of the ROCC/SOCC's longest serving technicians, Master Warrant Officer (MWO) Jean-Pierre Paris.Due to its important, sensitive role in the security of Canada and North America, working in the Underground Complex was limited to very few people. Over its 43-year span in air defence operations only about 17,000 Canadian and American military personnel and civilians served in the UGC. Of this number approximately 15,500 were Canadians, out of nearly a million men and women over the same timeframe who were members of Canada's Department of National Defence.","title":"NORAD and the Underground Complex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-57"}],"sub_title":"NORAD regions at North Bay","text":"The Canada-United States portion of North America is colossal, about twice the size of Europe. To enable thorough, in-depth air defence operations over such a vast territory, NORAD divided its organization into divisions and regions. Each division and region was responsible to NORAD Headquarters in Colorado Springs for watching over and protecting the air sovereignty in their geographic chunk of Canada and/or the United States.The Underground Complex was home to three successive NORAD regions. Each region was the largest in NORAD's organization. The first was the \"Northern NORAD Region (NNR)\", created with the formation of NORAD in 1957. Originally set up at Air Defence Command, at RCAF Station St. Hubert, an air base just south of Montreal, Quebec, the NNR was transferred to North Bay in 1962–1963 to operate in the then new Underground Complex. The NNR's area of responsibility comprised the north, Atlantic and east-central airspaces of Canada, the frontline \"trenches\" of North America with respect to the Soviet Union, as well as the northern two-thirds of the state of Maine.American NORAD regions oversaw air security for the rest of Canada. Because of the severe nature of the Cold War, everything that flew into the Northern NORAD Region had to be identified within two minutes by Underground Complex air defence personnel. If an aircraft was still unknown at two minutes, fighters were scrambled to intercept it, to find out why the aircraft could not be identified. If necessary, the fighters would force the aircraft to land at the nearest airfield, and the aircraft met by authorities. If hostile, the aircraft would be shot down.From receiving notification from North Bay to scramble, the jet fighters had to be airborne within five minutes. Under certain conditions, 15 minutes or even one hour was permitted, but five minutes was the norm. To meet this requirement, jet fighters were positioned at air force bases across Canada and in Maine, fully fuelled and fully armed, 24 hours a day/seven days per week. They, and their pilots, were housed in special Quick Reaction Alert hangars (abbreviated \"QRA\") at the end of runways. When North Bay contacted an air base for a scramble, simultaneously air traffic control on that base would halt and/or move aside all activity on the airfield. The fighter pilots would strap into and start their jets and the QRA's doors opened, then the jets would taxi out to the runway and take off.In effect, the total time from Northern NORAD Region detecting an aircraft to jet fighters taking off was seven minutes. Anything longer without an excellent reason was deemed unacceptable, and could result in disciplining by NORAD authorities of everyone involved in the operation.In July 1969, NORAD underwent a continent-wide revamping of its organization. The Northern NORAD Region was redesignated as the \"22nd NORAD Region (22nd NR)\", but its area of responsibility: north, Atlantic and east-central Canada and northern Maine—remained unaltered.On 1 July 1983, the SAGE computer network at North Bay was officially switched off, and air defence operations taken over by the Underground Complex's Regional Operations Control Center/Sector Operations Control Center (ROCC/SOCC) computer system. The ROCC/SOCC system was incorporated throughout NORAD, as well as in North Bay, and caused another wholesale re-arranging of North America's air defences. In particular to Canada, the 22nd NORAD Region was replaced by the \"Canadian NORAD Region (CANR)\", Maine was transferred to an American NORAD centre, and the Underground Complex given responsibility for monitoring and protection of the airspace of the entire country. Canadian Forces Base North Bay had become the most important air base in Canada, with respect to the defence of the country and the continent.The Canadian NORAD Region still exists. Its headquarters moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba, in April 1997, but air defence operations remained in North Bay.In October 2006, Canadian NORAD Region air defence operations moved out of the Underground Complex into a new state-of-the-art installation built on the Earth's surface, named the Sgt David L. Pitcher Building after a Canadian serviceman who was killed in the crash of a United States Air Force AWACS patrol plane, in 1995.[49]","title":"NORAD and the Underground Complex"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rcaf_447_squadorn_BOMARC.png"},{"link_name":"CIM-10 BOMARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIM-10_BOMARC"},{"link_name":"surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rcaf_446_squadorn_BOMARC.png"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCAF_Station_North_Bay_diary-27"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-57"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"government indecision as to whether to equip the Canadian military with nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomarc_Missile_Crisis"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bomarc_on_launch_erector.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canadore College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadore_College"}],"text":"447 Squadron emblem (1960s)North Bay's Underground Complex was also the command and control centre for two CIM-10 BOMARC surface-to-air missile squadrons in Canada. From 28 December 1961 – 31 March 1972, 446 Surface-to-Air Missile Squadron operated five miles (eight kilometres) north of the City of North Bay, at the site of a former RCAF radio station. The second squadron, 447 Surface-to-Missile Squadron, operated from a newly constructed site at La Macaza, Quebec. Each site was equipped with 29 BOMARC missiles: 28 for combat and a 29th for training purposes. The BOMARC was tipped with a 10-kiloton W-40 nuclear warhead (the bomb used at Hiroshima was 15 kilotons). In the event of a Soviet air attack on North America, some or all of the 56 missiles would have been launched into the air raids, and their nuclear warheads detonated, to destroy as many of the bombers as possible, while crippling surviving aircraft or \"cooking\" their bombs (rendering their nuclear devices inoperable) such that they could not complete their missions. The skies of central to eastern Canada would have been awash in Hiroshima-level detonations.446 Squadron emblem (1960s)The BOMARCs were deployed in the United States as well as Canada. While U.S. missiles were controlled strictly by American authorities, the Canadian BOMARCs were an international affair. The missiles were under Canadian government control, the warheads controlled by the United States. Permission was required from both governments for a launch. To activate a missile for launch, a Canadian and American officer at the BOMARC site, and a Canadian and American officer in the Underground Complex simultaneously turned keys. To launch, the Canadian and American officers in the UGC, at separate consoles, pressed a button at the same time. The missile would then be guided by a controller at a SAGE console in the UGC, until 10 miles (16 kilometres) from its target(s), then the BOMARC's homing system would take over and steer the missile until detonation. No BOMARCs were launched in Canada; squadron personnel from North Bay and La Macaza fired missiles (non-nuclear warhead) at the Santa Rosa Island Test Facility, Florida.[23][49]Due to the nuclear nature of the missiles all potential Bomarc personnel underwent Human Reliability Program tests to weed out those with \"hidden idiosyncrasies, repressions, emotional disturbances, psychosomatic traits and even latent homosexuality\". Their \"family, friends, past history, schooling, religion and travel experiences were also gone into\".[50]From 1961 to the end of 1963, the BOMARCs were not equipped with their warheads due to government indecision as to whether to equip the Canadian military with nuclear weapons. In late 1963, nuclear weapons were finally approved by the federal government, and the warheads distributed to the sites between 31 December 1963 and early 1964. They were to remain under American control; therefore, a section of each site was fenced off and declared American territory. Here the warheads were stored and serviced when not on installed in the BOMARCs. Canadians were not permitted to enter the area; when time came to load it onto a missile, a small, special gate was opened in the American section and the warhead pushed through into the Canadian side. In 1972, during the disbanding of the BOMARC squadrons and closing of the two sites, the warheads were removed from Canada.[51]RCAF Bomarc on launch erector (1965)The missile site was sold to Canadore College, which used it as a flight and aircraft maintenance training centre.","title":"BOMARC"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CANADIAN_FORCES_BASE_NORTH_BAY_BADGE.jpg"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Official badge of the air force base at North Bay, Ontario, after it changed from an RCAF Station to a Canadian Forces Base. Image courtesy and copyright 22 Wing/CFB North Bay, authorized by the Base Commander.RCAF Station North Bay was renamed the Canadian Forces Base North Bay (abbreviated \"CFB North Bay\") on 1 April 1966 as part of the Canadian government's plan to merge the country's air force, army, and navy into a single entity: the Canadian Armed Forces. This plan, called \"Unification,\" came into effect on 1 February 1968. The word \"Armed\" was eventually removed, and the country's military became the \"Canadian Forces,\" a term that was used for many years until the reintroduction of the word \"Armed\" coinciding with the 2011 change of the air and sea elements being individually renamed as the \"Royal Canadian Air Force\" and \"Royal Canadian Navy.\"From December 1967 until August 1972, there were no flying units at CFB North Bay. The airfield portion of the base, at one time a thriving fighter station, fell largely into disuse. For example, one of its main hangars, employed to service and house heavily armed jet interceptors, was converted into an ice rink and saw year-round use by hockey leagues, figure skating clubs, and various other civilian entities in and around the City of North Bay.[52]","title":"Canadian Forces Base North Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"414 (Electronic Warfare) Squadron","text":"414 Squadron returned to CFB North Bay in August 1972. Deployed as an electronic warfare unit, the squadron trained flying and ground air defence personnel to fight a war when an enemy has disrupted radar systems and radio communications. Specializing in the jamming, interference, and \"stealing of radar and radio signals,\" the unit earned considerable renown, even notoriety, for its abilities. Its services were frequently requested by the navy and American armed forces.Regarding the stealing of radar, the 414 Squadron personnel would electronically find and lock onto the radar set of a jet or a ground station, and take control of it. In stealing a radio communication frequency, 414 would pretend to be a fighter pilot or ground controller, and disrupt the air defence by doing things such as sending fighters in a wrong direction. A superb example of such stealing took place during a huge air exercise at Cold Lake, Alberta. A swarm of American and Canadian aircraft were divided into two teams. One team received command, control, and warnings of an enemy from a United States Air Force Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) jet, whose radar could monitor the entire battlefield. The crew of a 414 Squadron aircraft, the other team, was unable to break into the AWACS's air defence radio frequencies, but instead managed to contact the pilot and convince him that the AWACS had to return immediately to their home base at Tinker, Oklahoma. Off the AWACS flew, leaving their team to fend for themselves.[53] \nIn July 1992, 414 Squadron was split into two units and posted to the east and west coasts of Canada. It was the last military flying unit in North Bay. Thereafter, all of the base's airfield facilities were either demolished or sold, and CFB North Bay became the only air base in Canada not to have any military flying whatsoever.[54] The federal government considered the possibility of shutting down the facility altogether.","title":"Canadian Forces Base North Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Aerospace_Control_and_Warning_Squadron"},{"link_name":"51 Aerospace Control & Warning Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=51_Aerospace_Control_%26_Warning_Squadron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:22_WING_BADGE.jpg"}],"sub_title":"22 Wing","text":"On 1 April 1993, all Canadian air bases were dubbed \"wings\" to restore an air force cachet to the installations, lost when the Canadian government lumped the army, navy and air force into a single military force in 1968[citation needed]. North Bay's base became \"22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay\", abbreviated as \"22 Wing/CFB North Bay\". It is often referred to simply as \"22 Wing\". The number \"22\" was chosen for North Bay to honour the old 22nd NORAD Region. [citation needed]One of the units at the base was 22 Radar Control Wing, which evolved out of a unit called the \"Radar Control Wing\". The Radar Control Wing was created by the air force in 1987 to run day-to-day air defence operations in the Underground Complex for the Canadian NORAD Region. When an extraordinary event occurred or was about to occur, such as the approach to Canada of Soviet bombers, the Radar Control Wing alerted the Canadian NORAD Region, and the region's general and selected members of his staff would man a command post on the second floor of the Underground Complex. The Radar Control Wing and command post would then coordinate their efforts to handle the situation. For example, regarding Soviet bombers, while the Radar Control Wing saw to such activities as intercepting the aircraft and coordinating with civilian air traffic control in the area of the interception to avoid running into airliners, the command post would advise and consult with NORAD Headquarters in Colorado Springs, arrange an AWACS aircraft to assist, if deemed useful, and talk with the adjacent American NORAD region if it looked like the intercepted aircraft would enter their area, too.When the Radar Control Wing was created, it was given command of the Sector Operations Control Centre East, which watched the eastern half of Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Manitoba border, and the Sector Operations Control Centre West, which oversaw Canadian skies from Manitoba to the Pacific Ocean.In June 1989, the wing was renamed \"22 Radar Control Wing\". Simultaneously, the eastern control centre was renamed 21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron and the western centre became 51 Aerospace Control & Warning Squadron. Although it resided on CFB North Bay, and the base provided such things as pay, clothing and medical services, 22 Radar Control Wing was an entirely separate entity from the base with its own commander and staff of personnel.In 1992, CFB North Bay and 22 Radar Control Wing were amalgamated under a single commander and command staff, but the base was still officially CFB North Bay. The wing and the base remained as separate organizations until united into 22 Wing/CFB North Bay in April 1993.New (and current) badge of the air force base at North Bay, Ontario, authorized in 1995 after \"22 Wing\" was added to the name.","title":"Canadian Forces Base North Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Near-death of the base, massive reductions and their effects on North Bay","text":"As well as divesting the base of the airfield following 414 Squadron's departure in 1992, the Canadian government embarked on the wholesale demolition of CFB North Bay's non-airfield buildings and facilities, and dramatically slashed the numbers of civilian and military base personnel. Finally, the Canadian government announced it was closing the base, and the destruction of the base and reduction of its personnel accelerated.This decision to close the base was monumental from a military standpoint since North Bay was the nerve center for the air defence of the country, and intricately tied into the United States in the air defence network of the continent. Somehow this huge, complex, deeply entrenched system for national and continental air defence would have to be transposed en masse to another base, yet no other base in Canada had the means in place to receive the system.From the non-military perspective, the decision had a seismic effect on the civilian community. CFB North Bay was the adjoining city's biggest industry.[55] Between hiring employees from the community, contracting work on the base (such as roofing upgrades to its buildings), making purchases in local businesses, plus the money spent by its personnel and their family members, CFB North Bay infused tens of millions of dollars into the community annually. Already, due to the drop off of income from reductions to the base and its number of personnel, dozens of restaurants, shops and other businesses had folded.[56] Exacerbating the situation the City of North Bay was being hit by another financial hammer—massive cutbacks to its fifth largest industry, the railways. Therefore, the base's closing was perceived by the community as catastrophic, and North Bay political, business and civic leaders launched a vocal, dogged, energetic campaign to persuade the Canadian government to reverse the decision. They succeeded. On 8 May 1998, Minister of National Defence the Honourable Art Eggleton visited North Bay and announced that the base would stay open indefinitely.Despite the reprieve, the Minister stated that drastic cuts to the base were to continue. Manpower on the base, once numbering 2,200 military and civilian employees, was 530 when the announcement was made; the Minister remarked that another 100 personnel would be cut, and the base's infrastructure, at one time well over 100 buildings, was to be chopped to five, plus the air defence centre.[57]","title":"Canadian Forces Base North Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Bay_Airport_and_CFB_North_Bay_map.png"},{"link_name":"Jean Chrétien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien"},{"link_name":"Boeing E-3 Sentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_E-3_Sentry"},{"link_name":"Elmendorf Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmendorf_Air_Force_Base"}],"text":"22 Wing/CFB North Bay has continued as the centre for the air defence of the country, and partner with the United States in NORAD guarding the air sovereignty of the continent. In the late 1990s plans were enacted for a new air defence facility to replace the aging Underground Complex. The complex's air defence electronic, communications and computer systems—the leading edge of early 1980s technology—had become antiquated, struggling to cope with the demands and crises of an Internet Age world. Moreover, the cost of operating the decades-old, shopping centre-size subterranean complex was rapidly becoming prohibitive.Map showing the extent of CFB North Bay in the 21st Century. To the north is North Bay Airport.On 20 August 2003, Prime Minister the Right Honourable Jean Chrétien turned soil inaugurating the construction of a new above ground complex. Three years later, 12 October 2006, 43 years and 11 days after the Underground Complex's birth, a new surface installation was opened by Minister of National Defence, the Honorable Gordon O'Connor, officially taking the baton of air defence operations from the Underground Complex. The new installation was named the Sgt David L. Pitcher Building, in honour of a Canadian Forces Air Defence Technician who was killed in the crash of a Boeing E-3 Sentry Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft, call sign Yukla 27, at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, on 22 September 1995. The aircraft ingested birds into two of its four engines during takeoff; all 24 crew members were killed.","title":"Re-Shaping of 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay & the 21st Century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colony_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Laurence Fishburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne"},{"link_name":"Bill Paxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Paxton"},{"link_name":"Kevin Zegers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Zegers"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"End of Air Defence Operations in the Underground Complex","text":"On 26 October 2006, the Base Commander Colonel Rick Pitre led a parade of personnel in a ceremonial march-out of the Underground Complex, symbolically closing out all military operations in the Underground Complex for good. Since then the UGC has been maintained in \"warm storage\". All of its furniture, effects and equipment were removed except for the environmental controls, equipment and machinery in the Power Cavern. The Power Cavern (life support for the Underground Complex) has continued to provide heat, ventilation, air conditioning and other utility operations to prevent the complex from falling into decay. It is hoped that the complex will be leased or bought; it is one of the most secure, fire-safe facilities in the country, endowed with precision environmental controls that are ideal for certain uses such as an archives storage.One option that arose: after three years of visits and discussions with DND and the base the Canadian motion picture company Alcina Pictures shot part of a science fiction movie in the Underground Complex. The low budget production, called The Colony, stars Laurence Fishburne, Bill Paxton and Kevin Zegers. In 2007, the base began entertaining the idea of using the UGC as a site for motion picture and television productions as a means to help offset its operating cost. Maintaining the UGC in warm storage required an outlay of $1,500 per day, with no foreseeable sale or lease of the site on the horizon, and many visitors had remarked about the Dr. Strangelove/mad scientist's lair look of the complex. The Ontario Media Development Corporation was subsequently contacted by the base, and representatives given a comprehensive tour. The Colony resulted, but, the requirements of security, logistics and other operations of the base for the movie proved staggering. The Underground Complex will not be used in this capacity again.In 2005, the Main Installation and Power Cavern were designated as Federal Heritage Buildings, \"Control Building 55\" and \"Power Cavern 53\", on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings.[58]","title":"Re-Shaping of 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay & the 21st Century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alaskan NORAD Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command#Alaska_NORAD_Region"},{"link_name":"Continental U.S. NORAD Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_NORAD_Region"},{"link_name":"Canadian NORAD Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command#Canadian_NORAD_Region"},{"link_name":"Headquarters of the Canadian NORAD Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Canadian_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Aerospace_Control_and_Warning_Squadron"},{"link_name":"51 Aerospace Control and Warning Operational Training Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51_Aerospace_Control_and_Warning_Operational_Training_Squadron"},{"link_name":"air defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare#AA_warfare_systems"}],"sub_title":"NORAD Air Defence organization today","text":"In 2000, the air defence aspect at 22 Wing/CFB North Bay was given the title \"Canadian Air Defence Sector\", abbreviated as \"CADS\". As a result, NORAD air defence in Canada in the 21st Century is organized as follows:Canada and the United States are divided into three NORAD Regions: the Alaskan NORAD Region, the Continental U.S. NORAD Region and the Canadian NORAD Region. Headquarters of the Canadian NORAD Region is in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Canadian NORAD Region operations center, which watches the skies and reacts to problems in the air, is the Canadian Air Defence Sector, at North Bay. The CADS was originally situated in the Underground Complex; as described above it moved above ground in October 2006, into the building named after Sergeant David L. Pitcher.CADS is just one of many parts of 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay. 21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron is the unit in CADS that carries out the air sovereignty of Canada. 51 Aerospace Control and Warning Operational Training Squadron is the operational training unit in CADS. It trains and tests military personnel in the various jobs and duties of air defence, as well as such non-air defence activities as first-aid and small arms handling.","title":"Re-Shaping of 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay & the 21st Century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"11 September 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11"},{"link_name":"Korean Air Flight 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_85"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"F-15s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Operation Noble Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XL"},{"link_name":"19 Wing/Canadian Forces Base Comox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Comox"},{"link_name":"Western Air Defense Sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Air_Defense_Sector"},{"link_name":"2002 G8 Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_G8_summit"},{"link_name":"G8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_G8_summit"},{"link_name":"G20 Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_G-20_Toronto_summit"},{"link_name":"2010 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Russian submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika_2007"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceD-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceE-7"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"North Bay Air Defence Operations in the 21st Century","text":"The end of the Cold War on Christmas Day 1991 stirred many arguments in Canada and internationally that an era of global safety from major threats had arrived, and entities like NORAD were no longer needed. However, the al-Qaeda attacks of 11 September 2001 (colloquially known as the \"9/11\" attacks) against New York City and Washington, D.C. proved the necessity of continued surveillance and defence of North American skies, that attacks to the continent can come from anywhere, at any time, and in a least expected manner.In another vivid example, on 11 September 2001, a Korean Air Flight 85 Boeing 747 en route to New York City from Seoul, Korea, headed to Anchorage, Alaska, for a refuelling stop, was ordered to land at Whitehorse, Yukon Territory. First, while making towards Anchorage, the crew had sent a text message to its airline including the letters \"HJK\", code for hijack, which prompted a scramble of two F-15s.F-15s from Elmendorf Air Force Base by the Alaskan NORAD Region to intercept the jet, and Alaskan air traffic control to ask the Korean Air pilots via coded questions if they had been hijacked. During this exchange, the Korean pilots, supposedly on the instructions of ATC, set their transponder to 7500, which officially declared themselves hijacked. The Alaskan NORAD Region advised ATC they would shoot down the airliner if it flew near any significant ground targets, such as a city. ATC ordered the Korean crew to fly to Whitehorse instead, avoiding all populated centers in Alaska.When the airliner and F-15s entered Canadian airspace they also entered the Canadian NORAD Region, thus came under the watch and control of the Canadian Air Defence Sector at 22 Wing/CFB North Bay. Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien gave his permission to the Canadian NORAD Region Commander in Winnipeg: if the situation warranted North Bay could order the F-15s to shoot down Korean Air Flight 85. Fortunately the airliner landed without incident at Whitehorse. Royal Canadian Mounted Police boarded the aircraft; their investigation and interrogation of the pilots revealed no hijack, the incident apparently resulting from misunderstandings in the communications between the crew and Alaskan ATC.[59]22 Wing/CFB North Bay has been a participant in Operation Noble Eagle (abbreviated \"ONE\") since the operation was created by the United States on 14 September 2001, as a result of 9/11. ONE's purpose is to watch for and defend against similar air threats. For example, on 5 February 2006 the Canadian Air Defence Sector at 22 Wing/CFB North Bay provided air defence security over the Windsor, Ontario-Detroit, Michigan area, in support of Super Bowl XL, played in Detroit, and on 10 April 2012, a Korean Air Boeing 777 that had taken off from Vancouver International Airport was intercepted by F-15s under North Bay's control and diverted to 19 Wing/Canadian Forces Base Comox, British Columbia, after a bomb threat was reported against the airliner. The USAF F-15s had been scrambled from Portland, Oregon, in NORAD's Western Air Defense Sector (Continental U.S. NORAD Region), instead of RCAF CF-18s from Canada because the United States Air Force fighters were closer to the Korean airliner. Since NORAD is bi-national, Canadian and American interceptors routinely work with each other's NORAD air defence centers.North Bay has also provided air defence security for many events unrelated to Operation Noble Eagle, such as the 2002 G8 Summit at Kananaskis, Alberta, the 2010 G8/G20 Summit at Huntsville and Toronto, Ontario and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. For the latter, for the first time in its history, in order to meet any threats posed by slow speed aircraft, North Bay's NORAD controllers trained to carry out Ground Controlled Interceptions of helicopters.In August 2007, a Russian submarine planted a one-meter titanium Russian flag on the sea bottom at the geographic North Pole, both as a propaganda venture and as a hint at the country's mindset towards the untapped multibillion-dollar oil and gas fields beneath the Arctic ice. That September, the Russians followed up by resuming Bear bomber flights along the northern fringe of North American airspace. Their aircraft have been intercepted both by the Alaskan NORAD Region and by Canadian CF-18 and American F-15 fighters controlled by the CADS at 22 Wing/CFB North Bay.[60]On 30 January 2014, North Bay officially added space surveillance to its operations. In 2010 its NORAD operations had taken the first steps to prepare for this new responsibility, forming a Space Surveillance Operations Centre (SSOC) that would act as part of the United States Space Surveillance Network. Sapphire, Canada's first military satellite, had been originally slated for a Russian rocket, but the washing machine-size craft was allocated to India in 2008–09. In 2010 two Indian rockets carrying commercial payloads went out of control and exploded, setting back scheduled launches—including Sapphire—years. After a continuous string of postponements the satellite was finally launched in February 2013. For the year of 2014, following its Final Operational Certification on 30 January, Sapphire delivered 1.2 million observations of space objects to the surveillance network.[5][6]In 2017, the Canadian Broadcast Museum Foundation announced that it was in negotiations to take over the underground bunker as a storage repository for the country's audiovisual broadcasting archives.[61]","title":"Re-Shaping of 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay & the 21st Century"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Miscellaneous"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"22 Wing Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_Wing_Band"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22WBand-70"}],"sub_title":"22 Wing Band","text":"The 22 Wing Band was formed in 1990. It performs mainly in military functions but also public and charity events.[62]","title":"Miscellaneous"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Cadets"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-547CanucksSummer-71"}],"sub_title":"Air Cadets","text":"While all regular-force flying units have moved away from the base, the civilian North Bay airfield is still home to a cadet gliding operation training air cadets as glider pilots.[63]","title":"Miscellaneous"}]
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[{"image_text":"No photos were taken of the North Bay overflight; this image of the F.3 was shot shortly afterwards, upon arrival at the Red River, Manitoba. Department of National Defence photo.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/F.3_aircraft_just_landed_at_Sault_Ste._Marie%2C_Ontario%2C_after_using_North_Bay_as_a_checkpoint_on_its_cross-country_flight.jpg/220px-F.3_aircraft_just_landed_at_Sault_Ste._Marie%2C_Ontario%2C_after_using_North_Bay_as_a_checkpoint_on_its_cross-country_flight.jpg"},{"image_text":"Allied aircrew at North Bay's airport, 1943, part of their three- to four-week Royal Air Force trans-oceanic flying training. The vast Canadian wilderness served as an excellent and safe stand-in for the Atlantic Ocean.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3e/Second_World_War_Return_From_Night_Flying_Training.jpg/220px-Second_World_War_Return_From_Night_Flying_Training.jpg"},{"image_text":"Created in 1960 and authorized by Queen Elizabeth in 1961, it is the only Canadian Armed Forces badge that uses the logo of its neighbouring civilian community, specifically the City of North Bay's gateway.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Official_badge_of_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_Station_North_Bay.jpg/220px-Official_badge_of_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_Station_North_Bay.jpg"},{"image_text":"In 1952 No. 3 AW(F)OTU adopted the nickname \"Night Witches\", suggested by the wife of the unit's Engineering Officer, and the orange and black logo seen on the nose of this CF-100 interceptor trainer, denoting its all-weather day-or-night operations. Department of National Defence image, courtesy 22 Wing Heritage Office Archives.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/RCAF_No._3_All-Weather_%28Fighter%29_Operational_Training_Unit_pilot_and_jet.jpg/220px-RCAF_No._3_All-Weather_%28Fighter%29_Operational_Training_Unit_pilot_and_jet.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Squadron shoulder patch used by RCAF Aircrew with 3 AW(F)OTU in the late 50s. The back-stamp confirms the Crest was manufactured by Crest Craft and was only found on crests manufactured between 1957 through 1959.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/RCAF_3AW%28F%29_OTU%2C_North_Bay%2C_circa_1957-59_Crest_Craft_back-stamp.jpg/220px-RCAF_3AW%28F%29_OTU%2C_North_Bay%2C_circa_1957-59_Crest_Craft_back-stamp.jpg"},{"image_text":"Retired EF-101B \"Electric Voodoo\" on pedestal at the main gate to CFB North Bay.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CF_101_Voodoo.JPG/220px-CF_101_Voodoo.JPG"},{"image_text":"In September 1960 and on 14 October 1961—the date of this photo at RCAF Station North Bay—NORAD conducted Exercise Sky Shield. Practicing to respond to an attack on North America, all civilian aircraft in Canada and the United States were ordered grounded, and remained at that status for hours, while over 1,800 NORAD interceptors took part in 6,000 sorties. It was the largest airborne military exercise in history. Department of National Defence image.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/38/RCAF_INTERCEPTOR_CREWS_SCRAMBLE_TO_NORTH_BAY_CF-100_FIGHTER_JETS_DURING_EXERCISE_SKY_SHIELD.jpg/220px-RCAF_INTERCEPTOR_CREWS_SCRAMBLE_TO_NORTH_BAY_CF-100_FIGHTER_JETS_DURING_EXERCISE_SKY_SHIELD.jpg"},{"image_text":"Many GObC volunteers went to great lengths in the enthusiasm for their operations, such building this tower. Department of National Defence image.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/Ground_Observer_Corps_Tower.jpg/220px-Ground_Observer_Corps_Tower.jpg"},{"image_text":"447 Squadron emblem (1960s)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rcaf_447_squadorn_BOMARC.png/220px-Rcaf_447_squadorn_BOMARC.png"},{"image_text":"446 Squadron emblem (1960s)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rcaf_446_squadorn_BOMARC.png/220px-Rcaf_446_squadorn_BOMARC.png"},{"image_text":"RCAF Bomarc on launch erector (1965)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bomarc_on_launch_erector.jpg/220px-Bomarc_on_launch_erector.jpg"},{"image_text":"Official badge of the air force base at North Bay, Ontario, after it changed from an RCAF Station to a Canadian Forces Base. Image courtesy and copyright 22 Wing/CFB North Bay, authorized by the Base Commander.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/09/CANADIAN_FORCES_BASE_NORTH_BAY_BADGE.jpg/220px-CANADIAN_FORCES_BASE_NORTH_BAY_BADGE.jpg"},{"image_text":"New (and current) badge of the air force base at North Bay, Ontario, authorized in 1995 after \"22 Wing\" was added to the name.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/22_WING_BADGE.jpg/220px-22_WING_BADGE.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map showing the extent of CFB North Bay in the 21st Century. To the north is North Bay Airport.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/North_Bay_Airport_and_CFB_North_Bay_map.png/220px-North_Bay_Airport_and_CFB_North_Bay_map.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The hole truth: Five facts about North Bay's Cold War-era bunker\". cbc.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 27 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/shortdocs/features/the-hole-truth-five-fast-facts-about-north-bays-cold-war-era-bunker#:~:text=The%20Main%20Installation,of%20North%20Bay.","url_text":"\"The hole truth: Five facts about North Bay's Cold War-era bunker\""}]},{"reference":"\"22 Wing Band\". 22 Wing. Canadian Armed Forces. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/22-wing/22-band.page","url_text":"\"22 Wing Band\""}]},{"reference":"\"547 Canuck Squadron\". 547 Canuck Squadron Royal Canadian Air Cadets. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150619163742/http://www.547canucksquadron.com/summertraining.html","url_text":"\"547 Canuck Squadron\""},{"url":"http://www.547canucksquadron.com/summertraining.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wise, Sydney F. (1980). Canadian Airmen and the First World War (1980 ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802023797.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_F._Wise","url_text":"Wise, Sydney F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802023797","url_text":"9780802023797"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CFB_North_Bay¶ms=46_21_25.62_N_79_24_54.21_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark","external_links_name":"46°21′25.62″N 79°24′54.21″W / 46.3571167°N 79.4150583°W / 46.3571167; -79.4150583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CFB_North_Bay¶ms=46.357846_N_79.416477_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"46°21′28″N 79°24′59″W / 46.357846°N 79.416477°W / 46.357846; -79.416477"},{"Link":"http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/22-wing/index.page","external_links_name":"22 Wing Website"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/shortdocs/features/the-hole-truth-five-fast-facts-about-north-bays-cold-war-era-bunker#:~:text=The%20Main%20Installation,of%20North%20Bay.","external_links_name":"\"The hole truth: Five facts about North Bay's Cold War-era bunker\""},{"Link":"http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/beefp-fhbro/FHB_Rech_Search_e.asp","external_links_name":"\"Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings\"."},{"Link":"https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/tunnel-vision-plan-afoot-to-store-canadas-broadcast-archive-in-cold-war-bunker/wcm/57cd5437-7d49-44d2-a2a5-e56d618dcff8","external_links_name":"\"60-storeys underground, Cold War bunker eyed as place to preserve Canada's broadcast history\""},{"Link":"http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/22-wing/22-band.page","external_links_name":"\"22 Wing Band\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150619163742/http://www.547canucksquadron.com/summertraining.html","external_links_name":"\"547 Canuck Squadron\""},{"Link":"http://www.547canucksquadron.com/summertraining.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/bmd/BMDV1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: A History of Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force 1907–1964.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131110121813/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/bmd/BMDV1.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=CFB_North_Bay","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=CFB_North_Bay","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=CFB_North_Bay","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=CFB_North_Bay","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=CFB_North_Bay","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/22-wing/index.page","external_links_name":"Department of National Defence Canada – CFB North Bay (22 Wing)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CFB_North_Bay¶ms=46_21_25.62_N_79_24_54.21_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark","external_links_name":"46°21′25.62″N 79°24′54.21″W / 46.3571167°N 79.4150583°W / 46.3571167; -79.4150583"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_roemeriana
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Senna roemeriana
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["1 References"]
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Species of plant
Senna roemeriana
Habit
Leaves
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Subfamily:
Caesalpinioideae
Genus:
Senna
Species:
S. roemeriana
Binomial name
Senna roemeriana(Scheele) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Synonyms
Cassia roemeriana Scheele
Earleocassia roemeriana (Scheele) Britton
Senna roemeriana, the twoleaf senna, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to the US states of New Mexico and Texas, and to northern Mexico. A perennial of limestone soils and typically 18 in (46 cm) tall, it is toxic to livestock, particularly goats and sheep, but they avoid consuming it with proper range management.
Close-up of flower
References
^ a b "Senna roemeriana (Scheele) H.S.Irwin & Barneby". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
^ "Senna roemeriana (Scheele) Irwin & Barneby Twoleaf Senna, Two Leaved Senna". Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. 19 February 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
^ Landers, Jake (April 2009). "Double Trouble-Twin Leaf Sennas". Ranch and Rural Living. 90 (7). San Angelo, Texas: 5–35. Retrieved 3 May 2023. Two-leaf or Twin-leaf Senna
Taxon identifiersSenna roemeriana
Wikidata: Q15537787
Wikispecies: Senna roemeriana
CoL: 4WPDD
EoL: 641411
GBIF: 2958044
GRIN: 100048
iNaturalist: 168852
IPNI: 234641-2
IRMNG: 10167888
ITIS: 505174
NatureServe: 2.153805
NCBI: 2907099
Open Tree of Life: 3917041
Plant List: ild-21499
PLANTS: SERO8
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:234641-2
RHS: 208261
Tropicos: 13041494
WFO: wfo-0000175347
Cassia roemeriana
Wikidata: Q39175801
CoL: RM36
GBIF: 5354416
GRIN: 9385
IPNI: 48987-2
IRMNG: 10879240
ITIS: 25769
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:48987-2
Tropicos: 13007854
WFO: wfo-0000177934
This Caesalpinioideae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fabaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO_234641-2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sero8-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senna_roemeriana_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_(3).jpg"}],"text":"Senna roemeriana, the twoleaf senna, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to the US states of New Mexico and Texas, and to northern Mexico.[1][2] A perennial of limestone soils and typically 18 in (46 cm) tall, it is toxic to livestock, particularly goats and sheep, but they avoid consuming it with proper range management.[3]Close-up of flower","title":"Senna roemeriana"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Senna roemeriana (Scheele) H.S.Irwin & Barneby\". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 3 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/234641-2","url_text":"\"Senna roemeriana (Scheele) H.S.Irwin & Barneby\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online","url_text":"Plants of the World Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"}]},{"reference":"\"Senna roemeriana (Scheele) Irwin & Barneby Twoleaf Senna, Two Leaved Senna\". Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. 19 February 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=sero8","url_text":"\"Senna roemeriana (Scheele) Irwin & Barneby Twoleaf Senna, Two Leaved Senna\""}]},{"reference":"Landers, Jake (April 2009). \"Double Trouble-Twin Leaf Sennas\". Ranch and Rural Living. 90 (7). San Angelo, Texas: 5–35. Retrieved 3 May 2023. Two-leaf or Twin-leaf Senna","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/openview/a8444979806e0aeb0b94547055511aa2/1","url_text":"\"Double Trouble-Twin Leaf Sennas\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/234641-2","external_links_name":"\"Senna roemeriana (Scheele) H.S.Irwin & Barneby\""},{"Link":"https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=sero8","external_links_name":"\"Senna roemeriana (Scheele) Irwin & Barneby Twoleaf Senna, Two Leaved Senna\""},{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/openview/a8444979806e0aeb0b94547055511aa2/1","external_links_name":"\"Double Trouble-Twin Leaf Sennas\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4WPDD","external_links_name":"4WPDD"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/641411","external_links_name":"641411"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2958044","external_links_name":"2958044"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=100048","external_links_name":"100048"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/168852","external_links_name":"168852"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/234641-2","external_links_name":"234641-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10167888","external_links_name":"10167888"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=505174","external_links_name":"505174"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.153805/","external_links_name":"2.153805"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2907099","external_links_name":"2907099"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3917041","external_links_name":"3917041"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-21499","external_links_name":"ild-21499"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=SERO8","external_links_name":"SERO8"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A234641-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:234641-2"},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/208261/wd/Details","external_links_name":"208261"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/13041494","external_links_name":"13041494"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000175347","external_links_name":"wfo-0000175347"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/RM36","external_links_name":"RM36"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5354416","external_links_name":"5354416"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=9385","external_links_name":"9385"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/48987-2","external_links_name":"48987-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10879240","external_links_name":"10879240"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=25769","external_links_name":"25769"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A48987-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:48987-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/13007854","external_links_name":"13007854"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000177934","external_links_name":"wfo-0000177934"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senna_roemeriana&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Association_of_General_Baptists
|
General Association of General Baptists
|
["1 History","2 References","3 Sources","4 External links"]
|
Part of a series onBaptists
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The General Association of General Baptists is a Baptist Christian denomination in the United States. It is affiliated with the National Association of Evangelicals and the Baptist World Alliance. The headquarters are located in Poplar Bluff, Missouri, where they operate Stinson Press.
A distinct belief is the general atonement (that Christ died for all persons).
History
Though theologically similar to the General Baptists in England and early America, this body of General Baptists arose in the Midwestern United States in the 19th century through the work of Benoni Stinson (1798-1869), a United Baptist minister first in Kentucky and then in Indiana. Stinson was ordained in Kentucky in 1821, and evidently was already leaning toward or embracing Arminian theology. Shortly after he moved to Indiana, in 1822 the Wabash District Association decided to divide into two bodies, for convenience sake. Stinson's church would be in the new body, and he labored to have a statement that "the preaching that Christ tasted death for every man shall be no bar to fellowship" would be included in the articles of faith. The next fall, in 1823, the Liberty Baptist Church of Howell, Indiana was organized with 33 members, and Elder Stinson was called as pastor. Three other churches were soon organized, all in the Evansville, Indiana area. In October 1824, representatives from these four churches came together and organized the Liberty Association of General Baptists. This appears to be the first time the name "General" was officially associated with this movement. A number of General Baptist local associations were organized from 1824 to 1870. During this period, some attempts were made by the Liberty Association to correspond with the northern Free Will Baptists, but this appears to have eventually proved unsatisfactory to both parties. In 1870, a convention was called to meet with Harmony Church, Gallatin County, Illinois, with the idea of organizing a general association comprising all the annual General Baptist associations. Delegates from Liberty, Mt. Olivet and Ohio associations gathered and formed the General Association of General Baptists.
According to a denomination census released in 2023, it claimed 47,193 members and 793 churches.
The official denominational publication is The General Baptist Messenger. The General Association oversees publication of Sunday School literature, a home mission board, a foreign mission board, and the Oakland City University in Oakland City, Indiana.
References
^ Baptist World Alliance, Members, baptistworld.org, USA, retrieved May 5, 2023
Sources
History of the General Baptists, by Ollie Latch
History of the General Baptists, by T. A. Laslie
Baptists Around the World, by Albert W. Wardin, Jr.
Dictionary of Baptists in America, Bill J. Leonard, editor
External links
Official website
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vteBaptist World Alliance member fellowships All-Africa Baptist FellowshipCentral and Eastern AfricaBurundi
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Ethiopia
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(Arunachal Baptist Church Council
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"Christian denomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denomination"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"National Association of Evangelicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals"},{"link_name":"Baptist World Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Poplar Bluff, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar_Bluff,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"general atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_atonement"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"}],"text":"The General Association of General Baptists is a Baptist Christian denomination in the United States. It is affiliated with the National Association of Evangelicals and the Baptist World Alliance. The headquarters are located in Poplar Bluff, Missouri, where they operate Stinson Press.A distinct belief is the general atonement (that Christ died for all persons).","title":"General Association of General Baptists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Baptist"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Arminian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminian"},{"link_name":"Howell, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howell,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Evansville, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Free Will Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist_Church"},{"link_name":"Gallatin County, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallatin_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Oakland City University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_City_University"}],"text":"Though theologically similar to the General Baptists in England and early America, this body of General Baptists arose in the Midwestern United States in the 19th century through the work of Benoni Stinson (1798-1869), a United Baptist minister first in Kentucky and then in Indiana. Stinson was ordained in Kentucky in 1821, and evidently was already leaning toward or embracing Arminian theology. Shortly after he moved to Indiana, in 1822 the Wabash District Association decided to divide into two bodies, for convenience sake. Stinson's church would be in the new body, and he labored to have a statement that \"the preaching that Christ tasted death for every man shall be no bar to fellowship\" would be included in the articles of faith. The next fall, in 1823, the Liberty Baptist Church of Howell, Indiana was organized with 33 members, and Elder Stinson was called as pastor. Three other churches were soon organized, all in the Evansville, Indiana area. In October 1824, representatives from these four churches came together and organized the Liberty Association of General Baptists. This appears to be the first time the name \"General\" was officially associated with this movement. A number of General Baptist local associations were organized from 1824 to 1870. During this period, some attempts were made by the Liberty Association to correspond with the northern Free Will Baptists, but this appears to have eventually proved unsatisfactory to both parties. In 1870, a convention was called to meet with Harmony Church, Gallatin County, Illinois, with the idea of organizing a general association comprising all the annual General Baptist associations. Delegates from Liberty, Mt. Olivet and Ohio associations gathered and formed the General Association of General Baptists.According to a denomination census released in 2023, it claimed 47,193 members and 793 churches. [1]The official denominational publication is The General Baptist Messenger. The General Association oversees publication of Sunday School literature, a home mission board, a foreign mission board, and the Oakland City University in Oakland City, Indiana.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"History of the General Baptists, by Ollie Latch\nHistory of the General Baptists, by T. A. Laslie\nBaptists Around the World, by Albert W. Wardin, Jr.\nDictionary of Baptists in America, Bill J. Leonard, editor","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.baptistworld.org/member-unions/","external_links_name":"Members"},{"Link":"http://www.generalbaptist.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchors_Aweigh
|
Anchors Aweigh
|
["1 Etymology","2 Composition","3 History","4 Lyrics","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
|
United States Naval Academy fight song
For other uses, see Anchors Aweigh (disambiguation).
Anchors Aweigh!Organizational anthem of the U.S. NavyLyricsJohn Hagan, 1997MusicCharles A. Zimmermann, 1906Adopted1907; 117 years ago (1907)Audio sample1993 recording of "Anchors Aweigh" in Zimmermann's original 1906 arrangement, as performed by the United States Navy Bandfilehelp
"Anchors Aweigh" is the fight song of the United States Naval Academy and unofficial march song of the United States Navy. It was composed in 1906 by Charles A. Zimmermann with lyrics by Alfred Hart Miles. When he composed "Anchors Aweigh", Zimmermann was a lieutenant and had been bandmaster of the United States Naval Academy Band since 1887. Miles was midshipman first class at the academy, in the class of 1907, and had asked Zimmermann to assist him in composing a song for that class, to be used as a football march. Another academy midshipman, Royal Lovell (class of 1926), later wrote what would be adopted into the song as its third verse. Another member of the Naval Academy Band, Willy Perlitz Jr., assisting in writing the music for the different instruments used in "Anchors Aweigh".
Etymology
"Weigh anchor" is an old English sailors' expression first referenced in literature in John Dryden's The Tempest, 1670. It is an order that a ship's anchors be raised,
To "weigh anchor" is to bring all anchor(s) aboard the vessel in preparation for departure. In response to the order, the phrase "anchors aweigh" reports back that all anchors are clear of the sea bottom; therefore the ship is officially under way.
"Anchors aweigh" is often misspelled as "Anchor's away", leading to confusing the terms, and sometimes misunderstanding the order as meaning "to drop anchor". Confusion may also occur over two correct spellings typically encountered: that is, "anchor's" with an apostrophe, and without ("anchors"). Here the phrase "anchor's aweigh", (denoting a single anchor plus the contraction of the verb "is") means: this anchor is raised. The single phrase must be distinguished from the plural "anchors aweigh", which reports that all anchors of the ship are raised.
Although the original (now archaic) "aweigh" is verbal and transitive, the "aweigh" used now is adjectival/adverbial in nature and meaning. "Weigh" as a verb means to "bear" or "move", thus giving it several shades of meaning and derivation, including "weight" or "heaviness".
Composition
Many arrangements of the song exist, but the original composition by Zimmermann from 1906, is labelled as a "March and Two-Step" and consists of a lengthy instrumental march introductory section, which then becomes a two-step with lyrical accompaniment approximately halfway into the piece.
Many arrangements of "Anchors Aweigh" exist today, one arrangement by Paul V. Yoder often sees use by military bands, such as those of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, the Bundeswehr, and other nations' militaries.
History
U.S. Navy recruits singing the post-1997 lyrics of "Anchors Aweigh" as they walk through a tunnel at Recruit Training Command Great Lakes in Illinois
The song was first played during the Army–Navy football game on December 1, 1906, at Franklin Field in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Navy won the game 10–0 before a crowd in excess of 30,000, their first win in the matchup since 1900.
The song was gradually adopted as the song of the U.S. Navy; although there is a pending proposal to make it the official song, and to incorporate protocol into Navy regulations for its performance, its status remains unofficial. Its lyrics were considered too specific to the Academy and not representative of the Navy at large, and so were rewritten by George D. Lottman (note the reference to "farewell to college joys"). Its melody was also slightly rewritten by Domenico Savino.
The song has a joyful, brisk melody, and it has been adopted by several other navies around the world, such as the Finnish Navy. In addition to being bandmaster at the Naval Academy, Zimmerman was also the organist at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Annapolis, and the opening notes of the melody to "Anchors Aweigh" bear a marked similarity (although in a different tempo) to the opening of the ancient Marian hymn Salve Regina, with which Zimmerman would have been thoroughly familiar.
During World War II, members of the Navy Women's Reserve, known more popularly as the WAVES, wrote "WAVES of the Navy" to harmonize with "Anchors Aweigh".
Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961).
Lyrics
1943 sheet music
Performed in 1930 by Phil Spitalny
Performed by the Boston Pops in 1944
Abridged version performed by the U.S. Navy Band in the 1990s
Problems playing these files? See media help.
"Anchors Aweigh" (1906 version), which is still used today at the Naval Academy.
Stand Navy down the field, sails set to the sky;
We'll never change our course, So Army you steer shy-y-y-y.
Roll up the score, Navy, anchors aweigh!
Sail Navy down the field and sink the Army, sink the Army grey!
Get under way Navy, decks cleared for the fray;
We'll hoist true Navy Blue, So Army down your grey-y-y-y;
Full speed ahead, Navy; Army heave to;
Furl Black and Grey and Gold, and hoist the Navy, hoist the Navy Blue!
Blue of the Seven Seas; Gold of God's Great Sun
Let these our colors be till all of time be done, done, done,
By Severn's shore we learn Navy's stern call:
Faith, Courage, Service true, with Honor, Over Honor, Over All.
Revised Lyrics of 1926 by George D. Lottman:
Stand, Navy, out to sea, Fight our battle cry;
We'll never change our course, So vicious foe steer shy-y-y-y.
Roll out the TNT, Anchors Aweigh. Sail on to victory
And sink their bones to Davy Jones, hooray!
Anchors Aweigh, my boys, Anchors Aweigh.
Farewell to college joys, we sail at break of day-ay-ay-ay.
Through our last night on shore, drink to the foam,
Until we meet once more. Here's wishing you a happy voyage home.
Revised Lyrics of 1997 by then-MCPON John Hagan which is used today by the Navy:
Stand Navy out to sea, fight our battle cry!
We'll never change our course so vicious foes steer shy-y-y-y!
Roll out the TNT, anchors aweigh!
Sail on to victory, and sink their bones to Davy Jones, hooray!
Anchors Aweigh, my boys, Anchors Aweigh!
Farewell to foreign Shores, we sail at break of day-ay-ay-ay;
Through our last night ashore, drink to the foam,
Until we meet once more, here's wishing you a happy voyage home!
Blue of the mighty deep, Gold of God's great sun;
Let these our colors be, Till All of time be done, done, done, done;
On seven seas we learn, Navy's stern call:
Faith, courage, service true, With honor over, honor over all.
See also
Music portal
Marines' Hymn, the song of the United States Marine Corps (USMC)
Semper Paratus (march), the song of the United States Coast Guard (USCG)
The Army Goes Rolling Along, the song of the United States Army (USA)
The U.S. Air Force (song), the song of the United States Air Force (USAF)
Semper Supra (march), the song of the United States Space Force
References
^ a b c d "Anchors Aweigh". United States Naval Academy.
^ "Aweigh". Oxford U.S. Dictionary. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on January 7, 2013.
^ "Anchors Aweigh". YouTube.
^ Anchors Aweigh (Arr. P. Yoder). Spirit of America Band. January 23, 2017. Archived from the original on April 8, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021 – via YouTube.
^ Anchors Aweigh March 行進曲『錨を上げて』⚓ Japan Coast Guard Band. Amano Jun-ichi. July 25, 2009. Archived from the original on April 8, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021 – via YouTube.
^ 【陸上自衛隊東部方面音楽隊】行進曲 『錨を上げて』 Anchors Aweigh March – JMSDF DDG-175 Myoko. JP-SWAT. August 5, 2015. Archived from the original on April 8, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021 – via YouTube.
^ Anchors aweigh – Großer Zapfenstreich Admiral Nielson. BTB-concept. September 27, 2019. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2021 – via YouTube.
^ Paul Yodet 保羅．尤迪 ANCHORS AWEIGH 海軍起錨歌. ab19471. March 29, 2017. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2021 – via YouTube.
^ Ebbert, Jean; Hall, Marie-Beth (1993). Crossed Currents: Navy Women from WWI to Tailhook. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's. ISBN 978-0-02-881022-5.
Further reading
Collins, Ace. Songs Sung, Red, White, and Blue: The Stories Behind America's Best-Loved Patriotic Songs. HarperResource, 2003. ISBN 0060513047
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anchors Aweigh.
"Anchors Aweigh" performed by the United States Naval Academy Men’s Glee Club under the direction of John Barry Talley, 1977 (.flac file)
"Anchors Aweigh" (mp3 file; part II of medley)
"Anchors Aweigh" done as instrumental band march (.wav file)
free-scores.com
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anchors Aweigh (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchors_Aweigh_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"fight song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_song"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"march song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_(song)"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Charles A. Zimmermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Zimmermann"},{"link_name":"bandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandmaster"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Academy Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy_Band"},{"link_name":"midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman"}],"text":"For other uses, see Anchors Aweigh (disambiguation).\"Anchors Aweigh\" is the fight song of the United States Naval Academy and unofficial march song of the United States Navy. It was composed in 1906 by Charles A. Zimmermann with lyrics by Alfred Hart Miles. When he composed \"Anchors Aweigh\", Zimmermann was a lieutenant and had been bandmaster of the United States Naval Academy Band since 1887. Miles was midshipman first class at the academy, in the class of 1907, and had asked Zimmermann to assist him in composing a song for that class, to be used as a football march. Another academy midshipman, Royal Lovell (class of 1926), later wrote what would be adopted into the song as its third verse. Another member of the Naval Academy Band, Willy Perlitz Jr., assisting in writing the music for the different instruments used in \"Anchors Aweigh\".","title":"Anchors Aweigh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weigh anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weigh_anchor"},{"link_name":"John Dryden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dryden"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Weigh anchor\" is an old English sailors' expression first referenced in literature in John Dryden's The Tempest, 1670. It is an order that a ship's anchors be raised,\nTo \"weigh anchor\" is to bring all anchor(s) aboard the vessel in preparation for departure. In response to the order, the phrase \"anchors aweigh\" reports back that all anchors are clear of the sea bottom; therefore the ship is officially under way.\"Anchors aweigh\" is often misspelled as \"Anchor's away\", leading to confusing the terms, and sometimes misunderstanding the order as meaning \"to drop anchor\".[citation needed] Confusion may also occur over two correct spellings typically encountered: that is, \"anchor's\" with an apostrophe, and without (\"anchors\"). Here the phrase \"anchor's aweigh\", (denoting a single anchor plus the contraction of the verb \"is\") means: this anchor is raised. The single phrase must be distinguished from the plural \"anchors aweigh\", which reports that all anchors of the ship are raised.Although the original (now archaic) \"aweigh\" is verbal and transitive, the \"aweigh\" used now is adjectival/adverbial in nature and meaning.[1][2] \"Weigh\" as a verb means to \"bear\" or \"move\", thus giving it several shades of meaning and derivation, including \"weight\" or \"heaviness\".","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Paul V. Yoder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_V._Yoder"},{"link_name":"Japan Self-Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Bundeswehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Many arrangements of the song exist, but the original composition by Zimmermann from 1906, is labelled as a \"March and Two-Step\" and consists of a lengthy instrumental march introductory section, which then becomes a two-step with lyrical accompaniment approximately halfway into the piece.[3]Many arrangements of \"Anchors Aweigh\" exist today, one arrangement by Paul V. Yoder often sees use by military bands, such as those of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, the Bundeswehr, and other nations' militaries.[4][5][6][7][8]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army–Navy football game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army%E2%80%93Navy_Game"},{"link_name":"Franklin Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Field"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"timeframe?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references"},{"link_name":"Domenico Savino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Savino"},{"link_name":"timeframe?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references"},{"link_name":"Finnish Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Navy"},{"link_name":"Salve Regina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salve_Regina"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"WAVES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAVES"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"101 Gang Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101_Gang_Songs"}],"text":"U.S. Navy recruits singing the post-1997 lyrics of \"Anchors Aweigh\" as they walk through a tunnel at Recruit Training Command Great Lakes in IllinoisThe song was first played during the Army–Navy football game on December 1, 1906, at Franklin Field in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Navy won the game 10–0 before a crowd in excess of 30,000, their first win in the matchup since 1900.[citation needed]The song was gradually adopted as the song of the U.S. Navy; although there is a pending proposal to make it the official song, and to incorporate protocol into Navy regulations for its performance, its status remains unofficial.[timeframe?] Its lyrics were considered too specific to the Academy and not representative of the Navy at large, and so were rewritten by George D. Lottman (note the reference to \"farewell to college joys\"). Its melody was also slightly rewritten by Domenico Savino.[timeframe?]The song has a joyful, brisk melody, and it has been adopted by several other navies around the world, such as the Finnish Navy. In addition to being bandmaster at the Naval Academy, Zimmerman was also the organist at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Annapolis, and the opening notes of the melody to \"Anchors Aweigh\" bear a marked similarity (although in a different tempo) to the opening of the ancient Marian hymn Salve Regina, with which Zimmerman would have been thoroughly familiar.During World War II, members of the Navy Women's Reserve, known more popularly as the WAVES, wrote \"WAVES of the Navy\" to harmonize with \"Anchors Aweigh\".[9]Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anchors_Aweigh_(1907).pdf"},{"link_name":"Performed in 1930 by Phil Spitalny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anchors_Aweigh_(1930),_by_Phil_Spitalny.oga"},{"link_name":"Performed by the Boston Pops in 1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anchors_Aweigh_(1944),_by_the_Boston_Pops.oga"},{"link_name":"Abridged version performed by the U.S. Navy Band in the 1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anchors_Aweigh.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-1"},{"link_name":"MCPON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCPON"},{"link_name":"John Hagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hagan_(sailor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-1"}],"text":"1943 sheet musicPerformed in 1930 by Phil Spitalny\n\n\nPerformed by the Boston Pops in 1944\n\n\nAbridged version performed by the U.S. Navy Band in the 1990s\n\n\nProblems playing these files? See media help.\"Anchors Aweigh\" (1906 version), which is still used today at the Naval Academy.[1]Stand Navy down the field, sails set to the sky;\nWe'll never change our course, So Army you steer shy-y-y-y.\nRoll up the score, Navy, anchors aweigh!\nSail Navy down the field and sink the Army, sink the Army grey!\n\nGet under way Navy, decks cleared for the fray;\nWe'll hoist true Navy Blue, So Army down your grey-y-y-y;\nFull speed ahead, Navy; Army heave to;\nFurl Black and Grey and Gold, and hoist the Navy, hoist the Navy Blue!\n\nBlue of the Seven Seas; Gold of God's Great Sun\nLet these our colors be till all of time be done, done, done,\nBy Severn's shore we learn Navy's stern call:\nFaith, Courage, Service true, with Honor, Over Honor, Over All.Revised Lyrics of 1926 by George D. Lottman:[1]Stand, Navy, out to sea, Fight our battle cry;\nWe'll never change our course, So vicious foe steer shy-y-y-y.\nRoll out the TNT, Anchors Aweigh. Sail on to victory\nAnd sink their bones to Davy Jones, hooray!\n\nAnchors Aweigh, my boys, Anchors Aweigh.\nFarewell to college joys, we sail at break of day-ay-ay-ay.\nThrough our last night on shore, drink to the foam,\nUntil we meet once more. Here's wishing you a happy voyage home.Revised Lyrics of 1997 by then-MCPON John Hagan which is used today by the Navy:[1]Stand Navy out to sea, fight our battle cry!\nWe'll never change our course so vicious foes steer shy-y-y-y!\nRoll out the TNT, anchors aweigh!\nSail on to victory, and sink their bones to Davy Jones, hooray!\n\nAnchors Aweigh, my boys, Anchors Aweigh!\nFarewell to foreign Shores, we sail at break of day-ay-ay-ay;\nThrough our last night ashore, drink to the foam,\nUntil we meet once more, here's wishing you a happy voyage home!\n\nBlue of the mighty deep, Gold of God's great sun;\nLet these our colors be, Till All of time be done, done, done, done;\nOn seven seas we learn, Navy's stern call:\nFaith, courage, service true, With honor over, honor over all.","title":"Lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0060513047","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060513047"}],"text":"Collins, Ace. Songs Sung, Red, White, and Blue: The Stories Behind America's Best-Loved Patriotic Songs. HarperResource, 2003. ISBN 0060513047","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{},{"image_text":"U.S. Navy recruits singing the post-1997 lyrics of \"Anchors Aweigh\" as they walk through a tunnel at Recruit Training Command Great Lakes in Illinois"},{"image_text":"1943 sheet music","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Anchors_Aweigh_%281907%29.pdf/page1-220px-Anchors_Aweigh_%281907%29.pdf.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Music"},{"title":"Marines' Hymn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marines%27_Hymn"},{"title":"Semper Paratus (march)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semper_Paratus_(march)"},{"title":"The Army Goes Rolling Along","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Army_Goes_Rolling_Along"},{"title":"The U.S. Air Force (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_U.S._Air_Force_(song)"},{"title":"Semper Supra (march)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semper_Supra_(march)"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Breton
|
Parti Québécois candidates in the 2008 Quebec provincial election
|
["1 Candidates (incomplete)","2 References"]
|
The Parti Québécois (PQ) fielded a full slate of 125 candidates in the 2008 Quebec provincial election and elected fifty-one members to emerge as the Official Opposition party in the national assembly.
Candidates (incomplete)
Riding
Candidate's Name
Notes
Gender
Occupation
Votes
%
Rank
Argenteuil
John Saywell
Saywell is the son of Canadian historian John Saywell. He also ran as a PQ candidate in Argenteuil in 2007. He was elected mayor of Grenville-sur-la-Rouge in a December 2010 by-election, resigned in 2012, and was re-elected mayor in 2013.
M
Lawyer and urban planner
7,353
33.62
2nd
Bourassa-Sauvé
Roland Carrier
Carrier also ran for the PQ in Bourassa-Sauvé in 2007 and sought election to the Montreal city council in 1998 (as a Montreal Citizens' Movement candidate) and in 2005 and 2009 (for Vision Montreal).
M
Lawyer
6,111
26.87
2nd
Brome—Missisquoi
Richard Leclerc
A veteran member of the Quebec sovereigntist movement, Leclerc also ran for the PQ in Brome—Missisquoi in 2007 and 2012.
M
Publicist
8,325
27.32
2nd
Jean-Lesage
Hélène Guillemette
Guillemette was a political attaché to Parti Québécois MNA François Gendron from 2003 to 2005. She sought the PQ nomination for Jean-Lesage in 2007, but lost to Christian Simard. She is married to former Bloc Québécois Member of Parliament (MP) Pascal-Pierre Paillé.
F
Development agent
7,471
26.68
2nd
Orford
Michel Breton
Breton was a constituency assistant to Bloc Québécois Member of Parliament (MP) Christian Ouellet from 2006 to 2011. He was also the PQ candidate for Orford in 2007, 2012, and 2014.
M
Parliamentary assistant
12,516
36.93
2nd
Verdun
Richard Langlais
Langlais was also the PQ candidate for Verdun in 2007 and in a December 2016 by-election. He ran for borough mayor of Verdun as a Vision Montreal candidate in 2009 and for Montreal city council in 2013 as an Option Verdun/Montréal candidate.
M
Entrepreneur
8,314
35.34
2nd
References
^ "Élection partielle à Grenville-sur-la-Rouge: John Saywell élu maire", Radio-Canada, 13 December 2010, accessed 21 January 2011.
^ Démission du maire de Grenville-sur-la-Rouge, lachute.planeteradio.ca, 14 September 2012, accessed 23 March 2017.
^ Élections municipales 2013 - Résultats des élections pour les postes de maire et de conseiller : Candidatures et résultats pour Grenville-sur-la-Rouge, Ministère des Affaires municipales et de l'Occupation du territoire du Québec, accessed 23 March 2017.
^ Justin Bromberg, "Words exchanged in lead-up to Grenville-sur-la-Rouge election" Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine, The Review, 30 November 2010, accessed 21 January 2011.
^ "Louise Harel and Benoit labonte announce Vision Montreal's team of candidates for the borough of Montreal-North," Canada NewsWire, 6 July 2009.
^ Maurice Crossfield, "Aims to unseat Liberal," Sherbrooke Record, 1 March 2007, p. 7; Maurice Crossfield, "PQ's Leclerc to take on Paradis," Sherbrooke Record, 6 October 2006, p. 7.
^ Maurice Crossfield, "Candidates battle to change old habits," Sherbrooke Record, 22 March 2007, p. 4.
^ Rhéal Séguin, "Former Bloc MPs to enter PQ fold," Globe and Mail, 8 February 2007, A4; Jean-François Néron, "Christian Simard représentera le PQ dans Jean-Lesage," Le Soleil, 21 February 2007, p. 11.
^ Michel Bédard, Hélène Guillemette axe sa campagne sur la famille, Québec Hebdo, 12 November 2008.
^ Michel Bédard, Hélène Guillemette représentera le PQ dans Jean-Lesage Archived 2013-01-31 at archive.today, Québec Hebdo, 10 June 2008.
^ Rita Legault, "Regional PQ president hopes to run in Orford," Sherbrooke Record, 13 September 2006, p. 4; Vincent Cliche, "La clé d'une victoire péquiste dans Orford réside dans Magog" Archived 2013-01-27 at archive.today, Le reflect du lac, 4 January 2011, accessed 6 February 2011.
^ He defeated Étienne Vézina for the nomination in 2007. See "Breton wins Orford nod," Sherbrooke Record, 23 February 2007, p. 4.
^ Marchand de rêves: Richard Langlais, Le messager verdun, 7 May 2014, accessed 23 March 2017.
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Parti Québécois candidates in the 2008 Quebec provincial election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Candidates (incomplete)"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/497031/john-saywell-elections-mairie","external_links_name":"\"Élection partielle à Grenville-sur-la-Rouge: John Saywell élu maire\""},{"Link":"http://www.lachute.planeteradio.ca/article_imprimable.php?article=20120914093716","external_links_name":"Démission du maire de Grenville-sur-la-Rouge"},{"Link":"http://www.mamrot.gouv.qc.ca/organisation-municipale/democratie-municipale/archives-des-resultats-des-elections-municipales/elections-municipales-2013/resultats-des-elections-pour-les-postes-de-maire-et-de-conseiller/?tx_txmamrotelections2013_pi1%5Bmun_text%5D=Grenville-sur-la-Rouge+%2876052%29&tx_txmamrotelections2013_pi1%5Bmun%5D=76052","external_links_name":"Élections municipales 2013 - Résultats des élections pour les postes de maire et de conseiller : Candidatures et résultats pour Grenville-sur-la-Rouge"},{"Link":"http://thereview.ca/story/words-exchanged-lead-grenville-sur-la-rouge-election","external_links_name":"Justin Bromberg, \"Words exchanged in lead-up to Grenville-sur-la-Rouge election\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706205659/http://thereview.ca/story/words-exchanged-lead-grenville-sur-la-rouge-election","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.quebechebdo.com/article-270781-Helene-Guillemette-axe-sa-campagne-sur-la-famille.html","external_links_name":"Michel Bédard, Hélène Guillemette axe sa campagne sur la famille"},{"Link":"http://www.quebechebdo.com/article-i221282-Helene-Guillemette-representera-le-PQ-dans-JeanLesage.html","external_links_name":"Michel Bédard, Hélène Guillemette représentera le PQ dans Jean-Lesage"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130131205243/http://www.quebechebdo.com/article-i221282-Helene-Guillemette-representera-le-PQ-dans-JeanLesage.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lerefletdulac.com/Actualites/Politique/2011-01-04/article-2088702/La-cle-dune-victoire-pequiste-dans-Orford-reside-dans-Magog/1","external_links_name":"Vincent Cliche, \"La clé d'une victoire péquiste dans Orford réside dans Magog\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130127211726/http://www.lerefletdulac.com/Actualites/Politique/2011-01-04/article-2088702/La-cle-dune-victoire-pequiste-dans-Orford-reside-dans-Magog/1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://journalmetro.com/local/verdun/actualites/602408/marchand-de-reves-richard-langlais/","external_links_name":"Marchand de rêves: Richard Langlais"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandramukhi_(character)
|
Chandramukhi (character)
|
["1 In the novel","2 In the film","3 Performers","4 Social impact","5 Legacy","6 Awards","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
|
For other fictional characters, see Chandramukhi (disambiguation).
Fictional character
ChandramukhiDevdas characterVyjayanthimala as Chandramukhi in DevdasCreated bySarat Chandra ChattopadhyayPortrayed byChandrabati DeviVyjayanthimalaSupriya Devi Kalki KoechlinAnwara Madhuri DixitFor more "Performers"In-universe informationAliasChandrikaNicknameLeniRaceIndian peopleGenderFemaleOccupationTawaif (courtesan)SpouseDevdas MukherjeeReligionHindu
Chandramukhi is one of the pivotal characters in the 1917 Bengali novel Devdas by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay. Her character was inspired by the Hindu mystical singer Meera, who devoted her life to Lord Krishna; similarly Chandramukhi devoted her life to Devdas. Chandramukhi is portrayed as a tawaif in the novel and its film adaptations. Chandramukhi means "moon faced" or "as beautiful as the moon" in Sanskrit.
In the novel
Chandramukhi is a courtesan (tawaif) who lives in Calcutta also known as Kolkata. She is considered the most beautiful and richest prostitute in the area of Chitpur. She is first introduced to Devdas by Chunnilal, who returns to Calcutta heartbroken after the marriage of Parvathi "Paro". Devdas, disgusted over Chandramukhi's profession insults her and leaves her kotha. Chandramukhi, impressed by Devdas's attitude, later falls in love with him after realizing his steadfast love for Paro. She leaves her profession for Devdas and convinces him to marry her; he, however, has to reluctantly reject her offer as he has devoted his life to Paro. In return, Chandramukhi does not force him to be with her but waits patiently for him. Subsequently, she also moves to Ashthajhari village, where she lives in a muddy house located at the bank of a river and helps the needy. After some struggle, she meets with Devdas again, who now accepts her love.
In the film
Chandrabati Devi as Chandramukhi and Pramathesh Barua as Devdas in the 1935 Bengali film Devdas
In most of the film adaptations of Devdas, the story of Chandramukhi is similar to the novel. However, in most of the films her humanitarian work in helping the needy is not depicted. Unlike in the novel, a scene in which Chandramukhi and Parvathi meet was added in Bimal Roy's 1955 version when Paro, played by Suchitra Sen riding in a human rickshaw, comes across Chandramukhi, played by Vyjayanthimala, who just stares at Paro without a single word being exchanged between them. The meeting scene of Paro and Chandramukhi in the 1955 version was still regarded as one of the memorable scene in Bollywood with the background music adding the impact to the scene. In the 2002 version, the director, Sanjay Leela Bhansali, extended the interaction between Paro and Chandramukhi, also showing them dancing together to the hit song "Dola Re Dola".
Performers
Year
Title
Portrayed by
Language
Other cast
Notes
Ref.
Devdas
Paro
1928
Devdas
Niharbala / Miss Parul
Silent
Phani Sarma
Tarakbala
1935
Devdas
Chandrabati Devi
Bengali
Pramathesh Barua
Jamuna Barua
1936
Devdas
T. R. Rajakumari
Hindi
K. L. Saigal
Jamuna Barua
1937
Devdas
Mohini
Assamese
Phani Sarma
Zubeida
1953
Devadasu
Lalitha
Telugu, Tamil
Akkineni Nageswara Rao
Savitri
–
1955
Devdas
Vyjayanthimala
Hindi
Dilip Kumar
Suchitra Sen
1955
Good Bye My Lover
Molly Lim
Malay
S. Roomai Noor
Chang Lai Lai
Malaysian film; also known as Selamat Tinggal, Kekasihku
1965
Devdas
Nayyar Sultana
Urdu
Habib Taalish
Shamim Ara
Pakistani film
1974
Devadasu
Jayanthi
Telugu
Krishna
Vijaya Nirmala
1978
Muqaddar Ka Sikandar
Rekha
Hindustani
Amitabh Bachchan
Raakhee
loosely inspired by Devdas
1979
Devdas
Supriya Choudhury
Bengali
Soumitra Chatterjee
Sumitra Mukherjee
also known as Debdas
1980
Prema Tarangalu
Jayasudha
Telugu
Krishnam Raju
Sujatha
remake of Muqaddar Ka Sikandar
1981
Amara Kaaviyam
Sripriya
Tamil
Sivaji Ganesan
Madhavi
remake of Muqaddar Ka Sikandar
1982
Devdas
Anwara
Bengali
Bulbul Ahmed
Kabori
Bangladeshi film
1989
Devadas
Ramya Krishnan
Malayalam
Venu Nagavally
Parvathy
2002
Devdas
Indrani Haldar
Bengali
Prosenjit Chatterjee
Arpita Pal
Devdas
Madhuri Dixit
Hindi
Shah Rukh Khan
Aishwarya Rai
2004
Devdas
Sreelekha Mitra
Bengali
Parambrata Chatterjee
Monami Ghosh
2009
Dev.D
Kalki Koechlin
Hindi
Abhay Deol
Mahi Gill
modern-day take on Devdas
2010
Devdas
Meera
Urdu
Nadeem Shah
Zara Sheikh
Pakistani film
2013
Devdas
Moushumi
Bengali
Shakib Khan
Apu Biswas
Bangladeshi film
2017
Devi
Shataf Figar
Bengali
Paoli Dam
Shubh Mukherjee
modern-day take on Devdasgenderbent versions of characters
2017 – present
Dev DD
Sanjay Suri
Hindi
Asheema Vardaan
Akhil Kapoor
web seriesmodern-day take on Devdasgenderbent versions of characters
2018
Daas Dev
Aditi Rao Hydari
Hindi
Rahul Bhatt
Richa Chadha
modern-day take on Devdas
Social impact
Chandramukhi is one of the first characters in an Indian novel to deal with prostitution. She was often depicted as a tawaif with a heart of gold. The character of Chandramukhi had paved the way for other portrayals of prostitutes and tawaifs in films like Pyaasa (1957), Sadhna (1958) and Pakeezah (1972). Actresses such as Nargis, Suraiya and Bina Rai refused to enact the role of a Chandramukhi in the 1955 film of Devdas, which later went to Vyjayanthimala.
Legacy
Chandramukhi was well-received in India by critics. In 2006, Rediff listed Chandramukhi in their list of "Bollywood's Best Tawaif". Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India also ranked Chandramukhi at #5 in his list "Tart with a heart", saying that "The egotistical Paro may have given her boy friend the goby, but self-sacricficing Chandramukhi was willing to put everything on hold — her livelihood too — for her lover".
Awards
There are many actresses who have portrayed Chandramukhi in film adaptations of Devdas. The first notable award was won by Vyjayanthimala in 1956 when she won the Filmfare Awards, known as Bollywood's Oscar, in the Supporting Actress category. However, she was also the first person to decline the award, as she thought that her role was not a supporting one but was of equal importance and parallel to that of Parvathy in the 1955 version. Other actresses who played Chandramukhi in Hindi versions of the novel have also won this award.
The following are awards and nominations received by actresses who have played the role of Chandramukhi in film:
Year
Film
Nominee
Award
Result
Note
Ref.
1957
Devdas
Vyjayanthimala
Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
Won
She refused to accept the award as she thought that Chandramukhi and Parvathi were parallel roles and not a supporting role
2002
Devdas
Madhuri Dixit
Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress
Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female
Nominated
IIFA Award for Best Actress
2010
Dev.D
Kalki Koechlin
Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
Won
Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Female
Nominated
2013
Devdas
Moushumi
Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Actress
Won
Meril-Prothom Alo Award for Best Film Actress (people’s choice)
Nom
See also
List of prostitutes and courtesans
Hooker with a heart of gold
References
^ Guha, Srejara (2002). Devdas: a novel. Penguin Books. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-14-302926-7. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
^ Vidya Pradhan (21 January 2008). "Heart of gold, speckled with sin". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
^ Ghose, Anindita (August 2006). "Of Names of Women in Hindi Cinema: An Exploration in Semantics" (PDF). e-Social Sciences. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2012. Madhuri Dixit in 'Devdas' (2002) is Chandramukhi which means 'moon faced'.
^ Shubha Tiwari (2005). Indian fiction in English translation. New Delhi Atlantic Publication. p. 151. ISBN 978-81-269-0450-1. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
^ Corey K. Creekmur (13 December 2001). "The Devdas Phenomenon". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
^ Vijay Lokapally (20 February 2009). "Devdas (1955)". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
^ "Fighting Queens". Outlook (magazine). 13 December 2001. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
^ Allan Koay (2 April 2007). "A new era". The Star (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
^ "Screen On & Off". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
^ Lindsay J. Proudfoot, M. M. Roche (2005). (Dis)placing empire: renegotiating British colonial geographies. Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 160. ISBN 0-7546-4213-5. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
^ Sumita S. Chakravarty (1993). National identity in Indian popular cinema, 1947-1987. Harward Academic Publication. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-292-71156-3. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
^ Meghnad Desai (2004). Nehru's hero Dilip Kumar in the life of India. Lotus Collection, Roli Books. p. 95. ISBN 978-81-7436-311-4. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
^ Lata Khubchandani (5 July 2002). "'I did not approve of Vyjayanthimala as Chandramukhi'". Rediff. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
^ a b Dinesh Raheja (30 October 2006). "Bollywood's top tawaifs". Rediff. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
^ Nikhat Kazmi (16 January 2006). "Tart with a heart". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
^ Mishra, Vijay, Bollywood Cinema: A Critical Genealogy (PDF), Victoria University of Wellington, p. 9, archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2012, retrieved 18 February 2012
^ Sheela Bhatt (22 June 2012). "A star spangled evening". Mumbai, Maharashtra: Rediff. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
^ "Vyjayanthimala". Upperstall. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
^ "The Winners – 1956". Indiatimes. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
^ Subhash K. Jha (22 February 2003). "Shah Rukh, Ash, Ajay Devgan's rich haul". Rediff. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
^ Raymond Ronamai. "The winners of the 55th Filmfare Awards are..." Oneindia.in. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
^ "Nominations for Max Stardust Awards 2010". Bollywood Hungama. 16 January 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
^ "মেরিল—প্রথম আলো পুরস্কার ২০১৩" . Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
External links
Chandramukhi on IMDb
vteSarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's DevdasCharacters
Devdas
Paro
Chandramukhi
Films
Devdas (1928 silent film)
Devdas (1935 Bengali)
Devdas (1936 Hindi)
Devdas (1937 Assamese)
Devadasu (1953 Telugu / Tamil)
Devdas (1955 Hindi)
Devdas (1965 Urdu)
Devadasu (1974 Telugu)
Devdas (1979 Bengali)
Devdas (1982 Bengali)
Devadas (1989 Malayalam)
Devdas (2002 Bengali)
Devdas (2002 Hindi)
Devdas (2010 Urdu)
Devdas (2013 Bengali)
Related adaptations
Dev.D
Daas Dev
Dev DD
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chandramukhi (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandramukhi_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Bengali novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_novels"},{"link_name":"Devdas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas"},{"link_name":"Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"mystical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"Meera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meera"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"tawaif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawaif"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other fictional characters, see Chandramukhi (disambiguation).Fictional characterChandramukhi is one of the pivotal characters in the 1917 Bengali novel Devdas by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay. Her character was inspired by the Hindu mystical singer Meera, who devoted her life to Lord Krishna; similarly Chandramukhi devoted her life to Devdas.[1] Chandramukhi is portrayed as a tawaif in the novel and its film adaptations.[2] Chandramukhi means \"moon faced\" or \"as beautiful as the moon\" in Sanskrit.[3]","title":"Chandramukhi (character)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tawaif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawaif"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Chitpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitpur"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"kotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothel"}],"text":"Chandramukhi is a courtesan (tawaif) who lives in Calcutta also known as Kolkata. She is considered the most beautiful and richest prostitute in the area of Chitpur.[4] She is first introduced to Devdas by Chunnilal, who returns to Calcutta heartbroken after the marriage of Parvathi \"Paro\". Devdas, disgusted over Chandramukhi's profession insults her and leaves her kotha. Chandramukhi, impressed by Devdas's attitude, later falls in love with him after realizing his steadfast love for Paro. She leaves her profession for Devdas and convinces him to marry her; he, however, has to reluctantly reject her offer as he has devoted his life to Paro. In return, Chandramukhi does not force him to be with her but waits patiently for him. Subsequently, she also moves to Ashthajhari village, where she lives in a muddy house located at the bank of a river and helps the needy. After some struggle, she meets with Devdas again, who now accepts her love.","title":"In the novel"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P.C._Barua_and_Chandrabati_Devi_-_Bengali_version_of_Devdas_(1935).jpg"},{"link_name":"Chandrabati Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrabati_Devi"},{"link_name":"Pramathesh Barua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramathesh_Barua"},{"link_name":"Devdas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas"},{"link_name":"Bengali film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Devdas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"humanitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarianism"},{"link_name":"Bimal Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimal_Roy"},{"link_name":"1955 version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"Suchitra Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchitra_Sen"},{"link_name":"human rickshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw"},{"link_name":"Vyjayanthimala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyjayanthimala"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Devdas_Hindu_review-6"},{"link_name":"2002 version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas_(2002_Hindi_film)"},{"link_name":"Sanjay Leela Bhansali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Leela_Bhansali"},{"link_name":"Dola Re Dola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dola_Re_Dola"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Chandrabati Devi as Chandramukhi and Pramathesh Barua as Devdas in the 1935 Bengali film DevdasIn most of the film adaptations of Devdas, the story of Chandramukhi is similar to the novel. However, in most of the films her humanitarian work in helping the needy is not depicted. Unlike in the novel, a scene in which Chandramukhi and Parvathi meet was added in Bimal Roy's 1955 version when Paro, played by Suchitra Sen riding in a human rickshaw, comes across Chandramukhi, played by Vyjayanthimala, who just stares at Paro without a single word being exchanged between them.[5] The meeting scene of Paro and Chandramukhi in the 1955 version was still regarded as one of the memorable scene in Bollywood with the background music adding the impact to the scene.[6] In the 2002 version, the director, Sanjay Leela Bhansali, extended the interaction between Paro and Chandramukhi, also showing them dancing together to the hit song \"Dola Re Dola\".[7]","title":"In the film"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pyaasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyaasa"},{"link_name":"Sadhna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhna_(film)"},{"link_name":"Pakeezah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakeezah"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nargis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nargis"},{"link_name":"Suraiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suraiya"},{"link_name":"Bina Rai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bina_Rai"},{"link_name":"Vyjayanthimala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyjayanthimala"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Chandramukhi is one of the first characters in an Indian novel to deal with prostitution.[10] She was often depicted as a tawaif with a heart of gold.[11] The character of Chandramukhi had paved the way for other portrayals of prostitutes and tawaifs in films like Pyaasa (1957), Sadhna (1958) and Pakeezah (1972).[12] Actresses such as Nargis, Suraiya and Bina Rai refused to enact the role of a Chandramukhi in the 1955 film of Devdas, which later went to Vyjayanthimala.[13]","title":"Social impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critic"},{"link_name":"Rediff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff"},{"link_name":"Tawaif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawaif"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bollywood_Best_Tawaif-14"},{"link_name":"Nikhat Kazmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikhat_Kazmi"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Chandramukhi was well-received in India by critics. In 2006, Rediff listed Chandramukhi in their list of \"Bollywood's Best Tawaif\".[14] Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India also ranked Chandramukhi at #5 in his list \"Tart with a heart\", saying that \"The egotistical Paro may have given her boy friend the goby, but self-sacricficing Chandramukhi was willing to put everything on hold — her livelihood too — for her lover\".[15]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film adaptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas#Film,_TV,_and_theatrical_adaptations"},{"link_name":"Vyjayanthimala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyjayanthimala"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Awards"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mishra_9-16"},{"link_name":"Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"1955 version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bollywood_Best_Tawaif-14"}],"text":"There are many actresses who have portrayed Chandramukhi in film adaptations of Devdas. The first notable award was won by Vyjayanthimala in 1956 when she won the Filmfare Awards, known as Bollywood's Oscar,[16] in the Supporting Actress category. However, she was also the first person to decline the award, as she thought that her role was not a supporting one but was of equal importance and parallel to that of Parvathy in the 1955 version.[17] Other actresses who played Chandramukhi in Hindi versions of the novel have also won this award.[14]The following are awards and nominations received by actresses who have played the role of Chandramukhi in film:","title":"Awards"}]
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[{"image_text":"Chandrabati Devi as Chandramukhi and Pramathesh Barua as Devdas in the 1935 Bengali film Devdas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/P.C._Barua_and_Chandrabati_Devi_-_Bengali_version_of_Devdas_%281935%29.jpg/220px-P.C._Barua_and_Chandrabati_Devi_-_Bengali_version_of_Devdas_%281935%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of prostitutes and courtesans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prostitutes_and_courtesans"},{"title":"Hooker with a heart of gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooker_with_a_heart_of_gold"}]
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[{"reference":"Guha, Srejara (2002). Devdas: a novel. Penguin Books. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-14-302926-7. Retrieved 17 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=28RjAAAAMAAJ&q=chandramukhi+meera","url_text":"Devdas: a novel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302926-7","url_text":"978-0-14-302926-7"}]},{"reference":"Vidya Pradhan (21 January 2008). \"Heart of gold, speckled with sin\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081011081507/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/01/21/stories/2008012150640300.htm","url_text":"\"Heart of gold, speckled with sin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/01/21/stories/2008012150640300.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ghose, Anindita (August 2006). \"Of Names of Women in Hindi Cinema: An Exploration in Semantics\" (PDF). e-Social Sciences. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2012. Madhuri Dixit in 'Devdas' (2002) is Chandramukhi which means 'moon faced'.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110410043649/http://www.esocialsciences.com/data/articles/Document12592006460.2453272.pdf","url_text":"\"Of Names of Women in Hindi Cinema: An Exploration in Semantics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Social_Science","url_text":"e-Social Sciences"},{"url":"http://www.esocialsciences.com/data/articles/Document12592006460.2453272.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shubha Tiwari (2005). Indian fiction in English translation. New Delhi Atlantic Publication. p. 151. ISBN 978-81-269-0450-1. Retrieved 16 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XAc-7MEyrJgC&dq=chandramukhi&pg=PA83","url_text":"Indian fiction in English translation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0450-1","url_text":"978-81-269-0450-1"}]},{"reference":"Corey K. Creekmur (13 December 2001). \"The Devdas Phenomenon\". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120113071438/http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/DEVDAS.html","url_text":"\"The Devdas Phenomenon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa","url_text":"University of Iowa"},{"url":"http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/DEVDAS.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vijay Lokapally (20 February 2009). \"Devdas (1955)\". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article657430.ece","url_text":"\"Devdas (1955)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"\"Fighting Queens\". Outlook (magazine). 13 December 2001. Retrieved 18 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.outlookindia.com/glitterati.aspx?322","url_text":"\"Fighting Queens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)","url_text":"Outlook (magazine)"}]},{"reference":"Allan Koay (2 April 2007). \"A new era\". The Star (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120711063817/http://ecentral.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/4/2/movies/17314394&sec=movies","url_text":"\"A new era\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)","url_text":"The Star (Malaysia)"},{"url":"http://ecentral.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/4/2/movies/17314394&sec=movies","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Screen On & Off\". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 14 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/screen-on-off/cid/1268627","url_text":"\"Screen On & Off\""}]},{"reference":"Lindsay J. Proudfoot, M. M. Roche (2005). (Dis)placing empire: renegotiating British colonial geographies. Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 160. ISBN 0-7546-4213-5. Retrieved 18 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RMqXV1ikToQC&dq=chandramukhi+social&pg=PA160","url_text":"(Dis)placing empire: renegotiating British colonial geographies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4213-5","url_text":"0-7546-4213-5"}]},{"reference":"Sumita S. Chakravarty (1993). National identity in Indian popular cinema, 1947-1987. Harward Academic Publication. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-292-71156-3. Retrieved 18 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l8T0uwJtMxkC&dq=chandramukhi+social&pg=PA270","url_text":"National identity in Indian popular cinema, 1947-1987"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71156-3","url_text":"978-0-292-71156-3"}]},{"reference":"Meghnad Desai (2004). Nehru's hero Dilip Kumar in the life of India. Lotus Collection, Roli Books. p. 95. ISBN 978-81-7436-311-4. Retrieved 18 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ayRlAAAAMAAJ&q=chandramukhi+sadhna","url_text":"Nehru's hero Dilip Kumar in the life of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-311-4","url_text":"978-81-7436-311-4"}]},{"reference":"Lata Khubchandani (5 July 2002). \"'I did not approve of Vyjayanthimala as Chandramukhi'\". Rediff. Retrieved 18 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/05ghosh.htm","url_text":"\"'I did not approve of Vyjayanthimala as Chandramukhi'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff","url_text":"Rediff"}]},{"reference":"Dinesh Raheja (30 October 2006). \"Bollywood's top tawaifs\". Rediff. Retrieved 18 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinesh_Raheja","url_text":"Dinesh Raheja"},{"url":"http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/30slid3.htm","url_text":"\"Bollywood's top tawaifs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff","url_text":"Rediff"}]},{"reference":"Nikhat Kazmi (16 January 2006). \"Tart with a heart\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikhat_Kazmi","url_text":"Nikhat Kazmi"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20120709081800/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-16/news-interviews/28116906_1_prostitutes-heart-myths/3","url_text":"\"Tart with a heart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-16/news-interviews/28116906_1_prostitutes-heart-myths/3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mishra, Vijay, Bollywood Cinema: A Critical Genealogy (PDF), Victoria University of Wellington, p. 9, archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2012, retrieved 18 February 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120929121230/http://www.victoria.ac.nz/slc/asi/publications/17-bollywood.pdf","url_text":"Bollywood Cinema: A Critical Genealogy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington","url_text":"Victoria University of Wellington"},{"url":"http://www.victoria.ac.nz/slc/asi/publications/17-bollywood.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sheela Bhatt (22 June 2012). \"A star spangled evening\". Mumbai, Maharashtra: Rediff. Retrieved 18 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/22spec1.htm","url_text":"\"A star spangled evening\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff","url_text":"Rediff"}]},{"reference":"\"Vyjayanthimala\". Upperstall. Retrieved 16 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.upperstall.com/people/vyjayanthimala","url_text":"\"Vyjayanthimala\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upperstall&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Upperstall"}]},{"reference":"\"The Winners – 1956\". Indiatimes. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120714105457/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366351.cms","url_text":"\"The Winners – 1956\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiatimes","url_text":"Indiatimes"},{"url":"http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366351.cms","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Subhash K. Jha (22 February 2003). \"Shah Rukh, Ash, Ajay Devgan's rich haul\". Rediff. Retrieved 16 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/22award.htm","url_text":"\"Shah Rukh, Ash, Ajay Devgan's rich haul\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff","url_text":"Rediff"}]},{"reference":"Raymond Ronamai. \"The winners of the 55th Filmfare Awards are...\" Oneindia.in. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130702055854/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/features/2010/filmfare-awards-winners-010310.html","url_text":"\"The winners of the 55th Filmfare Awards are...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneindia.in","url_text":"Oneindia.in"},{"url":"http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/features/2010/filmfare-awards-winners-010310.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominations for Max Stardust Awards 2010\". Bollywood Hungama. 16 January 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/01/16/5853/index.html","url_text":"\"Nominations for Max Stardust Awards 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"মেরিল—প্রথম আলো পুরস্কার ২০১৩\" [Meril Prothom Alo Award, 2013]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930072221/http://www.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/article/194056/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E2%80%94%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A9","url_text":"\"মেরিল—প্রথম আলো পুরস্কার ২০১৩\""},{"url":"http://www.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/article/194056/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E2%80%94%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A9","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_generation_warfare
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Generations of warfare
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["1 First generation","1.1 Examples","2 Second generation","2.1 Examples","3 Third generation","3.1 Examples","4 Fourth generation","4.1 Examples","5 Fifth generation","6 References"]
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Theory in the history of war
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Generations of warfare" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Western world in its examples, and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)A British Napoleonic Wars reenactor watching modern military helicopters fly over his camp, exemplifying the vast differences in each generation of warfare
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vte
In military history, the term "generations of warfare" refers to the concept of five "generations" in warfare, with each generation having different tactics, strategies, and technologies. The generations of warfare are sometimes dubbed as "4GW" or "5GW". The term originated in 1989 to describe "the changing face of war" over time, initially only referring to the emergence of the fourth generation, but eventually seeing the addition of a fifth generation.
There are five generations of warfare:
First-generation warfare refers to ancient and post-classical battles fought with massed manpower, using phalanx, line, and column tactics with uniformed soldiers governed by the state. This generation came to an end around the mid-nineteenth century due to rapid improvements in the range, accuracy, and rate-of-fire of many weapon systems.
Second-generation warfare refers to industrial warfare, evolving after the invention of the rifled musket and breech-loading weapons and continuing through the development of the machine gun and indirect fire. This generation predates the widespread effective use of motorised vehicles in battle and combined arms. The term second generation warfare was created by the U.S. military in 1989.
Third-generation warfare focuses on using late modern technology-derived tactics of leveraging speed, stealth, and surprise to bypass the enemy's lines and collapse their forces from the rear. Essentially, this was the end of linear warfare on a tactical level, with units seeking not simply to meet each other face to face but to outmaneuver each other to gain the greatest advantage. Armoured units, military aircraft, and airborne forces began to play an increasingly critical role in operations, with the development of strategies such as Blitzkrieg and deep operation.
Fourth-generation warfare as presented by Lind et al. is characterized by a post-modern return to decentralized forms of warfare, blurring of the lines between war and politics, combatants, and civilians due to states' loss of their near-monopoly on combat forces, returning to modes of conflict common in pre-modern times. Guerrilla groups, private military contractors, and paramilitary organisations play a prominent role in fourth-generation warfare.
Fifth-generation warfare is conducted primarily through non-kinetic military action, such as social engineering, misinformation, and cyberattacks, along with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and fully autonomous systems. Fifth generation warfare has been described by Daniel Abbot as a war of "information and perception".
First generation
A Prussian Leibgarde battalion using line and column formation tactics during the Seven Years' War
In 1648, at the end of the Thirty Years' War, the Treaty of Westphalia gave a practical sovereignty to the German states, which until then were semi-independent components of the Holy Roman Empire. This more firmly established the sovereignty of the nation state, which meant, among other things, that governments would have exclusive rights to organize and maintain their own militaries. Before this time, many armies and nations were controlled by religious orders and many wars were fought in melee combat, or subversively through bribery and assassination. The first generation of modern warfare was intended to create a straightforward and orderly means of waging war.
Alternatively, it has been argued that the Peace of Westphalia did not solidify the power of the nation state, but that the Thirty Years' War itself ushered in an era of large-scale combat that was simply too costly for smaller mercenary groups to carry out on their own. According to this theory, smaller groups chose to leave mass combat—and the expenses associated with it—in the domain of the nation-state.
The increased accuracy and speed of the rifled musket and the breech-loader marks the end of first generation warfare; the concept of vast lines of soldiers meeting face to face became impractical due to the heavy casualties that could be sustained. Because these technologies were adopted gradually throughout the Americas and Europe, the exact end of the first generation of modern warfare depends on the region, but all world powers had moved on by the latter half of the 19th century.
In order to create a more controlled environment for warfare, a military culture was developed that, in many ways, is still visible in the armed forces of today. Specially crafted uniforms set soldiers apart from the general populace.
An elaborate structure of rank was developed to better organize men into units. Rules for military drills were perfected, allowing line and column maneuvers to be executed with more precision, and to increase the rate of fire in battle.
Control of media and information released during the war and the production of counterfeit money in order to devaluate the enemy's economy were used for the first time during the Napoleonic Wars.
Examples
English Civil War
Anglo-Spanish War
Seven Years' War
American Revolutionary War
Napoleonic Wars
War of 1812
Mexican War of Independence
Second generation
German infantry and machine gun units advancing during World War I
In the 19th century, the invention of the breech-loading rifled musket meant longer range, greater accuracy, and faster rate of fire. Marching ranks of men straight into a barrage of fire from such weapons would cause tremendous rates of casualties, so a new strategy was developed.
Second generation warfare still maintained lines of battle but focused more on the use of technology to allow smaller units of men to maneuver separately. These smaller units allowed for faster advances, less concentrated casualties, and the ability to use cover and concealment to advantage.
To some degree, these concepts have remained in use even as the next generations have arisen, so the end of the second generation is not as clearly defined as that of the first. The development of the blitzkrieg highlighted some of the flaws of static firing positions and slow-moving infantry, so this can be considered the beginning of the end for the second generation, at least as the dominant force in military strategy.
The contributions of the second generation were responses to technological development. The second generation saw the rise of trench warfare, artillery support, more advanced reconnaissance techniques, extensive use of camouflage uniforms, radio communications, and fireteam maneuvers.
Examples
American Civil War
Boer War
Italo-Turkish War
World War I
Spanish Civil War
Iran–Iraq War
Third generation
Tanks advancing alongside armored vehicles and mechanized forces during the Gulf War
The use of blitzkrieg during the German invasion of France first demonstrated the power of speed and maneuverability over static artillery positions and trench defenses. Through the use of tanks, mechanized infantry, and close air support, the Germans were able to quickly break through linear defenses and capture the rear.
The emphasis on maneuvering and speed to bypass enemy engagement remains a common strategy throughout the world, and collapsing an enemy's defenses by striking at deeper targets is—in a somewhat different way—a major strategy in fourth generation warfare.
The contributions of the third generation were based on the concept of overcoming technological disadvantage through the use of clever strategy. As linear fighting came to an end, new ways of moving faster began to appear.
The emphasis on mobility moved from heavy armor to greater speed, the development of the helicopter allowed insertions in hostile territory, and advanced missile technology allowed forces to bypass enemy defenses and strike at targets from great distances. The speed inherent in these methods necessitated a greater degree of independence allowed to the units on the front lines.
Greater trust needed to be placed in junior officers commanding sub-units by higher-ranking officers—a belief that they could adequately achieve their objectives without micromanagement from higher ranking commanders in command headquarters.
Smaller units were allowed greater decision flexibility to deal with changing situations on the ground, rather than have decisions made for them by commanders who were distant from the front. This began to break down the regimented culture of order that was so important in previous theoretical eras of military command and control.
Examples
World War II
Korean War
Vietnam War
Persian Gulf War
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Fourth generation
Main article: Fourth-generation warfareGuerillas in the Philippines in 1999
The term "fourth-generation warfare" was first used in 1989 by a team of American analysts, including William S. Lind, to describe warfare's return to a decentralized form. In terms of generational modern warfare, the fourth generation signifies the nation states' loss of their near-monopoly on combat forces, returning to modes of conflict common in pre-modern times.
The simplest definition includes any war in which one of the major participants is not a state but rather a violent non-state actor. Classical examples, such as the slave uprising under Spartacus or the mercenary uprising that occurred in Carthage after the First Punic War, predate the modern concept of warfare and are examples of this type of conflict.
Fourth generation warfare is defined as conflicts which involve the following elements:
Are complex and long term
Terrorism (tactic)
A non-national or transnational base – highly decentralized
A direct attack on the enemy's core ideals
Highly sophisticated psychological warfare, especially through media manipulation and lawfare
All available pressures are used – political, economic, social and military
Occurs in low intensity conflict, involving actors from all networks
Non-combatants are tactical dilemmas
Lack of hierarchy
Small in size, spread out network of communication and financial support
Use of insurgency and guerrilla tactics
Fourth-generation warfare theory has been criticized on the grounds that it is "nothing more than repackaging of the traditional clash between the non-state insurgent and the soldiers of a nation-state."
Examples
Colombian conflict
Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Myanmar conflict
The Troubles
War against the Islamic State
Fifth generation
Main article: Fifth-generation warfare
An office belonging to Russian web brigades captured by Ukrainian forces during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Fifth-generation warfare is warfare that is conducted primarily through non-kinetic military action, such as social engineering, misinformation, cyberattacks, along with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and fully autonomous systems. Fifth generation warfare has been described by Daniel Abbot as a war of "information and perception".
There is no widely agreed upon definition of fifth-generation warfare, and it has been rejected by some scholars, including William S. Lind, who was one of the original theorists of fourth-generation warfare.
The term 'fifth-generation warfare' was first used in 2003 by Robert Steele. The following year, Lind criticised the concept, arguing that the fourth generation had yet to fully materialize.
In 2008, the term was used by Terry Terriff, who presented the 2003 ricin letters as a potential example, but stated that he was not entirely sure if it was a fifth-generation attack, claiming "we may not recognize it as it resolves around us. Or we might look at several alternative futures and see each as fifth generation." Terriff argued that while fifth-generation warfare allows "super-empowered individuals" to make political statements through terrorism, they lack the political power to actually have their demands met.
L.C. Rees described the nature of fifth generation warfare as difficult to define in itself, alluding to the third law of science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke – "any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic."
Alex P. Schmid said that fifth-generation warfare is typified by its "omnipresent battlefield", and the fact that people engaged in it do not necessarily use military force, instead employing a mixture of kinetic and non-kinetic force. In the 1999 book Unrestricted Warfare by colonels Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui of the People's Liberation Army, they noted that in the years since the 1991 Gulf War, conventional military violence had decreased, which correlated to an increase in "“political, economic, and technological violence”, which they argued could be more devastating than a conventional war. On the contrary, Thomas P. M. Barnett, believes that the effectiveness of fifth-generational warfare is exaggerated, as terrorism conducted by individuals, such as Timothy McVeigh or Ted Kaczynski, lacks the support of more organized movements. This was seconded by George Michael, who noted that in the United States, gang violence was responsible for far more deaths than lone wolf terrorist attacks.
References
^ Defense Technical Information Center (2007-06-01). DTIC ADA521639: Military Review. Volume 87, Number 3, May-June 2007.
^ a b Abbott, Daniel (2010). The Handbook of Fifth-Generation Warfare. Nimble Books. p. 20.
^ a b c d Lind, William S. (January 15, 2004), "Understanding Fourth Generation War", antiwar.com, retrieved February 7, 2010
^ Echevarria, Antulio J. II (November 2005). Fourth-Generation War and Other Myths (PDF). United States Army War College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-22. Retrieved 2014-04-26. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Lind, William S.; Nightengale, Keith; Schmitt, John F.; Sutton, Joseph W.; Wilson, Gary I. (October 1989), "The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation", Marine Corps Gazette, pp. 22–26
^ On Fourth Generation Warfare, The Mackenzie Institute
^ Abbott, Daniel (2010). The Handbook of Fifth-Generation Warfare. Nimble Books. p. 20.
^ Michael, George (2012). Lone Wolf Terror and the Rise of Leaderless Resistance. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 156.
^ Abbott, Daniel (2010). The Handbook of Fifth-Generation Warfare. Nimble Books. p. 125.
^ Abbott, Daniel (2010). The Handbook of Fifth-Generation Warfare. Nimble Books. p. 209.
^ a b Terriff, Terry (2008). Global Insurgency and the Future of Armed Conflict. Routledge. p. 42. ISBN 9780415413572.
^ Terriff, Terry (2008). Global Insurgency and the Future of Armed Conflict. Routledge. p. 50. ISBN 9780415413572.
^ Abbott, Daniel (2010). The Handbook of Fifth-Generation Warfare. Nimble Books. p. 15.
^ Schmid, Alex (2011). The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research. Routledge. p. 167.
^ Michael, George (2012). Lone Wolf Terror and the Rise of Leaderless Resistance. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 157.
^ Michael, George (2012). Lone Wolf Terror and the Rise of Leaderless Resistance. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 166.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Time_out_of_Mind_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1409506.jpg"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"reenactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_reenactment"},{"link_name":"military helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_helicopter"},{"link_name":"military history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history"},{"link_name":"generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation"},{"link_name":"warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics"},{"link_name":"strategies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategy"},{"link_name":"technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"ancient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history"},{"link_name":"post-classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-classical_history"},{"link_name":"phalanx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_battle"},{"link_name":"column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(formation)"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Generations_of_warfare#Dubious"},{"link_name":"industrial warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_warfare"},{"link_name":"rifled musket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifled_musket"},{"link_name":"breech-loading weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon"},{"link_name":"machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"indirect fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_fire"},{"link_name":"motorised vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_vehicle"},{"link_name":"combined arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_arms"},{"link_name":"U.S. military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"late modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_modern_period"},{"link_name":"Armoured units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"link_name":"military aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aircraft"},{"link_name":"airborne forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_forces"},{"link_name":"Blitzkrieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg"},{"link_name":"deep operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_operation"},{"link_name":"post-modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernity"},{"link_name":"decentralized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics"},{"link_name":"combatants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combatants"},{"link_name":"civilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilians"},{"link_name":"Guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"private military contractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company"},{"link_name":"paramilitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary"},{"link_name":"non-kinetic military action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_military_action"},{"link_name":"social engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)"},{"link_name":"misinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation"},{"link_name":"cyberattacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberattack"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"autonomous systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"A British Napoleonic Wars reenactor watching modern military helicopters fly over his camp, exemplifying the vast differences in each generation of warfareIn military history, the term \"generations of warfare\" refers to the concept of five \"generations\" in warfare, with each generation having different tactics, strategies, and technologies. The generations of warfare are sometimes dubbed as \"4GW\" or \"5GW\". The term originated in 1989 to describe \"the changing face of war\" over time, initially only referring to the emergence of the fourth generation, but eventually seeing the addition of a fifth generation.[1][2]There are five generations of warfare:First-generation warfare refers to ancient and post-classical battles fought with massed manpower, using phalanx, line, and column tactics with uniformed soldiers governed by the state.[dubious – discuss] This generation came to an end around the mid-nineteenth century due to rapid improvements in the range, accuracy, and rate-of-fire of many weapon systems.\nSecond-generation warfare refers to industrial warfare, evolving after the invention of the rifled musket and breech-loading weapons and continuing through the development of the machine gun and indirect fire. This generation predates the widespread effective use of motorised vehicles in battle and combined arms. The term second generation warfare was created by the U.S. military in 1989.\nThird-generation warfare focuses on using late modern technology-derived tactics of leveraging speed, stealth, and surprise to bypass the enemy's lines and collapse their forces from the rear. Essentially, this was the end of linear warfare on a tactical level, with units seeking not simply to meet each other face to face but to outmaneuver each other to gain the greatest advantage. Armoured units, military aircraft, and airborne forces began to play an increasingly critical role in operations, with the development of strategies such as Blitzkrieg and deep operation.\nFourth-generation warfare as presented by Lind et al. is characterized by a post-modern return to decentralized forms of warfare, blurring of the lines between war and politics, combatants, and civilians due to states' loss of their near-monopoly on combat forces, returning to modes of conflict common in pre-modern times. Guerrilla groups, private military contractors, and paramilitary organisations play a prominent role in fourth-generation warfare.\nFifth-generation warfare is conducted primarily through non-kinetic military action, such as social engineering, misinformation, and cyberattacks, along with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and fully autonomous systems. Fifth generation warfare has been described by Daniel Abbot as a war of \"information and perception\".[2]","title":"Generations of warfare"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erstes_pr._Bataillon_Leibgarde_in_Schlacht_bei_Kollin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leibgarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibgarde_(military)"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia"},{"link_name":"German states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"melee combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melee"},{"link_name":"bribery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribery"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lind-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"rifled musket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifled_musket"},{"link_name":"breech-loader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lind-3"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_rank"},{"link_name":"military drills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_(military)"},{"link_name":"counterfeit money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit_money"}],"text":"A Prussian Leibgarde battalion using line and column formation tactics during the Seven Years' WarIn 1648, at the end of the Thirty Years' War, the Treaty of Westphalia gave a practical sovereignty to the German states, which until then were semi-independent components of the Holy Roman Empire. This more firmly established the sovereignty of the nation state, which meant, among other things, that governments would have exclusive rights to organize and maintain their own militaries. Before this time, many armies and nations were controlled by religious orders and many wars were fought in melee combat, or subversively through bribery and assassination. The first generation of modern warfare was intended to create a straightforward and orderly means of waging war.[3]Alternatively, it has been argued that the Peace of Westphalia did not solidify the power of the nation state, but that the Thirty Years' War itself ushered in an era of large-scale combat that was simply too costly for smaller mercenary groups to carry out on their own. According to this theory, smaller groups chose to leave mass combat—and the expenses associated with it—in the domain of the nation-state.[4]The increased accuracy and speed of the rifled musket and the breech-loader marks the end of first generation warfare; the concept of vast lines of soldiers meeting face to face became impractical due to the heavy casualties that could be sustained. Because these technologies were adopted gradually throughout the Americas and Europe, the exact end of the first generation of modern warfare depends on the region, but all world powers had moved on by the latter half of the 19th century.[3]In order to create a more controlled environment for warfare, a military culture was developed that, in many ways, is still visible in the armed forces of today. Specially crafted uniforms set soldiers apart from the general populace.An elaborate structure of rank was developed to better organize men into units. Rules for military drills were perfected, allowing line and column maneuvers to be executed with more precision, and to increase the rate of fire in battle.Control of media and information released during the war and the production of counterfeit money in order to devaluate the enemy's economy were used for the first time during the Napoleonic Wars.","title":"First generation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Mexican War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"}],"sub_title":"Examples","text":"English Civil War\nAnglo-Spanish War\nSeven Years' War\nAmerican Revolutionary War\nNapoleonic Wars\nWar of 1812\nMexican War of Independence","title":"First generation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_machine_gun_detachment_creeping_into_action,_May_7,_1915_(30982753741).jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"lines of battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_(formation)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lind-3"},{"link_name":"blitzkrieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg"},{"link_name":"trench warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"camouflage uniforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_camouflage"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"fireteam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireteam"}],"text":"German infantry and machine gun units advancing during World War IIn the 19th century, the invention of the breech-loading rifled musket meant longer range, greater accuracy, and faster rate of fire. Marching ranks of men straight into a barrage of fire from such weapons would cause tremendous rates of casualties, so a new strategy was developed.Second generation warfare still maintained lines of battle but focused more on the use of technology to allow smaller units of men to maneuver separately. These smaller units allowed for faster advances, less concentrated casualties, and the ability to use cover and concealment to advantage.[3]\nTo some degree, these concepts have remained in use even as the next generations have arisen, so the end of the second generation is not as clearly defined as that of the first. The development of the blitzkrieg highlighted some of the flaws of static firing positions and slow-moving infantry, so this can be considered the beginning of the end for the second generation, at least as the dominant force in military strategy.The contributions of the second generation were responses to technological development. The second generation saw the rise of trench warfare, artillery support, more advanced reconnaissance techniques, extensive use of camouflage uniforms, radio communications, and fireteam maneuvers.","title":"Second generation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Italo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Iran–Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War"}],"sub_title":"Examples","text":"American Civil War\nBoer War\nItalo-Turkish War\nWorld War I\nSpanish Civil War\nIran–Iraq War","title":"Second generation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Challenger_1_tank_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"German invasion of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank"},{"link_name":"mechanized infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanized_infantry"},{"link_name":"close air support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lind-3"},{"link_name":"helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile"},{"link_name":"command and control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control"}],"text":"Tanks advancing alongside armored vehicles and mechanized forces during the Gulf WarThe use of blitzkrieg during the German invasion of France first demonstrated the power of speed and maneuverability over static artillery positions and trench defenses. Through the use of tanks, mechanized infantry, and close air support, the Germans were able to quickly break through linear defenses and capture the rear.The emphasis on maneuvering and speed to bypass enemy engagement remains a common strategy throughout the world, and collapsing an enemy's defenses by striking at deeper targets is—in a somewhat different way—a major strategy in fourth generation warfare.[3]The contributions of the third generation were based on the concept of overcoming technological disadvantage through the use of clever strategy. As linear fighting came to an end, new ways of moving faster began to appear.The emphasis on mobility moved from heavy armor to greater speed, the development of the helicopter allowed insertions in hostile territory, and advanced missile technology allowed forces to bypass enemy defenses and strike at targets from great distances. The speed inherent in these methods necessitated a greater degree of independence allowed to the units on the front lines.Greater trust needed to be placed in junior officers commanding sub-units by higher-ranking officers—a belief that they could adequately achieve their objectives without micromanagement from higher ranking commanders in command headquarters.Smaller units were allowed greater decision flexibility to deal with changing situations on the ground, rather than have decisions made for them by commanders who were distant from the front. This began to break down the regimented culture of order that was so important in previous theoretical eras of military command and control.","title":"Third generation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"War in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"}],"sub_title":"Examples","text":"World War II\nKorean War\nVietnam War\nPersian Gulf War\nWar in Afghanistan\nIraq War","title":"Third generation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maguindanao_guerillas,_1999.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"William S. Lind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Lind"},{"link_name":"generational modern warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generational_modern_warfare"},{"link_name":"nation states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"violent non-state actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor"},{"link_name":"slave uprising under Spartacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Servile_War"},{"link_name":"mercenary uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary_War"},{"link_name":"First Punic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War"},{"link_name":"Terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"psychological warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare"},{"link_name":"media manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_manipulation"},{"link_name":"lawfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawfare"},{"link_name":"low intensity conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_intensity_conflict"},{"link_name":"insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency"},{"link_name":"guerrilla tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Guerillas in the Philippines in 1999The term \"fourth-generation warfare\" was first used in 1989 by a team of American analysts, including William S. Lind, to describe warfare's return to a decentralized form. In terms of generational modern warfare, the fourth generation signifies the nation states' loss of their near-monopoly on combat forces, returning to modes of conflict common in pre-modern times.[5]The simplest definition includes any war in which one of the major participants is not a state but rather a violent non-state actor. Classical examples, such as the slave uprising under Spartacus or the mercenary uprising that occurred in Carthage after the First Punic War, predate the modern concept of warfare and are examples of this type of conflict.Fourth generation warfare is defined as conflicts which involve the following elements:Are complex and long term\nTerrorism (tactic)\nA non-national or transnational base – highly decentralized\nA direct attack on the enemy's core ideals\nHighly sophisticated psychological warfare, especially through media manipulation and lawfare\nAll available pressures are used – political, economic, social and military\nOccurs in low intensity conflict, involving actors from all networks\nNon-combatants are tactical dilemmas\nLack of hierarchy\nSmall in size, spread out network of communication and financial support\nUse of insurgency and guerrilla tacticsFourth-generation warfare theory has been criticized on the grounds that it is \"nothing more than repackaging of the traditional clash between the non-state insurgent and the soldiers of a nation-state.\"[6]","title":"Fourth generation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colombian conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict"},{"link_name":"Israeli-Palestinian conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-Palestinian_conflict"},{"link_name":"Myanmar conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_conflict"},{"link_name":"The Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"War against the Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State"}],"sub_title":"Examples","text":"Colombian conflict\nIsraeli-Palestinian conflict\nMyanmar conflict\nThe Troubles\nWar against the Islamic State","title":"Fourth generation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pro-Russian_bot_farm_in_Ukraine_(2022).jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian web brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_web_brigades"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"non-kinetic military action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_military_action"},{"link_name":"social engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)"},{"link_name":"misinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation"},{"link_name":"cyberattacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberattack"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"autonomous systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robot"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"fourth-generation warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-11"},{"link_name":"2003 ricin letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_ricin_letters"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-11"},{"link_name":"terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"the third law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke%27s_three_laws"},{"link_name":"Arthur C. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Alex P. Schmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_P._Schmid"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Unrestricted Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare"},{"link_name":"Qiao Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiao_Liang_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Wang Xiangsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Xiangsui"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Thomas P. M. Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._M._Barnett"},{"link_name":"Timothy McVeigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_McVeigh"},{"link_name":"Ted Kaczynski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski"},{"link_name":"George Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Michael_(professor)"},{"link_name":"gang violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_violence"},{"link_name":"lone wolf terrorist attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_wolf_attacks"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"An office belonging to Russian web brigades captured by Ukrainian forces during the 2022 Russian invasion of UkraineFifth-generation warfare is warfare that is conducted primarily through non-kinetic military action, such as social engineering, misinformation, cyberattacks, along with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and fully autonomous systems. Fifth generation warfare has been described by Daniel Abbot as a war of \"information and perception\".[7]There is no widely agreed upon definition of fifth-generation warfare,[8] and it has been rejected by some scholars, including William S. Lind, who was one of the original theorists of fourth-generation warfare.[9]The term 'fifth-generation warfare' was first used in 2003 by Robert Steele. The following year, Lind criticised the concept, arguing that the fourth generation had yet to fully materialize.[10]In 2008, the term was used by Terry Terriff,[11] who presented the 2003 ricin letters as a potential example, but stated that he was not entirely sure if it was a fifth-generation attack, claiming \"we may not recognize it as it resolves around us. Or we might look at several alternative futures and see each as fifth generation.\"[11] Terriff argued that while fifth-generation warfare allows \"super-empowered individuals\" to make political statements through terrorism, they lack the political power to actually have their demands met.[12]L.C. Rees described the nature of fifth generation warfare as difficult to define in itself, alluding to the third law of science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke – \"any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.\"[13]Alex P. Schmid said that fifth-generation warfare is typified by its \"omnipresent battlefield\", and the fact that people engaged in it do not necessarily use military force, instead employing a mixture of kinetic and non-kinetic force.[14] In the 1999 book Unrestricted Warfare by colonels Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui of the People's Liberation Army, they noted that in the years since the 1991 Gulf War, conventional military violence had decreased, which correlated to an increase in \"“political, economic, and technological violence”, which they argued could be more devastating than a conventional war.[15] On the contrary, Thomas P. M. Barnett, believes that the effectiveness of fifth-generational warfare is exaggerated, as terrorism conducted by individuals, such as Timothy McVeigh or Ted Kaczynski, lacks the support of more organized movements. This was seconded by George Michael, who noted that in the United States, gang violence was responsible for far more deaths than lone wolf terrorist attacks.[16]","title":"Fifth generation"}]
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[{"image_text":"A British Napoleonic Wars reenactor watching modern military helicopters fly over his camp, exemplifying the vast differences in each generation of warfare","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Time_out_of_Mind_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1409506.jpg/220px-Time_out_of_Mind_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1409506.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Prussian Leibgarde battalion using line and column formation tactics during the Seven Years' War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Erstes_pr._Bataillon_Leibgarde_in_Schlacht_bei_Kollin.jpg/220px-Erstes_pr._Bataillon_Leibgarde_in_Schlacht_bei_Kollin.jpg"},{"image_text":"German infantry and machine gun units advancing during World War I","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/German_machine_gun_detachment_creeping_into_action%2C_May_7%2C_1915_%2830982753741%29.jpg/220px-German_machine_gun_detachment_creeping_into_action%2C_May_7%2C_1915_%2830982753741%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tanks advancing alongside armored vehicles and mechanized forces during the Gulf War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/A_Challenger_1_tank_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG/220px-A_Challenger_1_tank_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG"},{"image_text":"Guerillas in the Philippines in 1999","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Maguindanao_guerillas%2C_1999.jpg/220px-Maguindanao_guerillas%2C_1999.jpg"},{"image_text":"An office belonging to Russian web brigades captured by Ukrainian forces during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pro-Russian_bot_farm_in_Ukraine_%282022%29.jpg/220px-Pro-Russian_bot_farm_in_Ukraine_%282022%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Defense Technical Information Center (2007-06-01). DTIC ADA521639: Military Review. Volume 87, Number 3, May-June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA521639","url_text":"DTIC ADA521639: Military Review. Volume 87, Number 3, May-June 2007"}]},{"reference":"Abbott, Daniel (2010). The Handbook of Fifth-Generation Warfare. Nimble Books. p. 20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lind, William S. (January 15, 2004), \"Understanding Fourth Generation War\", antiwar.com, retrieved February 7, 2010","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Lind","url_text":"Lind, William S."},{"url":"http://antiwar.com/lind/index.php?articleid=1702","url_text":"\"Understanding Fourth Generation War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiwar.com","url_text":"antiwar.com"}]},{"reference":"Echevarria, Antulio J. II (November 2005). Fourth-Generation War and Other Myths (PDF). United States Army War College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-22. Retrieved 2014-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180422084158/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub632.pdf","url_text":"Fourth-Generation War and Other Myths"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College","url_text":"United States Army War College"},{"url":"http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub632.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lind, William S.; Nightengale, Keith; Schmitt, John F.; Sutton, Joseph W.; Wilson, Gary I. (October 1989), \"The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation\", Marine Corps Gazette, pp. 22–26","urls":[{"url":"http://globalguerrillas.typepad.com/lind/the-changing-face-of-war-into-the-fourth-generation.html","url_text":"\"The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation\""}]},{"reference":"Abbott, Daniel (2010). The Handbook of Fifth-Generation Warfare. Nimble Books. p. 20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Michael, George (2012). Lone Wolf Terror and the Rise of Leaderless Resistance. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 156.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Abbott, Daniel (2010). The Handbook of Fifth-Generation Warfare. Nimble Books. p. 125.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Abbott, Daniel (2010). The Handbook of Fifth-Generation Warfare. Nimble Books. p. 209.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Terriff, Terry (2008). Global Insurgency and the Future of Armed Conflict. Routledge. p. 42. ISBN 9780415413572.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A8n4KWqVifUC","url_text":"Global Insurgency and the Future of Armed Conflict"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415413572","url_text":"9780415413572"}]},{"reference":"Terriff, Terry (2008). Global Insurgency and the Future of Armed Conflict. Routledge. p. 50. ISBN 9780415413572.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A8n4KWqVifUC","url_text":"Global Insurgency and the Future of Armed Conflict"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415413572","url_text":"9780415413572"}]},{"reference":"Abbott, Daniel (2010). The Handbook of Fifth-Generation Warfare. Nimble Books. p. 15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schmid, Alex (2011). The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research. Routledge. p. 167.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Michael, George (2012). Lone Wolf Terror and the Rise of Leaderless Resistance. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 157.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Michael, George (2012). Lone Wolf Terror and the Rise of Leaderless Resistance. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 166.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Commercial_Historic_District
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Thomas Commercial Historic District
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["1 Gallery","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 39°08′59″N 79°29′55″W / 39.1498°N 79.4985°W / 39.1498; -79.4985Historic district in West Virginia, United States
United States historic placeThomas Commercial Historic DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district
Thomas City Hall, July 2006Show map of West VirginiaShow map of the United StatesLocationRoughly Spruce St. and East Ave. bet. First St. and Third St.; East Ave. W to the North Fork of the Blackwater R., Thomas, West VirginiaCoordinates39°08′59″N 79°29′55″W / 39.1498°N 79.4985°W / 39.1498; -79.4985Area33 acres (13 ha)Built1884ArchitectHolmboe & LaffertyArchitectural styleGothic Revival, Italianate, RenaissanceNRHP reference No.98001072
Added to NRHPAugust 14, 1998
The Thomas Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Thomas, Tucker County, West Virginia. It encompasses 48 contributing buildings and two contributing structures. They include the business and commercial core of Thomas. Most of the buildings in the district date from the late-19th and early-20th century in popular architectural styles, such as Italianate, Renaissance Revival, and Gothic Revival. They are primarily two and three story masonry buildings with storefronts on the first floor and housing above. Notable buildings include the Frank Calobrese Building (1902), Duncan Funeral Home Building (1899), Miners and Merchant Bank (1902), City Hall (1927), and Thomas Central Power Plant Dam (1911). Also located in the district is the separately listed Cottrill Opera House (1902).
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.
Gallery
Panorama of Thomas West Virginia Historic District
Buildings
Buildings
City Hall
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ Michael Gioulis (December 1997). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Thomas Commercial Historic District" (PDF). State of West Virginia, West Virginia Division of Culture and History, Historic Preservation. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in West VirginiaTopics
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Category:National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thomas_Glyn
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Richard Thomas Glyn
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["1 Early career","2 Southern Africa","3 Later career","4 Death and legacy","5 References"]
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British Army officer (1831–1900)
A caricature of Glyn by staff officer Lieutenant-Colonel John North Crealock. Made during the Zulu War, 1879.
Lt Gen Richard Thomas Glyn CB CMG (23 December 1831 – 21 November 1900) was a British Army officer. He joined the 82nd Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) by purchasing an ensign's commission in 1850. Glyn served with the regiment in the Crimean War and rose in rank to captain before transferring to the 24th (The 2nd Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot in 1856. He served with that regiment in the Indian Mutiny and was appointed to command it in 1872. In 1875 he accompanied the 1st battalion of the regiment on service in the Cape Colony and fought with them in the 9th Cape Frontier War of 1877–78. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath after the war.
Glyn commanded No. 3 Column, including men from both battalions of his regiment, during the first British invasion of Zululand in 1879. Whilst Glyn was accompanying Lieutenant-General Lord Chelmsford on a reconnaissance, the column's camp was attacked and almost wiped out in the Battle of Isandlwana. Glyn commanded the post at Rorke's Drift in the aftermath of the Battle of Rorke's Drift. Though suffering from depression and a mental breakdown he made orders to recover the missing Queen's Colour of the 1st Battalion and to bury the bodies of his men. He was excluded from a court of enquiry held by Chelmsford into the defeat at Isandlwana and survived an attempt by Chelmsford's staff to blame him for the disaster.
Glyn commanded a brigade in the successful second invasion of Zululand that brought the war to the close. He returned to the United Kingdom after the war to command the regimental depot at Brecon, Wales, and superintended the change of the 24th Regiment into the South Wales Borderers. Glyn was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George for his service in the Zulu War. He was promoted to general rank before his retirement, after which he served in the ceremonial role of colonel of the regiment of the South Wales Borderers until his death.
Early career
Glyn was born in 1831. He joined the 82nd Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) as an ensign by purchasing a commission on 16 August 1850. Glyn received promotion to lieutenant, by purchase, on 24 June 1853. He served with the regiment in the Crimean War from 1855 to 1856. Vacancies in the field could be filled without purchase and Glyn was promoted in this manner to the rank of captain on 7 September 1855. For his service in the Crimea he received the Crimea Medal, with a clasp indicating service at the Siege of Sevastopol, and the Ottoman Empire's Turkish Crimea Medal.
Glyn transferred to the 24th (The 2nd Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot on 30 September 1856. Glyn served with the regiment during the Indian Mutiny, from 1857 to 1858, and received the Indian Mutiny Medal. He was promoted to the rank of major by purchase on 23 July 1861 and to lieutenant colonel, also by purchase, on 13 February 1867. Glyn received command of the 24th Regiment in February 1872 and on the 13th of that month was granted the brevet rank of colonel.
Southern Africa
The 1st Battalion of the 24th Regiment was posted to the Cape Colony in Southern Africa in 1875 and Glyn accompanied them. The battalion served in the 9th Cape Frontier War of 1877–78, during which Glyn commanded the British troops in Transkei against the Xhosa people. After the conclusion of the war Glyn was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath. Historian Donald Morris described Glyn as "a short, grouchy officer" who frequently fell out with his subordinates.
The 2nd Battalion of the 24th Regiment was posted to the Cape to join the 1st Battalion in preparation for the 1879 Zulu War. At this point Glyn was the second-most-senior British officer in Southern Africa, after Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford, who commanded British forces in the war. Chelmsford gave Glyn command of his No. 3 Column, the principal British invading force, but allowed him little independence of command, as Chelmsford accompanied the column in the invasion of Zululand. Glyn commanded the troops in the opening action of the war, at Sihayo's Kraal on 12 January 1879.
No. 3 Column afterwards advanced to the mountain of Isandlwana on a slow march towards the Zulu capital, Ulundi. Glyn accompanied Chelmsford on a reconnaissance in force to Mangeni on the morning of 22 January, leaving the 1st Battalion's Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Pulleine in command of the camp. Pulleine was later joined by the more senior Colonel Anthony Durnford, with additional troops. During Glyn's absence, a large Zulu force attacked the camp, wiping out the command and killing Pulleine and Durnford in the Battle of Isandlwana. Glyn and Chelmsford's force passed through the battlefield later that day on the way to Rorke's Drift, where a small British garrison had successfully fought off a Zulu attack.
Glyn's post-battle report on Isandlwana was emotional and, because there were so few British survivors, is based partly on his own speculation. It was written, in part, as an attempt to vindicate the actions of his officers in the battle. It was the first official record of the actions of Lieutenants Teignmouth Melvill and Nevill Coghill, who had made a fatal attempt to save the Queen's Colour of the 1st Battalion of the 24th Regiment. This colour had been received by Glyn as a young officer on parade at Curragh Camp in 1866 from the Countess of Kimberley (wife of John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley). After reading a report on the event from eyewitness Lieutenant Walter Higginson of the Natal Native Contingent, Glyn ordered a party to Isandlwana to bury the bodies of Melvill and Coghill and then a second party to attempt to recover the remains of the colour. The damaged colour was retrieved and later repaired by Glyn's wife Anne; it remained in use by the regiment until 1933.
Glyn was left in command at Rorke's Drift by Chelmsford. He led a demoralised force, isolated from any immediate assistance and in fear of an imminent second Zulu attack. Rainy conditions and the outbreak of disease did not help matters, nor his orders that confined most of the garrison to the interior of the post. Glyn arranged the strengthening of the post into Fort Bromhead and, later, established a new fort near the Buffalo River, Fort Melvill. His command was dysfunctional due to Glyn suffering from depression; he suffered a mental breakdown, but recovered. Despite parties from other units recovering wagons and burying bodies at Isandlwana, Glyn requested their commanders not touch his men, whom he wanted buried by their comrades. Surviving detachments from the regiment began this work, which took several months, on 20 June.
Glyn was not called as a witness to Chelmsford's court of enquiry following Isandlwana. The court served principally as a means of exonerating Chelmsford and blaming Durnford for the defeat. Glyn's posting to Rorke's Drift served as a means of isolating him from the enquiry. Chelmsford's staff attempted to deflect criticism from their commander onto Glyn and sent him requests to account for his interpretation of Chelmsford's orders relating to the camp at Isandlwana. Glyn maintained a general silence on the matter, noting that Chelmsford knew better than him what his orders were and that it was his duty to carry them out. Glyn's wife was indignant at his treatment and robustly defended him, which forced Chelmsford's staff to cease this line of action.
In the victorious second invasion of Zululand from May 1879, Glyn commanded the 1st Brigade of the 2nd Division. He commanded the infantry brigade at the Battle of Ulundi, which sealed the British victory in the war.
Later career
After the Zulu War Glyn returned to the United Kingdom to command the 24th Regimental District and the regiment's depot at Brecon, Wales. He spent a period on retirement half pay from 19 May 1880. Glyn was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George on 30 October 1880 for his services in the Zulu War. Glyn superintended the change of his regiment's name from the 24th Regiment of Foot to the South Wales Borderers under the 1881 Childers Reforms.
Glyn was promoted to major-general on 30 September 1882. His appointment as commander of the South Wales Borderers' regimental district ended on 6 December 1882. He was promoted to the honorary rank of lieutenant-general shortly before his retirement on 30 September 1887. Glyn was appointed to the ceremonial role of colonel of the regiment of the South Wales Borderers on 29 May 1898.
Death and legacy
Glyn died at his home, Chequers, in Stratfield Saye, Hampshire, on 21 November 1900, aged 68, not long after witnessing his regiment return to Southern Africa for service in the Second Boer War. He is buried in his family's plot at Ewell, Surrey. A hoof from his horse, Yellow Rose, serves as an ash tray in the officers' dining room of the Royal Welsh, the successor of the South Wales Borderers.
References
^ "Glyn, Lt-Gen. Richard Thomas, (23 Dec. 1831–21 Nov. 1900), Colonel South Wales Borderers, from 1898", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u186385, retrieved 26 October 2022
^ a b c d e f g h i j Laband, John (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars. Scarecrow Press. pp. xii, 105. ISBN 978-0-8108-6300-2.
^ "No. 21127". The London Gazette. 16 August 1850. p. 2246.
^ "No. 21451". The London Gazette. 24 June 1853. p. 1774.
^ a b Smith, Keith (2014). Dead Was Everything: Studies in the Anglo-Zulu War. Frontline Books. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-4738-3723-2.
^ "No. 21778". The London Gazette. 7 September 1855. p. 3363.
^ a b c Hart, Henry George (1880). New annual army list, militia list, and Indian civil service list (PDF). London: John Murray. p. 267.
^ "No. 21927". The London Gazette. 30 September 1856. p. 3224.
^ "No. 22532". The London Gazette. 23 July 1861. p. 3001.
^ "No. 23218". The London Gazette. 12 February 1867. p. 761.
^ a b "No. 24871". The London Gazette. 6 August 1880. p. 4312.
^ Laband, John (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars. Scarecrow Press. pp. xii, 229. ISBN 978-0-8108-6300-2.
^ "No. 24650". The London Gazette. 28 November 1878. p. 6683.
^ Morris, Donald R. (1965). The Washing of the Spears. Pen and Sword. p. 264. ISBN 067-1-63108-X.
^ Morris, Donald R. (1965). The Washing of the Spears. Pen and Sword. p. 447. ISBN 067-1-63108-X.
^ Smith, Keith (2014). Dead Was Everything: Studies in the Anglo-Zulu War. Frontline Books. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4738-3723-2.
^ Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.
^ Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.
^ Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.
^ a b Morris, Donald R. (1965). The Washing of the Spears. Pen and Sword. pp. 299, 449. ISBN 067-1-63108-X.
^ Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.
^ Snook, Mike (2010). Like Wolves on the Fold : the Defence of Rorke's Drift. London: Frontline Books. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-84832-602-6.
^ Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. pp. 193–195. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.
^ Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.
^ Laband, John (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars. Scarecrow Press. pp. xii, 124. ISBN 978-0-8108-6300-2.
^ Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.
^ Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.
^ Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.
^ a b c d Snook, Mike (2010). Like Wolves on the Fold : the Defence of Rorke's Drift. London: Frontline Books. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-84832-602-6.
^ a b "No. 25174". The London Gazette. 5 December 1882. p. 6179.
^ "No. 24897". The London Gazette. 2 November 1880. p. 5512.
^ "No. 25168". The London Gazette. 17 November 1882. p. 5109.
^ "No. 25750". The London Gazette. 25 October 1887. p. 5705.
^ "No. 26984". The London Gazette. 5 July 1898. p. 4065.
^ "No. 27279". The London Gazette. 1 February 1901. p. 727.
^ Snook, Mike (2010). Like Wolves on the Fold : the Defence of Rorke's Drift. London: Frontline Books. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-84832-602-6.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Thomas_Glyn_caricature.jpg"},{"link_name":"John North Crealock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_North_Crealock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lt Gen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"82nd Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Volunteers)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Regiment_of_Foot_(Prince_of_Wales%27s_Volunteers)"},{"link_name":"purchasing an ensign's commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchase_of_commissions_in_the_British_Army"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"24th (The 2nd Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_(The_2nd_Warwickshire)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"Indian Mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Mutiny"},{"link_name":"Cape Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony"},{"link_name":"9th Cape Frontier War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Cape_Frontier_War"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"first British invasion of Zululand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War"},{"link_name":"Lord Chelmsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_2nd_Baron_Chelmsford"},{"link_name":"Battle of Isandlwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Isandlwana"},{"link_name":"Rorke's Drift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorke%27s_Drift"},{"link_name":"Battle of Rorke's Drift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke%27s_Drift"},{"link_name":"Queen's Colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Colour"},{"link_name":"South Wales Borderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Borderers"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"colonel of the regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_of_the_regiment"}],"text":"A caricature of Glyn by staff officer Lieutenant-Colonel John North Crealock. Made during the Zulu War, 1879.Lt Gen Richard Thomas Glyn CB CMG (23 December 1831 – 21 November 1900)[1] was a British Army officer. He joined the 82nd Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) by purchasing an ensign's commission in 1850. Glyn served with the regiment in the Crimean War and rose in rank to captain before transferring to the 24th (The 2nd Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot in 1856. He served with that regiment in the Indian Mutiny and was appointed to command it in 1872. In 1875 he accompanied the 1st battalion of the regiment on service in the Cape Colony and fought with them in the 9th Cape Frontier War of 1877–78. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath after the war.Glyn commanded No. 3 Column, including men from both battalions of his regiment, during the first British invasion of Zululand in 1879. Whilst Glyn was accompanying Lieutenant-General Lord Chelmsford on a reconnaissance, the column's camp was attacked and almost wiped out in the Battle of Isandlwana. Glyn commanded the post at Rorke's Drift in the aftermath of the Battle of Rorke's Drift. Though suffering from depression and a mental breakdown he made orders to recover the missing Queen's Colour of the 1st Battalion and to bury the bodies of his men. He was excluded from a court of enquiry held by Chelmsford into the defeat at Isandlwana and survived an attempt by Chelmsford's staff to blame him for the disaster.Glyn commanded a brigade in the successful second invasion of Zululand that brought the war to the close. He returned to the United Kingdom after the war to command the regimental depot at Brecon, Wales, and superintended the change of the 24th Regiment into the South Wales Borderers. Glyn was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George for his service in the Zulu War. He was promoted to general rank before his retirement, after which he served in the ceremonial role of colonel of the regiment of the South Wales Borderers until his death.","title":"Richard Thomas Glyn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laband-2"},{"link_name":"82nd Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Volunteers)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Regiment_of_Foot_(Prince_of_Wales%27s_Volunteers)"},{"link_name":"purchasing a commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchase_of_commissions_in_the_British_Army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith132-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laband-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Crimea Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea_Medal"},{"link_name":"Siege of Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)"},{"link_name":"Turkish Crimea Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Crimea_Medal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hart-7"},{"link_name":"24th (The 2nd Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_(The_2nd_Warwickshire)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Indian Mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Mutiny"},{"link_name":"Indian Mutiny Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Mutiny_Medal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laband-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hart-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"brevet rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet_rank"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laband-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colonel-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith132-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hart-7"}],"text":"Glyn was born in 1831.[2] He joined the 82nd Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) as an ensign by purchasing a commission on 16 August 1850.[3] Glyn received promotion to lieutenant, by purchase, on 24 June 1853.[4] He served with the regiment in the Crimean War from 1855 to 1856.[5][2] Vacancies in the field could be filled without purchase and Glyn was promoted in this manner to the rank of captain on 7 September 1855.[6] For his service in the Crimea he received the Crimea Medal, with a clasp indicating service at the Siege of Sevastopol, and the Ottoman Empire's Turkish Crimea Medal.[7]Glyn transferred to the 24th (The 2nd Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot on 30 September 1856.[8] Glyn served with the regiment during the Indian Mutiny, from 1857 to 1858, and received the Indian Mutiny Medal.[2][7] He was promoted to the rank of major by purchase on 23 July 1861 and to lieutenant colonel, also by purchase, on 13 February 1867.[9][10] Glyn received command of the 24th Regiment in February 1872 and on the 13th of that month was granted the brevet rank of colonel.[2][11][5][7]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laband-2"},{"link_name":"9th Cape Frontier War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Cape_Frontier_War"},{"link_name":"Transkei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkei"},{"link_name":"Xhosa people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laband-2"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Donald Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Morris"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Zulu War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_War"},{"link_name":"Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_2nd_Baron_Chelmsford"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laband-2"},{"link_name":"Sihayo's Kraal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Sihayo%27s_Kraal"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Isandlwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isandlwana"},{"link_name":"Ulundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulundi"},{"link_name":"Mangeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangeni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henry Pulleine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pulleine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Anthony Durnford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Durnford"},{"link_name":"Battle of Isandlwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Isandlwana"},{"link_name":"Rorke's Drift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorke%27s_Drift"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Teignmouth Melvill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teignmouth_Melvill"},{"link_name":"Nevill Coghill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevill_Coghill_(VC)"},{"link_name":"Queen's Colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Colour"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Curragh Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curragh_Camp"},{"link_name":"John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris-20"},{"link_name":"Natal Native Contingent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal_Native_Contingent"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laband-2"},{"link_name":"Buffalo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_River_(KwaZulu-Natal)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laband-2"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ulundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ulundi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laband-2"}],"text":"The 1st Battalion of the 24th Regiment was posted to the Cape Colony in Southern Africa in 1875 and Glyn accompanied them.[12][2] The battalion served in the 9th Cape Frontier War of 1877–78, during which Glyn commanded the British troops in Transkei against the Xhosa people.[2] After the conclusion of the war Glyn was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath.[13] Historian Donald Morris described Glyn as \"a short, grouchy officer\" who frequently fell out with his subordinates.[14]The 2nd Battalion of the 24th Regiment was posted to the Cape to join the 1st Battalion in preparation for the 1879 Zulu War. At this point Glyn was the second-most-senior British officer in Southern Africa, after Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford, who commanded British forces in the war.[15] Chelmsford gave Glyn command of his No. 3 Column, the principal British invading force, but allowed him little independence of command, as Chelmsford accompanied the column in the invasion of Zululand.[2] Glyn commanded the troops in the opening action of the war, at Sihayo's Kraal on 12 January 1879.[16]No. 3 Column afterwards advanced to the mountain of Isandlwana on a slow march towards the Zulu capital, Ulundi. Glyn accompanied Chelmsford on a reconnaissance in force to Mangeni on the morning of 22 January, leaving the 1st Battalion's Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Pulleine in command of the camp.[17] Pulleine was later joined by the more senior Colonel Anthony Durnford, with additional troops. During Glyn's absence, a large Zulu force attacked the camp, wiping out the command and killing Pulleine and Durnford in the Battle of Isandlwana. Glyn and Chelmsford's force passed through the battlefield later that day on the way to Rorke's Drift, where a small British garrison had successfully fought off a Zulu attack.[18]Glyn's post-battle report on Isandlwana was emotional and, because there were so few British survivors, is based partly on his own speculation. It was written, in part, as an attempt to vindicate the actions of his officers in the battle. It was the first official record of the actions of Lieutenants Teignmouth Melvill and Nevill Coghill, who had made a fatal attempt to save the Queen's Colour of the 1st Battalion of the 24th Regiment.[19] This colour had been received by Glyn as a young officer on parade at Curragh Camp in 1866 from the Countess of Kimberley (wife of John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley).[20] After reading a report on the event from eyewitness Lieutenant Walter Higginson of the Natal Native Contingent, Glyn ordered a party to Isandlwana to bury the bodies of Melvill and Coghill and then a second party to attempt to recover the remains of the colour.[21] The damaged colour was retrieved and later repaired by Glyn's wife Anne; it remained in use by the regiment until 1933.[20][22]Glyn was left in command at Rorke's Drift by Chelmsford.[2] He led a demoralised force, isolated from any immediate assistance and in fear of an imminent second Zulu attack. Rainy conditions and the outbreak of disease did not help matters, nor his orders that confined most of the garrison to the interior of the post. Glyn arranged the strengthening of the post into Fort Bromhead and, later, established a new fort near the Buffalo River, Fort Melvill.[23] His command was dysfunctional due to Glyn suffering from depression; he suffered a mental breakdown, but recovered.[24][2] Despite parties from other units recovering wagons and burying bodies at Isandlwana, Glyn requested their commanders not touch his men, whom he wanted buried by their comrades. Surviving detachments from the regiment began this work, which took several months, on 20 June.[25]Glyn was not called as a witness to Chelmsford's court of enquiry following Isandlwana. The court served principally as a means of exonerating Chelmsford and blaming Durnford for the defeat.[26] Glyn's posting to Rorke's Drift served as a means of isolating him from the enquiry.[27] Chelmsford's staff attempted to deflect criticism from their commander onto Glyn and sent him requests to account for his interpretation of Chelmsford's orders relating to the camp at Isandlwana. Glyn maintained a general silence on the matter, noting that Chelmsford knew better than him what his orders were and that it was his duty to carry them out. Glyn's wife was indignant at his treatment and robustly defended him, which forced Chelmsford's staff to cease this line of action.[28]In the victorious second invasion of Zululand from May 1879, Glyn commanded the 1st Brigade of the 2nd Division. He commanded the infantry brigade at the Battle of Ulundi, which sealed the British victory in the war.[2]","title":"Southern Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brecon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snook229-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-district-30"},{"link_name":"half pay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_pay"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colonel-11"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Childers Reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childers_Reforms"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snook229-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-district-30"},{"link_name":"honorary rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_rank"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snook229-29"},{"link_name":"colonel of the regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_of_the_regiment"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"After the Zulu War Glyn returned to the United Kingdom to command the 24th Regimental District and the regiment's depot at Brecon, Wales.[29][30] He spent a period on retirement half pay from 19 May 1880.[11] Glyn was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George on 30 October 1880 for his services in the Zulu War.[31] Glyn superintended the change of his regiment's name from the 24th Regiment of Foot to the South Wales Borderers under the 1881 Childers Reforms.[29]Glyn was promoted to major-general on 30 September 1882.[32] His appointment as commander of the South Wales Borderers' regimental district ended on 6 December 1882.[30] He was promoted to the honorary rank of lieutenant-general shortly before his retirement on 30 September 1887.[33][29] Glyn was appointed to the ceremonial role of colonel of the regiment of the South Wales Borderers on 29 May 1898.[34]","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stratfield Saye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratfield_Saye"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Ewell, Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewell,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snook229-29"},{"link_name":"Royal Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Welsh"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snook238-36"}],"text":"Glyn died at his home, Chequers, in Stratfield Saye, Hampshire, on 21 November 1900,[35] aged 68, not long after witnessing his regiment return to Southern Africa for service in the Second Boer War. He is buried in his family's plot at Ewell, Surrey.[29] A hoof from his horse, Yellow Rose, serves as an ash tray in the officers' dining room of the Royal Welsh, the successor of the South Wales Borderers.[36]","title":"Death and legacy"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A caricature of Glyn by staff officer Lieutenant-Colonel John North Crealock. Made during the Zulu War, 1879.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Richard_Thomas_Glyn_caricature.jpg/220px-Richard_Thomas_Glyn_caricature.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Glyn, Lt-Gen. Richard Thomas, (23 Dec. 1831–21 Nov. 1900), Colonel South Wales Borderers, from 1898\", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u186385, retrieved 26 October 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u186385","url_text":"\"Glyn, Lt-Gen. Richard Thomas, (23 Dec. 1831–21 Nov. 1900), Colonel South Wales Borderers, from 1898\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u186385","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u186385"}]},{"reference":"Laband, John (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars. Scarecrow Press. pp. xii, 105. ISBN 978-0-8108-6300-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pnf1BC_XORoC","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6300-2","url_text":"978-0-8108-6300-2"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21127\". The London Gazette. 16 August 1850. p. 2246.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21127/page/2246","url_text":"\"No. 21127\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21451\". The London Gazette. 24 June 1853. p. 1774.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21451/page/1774","url_text":"\"No. 21451\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Keith (2014). Dead Was Everything: Studies in the Anglo-Zulu War. Frontline Books. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-4738-3723-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ndOwBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Dead Was Everything: Studies in the Anglo-Zulu War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-3723-2","url_text":"978-1-4738-3723-2"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21778\". The London Gazette. 7 September 1855. p. 3363.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21778/page/3363","url_text":"\"No. 21778\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Hart, Henry George (1880). New annual army list, militia list, and Indian civil service list (PDF). London: John Murray. p. 267.","urls":[{"url":"https://deriv.nls.uk/dcn23/1036/5724/103657249.23.pdf","url_text":"New annual army list, militia list, and Indian civil service list"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21927\". The London Gazette. 30 September 1856. p. 3224.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21927/page/3224","url_text":"\"No. 21927\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22532\". The London Gazette. 23 July 1861. p. 3001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22532/page/3001","url_text":"\"No. 22532\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23218\". The London Gazette. 12 February 1867. p. 761.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23218/page/761","url_text":"\"No. 23218\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24871\". The London Gazette. 6 August 1880. p. 4312.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24871/page/4312","url_text":"\"No. 24871\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Laband, John (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars. Scarecrow Press. pp. xii, 229. ISBN 978-0-8108-6300-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pnf1BC_XORoC","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6300-2","url_text":"978-0-8108-6300-2"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24650\". The London Gazette. 28 November 1878. p. 6683.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24650/page/6683","url_text":"\"No. 24650\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Donald R. (1965). The Washing of the Spears. Pen and Sword. p. 264. ISBN 067-1-63108-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/067-1-63108-X","url_text":"067-1-63108-X"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Donald R. (1965). The Washing of the Spears. Pen and Sword. p. 447. ISBN 067-1-63108-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/067-1-63108-X","url_text":"067-1-63108-X"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Keith (2014). Dead Was Everything: Studies in the Anglo-Zulu War. Frontline Books. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4738-3723-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ndOwBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Dead Was Everything: Studies in the Anglo-Zulu War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-3723-2","url_text":"978-1-4738-3723-2"}]},{"reference":"Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3043-6725-2","url_text":"978-0-3043-6725-2"}]},{"reference":"Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3043-6725-2","url_text":"978-0-3043-6725-2"}]},{"reference":"Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3043-6725-2","url_text":"978-0-3043-6725-2"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Donald R. (1965). The Washing of the Spears. Pen and Sword. pp. 299, 449. ISBN 067-1-63108-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/067-1-63108-X","url_text":"067-1-63108-X"}]},{"reference":"Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3043-6725-2","url_text":"978-0-3043-6725-2"}]},{"reference":"Snook, Mike (2010). Like Wolves on the Fold : the Defence of Rorke's Drift. London: Frontline Books. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-84832-602-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-602-6","url_text":"978-1-84832-602-6"}]},{"reference":"Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. pp. 193–195. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3043-6725-2","url_text":"978-0-3043-6725-2"}]},{"reference":"Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3043-6725-2","url_text":"978-0-3043-6725-2"}]},{"reference":"Laband, John (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars. Scarecrow Press. pp. xii, 124. ISBN 978-0-8108-6300-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pnf1BC_XORoC","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6300-2","url_text":"978-0-8108-6300-2"}]},{"reference":"Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3043-6725-2","url_text":"978-0-3043-6725-2"}]},{"reference":"Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3043-6725-2","url_text":"978-0-3043-6725-2"}]},{"reference":"Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Cassell. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-3043-6725-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3043-6725-2","url_text":"978-0-3043-6725-2"}]},{"reference":"Snook, Mike (2010). Like Wolves on the Fold : the Defence of Rorke's Drift. London: Frontline Books. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-84832-602-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-602-6","url_text":"978-1-84832-602-6"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25174\". The London Gazette. 5 December 1882. p. 6179.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25174/page/6179","url_text":"\"No. 25174\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24897\". The London Gazette. 2 November 1880. p. 5512.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24897/page/5512","url_text":"\"No. 24897\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25168\". The London Gazette. 17 November 1882. p. 5109.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25168/page/5109","url_text":"\"No. 25168\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25750\". The London Gazette. 25 October 1887. p. 5705.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25750/page/5705","url_text":"\"No. 25750\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26984\". The London Gazette. 5 July 1898. p. 4065.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26984/page/4065","url_text":"\"No. 26984\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27279\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1901. p. 727.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27279/page/727","url_text":"\"No. 27279\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Snook, Mike (2010). Like Wolves on the Fold : the Defence of Rorke's Drift. London: Frontline Books. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-84832-602-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-602-6","url_text":"978-1-84832-602-6"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u186385","external_links_name":"\"Glyn, Lt-Gen. Richard Thomas, (23 Dec. 1831–21 Nov. 1900), Colonel South Wales Borderers, from 1898\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u186385","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u186385"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pnf1BC_XORoC","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21127/page/2246","external_links_name":"\"No. 21127\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21451/page/1774","external_links_name":"\"No. 21451\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ndOwBAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Dead Was Everything: Studies in the Anglo-Zulu War"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21778/page/3363","external_links_name":"\"No. 21778\""},{"Link":"https://deriv.nls.uk/dcn23/1036/5724/103657249.23.pdf","external_links_name":"New annual army list, militia list, and Indian civil service list"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21927/page/3224","external_links_name":"\"No. 21927\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22532/page/3001","external_links_name":"\"No. 22532\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23218/page/761","external_links_name":"\"No. 23218\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24871/page/4312","external_links_name":"\"No. 24871\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pnf1BC_XORoC","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24650/page/6683","external_links_name":"\"No. 24650\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ndOwBAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Dead Was Everything: Studies in the Anglo-Zulu War"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pnf1BC_XORoC","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25174/page/6179","external_links_name":"\"No. 25174\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24897/page/5512","external_links_name":"\"No. 24897\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25168/page/5109","external_links_name":"\"No. 25168\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25750/page/5705","external_links_name":"\"No. 25750\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26984/page/4065","external_links_name":"\"No. 26984\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27279/page/727","external_links_name":"\"No. 27279\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortal_Beloved_(1951_film)
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Immortal Beloved (1951 film)
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["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
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1951 film
Immortal BelovedDirected byVeit HarlanWritten byVeit HarlanTheodor Storm (novella Aquis Submersus)Produced byHans DomnickStarringKristina SöderbaumHans HoltHermann SchombergCinematographyWerner KrienEdited byMargarete SteinbornMusic byWolfgang ZellerProductioncompanyHans Domnick FilmproduktionDistributed byHerzog-FilmverleihRelease date
1 February 1951 (1951-02-01)
Running time105 minutesCountryWest GermanyLanguageGerman
Immortal Beloved (German: Unsterbliche Geliebte) is a 1951 West German drama film directed by Veit Harlan and starring Kristina Söderbaum, Hans Holt and Hermann Schomberg. It was shot at the Göttingen Studios with location shooting in Schleswig-Holstein. The film's sets were designed by the art director Walter Haag.
Cast
Kristina Söderbaum as Katharina von Hollstein
Hans Holt as Johannes S.
Hermann Schomberg as Pfarrer Georg Bonnix
Alexander Golling as Wulf von Hollstein
Franz Schafheitlin as Talma
Otto Gebühr as Dietrich
Hedwig Wangel as Bas' Ursel
Jakob Tiedtke as Wirt
Erna Morena as Äbtissin
Eduard Marks as Erzähler
Tilo von Berlepsch as Kurt von der Risch
Else Ehser as Trienke
Robert Taube
Eugen Dumont as Bauer Mahnke
Günter Kind as Bruder des Johannes
Wilhelm Meyer-Ottens as Bauer in der Waldschänke
Peter Thomas
Paul Weber
References
^ Bangert p.56
Bibliography
Bangert, Axel. The Nazi Past in Contemporary German Film: Viewing Experiences of Intimacy and Immersion. Boydell & Brewer, 2014.
External links
Immortal Beloved at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Veit Harlan
Trouble Backstairs (1935)
Fräulein Veronika (1936)
Maria the Maid (1936)
The Ruler (1937)
Covered Tracks (1938)
The Immortal Heart (1939)
The Journey to Tilsit (1939)
Jud Süß (1940)
The Great King (1941)
Pedro Will Hang (1941)
The Golden City (1942)
Immensee (1943)
Opfergang (1944)
Kolberg (1945)
Immortal Beloved (1951)
Hanna Amon (1951)
The Blue Hour (1953)
Stars Over Colombo (1953)
The Prisoner of the Maharaja (1954)
Different from You and Me (1957)
I'll Carry You in My Arms (1958)
This article related to a German film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Veit Harlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veit_Harlan"},{"link_name":"Kristina Söderbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_S%C3%B6derbaum"},{"link_name":"Hans Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holt"},{"link_name":"Hermann Schomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schomberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Göttingen Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_Studios"},{"link_name":"location shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_shooting"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Walter Haag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Haag"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"1951 filmImmortal Beloved (German: Unsterbliche Geliebte) is a 1951 West German drama film directed by Veit Harlan and starring Kristina Söderbaum, Hans Holt and Hermann Schomberg.[1] It was shot at the Göttingen Studios with location shooting in Schleswig-Holstein. The film's sets were designed by the art director Walter Haag.[citation needed]","title":"Immortal Beloved (1951 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kristina Söderbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_S%C3%B6derbaum"},{"link_name":"Hans Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holt"},{"link_name":"Hermann Schomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schomberg"},{"link_name":"Alexander Golling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Golling"},{"link_name":"Franz Schafheitlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schafheitlin"},{"link_name":"Otto Gebühr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Geb%C3%BChr"},{"link_name":"Hedwig Wangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_Wangel"},{"link_name":"Jakob Tiedtke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Tiedtke"},{"link_name":"Erna Morena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna_Morena"},{"link_name":"Eduard Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Marks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tilo von Berlepsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilo_von_Berlepsch"},{"link_name":"Else Ehser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Ehser"},{"link_name":"Robert Taube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Taube"},{"link_name":"Eugen Dumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Dumont&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Günter Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Kind&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Meyer-Ottens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Meyer-Ottens&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Kristina Söderbaum as Katharina von Hollstein\nHans Holt as Johannes S.\nHermann Schomberg as Pfarrer Georg Bonnix\nAlexander Golling as Wulf von Hollstein\nFranz Schafheitlin as Talma\nOtto Gebühr as Dietrich\nHedwig Wangel as Bas' Ursel\nJakob Tiedtke as Wirt\nErna Morena as Äbtissin\nEduard Marks as Erzähler\nTilo von Berlepsch as Kurt von der Risch\nElse Ehser as Trienke\nRobert Taube\nEugen Dumont as Bauer Mahnke\nGünter Kind as Bruder des Johannes\nWilhelm Meyer-Ottens as Bauer in der Waldschänke\nPeter Thomas\nPaul Weber","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bangert, Axel. The Nazi Past in Contemporary German Film: Viewing Experiences of Intimacy and Immersion. Boydell & Brewer, 2014.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043092/","external_links_name":"Immortal Beloved"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immortal_Beloved_(1951_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domaso
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Domaso
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["1 History","2 Demographic evolution","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 46°9′N 9°20′E / 46.150°N 9.333°E / 46.150; 9.333Comune in Lombardy, ItalyDomaso
Dumàs (Lombard)ComuneComune di DomasoLocation of Domaso
DomasoLocation of Domaso in ItalyShow map of ItalyDomasoDomaso (Lombardy)Show map of LombardyCoordinates: 46°9′N 9°20′E / 46.150°N 9.333°E / 46.150; 9.333CountryItalyRegionLombardyProvinceProvince of Como (CO)Area • Total6.1 km2 (2.4 sq mi)Population (Dec. 2004) • Total1,461 • Density240/km2 (620/sq mi)DemonymDomasiniTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code22013Dialing code0344
Domaso Beach
Domaso (Comasco: Dumàs ) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Milan and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Como. As of 9 October 2011, it had a population of 1,455 and an area of 6.1 km².
Domaso borders the following municipalities: Colico, Gravedona, Livo, Peglio, Vercana.
History
Between 1634 and 1640 the governor and philanthropist Louis Paniza, maternal ancestor of the collaborator of the Founding Fathers of the United States Luis de Unzaga, rebuilt the Church of Saint Bartholomew, the convent and in that church he built a chapel where he had two schools also founded, with the salaries of their respective teachers.
Demographic evolution
At the CARIPLO Bank of Domaso were kept the secret documents taken from Benito Mussolini on 27 April 1945. They were put there by the Partisan Pedro and Horfman a Swiss-British double agent. Winston Churchill visited there, looking for some of the missing documents on 7 September 1945 and went to have a tea with the bank's manager Ermanno Gibezzi. He had it in his home, ignoring that he had been recently appointed there. The real director that had seen the documents, Luigi Rumi, had retired a few weeks before.
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ Domaso Population in 2011
^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.
^ Cazorla, Frank. The Governor Louis de Unzaga (1717-1793), Forerunner in the birth of the United States and liberalism, Foundation, Malaga, 2019, pages 6-23
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Domaso.
Ferry Services on Italian Lakes - Lake Como
News and Events - Domaso
vteLake Como (Lago di Como, Lario)
Italy
Lombardy (Province of Como, Province of Lecco)
Settlements
Abbadia Lariana
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Adeliza de Borgomanero
vteLombardy · Comuni of the Province of Como
Albavilla
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Bregnano
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Campione d'Italia
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Canzo
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Carate Urio
Carbonate
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Carlazzo
Carugo
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Casnate con Bernate
Cassina Rizzardi
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Castelnuovo Bozzente
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Centro Valle Intelvi
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Cernobbio
Cirimido
Claino con Osteno
Colonno
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Como
Corrido
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Faloppio
Fenegrò
Figino Serenza
Fino Mornasco
Garzeno
Gera Lario
Grandate
Grandola ed Uniti
Gravedona ed Uniti
Griante
Guanzate
Inverigo
Laglio
Laino
Lambrugo
Lasnigo
Lenno
Lezzeno
Limido Comasco
Lipomo
Livo
Locate Varesino
Lomazzo
Longone al Segrino
Luisago
Lurago Marinone
Lurago d'Erba
Lurate Caccivio
Magreglio
Mariano Comense
Maslianico
Menaggio
Merone
Mezzegra
Moltrasio
Monguzzo
Montano Lucino
Montemezzo
Montorfano
Mozzate
Musso
Nesso
Novedrate
Olgiate Comasco
Oltrona di San Mamette
Orsenigo
Ossuccio
Peglio
Pianello del Lario
Pigra
Plesio
Pognana Lario
Ponna
Ponte Lambro
Porlezza
Proserpio
Pusiano
Rezzago
Rodero
Ronago
Rovellasca
Rovello Porro
Sala Comacina
San Bartolomeo Val Cavargna
San Fermo della Battaglia
San Nazzaro Val Cavargna
San Siro
Schignano
Senna Comasco
Solbiate con Cagno
Sorico
Sormano
Stazzona
Tavernerio
Torno
Tremezzo
Trezzone
Turate
Uggiate-Trevano
Val Rezzo
Valbrona
Valmorea
Valsolda
Veleso
Veniano
Vercana
Vertemate con Minoprio
Villa Guardia
Zelbio
Authority control databases
VIAF
WorldCat
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lac_de_Come_Nord.jpg"},{"link_name":"Comasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comasco"},{"link_name":"[duˈmaːs]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Province of Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Como"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Como"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-istat-4"},{"link_name":"Colico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colico"},{"link_name":"Gravedona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravedona"},{"link_name":"Livo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livo_(CO)"},{"link_name":"Peglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peglio_(CO)"},{"link_name":"Vercana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vercana"}],"text":"Comune in Lombardy, ItalyDomaso BeachDomaso (Comasco: Dumàs [duˈmaːs]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Milan and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Como. As of 9 October 2011, it had a population of 1,455[3] and an area of 6.1 km².[4]Domaso borders the following municipalities: Colico, Gravedona, Livo, Peglio, Vercana.","title":"Domaso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Founding Fathers of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Luis de Unzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Unzaga"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Between 1634 and 1640 the governor and philanthropist Louis Paniza, maternal ancestor of the collaborator of the Founding Fathers of the United States Luis de Unzaga, rebuilt the Church of Saint Bartholomew, the convent and in that church he built a chapel where he had two schools also founded, with the salaries of their respective teachers.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Partisan Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Trevi%C3%B1o_Villarreal"}],"text":"At the CARIPLO Bank of Domaso were kept the secret documents taken from Benito Mussolini on 27 April 1945. They were put there by the Partisan Pedro and Horfman a Swiss-British double agent. Winston Churchill visited there, looking for some of the missing documents on 7 September 1945 and went to have a tea with the bank's manager Ermanno Gibezzi. He had it in his home, ignoring that he had been recently appointed there. The real director that had seen the documents, Luigi Rumi, had retired a few weeks before.","title":"Demographic evolution"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Domaso Beach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lac_de_Come_Nord.jpg/220px-Lac_de_Come_Nord.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","url_text":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Domaso¶ms=46_9_N_9_20_E_type:city(1,461)_region:IT","external_links_name":"46°9′N 9°20′E / 46.150°N 9.333°E / 46.150; 9.333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Domaso¶ms=46_9_N_9_20_E_type:city(1,461)_region:IT","external_links_name":"46°9′N 9°20′E / 46.150°N 9.333°E / 46.150; 9.333"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","external_links_name":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""},{"Link":"http://www.citypopulation.de/php/italy-lombardia.php?cityid=013089","external_links_name":"Domaso Population in 2011"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090201171637/http://www.navigazionelaghi.it/eng/com/nlc.html","external_links_name":"Ferry Services on Italian Lakes - Lake Como"},{"Link":"http://lakecomopages.com/domaso.html","external_links_name":"News and Events - Domaso"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/244312748","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjM9pPwDmp3VKKdqjmBxwy","external_links_name":"WorldCat"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Quieres_Verme_Llorar
|
Si Quieres Verme Llorar
|
["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 References","4 External links"]
|
1999 studio album by Jenni RiveraSi Quieres Verme LlorarStudio album by Jenni RiveraReleasedMay 25, 1999Recorded1998–1999GenreMariachi, Latin popLabelSony Music/Cintas AcuarioJenni Rivera chronology
Si Quieres Verme Llorar(1999)
Reyna De Reynas(1999)
Si Quieres Verme Llorar (Eng.: "If You Want to See Me Cry") is the major label debut studio album released by regional Mexican singer Jenni Rivera on May 25, 1999, by Sony Music. It was re-released in 2008 by Cintas Acuario.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic
David Jeffries, in his review for AllMusic, calls Rivera's Si Quieres Verme Llorar "a low point in her discography". She does flirt with mariachi and ranchera music, a sound she "wouldn't experiment with again until 2009", but the album should be considered a "transitional work" in Rivera's career.
Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Brincos Dieras"Obdulia Pena López02:432."Perdonar Es Olvidar"Eva Torres02:403."Llanto Rojo"Jorge Montano02:404."Lágrimas, Sudor y Sangre"Jenni Rivera02:475."La Puerta de Alcalá"Bernando Fuster, Francisco Villar, Luis Mendo Muñoz, Miguel Angel02:216."Si Quieres Verme Llorar"Johny Herrera03:077."Vivir Sin Tu Cariño (Without You)"Jenni Rivera04:358."Nosotros"Nargo Bolado, Pedro Junco Jr.03:309."Como Vivir Sin Verte (How Do I Live)"Diane Warren, Rudy Perez04:2610."Tonto"Ismael Armenda03:0611."Yo Te Agradezco"Ángel Heriberto05:09
References
^ a b Jeffries, David. Jenni Rivera – Si Quieres Verme Llorar: Review at AllMusic. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
External links
"Jenni Rivera – Si Quieres Verme Llorar". Amazon.com. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
vteJenni Rivera
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Si Quieres Verme Llorar
Reyna De Reynas
Que Me Entierren Con la Banda
Déjate Amar
Se las Voy a Dar a Otro
Homenaje a Las Grandes
Parrandera, Rebelde y Atrevida
Mi Vida Loca
Jenni
La Gran Señora
Joyas Prestadas
Misión Cumplida
Compilation albums
Simplemente... La Mejor
La Misma Gran Señora
La Más Completa Colección
Angel Baby
Live albums
En Vivo Desde Hollywood
Besos y Copas Desde Hollywood
La Diva en Vivo
La Gran Señora en Vivo
1969 – Siempre, En Vivo Desde Monterrey, Parte 1
1969 – Siempre, En Vivo Desde Monterrey, Parte 2
1 Vida – 3 Historias
Paloma Negra Desde Monterrey
Singles
"De Contrabando"
"¡Basta Ya!"
"A Cambio de Qué"
"Detrás de Mi Ventana"
"Aparentemente Bien"
Songs
"Así Fue"
"Como Tu Mujer"
Featured singles
"Cosas del Amor"
"El Amor"
"Ni Rosas Ni Juguetes"
"Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres Tú"
Books
Unbreakable: My Story, My Way
Film
Filly Brown
Television
I Love Jenni
The Voice (Mexico)
The Riveras
Su nombre era Dolores, la Jenn que yo conocí
Mariposa de Barrio
Retail
Jenni Rivera Fashion
People
Chiquis Rivera
Lupillo Rivera
Juan Rivera
Rosie Rivera
Esteban Loaiza
Related articles
2012 Mexico Learjet 25 crash
Fonovisa Records
Eva Luna
Homenaje a La Gran Señora
List of Billboard Social 50 number-one artists
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eng.:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"regional Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Mexican"},{"link_name":"Jenni Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenni_Rivera"}],"text":"Si Quieres Verme Llorar (Eng.: \"If You Want to See Me Cry\") is the major label debut studio album released by regional Mexican singer Jenni Rivera on May 25, 1999, by Sony Music. It was re-released in 2008 by Cintas Acuario.","title":"Si Quieres Verme Llorar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-1"}],"text":"David Jeffries, in his review for AllMusic, calls Rivera's Si Quieres Verme Llorar \"a low point in her discography\". She does flirt with mariachi and ranchera music, a sound she \"wouldn't experiment with again until 2009\", but the album should be considered a \"transitional work\" in Rivera's career.[1]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Brincos Dieras\"Obdulia Pena López02:432.\"Perdonar Es Olvidar\"Eva Torres02:403.\"Llanto Rojo\"Jorge Montano02:404.\"Lágrimas, Sudor y Sangre\"Jenni Rivera02:475.\"La Puerta de Alcalá\"Bernando Fuster, Francisco Villar, Luis Mendo Muñoz, Miguel Angel02:216.\"Si Quieres Verme Llorar\"Johny Herrera03:077.\"Vivir Sin Tu Cariño (Without You)\"Jenni Rivera04:358.\"Nosotros\"Nargo Bolado, Pedro Junco Jr.03:309.\"Como Vivir Sin Verte (How Do I Live)\"Diane Warren, Rudy Perez04:2610.\"Tonto\"Ismael Armenda03:0611.\"Yo Te Agradezco\"Ángel Heriberto05:09","title":"Track listing"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Jenni Rivera – Si Quieres Verme Llorar\". Amazon.com. Retrieved May 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Quieres-Verme-Llorar-Jenni-Rivera/dp/B00AN8KTF0/","url_text":"\"Jenni Rivera – Si Quieres Verme Llorar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com","url_text":"Amazon.com"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000239717","external_links_name":"Jenni Rivera – Si Quieres Verme Llorar: Review"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Quieres-Verme-Llorar-Jenni-Rivera/dp/B00AN8KTF0/","external_links_name":"\"Jenni Rivera – Si Quieres Verme Llorar\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Dementia_Rating_Scale
|
Clinical Dementia Rating
|
["1 Scale","2 Validity","3 Importance","4 References"]
|
Numeric scale for severity of dementia
Clinical Dementia RatingPurposemeasures severity of symptoms of dementia
The Clinical Dementia Rating or CDR is a numeric scale used to quantify the severity of symptoms of dementia (i.e. its 'stage').
Scale
Using a structured-interview protocol developed by Charles Hughes, Leonard Berg, John C. Morris and other colleagues at Washington University School of Medicine, a qualified health professional assesses a patient's cognitive and functional performance in six areas: memory, orientation, judgment & problem solving, community affairs, home & hobbies, and personal care. Scores in each of these are combined to obtain a composite score ranging from 0 through 3. Clinical Dementia Rating Assignment
Qualitative equivalences are as follows:NACC Clinical Dementia Rating
Composite Rating
Symptoms
0
none
0.5
very mild
1
mild
2
moderate
3
severe
CDR is credited with being able to discern very mild impairments, but its weaknesses include the amount of time it takes to administer, its ultimate reliance on subjective assessment, and relative inability to capture changes over time.
Validity
While the assessment is ultimately subjective in nature, recent studies have suggested a very high interrater reliability. Thus the CDR is a reliable and valid tool for assessing and staging dementia.
Importance
With increasing clinical focus on dementia, there is likewise increasing interest in pharmacology in the development of drugs to halt, or slow the progression of dementia-related illness such as Alzheimer's Disease. Therefore, early and accurate diagnosis of dementia and staging can be essential to proper clinical care. Without the ability to reliably assess dementia across the board, the misuse of anti-dementia compounds could have negative consequences, such as patients receiving the wrong medication, or not receiving treatment in the early stages of dementia when it is most needed.
References
^ Br J Psychiatry. 1982 Jun;140:566-72.
A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia.
Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL, Coben LA, Martin RL.
^ "Clinical Dementia Rating Assignment".
^ Utility of the Clinical Dementia Rating in Asian Populations - Lim et al. 5 (1): 61 - Clinical Medicine & Research
^ Rockwood, K.; Strang, D.; MacKnight, C.; Downer, R.; Morris, J. C. (2000). "Interrater reliability of the Clinical Dementia Rating in a multicenter trial". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 48 (5): 558–9. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb05004.x. PMID 10811551. S2CID 31522657.
^ Nyunt, Ma Shwe Zin; Chong, Mei Sian; Lim, Wee Shiong; Lee, Tih Shih; Yap, Philip; Ng, Tze Pin (2013-10-29). "Reliability and Validity of the Clinical Dementia Rating for Community-Living Elderly Subjects without an Informant". Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra. 3 (1): 407–416. doi:10.1159/000355122. ISSN 1664-5464. PMC 3843919. PMID 24348502.
^ Morris, J. C.; Ernesto, C.; Schafer, K.; Coats, M.; Leon, S.; Sano, M.; Thal, L. J.; Woodbury, P. (1997). "Clinical Dementia Rating training and reliability in multicenter studies". Neurology. 48 (6): 1508–1510. doi:10.1212/WNL.48.6.1508. PMID 9191756. S2CID 41691732.
vteNeuropsychological testsBattery
Cognistat
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
Arousal/Attention
Continuous performance task
D2 Test of Attention
Four boxes test
Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test
Morningness–eveningness questionnaire
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test
Posner cueing task
Test of everyday attention
Test of Variables of Attention
Sensation/Perception
Bender-Gestalt Test
Benton Visual Retention Test
Dot cancellation test
Judgment of Line Orientation
Navon figure
Rey–Osterrieth complex figure
Memory
1-2-AX working memory task
California Verbal Learning Test
Corsi block-tapping test
Digit symbol substitution test
Doors and People
MCI Screen
Wechsler Memory Scale
Language
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
Boston Naming Test
Comprehensive aphasia test
Controlled Oral Word Association Test
Thurstone Word Fluency Test
Motor
Compensatory tracking task
Purdue Pegboard Test
Problem-solving
Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System
Hayling and Brixton tests
Tower of London test
Trail Making Test
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Sleep
Epworth Sleepiness Scale
Specific impairments
British Columbia Postconcussion Symptom Inventory
Clinical Dementia Rating
Digit Cancellation Test
Disability Rating Scale
Florida Cognitive Activities Scale
Glasgow Coma Scale
Glasgow Outcome Scale
Pediatric Attention Disorders Diagnostic Screener
Rivermead post-concussion symptoms questionnaire
Intelligence
National Adult Reading Test
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
Wechsler Test of Adult Reading
Bed-side
Abbreviated mental test score
Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination
General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition
Mini–mental state examination
SocialVineland Adaptive Behavior ScaleMalingeringTest of Memory Malingering
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symptoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptom"},{"link_name":"dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"}],"text":"The Clinical Dementia Rating or CDR is a numeric scale used to quantify the severity of symptoms of dementia (i.e. its 'stage').","title":"Clinical Dementia Rating"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Washington University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory"},{"link_name":"orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(mental)"},{"link_name":"problem solving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Using a structured-interview protocol developed by Charles Hughes,[1] Leonard Berg, John C. Morris and other colleagues at Washington University School of Medicine, a qualified health professional assesses a patient's cognitive and functional performance in six areas: memory, orientation, judgment & problem solving, community affairs, home & hobbies, and personal care. Scores in each of these are combined to obtain a composite score ranging from 0 through 3.[2] Clinical Dementia Rating Assignment\nQualitative equivalences are as follows:NACC Clinical Dementia RatingCDR is credited with being able to discern very mild impairments, but its weaknesses include the amount of time it takes to administer, its ultimate reliance on subjective assessment, and relative inability to capture changes over time.[3]","title":"Scale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"While the assessment is ultimately subjective in nature, recent studies have suggested a very high interrater reliability.[4] Thus the CDR is a reliable and valid tool for assessing and staging dementia.[5]","title":"Validity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"With increasing clinical focus on dementia, there is likewise increasing interest in pharmacology in the development of drugs to halt, or slow the progression of dementia-related illness such as Alzheimer's Disease. Therefore, early and accurate diagnosis of dementia and staging can be essential to proper clinical care. Without the ability to reliably assess dementia across the board, the misuse of anti-dementia compounds could have negative consequences, such as patients receiving the wrong medication, or not receiving treatment in the early stages of dementia when it is most needed.[6]","title":"Importance"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Clinical Dementia Rating Assignment\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biostat.wustl.edu/~adrc/cdrpgm/index.html","url_text":"\"Clinical Dementia Rating Assignment\""}]},{"reference":"Rockwood, K.; Strang, D.; MacKnight, C.; Downer, R.; Morris, J. C. (2000). \"Interrater reliability of the Clinical Dementia Rating in a multicenter trial\". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 48 (5): 558–9. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb05004.x. PMID 10811551. S2CID 31522657.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1532-5415.2000.tb05004.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb05004.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10811551","url_text":"10811551"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31522657","url_text":"31522657"}]},{"reference":"Nyunt, Ma Shwe Zin; Chong, Mei Sian; Lim, Wee Shiong; Lee, Tih Shih; Yap, Philip; Ng, Tze Pin (2013-10-29). \"Reliability and Validity of the Clinical Dementia Rating for Community-Living Elderly Subjects without an Informant\". Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra. 3 (1): 407–416. doi:10.1159/000355122. ISSN 1664-5464. PMC 3843919. PMID 24348502.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3843919","url_text":"\"Reliability and Validity of the Clinical Dementia Rating for Community-Living Elderly Subjects without an Informant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000355122","url_text":"10.1159/000355122"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-5464","url_text":"1664-5464"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3843919","url_text":"3843919"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24348502","url_text":"24348502"}]},{"reference":"Morris, J. C.; Ernesto, C.; Schafer, K.; Coats, M.; Leon, S.; Sano, M.; Thal, L. J.; Woodbury, P. (1997). \"Clinical Dementia Rating training and reliability in multicenter studies\". Neurology. 48 (6): 1508–1510. doi:10.1212/WNL.48.6.1508. PMID 9191756. S2CID 41691732.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neurology.org/content/48/6/1508.short","url_text":"\"Clinical Dementia Rating training and reliability in multicenter studies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.48.6.1508","url_text":"10.1212/WNL.48.6.1508"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9191756","url_text":"9191756"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41691732","url_text":"41691732"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B6lzle_Glass
|
Stölzle Glass
|
["1 History","2 Structure","2.1 United Kingdom","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Stölzle Glass Group is an Austrian multinational manufacturer of glassware.
Stölzle Oberglas logo
History
Karl Smola founded the Oberdorf glassworks in Bärnbach (Styria) on 15 June 1805.
In 1978, Stölzle Glasindustrie AG became Stölzle-Oberglas AC.
The Yorkshire site makes bottles for Bacardi
Structure
The company is headquartered in Köflach (Styria).
United Kingdom
Stölzle Flaconnage have a glassmaking site in the City of Wakefield district of West Yorkshire, where it has been since 1994 on the A645, and makes glass containers (around 100 million a year) and flint glass. The site had been founded as J.W. Bagley and Co in 1871. The site provides spirit (Scottish whisky) bottles for Diageo. Another site of Bagley became Rockware Glass.
References
^ Companies House
^ Bagley Glass
External links
Stölzle Flaconnage Ltd
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St%C3%B6lzle_Oberglas_logo.svg"}],"text":"Stölzle Oberglas logo","title":"Stölzle Glass"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bärnbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rnbach"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bacardi_(on_white).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bacardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacardi"}],"text":"Karl Smola founded the Oberdorf glassworks in Bärnbach (Styria) on 15 June 1805.In 1978, Stölzle Glasindustrie AG became Stölzle-Oberglas AC.The Yorkshire site makes bottles for Bacardi","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köflach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6flach"}],"text":"The company is headquartered in Köflach (Styria).","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Wakefield"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"A645","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A645_road"},{"link_name":"glass containers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_glass"},{"link_name":"flint glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_glass"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_whisky"},{"link_name":"whisky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky"},{"link_name":"Diageo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diageo"},{"link_name":"Rockware Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockware_Glass"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"Stölzle Flaconnage have a glassmaking site in the City of Wakefield district of West Yorkshire,[1] where it has been since 1994 on the A645, and makes glass containers (around 100 million a year) and flint glass. The site had been founded as J.W. Bagley and Co in 1871.[2] The site provides spirit (Scottish whisky) bottles for Diageo. Another site of Bagley became Rockware Glass.","title":"Structure"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Stölzle Oberglas logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/St%C3%B6lzle_Oberglas_logo.svg/220px-St%C3%B6lzle_Oberglas_logo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Yorkshire site makes bottles for Bacardi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bacardi_%28on_white%29.jpg/220px-Bacardi_%28on_white%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/02973822","external_links_name":"Companies House"},{"Link":"http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/documents/culture-museums/museums/museum-collections/history-bagleys-glass.pdf","external_links_name":"Bagley Glass"},{"Link":"https://www.stoelzle.com/stf/","external_links_name":"Stölzle Flaconnage Ltd"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_census_statistical_areas
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Virginia statistical areas
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["1 Statistical areas","2 Table","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 37°31′17″N 78°51′13″W / 37.5215°N 78.8537°W / 37.5215; -78.8537 (Commonwealth of Virginia)Areas used for statistical purposes in Virginia, United States
An enlargeable map of the 15 core-based statistical areas in Virginia.
The United States Commonwealth of Virginia currently has 20 statistical areas that have been delineated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). On July 21, 2023, the OMB delineated four combined statistical areas, 12 metropolitan statistical areas, and four micropolitan statistical areas in Virginia.
Statistical areas
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has designated more than 1,000 statistical areas for the United States and Puerto Rico. These statistical areas are important geographic delineations of population clusters used by the OMB, the United States Census Bureau, planning organizations, and federal, state, and local government entities.
The OMB defines a core-based statistical area (commonly referred to as a CBSA) as "a statistical geographic entity consisting of the county or counties (or county-equivalents) associated with at least one core of at least 10,000 population, plus adjacent counties having a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured through commuting ties with the counties containing the core." The OMB further divides core-based statistical areas into metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) that have "a population of at least 50,000" and micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs) that have "a population of at least 10,000, but less than 50,000."
The OMB defines a combined statistical area (CSA) as "a geographic entity consisting of two or more adjacent core-based statistical areas with employment interchange measures of at least 15%." The primary statistical areas (PSAs) include all combined statistical areas and any core-based statistical area that is not a constituent of a combined statistical area.
Table
The table below describes the 20 United States statistical areas, 95 counties, and 38 independent cities of the Commonwealth of Virginia with the following information:
The combined statistical area (CSA) as designated by the OMB
The CSA population according to 2022 US Census Bureau population estimates
The core based statistical area (CBSA) as designated by the OMB
The CBSA population according to 2022 US Census Bureau population estimates
The Metropolitan Division name, if applicable
The Metropolitan Division population according to 2022 US Census Bureau population estimates
The county name
The county population according to 2022 US Census Bureau population estimates
The county population in 2020 according to 2022 US Census Bureau population estimates
The 20 United States statistical areas, 95 counties, and 38 independent cities of the Commonwealth of Virginia
Combined Statistical Area
2022 Population
Core Based Statistical Area
2022 Population
County
2022 Population
Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA CSA
10,047,5563,331,491
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA
6,292,5593,077,728
Arlington-Alexandria-Reston, VA-WV MD
Fairfax County, Virginia
3,135,4353,077,728
1,138,331
Prince William County, Virginia
486,943
Loudoun County, Virginia
432,085
Arlington County, Virginia
234,000
City of Alexandria, Virginia
155,525
Stafford County, Virginia
163,380
Spotsylvania County, Virginia
146,688
Fauquier County, Virginia
74,664
Jefferson County, West Virginia
57,707
Culpeper County, Virginia
54,381
City of Manassas, Virginia
42,642
Warren County, Virginia
41,440
City of Fredericksburg, Virginia
28,757
City of Fairfax, Virginia
24,835
City of Manassas Park, Virginia
16,703
Clarke County, Virginia
15,266
City of Falls Church, Virginia
14,586
Rappahannock County, Virginia
7,502
Washington, DC-MD MD
1,823,361
Frederick-Gaithersburg-Rockville, MD MD
1,333,763
Winchester, VA-WV MSA
146,079122,987
Frederick County, Virginia
95,051
City of Winchester, Virginia
27,936
Hampshire County, West Virginia
23,092
Lake of the Woods, VA
37,991
Orange County, Virginia
37,991
Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD MSA
2,844,513
Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV MSA
293,854
Chambersburg, PA MSA
155,950
Franklin County, Pennsylvania
155,950
California-Lexington Park, MD MSA
206,560
Easton, MD μSA
37,520
Talbot County, Maryland
37,520
Cambridge, MD μSA
32,530
Dorchester County, Maryland
32,530
Virginia Beach-Chesapeake, VA-NC CSA
1,874,1211,734,702
Virginia Beach-Chesapeake-Norfolk, VA-NC MSA
1,783,6371,734,702
City of Virginia Beach, Virginia
455,618
City of Chesapeake, Virginia
252,488
City of Norfolk, Virginia
232,995
City of Newport News, Virginia
184,306
City of Hampton, Virginia
138,037
City of Suffolk, Virginia
98,537
City of Portsmouth, Virginia
97,029
James City County, Virginia
81,199
York County, Virginia
71,341
Isle of Wight County, Virginia
40,151
Gloucester County, Virginia
39,493
Currituck County, North Carolina
28,103
City of Williamsburg, Virginia
15,909
City of Poquoson, Virginia
12,582
Gates County, North Carolina
10,475
Camden County, North Carolina
10,357
Mathews County, Virginia
8,490
Surry County, Virginia
6,527
Elizabeth City, NC μSA
53,574
Kill Devil Hills, NC μSA
36,910
Dare County, North Carolina
36,910
none
Richmond, VA MSA
1,339,182
Chesterfield County, Virginia
378,408
Henrico County, Virginia
333,962
City of Richmond, Virginia
229,395
Hanover County, Virginia
112,938
Prince George County, Virginia
43,134
City of Petersburg, Virginia
33,394
Powhatan County, Virginia
31,489
Dinwiddie County, Virginia
28,161
Goochland County, Virginia
26,109
New Kent County, Virginia
24,986
City of Hopewell, Virginia
22,962
King William County, Virginia
18,492
City of Colonial Heights, Virginia
18,294
Amelia County, Virginia
13,455
Sussex County, Virginia
10,680
King and Queen County, Virginia
6,718
Charles City County, Virginia
6,605
Roanoke, VA MSA
314,340
City of Roanoke, Virginia
97,847
Roanoke County, Virginia
96,914
Franklin County, Virginia
55,074
Botetourt County, Virginia
34,135
City of Salem, Virginia
25,523
Craig County, Virginia
4,847
Lynchburg, VA MSA
263,613
Bedford County, Virginia
80,848
City of Lynchburg, Virginia
79,287
Campbell County, Virginia
55,141
Amherst County, Virginia
31,589
Appomattox County, Virginia
16,748
Harrisonburg-Staunton-Stuarts Draft, VA CSA
263,331
Harrisonburg, VA MSA
136,555
Rockingham County, Virginia
85,397
City of Harrisonburg, Virginia
51,158
Staunton-Stuarts Draft, VA MSA
126,776
Augusta County, Virginia
78,064
City of Staunton, Virginia
25,904
City of Waynesboro, Virginia
22,808
none
Charlottesville, VA MSA
223,825
Albemarle County, Virginia
114,534
City of Charlottesville, Virginia
45,373
Fluvanna County, Virginia
28,159
Greene County, Virginia
21,107
Nelson County, Virginia
14,652
Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA MSA
181,431
Montgomery County, Virginia
98,915
Pulaski County, Virginia
33,706
City of Radford, Virginia
16,738
Giles County, Virginia
16,453
Floyd County, Virginia
15,619
Danville, VA μSA
102,181
Pittsylvania County, Virginia
59,952
City of Danville, Virginia
42,229
Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA CSA
584,71892,409
Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA MSA
307,28892,409
Sullivan County, Tennessee
158,161
Hawkins County, Tennessee
56,718
Washington County, Virginia
53,958
Scott County, Virginia
21,476
City of Bristol, Virginia
16,975
Johnson City, TN MSA
207,278
Greeneville, TN MSA
70,152
Greene County, Tennessee
70,152
none
Martinsville, VA μSA
63,631
Henry County, Virginia
49,906
City of Martinsville, Virginia
13,725
Bluefield, WV-VA μSA
99,48139,821
Mercer County, West Virginia
59,660
Tazewell County, Virginia
39,821
none
Shenandoah County, Virginia
44,968
Louisa County, Virginia
40,116
Wise County, Virginia
35,421
Halifax County, Virginia
33,644
Accomack County, Virginia
33,191
Caroline County, Virginia
31,957
Mecklenburg County, Virginia
30,508
Smyth County, Virginia
29,449
Carroll County, Virginia
29,147
Wythe County, Virginia
28,111
King George County, Virginia
27,856
Russell County, Virginia
25,448
Page County, Virginia
23,750
Rockbridge County, Virginia
22,593
Lee County, Virginia
21,982
Prince Edward County, Virginia
21,927
Buchanan County, Virginia
19,352
Westmoreland County, Virginia
18,712
Southampton County, Virginia
17,932
Patrick County, Virginia
17,643
Buckingham County, Virginia
16,982
Brunswick County, Virginia
15,921
Grayson County, Virginia
15,343
Nottoway County, Virginia
15,559
Alleghany County, Virginia
14,835
Madison County, Virginia
14,000
Dickenson County, Virginia
13,725
Northumberland County, Virginia
12,302
Lunenburg County, Virginia
12,031
Northampton County, Virginia
11,900
Charlotte County, Virginia
11,475
Greensville County, Virginia
11,226
Middlesex County, Virginia
10,943
Lancaster County, Virginia
10,750
Essex County, Virginia
10,630
Cumberland County, Virginia
9,746
Richmond County, Virginia
9,080
City of Franklin, Virginia
8,247
City of Lexington, Virginia
7,457
City of Galax, Virginia
6,730
City of Buena Vista, Virginia
6,591
Bland County, Virginia
6,148
City of Covington, Virginia
5,679
City of Emporia, Virginia
5,481
Bath County, Virginia
4,049
City of Norton, Virginia
3,609
Highland County, Virginia
2,301
Commonwealth of Virginia
8,683,619
See also
Geography portalUnited States portalVirginia portal
Geography of Virginia
Demographics of Virginia
Notes
^ The OMB defines a core as "a densely settled concentration of population, comprising an Urban Area (of 10,000 or more population) delineated by the Census Bureau, around which a core-based statistical area is delineated."
^ The OMB defines the employment interchange measure as "the sum of the percentage of workers living in the smaller entity who work in the larger entity plus the percentage of employment in the smaller entity that is accounted for by workers who reside in the larger entity."
References
^ a b c d e Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas (July 21, 2023). "0MB BULLETIN NO. 23-01" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved March 12, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b c d e f g "2020 Standards for Delineating Core Based Statistical Areas". Office of Management and Budget. July 16, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
^ An out-of-state area and its population are displayed in green. An area that extends into more than one state is displayed in teal. A teal population number over a black population number show the total population versus the in-state population.
^ a b c d e "County Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2022". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
^ Consists of Prince George's County MD (946,971), District of Columbia (671,803), and Charles County MD (170,102)
^ Consists of Montgomery County MD (1,052,521) and Frederick County (287,079)
^ Consists of Baltimore County MD (846,161), Baltimore City MD (593,286), Anne Arundel County MD (593,286), Howard County MD (335,411), Harford County MD (263,867), Carroll County MD (175,305), and Queen Anne's County MD (51,711).
^ Consists of Washington County MD (155,590), Berkeley County WV (129,490), and Morgan County WV (17,430
^ Consists of St Mary's County MD (113,775) and Calvert County MD (92,785).
^ Consists of Pasquotank County NC (40,938) and Perquimans County NC (13,210)
^ Consists of Washington County TN (136,172), Carter County TN (56,410), and Unicoi County TN (17,674).
External links
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37°31′17″N 78°51′13″W / 37.5215°N 78.8537°W / 37.5215; -78.8537 (Commonwealth of Virginia)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virginia_CBSAs_2020.png"},{"link_name":"core-based statistical areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core-based_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMB_20200306-1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"statistical areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Office of Management and Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget"},{"link_name":"combined statistical areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"metropolitan statistical areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"micropolitan statistical areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropolitan_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMB_20200306-1"}],"text":"Areas used for statistical purposes in Virginia, United StatesAn enlargeable map of the 15 core-based statistical areas in Virginia.[1]The United States Commonwealth of Virginia currently has 20 statistical areas that have been delineated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). On July 21, 2023, the OMB delineated four combined statistical areas, 12 metropolitan statistical areas, and four micropolitan statistical areas in Virginia.[1]","title":"Virginia statistical areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Office of Management and Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget"},{"link_name":"statistical areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBSA-2"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"core-based statistical area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core-based_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"CBSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core-based_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"county-equivalents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)#County_equivalents"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBSA-2"},{"link_name":"metropolitan statistical areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"micropolitan statistical areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropolitan_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBSA-2"},{"link_name":"combined statistical area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"core-based statistical areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core-based_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBSA-2"},{"link_name":"primary statistical areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"combined statistical areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"core-based statistical area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core-based_statistical_area"}],"text":"The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has designated more than 1,000 statistical areas for the United States and Puerto Rico.[2] These statistical areas are important geographic delineations of population clusters used by the OMB, the United States Census Bureau, planning organizations, and federal, state, and local government entities.The OMB defines a core-based statistical area (commonly referred to as a CBSA) as \"a statistical geographic entity consisting of the county or counties (or county-equivalents) associated with at least one core[a] of at least 10,000 population, plus adjacent counties having a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured through commuting ties with the counties containing the core.\"[2] The OMB further divides core-based statistical areas into metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) that have \"a population of at least 50,000\" and micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs) that have \"a population of at least 10,000, but less than 50,000.\"[2]The OMB defines a combined statistical area (CSA) as \"a geographic entity consisting of two or more adjacent core-based statistical areas with employment interchange measures[b] of at least 15%.\"[2] The primary statistical areas (PSAs) include all combined statistical areas and any core-based statistical area that is not a constituent of a combined statistical area.","title":"Statistical areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"combined statistical area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_combined_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMB_20200306-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-6"},{"link_name":"core based statistical area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_core_based_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBSA-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMB_20200306-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMB_20200306-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-6"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-6"}],"text":"The table below describes the 20 United States statistical areas, 95 counties, and 38 independent cities of the Commonwealth of Virginia with the following information:[3]The combined statistical area (CSA) as designated by the OMB[1]\nThe CSA population according to 2022 US Census Bureau population estimates[4]\nThe core based statistical area (CBSA)[2] as designated by the OMB[1]\nThe CBSA population according to 2022 US Census Bureau population estimates [4]\nThe Metropolitan Division name, if applicable[1]\nThe Metropolitan Division population according to 2022 US Census Bureau population estimates [4]\nThe county name\nThe county population according to 2022 US Census Bureau population estimates [4]\nThe county population in 2020 according to 2022 US Census Bureau population estimates [4]","title":"Table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"OMB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget"},{"link_name":"Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"core-based statistical area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core-based_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBSA-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"OMB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBSA-2"}],"text":"^ The OMB defines a core as \"a densely settled concentration of population, comprising an Urban Area (of 10,000 or more population) delineated by the Census Bureau, around which a core-based statistical area is delineated.\"[2]\n\n^ The OMB defines the employment interchange measure as \"the sum of the percentage of workers living in the smaller entity who work in the larger entity plus the percentage of employment in the smaller entity that is accounted for by workers who reside in the larger entity.\"[2]","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"An enlargeable map of the 15 core-based statistical areas in Virginia.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Virginia_CBSAs_2020.png/400px-Virginia_CBSAs_2020.png"}]
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[{"title":"Geography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Virginia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Virginia"},{"title":"Geography of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Virginia"},{"title":"Demographics of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Virginia"}]
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[{"reference":"Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas (July 21, 2023). \"0MB BULLETIN NO. 23-01\" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved March 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/OMB-Bulletin-23-01.pdf","url_text":"\"0MB BULLETIN NO. 23-01\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget","url_text":"Office of Management and Budget"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Standards for Delineating Core Based Statistical Areas\". Office of Management and Budget. July 16, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/07/16/2021-15159/2020-standards-for-delineating-core-based-statistical-areas","url_text":"\"2020 Standards for Delineating Core Based Statistical Areas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget","url_text":"Office of Management and Budget"}]},{"reference":"\"County Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2022\". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-counties-total.html","url_text":"\"County Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Virginia_statistical_areas¶ms=37.5215_N_78.8537_W_dim:300000_region:US-VA_type:adm1st&title=Commonwealth+of+Virginia","external_links_name":"37°31′17″N 78°51′13″W / 37.5215°N 78.8537°W / 37.5215; -78.8537 (Commonwealth of Virginia)"},{"Link":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/OMB-Bulletin-23-01.pdf","external_links_name":"\"0MB BULLETIN NO. 23-01\""},{"Link":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/07/16/2021-15159/2020-standards-for-delineating-core-based-statistical-areas","external_links_name":"\"2020 Standards for Delineating Core Based Statistical Areas\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-counties-total.html","external_links_name":"\"County Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/","external_links_name":"Office of Management and Budget"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"United States Census Bureau"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Virginia_statistical_areas¶ms=37.5215_N_78.8537_W_dim:300000_region:US-VA_type:adm1st&title=Commonwealth+of+Virginia","external_links_name":"37°31′17″N 78°51′13″W / 37.5215°N 78.8537°W / 37.5215; -78.8537 (Commonwealth of Virginia)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Croatia
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Judiciary of Croatia
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["1 Structure","2 Constitutional Court","3 National Judicial Council","4 State Attorneys","5 References"]
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Politics of Croatia
Constitution
Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities in the Republic of Croatia
Executive
President (list)
Zoran Milanović
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Prime Minister: Andrej Plenković
Legislative
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Speaker: Gordan Jandroković
Current members
Opposition
Leader: Peđa Grbin
Judiciary
Supreme Court
Constitutional Court
State's Attorney Office
National Judicial Council
Political parties in SaborCentre (CENTAR)Civic Liberal Alliance (GLAS)Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ)Croatian Demochristian Party (HDS)Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats (HNS-LD)Croatian Party of Pensioners (HSU)Croatian Peasant Party (HSS)Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS)Croatian Sovereignists (HS)Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia (DZMH)Focus (FOKUS)Homeland Movement (DP)Independent Democratic Serb Party (SDSS)Independent Platform of the North (NPS)Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS)Law and Justice (PiP)Social Democratic Party (SDP)The Bridge (MOST)We can! (Možemo)
Elections and referendumsRecent elections
Presidential: 2014–152019–202024
Parliamentary:20202024
Local: 20172021
European: 201420192024
Recent referendums
1991 (independence)2012 (EU membership)2013 (constitution)
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Counties (Županije)
Towns (Gradovi)
Municipalities (Općine)
Foreign relations
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Minister: Gordan Grlić-Radman
Diplomatic missions of / in Croatia
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Other countries
vte
Croatian Supreme Court building
The judiciary of Croatia is a branch of the Government of Croatia that interprets and applies the laws of Croatia, to ensure equal justice under law, and to provide a mechanism for dispute resolution. The legal system of Croatia is a civil law system, historically influenced by Austrian, Hungarian and Yugoslav law, but during the accession of Croatia to the European Union, the legal system was almost completely harmonised with European Union law. The Constitution of Croatia provides for an independent judiciary, led by a Supreme Court and a Constitutional Court. The Ministry of Justice handles the administration of courts and judiciary, including paying salaries and constructing new courthouses. It also administers the prison system.
Structure
The judiciary is a three-tiered system of courts, at the highest tier of which is the Supreme Court (Vrhovni sud) which is the highest court of appeal and court of cassation. The president of the Supreme Court is appointed for a four-year term by the Croatian Parliament, upon the motion of the President of the Republic and following a prior opinion of the Parliament's Justice Committee and the Plenary Session of the Supreme Court.
The lower two levels of the judiciary consist of 15 county courts (županijski sudovi) as courts of first instance for serious criminal offences (felonies) and
courts of appeal for decisions of the lower (municipal) courts and 32 municipal courts (općinski sudovi) as courts of first instance for misdemeanours and minor criminal offences and
courts of original jurisdiction (first instance) in civil (including family and labour) lawsuits (county courts and municipal courts are knowns as general or ordinary courts), as well as specialized courts: 9 commercial courts (trgovački sudovi) and the High Commercial Court (Visoki trgovački sud); 4 administrative courts (upravni sudovi) and the High Administrative Court (Visoki upravni sud), the High Criminal Court (Visoki kazneni sud) and the High Misdemeanour Court (Visoki prekršajni sud).
Municipal courts are established for the territory of one or more municipalities, one or more towns/cities or parts of an urban area, and the county, commercial and administrative courts are established for the territory of one or more counties.
The High Commercial Court, the High Administrative Court, the High Criminal Court, the High Misdemeanour Court and the Supreme Court are established for the territory of the Republic of Croatia.
Judges are appointed by the National Judicial Council (Državno sudbeno vijeće) and hold office until the age of seventy.
Constitutional Court
Main article: Constitutional Court of Croatia
The Constitutional Court (Ustavni sud) rules on matters regarding compliance of legislation with the constitution, repeals unconstitutional legislation, reports any breaches of provisions of the constitution to the government and the parliament, declares the speaker of the parliament acting president upon petition from the government in the event the country's president becomes incapacitated, issues consent for commencement of criminal procedures against or arrest of the president, and hears appeals against decisions of the National Judicial Council. It also resolves jurisdictional disputes between the legislative, executive and judicial branches, supervises the constitutionality of the programmes and activities of political parties and supervises the constitutionality and legality of elections, state referendums, etc.
The court consists of thirteen judges elected by members of the parliament for an eight-year term (by two thirds majority of all MPs). The president of the Constitutional Court is elected by the court judges for a four-year term.
Even considered to be de facto the highest judicial authority because it can overturn Supreme Court decisions on the basis of constitutional breaches, it is not part of the judicial branch of government, but rather a court sui generis, and it is therefore often colloquially referred to as a "fourth branch of government", alongside the traditional model of tripartite separation of powers into the executive, legislative and the judicial branches.
National Judicial Council
The National Judicial Council (Državno sudbeno vijeće, also: the State Judicial Council) consists of eleven members, specifically seven judges, nominated and elected by judges of the courts of all instances; two university professors of law, nominated and elected by the law schools of all Croatian universities and two MPs (one of whom must be from the opposition parties), nominated and elected by the Parliament, for four-year terms, and serving no more than two terms. It appoints all judges and court presidents, except for the president of the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges.
The National Judicial Council decides also on disciplinary proceedings concerning all judges.
State Attorneys
The State Attorney's Office (Državno odvjetništvo) represents the state in legal procedures (criminal, civil, administrative). The office is led by the Attorney General (Glavni državni odvjetnik Republike Hrvatske), and assisted by twenty-three deputies in the central office and lower-ranking State Attorneys and deputies at fifteen county and twenty-two municipal State Attorney's Offices. The Attorney General is appointed for a four-year term by the Croatian Parliament upon the motion of the Croatian Government and following a prior opinion of the Parliament's Justice Committee. A special State Attorney's Office dedicated to combatting corruption and organised crime, USKOK, was set up in late 2001.
The Attorney General is not a member of the Croatian government/cabinet, since the office is part of the European continental legal system, based on the civil law system.
County and Municipal State's Attorneys and Deputy state's attorneys (in the Office of the Attorney General, in the county and municipal state's attorney offices, zamjenici državnog odvjetnika) are appointed for a four-year term by the National State's Attorney Council consisting of seven deputy state's attorneys (elected among and by them from the Office of Attorney General, from county and municipal offices), two university professors of law (chosen by the Croatian universities) and two MPs (one of whom must be from the opposition parties); with a prior opinion issued by the Minister of Justice and the Collegiate Body of the State's Attorney Office. The National State's Attorney Council decides also on disciplinary proceedings concerning state's attorney and deputy state's attorneys (except the Attorney General).
References
^ Tomasz Giaro, ed. (2006). Modernisierung durch Transfer im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert. Vittorio Klostermann. ISBN 978-3-465-03489-6. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
^ "Constitution of the Republic of Croatia". Croatian Parliament. Article 119. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
^ a b "Constitution of the Republic of Croatia". Croatian Parliament. Articles 126-132. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
^ a b "Judicial power". Supreme Court of Croatia. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
^ Since July 2018 (effective as of 1 January 2019) former misdemeanour courts have become specialized sections within municipal courts (2 misdemeanour courts - in Zagreb and in Split - have been retained as separate courts - the Municipal Misdemeanour Court in Zagreb and the Municipal Misdemeanour Court in Split), former Municipal Court in Zagreb has been divided into three courts: the Municipal Civil Court in Zagreb, the Municipal Criminal Court in Zagreb and the Municipal Labour Court in Zagreb.
^ "Zakon o područjima i sjedištima sudova" . Narodne Novine (in Croatian). 6 July 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
^ "Council of Europe GRECO" (PDF). coe.int. Council of Europe. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
^ "History of Croatian Constitutional Judicature". Constitutional Court of Croatia. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
^ Dalibor Čepulo (2012). Hrvatska pravna povijest u europskom kontekstu od srednjeg vijeka do suvremenog doba (in Croatian). Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. ISBN 978-9-532-70066-4.
^ "Constitution of the Republic of Croatia". Croatian Parliament. Article 124. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
^ "O nama" (in Croatian). National Judicial Council of Croatia. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
^ "Opći podaci" (in Croatian). State Attorney's Office of Croatia. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
^ "Županijska i općinska državna odvjetništva" (in Croatian). State Attorney's Office of Croatia. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
^ "Constitution of the Republic of Croatia". Croatian Parliament. Article 125. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
^ "Dražen Jelinić novi glavni državni odvjetnik" (in Croatian). N1 TV. 20 April 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
^ Croatian: Ured za suzbijanje korupcije i organiziranog kriminaliteta, English: Office for the Suppression of Corruption and Organized Crime.
^ "O USKOK-u" (in Croatian). USKOK (Office for the Suppression of Corruption and Organized Crime). Retrieved 29 December 2013.
vteJudiciaries of EuropeSovereign states
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Hungary
Iceland
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Slovenia
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Croatia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Croatian Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Government of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"laws of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"equal justice under law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_justice_under_law"},{"link_name":"dispute resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_resolution"},{"link_name":"civil law system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFRY"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"accession of Croatia to the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"European Union law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_law"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constitutional-3"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Croatia)"}],"text":"Croatian Supreme Court buildingThe judiciary of Croatia is a branch of the Government of Croatia that interprets and applies the laws of Croatia, to ensure equal justice under law, and to provide a mechanism for dispute resolution. The legal system of Croatia is a civil law system, historically influenced by Austrian, Hungarian and Yugoslav law,[1] but during the accession of Croatia to the European Union, the legal system was almost completely harmonised with European Union law. The Constitution of Croatia provides for an independent judiciary, led by a Supreme Court[2] and a Constitutional Court.[3] The Ministry of Justice handles the administration of courts and judiciary, including paying salaries and constructing new courthouses. It also administers the prison system.","title":"Judiciary of Croatia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"court of appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_appeal"},{"link_name":"court of cassation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_cassation"},{"link_name":"Croatian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"President of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-organization-4"},{"link_name":"courts of first instance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_first_instance"},{"link_name":"criminal offences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_offence"},{"link_name":"felonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony"},{"link_name":"courts of appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_appeal"},{"link_name":"misdemeanours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misdemeanour"},{"link_name":"original jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"first instance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_first_instance"},{"link_name":"civil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law"},{"link_name":"labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law"},{"link_name":"lawsuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-organization-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"towns/cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Croatia"},{"link_name":"counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"National Judicial Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Judicial_Council_(Croatia)"}],"text":"The judiciary is a three-tiered system of courts, at the highest tier of which is the Supreme Court (Vrhovni sud) which is the highest court of appeal and court of cassation. The president of the Supreme Court is appointed for a four-year term by the Croatian Parliament, upon the motion of the President of the Republic and following a prior opinion of the Parliament's Justice Committee and the Plenary Session of the Supreme Court.[4]The lower two levels of the judiciary consist of 15 county courts (županijski sudovi) as courts of first instance for serious criminal offences (felonies) and\ncourts of appeal for decisions of the lower (municipal) courts and 32 municipal courts (općinski sudovi) as courts of first instance for misdemeanours and minor criminal offences and\ncourts of original jurisdiction (first instance) in civil (including family and labour) lawsuits (county courts and municipal courts are knowns as general or ordinary courts),[5] as well as specialized courts: 9 commercial courts (trgovački sudovi) and the High Commercial Court (Visoki trgovački sud); 4 administrative courts (upravni sudovi) and the High Administrative Court (Visoki upravni sud), the High Criminal Court (Visoki kazneni sud) and the High Misdemeanour Court (Visoki prekršajni sud).[4][6]Municipal courts are established for the territory of one or more municipalities, one or more towns/cities or parts of an urban area, and the county, commercial and administrative courts are established for the territory of one or more counties.\nThe High Commercial Court, the High Administrative Court, the High Criminal Court, the High Misdemeanour Court and the Supreme Court are established for the territory of the Republic of Croatia.Judges are appointed by the National Judicial Council (Državno sudbeno vijeće) and hold office until the age of seventy.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitutional Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constitutional-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CC-Hist-8"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"sui generis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis"},{"link_name":"separation of powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers"},{"link_name":"executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)"},{"link_name":"legislative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_power"},{"link_name":"judicial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Constitutional Court (Ustavni sud) rules on matters regarding compliance of legislation with the constitution, repeals unconstitutional legislation, reports any breaches of provisions of the constitution to the government and the parliament, declares the speaker of the parliament acting president upon petition from the government in the event the country's president becomes incapacitated, issues consent for commencement of criminal procedures against or arrest of the president, and hears appeals against decisions of the National Judicial Council.[3] It also resolves jurisdictional disputes between the legislative, executive and judicial branches, supervises the constitutionality of the programmes and activities of political parties and supervises the constitutionality and legality of elections, state referendums, etc.[7]The court consists of thirteen judges elected by members of the parliament for an eight-year term (by two thirds majority of all MPs). The president of the Constitutional Court is elected by the court judges for a four-year term.[8]Even considered to be de facto the highest judicial authority because it can overturn Supreme Court decisions on the basis of constitutional breaches, it is not part of the judicial branch of government, but rather a court sui generis, and it is therefore often colloquially referred to as a \"fourth branch of government\", alongside the traditional model of tripartite separation of powers into the executive, legislative and the judicial branches.[9]","title":"Constitutional Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Judicial Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Judicial_Council_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge"},{"link_name":"university professors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_professor"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"MPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The National Judicial Council (Državno sudbeno vijeće, also: the State Judicial Council) consists of eleven members, specifically seven judges, nominated and elected by judges of the courts of all instances; two university professors of law, nominated and elected by the law schools of all Croatian universities and two MPs (one of whom must be from the opposition parties), nominated and elected by the Parliament, for four-year terms, and serving no more than two terms.[10][11] It appoints all judges and court presidents, except for the president of the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges.\nThe National Judicial Council decides also on disciplinary proceedings concerning all judges.","title":"National Judicial Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Attorney's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%27s_Attorney_Office_of_the_Republic_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%27s_Attorney_Office_of_the_Republic_of_Croatia#Atorney_General_and_deputies"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Croatian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Croatian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Government"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"USKOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USKOK"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Croatian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_government"},{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_government"},{"link_name":"civil law system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_system"}],"text":"The State Attorney's Office (Državno odvjetništvo) represents the state in legal procedures (criminal, civil, administrative). The office is led by the Attorney General (Glavni državni odvjetnik Republike Hrvatske), and assisted by twenty-three deputies in the central office and lower-ranking State Attorneys and deputies at fifteen county and twenty-two municipal State Attorney's Offices.[12][13] The Attorney General is appointed for a four-year term by the Croatian Parliament upon the motion of the Croatian Government and following a prior opinion of the Parliament's Justice Committee.[14][15] A special State Attorney's Office dedicated to combatting corruption and organised crime, USKOK,[16] was set up in late 2001.[17]The Attorney General is not a member of the Croatian government/cabinet, since the office is part of the European continental legal system, based on the civil law system.County and Municipal State's Attorneys and Deputy state's attorneys (in the Office of the Attorney General, in the county and municipal state's attorney offices, zamjenici državnog odvjetnika) are appointed for a four-year term by the National State's Attorney Council consisting of seven deputy state's attorneys (elected among and by them from the Office of Attorney General, from county and municipal offices), two university professors of law (chosen by the Croatian universities) and two MPs (one of whom must be from the opposition parties); with a prior opinion issued by the Minister of Justice and the Collegiate Body of the State's Attorney Office. The National State's Attorney Council decides also on disciplinary proceedings concerning state's attorney and deputy state's attorneys (except the Attorney General).","title":"State Attorneys"}]
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[{"image_text":"Croatian Supreme Court building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Croatia.jpg/220px-Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Croatia.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Tomasz Giaro, ed. (2006). Modernisierung durch Transfer im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert. Vittorio Klostermann. ISBN 978-3-465-03489-6. Retrieved 29 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I_roYQzSkVoC","url_text":"Modernisierung durch Transfer im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-465-03489-6","url_text":"978-3-465-03489-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Constitution of the Republic of Croatia\". Croatian Parliament. Article 119. Retrieved 29 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=2409","url_text":"\"Constitution of the Republic of Croatia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Constitution of the Republic of Croatia\". Croatian Parliament. Articles 126-132. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150530182911/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=2410","url_text":"\"Constitution of the Republic of Croatia\""},{"url":"http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=2410","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Judicial power\". Supreme Court of Croatia. Retrieved 29 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vsrh.hr/EasyWeb.asp?pcpid=282","url_text":"\"Judicial power\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zakon o područjima i sjedištima sudova\" [Court Districts and Headquarters Act]. Narodne Novine (in Croatian). 6 July 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2018_07_67_1360.html","url_text":"\"Zakon o područjima i sjedištima sudova\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodne_Novine","url_text":"Narodne Novine"}]},{"reference":"\"Council of Europe GRECO\" (PDF). coe.int. Council of Europe. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://rm.coe.int/16806c2e17","url_text":"\"Council of Europe GRECO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe","url_text":"Council of Europe"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Croatian Constitutional Judicature\". Constitutional Court of Croatia. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211133158/http://www.usud.hr/default.aspx?Show=c_o_sudu&m1=29&m2=0&Lang=en","url_text":"\"History of Croatian Constitutional Judicature\""},{"url":"http://www.usud.hr/default.aspx?Show=c_o_sudu&m1=29&m2=0&Lang=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dalibor Čepulo (2012). Hrvatska pravna povijest u europskom kontekstu od srednjeg vijeka do suvremenog doba [Croatian Legal History in a European Context from the Middle Ages to Modern Times] (in Croatian). Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. ISBN 978-9-532-70066-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-532-70066-4","url_text":"978-9-532-70066-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Constitution of the Republic of Croatia\". Croatian Parliament. Article 124. Retrieved 29 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=2409","url_text":"\"Constitution of the Republic of Croatia\""}]},{"reference":"\"O nama\" [About us] (in Croatian). National Judicial Council of Croatia. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120101152203/http://www.dsv.pravosudje.hr/index.php/dsv/o_nama","url_text":"\"O nama\""},{"url":"http://www.dsv.pravosudje.hr/index.php/dsv/o_nama","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Opći podaci\" [General Data] (in Croatian). State Attorney's Office of Croatia. Retrieved 29 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dorh.hr/Default.aspx?sec=630","url_text":"\"Opći podaci\""}]},{"reference":"\"Županijska i općinska državna odvjetništva\" [County and Municipal State Attorney's Offices] (in Croatian). State Attorney's Office of Croatia. Retrieved 29 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dorh.hr/Default.aspx?sec=32","url_text":"\"Županijska i općinska državna odvjetništva\""}]},{"reference":"\"Constitution of the Republic of Croatia\". Croatian Parliament. Article 125. Retrieved 29 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=2409","url_text":"\"Constitution of the Republic of Croatia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dražen Jelinić novi glavni državni odvjetnik\" [Dražen Jelinić - New Attorney General] (in Croatian). N1 TV. 20 April 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://hr.n1info.com/a296080/Vijesti/Drazen-Jelenic-novi-glavni-drzavni-odvjetnik.html","url_text":"\"Dražen Jelinić novi glavni državni odvjetnik\""}]},{"reference":"\"O USKOK-u\" [About USKOK] (in Croatian). USKOK (Office for the Suppression of Corruption and Organized Crime). Retrieved 29 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dorh.hr/Default.aspx?sec=607","url_text":"\"O USKOK-u\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Haifa_mayoral_election
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2018 Haifa mayoral election
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["1 Candidates","2 Campaign","3 Results","4 References"]
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2018 Haifa mayoral election
← 2013
30 October 2018
2024 →
Turnout48.85%
Candidate
Einat Kalisch-Rotem
Yona Yahav
Party
Living in Haifa
Yona Yahav and Haifa's Youth
Popular vote
66,486
43,907
Percentage
56.21%
37.12%
Mayor before election
Yona Yahav
Kulanu
Elected Mayor
Einat Kalisch-Rotem
Labor
The 2018 Haifa mayoral election was held on 30 October 2018 to elect the mayor of Haifa. It saw the election of Einat Kalisch-Rotem, who unseated incumbent mayor Yona Yahav. Kalisch-Rotem became the first female mayor of Haifa, making Haifa the largest city in Israel, and first major Israeli city, to ever have a female mayor.
The election was part of the 2018 Israeli municipal elections.
Candidates
Avihu Han (Haifa Greens)
Einat Kalisch-Rotem (Living in Haifa), city council member, urban planner, teacher and 2013 mayoral candidate
Mendi Salzmann (Haifa Awakens)
Israel Ya'akov Savyon (Lovers of Haifa)
Yona Yahav (Yona Yahav and Haifa's Youth), incumbent mayor since 2003
Campaign
Kalisch-Rotem's candidacy was endorsed by the Meretz party. While Kalisch-Rotem's candidacy was endorsed by the national Israeli Labor Party leader Avi Gabbay, she did not receive the backing of the local Labor Party. The local Labor Party was headed by mayoral opponent Israel Savyon. Nevertheless, her ultimate victory was seen as a boon for the troubled Labor Party, with a Gabbay-backed candidate defeating Yahav, who was seen as close to Moshe Kahlon, a political enemy of Gabbay.
Despite her being nonreligious, Kalisch-Rotem's candidacy also received support from the city's Haredi community, including from the Degel HaTorah party. Haredi support for a female mayoral candidate was considered notable, as Haredi are seen as tending to believe that leadership should be exclusive to men, as well as tending to believe that women should avoid bringing attention to themselves in the manner required of politicians. Haredi residents of the city backed Kalisch-Rotem with the intent of ousting Yahav.
Kalisch-Rotem's candidacy had originally been disqualified by a district court due to the fact that her lawyer and the Labor Party had submitted both her candidacy and the candidacy of Israel Savyon. However, on 22 October, 2018, the Supreme Court of Israel, decided that she would be allowed to run.
Of the hundreds of Israeli communities that held mayoral races held during the 2018 municipal elections, Haifa was one of roughly ten cities to elect a woman as its mayor. This was an increase from the seven communities that had elected female mayors during the 2013 municipal elections.
Results
The results in Haifa, with 125,333 voters participating of 256,559 eligible , are as follows. Of the 125,333 votes, 118,271 were valid.
Kalisch-Rotem's victory was considered an upset.
CandidatePartyVotes%Einat Kalisch-RotemLiving in Haifa66,48656.21Yona YahavYona Yahav and Haifa's Youth43,90737.12Avihu HanHaifa Greens3,7873.20Mendi SalzmannHaifa Awakens2,5852.19Israel Ya'akov SavyonLovers of Haifa1,5061.27Total118,271100.00Valid votes118,27194.37Invalid/blank votes7,0625.63Total votes125,333100.00Registered voters/turnout256,55948.85Source: Ministry of the Interior
References
^ a b c d e f "Haifa elects first woman mayor". Israel National News. JTA. 31 October 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
^ Pfeffer, Anshel (31 October 2018). "Einat Kalisch-Rotem, the first woman to lead a major Israeli city, elected in Haifa". www.thejc.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
^ a b Newman, Marissa (31 October 2018). "In major upset, 3-term Haifa mayor trounced by female rival". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
^ a b c d e Hoffman, Gil (31 October 2018). "Haifa elects first woman mayor". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
^ Schneider, Tal (31 October 2018). "Kalisch-Rotem takes Haifa, Huldai keeps Tel Aviv". Globes. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
^ a b Halbfinger, David M. (2 November 2018). "Among Israel's Ultra-Orthodox, It's (Sort of) the Year of the Woman". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
^ "1800 7.11 תוצאות.xlsx". www.moin.gov.il. Ministry of the Interior. 2017. Archived from the original on 21 April 2020.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Haifa"},{"link_name":"Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa"},{"link_name":"Einat Kalisch-Rotem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einat_Kalisch-Rotem"},{"link_name":"incumbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent"},{"link_name":"Yona Yahav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yona_Yahav"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INN1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2018 Israeli municipal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Israeli_municipal_elections"}],"text":"The 2018 Haifa mayoral election was held on 30 October 2018 to elect the mayor of Haifa. It saw the election of Einat Kalisch-Rotem, who unseated incumbent mayor Yona Yahav. Kalisch-Rotem became the first female mayor of Haifa, making Haifa the largest city in Israel, and first major Israeli city, to ever have a female mayor.[1][2]The election was part of the 2018 Israeli municipal elections.","title":"2018 Haifa mayoral election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Einat Kalisch-Rotem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einat_Kalisch-Rotem"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upset-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman1-4"},{"link_name":"Yona Yahav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yona_Yahav"}],"text":"Avihu Han (Haifa Greens)\nEinat Kalisch-Rotem (Living in Haifa), city council member,[3] urban planner, teacher[4] and 2013 mayoral candidate\nMendi Salzmann\t(Haifa Awakens)\nIsrael Ya'akov Savyon (Lovers of Haifa)\nYona Yahav (Yona Yahav and Haifa's Youth), incumbent mayor since 2003","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meretz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meretz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INN1-1"},{"link_name":"Israeli Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Avi Gabbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi_Gabbay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INN1-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Moshe Kahlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Kahlon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman1-4"},{"link_name":"Haredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi"},{"link_name":"Degel HaTorah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degel_HaTorah"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INN1-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman1-4"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman1-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INN1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman1-4"},{"link_name":"2013 municipal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Israeli_municipal_elections"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INN1-1"}],"text":"Kalisch-Rotem's candidacy was endorsed by the Meretz party.[1] While Kalisch-Rotem's candidacy was endorsed by the national Israeli Labor Party leader Avi Gabbay, she did not receive the backing of the local Labor Party.[1] The local Labor Party was headed by mayoral opponent Israel Savyon.[5] Nevertheless, her ultimate victory was seen as a boon for the troubled Labor Party, with a Gabbay-backed candidate defeating Yahav, who was seen as close to Moshe Kahlon, a political enemy of Gabbay.[4]Despite her being nonreligious, Kalisch-Rotem's candidacy also received support from the city's Haredi community, including from the Degel HaTorah party.[1][6] Haredi support for a female mayoral candidate was considered notable, as Haredi are seen as tending to believe that leadership should be exclusive to men, as well as tending to believe that women should avoid bringing attention to themselves in the manner required of politicians.[6] Haredi residents of the city backed Kalisch-Rotem with the intent of ousting Yahav.[4]Kalisch-Rotem's candidacy had originally been disqualified by a district court due to the fact that her lawyer and the Labor Party had submitted both her candidacy and the candidacy of Israel Savyon. However, on 22 October, 2018, the Supreme Court of Israel, decided that she would be allowed to run.[4]Of the hundreds of Israeli communities that held mayoral races held during the 2018 municipal elections, Haifa was one of roughly ten cities to elect a woman as its mayor.[1][4] This was an increase from the seven communities that had elected female mayors during the 2013 municipal elections.[1]","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"upset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upset_(competition)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upset-3"}],"text":"The results in Haifa, with 125,333 voters participating of 256,559 eligible , are as follows. Of the 125,333 votes, 118,271 were valid.Kalisch-Rotem's victory was considered an upset.[3]","title":"Results"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Haifa elects first woman mayor\". Israel National News. JTA. 31 October 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/254072","url_text":"\"Haifa elects first woman mayor\""}]},{"reference":"Pfeffer, Anshel (31 October 2018). \"Einat Kalisch-Rotem, the first woman to lead a major Israeli city, elected in Haifa\". www.thejc.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejc.com/comment/analysis/einat-kalisch-rotem-the-first-woman-to-lead-a-major-israeli-city-elected-in-haifa-1.471863","url_text":"\"Einat Kalisch-Rotem, the first woman to lead a major Israeli city, elected in Haifa\""}]},{"reference":"Newman, Marissa (31 October 2018). \"In major upset, 3-term Haifa mayor trounced by female rival\". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/exit-poll-shows-3-term-haifa-mayor-trounced-by-female-rival-in-major-upset/","url_text":"\"In major upset, 3-term Haifa mayor trounced by female rival\""}]},{"reference":"Hoffman, Gil (31 October 2018). \"Haifa elects first woman mayor\". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Haifa-elects-first-woman-mayor-570729","url_text":"\"Haifa elects first woman mayor\""}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Tal (31 October 2018). \"Kalisch-Rotem takes Haifa, Huldai keeps Tel Aviv\". Globes. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-kalisch-rotem-takes-haifa-huldai-keeps-tel-aviv-1001258621","url_text":"\"Kalisch-Rotem takes Haifa, Huldai keeps Tel Aviv\""}]},{"reference":"Halbfinger, David M. (2 November 2018). \"Among Israel's Ultra-Orthodox, It's (Sort of) the Year of the Woman\". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/02/world/middleeast/israel-women-mayors-ultra-orthodox.html","url_text":"\"Among Israel's Ultra-Orthodox, It's (Sort of) the Year of the Woman\""}]},{"reference":"\"1800 7.11 תוצאות.xlsx\". www.moin.gov.il. Ministry of the Interior. 2017. Archived from the original on 21 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200421115710/http://www.moin.gov.il/NationalSupervision/Documents/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA%207.11%201800.xlsx","url_text":"\"1800 7.11 תוצאות.xlsx\""},{"url":"http://www.moin.gov.il/NationalSupervision/Documents/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA%207.11%201800.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cumming_(disambiguation)
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John Cumming
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["1 See also"]
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John Cumming may refer to:
John Cumming (clergyman) (1807–1881), Scottish clergyman
John Cumming (Scottish footballer) (1930–2008), Scottish footballer who played for Heart of Midlothian and Scotland
John Cumming (Australian footballer) (born 1952), Australian footballer for Melbourne
See also
John Cummins (disambiguation)
John Cummings (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[{"title":"John Cummins (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cummins_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"John Cummings (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cummings_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/John_Cumming&namespace=0"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/John_Cumming&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_on_Social_Work_Practice
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Research on Social Work Practice
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["1 Abstracting and indexing","2 References","3 External links"]
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Academic journalResearch on Social Work PracticeDisciplineSocial workLanguageEnglishEdited byBruce A. ThyerPublication detailsHistory1991-presentPublisherSAGE PublicationsFrequencyBimonthlyImpact factor1.929 (2017)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Res. Soc. Work Pract.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN1049-7315 (print)1552-7581 (web)LCCN91643094OCLC no.609948404Links
Journal homepage
Online access
Online archive
Research on Social Work Practice is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in the field of social work, including community practice, organizational management, and the evaluation of social policies. The journal's editor-in-chief is Bruce A. Thyer (Florida State University College of Social Work). It was established in 1991 and is currently published by SAGE Publications.
Abstracting and indexing
Research on Social Work Practice is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2017 impact factor is 1.929, ranking it 8 out of 42 journals in the category "Social Work".
References
^ "Journals Ranked by Impact: Social Work". 2017 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Social Sciences ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2017.
External links
Official website
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heist_(2015_film)
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Heist (2015 film)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"]
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2015 film by Scott Mann
Not to be confused with Heist (2001 film), The Heist (2001 film), or The Big Heist.
HeistTheatrical release posterDirected byScott MannWritten by
Stephen Cyrus Sepher
Max Adams
Produced by
Randall Emmett
George Furla
Wayne Marc Godfrey
Alexander Tabrizi
Stephen Cyrus Sepher
Starring
Robert De Niro
Jeffrey Dean Morgan
Kate Bosworth
Morris Chestnut
Dave Bautista
Gina Carano
Mark-Paul Gosselaar
D.B. Sweeney
Stephen Cyrus Sepher
Tyson Sullivan
CinematographyBrandon CoxEdited byRobert DalvaMusic byJames Edward BarkerTim DespicProductioncompanies
Grindstone Entertainment Group
Emmett/Furla/Oasis Films
The Fyzz Facility
Mass Hysteria Entertainment Co
Distributed byLionsgate PremiereRelease date
November 13, 2015 (2015-11-13) (United States)
Running time93 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$15 millionBox office$4.1 million
Heist (also called Bus 657), is a 2015 American heist action thriller film directed by Scott Mann and written by Stephen Cyrus Sepher and Max Adams, based on the original story by Sepher. The film stars Robert De Niro, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Kate Bosworth, Morris Chestnut, Dave Bautista, Sepher, and Gina Carano. The plot of the film revolves around a casino heist by an employee who needs to pay for his sick daughter's treatment.
The film was released on November 13, 2015, by Lionsgate Premiere.
Plot
Luke Vaughn is working in a Southern casino ("The Swan") run by Francis "The Pope" Silva. Vaughn has a sick daughter, and needs $300,000 for a necessary surgery. He approaches "Pope" who refuses his plea for a loan; when Vaughn is insistent, Pope fires him and has him beaten by his right-hand man, Derrick "Dog" Prince.
Security guard Cox tells Vaughn the casino is laundering for the mob. Vaughn, who has the codes to the vault, joins Cox and steals the money. After the heist, the thieves are intercepted by Dog's henchmen. A gun battle ensues, wounding one of the thieves. Once their getaway driver escapes, the rest are forced to hijack a city bus. Police officer Kris Bajos hears the gunshots and pursues the bus. When Cox shoots through a window at Bajos, she calls for reinforcements. The police set up a road block.
Vaughn writes a passenger's phone number on a bus window, to enable Bajos to contact him. He warns her that Cox will kill passengers if the police do not clear the road blocks. Bajos follows through and Vaughn orders Bernie, the bus driver, to ram the road block, allowing the bus to enter the interstate highway. Passengers' mobile phones are thrown from the bus and Vaughn asks one of the passengers, a veterinarian student, to take care of the wounded thief. Cox calls Jono, an old man who aided them in planning the robbery, to update him. The bus is running low on fuel, so Vaughn calls for a fuel tanker.
Detective Marconi joins forces with Bajos and instructs her to drive the fuel tanker. Marconi briefs SWAT and monitors the bus via a police helicopter. Vaughn allows Pauline and a young boy to leave the bus. During refueling, Vaughn allows Bajos to board the bus to check on the hostages. After Bajos suggests that the wounded thief be let off the bus for medical treatment, Cox objects and she has an altercation with Cox, during which she takes his gun from his waist. Vaughn defuses the situation. As she wraps up refueling, Vaughn asks Bajos to let him know how Pauline is. At the police station the boy is reunited with his mom and Bajos interviews Pauline. Dog learns the location of Jono through a police radio scanner.
With the wounded thief suffering blood loss Vaughn calls Marconi, who boards the bus from a SWAT truck with a medical emergency kit. He hands the vet student a syringe with 'pain meds' and the wounded thief dies. Marconi gets a call from Pope and tosses the phone to Vaughn, revealing Marconi's affiliation with Pope. Marconi is thrown from the bus and a SWAT team attacks the bus, popping a tire, causing it to crash near a bridge.
With police surrounding the bus, Cox holds Bernie hostage. Vaughn shoots Cox, saving Bernie. Vaughn receives a call from his daughter saying that she is okay and Bajos tells him she knows about the hospital bills. Vaughn negotiates with Marconi the release of all the hostages except one and, once the tire is repaired, the bus departs. The police authorities follow the bus, but Vaughn escapes with the money in a police car.
Vaughn arrives at Jono's, but finds him shot dead. Dog knocks him out with a shot of rock salt. Back on the bus, they are joined by Pope and Marconi, though Pope kills Marconi as Dog pours gasoline over Vaughn. Pope gloats that Vaughn did not make it to the hospital by 7pm with the money. However, Pauline is Vaughn's sister, and Vaughn had slipped the $300,000 in her bag earlier. She pays the hospital bill. Bajos deduces what Pauline is doing but does not stop her.
Pope shoots Dog dead before he can light up Vaughn. Pope loosens Vaughn's ropes and tells him his mother had a saying about people on their deathbed speaking of regrets. He hands a grateful Vaughn the keys to his Rolls-Royce car, which is parked outside, so he can go visit his daughter. Pope waits on the bus as the police arrive.
Cast
Robert De Niro as Francis "The Pope" Silva
Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Luke Vaughn
Kate Bosworth as Sydney Silva
Morris Chestnut as Derrick "The Dog" Prince
Dave Bautista as Jason Cox
Gina Carano as Officer Krizia "Kris" Bajos
D.B. Sweeney as Bernie
Mark-Paul Gosselaar as Marconi
Stephen Cyrus Sepher as Julian Dante
Tyson Sullivan as Mickey
Christopher Rob Bowen as Eric
Lydia Hull as Pauline
Scott Herman as Sergeant Thomas Forbes
Production
On November 6, 2013, at the American Film Market sale, it was announced that film production and financing company Emmett/Furla/Oasis Films acquired a heist script, then titled Bus 757, from writer Stephen Cyrus Sepher. The script, about a card dealer who puts a crew together to rob a bank and hijack a city bus, with an announced budget of $15 million budget, was being produced by Randall Emmett, George Furla, Alexander Tabrizi and Sepher. On May 17, 2014, it was announced that Scott Mann would direct, Lionsgate would distribute, and Robert De Niro would star in the lead role of "The Pope", the casino owner whose money is the target of the heist.
The title of the film had been changed to Bus 657 by September 24, 2014, when Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Kate Bosworth, Dave Bautista and Gina Carano joined the cast of the film, which also added Max Adams as an additional screenwriter. On October 13, it was confirmed that screenwriter and actor Sepher was spotted on the set, later confirmed to be performing as one of the robbery crew. Morris Chestnut was spotted on the set on October 15, with his casting as Derrick "Dog" Prince confirmed two days later, acting as "The Pope's" right-hand man who has to bring the money back before the cops seize it and realize it's dirty.
Filming was scheduled to take place in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, but was moved to Mobile, Alabama and filming began on October 13, 2014. On October 15, De Niro was spotted filming in the Crystal Ballroom of The Battle House Hotel, which had been transformed into a 1940s-style casino called "The Swan Casino". On the same day scenes were filmed on the corner of Royal and St. Francis streets in downtown Mobile. On October 21, filming took place on the Causeway, which was closed by the police from the eastbound entrance of Bankhead Tunnel to east of the USS Alabama Battleship Memorial Park.
Release
In October 2014, at the American Film Market sale, the film (under its second title, Bus 657) was sold to a number of international distributors, including Lionsgate International for the UK. The film was released on November 13, 2015 in a limited release and through video on demand.
Reception
The film was poorly received by film critics. As of September 2022, the film holds a 29% approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 28 reviews with an average score of 4.8 out of 10. The website's consensus reads, "Heist stacks its deck with an all-star cast but this humorless action potboiler doesn't give them a good hand to play." Metacritic gave the film 37/100, a generally unfavorable rating, based on a weighted average rating of 11 reviews.
Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave Heist a C, describing it as a generic and forgettable thriller that is particularly derivative of Speed, which he considered a superior film.
References
^ a b c McNary, Dave (2013-11-06). "AFM: Emmett/Furla/Oasis Boards 'Bus 757′". Variety. Archived from the original on 2017-07-10. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
^ "Heist (2015)". The Numbers. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
^ a b Doty, Meriah (2015-09-18). "See Robert De Niro Get Targeted in 'Heist'". Yahoo! Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (2014-05-17). "Cannes: Robert De Niro Catches 'Bus 757', Heist Pic From Emmett/Furla/Oasis". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 2017-11-12. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (2014-09-24). "'Bus 657′ Castings: Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Kate Bosworth, More Board Robert De Niro Pic". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 2017-11-13. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
^ a b Ikenberg, Tamara (2014-10-13). "'Bus 657' starts shooting in downtown Mobile; former WWE champion Batista on set". The Birmingham News. Archived from the original on 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
^ Ikenberg, Tamara (2014-10-23). "A glimpse inside the multi-talented mind behind 'Bus 657'". The Birmingham News. Archived from the original on 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
^ a b Ikenberg, Tamara (2014-10-16). "'Bus 657' star Morris Chestnut makes Mobile stargazers swoon". The Birmingham News. Archived from the original on 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (2014-10-17). "Morris Chestnut Boards 'Bus 657′". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 2017-11-06. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
^ Scott, Mike (2014-05-19). "Robert De Niro boards thriller 'Bus 757,' to be shot in Baton Rouge". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on 2018-11-08. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
^ Scott, Mike (2014-09-26). "Robert De Niro's 'Bus 657' bolts Baton Rouge, heading down I-10 to Mobile". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
^ Ikenberg, Tamara (2014-10-15). "Robert De Niro walks among us: star has arrived in Mobile for 'Bus 657' shoot". The Birmingham News. Archived from the original on 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
^ Levins, Angela (2014-10-21). "Scout your route: Parts of Causeway, Bankhead eastbound closed for filming of movie 'Bus 657'". The Birmingham News. Archived from the original on 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
^ McNary, Dave (2014-10-31). "AFM: Robert De Niro's 'Bus 657′ Picks Up Foreign Sales". Variety. Archived from the original on 2018-02-26. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
^ "Heist". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
^ "Heist (2015)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2017-12-31. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
^ Nashawaty, Chris (November 17, 2015). "Heist: EW Review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
External links
Heist at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Scott Mann
Tug of War (2006)
The Tournament (2009)
Heist (2015)
Final Score (2018)
Fall (2022)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heist (2001 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heist_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"The Heist (2001 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heist_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"The Big Heist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Heist"},{"link_name":"heist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heist_film"},{"link_name":"action thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_thriller"},{"link_name":"Scott Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Mann_(director)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Cyrus Sepher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cyrus_Sepher"},{"link_name":"Robert De Niro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Dean Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Dean_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Kate Bosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bosworth"},{"link_name":"Morris Chestnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Chestnut"},{"link_name":"Dave Bautista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Bautista"},{"link_name":"Gina Carano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Carano"},{"link_name":"heist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery"},{"link_name":"Lionsgate Premiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionsgate_Premiere"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doty-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Heist (2001 film), The Heist (2001 film), or The Big Heist.Heist (also called Bus 657), is a 2015 American heist action thriller film directed by Scott Mann and written by Stephen Cyrus Sepher and Max Adams, based on the original story by Sepher. The film stars Robert De Niro, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Kate Bosworth, Morris Chestnut, Dave Bautista, Sepher, and Gina Carano. The plot of the film revolves around a casino heist by an employee who needs to pay for his sick daughter's treatment.The film was released on November 13, 2015, by Lionsgate Premiere.[3]","title":"Heist (2015 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Luke Vaughn is working in a Southern casino (\"The Swan\") run by Francis \"The Pope\" Silva. Vaughn has a sick daughter, and needs $300,000 for a necessary surgery. He approaches \"Pope\" who refuses his plea for a loan; when Vaughn is insistent, Pope fires him and has him beaten by his right-hand man, Derrick \"Dog\" Prince.Security guard Cox tells Vaughn the casino is laundering for the mob. Vaughn, who has the codes to the vault, joins Cox and steals the money. After the heist, the thieves are intercepted by Dog's henchmen. A gun battle ensues, wounding one of the thieves. Once their getaway driver escapes, the rest are forced to hijack a city bus. Police officer Kris Bajos hears the gunshots and pursues the bus. When Cox shoots through a window at Bajos, she calls for reinforcements. The police set up a road block.Vaughn writes a passenger's phone number on a bus window, to enable Bajos to contact him. He warns her that Cox will kill passengers if the police do not clear the road blocks. Bajos follows through and Vaughn orders Bernie, the bus driver, to ram the road block, allowing the bus to enter the interstate highway. Passengers' mobile phones are thrown from the bus and Vaughn asks one of the passengers, a veterinarian student, to take care of the wounded thief. Cox calls Jono, an old man who aided them in planning the robbery, to update him. The bus is running low on fuel, so Vaughn calls for a fuel tanker.Detective Marconi joins forces with Bajos and instructs her to drive the fuel tanker. Marconi briefs SWAT and monitors the bus via a police helicopter. Vaughn allows Pauline and a young boy to leave the bus. During refueling, Vaughn allows Bajos to board the bus to check on the hostages. After Bajos suggests that the wounded thief be let off the bus for medical treatment, Cox objects and she has an altercation with Cox, during which she takes his gun from his waist. Vaughn defuses the situation. As she wraps up refueling, Vaughn asks Bajos to let him know how Pauline is. At the police station the boy is reunited with his mom and Bajos interviews Pauline. Dog learns the location of Jono through a police radio scanner.With the wounded thief suffering blood loss Vaughn calls Marconi, who boards the bus from a SWAT truck with a medical emergency kit. He hands the vet student a syringe with 'pain meds' and the wounded thief dies. Marconi gets a call from Pope and tosses the phone to Vaughn, revealing Marconi's affiliation with Pope. Marconi is thrown from the bus and a SWAT team attacks the bus, popping a tire, causing it to crash near a bridge.With police surrounding the bus, Cox holds Bernie hostage. Vaughn shoots Cox, saving Bernie. Vaughn receives a call from his daughter saying that she is okay and Bajos tells him she knows about the hospital bills. Vaughn negotiates with Marconi the release of all the hostages except one and, once the tire is repaired, the bus departs. The police authorities follow the bus, but Vaughn escapes with the money in a police car.Vaughn arrives at Jono's, but finds him shot dead. Dog knocks him out with a shot of rock salt. Back on the bus, they are joined by Pope and Marconi, though Pope kills Marconi as Dog pours gasoline over Vaughn. Pope gloats that Vaughn did not make it to the hospital by 7pm with the money. However, Pauline is Vaughn's sister, and Vaughn had slipped the $300,000 in her bag earlier. She pays the hospital bill. Bajos deduces what Pauline is doing but does not stop her.Pope shoots Dog dead before he can light up Vaughn. Pope loosens Vaughn's ropes and tells him his mother had a saying about people on their deathbed speaking of regrets. He hands a grateful Vaughn the keys to his Rolls-Royce car, which is parked outside, so he can go visit his daughter. Pope waits on the bus as the police arrive.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert De Niro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Dean Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Dean_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Kate Bosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bosworth"},{"link_name":"Morris Chestnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Chestnut"},{"link_name":"Dave Bautista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Bautista"},{"link_name":"Gina Carano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Carano"},{"link_name":"D.B. Sweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.B._Sweeney"},{"link_name":"Mark-Paul Gosselaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark-Paul_Gosselaar"},{"link_name":"Stephen Cyrus Sepher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cyrus_Sepher"},{"link_name":"Tyson Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Sullivan"}],"text":"Robert De Niro as Francis \"The Pope\" Silva\nJeffrey Dean Morgan as Luke Vaughn\nKate Bosworth as Sydney Silva\nMorris Chestnut as Derrick \"The Dog\" Prince\nDave Bautista as Jason Cox\nGina Carano as Officer Krizia \"Kris\" Bajos\nD.B. Sweeney as Bernie\nMark-Paul Gosselaar as Marconi\nStephen Cyrus Sepher as Julian Dante\nTyson Sullivan as Mickey\nChristopher Rob Bowen as Eric\nLydia Hull as Pauline\nScott Herman as Sergeant Thomas Forbes","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Film Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Market"},{"link_name":"Emmett/Furla/Oasis Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett/Furla/Oasis_Films"},{"link_name":"Stephen Cyrus Sepher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cyrus_Sepher"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeistFilm-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeistFilm-1"},{"link_name":"Scott Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Mann_(director)"},{"link_name":"Lionsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lions_Gate_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Robert De Niro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niro-4"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Dean Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Dean_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Kate Bosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bosworth"},{"link_name":"Dave Bautista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Bautista"},{"link_name":"Gina Carano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Carano"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgan-Bosworth-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OctoberShooting-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sepher-7"},{"link_name":"Morris Chestnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Chestnut"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChestnutOnSet-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chestnut-9"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mobile, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OctoberShooting-6"},{"link_name":"The Battle House Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_House_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChestnutOnSet-8"},{"link_name":"Causeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Bankhead Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhead_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"USS Alabama Battleship Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship_Memorial_Park"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"On November 6, 2013, at the American Film Market sale, it was announced that film production and financing company Emmett/Furla/Oasis Films acquired a heist script, then titled Bus 757, from writer Stephen Cyrus Sepher.[1] The script, about a card dealer who puts a crew together to rob a bank and hijack a city bus, with an announced budget of $15 million budget, was being produced by Randall Emmett, George Furla, Alexander Tabrizi and Sepher.[1] On May 17, 2014, it was announced that Scott Mann would direct, Lionsgate would distribute, and Robert De Niro would star in the lead role of \"The Pope\", the casino owner whose money is the target of the heist.[4]The title of the film had been changed to Bus 657 by September 24, 2014, when Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Kate Bosworth, Dave Bautista and Gina Carano joined the cast of the film, which also added Max Adams as an additional screenwriter.[5] On October 13, it was confirmed that screenwriter and actor Sepher was spotted on the set, later confirmed to be performing as one of the robbery crew.[6][7] Morris Chestnut was spotted on the set on October 15, with his casting as Derrick \"Dog\" Prince confirmed two days later, acting as \"The Pope's\" right-hand man who has to bring the money back before the cops seize it and realize it's dirty.[8][9]Filming was scheduled to take place in Baton Rouge, Louisiana,[10] but was moved to Mobile, Alabama and filming began on October 13, 2014.[11][6] On October 15, De Niro was spotted filming in the Crystal Ballroom of The Battle House Hotel, which had been transformed into a 1940s-style casino called \"The Swan Casino\".[12] On the same day scenes were filmed on the corner of Royal and St. Francis streets in downtown Mobile.[8] On October 21, filming took place on the Causeway, which was closed by the police from the eastbound entrance of Bankhead Tunnel to east of the USS Alabama Battleship Memorial Park.[13]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Film Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Market"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"limited release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_release"},{"link_name":"video on demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doty-3"}],"text":"In October 2014, at the American Film Market sale, the film (under its second title, Bus 657) was sold to a number of international distributors, including Lionsgate International for the UK.[14] The film was released on November 13, 2015 in a limited release and through video on demand.[3]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heist_(2015_film)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The film was poorly received by film critics. As of September 2022[update], the film holds a 29% approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 28 reviews with an average score of 4.8 out of 10. The website's consensus reads, \"Heist stacks its deck with an all-star cast but this humorless action potboiler doesn't give them a good hand to play.\"[15] Metacritic gave the film 37/100, a generally unfavorable rating, based on a weighted average rating of 11 reviews.[16]Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave Heist a C, describing it as a generic and forgettable thriller that is particularly derivative of Speed, which he considered a superior film.[17]","title":"Reception"}]
|
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[{"reference":"McNary, Dave (2013-11-06). \"AFM: Emmett/Furla/Oasis Boards 'Bus 757′\". Variety. Archived from the original on 2017-07-10. Retrieved 2017-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2013/film/news/afm-emmettfurlaoasis-boards-bus-757-1200801830/","url_text":"\"AFM: Emmett/Furla/Oasis Boards 'Bus 757′\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170710133825/http://variety.com/2013/film/news/afm-emmettfurlaoasis-boards-bus-757-1200801830/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Heist (2015)\". The Numbers. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Heist-(2015)#tab=summary","url_text":"\"Heist (2015)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)","url_text":"The Numbers"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023152/http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Heist-(2015)#tab=summary","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Doty, Meriah (2015-09-18). \"See Robert De Niro Get Targeted in 'Heist'\". Yahoo! Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2017-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/movies/see-robert-de-niro-get-targeted-in-heist-129358045607.html","url_text":"\"See Robert De Niro Get Targeted in 'Heist'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170908024529/https://www.yahoo.com/movies/see-robert-de-niro-get-targeted-in-heist-129358045607.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Mike Jr. (2014-05-17). \"Cannes: Robert De Niro Catches 'Bus 757', Heist Pic From Emmett/Furla/Oasis\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 2017-11-12. Retrieved 2017-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2014/05/cannes-robert-de-niro-catches-bus-757-heist-pic-from-emmettfurlaoasis-732407/","url_text":"\"Cannes: Robert De Niro Catches 'Bus 757', Heist Pic From Emmett/Furla/Oasis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171112091803/http://deadline.com/2014/05/cannes-robert-de-niro-catches-bus-757-heist-pic-from-emmettfurlaoasis-732407/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Mike Jr. (2014-09-24). \"'Bus 657′ Castings: Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Kate Bosworth, More Board Robert De Niro Pic\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 2017-11-13. Retrieved 2017-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2014/09/bus-657-movie-casting-jeffrey-dean-morgan-kate-bosworth-robert-de-niro-840594/","url_text":"\"'Bus 657′ Castings: Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Kate Bosworth, More Board Robert De Niro Pic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171113162154/http://deadline.com/2014/09/bus-657-movie-casting-jeffrey-dean-morgan-kate-bosworth-robert-de-niro-840594/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ikenberg, Tamara (2014-10-13). \"'Bus 657' starts shooting in downtown Mobile; former WWE champion Batista on set\". The Birmingham News. Archived from the original on 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2017-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2014/10/bus_657.html","url_text":"\"'Bus 657' starts shooting in downtown Mobile; former WWE champion Batista on set\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birmingham_News","url_text":"The Birmingham News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170918160435/http://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2014/10/bus_657.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ikenberg, Tamara (2014-10-23). \"A glimpse inside the multi-talented mind behind 'Bus 657'\". The Birmingham News. Archived from the original on 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2017-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2014/10/bus_657_3.html","url_text":"\"A glimpse inside the multi-talented mind behind 'Bus 657'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birmingham_News","url_text":"The Birmingham News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170621040513/http://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2014/10/bus_657_3.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ikenberg, Tamara (2014-10-16). \"'Bus 657' star Morris Chestnut makes Mobile stargazers swoon\". The Birmingham News. Archived from the original on 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2017-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2014/10/morris_chestnut.html","url_text":"\"'Bus 657' star Morris Chestnut makes Mobile stargazers swoon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birmingham_News","url_text":"The Birmingham News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170621014138/http://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2014/10/morris_chestnut.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Mike Jr. (2014-10-17). \"Morris Chestnut Boards 'Bus 657′\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 2017-11-06. Retrieved 2017-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2014/10/morris-chestnut-bus-657-853828/","url_text":"\"Morris Chestnut Boards 'Bus 657′\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171106105345/http://deadline.com/2014/10/morris-chestnut-bus-657-853828/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Mike (2014-05-19). \"Robert De Niro boards thriller 'Bus 757,' to be shot in Baton Rouge\". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on 2018-11-08. Retrieved 2017-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nola.com/movies/index.ssf/2014/05/robert_de_niro_joins_cast_of_b.html","url_text":"\"Robert De Niro boards thriller 'Bus 757,' to be shot in Baton Rouge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times-Picayune","url_text":"The Times-Picayune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181108065744/https://www.nola.com/movies/index.ssf/2014/05/robert_de_niro_joins_cast_of_b.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Mike (2014-09-26). \"Robert De Niro's 'Bus 657' bolts Baton Rouge, heading down I-10 to Mobile\". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nola.com/movies/index.ssf/2014/09/robert_de_niros_bus_657_bolts.html","url_text":"\"Robert De Niro's 'Bus 657' bolts Baton Rouge, heading down I-10 to Mobile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times-Picayune","url_text":"The Times-Picayune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055229/http://www.nola.com/movies/index.ssf/2014/09/robert_de_niros_bus_657_bolts.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ikenberg, Tamara (2014-10-15). \"Robert De Niro walks among us: star has arrived in Mobile for 'Bus 657' shoot\". The Birmingham News. Archived from the original on 2017-06-21. 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Retrieved 2017-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2014/film/news/robert-de-niro-bus-657-foreign-sales-1201343965/","url_text":"\"AFM: Robert De Niro's 'Bus 657′ Picks Up Foreign Sales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211849/https://variety.com/2014/film/news/robert-de-niro-bus-657-foreign-sales-1201343965/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Heist\". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/heist_2015/","url_text":"\"Heist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220930073843/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/heist_2015","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Heist (2015)\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2017-12-31. Retrieved 2017-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/heist-2015","url_text":"\"Heist (2015)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171231152450/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/heist-2015","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nashawaty, Chris (November 17, 2015). \"Heist: EW Review\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 5 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2015/11/17/heist-ew-review/","url_text":"\"Heist: EW Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Toronto
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Tourism in Toronto
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["1 Attractions","1.1 Museums","1.2 Zoos and Aquarium","1.3 Niagara Falls","1.4 CN Tower","1.5 Tours","2 References"]
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The Toronto Eaton Centre is the most visited tourist attraction in Toronto.
Toronto is one of Canada's leading tourism destinations. In 2017, the Toronto-area received 43.7 million tourists, of which 10.4 million were domestic visitors and 2.97 million were from the United States, spending a total of $8.84 billion. Toronto has an array of tourist attractions and a rich cultural life.
Attractions
Museums
The city of Toronto consists of many unique and famous museums. The Royal Ontario Museum is Canada's largest museum of natural history and world cultures. It presents engaging galleries of art, archaeology and natural science from around the world. It is located at 100 Queens Park in Toronto. The Royal Ontario Museum offers a unique platform to engage with cultures from all around the world at the centre of one of North America's busiest cities. The Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO) is one of the largest art museums in North America. Its collection of approximately 95,000 works includes many genres from around the world. The Bata Shoe Museum consists of shoes from many different geographic areas, time periods, and cultural groups. It is located at 327 Bloor Street West, and it contains 12,500 artifacts that are exhibited time to time at specific exhibitions. For hockey fans, the Hockey Hall of Fame is the biggest attraction, as it is more than 57,000 square feet of interactivity, hands-on games, theatres, the Stanley Cup and the finest collection of hockey artifacts from not only Canada but also around the world. Other museums include the Aga Khan Museum, Gardiner Museum of Ceramic Art, Ukraine Museum of Canada, Toronto Police Museum and Discovery Centre, Textile Museum of Canada, the Museum of Inuit Art, Oral History Museum and many others.
Zoos and Aquarium
The Toronto Zoo is Canada's premier zoo that includes over 5,000 animals, which represent about 500 different species. The High Park Zoo is also located in Toronto, which comprises 399 acres of land that includes animals including peacocks, deers, sheep and others. More than 250,000 people visit the High Park Zoo every year. Various farms are also present in Toronto, which include substantial numbers of farm animals. Furthermore, Ripley's Aquarium of Canada is an attraction that is located in downtown Toronto. It is Canada's largest indoor aquarium, which means that it is easily accessible in not only the summer but also the winter time. It consists of 5.7 million litres of water, representing marine and freshwater habitats from all around the world.
Niagara Falls
The Niagara Falls is a series of 3 waterfalls between the Canadian province of Ontario and the US State of New York. The falls are visible on both sides. A common tale that is told is that between America and Canada, people would throw things over the falls to the border. The water that falls is mostly flowing in the Horseshoe Falls. The Niagara Falls is the greatest source of electricity in the whole world, and makes up a large portion of the electricity generation for both the Northeastern United States and Ontario.
CN Tower
The CN Tower is Canada's National Tower, and it is one of the attractions that is open the entire year. It is visited by approximately 2 million people every year. In 1995, the CN Tower was classified as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers, and for more than 30 years it was the world's tallest free-standing structure. The CN Tower consists of many inner attractions like the Glass Floor, SkyPod, 360 restaurant and EdgeWalk. EdgeWalk is a full circle hands-free walk on a 5 feet wide ledge encircling the top of the Tower, which is 1,168 feet aboveground. It has also been mentioned in the Guinness Book of World Records for the highest external walk on a building. Also, the CN Tower provides various services for individuals with disabilities and special needs.
Tours
There are a number of tours of different kinds available to visitors in Toronto, giving them the chance to view the city or specific areas of the city, led by local guides. Some of these include:
Bus tours within the city (e.g. City Sightseeing Toronto), showcasing some of the major attractions and points of interest, as well as day tours to the nearby Niagara Falls
Boat tours on Lake Ontario (e.g. Toronto Harbour Tours), which show guests the Toronto skyline from the water and give them a close-up view of the Toronto Islands.
Food tours (e.g. Tasty Tours), walking tours that guide guests to some of Toronto's foodie hotspots for samples and a history of the area. These tours usually aim to highlight the variety of cuisines in Toronto, sometimes focusing on the dense food scenes in specific areas (e.g. Kensington Market).
Haunted Tours (e.g. The Haunted Walk of Toronto), these evening tours take guests to some of the city's oldest and most haunted buildings and neighbourhoods (e.g. Black Creek Pioneer Village, where they also offer a séance).
Segway Tours (e.g. Go Tours Canada), these tours provide guests with their own Segway, helmet, and crash course on Segway driving, before leading them on a short tour of the area. Due to regulations, the tours are not city-wide, often occurring in smaller neighbourhoods with little vehicular traffic (e.g. The Distillery District).
Bicycle Tours (e.g. Toronto Bicycle Tours), giving guests an opportunity to see more of the city in a short space of time. They can experience the environment and see the area while also being able to communicate through the microphones.
References
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Toronto.
^ "The Top 5 Cities in Canada". Travel + Leisure. Meredith Corporation Travel & Leisure Group. Retrieved March 9, 2019.
^ "No end in sight for tourists' love affair with Toronto". thestar.com. January 24, 2018.
^ "About the Museum". Royal Ontario Museum. Retrieved March 9, 2019.
^ "Visitor Information". Royal Ontario Museum. Retrieved March 9, 2019.
^ "About the AGO". Art Gallery of Ontario. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
^ "The Bata Shoe Museum". Retrieved March 9, 2019.
^ "Hockey Hall of Fame". Retrieved March 9, 2019.
^ "Toronto Zoo". Retrieved March 9, 2019.
^ "High Park Zoo". Retrieved March 9, 2019.
^ Rainford, Lisa (5 May 2023). "High Park Zoo celebrates its 120th anniversary". Toronto.com. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
^ O'Brien, Abby (3 April 2023). "Toronto aquarium welcomes new endangered animal". CP24. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
^ "Ripley's Aquarium of Canada". Attractions Ontario. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
^ "Ripley's Aquarium of Canada". Retrieved March 9, 2019.
^ "Niagara Falls". Travel. 2013-09-30. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
^ "Turning on Toronto: Harnessing the Power of Niagara". City of Toronto. 2017-11-23. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
^ "CN Tower". Retrieved March 9, 2019.
^ "Astounding". CN Tower. Retrieved March 9, 2019.
^ "Toronto's Most Extreme Attraction". CN Tower. Retrieved March 9, 2019.
^ "City Sightseeing Toronto | Toronto's #1 Tour Operator". City Sightseeing Toronto. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
^ "Niagara Falls Canada | Official Destination Website". Niagara Falls Canada. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
^ "About Us". Toronto Harbour Tours. Toronto Island Tours and Cruises. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
^ "Toronto Food Tours & Chocolate Tours | Tasty Tours Toronto". tastytourstoronto.com. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
^ "Kensington Market - Home". www.kensington-market.ca. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
^ "The Haunted Walk of Toronto". hauntedwalk.com. Haunted Walks Inc. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
^ "Black Creek Pioneer Village - A pioneer museum of Ontario in the 1860s". Black Creek Pioneer Village. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
^ "Toronto Walking Tours, Segway Tours and Corporate Teambuilding - Go Tours". Go Tours. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
^ "The Distillery Historic District - Home". www.thedistillerydistrict.com. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
^ "Toronto Bicycle Tours: Explore Toronto by Bike". Toronto Bicycle Tours. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
vteCity of TorontoFeatures
General outline
Demographics
Name
Flag
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Sister cities
Notable Torontonians
History
Oldest buildings
Lost
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Post-secondary
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Landmarks
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TransportationPublic transportation
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|
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A common tale that is told is that between America and Canada, people would throw things over the falls to the border. The water that falls is mostly flowing in the Horseshoe Falls. The Niagara Falls is the greatest source of electricity in the whole world, and makes up a large portion of the electricity generation for both the Northeastern United States and Ontario.[15]","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CN Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Seven Wonders of the Modern World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Modern_World"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"CN Tower","text":"The CN Tower is Canada's National Tower, and it is one of the attractions that is open the entire year. It is visited by approximately 2 million people every year.[16] In 1995, the CN Tower was classified as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers, and for more than 30 years it was the world's tallest free-standing structure.[17] The CN Tower consists of many inner attractions like the Glass Floor, SkyPod, 360 restaurant and EdgeWalk. EdgeWalk is a full circle hands-free walk on a 5 feet wide ledge encircling the top of the Tower, which is 1,168 feet aboveground. It has also been mentioned in the Guinness Book of World Records for the highest external walk on a building.[18] Also, the CN Tower provides various services for individuals with disabilities and special needs.","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Niagara Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Lake Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Toronto Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Islands"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Kensington Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Market"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Black Creek Pioneer Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Creek_Pioneer_Village"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Segway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segway_PT"},{"link_name":"The Distillery District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillery_District"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Tours","text":"There are a number of tours of different kinds available to visitors in Toronto, giving them the chance to view the city or specific areas of the city, led by local guides. Some of these include:Bus tours within the city (e.g. City Sightseeing Toronto[19]), showcasing some of the major attractions and points of interest, as well as day tours to the nearby Niagara Falls[20]Boat tours on Lake Ontario (e.g. Toronto Harbour Tours[21]), which show guests the Toronto skyline from the water and give them a close-up view of the Toronto Islands.Food tours (e.g. Tasty Tours[22]), walking tours that guide guests to some of Toronto's foodie hotspots for samples and a history of the area. These tours usually aim to highlight the variety of cuisines in Toronto, sometimes focusing on the dense food scenes in specific areas (e.g. Kensington Market[23]).Haunted Tours (e.g. The Haunted Walk of Toronto[24]), these evening tours take guests to some of the city's oldest and most haunted buildings and neighbourhoods (e.g. Black Creek Pioneer Village,[25] where they also offer a séance).Segway Tours (e.g. Go Tours Canada[26]), these tours provide guests with their own Segway, helmet, and crash course on Segway driving, before leading them on a short tour of the area. Due to regulations, the tours are not city-wide, often occurring in smaller neighbourhoods with little vehicular traffic (e.g. The Distillery District[27]).Bicycle Tours (e.g. Toronto Bicycle Tours[28]), giving guests an opportunity to see more of the city in a short space of time. They can experience the environment and see the area while also being able to communicate through the microphones.","title":"Attractions"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Toronto Eaton Centre is the most visited tourist attraction in Toronto.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Eaton_Centre_HDR_style.jpg/220px-Eaton_Centre_HDR_style.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"The Top 5 Cities in Canada\". Travel + Leisure. Meredith Corporation Travel & Leisure Group. Retrieved March 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.travelandleisure.com/worlds-best/cities-in-canada","url_text":"\"The Top 5 Cities in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"No end in sight for tourists' love affair with Toronto\". thestar.com. January 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2018/01/24/no-end-in-sight-for-tourists-love-affair-with-toronto.html","url_text":"\"No end in sight for tourists' love affair with Toronto\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Museum\". Royal Ontario Museum. Retrieved March 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rom.on.ca/en/about-us/rom","url_text":"\"About the Museum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum","url_text":"Royal Ontario Museum"}]},{"reference":"\"Visitor Information\". Royal Ontario Museum. Retrieved March 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rom.on.ca/en/visit-us/vistor-information","url_text":"\"Visitor Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the AGO\". Art Gallery of Ontario. Retrieved March 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ago.ca/about/about-the-ago","url_text":"\"About the AGO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Ontario","url_text":"Art Gallery of Ontario"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bata Shoe Museum\". Retrieved March 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.batashoemuseum.ca/","url_text":"\"The Bata Shoe Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hockey Hall of Fame\". Retrieved March 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hhof.com/","url_text":"\"Hockey Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toronto Zoo\". Retrieved March 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.torontozoo.ca/","url_text":"\"Toronto Zoo\""}]},{"reference":"\"High Park Zoo\". Retrieved March 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.highparktoronto.com/zoo.php","url_text":"\"High Park Zoo\""}]},{"reference":"Rainford, Lisa (5 May 2023). \"High Park Zoo celebrates its 120th anniversary\". Toronto.com. Retrieved 2 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toronto.com/news/high-park-zoo-celebrates-its-120th-anniversary/article_d50a629d-67d1-5016-a69f-7d38e108a7f9.html?","url_text":"\"High Park Zoo celebrates its 120th anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"O'Brien, Abby (3 April 2023). \"Toronto aquarium welcomes new endangered animal\". CP24. Retrieved 24 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cp24.com/news/toronto-aquarium-welcomes-new-endangered-animal-1.6340682?cache=yes%3FclipId%3D263414","url_text":"\"Toronto aquarium welcomes new endangered animal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ripley's Aquarium of Canada\". Attractions Ontario. Retrieved 24 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://attractionsontario.ca/attraction-listings/ripleys-aquarium-of-canada/#:~:text=Ripley's%20Aquarium%20of%20Canada%20%E2%80%93%20Located,pools%20and%20over%20100%20interactives!","url_text":"\"Ripley's Aquarium of Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ripley's Aquarium of Canada\". Retrieved March 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ripleyaquariums.com/canada/","url_text":"\"Ripley's Aquarium of Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Niagara Falls\". Travel. 2013-09-30. Retrieved 2023-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/niagara-falls-ontario","url_text":"\"Niagara Falls\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turning on Toronto: Harnessing the Power of Niagara\". City of Toronto. 2017-11-23. Retrieved 2023-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toronto.ca/explore-enjoy/history-art-culture/online-exhibits/web-exhibits/web-exhibits-local-government/turning-on-toronto-a-history-of-toronto-hydro/turning-on-toronto-harnessing-the-power-of-niagara/","url_text":"\"Turning on Toronto: Harnessing the Power of Niagara\""}]},{"reference":"\"CN Tower\". Retrieved March 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cntower.ca/en-ca/","url_text":"\"CN Tower\""}]},{"reference":"\"Astounding\". CN Tower. Retrieved March 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cntower.ca/en-ca/about-us/history/astounding.html","url_text":"\"Astounding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toronto's Most Extreme Attraction\". CN Tower. Retrieved March 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cntower.ca/en-ca/plan-your-visit/attractions/edgewalk/edgewalk-overview.html","url_text":"\"Toronto's Most Extreme Attraction\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Sightseeing Toronto | Toronto's #1 Tour Operator\". City Sightseeing Toronto. Retrieved 2018-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citysightseeingtoronto.com/","url_text":"\"City Sightseeing Toronto | Toronto's #1 Tour Operator\""}]},{"reference":"\"Niagara Falls Canada | Official Destination Website\". Niagara Falls Canada. Retrieved 2018-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niagarafallstourism.com/","url_text":"\"Niagara Falls Canada | Official Destination Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Toronto Harbour Tours. Toronto Island Tours and Cruises. Retrieved 2018-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://harbourtourstoronto.ca/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toronto Food Tours & Chocolate Tours | Tasty Tours Toronto\". tastytourstoronto.com. Retrieved 2018-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://tastytourstoronto.com/","url_text":"\"Toronto Food Tours & Chocolate Tours | Tasty Tours Toronto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kensington Market - Home\". www.kensington-market.ca. Retrieved 2018-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kensington-market.ca/","url_text":"\"Kensington Market - Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Haunted Walk of Toronto\". hauntedwalk.com. Haunted Walks Inc. Retrieved 2018-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://hauntedwalk.com/toronto-tours/","url_text":"\"The Haunted Walk of Toronto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Creek Pioneer Village - A pioneer museum of Ontario in the 1860s\". Black Creek Pioneer Village. Retrieved 2018-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://blackcreek.ca/","url_text":"\"Black Creek Pioneer Village - A pioneer museum of Ontario in the 1860s\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toronto Walking Tours, Segway Tours and Corporate Teambuilding - Go Tours\". Go Tours. Retrieved 2018-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gotourscanada.com/","url_text":"\"Toronto Walking Tours, Segway Tours and Corporate Teambuilding - Go Tours\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Distillery Historic District - Home\". www.thedistillerydistrict.com. Retrieved 2018-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedistillerydistrict.com/","url_text":"\"The Distillery Historic District - Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toronto Bicycle Tours: Explore Toronto by Bike\". Toronto Bicycle Tours. Retrieved 2018-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://torontobicycletours.com/","url_text":"\"Toronto Bicycle Tours: Explore Toronto by Bike\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.travelandleisure.com/worlds-best/cities-in-canada","external_links_name":"\"The Top 5 Cities in Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2018/01/24/no-end-in-sight-for-tourists-love-affair-with-toronto.html","external_links_name":"\"No end in sight for tourists' love affair with Toronto\""},{"Link":"https://www.rom.on.ca/en/about-us/rom","external_links_name":"\"About the Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.rom.on.ca/en/visit-us/vistor-information","external_links_name":"\"Visitor Information\""},{"Link":"http://ago.ca/about/about-the-ago","external_links_name":"\"About the AGO\""},{"Link":"http://www.batashoemuseum.ca/","external_links_name":"\"The Bata Shoe Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.hhof.com/","external_links_name":"\"Hockey Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"http://www.torontozoo.ca/","external_links_name":"\"Toronto Zoo\""},{"Link":"http://www.highparktoronto.com/zoo.php","external_links_name":"\"High Park Zoo\""},{"Link":"https://www.toronto.com/news/high-park-zoo-celebrates-its-120th-anniversary/article_d50a629d-67d1-5016-a69f-7d38e108a7f9.html?","external_links_name":"\"High Park Zoo celebrates its 120th anniversary\""},{"Link":"https://www.cp24.com/news/toronto-aquarium-welcomes-new-endangered-animal-1.6340682?cache=yes%3FclipId%3D263414","external_links_name":"\"Toronto aquarium welcomes new endangered animal\""},{"Link":"https://attractionsontario.ca/attraction-listings/ripleys-aquarium-of-canada/#:~:text=Ripley's%20Aquarium%20of%20Canada%20%E2%80%93%20Located,pools%20and%20over%20100%20interactives!","external_links_name":"\"Ripley's Aquarium of Canada\""},{"Link":"http://www.ripleyaquariums.com/canada/","external_links_name":"\"Ripley's Aquarium of Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/niagara-falls-ontario","external_links_name":"\"Niagara Falls\""},{"Link":"https://www.toronto.ca/explore-enjoy/history-art-culture/online-exhibits/web-exhibits/web-exhibits-local-government/turning-on-toronto-a-history-of-toronto-hydro/turning-on-toronto-harnessing-the-power-of-niagara/","external_links_name":"\"Turning on Toronto: Harnessing the Power of Niagara\""},{"Link":"http://www.cntower.ca/en-ca/","external_links_name":"\"CN Tower\""},{"Link":"https://www.cntower.ca/en-ca/about-us/history/astounding.html","external_links_name":"\"Astounding\""},{"Link":"https://www.cntower.ca/en-ca/plan-your-visit/attractions/edgewalk/edgewalk-overview.html","external_links_name":"\"Toronto's Most Extreme Attraction\""},{"Link":"https://www.citysightseeingtoronto.com/","external_links_name":"\"City Sightseeing Toronto | Toronto's #1 Tour Operator\""},{"Link":"https://www.niagarafallstourism.com/","external_links_name":"\"Niagara Falls Canada | Official Destination Website\""},{"Link":"https://harbourtourstoronto.ca/about-us/","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://tastytourstoronto.com/","external_links_name":"\"Toronto Food Tours & Chocolate Tours | Tasty Tours Toronto\""},{"Link":"http://www.kensington-market.ca/","external_links_name":"\"Kensington Market - Home\""},{"Link":"https://hauntedwalk.com/toronto-tours/","external_links_name":"\"The Haunted Walk of Toronto\""},{"Link":"https://blackcreek.ca/","external_links_name":"\"Black Creek Pioneer Village - A pioneer museum of Ontario in the 1860s\""},{"Link":"https://www.gotourscanada.com/","external_links_name":"\"Toronto Walking Tours, Segway Tours and Corporate Teambuilding - Go Tours\""},{"Link":"http://www.thedistillerydistrict.com/","external_links_name":"\"The Distillery Historic District - Home\""},{"Link":"https://torontobicycletours.com/","external_links_name":"\"Toronto Bicycle Tours: Explore Toronto by Bike\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacks_Project
|
Stacks Project
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
The Stacks Project is an open source collaborative mathematics textbook writing project with the aim to cover "algebraic stacks and the algebraic geometry needed to define them". As of July 2022, the book consists of 115 chapters (excluding the license and index chapters) spreading over 7500 pages. The maintainer of the project, who reviews and accepts the changes, is Aise Johan de Jong.
References
^ a b "Stacks Project — About". Stacks.math.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
^ a b "Aise Johan de Jong receives 2022 Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition". ams.org. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
^ "Stacks Project". swmath.org. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
^ Douglas, Michael R. How will we do mathematics in 2030? (Speech). MIT Center for Brains, Minds & Machines. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
^ "Stacks Project — Chapters". Stacks.math.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
External links
Project website
The Stacks Project at the nLab
Latest from the Stacks Project (as of 2013) (Accessed 2020-04-01)
Kerodon a Stacks project inspired online textbook on categorical homotopy theory maintained by Jacob Lurie
This article about a mathematical publication is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stacks Project"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Stacks Project — About\". Stacks.math.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://stacks.math.columbia.edu/about","url_text":"\"Stacks Project — About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aise Johan de Jong receives 2022 Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition\". ams.org. Retrieved 2021-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ams.org/news?news_id=6894","url_text":"\"Aise Johan de Jong receives 2022 Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stacks Project\". swmath.org. Retrieved 2021-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swmath.org/software/31299","url_text":"\"Stacks Project\""}]},{"reference":"Douglas, Michael R. How will we do mathematics in 2030? (Speech). MIT Center for Brains, Minds & Machines. Retrieved 2021-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFTYH1IFaSQ","url_text":"How will we do mathematics in 2030?"}]},{"reference":"\"Stacks Project — Chapters\". Stacks.math.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://stacks.math.columbia.edu/browse","url_text":"\"Stacks Project — Chapters\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stacks_Project&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://stacks.math.columbia.edu/about","external_links_name":"\"Stacks Project — About\""},{"Link":"https://www.ams.org/news?news_id=6894","external_links_name":"\"Aise Johan de Jong receives 2022 Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition\""},{"Link":"https://www.swmath.org/software/31299","external_links_name":"\"Stacks Project\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFTYH1IFaSQ","external_links_name":"How will we do mathematics in 2030?"},{"Link":"http://stacks.math.columbia.edu/browse","external_links_name":"\"Stacks Project — Chapters\""},{"Link":"http://stacks.math.columbia.edu/","external_links_name":"Project website"},{"Link":"https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/The+Stacks+Project","external_links_name":"The Stacks Project"},{"Link":"http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/?p=6164","external_links_name":"Latest from the Stacks Project"},{"Link":"https://kerodon.net/","external_links_name":"Kerodon"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stacks_Project&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Gonz%C3%A1lez_%C3%81rraga
|
Inés González Árraga
|
["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Venezuelan former political prisoner (born 1973)
Inés González ÁrragaBornInés Margarita González Árraga31 January 1973Maracaibo, VenezuelaNationalityVenezuelan, SpanishAlma materUniversity of ZuliaParentInés Árraga
Inés Margarita González Árraga (31 January 1973) is a Venezuelan former political prisoner, currently living in exile.
Biography
González studied chemistry at the University of Zulia, later completing a master's degree at the Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research and a PhD at the University of Akron in the United States.
On 4 October 2014, she was detained by Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN) officers for posting messages on Twitter about the death of ruling party deputy Robert Serra. She was initially indicted on charges of instigating hatred, violent insult and insulting a public official. Her lawyer argued that this could not be an instance of violent insult, because in order to commit the offense she would have had to be in presence of the official, whereas her tweets were posted when Serra was already dead. Subsequently, the charges of violent insult and insulting a public official were withdrawn by the Venezuelan authorities.
González was held in El Helicoide, headquarters of the SEBIN in Caracas, until 16 November 2015, when she was granted the humanitarian measure of house arrest by the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice after being diagnosed with a parauterine tumor.
On 27 September 2017 González fled Venezuela, saying that government officials wanted to jail her again. She currently resides in Spain.
See also
Cassandra case
Detention of Olga Mata
Political prisoners in Venezuela
References
^ a b "Presas de Maduro" (in European Spanish). El Mundo. 12 March 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
^ a b c d Pineda, Julett (17 July 2015). "¿Quién es @inesitaterrible?" (in European Spanish). Prodavinci. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
^ a b c "Conoce la historia de @Inesitalaterrible, presa por pensar distinto" (in European Spanish). atodomomento.com. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
^ "Maduro encarcela a tuiteros por mensajes políticos" (in European Spanish). Diario Las Américas. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
^ "Las primeras palabras de "Inesita Terrible" luego de salir del Helicoide" (in European Spanish). La Patilla. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
^ "El pronunciamiento de "Inesita Terrible" luego de ser liberada" (in European Spanish). El Nacional. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
^ "La tuitera "Inesita la terrible" huyó del país: Habría llegado a Miami" (in European Spanish). El Cooperante. 28 September 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
^ ""Sabré lo que es al fin la libertad": Inesita Terrible llegó a España (+Fotos)" (in European Spanish). El Cooperante. 7 October 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mundo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prodavinci-2"}],"text":"Inés Margarita González Árraga (31 January 1973) is a Venezuelan former political prisoner, currently living in exile.[1][2]","title":"Inés González Árraga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Zulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zulia"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Institute_for_Scientific_Research"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"University of Akron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Akron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prodavinci-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-momento-3"},{"link_name":"Bolivarian Intelligence Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Intelligence_Service"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Robert Serra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Serra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prodavinci-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-momento-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-momento-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prodavinci-2"},{"link_name":"El Helicoide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Helicoide"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas"},{"link_name":"Supreme Tribunal of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mundo-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"González studied chemistry at the University of Zulia, later completing a master's degree at the Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research and a PhD at the University of Akron in the United States.[2][3]On 4 October 2014, she was detained by Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN) officers for posting messages on Twitter about the death of ruling party deputy Robert Serra. She was initially indicted on charges of instigating hatred, violent insult and insulting a public official.[2][3][4] Her lawyer argued that this could not be an instance of violent insult, because in order to commit the offense she would have had to be in presence of the official, whereas her tweets were posted when Serra was already dead.[3] Subsequently, the charges of violent insult and insulting a public official were withdrawn by the Venezuelan authorities.[2]González was held in El Helicoide, headquarters of the SEBIN in Caracas, until 16 November 2015, when she was granted the humanitarian measure of house arrest by the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice after being diagnosed with a parauterine tumor.[1][5][6]On 27 September 2017 González fled Venezuela, saying that government officials wanted to jail her again. She currently resides in Spain.[7][8]","title":"Biography"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Cassandra case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassandra_case"},{"title":"Detention of Olga Mata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_of_Olga_Mata"},{"title":"Political prisoners in Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Venezuela"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Presas de Maduro\" (in European Spanish). El Mundo. 12 March 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2016/03/12/56daa35822601d09408b4628.html","url_text":"\"Presas de Maduro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mundo_(Espa%C3%B1a)","url_text":"El Mundo"}]},{"reference":"Pineda, Julett (17 July 2015). \"¿Quién es @inesitaterrible?\" (in European Spanish). Prodavinci. Retrieved 17 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://prodavinci.com/2015/07/17/actualidad/perfil-quien-es-inesitaterrible-por-julett-pineda/","url_text":"\"¿Quién es @inesitaterrible?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conoce la historia de @Inesitalaterrible, presa por pensar distinto\" (in European Spanish). atodomomento.com. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://atodomomento.com/nacionales/ella-es-inesitalaterrible-presa-por-pensar-distinto/","url_text":"\"Conoce la historia de @Inesitalaterrible, presa por pensar distinto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maduro encarcela a tuiteros por mensajes políticos\" (in European Spanish). Diario Las Américas. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diariolasamericas.com/maduro-encarcela-tuiteros-mensajes-politicos-n2811334","url_text":"\"Maduro encarcela a tuiteros por mensajes políticos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_Las_Am%C3%A9ricas","url_text":"Diario Las Américas"}]},{"reference":"\"Las primeras palabras de \"Inesita Terrible\" luego de salir del Helicoide\" (in European Spanish). La Patilla. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2015/11/17/las-primeras-palabras-de-inesita-terrible-luego-de-salir-del-helicoide/","url_text":"\"Las primeras palabras de \"Inesita Terrible\" luego de salir del Helicoide\""}]},{"reference":"\"El pronunciamiento de \"Inesita Terrible\" luego de ser liberada\" (in European Spanish). El Nacional. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/historico/pronunciamiento-quotinesita-terriblequot-luego-ser-liberada_39656","url_text":"\"El pronunciamiento de \"Inesita Terrible\" luego de ser liberada\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Nacional_(Venezuela)","url_text":"El Nacional"}]},{"reference":"\"La tuitera \"Inesita la terrible\" huyó del país: Habría llegado a Miami\" (in European Spanish). El Cooperante. 28 September 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://elcooperante.com/la-tuitera-inesita-la-terrible-huyo-del-pais-habria-llegado-a-miami/","url_text":"\"La tuitera \"Inesita la terrible\" huyó del país: Habría llegado a Miami\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Sabré lo que es al fin la libertad\": Inesita Terrible llegó a España (+Fotos)\" (in European Spanish). El Cooperante. 7 October 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://elcooperante.com/sabre-lo-que-es-al-fin-la-libertad-inesita-terrible-llego-a-espana-fotos/","url_text":"\"\"Sabré lo que es al fin la libertad\": Inesita Terrible llegó a España (+Fotos)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2016/03/12/56daa35822601d09408b4628.html","external_links_name":"\"Presas de Maduro\""},{"Link":"http://prodavinci.com/2015/07/17/actualidad/perfil-quien-es-inesitaterrible-por-julett-pineda/","external_links_name":"\"¿Quién es @inesitaterrible?\""},{"Link":"http://atodomomento.com/nacionales/ella-es-inesitalaterrible-presa-por-pensar-distinto/","external_links_name":"\"Conoce la historia de @Inesitalaterrible, presa por pensar distinto\""},{"Link":"http://www.diariolasamericas.com/maduro-encarcela-tuiteros-mensajes-politicos-n2811334","external_links_name":"\"Maduro encarcela a tuiteros por mensajes políticos\""},{"Link":"https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2015/11/17/las-primeras-palabras-de-inesita-terrible-luego-de-salir-del-helicoide/","external_links_name":"\"Las primeras palabras de \"Inesita Terrible\" luego de salir del Helicoide\""},{"Link":"http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/historico/pronunciamiento-quotinesita-terriblequot-luego-ser-liberada_39656","external_links_name":"\"El pronunciamiento de \"Inesita Terrible\" luego de ser liberada\""},{"Link":"http://elcooperante.com/la-tuitera-inesita-la-terrible-huyo-del-pais-habria-llegado-a-miami/","external_links_name":"\"La tuitera \"Inesita la terrible\" huyó del país: Habría llegado a Miami\""},{"Link":"http://elcooperante.com/sabre-lo-que-es-al-fin-la-libertad-inesita-terrible-llego-a-espana-fotos/","external_links_name":"\"\"Sabré lo que es al fin la libertad\": Inesita Terrible llegó a España (+Fotos)\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruscus_hyrcanus
|
Ruscus hyrcanus
|
["1 Description and habitat","2 Conservation","3 References"]
|
Species of plant
Ruscus hyrcanus
Aerial parts of the plant
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Asparagaceae
Subfamily:
Nolinoideae
Genus:
Ruscus
Species:
R. hyrcanus
Binomial name
Ruscus hyrcanusWoronow (1907)
Ruscus hyrcanus is a perennial evergreen woody shrub-like or small compact bush plant. It is in the asparagus family.
Description and habitat
The species grows to approximately 30-50 centimeters tall and is very prickly. Stems always are green; ordinary woody, rigid, branched at the end in a whorl with spreading-procumbent branches. Cladodes have a length of 10–25 millimeters; they are flattened, ovate, lanceolate, leathery, rigid, and tapering to a thorn at their extremity; their both sides are shiny green. R. hyrcanus leaves are very reduced, small and bractiform.
The flower is purplish or whitish, dioecious, marcescent with six spreading divisions, and solitary or geminate, arising in the axil of a lanceolate, firm bract on the median rib of the upper face of cladodes. Male flower has three stamens and sweating in a tube; female flower has an ovary with three biovulated lobes. The fruit is a red globular berry, about one centimeter in diameter.
It is native to Iran, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Crimea.
Conservation
The species is of conservation concern in Azerbaijan, where it is listed in the Red Book of Azerbaijan. It is protected on lands such as Hirkan National Park.
References
^ Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow. ipni.org
^ Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow. catalogueoflife.org
^ a b c Qirmizi Ki̇tabazərbaycan Respubli̇kasi (2 ed.). Baku: Azərbaycan Respubli̇kasi Ekologi̇ya Və Təbi̇i̇ Sərvətlər Nazi̇rli̇yi̇, Azərbaycan Mi̇lli̇ Elmlər Akademi̇yasi. 2013.
^ "Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ "Existing Measures and Programmes for Biodiversity Conservation" (PDF). Country Study on Biodiversity and First National Report, the Republic of Azerbaijan. 2. Convention on Biological Diversity: 102. April 2004. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
Taxon identifiersRuscus hyrcanus
Wikidata: Q4197378
Wikispecies: Ruscus hyrcanus
CoL: 6X9F5
EoL: 1082040
GBIF: 2769765
iNaturalist: 862646
IPNI: 540454-1
NCBI: 2974054
Observation.org: 128741
Open Tree of Life: 3995387
Plant List: kew-286764
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:540454-1
RHS: 234854
Tropicos: 100252831
WFO: wfo-0000732801
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"asparagus family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagaceae"}],"text":"Ruscus hyrcanus is a perennial evergreen woody shrub-like or small compact bush plant. It is in the asparagus family.","title":"Ruscus hyrcanus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cladodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladode"},{"link_name":"lanceolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanceolate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redbook-3"},{"link_name":"dioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioecious"},{"link_name":"lanceolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanceolate"},{"link_name":"stamens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redbook-3"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The species grows to approximately 30-50 centimeters tall and is very prickly. Stems always are green; ordinary woody, rigid, branched at the end in a whorl with spreading-procumbent branches. Cladodes have a length of 10–25 millimeters; they are flattened, ovate, lanceolate, leathery, rigid, and tapering to a thorn at their extremity; their both sides are shiny green. R. hyrcanus leaves are very reduced, small and bractiform.[3]The flower is purplish or whitish, dioecious, marcescent with six spreading divisions, and solitary or geminate, arising in the axil of a lanceolate, firm bract on the median rib of the upper face of cladodes. Male flower has three stamens and sweating in a tube; female flower has an ovary with three biovulated lobes. The fruit is a red globular berry, about one centimeter in diameter.[3]It is native to Iran, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Crimea.[4]","title":"Description and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Book of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Book_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hirkan National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirkan_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redbook-3"}],"text":"The species is of conservation concern in Azerbaijan, where it is listed in the Red Book of Azerbaijan.[5] It is protected on lands such as Hirkan National Park.[3]","title":"Conservation"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Qirmizi Ki̇tabazərbaycan Respubli̇kasi (2 ed.). Baku: Azərbaycan Respubli̇kasi Ekologi̇ya Və Təbi̇i̇ Sərvətlər Nazi̇rli̇yi̇, Azərbaycan Mi̇lli̇ Elmlər Akademi̇yasi. 2013.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science\". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 10 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:540454-1","url_text":"\"Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science\""}]},{"reference":"\"Existing Measures and Programmes for Biodiversity Conservation\" (PDF). Country Study on Biodiversity and First National Report, the Republic of Azerbaijan. 2. Convention on Biological Diversity: 102. April 2004. Retrieved 5 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/az/az-nr-01-p2-en.pdf","url_text":"\"Existing Measures and Programmes for Biodiversity Conservation\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/540454-1","external_links_name":"Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6X9F5","external_links_name":"Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:540454-1","external_links_name":"\"Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/az/az-nr-01-p2-en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Existing Measures and Programmes for Biodiversity Conservation\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6X9F5","external_links_name":"6X9F5"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1082040","external_links_name":"1082040"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2769765","external_links_name":"2769765"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/862646","external_links_name":"862646"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/540454-1","external_links_name":"540454-1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2974054","external_links_name":"2974054"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/128741/","external_links_name":"128741"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3995387","external_links_name":"3995387"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-286764","external_links_name":"kew-286764"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A540454-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:540454-1"},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/234854/wd/Details","external_links_name":"234854"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/100252831","external_links_name":"100252831"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000732801","external_links_name":"wfo-0000732801"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_verb
|
Lexical verb
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Type of verb indicating more than just grammarIn linguistics a lexical verb or main verb is a member of an open class of verbs that includes all verbs except auxiliary verbs. Lexical verbs typically express action, state, or other predicate meaning. In contrast, auxiliary verbs express grammatical meaning. The verb phrase of a sentence is generally headed by a lexical verb.
Lexical verbs are categorized into five categories: copular, intransitive, transitive, ditransitive, and ambitransitive.
The descriptor lexical is applied to the words of a language's lexicon, often to indicate a content word, as distinct from a function word.
See also
Light verb
References
^ Crystal, David. (2003) A Dictionary of Linguistics & Phonetics (5th edition). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
^ Hopper, Paul J. 1999. A short course in grammar. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
^ Huddleston, Rodney. 1984. Introduction to the grammar of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ "What is a lexical verb?". Glossary (Linguistics). SIL International. 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
vteLexical categories and their featuresNoun
Abstract / Concrete
Adjectival
Agent
Animacy
Bare
Collective
Countable
Initial-stress-derived
Mass
Noun adjunct
Proper
Relational
Strong / Weak
Verbal
VerbForms
Attributive
Converb
Finite / Nonfinite
Gerund
Gerundive
Infinitive
Participle
Supine
Transgressive
Verbal noun
Types
Ambitransitive
Andative / Venitive
Anticausative
Autocausative
Auxiliary
Captative
Catenative
Compound
Copular
Defective
Denominal
Deponent
Ditransitive
Dynamic
Exceptional case-marking
Frequentative
Germanic strong
Germanic weak
Impersonal
Inchoative
Intransitive
Labile
Lexical
Light
Modal
Negative
Performative
Phrasal
Predicative
Preterite-present
Pure
Reflexive
Regular / Irregular
Separable
Stative
Stretched
Transitive
Unaccusative
Unergative
Adjective
Anti-intersective
Collateral
Common
Demonstrative
Intersective
Nominalized
Non-intersective
Possessive
Postpositive
Proper
Pure intersective
Relative subsective
Subsective
Adverb
Conjunctive
Flat
Genitive
Interrogative
Locative
Prepositional
Pronominal
Relative
Pronoun
Bound variable
Demonstrative
Disjunctive
Distributive
Donkey
Dummy
Formal / Informal
Gender-neutral / Gender-specific
Inclusive / Exclusive
Indefinite
Intensive
Interrogative
Personal
Possessive
Reciprocal
Reflexive
Relative
Resumptive
Strong / Weak
Subject / Object / Prepositional
Adposition
Casally modulated
Inflected
Stranded
Determiner
Article
Demonstrative
Interrogative
Possessive
Quantifier
Particle
Discourse
Interrogative
Modal
Noun
Possessive
Other
Classifier
Measure word
Complementizer
Conjunction
Copula
Coverb
Interjection
Ideophone
Onomatopoeia
Preverb
Procedure word
Pro-form
Pro-verb / Pro-sentence
Prop-word
Syntax–semantics interface
Yes and no
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"Light verb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_verb"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"What is a lexical verb?\". Glossary (Linguistics). SIL International. 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://glossary.sil.org/term/lexical-verb","url_text":"\"What is a lexical verb?\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://glossary.sil.org/term/lexical-verb","external_links_name":"\"What is a lexical verb?\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piloncitos
|
Piloncitos
|
["1 Historical usage","1.1 Descriptions","1.2 Similarities in neighboring countries","2 Origins","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Gold coinage of pre-colonial Philippines
A collection of Piloncitos in Manila Mint Museum.
Part of a series onNumismaticsthe study of currency
Glossary
Currency
Coins
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Production
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Numismatics portal Money portalvte
"Piloncitos" is a collectors' term for the bead-like gold masa coins used during the aristocratic era of the Philippines and in the early years of Spanish foreign rule, called bulawan ("gold piece") in many Philippine languages or salapi ("coin") or ginto ("gold piece") in Tagalog. These are pieces that formed part of various degrees of Southeast Asian gold weight such as amás (emas in Malay) or táhil. Gold coinage was used along with silver coinage in maritime Southeast Asian currency.
Such monetary gold pieces have been found throughout the Philippines, from places such as: Mandaluyong, Bataan, the banks of the Pasig River, Batangas, and Marinduque in Luzon; Samar and Leyte in the Visayas; and in some areas in Mindanao.
These gold coins are derivations of Southeast Asian silver coinage and may have evolved into the bullet or pod duang coinage of Sukhothai in Thailand.
The term "piloncitos" is commonly used by antique collectors who thought that the cone-shaped pieces looked like sugarloaves (pilón in Castilian). Spanish records described the gold coins as "grains of gold" ("granitas de oro").
Historical usage
A piloncito with a Baybayin Ma (ᜋ) character
Early historical records document the extensive use of gold throughout the Philippine archipelago before the arrival of European colonists. It was used extensively as currency, and also used in everyday items such as clothing and finery.
Both ancient and modern goldsmiths exude exquisiteness in their craftsmanship for trade, personal vanity and prestige.
Piloncitos are the earliest form of precious metal based currency of Tondo, Namayan and Rajahnate of Butuan in present-day Philippines. It is likely made of pure gold with a weight ranging between 0.5 grams to more or less than 3 grams.
Piloncitos are tiny engraved bead-like gold bits unearthed in the Philippines. They are the first recognized coinage in the Philippines circulated between the 9th and 12th centuries. They emerged when increasing trade made barter inconvenient.
Descriptions
Piloncitos are so small—some are of the size of a corn kernel—and weigh from 0.09 to 2.65 grams of fine gold. Large piloncitos weighing 2.65 grams approximate the weight of one mass. Piloncitos have been excavated from Mandaluyong, Bataan, the banks of the Pasig River, Bumbungan River, Batangas, Marinduque, Samar, Leyte and some areas in Mindanao. They have been found in large numbers in Indonesian archeological sites leading to questions of origin. That gold was mined and worked in the Philippines is evidenced by many Spanish accounts, like one in 1586 that stated:
Main article: History of Philippine money
“The people of this island (Luzon) are very skillful in their handling of gold. They weigh it with the greatest skill and delicacy that have ever been seen. The first thing they teach their children is the knowledge of gold and the weights with which they weigh it, for there is no other money among them.”
Similarities in neighboring countries
Piloncitos are not exclusively found in the Philippines as most collectors and local historians state. Similar type of gold can be found in some regions of Indonesia which they call massa.
Origins
In an era before coined money was widely used, Indo-Pacific beads were made first at a site called Arikamedu in South India ca. 200 BC. The manufacture then moved in sequence to Ceylon, South Thailand, Java and finally Malaya. By about 1200–1300 AD the larger Majapahit beads, excavated today in the interior of Java, had supplanted it. Since these factory sites have been dated, archaeologists now use the beads to date sites, though whether beads rose to the level of metals, salt, cloth, and cowries as "standard" trade goods is uncertain.
The first indigenous metallic coinage in the region, ca. 750–850 AD, comes from the Javanese kingdom of Sailendra (Chinese: Ho-ling). These roughly dome-shaped silver of irregular weight bore stamps of a flowing vase, and the sandalwood flower (quatefoil). By 850 AD weights had been standardized at 20 rattis to a Massa of about 2.4 grams. Silver and gold coins of Massa and fractional denominations were issued until about 1300 AD, with changes in shape and quality of inscription marking periods of issue. The gold piloncitos of the Philippines are a late offshoot of the gold coinage, while the bean-like silver "namo" series, of the Malay isthmus was presumably an offshoot of the silver coinage and may have evolved into the bullet coins of Siam.
See also
Barter rings
Philippine peso
Philippine real
List of historical currencies
History of Philippine money
Photduang, a similar currency used in Siam
References
^ a b c d e "'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'". August 30, 2011.
^ a b "Classical Gold and Pottery from the Pre-Colonial Period". Metropolitan Museum of Manila. Archived from the original on December 15, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ a b c d "Philippine Coin Information: PILONCITOS: The treasure of Philippine numismatic". Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
^ "HISTORY OF DAVAO – Currencies of the Lumads". November 11, 2015.
^ a b Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
Preceded byNo modern currencies (Barter or Sigay)
Philippine currency c.10th -16th century
Succeeded byPhilippine real
External links
Central Bank of the Philippines – Money museum
vte Philippine pesoCurrentseriesCoinage
1¢
5¢
10¢
25¢
₱1
₱5
₱10
₱20
Banknotes
₱20
₱50
₱100
₱200
₱500
₱1000
ObsoletedenominationsCoinage
1⁄2¢
20¢
50¢
₱2
Banknotes
1¢
5¢
10¢
20¢
50¢
₱1⁄2
₱1
₱2
₱5
₱10
Topics
History of Philippine money
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
Manila Mint
Ancient currencies
Sigay
Piloncitos
Gold ring
Old currencies
Philippine real
Philippine peso fuerte
Revolutionary peso
Japanese occupation note
Emergency circulating notes
English Series
Pilipino Series
Ang Bagong Lipunan Series
Flora and Fauna Series/Improved Flora and Fauna Series
New Design/BSP series
New Generation Currency Series
Commemorative coins
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manila_Mint_Museum,_PI_Piloncitos.jpg"},{"link_name":"masa coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Nusantara_coins"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ocampo20110830-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetARCHIVED-2"},{"link_name":"aristocratic era of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931521)"},{"link_name":"Spanish foreign rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ocampo20110830-1"},{"link_name":"táhil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tael"},{"link_name":"Mandaluyong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaluyong"},{"link_name":"Bataan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan"},{"link_name":"Pasig River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasig_River"},{"link_name":"Batangas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batangas"},{"link_name":"Marinduque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinduque"},{"link_name":"Samar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar"},{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ocampo20110830-1"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"pod duang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_money"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treasure-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ocampo20110830-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A collection of Piloncitos in Manila Mint Museum.\"Piloncitos\" is a collectors' term for the bead-like gold masa coins[1][2] used during the aristocratic era of the Philippines and in the early years of Spanish foreign rule,[1] called bulawan (\"gold piece\") in many Philippine languages or salapi (\"coin\") or ginto (\"gold piece\") in Tagalog. These are pieces that formed part of various degrees of Southeast Asian gold weight such as amás (emas in Malay) or táhil. Gold coinage was used along with silver coinage in maritime Southeast Asian currency.Such monetary gold pieces have been found throughout the Philippines, from places such as: Mandaluyong, Bataan, the banks of the Pasig River, Batangas, and Marinduque in Luzon; Samar and Leyte in the Visayas; and in some areas in Mindanao.[1]These gold coins are derivations of Southeast Asian silver coinage and may have evolved into the bullet or pod duang coinage of Sukhothai in Thailand.[3]The term \"piloncitos\" is commonly used by antique collectors[1] who thought that the cone-shaped pieces looked like sugarloaves (pilón in Castilian). Spanish records described the gold coins as \"grains of gold\" (\"granitas de oro\").[4]","title":"Piloncitos"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piloncitos_head_and_tails.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baybayin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scott1994-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scott1994-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetARCHIVED-2"},{"link_name":"Tondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)"},{"link_name":"Namayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namayan"},{"link_name":"Rajahnate of Butuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Butuan"},{"link_name":"improper synthesis?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"}],"text":"A piloncito with a Baybayin Ma (ᜋ) characterEarly historical records document the extensive use of gold throughout the Philippine archipelago before the arrival of European colonists.[5] It was used extensively as currency, and also used in everyday items such as clothing and finery.[5]Both ancient and modern goldsmiths exude exquisiteness in their craftsmanship for trade, personal vanity and prestige.[2]Piloncitos are the earliest form of precious metal based currency of Tondo, Namayan and Rajahnate of Butuan in present-day Philippines.[improper synthesis?] It is likely made of pure gold with a weight ranging between 0.5 grams to more or less than 3 grams.[citation needed]Piloncitos are tiny engraved bead-like gold bits unearthed in the Philippines. They are the first recognized coinage in the Philippines circulated between the 9th and 12th centuries. They emerged when increasing trade made barter inconvenient.","title":"Historical usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mandaluyong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaluyong"},{"link_name":"Bataan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan"},{"link_name":"Pasig River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasig_River"},{"link_name":"Bumbungan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbungan_River"},{"link_name":"Batangas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batangas"},{"link_name":"Marinduque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinduque"},{"link_name":"Samar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar"},{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ocampo20110830-1"}],"sub_title":"Descriptions","text":"Piloncitos are so small—some are of the size of a corn kernel—and weigh from 0.09 to 2.65 grams of fine gold. Large piloncitos weighing 2.65 grams approximate the weight of one mass. Piloncitos have been excavated from Mandaluyong, Bataan, the banks of the Pasig River, Bumbungan River, Batangas, Marinduque, Samar, Leyte and some areas in Mindanao. They have been found in large numbers in Indonesian archeological sites leading to questions of origin. That gold was mined and worked in the Philippines is evidenced by many Spanish accounts, like one in 1586 that stated:“The people of this island (Luzon) are very skillful in their handling of gold. They weigh it with the greatest skill and delicacy that have ever been seen. The first thing they teach their children is the knowledge of gold and the weights with which they weigh it, for there is no other money among them.”[1]","title":"Historical usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treasure-3"}],"sub_title":"Similarities in neighboring countries","text":"Piloncitos are not exclusively found in the Philippines as most collectors and local historians state. Similar type of gold can be found in some regions of Indonesia which they call massa.[3]","title":"Historical usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Majapahit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treasure-3"},{"link_name":"bullet coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_money"},{"link_name":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treasure-3"}],"text":"In an era before coined money was widely used, Indo-Pacific beads were made first at a site called Arikamedu in South India ca. 200 BC. The manufacture then moved in sequence to Ceylon, South Thailand, Java and finally Malaya. By about 1200–1300 AD the larger Majapahit beads, excavated today in the interior of Java, had supplanted it. Since these factory sites have been dated, archaeologists now use the beads to date sites, though whether beads rose to the level of metals, salt, cloth, and cowries as \"standard\" trade goods is uncertain.[3]The first indigenous metallic coinage in the region, ca. 750–850 AD, comes from the Javanese kingdom of Sailendra (Chinese: Ho-ling). These roughly dome-shaped silver of irregular weight bore stamps of a flowing vase, and the sandalwood flower (quatefoil). By 850 AD weights had been standardized at 20 rattis to a Massa of about 2.4 grams. Silver and gold coins of Massa and fractional denominations were issued until about 1300 AD, with changes in shape and quality of inscription marking periods of issue. The gold piloncitos of the Philippines are a late offshoot of the gold coinage, while the bean-like silver \"namo\" series, of the Malay isthmus was presumably an offshoot of the silver coinage and may have evolved into the bullet coins of Siam.[3]","title":"Origins"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A collection of Piloncitos in Manila Mint Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Manila_Mint_Museum%2C_PI_Piloncitos.jpg/250px-Manila_Mint_Museum%2C_PI_Piloncitos.jpg"},{"image_text":"A piloncito with a Baybayin Ma (ᜋ) character","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Piloncitos_head_and_tails.jpg/220px-Piloncitos_head_and_tails.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Barter rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter_rings"},{"title":"Philippine peso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_peso"},{"title":"Philippine real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_real"},{"title":"List of historical currencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_currencies"},{"title":"History of Philippine money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Philippine_money"},{"title":"Photduang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_money"},{"title":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'\". August 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://opinion.inquirer.net/10991/%E2%80%98piloncitos%E2%80%99-and-the-%E2%80%98philippine-golden-age%E2%80%99","url_text":"\"'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Classical Gold and Pottery from the Pre-Colonial Period\". Metropolitan Museum of Manila. Archived from the original on December 15, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121215062936/http://www.metmuseum.ph/permanenttraveling.php?page=classicalgoldwork","url_text":"\"Classical Gold and Pottery from the Pre-Colonial Period\""},{"url":"http://www.metmuseum.ph/permanenttraveling.php?page=classicalgoldwork","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Philippine Coin Information: PILONCITOS: The treasure of Philippine numismatic\". Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200219181808/http://coin.filipinonumismatist.com/2011/06/piloncitos-treasure-of-philippine.html","url_text":"\"Philippine Coin Information: PILONCITOS: The treasure of Philippine numismatic\""},{"url":"http://coin.filipinonumismatist.com/2011/06/piloncitos-treasure-of-philippine.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HISTORY OF DAVAO – Currencies of the Lumads\". November 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://edgedavao.net/vantage-points/2015/11/11/history-of-davao-currencies-of-the-lumads/","url_text":"\"HISTORY OF DAVAO – Currencies of the Lumads\""}]},{"reference":"Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)","url_text":"Scott, William Henry"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC","url_text":"Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4","url_text":"971-550-135-4"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://opinion.inquirer.net/10991/%E2%80%98piloncitos%E2%80%99-and-the-%E2%80%98philippine-golden-age%E2%80%99","external_links_name":"\"'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121215062936/http://www.metmuseum.ph/permanenttraveling.php?page=classicalgoldwork","external_links_name":"\"Classical Gold and Pottery from the Pre-Colonial Period\""},{"Link":"http://www.metmuseum.ph/permanenttraveling.php?page=classicalgoldwork","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200219181808/http://coin.filipinonumismatist.com/2011/06/piloncitos-treasure-of-philippine.html","external_links_name":"\"Philippine Coin Information: PILONCITOS: The treasure of Philippine numismatic\""},{"Link":"http://coin.filipinonumismatist.com/2011/06/piloncitos-treasure-of-philippine.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://edgedavao.net/vantage-points/2015/11/11/history-of-davao-currencies-of-the-lumads/","external_links_name":"\"HISTORY OF DAVAO – Currencies of the Lumads\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC","external_links_name":"Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society"},{"Link":"http://www.bsp.gov.ph/bspnotes/evolution/page2.asp","external_links_name":"Central Bank of the Philippines – Money museum"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korowai_language
|
Korowai language
|
["1 Phonology","2 Notes","3 References"]
|
Language in Papua
KorowaiKolufaupRegionBecking River, South Papua, IndonesiaEthnicityKorowaiNative speakers3,500 (2007)Language familyTrans-New Guinea
Asmat-Awyu-OkGreater AwyuBecking-DawiKorowaiLanguage codesISO 639-3kheGlottologkoro1312ELPKorowai
Korowai (Kolufaup) is a Trans-New-Guinean language spoken in South Papua, Indonesia. It is spoken by the Korowai people who live along the Becking River.
Phonology
Consonants
Labial
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Plosive
p b
t d
ɟ ⟨j⟩
k g
Prenasalized
ᵐb ⟨mb⟩
ⁿd ⟨nd⟩
ᵑg ⟨ngg⟩
Fricative
ɸ ⟨f⟩
s
x ⟨kh⟩
Nasal
m
n
Approximant
w
l
j ⟨y⟩, ɥ ⟨hü⟩
/b/ and /d/ are in free variation with and respectively.
/ɸ x/ can be voiced intervocalically.
Vowels
Front
Central
Back
High
i y ⟨ü⟩
u
Mid-high
e ⟨é⟩
(ə ⟨e⟩)
Mid-low
ɛ ⟨è⟩
ɔ ⟨o⟩
Low
a
/e/ can be heard as in unstressed syllables.
/a/ can vary to in stressed syllables.
/ɔ/ is pronounced before /w/.
All vowels are lengthened in stressed syllables and word-finally.
/ə/ is epenthetic and is never in stressed syllables.
Stress is unpredictable and phonemic.
Notes
^ Korowai at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ a b c de Vries, Lourens; van Enk, Gerrit J. (1997). The Korowai of Irian Jaya: Their Language and its Cultural Context. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. Vol. 9. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195105513.
References
Hughes, Jock. 2009. Upper Digul Survey. SIL International.
vteCentral and South New Guinea languagesAsmat–KamoroAsmat
Asmat
Citak
Sabakor
Buruwai
Kamberau
Others
Kamoro
Sempan
Greater AwyuAwyu–Dumut
Aghu
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Komyandaret
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Bayono–Awbono
Bayono
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vteLanguages of IndonesiaWestern languagesMalayo-Sumbawan
Indonesian
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Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
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Seko Padang
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Tae’
Talondo’
Taman
Toraja-Sa’dan
Ulumanda’
Barito
Ampanang
Bakumpai
Bajaw
Deyah
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Ot Danum
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Ot Siang
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Pakau
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Aoheng
Aput
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Kayan
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Segai
Land Dayak
Bakati’
Biatah
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Rejangese
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North Bornean
Bah-Biau
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Philippine languagesCentral Philippine
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Imroing
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Leti
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Masela
Nila
North Babar
Ringgou
Romang
Serili
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Southeast Babar
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Masimasi
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Wakde
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Papuan languagesNorth Halmahera
Galela
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Loloda
Modole
Pagu
Sahu
Tabaru
Ternate
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West Makian
Timor–Alor–Pantar
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Klon
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Kula
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Casuarina Coast Asmat
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North Asmat
Citak
Mombum
Kamberau
Kamoro
Koneraw
Sempan
West Bird's Head
Kalabra
Kuwani
Moi
Moraid
Seget
Tehit
South Bird's Head
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Lakes Plain
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Other languagesCreoles and PidginsMalay-based creoles
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This Papuan languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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[{"reference":"de Vries, Lourens; van Enk, Gerrit J. (1997). The Korowai of Irian Jaya: Their Language and its Cultural Context. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. Vol. 9. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195105513.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195105513","url_text":"9780195105513"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/koro1312","external_links_name":"koro1312"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4385","external_links_name":"Korowai"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/khe/","external_links_name":"Korowai"},{"Link":"http://www.sil.org/silesr/2009/silesr2009-003.pdf","external_links_name":"Upper Digul Survey"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korowai_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV9_(Kannada)
|
TV9 Kannada
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Indian Kannada-language television news channel
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "TV9 Kannada" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Television channel
TV9 KannadaCountryIndiaHeadquartersBengaluru, KarnatakaProgrammingLanguage(s)KannadaPicture format16:9OwnershipOwnerAssociated Broadcasting Company Private Limited (ABCPL)Sister channelsTV9 BanglaTV9 BharatvarshTV9 GujaratiTV9 TeluguTV9 MarathiHistoryLaunched9 December 2006; 17 years ago (2006-12-09)LinksWebsiteTV9 KannadaTV9
TV9 Kannada is a 24-hours Kannada language full on entertainment channel in India. It was launched on 9 December 2006. The channel aires hourly news, analysis of major news events and interviews etc.
The news channel is owned by Associated Broadcasting Company Private Limited, Hyderabad which has news channels in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Gujarat, Maharashtra and other states.
On 9 December 2021, TV9 Kannada News Channel is now an HD channel after 15th anniversary of TV9 Kannada News Channel.
See also
List of Kannada-language television channels
Television in India
Media in Karnataka
Media of India
References
External links
Official website
vteTV9 Group
TV9 Bangla
TV9 Bharatvarsh
TV9 Gujarat
TV9 Kannada
TV9 Maharashtra
TV9 Telugu
Indiavision
vteKannada language television channels in IndiaEntertainment
DD Chandana
Udaya TV
Udaya Comedy
Colors Kannada
Colors Super
Star Suvarna
Suvarna Plus
Zee Kannada
Chintu TV
Music
Udaya Music
Raj Music Karnataka
Public Music
Movies
Udaya Movies
Miscellaneous
Sri Sankara TV
Ayush TV
Kasthuri TV
Saral Jeevan
News
Udaya News
Kasthuri Newz 24
News18 Kannada
Janasri News
TV9 (Kannada)
News9 (Karnataka)
Samaya TV
Suvarna News
Raj News Kannada
Public TV
vteTelevision news in IndiaHindi-language news channels
Aaj Tak
ABP News
Awaaz India TV
Channel One News
NDTV India
DD News
Good News Today/ GNT
India News
India TV
Jan TV
Janta TV
Live India
Lok Sabha TV
Lord Buddha TV
National Dastak
National Voice
News18 India
News18 Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand
News Nation
News Express
News World India
News 24
OK India
Rajya Sabha TV
Republic Bharat TV
Sadhna News
Sudarshan News
Sahara Samay
Zee News
Khabar Bharti
Total TV
TV24
Zee Hindustan
Zee Punjab Haryana Himachal
English-language news channels
CNN-News18
DD India
India Ahead
India Today
NDTV 24x7
News9
NewsX
Mirror Now
Republic TV
Times Now
WION
Bengali-language news channels
ABP Ananda
Channel 10
Kolkata TV
News Time
Republic Bangla
TV9 Bangla
Zee 24 Ghanta
Telugu-language news channels
10 TV
99TV
ABN Andhra Jyothi
DD Saptagiri
ETV Andhra Pradesh
HMTV
MOJO TV
NTV
Sakshi Andhra/TS
Studio N
T News
TV9
TV5
V6 News
Other language news channels
ABP Majha
Asianet News
DY 365
News18 Lokmat
Jaya TV
TV New
Manorama News
MediaOne TV
Prag News
Pratidin Time
News18 Assam-North East
News18 Tamil Nadu
News18 Kannada
News18 Kerala
News18 Odia
News J
News Live
PTC News
Puthiya Thalaimurai TV
Seithigal
Sun News
TV9 Gujarat
TV9 Kannada
Zee 24 Kalak
Zee 24 Taas
Udaya News
Kasthuri Newz 24
Suvarna News
Raj News Kannada
Janasri News
Samaya TV
Tribe Tv
Business news channels
CNBC Awaaz
CNBC TV18
ET Now
Zee Business
Full list
Telecommunications in India
Media of India
This article about an Indian company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Indian television-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[]
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[{"title":"List of Kannada-language television channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_television_channels"},{"title":"Television in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_India"},{"title":"Media in Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka"},{"title":"Media of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_India"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Dhanabalan
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S. Dhanabalan
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["1 Early life","2 Education","3 Early career","4 Political career","5 Timeline","6 Career after politics","6.1 Other contributions","7 Personal life","8 References","9 External links"]
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Singaporean politician
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "S. Dhanabalan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In this Indian name, the name Suppiah is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Dhanabalan.
S. DhanabalanDUTசு. தனபாலன்Minister for Trade and IndustryIn office7 December 1992 – 1 January 1994Preceded byLee Hsien LoongSucceeded byYeo Cheow TongMinister for National DevelopmentIn office1 January 1987 – 31 August 1992Prime MinisterLee Kuan YewGoh Chok TongPreceded byTeh Cheang WanSucceeded byRichard HuLeader of the HouseIn office2 January 1985 – 24 February 1987Prime MinisterLee Kuan YewPreceded byEdmund W. BarkerSucceeded byWong Kan SengMinister for Foreign AffairsIn office1 June 1980 – 12 September 1988Prime MinisterLee Kuan YewPreceded byS. RajaratnamSucceeded byWong Kan SengMember of the Singapore Parliamentfor Toa Payoh GRC(Kuo Chuan)In office21 August 1991 – 16 December 1996Preceded byWong Kan SengSucceeded byConstituency abolishedMember of the Singapore Parliamentfor Kallang SMCIn office23 December 1976 – 14 August 1991Preceded byAbdul Aziz bin KarimSucceeded byConstituency abolished
Personal detailsBornDhanabalan Suppiah (1937-08-08) 8 August 1937 (age 86)Singapore, Straits Settlements, British MalayaPolitical partyPeople's Action PartySpouseChristine TanChildren2Alma materUniversity of Malaya (BA)
Dhanabalan Suppiah DUT (Tamil: சு. தனபாலன்; born 8 August 1937), also known as S. Dhanabalan, is a Singaporean former politician who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs between 1980 and 1988. A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was the Member of Parliament (MP) representing Kallang SMC between 1976 and 1991, and the Kuo Chuan ward of Toa Payoh GRC between 1991 and 1996.
Dhanabalan was a prominent political leader in Singapore during the 1980s, where he served as Minister for Foreign Affairs between 1980 and 1988, Minister for National Development between 1987 and 1992, and Minister for Trade and Industry between 1992 and 1993 under Prime Ministers Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong.
He had also served as Leader of the House between 1985 and 1987.
Early life
Dhanabalan was born in 1937 to Suppiah Arumugam, a clerk at a naval base and Gunaretnam Suppiah. He was the third child and the eldest son in a family of three girls and three boys.
Born in a Singaporean Indian family of Tamil descent, he was raised as a Hindu. Later in his life, he became a devout Christian (Brethren).
Education
He attended Victoria School before graduating from the University of Malaya with a Bachelor of Arts with second class honours degree in economics.
Early career
Dhanabalan joined the Ministry of Finance as an administrative officer between 1960 and 1968. During his tenure, he helped to established the Economic Development Board and DBS Bank.
He subsequently left the Civil Service and joined DBS as a vice-president between 1968 and 1970. He was later promoted to the position executive vice-president and continue to serve between 1970 and 1978.
Political career
In the 1976 Singapore general election, Dhanabalan was elected as Member of Parliament for Kallang SMC, as a People's Action Party (PAP) candidate.
During the 1980 Singaporean general election's rallies, Dhanabalan disparaged opposition politician Chiam See Tong on his professional competence. He was subsequently sued by Chiam for defamation and he issued a public apology over it.
Dhanabalan was subsequently promoted to a Cabinet Minister and served in various portfolios, including Foreign Affairs, Culture, Community Development, National Development and Trade and Industry.
When Lee Kuan Yew was preparing for his successor, he identified a handful of ministers he considered suitable for the job, including Tony Tan, Ong Teng Cheong, Goh Chok Tong and Dhanabalan.
In his public account of why he chose them and what he felt were their strengths and weaknesses, Lee said his preferred successor was Tony Tan, who went on to become the 7th President of the Republic of Singapore. He felt that while the other three were all of prime ministerial calibre, each had a particular weakness: Goh was too stiff, lacking eloquence in public speaking, and Ong was too closely aligned with the Chinese-speaking masses, lacking appeal to other communities. In the case of Dhanabalan, Lee felt the 76% ethnic Chinese electorate was not yet ready for a prime minister of Indian ethnicity. Lee left the ultimate decision to the second generation ministers themselves, who went on to choose Goh.
Dhanabalan retired from Parliament in 1996.
Timeline
1960 : Graduated from university and joined the civil service.
1961–1968 : Economist with Economic Development Board.
1968–1978 : Helped to establish the Development Bank of Singapore.
1976–1991 : Member of Parliament for Kallang.
1980–1988 : Minister for Foreign Affairs.
1981–1984 : Minister for Culture.
1981–2005 : Director of Government Investment Corporation.
1984–1986 : Minister for Community Development.
1986–1991 : Minister for National Development.
1991 : Retired from politics.
1991–1993 : Returned to government as Minister for Trade and Industry.
1993–1996 : Chairman of Singapore Labour Foundation.
1996–1998 : Chairman of Singapore Airlines.
1996–2013 : Chairman of Temasek Holdings.
1998 : Appointed a permanent member of the Presidential Council for Minority Rights.
1999–2005 : Chairman of DBS Group Holdings.
2004–present : Member of the Council of Presidential Advisors.
2007 : Received the Order of Temasek (Second Class).
2015 : Received the Order of Temasek (First Class)
Career after politics
Senior Advisor, Nuri Holdings – 1994–1999
Chairman, Singapore Airlines – 1996–1998
Chairman, Temasek Holdings – 1996–2013
Emeritus Chairperson, Temasek Trust - Current
Director, Temasek Trust, 2015 - 2022
Chairman, DBS Bank – 1999–2005
Chairman, Parameswara Holdings Ltd – Current
Director, Government of Singapore Investment Corporation – Current
Other contributions
Member, Presidential Council for Minority Rights – Current
Member, Council of Presidential Advisers – 2004–Current
Member and Council chairman Emeritus, Asia Business Council – Current
Founder Member, Singapore International Foundation
President, Singapore Indian Development Association (SINDA) – 1996–2002
Chairman, YMCA Advisory Council, YMCA of Singapore - 2010-2018
Personal life
Dhanabalan is a devout Christian (Brethren) and attends a small church in Bukit Panjang – Bukit Panjang Gospel Chapel. He is married to Christine Tan Khoon Hiap, a Chinese Singaporean of Hokkien ancestry and they have one son, Ramesh Dhanabalan, and one daughter, Shandini Dhanabalan.
In an interview with The Straits Times in 1984 when he was the Culture Minister, he admits that he watched "very few TV programmes" despite having a TV in his bedroom and the only programme he watched regularly was the news. However, he also prefer to watch "relaxing comedy shows and serious documentaries".
References
^ "Up, up and up". The New Paper. 27 March 1999. p. 4.
^ Doraisamy, S (6 July 1999). "From village boy to bank chairman". The New Paper. p. 20.
^ Corfield, Justin (2 December 2010). Historical Dictionary of Singapore. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810873872 – via Google Books.
^ a b Teo XuanWei (23 July 2013). "Dhanabalan's illustrious career". TODAY. Singapore. p. 2.
^ a b "Dhana apologises to SDP's Chiam". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
^ Joanna HS, Tan. "S. Dhanabalan". Singapore Infopedia. Singapore Government Agency. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
^ a b Singapore, National Library Board. "S. Dhanabalan - Infopedia". eresources.nlb.gov.sg.
^ "Ho Ching to join Temasek Trust board, take over as chairman in April 2022". CNA. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
^ "YMCA Annual Report 2018" (PDF). YMCA of Singapore.
^ "Graduates' Christian Fellowship via WaybackMachine". Archived from the original on 9 December 2004. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
^ "Keeping an eye on those subtle messages". The Straits Times. 15 February 1984. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
External links
Australian Financial Review article
Political offices
Preceded byS. Rajaratnam
Minister for Foreign Affairs 1 June 1980 – 12 September 1988
Succeeded byWong Kan Seng
Preceded byOng Teng Cheong
Minister for Culture 1981–1984
Succeeded byYeo Ning Hong
Preceded byPosition established
Minister for Community Development 1984–1986
Succeeded byWong Kan Seng
Preceded byTeh Cheang Wan
Minister for National Development 1986–1992
Succeeded byRichard Hu Tsu Tau
Preceded byLee Hsien Loong
Minister for Trade and Industry 1992–1994
Succeeded byYeo Cheow Tong
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"DUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Temasek"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Minister for Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"People's Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party"},{"link_name":"Kallang SMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallang_Single_Member_Constituency"},{"link_name":"Toa Payoh GRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toa_Payoh_GRC"},{"link_name":"Minister for Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Singapore)#Ministers"},{"link_name":"Minister for National Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_National_Development_(Singapore)#Ministers"},{"link_name":"Minister for Trade and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Trade_and_Industry_(Singapore)#Ministers"},{"link_name":"Lee Kuan Yew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew"},{"link_name":"Goh Chok Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goh_Chok_Tong"},{"link_name":"Leader of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Singapore)"}],"text":"In this Indian name, the name Suppiah is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Dhanabalan.Dhanabalan Suppiah DUT (Tamil: சு. தனபாலன்; born 8 August 1937),[3] also known as S. Dhanabalan, is a Singaporean former politician who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs between 1980 and 1988. A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was the Member of Parliament (MP) representing Kallang SMC between 1976 and 1991, and the Kuo Chuan ward of Toa Payoh GRC between 1991 and 1996.Dhanabalan was a prominent political leader in Singapore during the 1980s, where he served as Minister for Foreign Affairs between 1980 and 1988, Minister for National Development between 1987 and 1992, and Minister for Trade and Industry between 1992 and 1993 under Prime Ministers Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong.He had also served as Leader of the House between 1985 and 1987.","title":"S. Dhanabalan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singaporean Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_Indian"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_people"},{"link_name":"Brethren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren"}],"text":"Dhanabalan was born in 1937 to Suppiah Arumugam, a clerk at a naval base and Gunaretnam Suppiah. He was the third child and the eldest son in a family of three girls and three boys.Born in a Singaporean Indian family of Tamil descent, he was raised as a Hindu. Later in his life, he became a devout Christian (Brethren).","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_School"},{"link_name":"University of Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"}],"text":"He attended Victoria School before graduating from the University of Malaya with a Bachelor of Arts with second class honours degree in economics.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"Economic Development Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Development_Board"},{"link_name":"DBS Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBS_Bank"},{"link_name":"Civil Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Service"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TODAY-4"}],"text":"Dhanabalan joined the Ministry of Finance as an administrative officer between 1960 and 1968. During his tenure, he helped to established the Economic Development Board and DBS Bank.He subsequently left the Civil Service and joined DBS as a vice-president between 1968 and 1970. He was later promoted to the position executive vice-president and continue to serve between 1970 and 1978.[4]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1976 Singapore general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Singapore_general_election"},{"link_name":"Kallang SMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallang_Single_Member_Constituency"},{"link_name":"People's Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party"},{"link_name":"1980 Singaporean general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Singaporean_general_election"},{"link_name":"Chiam See Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiam_See_Tong"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TODAY-4"},{"link_name":"Tony Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Tan_Keng_Yam"},{"link_name":"Ong Teng Cheong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong"},{"link_name":"President of the Republic of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"public speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_speaking"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In the 1976 Singapore general election, Dhanabalan was elected as Member of Parliament for Kallang SMC, as a People's Action Party (PAP) candidate.During the 1980 Singaporean general election's rallies, Dhanabalan disparaged opposition politician Chiam See Tong on his professional competence.[5] He was subsequently sued by Chiam for defamation and he issued a public apology over it.[5]Dhanabalan was subsequently promoted to a Cabinet Minister and served in various portfolios, including Foreign Affairs, Culture, Community Development, National Development and Trade and Industry.[4]When Lee Kuan Yew was preparing for his successor, he identified a handful of ministers he considered suitable for the job, including Tony Tan, Ong Teng Cheong, Goh Chok Tong and Dhanabalan.In his public account of why he chose them and what he felt were their strengths and weaknesses, Lee said his preferred successor was Tony Tan, who went on to become the 7th President of the Republic of Singapore. He felt that while the other three were all of prime ministerial calibre, each had a particular weakness: Goh was too stiff, lacking eloquence in public speaking, and Ong was too closely aligned with the Chinese-speaking masses, lacking appeal to other communities. In the case of Dhanabalan, Lee felt the 76% ethnic Chinese electorate was not yet ready for a prime minister of Indian ethnicity. Lee left the ultimate decision to the second generation ministers themselves, who went on to choose Goh.Dhanabalan retired from Parliament in 1996.[6]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eresources.nlb.gov.sg-7"}],"text":"1960 : Graduated from university and joined the civil service.\n1961–1968 : Economist with Economic Development Board.\n1968–1978 : Helped to establish the Development Bank of Singapore.\n1976–1991 : Member of Parliament for Kallang.\n1980–1988 : Minister for Foreign Affairs.\n1981–1984 : Minister for Culture.\n1981–2005 : Director of Government Investment Corporation.\n1984–1986 : Minister for Community Development.\n1986–1991 : Minister for National Development.\n1991 : Retired from politics.\n1991–1993 : Returned to government as Minister for Trade and Industry.\n1993–1996 : Chairman of Singapore Labour Foundation.\n1996–1998 : Chairman of Singapore Airlines.\n1996–2013 : Chairman of Temasek Holdings.\n1998 : Appointed a permanent member of the Presidential Council for Minority Rights.\n1999–2005 : Chairman of DBS Group Holdings.\n2004–present : Member of the Council of Presidential Advisors.\n2007 : Received the Order of Temasek (Second Class).[7]\n2015 : Received the Order of Temasek (First Class)","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singapore Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Temasek Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temasek_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"DBS Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBS_Bank"},{"link_name":"Government of Singapore Investment Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singapore_Investment_Corporation"}],"text":"Senior Advisor, Nuri Holdings – 1994–1999\nChairman, Singapore Airlines – 1996–1998\nChairman, Temasek Holdings – 1996–2013\nEmeritus Chairperson, Temasek Trust - Current\nDirector, Temasek Trust, 2015 - 2022[8]\nChairman, DBS Bank – 1999–2005\nChairman, Parameswara Holdings Ltd – Current\nDirector, Government of Singapore Investment Corporation – Current","title":"Career after politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presidential Council for Minority Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Council_for_Minority_Rights"},{"link_name":"Council of Presidential Advisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powers_of_the_President_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Singapore International Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_International_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Singapore Indian Development Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Indian_Development_Association"},{"link_name":"YMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMCA"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Other contributions","text":"Member, Presidential Council for Minority Rights – Current\nMember, Council of Presidential Advisers – 2004–Current\nMember and Council chairman Emeritus, Asia Business Council – Current\nFounder Member, Singapore International Foundation\nPresident, Singapore Indian Development Association (SINDA) – 1996–2002\nChairman, YMCA Advisory Council, YMCA of Singapore - 2010-2018[9]","title":"Career after politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brethren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Chinese Singaporean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Singaporean"},{"link_name":"Hokkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoklo_people"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eresources.nlb.gov.sg-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Dhanabalan is a devout Christian (Brethren) and attends a small church in Bukit Panjang – Bukit Panjang Gospel Chapel.[10] He is married to Christine Tan Khoon Hiap, a Chinese Singaporean of Hokkien ancestry and they have one son, Ramesh Dhanabalan, and one daughter, Shandini Dhanabalan.[7]In an interview with The Straits Times in 1984 when he was the Culture Minister, he admits that he watched \"very few TV programmes\" despite having a TV in his bedroom and the only programme he watched regularly was the news. However, he also prefer to watch \"relaxing comedy shows and serious documentaries\".[11]","title":"Personal life"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Up, up and up\". The New Paper. 27 March 1999. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Paper","url_text":"The New Paper"}]},{"reference":"Doraisamy, S (6 July 1999). \"From village boy to bank chairman\". The New Paper. p. 20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Paper","url_text":"The New Paper"}]},{"reference":"Corfield, Justin (2 December 2010). Historical Dictionary of Singapore. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810873872 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vhBMmG9yXgYC&q=Suppiah+Dhanabalan+1937&pg=PA76","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Singapore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810873872","url_text":"9780810873872"}]},{"reference":"Teo XuanWei (23 July 2013). \"Dhanabalan's illustrious career\". TODAY. Singapore. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/illustrious-career","url_text":"\"Dhanabalan's illustrious career\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dhana apologises to SDP's Chiam\". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 20 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19810228-1.2.33","url_text":"\"Dhana apologises to SDP's Chiam\""}]},{"reference":"Joanna HS, Tan. \"S. Dhanabalan\". Singapore Infopedia. Singapore Government Agency. Retrieved 5 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1727_2011-09-26.html","url_text":"\"S. Dhanabalan\""}]},{"reference":"Singapore, National Library Board. \"S. Dhanabalan - Infopedia\". eresources.nlb.gov.sg.","urls":[{"url":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1727_2011-09-26.html","url_text":"\"S. Dhanabalan - Infopedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ho Ching to join Temasek Trust board, take over as chairman in April 2022\". CNA. Retrieved 4 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/temasek-trust-ho-ching-board-directors-october-chairman-april-2022-2213551","url_text":"\"Ho Ching to join Temasek Trust board, take over as chairman in April 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"YMCA Annual Report 2018\" (PDF). YMCA of Singapore.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ymca.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/8.-2018-YMCA-Annual-Report-29-Apr-2019.pdf","url_text":"\"YMCA Annual Report 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Graduates' Christian Fellowship via WaybackMachine\". Archived from the original on 9 December 2004. Retrieved 24 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041209083841/http://www.gcf.org.sg/resource2.htm#The%20Church%20in%20Singapore%E2%80%93%20Time%20to%20Distance%20from%20the%20West?","url_text":"\"Graduates' Christian Fellowship via WaybackMachine\""},{"url":"http://www.gcf.org.sg/resource2.htm#The%20Church%20in%20Singapore%E2%80%93%20Time%20to%20Distance%20from%20the%20West?","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Keeping an eye on those subtle messages\". The Straits Times. 15 February 1984. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19840215-1.2.22.21","url_text":"\"Keeping an eye on those subtle messages\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serik_Konakbayev
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Serik Konakbayev
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["1 Olympics","1.1 1980 Olympic results","1.2 1984 Olympics","2 References","3 External links"]
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Kazakhstani boxer
Serik Konakbayev
Serik Konakabayev (left) and Jose Aguilar
Medal record
Men’s amateur boxing
Representing Soviet Union
Olympic Games
1980 Moscow
Light Welterweight
Friendship Games
1984 Havana
Welterweight
World Championships
1982 Munich
Welterweight
World Cup
1979 New York
Light Welterweight
1981 Montreal
Welterweight
European Championships
1979 Cologne
Light Welterweight
1981 Tampere
Welterweight
Serik Kerimbekuly Konakbaev (Kazakh: Серік Керімбекұлы Қонақбаев, Serık Kerımbekūly Qonaqbaev; Russian: Серик Керимбекович Конакбаев; born October 25, 1959, in Pavlodar, Kazakh SSR) is a retired Kazakh amateur boxer, who represented the USSR at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union. There he won the silver medal in the light welterweight division (– 63.5 kg), after being defeated in the final by Patrizio Oliva of Italy. Two years later he once again captured the silver medal, this time at the World Championships in Munich, West Germany.
Olympics
1980 Olympic results
Defeated Simion Cuţov (Romania) by unanimous decision, 5–0
Defeated Imre Bácskai (Hungary) RET 2
Defeated José Angel Molina (Puerto Rico) by walkover
Defeated José Aguilar (Cuba) by majority decision, 4–1
Lost to Patrizio Oliva (Italy) by majority decision, 1–4
1984 Olympics
Further information: 1984 Summer Olympics boycott
Konakbayev came to attention of Howard Cosell, and after the Soviet Olympic authorities announced the USSR team wouldn't show up at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, where Konakbayev had genuine chances to compete for the gold medal at the welterweight event of the Games, Cosell said:
As for the Soviets, well, they are no longer dominant in boxing, they have a couple of good-ones, one of them a man named Konakbayev.
Konakbaev (right) and Mark Breland (left) in 2010
References
^ Howard Cosell on the 1984 Summer Olympics boxing.
External links
Serik Konakbayev at databaseOlympics.com (archived)
Serik Konakbayev at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)
Article by Kyle McLachlan (Bad Left Hook, February 15, 2015).
This biographical article related to a Soviet boxer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Soviet Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Pavlodar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlodar"},{"link_name":"Kazakh SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_SSR"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs"},{"link_name":"boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"1980 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"light welterweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_welterweight"},{"link_name":"Patrizio Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrizio_Oliva"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_World_Amateur_Boxing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"}],"text":"Serik Kerimbekuly Konakbaev (Kazakh: Серік Керімбекұлы Қонақбаев, Serık Kerımbekūly Qonaqbaev; Russian: Серик Керимбекович Конакбаев; born October 25, 1959, in Pavlodar, Kazakh SSR) is a retired Kazakh amateur boxer, who represented the USSR at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union. There he won the silver medal in the light welterweight division (– 63.5 kg), after being defeated in the final by Patrizio Oliva of Italy. Two years later he once again captured the silver medal, this time at the World Championships in Munich, West Germany.","title":"Serik Konakbayev"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simion Cuţov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simion_Cu%C5%A3ov"},{"link_name":"Imre Bácskai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_B%C3%A1cskai_(boxer,_born_1961)"},{"link_name":"José Angel Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Angel_Molina"},{"link_name":"José Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Aguilar_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Patrizio Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrizio_Oliva"}],"sub_title":"1980 Olympic results","text":"Defeated Simion Cuţov (Romania) by unanimous decision, 5–0\nDefeated Imre Bácskai (Hungary) RET 2\nDefeated José Angel Molina (Puerto Rico) by walkover\nDefeated José Aguilar (Cuba) by majority decision, 4–1\nLost to Patrizio Oliva (Italy) by majority decision, 1–4","title":"Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1984 Summer Olympics boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott"},{"link_name":"Howard Cosell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Cosell"},{"link_name":"1984 Los Angeles Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Los_Angeles_Olympics"},{"link_name":"welterweight event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Welterweight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mark_Breland_and_Serik_Konakbayev.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mark Breland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Breland"}],"sub_title":"1984 Olympics","text":"Further information: 1984 Summer Olympics boycottKonakbayev came to attention of Howard Cosell, and after the Soviet Olympic authorities announced the USSR team wouldn't show up at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, where Konakbayev had genuine chances to compete for the gold medal at the welterweight event of the Games, Cosell said:[1]As for the Soviets, well, they are no longer dominant in boxing, they have a couple of good-ones, one of them a man named Konakbayev.Konakbaev (right) and Mark Breland (left) in 2010","title":"Olympics"}]
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[{"image_text":"Konakbaev (right) and Mark Breland (left) in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mark_Breland_and_Serik_Konakbayev.jpg/220px-Mark_Breland_and_Serik_Konakbayev.jpg"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iS5yTxMgef8&t=5815","external_links_name":"Howard Cosell on the 1984 Summer Olympics boxing"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070321154921/http://www.databaseolympics.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=KONAKSER01","external_links_name":"Serik Konakbayev"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ko/serik-konakbayev-1.html","external_links_name":"Serik Konakbayev"},{"Link":"http://www.badlefthook.com/2015/2/15/8000891/ggg-genesis-the-history-of-kazakh-boxing-part-five-Golovkin-Murray-Konakbayev","external_links_name":"Article"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serik_Konakbayev&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serik_Konakbayev&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pociej
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Pociej
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["1 See also"]
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Look up Pociej in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Pociej is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:
Aleksander Pociej (born 1965), Polish politician
Bohdan Pociej (1933–2011), Polish musicologist
Hypatius Pociej (1541–1613), Metropolitan of Kiev
Ludwik Pociej (1664–1730), Polish nobleman
See also
All pages with titles containing Pociej
Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Pociej. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pociej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pociej"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Pociej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Pociej"},{"link_name":"Bohdan Pociej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohdan_Pociej"},{"link_name":"Hypatius Pociej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatius_Pociej"},{"link_name":"Ludwik Pociej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Pociej"}],"text":"Look up Pociej in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Pociej is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:Aleksander Pociej (born 1965), Polish politician\nBohdan Pociej (1933–2011), Polish musicologist\nHypatius Pociej (1541–1613), Metropolitan of Kiev\nLudwik Pociej (1664–1730), Polish nobleman","title":"Pociej"}]
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[{"title":"All pages with titles containing Pociej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Pociej%22"},{"title":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pociej&namespace=0"},{"title":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pociej&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lien_Neville
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KOF: Maximum Impact
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["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Characters","3.1 Newcomers","3.2 Veterans","4 Development","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"]
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2004 video gameKOF: Maximum ImpactSoiree, Alba Meira and Lien Neville on the Japanese PS2 cover of KOF: Maximum Impact — ManiaxDeveloper(s)Noise FactoryPublisher(s)SNK PlaymoreProducer(s)Masahiro MaedaProgrammer(s)Kazuaki EzatoHiroshi HishikawaYasuhiro KurahashiNobuhisa ShinodaSeriesThe King of FightersEngineRenderWarePlatform(s)PlayStation 2, XboxReleasePlayStation 2JP: August 12, 2004NA: October 7, 2004EU: March 4, 2005ManiaxJP: March 23, 2006XboxJP: June 23, 2005NA: June 28, 2005Genre(s)FightingMode(s)Up to 2 players simultaneously
KOF: Maximum Impact (KOFMI) is a fighting game developed by SNK subsidiary Noise Factory and published by SNK Playmore for the PlayStation 2 in 2004. An enhanced version was released for both the Xbox and PlayStation 2 under the title KOF Maximum Impact: Maniax. The PS2 version of 'Maniax' was only released in Japan, and the Xbox version was not released in Europe.
Marketed as a spin-off of SNK's major fighting series The King of Fighters, whence many of its characters originate, KOF: Maximum Impact also contains elements of the Fatal Fury and Art of Fighting series. KOF: Maximum Impact is the first 3D fighter made by SNK since 1990s era's Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition and lastly, Samurai Shodown: Warriors Rage for the PlayStation. The game was followed by KOF: Maximum Impact 2.
While the version released in the U.S. featured an English dub that was met with much derision (with IGN's Jeremy Dunham going so far as to label it "piss poor"), further releases for the Xbox and European PS2 add a choice of English and Japanese language options. The Xbox version also includes an online match mode where matches can be fought between players via Xbox Live.
Gameplay
Unlike the 2D games from the series, Maximum Impact breaks the team system, causing all the fighters to fight alone (as it depicted in Art of Fighting 2, Fatal Fury 2/Special and Garou: Mark of the Wolves). The story mode is experienced as a single character through the "Mephistopheles Fighting Tournament". For most characters, this consists of fighting six characters, with Duke's cronie / Consigliere Hyena announcing the next opponent between matches. For the final match, one faces Duke himself. For a few "featured" characters (Alba Meira, Soiree Meira, and Lien Neville), the story is more intricate and fleshed out.
The gameplay is similar to those of Tekken, Street Fighter and Bloody Roar series, such as having a more combo command moves system and players being capable of executing juggle combos freely.
In Versus Mode, a single match (be it a one-on-one fight or a 3 vs. 3 battle) is fought against either the computer or another player. In Mission Mode, the player is faced with four levels of ten missions each. Each mission has settings and conditions to be completed. Most of the game's unlockables come through this mode. In Time Attack Mode, the player has to defeat a number of characters as quickly as possible. The online mode is available only on the Xbox version, and features online matchmaking for play between two players.
Plot
It is a spin off of the original line set 2 years after the events of N.E.S.T.S. saga in 2004, an alternate saga to the Ash.
Addis was the most powerful gang in Southtown. Its leader, a man known only as Fate, was considered a modern-day Robin Hood to the poor and downtrodden. He himself had adopted two twin brothers, Alba and Soiree Meira, and trained them to be successors to his legacy. Six months before the in-game events, Fate is killed by Duke, the leader of the up-and-coming Mephistopheles gang. Duke then proceeds to exploit the poor to serve his thirst for power.
In the present day, the "Mephistopheles Fighting Tournament" is beginning, with the venue being all of Southtown. The participants (minus the Meira Brothers and Lien) believe that the tournament is being sponsored by a charity organization known as the Metatron Foundation, but they soon learn that its true sponsor is the Mephistopheles gang. Alba, Soiree and Lien are contacted directly by Hyena, so they know Metatron has nothing to do with this.
Characters
KOF: Maximum Impact has twenty playable characters. Six additional characters make their debut in this game, and most of the remaining roster is inherited from The King of Fighters series, in which only half of the roster made it into the final game. One noteworthy exception to the rule is Rock Howard, brought in from the most recent Fatal Fury chapter, Garou: Mark of the Wolves.
Each character features at least one alternative costume. Some alternate costumes are radically different from the defaults, such as Terry's Garou: Mark of the Wolves look and Clark's professional wrestler persona. In addition to the alternate costumes, characters can be modified with unlockable "rigging models," which add details to the available costumes, such as a wolf mask for Terry or a party hat and banner for Seth.
Newcomers
Alba Meira – The star of KOF: Maximum Impact, Alba is a former soldier and prodigy of Fate, the former boss of the Southtown gangs, who enters the tournament so he can contact (and destroy) Duke to basically rule Southtown in Fate's stead.
Soiree Meira – Alba's younger twin brother, who is more brash than his cool-headed older brother. He is determined to help Alba dispose of Duke by any means necessary.
Duke – The leader of the Mephistopheles gang that controls Southtown. Earned the nickname "Hell's Executioner" because of the prominent scar across his neck. Duke is the final boss of the game.
Lien Neville – A buxom assassin-for-hire who currently has Duke as her client, ordered to enter the KOF tournament and dispose of any insurgency.
Mignon Beart – A young witch-in-training who enters the tournament to test her own might and help create world peace.
Chae Lim – Star pupil of Fatal Fury and The King of Fighters character Kim Kaphwan, who enters the tournament in his place.
Veterans
Athena Asamiya
Clark Still
Iori Yagami
K'
Kyo Kusanagi
Leona
Mai Shiranui
Maxima
Ralf Jones
Rock Howard
Ryo Sakazaki
Seth
Terry Bogard
Yuri Sakazaki
Development
Several of the new characters from the game were designed to be the counterparts of other KOF characters. Both Meira brothers were initially conceptualized to be the counterparts to Fatal Fury stars, Terry and Andy Bogard, given the game's setting is the same as their predecessors. Lien conceptually began as a contrast to fellow KOF participant Mai Shiranui. While Mai represents a "sexy and beautiful kunoichi", Lien represents another counterpart: the "sexy Western femme fatale". Her outfits are purposely designed to be "tight and constricting" to contrast Mai's clothing, which is made to allow for easy and quick movements. To further the contrast between the two assassins, efforts were made to make Lien more serious and darker than Mai, despite being one of the heroines in the series. Similar to how Lien contrasts Mai, Mignon was designed to be the rival to Athena. Her magical powers were created to counter Athena's Psycho Powers, which is interpreted by Falcoon to be akin to witchcraft.
Originally, Kim Kaphwan was going to enter the first entry of the Maximum Impact series under the pseudonym "Mr. Taekwondo" – in the same fashion as Art of Fighting's Mr. Karate. Due to veteran designers' complaints and other difficulties at the time, it was finally decided to leave Kim out of the game's lineup but add another character like him to replace his absence. While several other characters were considered for the spot – including other SNK characters such as Jhun Hoon, May Lee, and Buriki One character Seo Yong Song – a fellow developer voiced interest in creating another female Taekwondo fighter with the same "professional" manner as Kim, which eventually formed the basis for Chae Lim.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings(Xbox) 70.42% (32 reviews)(PS2) 68.04% (48 reviews)Metacritic(Xbox) 69/100(PS2) 64/100Review scoresPublicationScoreGameSpot7.0/10 (Xbox)6.7/10 (PS2)IGN7.8/10 (Xbox)7.4/10 (PS2)
Prior to its release, KOF: Maximum Impact was a finalist from GameSpot's "Best of E3 2004" in the category Best Fighting Game. However, it lost to Mortal Kombat: Deception. Ben Herman, president from SNK Playmore USA, commented that although he received complaints about the English voices for the game, Maximum Impact sold over 100,000 units as of May 2006.
References
^ "King of Fighters: Maximum Impact PS2 Video Game Review". Kidzworld. Archived from the original on 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
^ "IGN King of Fighters: Maximum Impact Review". 14 October 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-10-17. Retrieved 2008-06-15. What really brings it down severely, though, is the terribly bad voice acting. The original Japanese tracks have been removed completely in favor of some truly piss-poor American dub work. It's kind of reminiscent of Spike TV's Most Extreme Elimination Challenge, actually only without the (intentional) humor.
^ a b c Falcoon. "February 2006 Entries" (in Japanese). Falcoon Blog — KOF Maximum Impact 2 Develo-Diary. Archived from the original on 2008-03-08. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
^ Akihiko Ureshino. "February 2006 Entries". Ureyusa Blog – KOF Maximum Impact 2 Develo-Diary (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2008.
^ "The King of Fighters: Maximum Impact — Maniax". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 2009-03-03. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
^ "King of Fighters: Maximum Impact". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
^ "King of Fighters: Maximum Impact Maniax". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
^ "King of Fighters: Maximum Impact". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
^ Kasavin, Greg (2005-07-07). "King of Fighters: Maximum Impact Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
^ Kasavin, Greg (2004-10-15). "King of Fighters: Maximum Impact Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2009-03-17. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
^ Dunham, Jeremy (2005-07-07). "King of Fighters: Maximum Impact Review". IGN. Archived from the original on July 9, 2005. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
^ Dunham, Jeremy (2004-10-14). "King of Fighters: Maximum Impact Review". IGN. Archived from the original on 2004-10-17. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
^ "Best Fighting Game". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
^ Jursudakul, James (2006-05-13). "E3 2006: Interview with SNK Playmore USA President Ben Herman". Kombo.com. Archived from the original on 2009-08-18. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
External links
KOF: Maximum Impact official Japanese website
KOF: Maximum Impact- Maniax official Japanese website
KOF: Maximum Impact at MobyGames
vteThe King of FightersVideo gamesMain series
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Spin-offs
Maximum Impact
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Other media
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Characters
Ash Crimson
Athena Asamiya
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Developers
Takashi Nishiyama
Yasuyuki Oda
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fighting game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_game"},{"link_name":"Noise Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_Factory"},{"link_name":"SNK Playmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNK_Playmore"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console)"},{"link_name":"The King of Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_of_Fighters"},{"link_name":"Fatal Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Fury"},{"link_name":"Art of Fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Fighting"},{"link_name":"3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Fury:_Wild_Ambition"},{"link_name":"Samurai Shodown: Warriors Rage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai_Shodown:_Warriors_Rage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"KOF: Maximum Impact 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOF:_Maximum_Impact_2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"KOF: Maximum Impact (KOFMI) is a fighting game developed by SNK subsidiary Noise Factory and published by SNK Playmore for the PlayStation 2 in 2004. An enhanced version was released for both the Xbox and PlayStation 2 under the title KOF Maximum Impact: Maniax. The PS2 version of 'Maniax' was only released in Japan, and the Xbox version was not released in Europe.Marketed as a spin-off of SNK's major fighting series The King of Fighters, whence many of its characters originate, KOF: Maximum Impact also contains elements of the Fatal Fury and Art of Fighting series. KOF: Maximum Impact is the first 3D fighter made by SNK since 1990s era's Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition and lastly, Samurai Shodown: Warriors Rage for the PlayStation.[1] The game was followed by KOF: Maximum Impact 2.While the version released in the U.S. featured an English dub that was met with much derision (with IGN's Jeremy Dunham going so far as to label it \"piss poor\"[2]), further releases for the Xbox and European PS2 add a choice of English and Japanese language options. The Xbox version also includes an online match mode where matches can be fought between players via Xbox Live.","title":"KOF: Maximum Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Art of Fighting 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Fighting_2"},{"link_name":"Fatal Fury 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Fury_2"},{"link_name":"Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Fury_Special"},{"link_name":"Garou: Mark of the Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garou:_Mark_of_the_Wolves"},{"link_name":"Consigliere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consigliere"},{"link_name":"Tekken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekken"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Street_Fighter_II_Turbo"},{"link_name":"Bloody Roar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Roar"}],"text":"Unlike the 2D games from the series, Maximum Impact breaks the team system, causing all the fighters to fight alone (as it depicted in Art of Fighting 2, Fatal Fury 2/Special and Garou: Mark of the Wolves). The story mode is experienced as a single character through the \"Mephistopheles Fighting Tournament\". For most characters, this consists of fighting six characters, with Duke's cronie / Consigliere Hyena announcing the next opponent between matches. For the final match, one faces Duke himself. For a few \"featured\" characters (Alba Meira, Soiree Meira, and Lien Neville), the story is more intricate and fleshed out.The gameplay is similar to those of Tekken, Street Fighter and Bloody Roar series, such as having a more combo command moves system and players being capable of executing juggle combos freely.In Versus Mode, a single match (be it a one-on-one fight or a 3 vs. 3 battle) is fought against either the computer or another player. In Mission Mode, the player is faced with four levels of ten missions each. Each mission has settings and conditions to be completed. Most of the game's unlockables come through this mode. In Time Attack Mode, the player has to defeat a number of characters as quickly as possible. The online mode is available only on the Xbox version, and features online matchmaking for play between two players.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Crimson"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood"},{"link_name":"Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Meira"},{"link_name":"Soiree Meira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiree_Meira"},{"link_name":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_KOF:_Maximum_Impact_characters#Duke"}],"text":"It is a spin off of the original line set 2 years after the events of N.E.S.T.S. saga in 2004, an alternate saga to the Ash.Addis was the most powerful gang in Southtown. Its leader, a man known only as Fate, was considered a modern-day Robin Hood to the poor and downtrodden. He himself had adopted two twin brothers, Alba and Soiree Meira, and trained them to be successors to his legacy. Six months before the in-game events, Fate is killed by Duke, the leader of the up-and-coming Mephistopheles gang. Duke then proceeds to exploit the poor to serve his thirst for power.In the present day, the \"Mephistopheles Fighting Tournament\" is beginning, with the venue being all of Southtown. The participants (minus the Meira Brothers and Lien) believe that the tournament is being sponsored by a charity organization known as the Metatron Foundation, but they soon learn that its true sponsor is the Mephistopheles gang. Alba, Soiree and Lien are contacted directly by Hyena, so they know Metatron has nothing to do with this.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"playable characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playable_character"},{"link_name":"Fatal Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Fury_(series)"},{"link_name":"Garou: Mark of the Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garou:_Mark_of_the_Wolves"}],"text":"KOF: Maximum Impact has twenty playable characters. Six additional characters make their debut in this game, and most of the remaining roster is inherited from The King of Fighters series, in which only half of the roster made it into the final game. One noteworthy exception to the rule is Rock Howard, brought in from the most recent Fatal Fury chapter, Garou: Mark of the Wolves.Each character features at least one alternative costume. Some alternate costumes are radically different from the defaults, such as Terry's Garou: Mark of the Wolves look and Clark's professional wrestler persona. In addition to the alternate costumes, characters can be modified with unlockable \"rigging models,\" which add details to the available costumes, such as a wolf mask for Terry or a party hat and banner for Seth.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nickname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickname"},{"link_name":"buxom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxom"},{"link_name":"Kim Kaphwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kaphwan"}],"sub_title":"Newcomers","text":"Alba Meira – The star of KOF: Maximum Impact, Alba is a former soldier and prodigy of Fate, the former boss of the Southtown gangs, who enters the tournament so he can contact (and destroy) Duke to basically rule Southtown in Fate's stead.\nSoiree Meira – Alba's younger twin brother, who is more brash than his cool-headed older brother. He is determined to help Alba dispose of Duke by any means necessary.\nDuke – The leader of the Mephistopheles gang that controls Southtown. Earned the nickname \"Hell's Executioner\" because of the prominent scar across his neck. Duke is the final boss of the game.\nLien Neville – A buxom assassin-for-hire who currently has Duke as her client, ordered to enter the KOF tournament and dispose of any insurgency.\nMignon Beart – A young witch-in-training who enters the tournament to test her own might and help create world peace.\nChae Lim – Star pupil of Fatal Fury and The King of Fighters character Kim Kaphwan, who enters the tournament in his place.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athena Asamiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena_Asamiya"},{"link_name":"Clark Still","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Still"},{"link_name":"Iori Yagami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iori_Yagami"},{"link_name":"K'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27"},{"link_name":"Kyo Kusanagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyo_Kusanagi"},{"link_name":"Leona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leona"},{"link_name":"Mai Shiranui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai_Shiranui"},{"link_name":"Maxima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_(The_King_of_Fighters)"},{"link_name":"Ralf Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Jones"},{"link_name":"Rock Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Howard"},{"link_name":"Ryo Sakazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryo_Sakazaki"},{"link_name":"Seth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_(The_King_of_Fighters)"},{"link_name":"Terry Bogard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Bogard"},{"link_name":"Yuri Sakazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Sakazaki"}],"sub_title":"Veterans","text":"Athena Asamiya\nClark Still\nIori Yagami\nK'\nKyo Kusanagi\nLeona\nMai Shiranui\nMaxima\nRalf Jones\nRock Howard\nRyo Sakazaki\nSeth\nTerry Bogard\nYuri Sakazaki","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fatal Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Fury_(series)"},{"link_name":"Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Bogard"},{"link_name":"Andy Bogard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Bogard"},{"link_name":"Mai Shiranui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai_Shiranui"},{"link_name":"kunoichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunoichi"},{"link_name":"femme fatale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-falcoondevolblog-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-falcoondevolblog-3"},{"link_name":"Kim Kaphwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kaphwan"},{"link_name":"Art of Fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Fighting"},{"link_name":"Mr. Karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Karate"},{"link_name":"Jhun Hoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhun_Hoon"},{"link_name":"Seo Yong Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seo_Yong_Song"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-falcoondevolblog-3"}],"text":"Several of the new characters from the game were designed to be the counterparts of other KOF characters. Both Meira brothers were initially conceptualized to be the counterparts to Fatal Fury stars, Terry and Andy Bogard, given the game's setting is the same as their predecessors. Lien conceptually began as a contrast to fellow KOF participant Mai Shiranui. While Mai represents a \"sexy and beautiful kunoichi\", Lien represents another counterpart: the \"sexy Western femme fatale\". Her outfits are purposely designed to be \"tight and constricting\" to contrast Mai's clothing, which is made to allow for easy and quick movements.[3] To further the contrast between the two assassins, efforts were made to make Lien more serious and darker than Mai, despite being one of the heroines in the series.[4] Similar to how Lien contrasts Mai, Mignon was designed to be the rival to Athena. Her magical powers were created to counter Athena's Psycho Powers, which is interpreted by Falcoon to be akin to witchcraft.[3]Originally, Kim Kaphwan was going to enter the first entry of the Maximum Impact series under the pseudonym \"Mr. Taekwondo\" – in the same fashion as Art of Fighting's Mr. Karate. Due to veteran designers' complaints and other difficulties at the time, it was finally decided to leave Kim out of the game's lineup but add another character like him to replace his absence. While several other characters were considered for the spot – including other SNK characters such as Jhun Hoon, May Lee, and Buriki One character Seo Yong Song – a fellow developer voiced interest in creating another female Taekwondo fighter with the same \"professional\" manner as Kim, which eventually formed the basis for Chae Lim.[3]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gs-10"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat: Deception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat:_Deception"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings(Xbox) 70.42% (32 reviews)[5](PS2) 68.04% (48 reviews)[6]Metacritic(Xbox) 69/100[7](PS2) 64/100[8]Review scoresPublicationScoreGameSpot7.0/10 (Xbox)[9]6.7/10 (PS2)[10]IGN7.8/10 (Xbox)[11]7.4/10 (PS2)[12]Prior to its release, KOF: Maximum Impact was a finalist from GameSpot's \"Best of E3 2004\" in the category Best Fighting Game. However, it lost to Mortal Kombat: Deception.[13] Ben Herman, president from SNK Playmore USA, commented that although he received complaints about the English voices for the game, Maximum Impact sold over 100,000 units as of May 2006.[14]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pleasure_Principle_(song)
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The Pleasure Principle (song)
|
["1 Background and development","2 Composition","3 Critical reception","4 Chart performance","5 Music video","5.1 Background and synopsis","5.2 Reception","5.3 Impact and legacy","6 Live performances","7 Track listing and formats","8 Charts","8.1 Weekly charts","8.2 Year-end charts","9 References"]
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1987 single by Janet Jackson
"The Pleasure Principle"Single by Janet Jacksonfrom the album Control B-side"Fast Girls"ReleasedMay 12, 1987 (1987-05-12)RecordedOctober 1985StudioFlyte Tyme (Minneapolis, Minnesota)Genre
Dance-pop
R&B
Length4:58LabelA&MSongwriter(s)Monte MoirProducer(s)
Monte Moir
Janet Jackson
Steve Wiese
Janet Jackson singles chronology
"Diamonds" (1987)
"The Pleasure Principle" (1987)
"Making Love in the Rain" (1987)
Music video"The Pleasure Principle" on YouTube
"The Pleasure Principle" is a song recorded by American singer Janet Jackson for her third studio album, Control (1986). A&M Records released it as the sixth single from Control on May 12, 1987. Written and produced by Monte Moir, with co-production by Jackson and Steve Wiese, the song is an "independent woman" anthem about taking control of a personal relationship by refusing to settle for loveless materialism. Musically, "The Pleasure Principle" is an R&B song built around a dance-pop beat. The photograph for the single cover was shot by David LaChapelle. The song has been included in two of Jackson's greatest hits albums, Design of a Decade: 1986–1996 (1995) and Number Ones (2009).
"The Pleasure Principle" received positive reviews from music critics and was a modest commercial success. In the United States, it peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her first single to not reach the top-ten since "What Have You Done for Me Lately". However, the single peaked at number one on the Dance Club Songs and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts. "The Pleasure Principle" reached the top 40 in most markets, but failed to match the international success of the previous singles from Control. It peaked at number 50 in Australia, number 35 in Canada and number 24 in the United Kingdom.
The accompanying music video for "The Pleasure Principle" was directed by Dominic Sena. It depicts Jackson entering a loft wearing a T-shirt and jeans to practice her dancing. She gives a solo dance performance while singing about the pleasure principle. The video was seen by critics as iconic and received two nominations at the 1988 MTV Video Music Awards, eventually winning one. "The Pleasure Principle" has been performed on many of Jackson's concert tours, most recently on the Janet Jackson: Together Again Tour (2023). It was also performed on a few promotional appearances, including at the 2006 Billboard Music Awards. In 2008, Jackson's lingerie line was named after the song.
Background and development
"I usually attempt to swipe as broad of a brushstroke as possible in regard to telling a story and expressing as much emotion around it as I can, which can be tricky when you only have a set number of lines to do it. It was about being in a situation that was no longer working and that she no longer wants to be a part of. There was also the metaphor of riding in a limo in the relationship vs. her 'meter running', and taking a cab to leave. That sounds so 80's to me right now."
Songwriter and producer Monte Moir on the lyrics of "The Pleasure Principle".
After arranging a recording contract with A&M Records in 1982 for a then 16-year-old Jackson, her father Joe oversaw the entire production of her eponymous debut studio album and its follow-up, Dream Street (1984). In 1985, Jackson subsequently fired her father as her manager and hired John McClain, then A&M's senior vice president of artists and repertoire and general manager. Commenting on the decision, Jackson stated, "I just wanted to get out of the house, get out from under my father, which was one of the most difficult things that I had to do, telling him that I didn't want to work with him again." McClain subsequently introduced her to the songwriting and production duo Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, former Prince associates and ex-members of The Time.
"The Pleasure Principle" was the only song not to be written or produced by Jam and Lewis. Instead, it was penned by Monte Moir, The Time's keyboardist. At the time, he was working with his old band colleagues at Flyte Tyme recording studios in Minneapolis when they were offered the project for the album with Jackson, and Moir was asked to come up with some demos. He did not have a concept or title for the song at first, which was not uncommon for the producer. According to Moir, "As verses started to take shape, I had to figure out what it was I was trying to say, I just stumbled into the title and Freudian concept (of the pleasure principle) and realized it fit." After songwriting was done, Moir recorded it "fairly quickly" as there were a lot of projects going on at one studio.
Composition
Written and produced by Moir, "The Pleasure Principle" is lyrically about the singer taking control of a personal relationship by refusing to settle for loveless materialism, while Jackson sings, "What I thought was happiness was only part time bliss". The song parallels a fleeting love affair with a ride in a limousine. It mentions a "Big Yellow Taxi", alluding to the 1970 Joni Mitchell song, which Jackson would later sample on her single "Got 'til It's Gone" from her sixth studio album The Velvet Rope (1997). Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine noted that musically "synths bump like busted shock absorbers and the electric guitar screeches like rubber on pavement".
Critical reception
"The Pleasure Principle" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Kareem Gantt from AXS commented that compared to "Control" and "Nasty", "The Pleasure Principle" was more toned down, but "still a sonic groover". The song was nominated for Best R&B/Soul Single – Female at the 1988 Soul Train Music Awards.
Chart performance
In the United States, "The Pleasure Principle" debuted at number 78 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated May 23, 1987. It later reached its peak position of number 14 on August 1, 1987. It became the first single released by Jackson to miss the top-ten until "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)" peaked at number 28 in 2001. "The Pleasure Principle" nevertheless became her fifth chart-topper on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and her third on the Dance Club Songs chart. It was ranked number 34 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Year-End chart of 1987.
Elsewhere, "The Pleasure Principle" reached the top 40 in most markets, but failed to match the international success of the previous singles from Control.
Music video
Background and synopsis
The accompanying music video for "The Pleasure Principle" was directed by Dominic Sena and premiered on MTV on June 1, 1987. Choreography was handled by Barry Lather. In the beginning of the video, Jackson enters a loft wearing a T-shirt and jeans to practice her dancing. She gives a solo dance performance while singing about the pleasure principle. Elements of the choreography incorporate a chair and a microphone stand.
Reception
At the 1988 MTV Video Music Awards, the video won for Best Choreography and was nominated for Best Female Video. While reviewing Jackson's video album Rhythm Nation Compilation (1989), Wendy Robinson from PopMatters commented that "this is the first video in which Jackson appears alone, with a sleek new hairdo and unleashing a repertoire of exciting new moves", and Justin Joseph from Centric TV noted that the video was "probably more iconic than the song", while describing its choreography as "so dynamic".
Impact and legacy
The video has been re-enacted by singers Mýa, Ciara, Tinashe, and Normani. In 2000, Britney Spears referenced "The Pleasure Principle", as well as Jackson's video for "Miss You Much", for the chair routine on her music video for "Stronger", with director Joseph Kahn saying her idea was inspired by "the iconic chair sequence" in "The Pleasure Principle". A review of the video commented "Ms. Spears gives us her best Janet Jackson impression ('Miss You Much') with a dizzying chair-dance routine." Jennifer Lopez also cited Jackson as a major inspiration for her own dance and videos, stating that she "probably started dancing" because of Jackson's music video for "The Pleasure Principle".
In 2006, Cassie was accused of copying "The Pleasure Principle"'s concept on her music video for "Me & U", described as evoking Jackson's "impromptu solo dance rehearsal" during the video's mirror scenes. Cassie stated, "I'm a diehard Janet Jackson fan. A lot of people compare my video for 'Me & U' to hers for 'Pleasure Principle'. I was just rehearsing in the studio, they filmed me and the record label thought it would be great for the video. I'd love to emulate her career. She's incredible, from her moves to her voice."
Live performances
Jackson has performed the song on most of her concert tours, excluding the Janet World Tour and the All for You Tour. "The Pleasure Principle" was performed during a "frenzied" medley with "Control", "Nasty" and "Throb" on The Velvet Rope Tour in 1998. The medley at the October 11, 1998 show at Madison Square Garden in New York City was broadcast during a special titled The Velvet Rope: Live in Madison Square Garden by HBO. It was also added to the set list at its DVD release, The Velvet Rope Tour: Live in Concert in 1999.
On December 4, 2006, while promoting her ninth studio album 20 Y.O., Jackson opened the 2006 Billboard Music Awards with a medley of "Control" and "The Pleasure Principle", and then-new single "So Excited", accompanied by black and red-clad dancers. For her first tour in seven years, Rock Witchu Tour (2008), she chose to open the show with a medley of "The Pleasure Principle", "Control", and "What Have You Done for Me Lately". After an interlude, Jackson made her entrance amid fireworks and theatrical smoke to perform the medley, while donning a Mohawk hairstyle. It was also included as the opening song on her Number Ones, Up Close and Personal tour in 2011. Jackson included the song on the Unbreakable World Tour (2015–2016) and on the State of the World Tour (2017–2019) in a medley with "What Have You Done for Me Lately" and "Control". Jackson included the song at her Las Vegas concert residency show, Janet Jackson: Metamorphosis (2019). Jackson also performed the song on her 2023 tour Janet Jackson: Together Again.
Track listing and formats
US 7-inch vinyl single
A. "The Pleasure Principle" – 4:58
B. "Fast Girls" – 3:20
US and European 12-inch vinyl single / Australian limited-edition 12-inch vinyl single
A1. "The Pleasure Principle" (Long Vocal Mix) – 7:23
A2. "The Pleasure Principle" (A cappella) – 4:23
B1. "The Pleasure Principle" (12" Dub) – 6:58
B2. "The Pleasure Principle" (7" Vocal Mix) – 4:19
UK and European 7-inch vinyl single
A. "The Pleasure Principle" (The Shep Pettibone Mix) – 4:19
B. "The Pleasure Principle" (Dub Edit – The Shep Pettibone Mix) – 5:10
UK 12-inch vinyl single
A1. "The Pleasure Principle" (Long Vocal Mix) – 7:28
B1. "The Pleasure Principle" (Dub Edit) – 6:58
B2. "The Pleasure Principle" (A cappella) – 4:19
UK CD single and 12-inch single ("The Pleasure Principle"/"Alright" – Danny Tenaglia/Todd Terry Mixes)
"The Pleasure Principle" (Legendary Club Mix) – 8:16
"The Pleasure Principle" (NuFlava Vocal Dub) – 7:21
"The Pleasure Principle" (Banji Dub) – 7:10
"The Pleasure Principle" (D.T.'s Twilo Dub) – 9:04
"Alright" (Tee's Club Mix) – 6:22
"Alright" (Tee's Beats) – 3:25
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1987)
Peakposition
Australia (Kent Music Report)
50
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
17
Canada Top Singles (RPM)
35
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)
74
Ireland (IRMA)
23
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
15
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
25
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
37
UK Singles (OCC)
24
US Billboard Hot 100
14
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)
1
US Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)
8
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
1
US Cash Box Top 100
13
Year-end charts
Chart (1987)
Rankposition
US Crossover Singles (Billboard)
7
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)
20
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
34
References
^ "LaChapelle Studio - Projects - Stills". Archived from the original on September 20, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ a b c Audra, Buick. ""The Pleasure Principle" by Monte Moir/performed by Janet Jackson". Oneadsong.com. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
^ Bream, Jon (February 7, 1986). "Janet Jackson still seeks an identity". Star Tribune. p. 03.C. ISSN 0744-5458.
^ Edmond Jr., A. (1987). "John McClain creates solid gold money-makers". Black Enterprise. Vol. 18. p. 54. ISSN 0006-4165.
^ Saunders, Michael (October 3, 1996). "The 3 Divas Janet Jackson turns her focus inward". The Boston Globe. p. D13.
^ Gaar, Gillian G. (2002). She's a Rebel: The History of Women in Rock & Roll. Seal Press. pp. 323–324. ISBN 1-58005-078-6.
^ a b "The 100 Best Dance Songs of All Time". Slantmagazine.com. June 15, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
^ "Back in the day review: Janet Jackson: 'Control' - AXS". Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
^ "The Hot 100". Billboard.com. January 2, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
^ a b "Janet Jackson Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
^ Billboard 12 jan. 2002, p. 8, at Google Books
^ a b c "BET Her". Bet.com. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
^ "Janet Jackson | Pleasure Principle | Music Video | MTV". MTV. Archived from the original on November 21, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
^ "The Michael Jackson School of Dance - Page 2 - latimes". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
^ "Janet Jackson: Rhythm Nation Compilation | PopMatters". Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
^ "Janet Jackson Honored With Performance by Ciara, Tinashe, and Jason Derulo at BET Awards". Spin.com. June 29, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
^ "Watch Normani nail the choreography for Janet Jackson's "The Pleasure Principle"". Thefader.com. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
^ "Britney Spears' 10 Best Music Videos: Readers' Poll Results". Billboard. February 19, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ "Flashback Friday: Britney Spears "Stronger" Music Video". The Round Table Online. February 18, 2011. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ "Jennifer Lopez on Working with Cardi B, Why Janet Jackson is an Idol at Billboard Music Awards: Watch". Billboard.
^ "India is on my mind: Jennifer Lopez - Times of India". The Times of India.
^ Cinquemani, Sal (August 7, 2006). "Cassie: Cassie". Slant Magazine. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
^ "Cassie dismisses 'copycat' claims". China Daily. August 8, 2006. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
^ Daly, Sean (July 10, 1998). "Live Report: Janet Jackson". Rollingstone.com. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
^ The Velvet Rope Tour: Live in Concert (Laserdisc, VHS, DVD). Janet Jackson. Eagle Rock Entertainment. 1999.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Jamaica Gleaner News - Janet Jackson to perform at Billboard Music Awards - Saturday | December 2, 2006". Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
^ Billboard 16 dez. 2006, p. 34, at Google Books
^ "Janet Jackson concert review | News OK". Archived from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
^ "Janet Jackson Resumes Rockin' Witchu". Eonline.com. October 16, 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. pp. 150–151. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
^ "Janet Jackson – The Pleasure Principle" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0844." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
^ "European Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 4, no. 26. July 4, 1987. p. 8. OCLC 29800226 – via World Radio History.
^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Pleasure Principle". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Janet Jackson" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
^ "Janet Jackson – The Pleasure Principle" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
^ "Janet Jackson – The Pleasure Principle". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
^ "Janet Jackson: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
^ "Janet Jackson Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
^ "Janet Jackson Chart History (Dance Singles Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
^ "Janet Jackson Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
^ "Cash Box Top 100 Singles – Week ending August 15, 1987". Cash Box. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
^ "1987 The Year in Music & Video: Top Hot Crossover Singles". Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 52. December 26, 1987. p. Y-27. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
^ "Dance Club Songs – Year-End 1987". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
^ "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1987". Billboard. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
vteJanet Jackson singles
Albums discography
Singles discography
Videography
Awards and nominations
Janet Jackson
"Young Love"
"Come Give Your Love to Me"
"Say You Do"
Dream Street
"Don't Stand Another Chance"
"Two to the Power of Love"
"Fast Girls"
"Dream Street"
Control
"What Have You Done for Me Lately"
"Nasty"
"When I Think of You"
"Control"
"Let's Wait Awhile"
"The Pleasure Principle"
"Funny How Time Flies (When You're Having Fun)"
Rhythm Nation 1814
"Miss You Much"
"Rhythm Nation"
"Escapade"
"Alright"
"Come Back to Me"
"Black Cat"
"Love Will Never Do (Without You)"
"State of the World"
Janet
"That's the Way Love Goes"
"If"
"Again"
"Because of Love"
"Any Time, Any Place"
"Throb"
"You Want This"
"Whoops Now"/"What'll I Do"
The Velvet Rope
"Got 'til It's Gone"
"Together Again"
"I Get Lonely"
"Go Deep"
"You"
"Every Time"
All for You
"Doesn't Really Matter"
"All for You"
"Someone to Call My Lover"
"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)"
"Come On Get Up"
Damita Jo
"Just a Little While"
"I Want You"
"All Nite (Don't Stop)"
"R&B Junkie"
20 Y.O.
"Call on Me"
"So Excited"
"With U"
Discipline
"Feedback"
"Rock with U"
"Luv"
"Can't B Good"
Unbreakable
"No Sleeep"
"Burnitup!"
"Unbreakable"
"Dammn Baby"
Other songs
"And On and On"
"Scream"
"Runaway"
"Twenty Foreplay"
"Ask for More"
"Megamix 04"
"Make Me"
"Nothing"
"Made for Now"
As featured artist
"Diamonds"
"Making Love in the Rain"
"2300 Jackson Street"
"The Best Things in Life Are Free"
"Luv Me, Luv Me"
"What's It Gonna Be?!"
"Girlfriend/Boyfriend"
"Feel It Boy"
"Don't Worry"
"We Are the World 25 for Haiti"
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janet Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson"},{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album#Types_of_album"},{"link_name":"Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_(Janet_Jackson_album)"},{"link_name":"A&M Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Monte Moir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Moir"},{"link_name":"materialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"},{"link_name":"beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_(music)"},{"link_name":"single cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_art"},{"link_name":"David LaChapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_LaChapelle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"greatest hits albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_hits_album"},{"link_name":"Design of a Decade: 1986–1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_a_Decade:_1986%E2%80%931996"},{"link_name":"Number Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Ones_(Janet_Jackson_album)"},{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"What Have You Done for Me Lately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Have_You_Done_for_Me_Lately"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Dominic Sena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Sena"},{"link_name":"pleasure principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure_principle_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"1988 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"concert tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson#Tours_and_residencies"},{"link_name":"Janet Jackson: Together Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson:_Together_Again"},{"link_name":"2006 Billboard Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Billboard_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"The Pleasure Principle\" is a song recorded by American singer Janet Jackson for her third studio album, Control (1986). A&M Records released it as the sixth single from Control on May 12, 1987. Written and produced by Monte Moir, with co-production by Jackson and Steve Wiese, the song is an \"independent woman\" anthem about taking control of a personal relationship by refusing to settle for loveless materialism. Musically, \"The Pleasure Principle\" is an R&B song built around a dance-pop beat. The photograph for the single cover was shot by David LaChapelle.[1] The song has been included in two of Jackson's greatest hits albums, Design of a Decade: 1986–1996 (1995) and Number Ones (2009).\"The Pleasure Principle\" received positive reviews from music critics and was a modest commercial success. In the United States, it peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her first single to not reach the top-ten since \"What Have You Done for Me Lately\". However, the single peaked at number one on the Dance Club Songs and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts. \"The Pleasure Principle\" reached the top 40 in most markets, but failed to match the international success of the previous singles from Control. It peaked at number 50 in Australia, number 35 in Canada and number 24 in the United Kingdom.The accompanying music video for \"The Pleasure Principle\" was directed by Dominic Sena. It depicts Jackson entering a loft wearing a T-shirt and jeans to practice her dancing. She gives a solo dance performance while singing about the pleasure principle. The video was seen by critics as iconic and received two nominations at the 1988 MTV Video Music Awards, eventually winning one. \"The Pleasure Principle\" has been performed on many of Jackson's concert tours, most recently on the Janet Jackson: Together Again Tour (2023). It was also performed on a few promotional appearances, including at the 2006 Billboard Music Awards. In 2008, Jackson's lingerie line was named after the song.[2]","title":"The Pleasure Principle (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onerad-3"},{"link_name":"A&M Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records"},{"link_name":"Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(manager)"},{"link_name":"eponymous debut studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson_(album)"},{"link_name":"Dream Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Street_(Janet_Jackson_album)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-startribune-4"},{"link_name":"artists and repertoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-6"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Jam_and_Terry_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Prince associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_associates"},{"link_name":"The Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Time_(band)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-She's_a_rebel-7"},{"link_name":"Monte Moir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Moir"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"demos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demo_(music)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onerad-3"},{"link_name":"the pleasure principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure_principle_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onerad-3"}],"text":"\"I usually attempt to swipe as broad of a brushstroke as possible in regard to telling a story and expressing as much emotion around it as I can, which can be tricky when you only have a set number of lines to do it. It was about being in a situation that was no longer working and that she no longer wants to be a part of. There was also the metaphor of riding in a limo in the relationship vs. her 'meter running', and taking a cab to leave. That sounds so 80's to me right now.\"\n\n\nSongwriter and producer Monte Moir on the lyrics of \"The Pleasure Principle\".[3]After arranging a recording contract with A&M Records in 1982 for a then 16-year-old Jackson, her father Joe oversaw the entire production of her eponymous debut studio album and its follow-up, Dream Street (1984).[4] In 1985, Jackson subsequently fired her father as her manager and hired John McClain, then A&M's senior vice president of artists and repertoire and general manager.[5] Commenting on the decision, Jackson stated, \"I just wanted to get out of the house, get out from under my father, which was one of the most difficult things that I had to do, telling him that I didn't want to work with him again.\"[6] McClain subsequently introduced her to the songwriting and production duo Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, former Prince associates and ex-members of The Time.[7]\"The Pleasure Principle\" was the only song not to be written or produced by Jam and Lewis. Instead, it was penned by Monte Moir, The Time's keyboardist. At the time, he was working with his old band colleagues at Flyte Tyme recording studios in Minneapolis when they were offered the project for the album with Jackson, and Moir was asked to come up with some demos.[3] He did not have a concept or title for the song at first, which was not uncommon for the producer. According to Moir, \"As verses started to take shape, I had to figure out what it was I was trying to say, I just stumbled into the title and Freudian concept (of the pleasure principle) and realized it fit.\" After songwriting was done, Moir recorded it \"fairly quickly\" as there were a lot of projects going on at one studio.[3]","title":"Background and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lyrically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrics"},{"link_name":"materialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism"},{"link_name":"limousine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limousine"},{"link_name":"Big Yellow Taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Yellow_Taxi"},{"link_name":"Joni Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)"},{"link_name":"Got 'til It's Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got_%27til_It%27s_Gone"},{"link_name":"The Velvet Rope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Rope"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-8"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-8"}],"text":"Written and produced by Moir, \"The Pleasure Principle\" is lyrically about the singer taking control of a personal relationship by refusing to settle for loveless materialism, while Jackson sings, \"What I thought was happiness was only part time bliss\". The song parallels a fleeting love affair with a ride in a limousine. It mentions a \"Big Yellow Taxi\", alluding to the 1970 Joni Mitchell song, which Jackson would later sample on her single \"Got 'til It's Gone\" from her sixth studio album The Velvet Rope (1997).[8] Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine noted that musically \"synths bump like busted shock absorbers and the electric guitar screeches like rubber on pavement\".[8]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"AXS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXS_(company)"},{"link_name":"Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_(Janet_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"Nasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasty_(Janet_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"groover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_(music)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Best R&B/Soul Single – Female","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Award_for_Best_R%26B/Soul_Single_%E2%80%93_Female"},{"link_name":"1988 Soul Train Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Soul_Train_Music_Awards"}],"text":"\"The Pleasure Principle\" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Kareem Gantt from AXS commented that compared to \"Control\" and \"Nasty\", \"The Pleasure Principle\" was more toned down, but \"still a sonic groover\".[9] The song was nominated for Best R&B/Soul Single – Female at the 1988 Soul Train Music Awards.","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hot100-11"},{"link_name":"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_a_Gun_(I_Betcha_Think_This_Song_Is_About_You)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets"}],"text":"In the United States, \"The Pleasure Principle\" debuted at number 78 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated May 23, 1987.[10] It later reached its peak position of number 14 on August 1, 1987.[11] It became the first single released by Jackson to miss the top-ten until \"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)\" peaked at number 28 in 2001.[12] \"The Pleasure Principle\" nevertheless became her fifth chart-topper on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and her third on the Dance Club Songs chart. It was ranked number 34 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Year-End chart of 1987.Elsewhere, \"The Pleasure Principle\" reached the top 40 in most markets, but failed to match the international success of the previous singles from Control.","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Dominic Sena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Sena"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Barry Lather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Lather"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Background and synopsis","text":"The accompanying music video for \"The Pleasure Principle\" was directed by Dominic Sena and premiered on MTV on June 1, 1987.[13][14] Choreography was handled by Barry Lather.[15] In the beginning of the video, Jackson enters a loft wearing a T-shirt and jeans to practice her dancing. She gives a solo dance performance while singing about the pleasure principle. Elements of the choreography incorporate a chair and a microphone stand.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1988 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Choreography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Choreography"},{"link_name":"Best Female Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Female_Video"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv-13"},{"link_name":"video album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_album"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Centric TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_Her"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv-13"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"At the 1988 MTV Video Music Awards, the video won for Best Choreography and was nominated for Best Female Video.[13] While reviewing Jackson's video album Rhythm Nation Compilation (1989), Wendy Robinson from PopMatters commented that \"this is the first video in which Jackson appears alone, with a sleek new hairdo and unleashing a repertoire of exciting new moves\",[16] and Justin Joseph from Centric TV noted that the video was \"probably more iconic than the song\", while describing its choreography as \"so dynamic\".[13]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mýa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mya_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ciara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciara"},{"link_name":"Tinashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinashe"},{"link_name":"Normani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normani"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"Miss You Much","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_You_Much"},{"link_name":"Stronger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stronger_(Britney_Spears_song)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_(director)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-janetreferences-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-janetreference-20"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Cassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassie_Ventura"},{"link_name":"Me & U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_%26_U_(Cassie_song)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slant-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Impact and legacy","text":"The video has been re-enacted by singers Mýa, Ciara, Tinashe, and Normani.[17][18] In 2000, Britney Spears referenced \"The Pleasure Principle\", as well as Jackson's video for \"Miss You Much\", for the chair routine on her music video for \"Stronger\", with director Joseph Kahn saying her idea was inspired by \"the iconic chair sequence\" in \"The Pleasure Principle\".[19] A review of the video commented \"Ms. Spears gives us her best Janet Jackson impression ('Miss You Much') with a dizzying chair-dance routine.\"[20] Jennifer Lopez also cited Jackson as a major inspiration for her own dance and videos, stating that she \"probably started dancing\" because of Jackson's music video for \"The Pleasure Principle\".[21][22]In 2006, Cassie was accused of copying \"The Pleasure Principle\"'s concept on her music video for \"Me & U\", described as evoking Jackson's \"impromptu solo dance rehearsal\" during the video's mirror scenes.[23] Cassie stated, \"I'm a diehard Janet Jackson fan. A lot of people compare my video for 'Me & U' to hers for 'Pleasure Principle'. I was just rehearsing in the studio, they filmed me and the record label thought it would be great for the video. I'd love to emulate her career. She's incredible, from her moves to her voice.\"[24]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janet World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"All for You Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_for_You_Tour"},{"link_name":"Throb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throb_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Velvet Rope Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Rope_Tour"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"medley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medley_(music)"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"set list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_list"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"The Velvet Rope Tour: Live in Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Rope_Tour:_Live_in_Concert"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"20 Y.O.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_Y.O."},{"link_name":"2006 Billboard Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Billboard_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"So Excited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Excited_(Janet_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Rock Witchu Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Witchu_Tour"},{"link_name":"What Have You Done for Me Lately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Have_You_Done_for_Me_Lately"},{"link_name":"interlude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_(music)"},{"link_name":"Mohawk hairstyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Number Ones, Up Close and Personal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Ones,_Up_Close_and_Personal"},{"link_name":"Unbreakable World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbreakable_World_Tour_(Janet_Jackson_tour)"},{"link_name":"State of the World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"concert residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_residency"},{"link_name":"Janet Jackson: Metamorphosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson:_Metamorphosis"},{"link_name":"Janet Jackson: Together Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson:_Together_Again"}],"text":"Jackson has performed the song on most of her concert tours, excluding the Janet World Tour and the All for You Tour. \"The Pleasure Principle\" was performed during a \"frenzied\" medley with \"Control\", \"Nasty\" and \"Throb\" on The Velvet Rope Tour in 1998.[25] The medley at the October 11, 1998 show at Madison Square Garden in New York City was broadcast during a special titled The Velvet Rope: Live in Madison Square Garden by HBO. It was also added to the set list at its DVD release, The Velvet Rope Tour: Live in Concert in 1999.[26]On December 4, 2006, while promoting her ninth studio album 20 Y.O., Jackson opened the 2006 Billboard Music Awards with a medley of \"Control\" and \"The Pleasure Principle\", and then-new single \"So Excited\", accompanied by black and red-clad dancers.[27][28] For her first tour in seven years, Rock Witchu Tour (2008), she chose to open the show with a medley of \"The Pleasure Principle\", \"Control\", and \"What Have You Done for Me Lately\". After an interlude, Jackson made her entrance amid fireworks and theatrical smoke to perform the medley, while donning a Mohawk hairstyle.[29][30] It was also included as the opening song on her Number Ones, Up Close and Personal tour in 2011. Jackson included the song on the Unbreakable World Tour (2015–2016) and on the State of the World Tour (2017–2019) in a medley with \"What Have You Done for Me Lately\" and \"Control\". Jackson included the song at her Las Vegas concert residency show, Janet Jackson: Metamorphosis (2019). Jackson also performed the song on her 2023 tour Janet Jackson: Together Again.","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"7-inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)#Types_of_physical_singles"},{"link_name":"Fast Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Girls_(song)"},{"link_name":"12-inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-inch_single"},{"link_name":"Shep Pettibone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shep_Pettibone"},{"link_name":"CD single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_single"},{"link_name":"Alright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alright_(Janet_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"Danny Tenaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Tenaglia"},{"link_name":"Todd Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Terry"}],"text":"US 7-inch vinyl singleA. \"The Pleasure Principle\" – 4:58\nB. \"Fast Girls\" – 3:20US and European 12-inch vinyl single / Australian limited-edition 12-inch vinyl singleA1. \"The Pleasure Principle\" (Long Vocal Mix) – 7:23\nA2. \"The Pleasure Principle\" (A cappella) – 4:23\nB1. \"The Pleasure Principle\" (12\" Dub) – 6:58\nB2. \"The Pleasure Principle\" (7\" Vocal Mix) – 4:19UK and European 7-inch vinyl singleA. \"The Pleasure Principle\" (The Shep Pettibone Mix) – 4:19\nB. \"The Pleasure Principle\" (Dub Edit – The Shep Pettibone Mix) – 5:10UK 12-inch vinyl singleA1. \"The Pleasure Principle\" (Long Vocal Mix) – 7:28\nB1. \"The Pleasure Principle\" (Dub Edit) – 6:58\nB2. \"The Pleasure Principle\" (A cappella) – 4:19UK CD single and 12-inch single (\"The Pleasure Principle\"/\"Alright\" – Danny Tenaglia/Todd Terry Mixes)\"The Pleasure Principle\" (Legendary Club Mix) – 8:16\n\"The Pleasure Principle\" (NuFlava Vocal Dub) – 7:21\n\"The Pleasure Principle\" (Banji Dub) – 7:10\n\"The Pleasure Principle\" (D.T.'s Twilo Dub) – 9:04\n\"Alright\" (Tee's Club Mix) – 6:22\n\"Alright\" (Tee's Beats) – 3:25","title":"Track listing and formats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pleasure_Principle_(song)&action=edit§ion=12"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Janet_Jackson-32"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadatopsingles_-33"},{"link_name":"European Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-35"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_Janet_Jackson-36"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Janet_Jackson-37"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Janet_Jackson-38"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKsinglesbyname_Janet_Jackson-39"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hot100-11"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_Janet_Jackson-40"},{"link_name":"Dance Singles Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Singles_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddancesales_Janet_Jackson-41"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrandbhiphop_Janet_Jackson-42"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pleasure_Principle_(song)&action=edit§ion=13"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1987)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[31]\n\n50\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[32]\n\n17\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[33]\n\n35\n\n\nEurope (European Hot 100 Singles)[34]\n\n74\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[35]\n\n23\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[36]\n\n15\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[37]\n\n25\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[38]\n\n37\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[39]\n\n24\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[11]\n\n14\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[40]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)[41]\n\n8\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[42]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100[43]\n\n13\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1987)\n\nRankposition\n\n\nUS Crossover Singles (Billboard)[44]\n\n7\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[45]\n\n20\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[46]\n\n34","title":"Charts"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"LaChapelle Studio - Projects - Stills\". Archived from the original on September 20, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150920135726/http://www.lachapellestudio.com/projects/stills/","url_text":"\"LaChapelle Studio - Projects - Stills\""},{"url":"http://www.lachapellestudio.com/projects/stills/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141028212428/http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2008/08/20/janet-jacksons-new-pleasure-principle-lingerie/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2008/08/20/janet-jacksons-new-pleasure-principle-lingerie/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Audra, Buick. \"\"The Pleasure Principle\" by Monte Moir/performed by Janet Jackson\". Oneadsong.com. 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Retrieved December 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eonline.com/news/64104/janet-jackson-resumes-rockin-witchu","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson Resumes Rockin' Witchu\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. pp. 150–151. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"European Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 4, no. 26. July 4, 1987. p. 8. OCLC 29800226 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/80s/1987/M&M-1987-07-04.pdf","url_text":"\"European Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29800226","url_text":"29800226"}]},{"reference":"\"Cash Box Top 100 Singles – Week ending August 15, 1987\". Cash Box. Retrieved February 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/80s_files/19870815.html","url_text":"\"Cash Box Top 100 Singles – Week ending August 15, 1987\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)","url_text":"Cash Box"}]},{"reference":"\"1987 The Year in Music & Video: Top Hot Crossover Singles\". Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 52. December 26, 1987. p. Y-27. Retrieved April 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JCgEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22i+knew+you+were+wating%22","url_text":"\"1987 The Year in Music & Video: Top Hot Crossover Singles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Club Songs – Year-End 1987\". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200217184357/https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1987/dance-club-songs","url_text":"\"Dance Club Songs – Year-End 1987\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1987/dance-club-songs","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1987\". Billboard. Retrieved February 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1987/hot-r-and-and-b-hip-hop-songs","url_text":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1987\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Boneberg
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GLBT Historical Society
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["1 Organizational history","1.1 Founding","1.2 Name changes","1.3 Locations","1.4 Executive directors","1.5 Pop-up museum (2008–2009)","2 Archival holdings","3 Periodical publications","4 GLBT Historical Society Museum","4.1 Grand opening","4.2 Debut exhibitions","4.3 Changing exhibitions","4.4 Group tours","4.5 Funding","4.6 Hours and admission","5 Vision 2020 \"New Museum\" campaign","6 Scholarly and professional interest","7 Associated projects","8 Awards, honors and media recognition","9 See also","10 Notes","11 External links"]
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American non-profit LGBT historical society
GLBT Historical SocietyGLBT Historical Society LogoFormationJune 1985; 39 years ago (1985-06)TypeNonprofitLegal statusregistered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizationPurposeLGBT history, Human RightsHeadquartersSan FranciscoRegion served United States of AmericaExecutive DirectorRoberto OrdeñanaChairLito SandovalRevenue $1,368,330Staff 8Websitewww.glbthistory.orgThe GLBT Historical Society (Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Historical Society) (formerly Gay and Lesbian Historical Society of Northern California; San Francisco Bay Area Gay and Lesbian Historical Society) maintains an extensive collection of archival materials, artifacts and graphic arts relating to the history of LGBT people in the United States, with a focus on the LGBT communities of San Francisco and Northern California.
The society also sponsors the GLBT Historical Society Museum, a stand-alone museum that has attracted international attention. The Swedish Exhibition Agency has cited the institution as one of just "three established museums dedicated to LGBTQ history in the world" as of 2016. It is also the first full-scale, stand-alone museum of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender history in the United States (and only the second in the world after the Schwules Museum in Berlin). The grand opening of the museum took place on the evening of January 13, 2011.
Referred to as San Francisco's "queer Smithsonian", the GLBT Historical Society is one of approximately 30 LGBT archives in the United States—and is among the handful of such organizations to benefit from a paid staff and to function as a full-fledged center for exhibitions, programming, research, and production of oral histories. It is recognized by the Internal Revenue Service as a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) educational association and is registered with the State of California as a nonprofit corporation.
The archives, reading room and administrative offices of the GLBT Historical Society are located at 989 Market St., Lower Level, in San Francisco's Mid-Market district. The GLBT Historical Society Museum, which serves as a separate center for exhibitions and programs, is located at 4127 18th St. in the city's Castro neighborhood.
Organizational history
Founding
The main gallery at the GLBT Historical Society headquarters at 657 Mission St., San Francisco; opening of the "Polk Street: Lives in Transition" exhibition, curated by Joey Plaster (Jan. 16, 2009).
The roots of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Historical Society extend to the early 1980s, when Willie Walker and Greg Pennington met and discovered that they shared an interest in gay and lesbian history. They joined forces to pool their personal collections of gay and lesbian periodicals, dubbing the ad hoc initiative the San Francisco Gay Periodical Archive.
At the same time, Walker was involved in a private study group, the San Francisco Lesbian and Gay History Project; among its members were a number of individuals who would go on to make major cultural contributions, including historians Allan Bérubé and Estelle Freedman, independent scholar Jeffrey Escoffier, author and community organizer Amber Hollibaugh, and anthropologist and queer theorist Gayle Rubin.
Each member of the Lesbian and Gay History Project was asked to develop a major project for presentation to the group; as his contribution, Walker produced a proposal for a historical society to preserve the records of Bay Area gay and lesbian history and to make this history available to the community. Walker presented the concept at the History Project meeting on Sept. 5, 1984, and with encouragement from the project, Walker, Pennington, project member Eric Garber and several others held five working meetings before deciding that the plan would require a much larger and more diverse organizing group.
According to the GLBT Historical Society newsletter, "With this in mind, Walker sent a letter to 160 organizations and 100 individuals inviting them to what turned out to be the pivotal meeting at the San Francisco Public Library on March 16, 1985. There were 63 people at the library that Saturday afternoon. 'We made the decision that everyone at the meeting was a member,' Pennington remembers. 'And we chose the name, the San Francisco Bay Area Gay and Lesbian Historical Society. On May 18, we held a public membership meeting to adopt the bylaws and elect the first board of directors.'"
Name changes
Over the course of its history, the Historical Society has renamed itself twice to better reflect the scope of its holdings and the range of identities and practices represented in its collections and programs. Founded as the San Francisco Bay Area Gay and Lesbian Historical Society in 1985, the organization became the Gay and Lesbian Historical Society of Northern California in 1990, thus clarifying the geographical reach of its primary collections. In 1999, the organization changed its name for the second time, becoming the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Historical Society in response to concerns raised by bisexual and transgender community members and their allies and to more clearly state the inclusive mission the society had pursued since it was founded. In everyday usage, the institution generally employs a short form of its name: the GLBT Historical Society.
Locations
The archival collections of the Historical Society initially were housed in the living room of Walker's apartment at 3823 17th St. in San Francisco. In 1990, the society moved into its own space, in the basement of the Redstone Building on 16th Street near South Van Ness — a building which also housed the gay and lesbian theater company Theater Rhinoceros. The collections grew constantly, and by 1995 the Historical Society moved into a 3,700-square-foot (340 m2) space on the fourth floor of 973 Market St.
The society moved again in 2003 to a location on the third floor of a building at 657 Mission St. that also housed other cultural institutions: the Cartoon Art Museum, San Francisco Camerawork and the Catharine Clark Gallery. The 6,600-square-foot (610 m2) space included two dedicated exhibition galleries, a reading room, a large reserve for the archival collections, and several offices for staff and volunteers. The society regularly used one of the galleries for presentation of history talks and panel discussions, many of which were videotaped for posting on the Web. In November 2010, in anticipation of the opening of its new GLBT History Museum, the society closed its galleries and program space at 657 Mission St., while maintaining its archives, reading room and administrative offices at that location.
At the end of May 2016, the GLBT Historical Society closed its archives at 657 Mission St. in preparation for a move to an expanded space with improved facilities for researchers and staff at 989 Market St. in San Francisco. The archives reopened at the end of June 2016 at the new location, which offers 6,500-square-foot (600 m2) devoted to archival and office space.
Executive directors
The Historical Society has had six executive directors during the course of its history. The organization was run directly by the Board of Directors from 1985 to 1998. In 1998, the board hired the first paid executive director, Susan Stryker, Ph.D. Stryker was succeeded in 2003 by an acting interim executive director, Daniel Bao, who served until the board hired Terence Kissack, Ph.D., in 2004. Kissack served until the end of 2006. Paul Boneberg took over the post at the beginning of January 2007, serving until May 2015. An acting executive director, Daryl Carr, then headed the society on an interim basis.
The institution's board of directors appointed Terry Beswick as the permanent executive director starting February 2, 2016; Beswick's experience included nonprofit leadership, fundraising, government affairs and activism.
Beswick served for five-and-a-half years including successfully leading the institution through the coronavirus pandemic lockdown. He resigned effective September 15, 2021, to take the post of executive director at the Golden Gate Business Association. Beswick was replaced by two interim acting executive directors: Kelsi Evans, the society's director of archives and special collections, and Andrew Shaffer, the director of development and communications.
The board of the Historical Society appointed Roberto Ordeñana as the new executive director in October 2022. Ordeñana came to the society from his previous position as deputy executive director of the San Francisco LGBT Community Center and as president of the San Francisco Arts Commission.
Pop-up museum (2008–2009)
From November 2008 through October 2009, the GLBT Historical Society sponsored a pop-up museum in the Castro District at the corner of 18th and Castro streets; the space featured an exhibition, "Passionate Struggle: Dynamics of San Francisco's GLBT History" Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine, that traced more than a century of the city's LGBT history using documents and artifacts from the society's collections. The exhibition was curated by Don Romesburg, assistant professor of women's and gender studies at Sonoma State University, and Amy Sueyoshi, associate professor of race and resistance studies and sexuality studies at San Francisco State University, with assistance from a curatorial committee of academics and independent scholars.
Among the objects displayed were a preliminary study for the MaestraPeace mural on the façade of the San Francisco Women's Building, the sewing machine used by designer Gilbert Baker to create the first rainbow flag, and the suit worn by openly gay San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk when he was assassinated on Nov. 27, 1978. Approximately 25,000 people from throughout the United States and around the world visited the exhibition during its 11-month run.
Archival holdings
The GLBT Historical Society is home to one of the largest LGBT historical archives in the United States, with more than 500 manuscript collections and nearly 200 non-manuscript collections; 70 linear feet of ephemera; approximately 4,000 periodical titles; approximately 80,000 photographs; approximately 3,000 imprinted T-shirts; approximately 5,000 posters; nearly 500 oral histories; approximately 1,000 hours of recorded sound; and approximately 1,000 hours of film and video. The archives also has extensive holdings of historic textiles, works of fine and graphic arts, and artifacts.
Among the noteworthy manuscript collections are more than 200 boxes of material donated by early lesbian activists Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon. Lyon and Martin were cofounders of the Daughters of Bilitis, the first lesbian organization in the United States, and their papers at the society include the complete surviving office records of the organization.
The society's holdings also include a substantial group of administrative records from the Mattachine Society, the first enduring homosexual rights organization in the United States. The records form part of the papers of Donald S. Lucas, who served as secretary of the Mattachine Society during much of its history. In addition, the society's archives house the records of José Sarria, who as a candidate in the race for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1961 was the first openly gay person known to have run for elected office anywhere in the world.
The society likewise holds numerous manuscript collections documenting the history of transgender individuals and movements in Northern California, including the complete papers of Lou Sullivan, founder of the pioneering female-to-male transsexual organization FTM International. Holdings focused on the history of bisexuality include the typescript and research files for "Bisexuality and Androgyny: An Analysis," the 1975 master's thesis in psychology by Maggi Rubenstein, cofounder of San Francisco Sex Information and the San Francisco Bisexual Center.
The GLBT Historical Society's artifacts collection includes the personal effects of Harvey Milk, the first openly gay elected official in California. Milk's executors preserved a significant selection of his belongings after he was assassinated in 1978; they ultimately were inherited by the mother of Milk's former partner, Scott Smith, who donated them to the GLBT Historical Society. The collection includes everyday objects such the battered, gold-painted kitchen table from Milk's apartment and several antique cameras that had been displayed at Castro Camera, his shop in San Francisco's Castro District. The collection also includes the suit, shirt, belt and shoes Milk was wearing when he was shot to death by assassin Dan White.
Searchable catalogs of the society's manuscript collections, periodicals holdings and oral histories are available on the institution's website, and complete finding aids for the ephemera collections and many of the manuscript collections are available through the Online Archive of California (a project of the California Digital Library).
The "Passionate Struggle" exhibition at the GLBT Historical Society's temporary museum in the Castro neighborhood (Feb. 7, 2009).
Periodical publications
From June 1985 through November 2007, the GLBT Historical Society published 50 issues of a print newsletter. Produced at various points in its run as a bimonthly, a quarterly and an irregularly issued periodical, the publication appeared under several titles: San Francisco Bay Area Gay and Lesbian Historical Society Newsletter, Newsletter of the Gay and Lesbian Historical Society of Northern California, Our Stories and It's About Time.
In February 2008, the print newsletter was succeeded by an ongoing electronic newsletter, History Happens, published monthly until 2014, then bimonthly, before returning to a monthly schedule in late 2015. Links to the current issue and several years of back issues are available on the GLBT Historical Society website. In addition, the society published three issues of a twice-yearly print journal, Fabulas, which appeared in 2008–2009.
GLBT Historical Society Museum
The GLBT History Museum in San Francisco on the evening that it opened for previews, Dec 10, 2010.
On Dec. 10, 2010, the GLBT Historical Society opened its GLBT History Museum in the Castro District for previews. The society slightly modified the name of the space in November 2018, redubbing it the GLBT Historical Society Museum.
Located in a storefront at 4127 18th St. near Castro Street, the 1,600-square-foot (150 m2) space houses two historical galleries with room for public programs, a small museum shop and a reception area. The institution is believed to be the second full-scale, stand-alone GLBT history museum in the world, following the Schwules Museum in Berlin, which opened in 1985.
The society signed an initial five-year lease for the space in late 2010; the extensive build-out of the museum, along with a significant discount on the monthly rent, was donated by Walgreen Company, which holds the primary lease and uses about one-quarter of the storefront as an extension for operations of its adjacent satellite pharmacy. In March 2015, the society renewed the lease for a second five-year term.
Grand opening
The grand opening of the museum took place on the evening of Jan. 13, 2011. The newly appointed interim mayor of San Francisco, Edwin M. Lee, cut a rainbow ribbon to officially inaugurate the museum; in addition, he presented a proclamation declaring the date "GLBT History Museum Day" in San Francisco. It was Lee's first appearance as mayor at a public event. Also in attendance was Scott Wiener, newly elected as the member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors for the district including the Castro neighborhood—the seat once held by Harvey Milk—as well as openly gay Supervisor David Campos, who represents the neighboring Mission District. Other guests included pioneering lesbian activist Phyllis Lyon, novelist Armistead Maupin, photographer Daniel Nicoletta, former supervisor and then mayoral candidate Bevan Dufty, and noted drag personality Donna Sachet.
The launch of the institution drew extraordinary media attention from across the United States and around the world. Thousands of newspapers, magazines, television and radio broadcasts, blogs and other outlets in at least 75 countries and 38 languages covered the opening. U.S. media that ran stories include the Huffington Post, the Washington Post, CNN en Español, MSNBC and CBS Radio. Outside the United States, coverage included national television in Italy and Spain; radio in Belgium, Columbia and Venezuela; and newspapers and magazines such as Emarat Al Youm (United Arab Emirates), Reforma (Mexico), Tempo (Indonesia), the South China Morning Post, The Times of India and Večernji list (Croatia). Links to a sampling of stories on the museum along with the full media report are available on the museum website.
Debut exhibitions
Pantsuits worn by Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon to their weddings in San Francisco in 2004 and 2008; on display at the GLBT History Museum.
The GLBT History Museum debuted with two multimedia exhibitions. In the larger main gallery, "Our Vast Queer Past: Celebrating San Francisco's GLBT History" traced more than 20 key themes in the past 100 years of the history of LGBT people and communities in San Francisco and the Bay Area. Curated by historians Gerard Koskovich, Don Romesburg and Amy Sueyoshi with help from seven associate curators, the show included more than 450 objects, photographs, documents, costumes, and film and video clips. All the materials were from the society's collections, and most had never before been displayed.
Among the items in the exhibition were the 1919 honorable discharge of gay novelist Clarkson Crane, who served in World War I; the only known photograph of gay men held in the camps that the United States created for the Japanese-American internment during World War II; documents reflecting the life of female-to-male transsexual organizer and author Lou Sullivan (1950–1991); an extravagant 1983 gown worn by San Francisco drag personality the Baroness Eugenia von Dieckoff (1920–1988); and photographs, flyers and T-shirts from the lesbian sex wars of the 1980s-1990s.
In the smaller front gallery, "Great Collections From the GLBT Historical Society Archives," curated by Historical Society Executive Director Paul Boneberg, offered an introduction to the kinds of materials collected by the society. Among the items on display were a distinctive example of the society's collection of textiles: the pantsuits that Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon wore to their wedding during San Francisco's "Winter of Love" in 2004 and again in 2008 when they became the first couple to wed during the brief period when the state's high court legalized same-sex marriage in California. On exhibit as examples of the society's artifacts collections were personal belongings of Harvey Milk. In addition, the show included examples from the society's collections of ephemera; posters; periodicals; photographs; oral history interviews; and film, video and recorded sound.
Changing exhibitions
Visitors viewing "Life and Death in Black and White: AIDS Direct Action in San Francisco, 1985–1990" in the Front Gallery of The GLBT History Museum (March 2012).
The debut show in the front gallery of the museum closed at the end of February 2012; the museum then launched a program of periodically changing exhibitions in the space.
The first of these shows opened in early March 2012: "Life and Death in Black and White: AIDS Direct Action in San Francisco, 1985–1990." The exhibition focused on the work of five photographers—Jane Philomen Cleland, Patrick Clifton, Marc Geller, Rick Gerharter and Daniel Nicoletta—who used the medium of black-and-white film to document the emergence of militant protests in response to the AIDS epidemic in San Francisco.
The Bay Area Reporter characterized the show as "a concise, laser-focused exhibition ... of 17 carefully selected black-and-white photographs," adding that it "distills the tenor of those times and provides a microcosm of what was at stake as the federal government, either out of obliviousness, callousness, prejudice or a combination of all three, turned a blind eye and deaf ear to the proliferation and devastating impact of the disease."
The Huffington Post review noted that "the exhibition highlights the pain, the rage and the bravery involved in the fight for AIDS awareness. The crisp and clean black and white photos bring a feeling of control and simplicity to a time of chaos, when an unnamed disease targeted half of the city's gay men and government agencies seemed incapable of listening. Yet in the darkest times come the brightest inspirations, as thousands of San Franciscans rose to the challenge and fought for their voices to be heard.
The striking images capture protestors, students and policemen, chanting, fighting, and just living their lives. In a way it is hard to believe these photos were taken so recently, from 1985-1990. And yet the photographs are good reminders of the fights we are still facing today, from marriage equality to the Occupy movement. These activists showed that civil disobedience can impact political outcomes."
In addition to the larger shows in its main and front galleries, The GLBT Historical Society Museum mounts temporary exhibits displayed for approximately one month each, most consisting of a single display case devoted to a timely topic or significant anniversary in San Francisco LGBT history. Eight such temporary exhibits took place during 2011.
Group tours
As part of its educational mission, The GLBT Historical Society Museum offers group tours led by trained volunteer docents and occasionally by the exhibition curators. According to the museum home page, any group of 10 or more people may book a guided tour by making an appointment at least two weeks in advance.
The tours have been especially popular with professors and teachers who bring their classes and with student organizations including gay–straight alliance groups from junior high schools and high schools. In its first 18 months of operation, the museum reported that it had given guided tours for more than 50 classes and student groups, including the GSA from Aragon High School in San Mateo, California; classes from San Francisco State University; students from the San Francisco Police Academy; and Japanese medical students.
Funding
Funding for the museum has come from presenting sponsor Levi's (Levi Strauss & Co.); the City and County of San Francisco; Starbucks; the Bob Ross Foundation; neighborhood merchants such as Badlands, Harvey's restaurant and bar, and Toad Hall; and numerous individual donors.
Hours and admission
The GLBT Historical Society Museum is open Tuesday through Sunday, 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. General admission is $10.00. Discounted admission of $6.00 is offered to youth (ages 13–17); seniors (age 65 and over); students and teachers (with ID); active-duty military service members (with ID); and people with disabilities. Admission is free for members of the GLBT Historical Society. On Saturdays, admission is free for all visitors courtesy of a sponsorship by the Bob Ross Foundation.
Vision 2020 "New Museum" campaign
In June 2016, the GLBT Historical Society announced a long-term initiative to build a "new museum of LGBTQ history and culture"—a world-class center for LGBT public history projected for completion in the coming decade; the center would include expanded galleries and archives, new spaces for hosting public programs and researchers, and other enhanced facilities.
The organization launched the campaign, dubbed Vision 2020, with fundraising for capacity building. Early in 2017, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed a resolution "calling on municipal authorities, philanthropists and business leaders to support the GLBT Historical Society's efforts to develop a new LGBTQ museum and public history center in the city. Supervisor Jeff Sheehy introduced the resolution, which was cosponsored by Supervisor Jane Kim. The board voted unanimously in favor of the resolution."
Scholarly and professional interest
With its record of more than 35 years as an internationally recognized center for LGBT public-history initiatives, the GLBT Historical Society itself has increasingly attracted attention from scholars and other professionals in LGBT studies, sexuality studies, museum studies, library and information science, and other fields.
Among the books and reports that analyze its work are Jennifer Tyburczy's Sex Museums: The Politics and Performance of Display (2016); Museums and LGBTQ: An Analysis of How Museums and Other Exhibitors Can Highlight Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Perspectives (2016); Out of the Closet, Into the Archives: Researching Sexual Histories (2015), edited by Amy L. Stone and Jaime Cantrell; and Educational Programs: Innovative Practices for Archives and Special Collections (2015), edited by Kate Theimer.
A number of graduate research projects also have addressed the history and activities of the Historical Society. Doctoral dissertations include Diana Wakimoto's "Queer Community Archives in California Since 1950" (2012) and Kelly Jacob Rawson's "Archiving Transgender: Affects, Logics and the Power of Queer History" (2010). Master's theses include Renaud Chantraine's "La Patrimonialisation des traces des minorités sexuelles: étude de cas" (2014), Amanda Kreklau's "Collections Conundrums: Considering the First Major GLBT Museum" (2009) and Sue Weller's "Homeworks Art Museum" (2003).
In addition, numerous articles about the society have been published in peer-reviewed scholarly journals; these include Martin Meeker's "Archives Review: The Gay and Lesbian Historical Society of Northern California"; Don Romesburg's "Presenting the Queer Past: A Case for the GLBT History Museum"; and Gerard Koskovich's "Displaying the Queer Past: Purposes, Publics and Possibilities at the GLBT History Museum."
Associated projects
To expand public access to its archival holdings and historical programs, the GLBT Historical Society has sponsored a number of associated projects:
In 1991, in partnership with the University of California, Berkeley, the society published a microfilm edition of a broad selection of scarce newsletters, magazines and newspapers from its periodicals collection.
In 1999, the society launched an annual series of exhibitions known as "Making a Case for Community History." Under the guidance of exhibitions coordinator Paul Gabriel, the project brought together advisory groups from diverse LGBT communities and organizations in San Francisco to curate historical displays sponsored by the society in a variety of public spaces during San Francisco Pride celebrations in June. The first "Making a Case" exhibition was shown in the mezzanine of the Castro Theatre during the International LGBT Film Festival (Frameline) in the last two weeks of June 1999, then in a tent pavilion on the lawn in front of City Hall in San Francisco Civic Center on the Saturday and Sunday of the Pride festival. The exhibition included separate cases representing Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders; African Americans; Latinos/as ; bears ; the transgender community; and the leather subculture and SM community. Subsequent "Making a Case" exhibitions were mounted in 2000 and 2001.
In 2004 and 2005, further microfilm editions of the society's periodicals holdings were published by Primary Source Media, an imprint of the Gale educational publishing house.
In 2006, the society created its own YouTube channel for the purpose of disseminating film and video from its holdings, as well as videos of its historical programs. Among the materials posted are films from the Harold O'Neal collection of home movies documenting Bay Area gay life from the late 1930s through the mid-1980s.
In 2008, the society established a regularly updated page on Facebook. More than 34,400 people had liked the page by December 2020.
In 2009, the society launched an online searchable database of the obituaries and death notices that have appeared in the leading San Francisco LGBT weekly, the Bay Area Reporter, starting with the first such article published in the newspaper in 1972; many of the obituaries reflect the catastrophic toll of the AIDS epidemic in San Francisco from the early 1980s through the late 1990s. The society regularly updates the site to include newly published obituaries from the BAR; as of January 2016, the database included more than 11,000 listings.
In 2010, the society launched a project to create and post online digital files from its holdings of recorded sound; dubbed the "Gayback Machine", the initiative debuted with recordings of more than 250 hours of content from weekly Bay Area gay radio programs produced by journalist Randy Alfred from 1973 to 1984.
In November 2013, the society launched a historic preservation project funded by the Historic Preservation Fund Committee of the City and County of San Francisco to document sites associated with gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender history in San Francisco. The project was completed in 2015 with production of a nearly 400-page report, "Citywide Historic Context Statement for LGBTQ History in San Francisco," authored by Donna J. Graves and Shayne E. Watson. The San Francisco Historic Preservation Commission voted to approve the document as a formally recognized historic context statement at its meeting on Nov. 18, 2015.
In 2016, academic publisher Gale Cengage produced a digital edition of selected archival and periodical holdings from the archives of the GLBT Historical Society. The content is offered via subscription to university and public libraries.
In June 2017, the society launched the San Francisco ACT UP Oral History project "to chronicle, preserve and share the history of ACT UP/San Francisco and other AIDS direct-action groups in the city." Funded by California Humanities, an agency of the State of California, the project collected oral histories with veterans of ACT UP/San Francisco and other local AIDS activist groups to be permanently archived by the GLBT Historical Society. Founded and directed by public historian Joey Plaster and subsequently directed by Eric Sneathen, the project was completed in 2020 with 23 in-depth video oral histories posted free online.
In January 2018, the GLBT Historical Society publicly launched its online archive of back issues of the Bay Area Reporter, an LGBT newspaper published weekly in San Francisco since 1971. The society holds the most complete run of the periodical. With funding from the Bob Ross Foundation, it digitized the full contents from 1971 through 2005 and made them available free online.
Awards, honors and media recognition
The GLBT Historical Society — and since 2011, its GLBT Historical Socidty Museum — have received numerous awards and honors. Following is a small sample:
The GLBT Historical Society is voted "Best Local Nonprofit" in the 2010 "Best of the Bay" readers poll conducted by the San Francisco Bay Guardian, a weekly alternative newspaper published in San Francisco.
The GLBT Historical Society is granted the 2010 Community Service Award of the Alice B. Toklas LGBT Democratic Club of San Francisco.
The GLBT Historical Society and the GLBT History Museum are elected Local Organizational Grand Marshal of the 2011 San Francisco LGBT Pride Parade and Celebration (San Francisco Pride). The parade took place on June 26, 2011; Historical Society board chairs Andrew Jolivette and Amy Sueyoshi rode in a 1940 black Cadillac provided by the Freewheelers car club; approximately two dozen society and museum volunteers and supporters marched behind the car carrying a banner for the museum.
The GLBT History Museum is honored by the editors for "Best Queer Exhibitionism" in the "City Living" section of the 2011 "Best of the Bay" issue of the San Francisco Bay Guardian: "The first of its kind in the U.S., the sleek storefront gallery may be small, but it packs a huge emotional and educational punch.... The museum's lavender arsenal has ripped the lid off the often-obscured queer past, and attracted tens of thousands of curious visitors (Britney Spears among them)."
Lugares, a nationally distributed travel magazine in Argentina, lists The GLBT History Museum as one of its "hot spots of San Francisco" in an article posted online in July 2011.
CNN features The GLBT History Museum in its August 2012 "Best of San Francisco" coverage, characterizing the museum as "an intimate, handcrafted experience located in San Francisco's historically gay neighborhood, The Castro."
The San Francisco Weekly names The GLBT History Museum one of San Francisco's "Top 10 Offbeat Museums" in its Sept. 20, 2012, issue.
HuffPost lists the GLBT Historical Society as one of "the best LGBT history archives in the U.S." in a feature posted on Oct. 23, 2012.
The online magazine Queerty and sister site GayCities.com list The GLBT History Museum as one of "49 reasons to love San Francisco" in July 2013.
Out Traveler magazine names The GLBT History Museum to its list of the five "best social justice museums" in the United States in July 2013.
Qantas Spirit of Australia, the in-flight magazine of Qantas Airlines, recommends a visit to The GLBT History Museum as part of "One Perfect Day in San Francisco" in its December 2015 issue.
San Francisco Travel includes the GLBT History Museum in its "ultimate super to-do list" of the top-50 San Francisco attractions published in conjunction with Super Bowl 50, held in the Bay Area in February 2016.
GZone Magazine, the first LGBT magazine launched in Turkey, names the GLBT History Museum one of the "best LGBT-themed museums in the world" in its March 2016 issue.
SFist (the San Francisco edition of the international online media firm Gothamist) declares the GLBT History Museum one of the "10 coolest niche museums in San Francisco" in a feature published on October 13, 2016.
The GLBT Historical Society is voted "Best Nonprofit" in the 2017 "LGBTQ Best of the Bay" readers poll—also known as the Besties—conducted by the Bay Area Reporter, a long-running weekly LGBTQ newspaper published in San Francisco.
In a June 2017 online feature, Time Out names the GLBT History Museum one of the 13 "best San Francisco museums," acknowledging the institution for its role "as a home for collecting, preserving and telling the story of the struggles and achievements of the gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender community."
In December 2020, the San Francisco online culture magazine The Bold Italic names "50 Years of Pride," an exhibition of historic photographs by the GLBT Historical Society Museum, as "the Bay's best virtual art exhibit in 2020."
See also
LGBT portal
Timeline of LGBT history
LGBT culture in San Francisco
IHLIA LGBT Heritage in Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Notes
^ a b GLBT Historical Society (2011-02-22). "Worldwide Media Coverage of San Francisco's GLBT History Museum." Archived 2013-09-07 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2011-02-23.
^ a b Museums and LGBTQ: An Analysis of How Museums and Other Exhibitors Can Highlight Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Perspectives, Stockholm, Sweden: Rikstutställningar/Swedish Exhibition Agency, 2016, archived from the original on 2016-12-24, retrieved 2016-12-23
^ Koskovich, Gerard (2011-01-11), "First GLBT History Museum in the United States opens in San Francisco's Castro district" Archived January 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine; posted on Dot429.com; retrieved 2011-01-14.
^ a b Marech, Rona (2005-01-29). "Treasure trove of gay and lesbian artifacts: 'Queer Smithsonian' in S.F. celebrates its 20th anniversary". San Francisco Chronicle. p. A-1. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
^ Koskovich, Gerard (2008). "Libraries and archives". In Hawley, John (ed.). LGBTQ America Today: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 684–691. ISBN 978-0-313-33992-9.
^ a b c Due, Linnea (August–September 2015). "Looking back at Our Founding 30 Years Ago". History Happens. Retrieved 2020-02-10.
^ a b c d Wakimoto, Diana Kiyo (2012). Queer Community Archives in California Since 1950 (Brisbane, Australia: Queensland University of Technology; Ph.D. dissertation in information systems), chapter 5, "'There Really Is a Sense That This Is Our Space': The History of the GLBT Historical Society." Retrieved 2012-08-18.
^ a b c Koskovich, Gérard (2006). "La GLBT Historical Society de San Francisco". Triangul'ère. pp. 48–63.
^ a b c d e f "GLBT Historical Society 20th anniversary gala" , GLBT Historical Society, (September 29, 2005).
^ Meeker, Martin (1999). "Archives review: The Gay and Lesbian Historical Society of Northern California". Journal of Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Identity. 4 (2): 197–205.
^ Stryker, Susan (Spring 1998). "What's in a name?". Our Stories: Newsletter of the GLBT Historical Society.
^ Stryker, Susan (Spring 2000). "Executive director's report". Our Stories: Newsletter of the GLBT Historical Society.
^ The exact address is noted in the administrative files of the GLBT Historical Society; see GLHS Records, carton 1, folder: "Pre-GLHS Collections of Greg Pennington & Bill Walker."
^ "LAGAR Newsletter: Gay, Lesbian Historical Society of Northern California". Society of American Archivists. December 1999. Archived from the original on 2008-06-23. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
^ "Historical society gets new archive space". Bay Area Reporter. 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2016-05-09.
^ "Fond farewell from society board". Bay Area Reporter. 2007-01-25. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
^ Bajko, Matthew S. (2010-04-01). "History a passion, not profession, for new historical society director". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
^ GLBT Historical Society, "GLBT Historical Society announces new direction for its archives and museum"; media release. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
^ GLBT Historical Society, "Dear friends and history lovers"; e-mail announcement. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
^ Hemmelgarn, Seth (2016-01-21). "GLBT Historical Society gets new ED". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
^ Ferrannini, John (2021-09-17). "Beswick hired to lead Bay Area LGBTQ business association". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
^ GLBT Historical Society (September 14, 2021). "Announcement of resignation"; media release; retrieved 2021-09-14.
^ Burkett, Eric (2022-10-03). "San Francisco GLBT Historical Society names new ED". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
^ Romesburg, Don, and Amy Sueyoshi (2008-Winter). "Passionate Struggle: Dynamics of San Francisco's GLBT History" (exhibition catalog); published in Fabulas: The Journal of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Historical Society: pp. 1-17.
^ Bajko, Matthew (2008-12-04). "Gay history museum opens in Castro". Bay Area Reporter.
^ Amster, Joseph (2009-10-15). "A successful first year for Passionate Struggle exhibit". San Francisco Bay Times. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
^ GLBT Historical Society (2012-06). "The GLBT Historical Society Archives in 2012" (one-page fact sheet); retrieved 2012-06-25.
^ GLBT Historical Society. "Guide to the Phyllis Lyon and Del Martin Papers, 1924–2000 (Collection No. 1993-13)"; Online Archive of California; retrieved 2011-09-30.
^ GLBT Historical Society. "Guide to the Donald Stewart Lucas Papers, 1941–1998 (Collection No. 1997-25)"; Online Archive of California; retrieved 2011-09-30.
^ Coe, Alexis (2013-03-31). "Recent acquisitions: Gay icon, performer and "empress" José Sarria". San Francisco Weekly.
^ GLBT Historical Society."Guide to the Louis Graydon Sullivan Papers, 1755–1991 (bulk 1961–1991) (Collection No. 1991-07)"; Online Archive of California; retrieved 2011-10-17.
^ GLBT Historical Society, Maggi Rubenstein Papers (Collection No. 2000-68); see the searchable online catalog of the society's archival collections.
^ Gordon, Larry (2008-11-30). "On film and in exhibits, a full picture of Milk". Los Angeles Times.
^ See the listings under San Francisco Bay Area Gay & Lesbian Historical Society Newsletter in the online periodicals catalog of the GLBT Historical Society.
^ "This Month in History Happens" Archived 2017-12-10 at the Wayback Machine, website of the GLBT Historical Society; accessed 2017-12-10.
^ GLBT Historical Society Media Release (2018-11-06). "December history programs highlight book culture of the 1970s-1980s, queer artist Rex Ray" Archived 2018-12-16 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2018-12-15.
^ GLBT Historical Society Media Release (2011-01-12). "First GLBT History Museum in the United States announces grand opening for January 13." Archived 2012-03-17 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2011-01-23.
^ Bajko, Matthew S. (2010-04-01). "Walgreens signs lease with Historical Society". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ Bajko, Matthew S. (2015-03-05). "Castro LGBT museum renews lease". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
^ McMillan, Dennis (2011-01-20). "Grand opening of first GLBT museum draws hundreds". San Francisco Bay Times. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
^ Gutterman, Lauren Jae (2012-01-12). "AHA 2012: The Pleasures and Perils of LGBTQ Public History" Archived 2012-07-24 at the Wayback Machine; website of the Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender History; retrieved 2012-02-27.
^ "The GLBT History Museum Attracts Worldwide Media" Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine; website of the GLBT Historical Society; retrieved 2011-10-06.
^ Koskovich, Gerard (2011-01-11). "First GLBT History Museum in the United States opens in San Francisco's Castro district" Archived 2011-01-16 at the Wayback Machine; posted on Dot429.com; retrieved 2011-01-14.
^ Ming, Dan (2010-09-13). "Visit the nation's first queer museum". Bay Citizen Blog. Archived from the original on 2011-01-16. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
^ Bajko, Matthew S. (2010-12-09). "Castro LGBT museum reopens". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
^ GLBT Historical Society Media Release (2012-02-29). "New photography exhibition at GLBT History Museum focuses on history of AIDS activism". Retrieved 2012-03-02.
^ Wood, Sura (2012-03-21). "Rhapsody in AIDS activism: New exhibit at the GLBT History Museum explores our past". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
^ "'Life and Death in Black and White: AIDS Direct Action in San Francisco' at The GLBT History Museum". Huffington Post. 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
^ GLBT Historical Society (2011-12). "The GLBT Historical Society & GLBT History Museum in 2011" Archived 2012-02-01 at the Wayback Machine; four-page PDF posted on the website of the GLBT Historical Society. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
^ GLBT Historical Society. "About the GLBT History Museum" Archived 2015-09-13 at the Wayback Machine; GLBT Historical Society website. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
^ "Back to School: September Kicks Off New Season of Docent Tours for Student Groups". History Happens. September 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
^ See the list of sponsors and donors on the museum home page.
^ Bajko, Matthew (2012-06-14). "Political Notes: Starbucks, bank encounter hurdles for Castro stores". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
^ "About: Thanks to our community," website of Harvey's Restaurant and Bar (San Francisco). Retrieved 2012-09-02.
^ GLBT Historical Society, "About the Museum"; GLBT Historical Society website. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
^ Beswick, Terry (2016-06-09). "A museum to make us proud". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
^ "San Francisco Board of Supervisors approves resolution of support for new LGBTQ museum". GLBT Historical Society. Open Publishing. 2017-02-01. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
^ Tyburczy, Jennifer (2016), Sex Museums: The Politics and Performance of Display, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
^ Stone, Amy L.; Cantrell, Jaime, eds. (2015), Out of the Closet, Into the Archives: Researching Sexual Histories, Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press.
^ Theimer, Kate, ed. (2015), Educational Programs: Innovative Practices for Archives and Special Collections, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
^ Wakimoto, Diana (2012). Queer Community Archives in California Since 1950 (Ph.D. thesis). Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
^ Rawson, Kelly Jacob (2010). Archiving Transgender: Affects, Logics and the Power of Queer History (Ph.D. thesis). Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.
^ Chantraine, Renaud (2014). La Patrimonialisation des traces des minorités sexuelles: étude de cas (PDF) (M.A. thesis). Ecole du Louvre, Paris, France. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
^ Kreklau, Amanda (2009). Collections Conundrums: Considering the First Major GLBT Museum (M.A. thesis). Brandeis University, Boston, Mass.
^ Weller, Sue (2003). Homeworks Art Museum (M.P.S. thesis). Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N.Y.
^ Meeker, Martin (1999). "Archives Review: The Gay and Lesbian Historical Society of Northern California". Journal of Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Identity. 4 (2): 197–205.
^ Romesburg, Don (2014). "Presenting the Queer Past: A Case for the GLBT History Museum". Radical History Review (120): 131–144. doi:10.1215/01636545-2703769.
^ Koskovich, Gerard (2014). "Displaying the Queer Past: Purposes, Publics and Possibilities at the GLBT History Museum". QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking. 1 (2): 61–78. doi:10.14321/qed.1.2.0061. S2CID 162280312.
^ Walker, Bill (1991). San Francisco Bay Area Gay and Lesbian Serials: A guide to the microfilm collection (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California).
^ Dougan, Michael (1999-06-24). "Gay history on display at Pride parade exhibit moves to Civic Center Plaza". San Francisco Examiner.
^ Gay Rights Movement—Series 8: Gay and lesbian politics and social activism: Selected periodicals and newsletters from the holdings of the GLBT Historical Society (Woodbridge, Conn.: Primary Source Microfilm, 2004), 106 reels; and Gay Rights Movement—Series 9: Gay and lesbian community, support and spirit: Selected newspapers and periodicals from the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Historical Society (Woodbridge, Conn.: Primary Source Microfilm, 2005), 67 reels.
^ "GLBT Historical Society offers archival footage on YouTube". The Advocate. 2006-06-20. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
^ See the page at Facebook.com/GLBTHistory.
^ Hemmelgarn, Seth (2009-11-26). "B.A.R. obituaries go online". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
^ Hemmelgarn, Seth (2012-11-29). "News: Obituary site sees milestone". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
^ Bowers, Keith (2011-04-05). "GLBT History Museum puts radio archives online with its 'Gayback Machine'". San Francisco Weekly: Exhibitionist Blog. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
^ "Four Questions for John Raines: Preserving 75 Years of GLBT Life in Sights and Sounds". History Happens. February 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
^ Bajko, Matthew S. (2013-10-24). "LGBT History Month: Project looks to survey SF's LGBT past". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
^ Graves, Donna J. & Shayne E. Watson (2015). "Citywide Historic Context Statement for LGBTQ History in San Francisco Archived 2015-11-06 at the Wayback Machine" (City and County of San Francisco).
^ "SF preservation panel approves LGBT historic document". Bay Area Reporter. 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2015-12-29.
^ Creuger, Tina (2016-01-27). "Bring all the colors of the rainbow to your collection". Gale Cengage Learning: The Blog. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
^ "San Francisco ACT UP Oral History Project". GLBT Historical Society. The GLBT Historical Society. 2017-06-01. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
^ Sneathen, Eric (2020-12-01). "Action=Life: New Oral History Collection Documents Work of ACT UP in San Francisco". GLBT Historical Society. The GLBT Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
^ Staver, Sari (2016-10-20). "GLBT Historical Society to digitize B.A.R. archive". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
^ Bajko, Matthew S. (2018-01-04). "B.A.R. archives go digital". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
^ "Best of the Bay 2010 readers poll: city living". San Francisco Bay Guardian. 2010-07-27. Retrieved 2011-06-26.
^ Alice B. Toklas Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Democratic Club (2010-10-14). "Alice's 2010 fall awards ceremony: Honoring those who build and protect our community" Archived 2011-10-01 at the Wayback Machine; announcement on club website; accessed 2011-06-26.
^ Hemmelgarn, Seth (2011-04-21). "Diverse group selected as Pride grand marshals". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2011-06-26.
^ "Best of the Bay 2011 editors picks: city living". San Francisco Bay Guardian. 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
^ Manzzinghi, Eugenio (July 2011). "Hot spots de San Francisco". Lugares. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
^ Wright, Andy (2012-08-06). "Insider Guide: Best of San Francisco". CNN Go. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
^ Coe, Alexis (2012-09-20). "San Francisco's Top 10 Offbeat Museums". San Francisco Weekly. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
^ Miner, Phillip (2012-10-23). "A few of the best LGBT history archives in the U.S." Huffington Post. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
^ "Among 49 reasons to love San Francisco is The GLBT History Museum". Queerty. 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
^ Broverman, Neal (2013-07-08). "The Country's Best Social Justice Museums". Out Traveler. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
^ "One Perfect Day in San Francisco". Qantas Spirit of Australia. 2015-12-01.
^ "Always Super: 50 Things to Do in San Francisco," San Francisco Travel (January 2016). Retrieved 2016-01-16.
^ "Galeri: Ziyaret edilmesi şart, en iyi LGBT temali müzele". GZone. 2016-03-19. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
^ Barman, Jay (2016-10-13). "The 10 coolest niche museums in San Francisco". SFist. Archived from the original on 2016-10-16. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
^ Laird, Cynthia (2017-04-26). "Besties: Community: Historical Society is favorite nonprofit". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
^ Wach, Bonnie & Soshi Parks (2017-06-30). "The best San Francisco museums". Time Out. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
^ Charnock, Matt (2020-12-17). "The Bay's Best Virtual Art Exhibit in 2020: '50 Years of Pride'". The Bold Italic. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
External links
GLBT Historical Society: Official website
GLBT Historical Society: YouTube Channel (WARNING: sound)
GLBT Historical Society: Online Database of Bay Area Reporter Obituaries
GLBT Historical Society: Gayback Machine (WARNING: sound)
Online Archive of California: Finding aids to collections at the GLBT Historical Society
Primary Source Media (publisher of microfilm editions of periodicals from the holdings of the GLBT Historical Society)
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the history of LGBT people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_history"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Northern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mr1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swedish-2"},{"link_name":"Schwules Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwules_Museum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfc1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"501(c)(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(3)"},{"link_name":"Castro neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Castro,_San_Francisco"}],"text":"The GLBT Historical Society (Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Historical Society) (formerly Gay and Lesbian Historical Society of Northern California; San Francisco Bay Area Gay and Lesbian Historical Society) maintains an extensive collection of archival materials, artifacts and graphic arts relating to the history of LGBT people in the United States, with a focus on the LGBT communities of San Francisco and Northern California.The society also sponsors the GLBT Historical Society Museum, a stand-alone museum that has attracted international attention.[1] The Swedish Exhibition Agency has cited the institution as one of just \"three established museums dedicated to LGBTQ history in the world\" as of 2016.[2] It is also the first full-scale, stand-alone museum of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender history in the United States (and only the second in the world after the Schwules Museum in Berlin).[3] The grand opening of the museum took place on the evening of January 13, 2011.Referred to as San Francisco's \"queer Smithsonian\",[4] the GLBT Historical Society is one of approximately 30 LGBT archives in the United States—and is among the handful of such organizations to benefit from a paid staff and to function as a full-fledged center for exhibitions, programming, research, and production of oral histories.[5] It is recognized by the Internal Revenue Service as a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) educational association and is registered with the State of California as a nonprofit corporation.The archives, reading room and administrative offices of the GLBT Historical Society are located at 989 Market St., Lower Level, in San Francisco's Mid-Market district. The GLBT Historical Society Museum, which serves as a separate center for exhibitions and programs, is located at 4127 18th St. in the city's Castro neighborhood.","title":"GLBT Historical Society"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organizational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MissionSt.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LinneaDue-6"},{"link_name":"Allan Bérubé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_B%C3%A9rub%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Estelle Freedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estelle_Freedman"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Escoffier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Escoffier"},{"link_name":"Amber Hollibaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Hollibaugh"},{"link_name":"Gayle Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayle_Rubin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wakimoto-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koskovich2-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koskovich2-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LinneaDue-6"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LinneaDue-6"}],"sub_title":"Founding","text":"The main gallery at the GLBT Historical Society headquarters at 657 Mission St., San Francisco; opening of the \"Polk Street: Lives in Transition\" exhibition, curated by Joey Plaster (Jan. 16, 2009).The roots of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Historical Society extend to the early 1980s, when Willie Walker and Greg Pennington met and discovered that they shared an interest in gay and lesbian history. They joined forces to pool their personal collections of gay and lesbian periodicals, dubbing the ad hoc initiative the San Francisco Gay Periodical Archive.[6]At the same time, Walker was involved in a private study group, the San Francisco Lesbian and Gay History Project; among its members were a number of individuals who would go on to make major cultural contributions, including historians Allan Bérubé and Estelle Freedman, independent scholar Jeffrey Escoffier, author and community organizer Amber Hollibaugh, and anthropologist and queer theorist Gayle Rubin.[7][8]Each member of the Lesbian and Gay History Project was asked to develop a major project for presentation to the group; as his contribution, Walker produced a proposal for a historical society to preserve the records of Bay Area gay and lesbian history and to make this history available to the community.[8] Walker presented the concept at the History Project meeting on Sept. 5, 1984, and with encouragement from the project, Walker, Pennington, project member Eric Garber and several others held five working meetings before deciding that the plan would require a much larger and more diverse organizing group.[6]According to the GLBT Historical Society newsletter, \"With this in mind, Walker sent a letter to 160 organizations and 100 individuals inviting them to what turned out to be the pivotal meeting at the San Francisco Public Library on March 16, 1985. There were 63 people at the library that Saturday afternoon. 'We made the decision that everyone at the meeting was a member,' Pennington remembers. 'And we chose the name, the San Francisco Bay Area Gay and Lesbian Historical Society. On May 18, we held a public membership meeting to adopt the bylaws and elect the first board of directors.'\"[6]","title":"Organizational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wakimoto-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prog20-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Name changes","text":"Over the course of its history, the Historical Society has renamed itself twice to better reflect the scope of its holdings and the range of identities and practices represented in its collections and programs. Founded as the San Francisco Bay Area Gay and Lesbian Historical Society in 1985, the organization became the Gay and Lesbian Historical Society of Northern California in 1990, thus clarifying the geographical reach of its primary collections.[7][9] In 1999, the organization changed its name for the second time, becoming the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Historical Society in response to concerns raised by bisexual and transgender community members and their allies and to more clearly state the inclusive mission the society had pursued since it was founded.[10][11][12] In everyday usage, the institution generally employs a short form of its name: the GLBT Historical Society.","title":"Organizational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wakimoto-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prog20-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Redstone Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstone_Building"},{"link_name":"Theater Rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prog20-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wakimoto-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lagar_newsletter:_Gay,_Lesbian_Historical-14"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Catharine Clark Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharine_Clark_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prog20-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Locations","text":"The archival collections of the Historical Society initially were housed in the living room of Walker's apartment at 3823 17th St. in San Francisco.[7][9][13] In 1990, the society moved into its own space, in the basement of the Redstone Building on 16th Street near South Van Ness — a building which also housed the gay and lesbian theater company Theater Rhinoceros.[9] The collections grew constantly, and by 1995 the Historical Society moved into a 3,700-square-foot (340 m2) space on the fourth floor of 973 Market St.[7][14]The society moved again in 2003 to a location on the third floor of a building at 657 Mission St. that also housed other cultural institutions: the Cartoon Art Museum, San Francisco Camerawork and the Catharine Clark Gallery. The 6,600-square-foot (610 m2) space included two dedicated exhibition galleries, a reading room, a large reserve for the archival collections, and several offices for staff and volunteers.[9] The society regularly used one of the galleries for presentation of history talks and panel discussions, many of which were videotaped for posting on the Web. In November 2010, in anticipation of the opening of its new GLBT History Museum, the society closed its galleries and program space at 657 Mission St., while maintaining its archives, reading room and administrative offices at that location.At the end of May 2016, the GLBT Historical Society closed its archives at 657 Mission St. in preparation for a move to an expanded space with improved facilities for researchers and staff at 989 Market St. in San Francisco. The archives reopened at the end of June 2016 at the new location, which offers 6,500-square-foot (600 m2) devoted to archival and office space.[15]","title":"Organizational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Susan Stryker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Stryker"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prog20-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prog20-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"San Francisco LGBT Community Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_LGBT_Community_Center"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Arts Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Arts_Commission"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Executive directors","text":"The Historical Society has had six executive directors during the course of its history. The organization was run directly by the Board of Directors from 1985 to 1998. In 1998, the board hired the first paid executive director, Susan Stryker, Ph.D.[9] Stryker was succeeded in 2003 by an acting interim executive director, Daniel Bao, who served until the board hired Terence Kissack, Ph.D., in 2004.[9] Kissack served until the end of 2006.[16] Paul Boneberg took over the post at the beginning of January 2007, serving until May 2015.[17] An acting executive director, Daryl Carr, then headed the society on an interim basis.[18]The institution's board of directors appointed Terry Beswick as the permanent executive director starting February 2, 2016; Beswick's experience included nonprofit leadership, fundraising, government affairs and activism.[19][20]\nBeswick served for five-and-a-half years including successfully leading the institution through the coronavirus pandemic lockdown. He resigned effective September 15, 2021, to take the post of executive director at the Golden Gate Business Association.[21] Beswick was replaced by two interim acting executive directors: Kelsi Evans, the society's director of archives and special collections, and Andrew Shaffer, the director of development and communications.[22]The board of the Historical Society appointed Roberto Ordeñana as the new executive director in October 2022. Ordeñana came to the society from his previous position as deputy executive director of the San Francisco LGBT Community Center and as president of the San Francisco Arts Commission.[23]","title":"Organizational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castro District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_District"},{"link_name":"\"Passionate Struggle: Dynamics of San Francisco's GLBT History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//glbthistory.org/passionate_struggle/index.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110726105927/http://glbthistory.org/passionate_struggle/index.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Sonoma State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_State_University"},{"link_name":"Amy Sueyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Sueyoshi"},{"link_name":"San Francisco State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"MaestraPeace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MaestraPeace"},{"link_name":"Women's Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Women%27s_Building"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Baker_(artist)"},{"link_name":"rainbow flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT_movement)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Pop-up museum (2008–2009)","text":"From November 2008 through October 2009, the GLBT Historical Society sponsored a pop-up museum in the Castro District at the corner of 18th and Castro streets; the space featured an exhibition, \"Passionate Struggle: Dynamics of San Francisco's GLBT History\" Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine, that traced more than a century of the city's LGBT history using documents and artifacts from the society's collections. The exhibition was curated by Don Romesburg, assistant professor of women's and gender studies at Sonoma State University, and Amy Sueyoshi, associate professor of race and resistance studies and sexuality studies at San Francisco State University, with assistance from a curatorial committee of academics and independent scholars.[24]Among the objects displayed were a preliminary study for the MaestraPeace mural on the façade of the San Francisco Women's Building, the sewing machine used by designer Gilbert Baker to create the first rainbow flag, and the suit worn by openly gay San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk when he was assassinated on Nov. 27, 1978.[25] Approximately 25,000 people from throughout the United States and around the world visited the exhibition during its 11-month run.[26]","title":"Organizational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ephemera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemera"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koskovich2-8"},{"link_name":"Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Martin_and_Phyllis_Lyon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfc1-4"},{"link_name":"Daughters of Bilitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_Bilitis"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Mattachine Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattachine_Society"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"José Sarria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarria"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Lou Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Sex Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Sex_Information"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Harvey Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Milk"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Scott Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Smith_(activist)"},{"link_name":"Castro Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_Camera"},{"link_name":"Dan White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_White"},{"link_name":"California Digital Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Digital_Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PassionateA.JPG"}],"text":"The GLBT Historical Society is home to one of the largest LGBT historical archives in the United States, with more than 500 manuscript collections and nearly 200 non-manuscript collections; 70 linear feet of ephemera; approximately 4,000 periodical titles; approximately 80,000 photographs; approximately 3,000 imprinted T-shirts; approximately 5,000 posters; nearly 500 oral histories; approximately 1,000 hours of recorded sound; and approximately 1,000 hours of film and video.[27] The archives also has extensive holdings of historic textiles, works of fine and graphic arts, and artifacts.[8]Among the noteworthy manuscript collections are more than 200 boxes of material donated by early lesbian activists Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon.[4] Lyon and Martin were cofounders of the Daughters of Bilitis, the first lesbian organization in the United States, and their papers at the society include the complete surviving office records of the organization.[28]The society's holdings also include a substantial group of administrative records from the Mattachine Society, the first enduring homosexual rights organization in the United States. The records form part of the papers of Donald S. Lucas, who served as secretary of the Mattachine Society during much of its history.[29] In addition, the society's archives house the records of José Sarria, who as a candidate in the race for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1961 was the first openly gay person known to have run for elected office anywhere in the world.[30]The society likewise holds numerous manuscript collections documenting the history of transgender individuals and movements in Northern California, including the complete papers of Lou Sullivan, founder of the pioneering female-to-male transsexual organization FTM International.[31] Holdings focused on the history of bisexuality include the typescript and research files for \"Bisexuality and Androgyny: An Analysis,\" the 1975 master's thesis in psychology by Maggi Rubenstein, cofounder of San Francisco Sex Information and the San Francisco Bisexual Center.[32]The GLBT Historical Society's artifacts collection includes the personal effects of Harvey Milk, the first openly gay elected official in California.[33] Milk's executors preserved a significant selection of his belongings after he was assassinated in 1978; they ultimately were inherited by the mother of Milk's former partner, Scott Smith, who donated them to the GLBT Historical Society. The collection includes everyday objects such the battered, gold-painted kitchen table from Milk's apartment and several antique cameras that had been displayed at Castro Camera, his shop in San Francisco's Castro District. The collection also includes the suit, shirt, belt and shoes Milk was wearing when he was shot to death by assassin Dan White.Searchable catalogs of the society's manuscript collections, periodicals holdings and oral histories are available on the institution's website, and complete finding aids for the ephemera collections and many of the manuscript collections are available through the Online Archive of California (a project of the California Digital Library).The \"Passionate Struggle\" exhibition at the GLBT Historical Society's temporary museum in the Castro neighborhood (Feb. 7, 2009).","title":"Archival holdings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"From June 1985 through November 2007, the GLBT Historical Society published 50 issues of a print newsletter. Produced at various points in its run as a bimonthly, a quarterly and an irregularly issued periodical, the publication appeared under several titles: San Francisco Bay Area Gay and Lesbian Historical Society Newsletter, Newsletter of the Gay and Lesbian Historical Society of Northern California, Our Stories and It's About Time.[34]In February 2008, the print newsletter was succeeded by an ongoing electronic newsletter, History Happens, published monthly until 2014, then bimonthly, before returning to a monthly schedule in late 2015. Links to the current issue and several years of back issues are available on the GLBT Historical Society website.[35] In addition, the society published three issues of a twice-yearly print journal, Fabulas, which appeared in 2008–2009.","title":"Periodical publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GLBTHistoryMuseum.FrontWindows12_10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Castro District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_District"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Schwules Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwules_Museum"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Walgreen Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walgreen_Company"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"The GLBT History Museum in San Francisco on the evening that it opened for previews, Dec 10, 2010.On Dec. 10, 2010, the GLBT Historical Society opened its GLBT History Museum in the Castro District for previews. The society slightly modified the name of the space in November 2018, redubbing it the GLBT Historical Society Museum.[36]Located in a storefront at 4127 18th St. near Castro Street, the 1,600-square-foot (150 m2) space houses two historical galleries with room for public programs, a small museum shop and a reception area. The institution is believed to be the second full-scale, stand-alone GLBT history museum in the world, following the Schwules Museum in Berlin, which opened in 1985.[37]The society signed an initial five-year lease for the space in late 2010; the extensive build-out of the museum, along with a significant discount on the monthly rent, was donated by Walgreen Company, which holds the primary lease and uses about one-quarter of the storefront as an extension for operations of its adjacent satellite pharmacy.[38] In March 2015, the society renewed the lease for a second five-year term.[39]","title":"GLBT Historical Society Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edwin M. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_M._Lee"},{"link_name":"Scott Wiener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Wiener"},{"link_name":"Harvey Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Milk"},{"link_name":"David Campos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Campos"},{"link_name":"Mission District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_District"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Armistead Maupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistead_Maupin"},{"link_name":"Daniel Nicoletta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Nicoletta"},{"link_name":"Bevan Dufty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevan_Dufty"},{"link_name":"Donna Sachet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Sachet"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mr1-1"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"CNN en Español","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_en_Espa%C3%B1ol"},{"link_name":"MSNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC"},{"link_name":"CBS Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio"},{"link_name":"Emarat Al Youm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emarat_Al_Youm"},{"link_name":"Reforma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma"},{"link_name":"Tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_Magazine_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"South China Morning Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"Večernji list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernji_list"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Grand opening","text":"The grand opening of the museum took place on the evening of Jan. 13, 2011. The newly appointed interim mayor of San Francisco, Edwin M. Lee, cut a rainbow ribbon to officially inaugurate the museum; in addition, he presented a proclamation declaring the date \"GLBT History Museum Day\" in San Francisco. It was Lee's first appearance as mayor at a public event. Also in attendance was Scott Wiener, newly elected as the member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors for the district including the Castro neighborhood—the seat once held by Harvey Milk—as well as openly gay Supervisor David Campos, who represents the neighboring Mission District. Other guests included pioneering lesbian activist Phyllis Lyon, novelist Armistead Maupin, photographer Daniel Nicoletta, former supervisor and then mayoral candidate Bevan Dufty, and noted drag personality Donna Sachet.[40]The launch of the institution drew extraordinary media attention from across the United States and around the world. Thousands of newspapers, magazines, television and radio broadcasts, blogs and other outlets in at least 75 countries and 38 languages covered the opening.[1][41] U.S. media that ran stories include the Huffington Post, the Washington Post, CNN en Español, MSNBC and CBS Radio. Outside the United States, coverage included national television in Italy and Spain; radio in Belgium, Columbia and Venezuela; and newspapers and magazines such as Emarat Al Youm (United Arab Emirates), Reforma (Mexico), Tempo (Indonesia), the South China Morning Post, The Times of India and Večernji list (Croatia). Links to a sampling of stories on the museum along with the full media report are available on the museum website.[42]","title":"GLBT Historical Society Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GLBTHistoryMuseum.WeddingPantsuits12_10.jpg"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Japanese-American internment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese-American_internment"},{"link_name":"Lou Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"lesbian sex wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian_sex_wars"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Martin_and_Phyllis_Lyon"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_California"},{"link_name":"Harvey Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Milk"},{"link_name":"ephemera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemera"},{"link_name":"oral history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_history"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Debut exhibitions","text":"Pantsuits worn by Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon to their weddings in San Francisco in 2004 and 2008; on display at the GLBT History Museum.The GLBT History Museum debuted with two multimedia exhibitions. In the larger main gallery, \"Our Vast Queer Past: Celebrating San Francisco's GLBT History\" traced more than 20 key themes in the past 100 years of the history of LGBT people and communities in San Francisco and the Bay Area. Curated by historians Gerard Koskovich, Don Romesburg and Amy Sueyoshi with help from seven associate curators, the show included more than 450 objects, photographs, documents, costumes, and film and video clips. All the materials were from the society's collections, and most had never before been displayed.[43]Among the items in the exhibition were the 1919 honorable discharge of gay novelist Clarkson Crane, who served in World War I; the only known photograph of gay men held in the camps that the United States created for the Japanese-American internment during World War II; documents reflecting the life of female-to-male transsexual organizer and author Lou Sullivan (1950–1991); an extravagant 1983 gown worn by San Francisco drag personality the Baroness Eugenia von Dieckoff (1920–1988); and photographs, flyers and T-shirts from the lesbian sex wars of the 1980s-1990s.[44]In the smaller front gallery, \"Great Collections From the GLBT Historical Society Archives,\" curated by Historical Society Executive Director Paul Boneberg, offered an introduction to the kinds of materials collected by the society. Among the items on display were a distinctive example of the society's collection of textiles: the pantsuits that Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon wore to their wedding during San Francisco's \"Winter of Love\" in 2004 and again in 2008 when they became the first couple to wed during the brief period when the state's high court legalized same-sex marriage in California. On exhibit as examples of the society's artifacts collections were personal belongings of Harvey Milk. In addition, the show included examples from the society's collections of ephemera; posters; periodicals; photographs; oral history interviews; and film, video and recorded sound.[45]","title":"GLBT Historical Society Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visitors_Viewing_a_Photography_Exhibition_at_The_GLBT_History_Museum_(San_Francisco)..jpg"},{"link_name":"Daniel Nicoletta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Nicoletta"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Bay Area Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Changing exhibitions","text":"Visitors viewing \"Life and Death in Black and White: AIDS Direct Action in San Francisco, 1985–1990\" in the Front Gallery of The GLBT History Museum (March 2012).The debut show in the front gallery of the museum closed at the end of February 2012; the museum then launched a program of periodically changing exhibitions in the space.The first of these shows opened in early March 2012: \"Life and Death in Black and White: AIDS Direct Action in San Francisco, 1985–1990.\" The exhibition focused on the work of five photographers—Jane Philomen Cleland, Patrick Clifton, Marc Geller, Rick Gerharter and Daniel Nicoletta—who used the medium of black-and-white film to document the emergence of militant protests in response to the AIDS epidemic in San Francisco.[46]The Bay Area Reporter characterized the show as \"a concise, laser-focused exhibition ... of 17 carefully selected black-and-white photographs,\" adding that it \"distills the tenor of those times and provides a microcosm of what was at stake as the federal government, either out of obliviousness, callousness, prejudice or a combination of all three, turned a blind eye and deaf ear to the proliferation and devastating impact of the disease.\"[47]The Huffington Post review noted that \"the exhibition highlights the pain, the rage and the bravery involved in the fight for AIDS awareness. The crisp and clean black and white photos bring a feeling of control and simplicity to a time of chaos, when an unnamed disease targeted half of the city's gay men and government agencies seemed incapable of listening. Yet in the darkest times come the brightest inspirations, as thousands of San Franciscans rose to the challenge and fought for their voices to be heard.The striking images capture protestors, students and policemen, chanting, fighting, and just living their lives. In a way it is hard to believe these photos were taken so recently, from 1985-1990. And yet the photographs are good reminders of the fights we are still facing today, from marriage equality to the Occupy movement. These activists showed that civil disobedience can impact political outcomes.\"[48]In addition to the larger shows in its main and front galleries, The GLBT Historical Society Museum mounts temporary exhibits displayed for approximately one month each, most consisting of a single display case devoted to a timely topic or significant anniversary in San Francisco LGBT history. Eight such temporary exhibits took place during 2011.[49]","title":"GLBT Historical Society Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museum_Home_Page-50"},{"link_name":"gay–straight alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay%E2%80%93straight_alliance"},{"link_name":"Aragon High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon_High_School"},{"link_name":"San Francisco State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Group tours","text":"As part of its educational mission, The GLBT Historical Society Museum offers group tours led by trained volunteer docents and occasionally by the exhibition curators. According to the museum home page, any group of 10 or more people may book a guided tour by making an appointment at least two weeks in advance.[50]The tours have been especially popular with professors and teachers who bring their classes and with student organizations including gay–straight alliance groups from junior high schools and high schools. In its first 18 months of operation, the museum reported that it had given guided tours for more than 50 classes and student groups, including the GSA from Aragon High School in San Mateo, California; classes from San Francisco State University; students from the San Francisco Police Academy; and Japanese medical students.[51]","title":"GLBT Historical Society Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levi Strauss & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Starbucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbucks"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Funding","text":"Funding for the museum has come from presenting sponsor Levi's (Levi Strauss & Co.); the City and County of San Francisco; Starbucks; the Bob Ross Foundation; neighborhood merchants such as Badlands, Harvey's restaurant and bar, and Toad Hall; and numerous individual donors.[52][53][54]","title":"GLBT Historical Society Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Hours and admission","text":"The GLBT Historical Society Museum is open Tuesday through Sunday, 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. General admission is $10.00. Discounted admission of $6.00 is offered to youth (ages 13–17); seniors (age 65 and over); students and teachers (with ID); active-duty military service members (with ID); and people with disabilities. Admission is free for members of the GLBT Historical Society. On Saturdays, admission is free for all visitors courtesy of a sponsorship by the Bob Ross Foundation.[55]","title":"GLBT Historical Society Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_history"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Board of Supervisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors"},{"link_name":"Jeff Sheehy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sheehy"},{"link_name":"Jane Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Kim"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"In June 2016, the GLBT Historical Society announced a long-term initiative to build a \"new museum of LGBTQ history and culture\"—a world-class center for LGBT public history projected for completion in the coming decade; the center would include expanded galleries and archives, new spaces for hosting public programs and researchers, and other enhanced facilities.[56]The organization launched the campaign, dubbed Vision 2020, with fundraising for capacity building. Early in 2017, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed a resolution \"calling on municipal authorities, philanthropists and business leaders to support the GLBT Historical Society's efforts to develop a new LGBTQ museum and public history center in the city. Supervisor Jeff Sheehy introduced the resolution, which was cosponsored by Supervisor Jane Kim. The board voted unanimously in favor of the resolution.\"[57]","title":"Vision 2020 \"New Museum\" campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LGBT studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_studies"},{"link_name":"museum studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_studies"},{"link_name":"library and information science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_information_science"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swedish-2"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"With its record of more than 35 years as an internationally recognized center for LGBT public-history initiatives, the GLBT Historical Society itself has increasingly attracted attention from scholars and other professionals in LGBT studies, sexuality studies, museum studies, library and information science, and other fields.Among the books and reports that analyze its work are Jennifer Tyburczy's Sex Museums: The Politics and Performance of Display (2016);[58] Museums and LGBTQ: An Analysis of How Museums and Other Exhibitors Can Highlight Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Perspectives (2016);[2] Out of the Closet, Into the Archives: Researching Sexual Histories (2015), edited by Amy L. Stone and Jaime Cantrell;[59] and Educational Programs: Innovative Practices for Archives and Special Collections (2015), edited by Kate Theimer.[60]A number of graduate research projects also have addressed the history and activities of the Historical Society. Doctoral dissertations include Diana Wakimoto's \"Queer Community Archives in California Since 1950\" (2012)[61] and Kelly Jacob Rawson's \"Archiving Transgender: Affects, Logics and the Power of Queer History\" (2010).[62] Master's theses include Renaud Chantraine's \"La Patrimonialisation des traces des minorités sexuelles: étude de cas\" (2014),[63] Amanda Kreklau's \"Collections Conundrums: Considering the First Major GLBT Museum\" (2009)[64] and Sue Weller's \"Homeworks Art Museum\" (2003).[65]In addition, numerous articles about the society have been published in peer-reviewed scholarly journals; these include Martin Meeker's \"Archives Review: The Gay and Lesbian Historical Society of Northern California\";[66] Don Romesburg's \"Presenting the Queer Past: A Case for the GLBT History Museum\";[67] and Gerard Koskovich's \"Displaying the Queer Past: Purposes, Publics and Possibilities at the GLBT History Museum.\"[68]","title":"Scholarly and professional interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Pride"},{"link_name":"Castro Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Frameline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameline"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Civic Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Civic_Center"},{"link_name":"Asian Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans"},{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"Latinos/as","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinos/as"},{"link_name":"bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_(gay_culture)"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"leather subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_subculture"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Bay Area Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Reporter"},{"link_name":"AIDS epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS_epidemic"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"historic preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservation"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Gale Cengage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Cengage"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"State of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_California"},{"link_name":"ACT UP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Bay Area Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"text":"To expand public access to its archival holdings and historical programs, the GLBT Historical Society has sponsored a number of associated projects:In 1991, in partnership with the University of California, Berkeley, the society published a microfilm edition of a broad selection of scarce newsletters, magazines and newspapers from its periodicals collection.[69]\nIn 1999, the society launched an annual series of exhibitions known as \"Making a Case for Community History.\" Under the guidance of exhibitions coordinator Paul Gabriel, the project brought together advisory groups from diverse LGBT communities and organizations in San Francisco to curate historical displays sponsored by the society in a variety of public spaces during San Francisco Pride celebrations in June. The first \"Making a Case\" exhibition was shown in the mezzanine of the Castro Theatre during the International LGBT Film Festival (Frameline) in the last two weeks of June 1999, then in a tent pavilion on the lawn in front of City Hall in San Francisco Civic Center on the Saturday and Sunday of the Pride festival. The exhibition included separate cases representing Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders; African Americans; Latinos/as ; bears ; the transgender community; and the leather subculture and SM community.[70] Subsequent \"Making a Case\" exhibitions were mounted in 2000 and 2001.\nIn 2004 and 2005, further microfilm editions of the society's periodicals holdings were published by Primary Source Media, an imprint of the Gale educational publishing house.[71]\nIn 2006, the society created its own YouTube channel for the purpose of disseminating film and video from its holdings, as well as videos of its historical programs. Among the materials posted are films from the Harold O'Neal collection of home movies documenting Bay Area gay life from the late 1930s through the mid-1980s.[72]\nIn 2008, the society established a regularly updated page on Facebook. More than 34,400 people had liked the page by December 2020.[73]\nIn 2009, the society launched an online searchable database of the obituaries and death notices that have appeared in the leading San Francisco LGBT weekly, the Bay Area Reporter, starting with the first such article published in the newspaper in 1972; many of the obituaries reflect the catastrophic toll of the AIDS epidemic in San Francisco from the early 1980s through the late 1990s.[74] The society regularly updates the site to include newly published obituaries from the BAR; as of January 2016, the database included more than 11,000 listings.[75]\nIn 2010, the society launched a project to create and post online digital files from its holdings of recorded sound; dubbed the \"Gayback Machine\", the initiative debuted with recordings of more than 250 hours of content from weekly Bay Area gay radio programs produced by journalist Randy Alfred from 1973 to 1984.[76][77]\nIn November 2013, the society launched a historic preservation project funded by the Historic Preservation Fund Committee of the City and County of San Francisco to document sites associated with gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender history in San Francisco.[78] The project was completed in 2015 with production of a nearly 400-page report, \"Citywide Historic Context Statement for LGBTQ History in San Francisco,\" authored by Donna J. Graves and Shayne E. Watson.[79] The San Francisco Historic Preservation Commission voted to approve the document as a formally recognized historic context statement at its meeting on Nov. 18, 2015.[80]\nIn 2016, academic publisher Gale Cengage produced a digital edition of selected archival and periodical holdings from the archives of the GLBT Historical Society. The content is offered via subscription to university and public libraries.[81]\nIn June 2017, the society launched the San Francisco ACT UP Oral History project \"to chronicle, preserve and share the history of ACT UP/San Francisco and other AIDS direct-action groups in the city.\"[82] Funded by California Humanities, an agency of the State of California, the project collected oral histories with veterans of ACT UP/San Francisco and other local AIDS activist groups to be permanently archived by the GLBT Historical Society. Founded and directed by public historian Joey Plaster and subsequently directed by Eric Sneathen, the project was completed in 2020 with 23 in-depth video oral histories posted free online.[83]\nIn January 2018, the GLBT Historical Society publicly launched its online archive of back issues of the Bay Area Reporter, an LGBT newspaper published weekly in San Francisco since 1971. The society holds the most complete run of the periodical. With funding from the Bob Ross Foundation, it digitized the full contents from 1971 through 2005 and made them available free online.[84][85]","title":"Associated projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Alice B. Toklas LGBT Democratic Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_B._Toklas_LGBT_Democratic_Club"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Pride"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"HuffPost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Queerty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queerty"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Qantas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qantas"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_50"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Gothamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothamist"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Bay Area Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Time Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"The Bold Italic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bold_Italic"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"text":"The GLBT Historical Society — and since 2011, its GLBT Historical Socidty Museum — have received numerous awards and honors. Following is a small sample:The GLBT Historical Society is voted \"Best Local Nonprofit\" in the 2010 \"Best of the Bay\" readers poll conducted by the San Francisco Bay Guardian, a weekly alternative newspaper published in San Francisco.[86]\nThe GLBT Historical Society is granted the 2010 Community Service Award of the Alice B. Toklas LGBT Democratic Club of San Francisco.[87]\nThe GLBT Historical Society and the GLBT History Museum are elected Local Organizational Grand Marshal of the 2011 San Francisco LGBT Pride Parade and Celebration (San Francisco Pride). The parade took place on June 26, 2011; Historical Society board chairs Andrew Jolivette and Amy Sueyoshi rode in a 1940 black Cadillac provided by the Freewheelers car club; approximately two dozen society and museum volunteers and supporters marched behind the car carrying a banner for the museum.[88]\nThe GLBT History Museum is honored by the editors for \"Best Queer Exhibitionism\" in the \"City Living\" section of the 2011 \"Best of the Bay\" issue of the San Francisco Bay Guardian: \"The first of its kind in the U.S., the sleek storefront gallery may be small, but it packs a huge emotional and educational punch.... The museum's lavender arsenal has ripped the lid off the often-obscured queer past, and attracted tens of thousands of curious visitors (Britney Spears among them).\"[89]\nLugares, a nationally distributed travel magazine in Argentina, lists The GLBT History Museum as one of its \"hot spots of San Francisco\" in an article posted online in July 2011.[90]\nCNN features The GLBT History Museum in its August 2012 \"Best of San Francisco\" coverage, characterizing the museum as \"an intimate, handcrafted experience located in San Francisco's historically gay neighborhood, The Castro.\"[91]\nThe San Francisco Weekly names The GLBT History Museum one of San Francisco's \"Top 10 Offbeat Museums\" in its Sept. 20, 2012, issue.[92]\nHuffPost lists the GLBT Historical Society as one of \"the best LGBT history archives in the U.S.\" in a feature posted on Oct. 23, 2012.[93]\nThe online magazine Queerty and sister site GayCities.com list The GLBT History Museum as one of \"49 reasons to love San Francisco\" in July 2013.[94]\nOut Traveler magazine names The GLBT History Museum to its list of the five \"best social justice museums\" in the United States in July 2013.[95]\nQantas Spirit of Australia, the in-flight magazine of Qantas Airlines, recommends a visit to The GLBT History Museum as part of \"One Perfect Day in San Francisco\" in its December 2015 issue.[96]\nSan Francisco Travel includes the GLBT History Museum in its \"ultimate super to-do list\" of the top-50 San Francisco attractions published in conjunction with Super Bowl 50, held in the Bay Area in February 2016.[97]\nGZone Magazine, the first LGBT magazine launched in Turkey, names the GLBT History Museum one of the \"best LGBT-themed museums in the world\" in its March 2016 issue.[98]\nSFist (the San Francisco edition of the international online media firm Gothamist) declares the GLBT History Museum one of the \"10 coolest niche museums in San Francisco\" in a feature published on October 13, 2016.[99]\nThe GLBT Historical Society is voted \"Best Nonprofit\" in the 2017 \"LGBTQ Best of the Bay\" readers poll—also known as the Besties—conducted by the Bay Area Reporter, a long-running weekly LGBTQ newspaper published in San Francisco.[100]\nIn a June 2017 online feature, Time Out names the GLBT History Museum one of the 13 \"best San Francisco museums,\" acknowledging the institution for its role \"as a home for collecting, preserving and telling the story of the struggles and achievements of the gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender community.\"[101]\nIn December 2020, the San Francisco online culture magazine The Bold Italic names \"50 Years of Pride,\" an exhibition of historic photographs by the GLBT Historical Society Museum, as \"the Bay's best virtual art exhibit in 2020.\"[102]","title":"Awards, honors and media recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mr1_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mr1_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Worldwide Media Coverage of San Francisco's GLBT History Museum.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.glbthistory.org/news/MediaScope02_22_11.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130907205033/http://www.glbthistory.org/news/MediaScope02_22_11.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Swedish_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Swedish_2-1"},{"link_name":"Museums and LGBTQ: An Analysis of How Museums and Other Exhibitors Can Highlight Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer 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Community Archives in California Since 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catalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.glbthistory.org/research"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"On film and in exhibits, a full picture of Milk\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//articles.latimes.com/2008/nov/30/local/me-milk30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"online periodicals catalog of the GLBT Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.glbthistory.org/research"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"This Month in History Happens\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.glbthistory.org/news/newsletter/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171210232808/http://www.glbthistory.org/news/newsletter/"},{"link_name":"Wayback 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GLBT History Museum in the United States announces grand opening for January 13.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.glbthistory.org/images/MediaRelease01_12_11.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120317110017/http://www.glbthistory.org/images/MediaRelease01_12_11.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"Walgreens signs lease with Historical Society\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=3538"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"\"Castro LGBT museum renews lease\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=70427"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"Grand opening of first GLBT museum draws 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|
[{"image_text":"The main gallery at the GLBT Historical Society headquarters at 657 Mission St., San Francisco; opening of the \"Polk Street: Lives in Transition\" exhibition, curated by Joey Plaster (Jan. 16, 2009).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/MissionSt.jpg/250px-MissionSt.jpg"},{"image_text":"The \"Passionate Struggle\" exhibition at the GLBT Historical Society's temporary museum in the Castro neighborhood (Feb. 7, 2009).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/PassionateA.JPG/250px-PassionateA.JPG"},{"image_text":"The GLBT History Museum in San Francisco on the evening that it opened for previews, Dec 10, 2010.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/GLBTHistoryMuseum.FrontWindows12_10.jpg/275px-GLBTHistoryMuseum.FrontWindows12_10.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pantsuits worn by Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon to their weddings in San Francisco in 2004 and 2008; on display at the GLBT History Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GLBTHistoryMuseum.WeddingPantsuits12_10.jpg/200px-GLBTHistoryMuseum.WeddingPantsuits12_10.jpg"},{"image_text":"Visitors viewing \"Life and Death in Black and White: AIDS Direct Action in San Francisco, 1985–1990\" in the Front Gallery of The GLBT History Museum (March 2012).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Visitors_Viewing_a_Photography_Exhibition_at_The_GLBT_History_Museum_%28San_Francisco%29..jpg/275px-Visitors_Viewing_a_Photography_Exhibition_at_The_GLBT_History_Museum_%28San_Francisco%29..jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"LGBT portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:LGBT"},{"title":"Timeline of LGBT history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history"},{"title":"LGBT culture in San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_San_Francisco"},{"title":"IHLIA LGBT Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHLIA_LGBT_Heritage"}]
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Retrieved 2017-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=72482","url_text":"\"Besties: Community: Historical Society is favorite nonprofit\""}]},{"reference":"Wach, Bonnie & Soshi Parks (2017-06-30). \"The best San Francisco museums\". Time Out. Retrieved 2017-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/san-francisco/things-to-do/best-san-francisco-museums","url_text":"\"The best San Francisco museums\""}]},{"reference":"Charnock, Matt (2020-12-17). \"The Bay's Best Virtual Art Exhibit in 2020: '50 Years of Pride'\". The Bold Italic. Retrieved 2020-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://thebolditalic.com/the-bays-best-virtual-art-exhibit-in-2020-50-years-of-pride-333196004d1f","url_text":"\"The Bay's Best Virtual Art Exhibit in 2020: '50 Years of Pride'\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.glbthistory.org/","external_links_name":"www.glbthistory.org"},{"Link":"http://glbthistory.org/passionate_struggle/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Passionate Struggle: Dynamics of San Francisco's GLBT History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726105927/http://glbthistory.org/passionate_struggle/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.glbthistory.org/news/MediaScope02_22_11.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Worldwide Media Coverage of San Francisco's GLBT History Museum.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130907205033/http://www.glbthistory.org/news/MediaScope02_22_11.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161224163723/http://riksutstallningar.se/content/museums-and-lgbtq?language=en","external_links_name":"Museums and LGBTQ: An Analysis of How Museums and Other Exhibitors Can Highlight Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Perspectives"},{"Link":"http://riksutstallningar.se/content/museums-and-lgbtq?language=en","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dot429.com/articles/2011/01/11/first-glbt-history-museum-united-states-opens-san-francisco-s-castro-district","external_links_name":"\"First GLBT History Museum in the United States opens in San Francisco's Castro district\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110116004639/http://dot429.com/articles/2011/01/11/first-glbt-history-museum-united-states-opens-san-francisco-s-castro-district","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2005/01/29/MNG7QB2LGF1.DTL&type=gaylesbian","external_links_name":"\"Treasure trove of gay and lesbian artifacts: 'Queer Smithsonian' in S.F. celebrates its 20th anniversary\""},{"Link":"https://myemail.constantcontact.com/History-Happens--Blame-Anita-Bryant.html?soid=1101960178690&aid=nQ7XWGmm0sc","external_links_name":"\"Looking back at Our Founding 30 Years Ago\""},{"Link":"http://eprints.qut.edu.au/53189/","external_links_name":"Queer Community Archives in California Since 1950"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080623094226/http://www.archivists.org/saagroups/lagar/newsletters/LAGARnewsletter1999-12.html","external_links_name":"\"LAGAR Newsletter: Gay, Lesbian Historical Society of Northern California\""},{"Link":"http://www.archivists.org/saagroups/lagar/newsletters/LAGARnewsletter1999-12.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=71396","external_links_name":"\"Historical society gets new archive space\""},{"Link":"http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=1514","external_links_name":"\"Fond farewell from society board\""},{"Link":"http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=1481","external_links_name":"\"History a passion, not profession, for new historical society director\""},{"Link":"http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs195/1101960178690/archive/1120881309469.html","external_links_name":"\"GLBT Historical Society announces new direction for its archives and museum\""},{"Link":"http://campaign.r20.constantcontact.com/render?ca=3ca59f38-b1ad-42cb-a647-d231574bb226&c=57394980-4571-11e3-a75f-d4ae528442b5&ch=588b6c00-4571-11e3-a81c-d4ae528442b5","external_links_name":"\"Dear friends and history lovers\""},{"Link":"http://ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=71225","external_links_name":"\"GLBT Historical Society gets new ED\""},{"Link":"https://www.ebar.com/news/latest_news//308984","external_links_name":"\"Beswick hired to lead Bay Area LGBTQ business association\""},{"Link":"https://mailchi.mp/glbthistory/announcement-of-resignation","external_links_name":"\"Announcement of resignation\""},{"Link":"https://www.ebar.com/story.php?ch=news&sc=latest_news&id=319438","external_links_name":"\"San Francisco GLBT Historical Society names new ED\""},{"Link":"http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=3538","external_links_name":"\"Gay history museum opens in Castro\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfbaytimes.com/?sec=article&article_id=11659","external_links_name":"\"A successful first year for Passionate Struggle exhibit\""},{"Link":"http://library.constantcontact.com/doc205/1101960178690/doc/98tnTdO5lfVFkBy4.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The GLBT Historical Society Archives in 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt9w100781","external_links_name":"\"Guide to the Phyllis Lyon and Del Martin Papers, 1924–2000 (Collection No. 1993-13)\""},{"Link":"http://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt638nb39r;query=;style=oac4","external_links_name":"\"Guide to the Donald Stewart Lucas Papers, 1941–1998 (Collection No. 1997-25)\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.sfweekly.com/exhibitionist/2013/03/jose_sarria_gay_icon_glbt_historical_society.php","external_links_name":"\"Recent acquisitions: Gay icon, performer and \"empress\" José Sarria\""},{"Link":"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf9199n9v3","external_links_name":"\"Guide to the Louis Graydon Sullivan Papers, 1755–1991 (bulk 1961–1991) (Collection No. 1991-07)\""},{"Link":"http://www.glbthistory.org/research","external_links_name":"searchable online catalog"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/nov/30/local/me-milk30","external_links_name":"\"On film and in exhibits, a full picture of Milk\""},{"Link":"http://www.glbthistory.org/research","external_links_name":"online periodicals catalog of the GLBT Historical Society"},{"Link":"http://www.glbthistory.org/news/newsletter/","external_links_name":"\"This Month in History Happens\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171210232808/http://www.glbthistory.org/news/newsletter/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.glbthistory.org/press-room-1/2018/11/13/december-history-programs-highlight-book-culture-of-the-1970s-1980s-queer-artist-rex-ray-december-history-programs-highlight-book-culture-of-the-1970s-1980s-queer-artist-rex-ray","external_links_name":"\"December history programs highlight book culture of the 1970s-1980s, queer artist Rex Ray\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181216032048/https://www.glbthistory.org/press-room-1/2018/11/13/december-history-programs-highlight-book-culture-of-the-1970s-1980s-queer-artist-rex-ray-december-history-programs-highlight-book-culture-of-the-1970s-1980s-queer-artist-rex-ray","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.glbthistory.org/images/MediaRelease01_12_11.pdf","external_links_name":"\"First GLBT History Museum in the United States announces grand opening for January 13.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120317110017/http://www.glbthistory.org/images/MediaRelease01_12_11.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=3538","external_links_name":"\"Walgreens signs lease with Historical Society\""},{"Link":"http://ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=70427","external_links_name":"\"Castro LGBT museum renews lease\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfbaytimes.com/?sec=article&article_id=14451","external_links_name":"\"Grand opening of first GLBT museum draws hundreds\""},{"Link":"http://clgbthistory.org/2012/01/12/aha-2012-%E2%80%9Cthe-politics-of-respectability-reconsidered-using-the-framework-of-respectability-to-examine-southern-lesbian-history%E2%80%9D/","external_links_name":"\"AHA 2012: The Pleasures and Perils of LGBTQ Public History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120724194612/http://clgbthistory.org/2012/01/12/aha-2012-%E2%80%9Cthe-politics-of-respectability-reconsidered-using-the-framework-of-respectability-to-examine-southern-lesbian-history%E2%80%9D/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.glbthistory.org/museum/museummedia.html","external_links_name":"\"The GLBT History Museum Attracts Worldwide Media\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726105927/http://www.glbthistory.org/museum/museummedia.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://dot429.com/articles/2011/01/11/first-glbt-history-museum-united-states-opens-san-francisco-s-castro-district","external_links_name":"\"First GLBT History Museum in the United States opens in San Francisco's Castro district\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110116004639/http://dot429.com/articles/2011/01/11/first-glbt-history-museum-united-states-opens-san-francisco-s-castro-district","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110116083057/http://www.baycitizen.org/blogs/frequencies/visit-nations-first-queer-museum/","external_links_name":"\"Visit the nation's first queer museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.baycitizen.org/blogs/frequencies/visit-nations-first-queer-museum/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=5302","external_links_name":"\"Castro LGBT museum reopens\""},{"Link":"http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs029/1101960178690/archive/1109418908249.html","external_links_name":"\"New photography exhibition at GLBT History Museum focuses on history of AIDS activism\""},{"Link":"http://www.ebar.com/arts/art_article.php?sec=general&article=184","external_links_name":"\"Rhapsody in AIDS activism: New exhibit at the GLBT History Museum explores our past\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/23/life-and-death_n_1373905.html?ref=arts","external_links_name":"\"'Life and Death in Black and White: AIDS Direct Action in San Francisco' at The GLBT History Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.glbthistory.org/images/2011%20in%20Review.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The GLBT Historical Society & GLBT History Museum in 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120201172957/http://glbthistory.org/images/2011%20in%20Review.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.glbthistory.org/museum/index.html","external_links_name":"\"About the GLBT History Museum\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150913002321/http://www.glbthistory.org/museum/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs029/1101960178690/archive/1110829518812.html","external_links_name":"\"Back to School: September Kicks Off New Season of Docent Tours for Student Groups\""},{"Link":"http://www.glbthistory.org/museum","external_links_name":"museum home page"},{"Link":"http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=3538","external_links_name":"\"Political Notes: Starbucks, bank encounter hurdles for Castro stores\""},{"Link":"http://www.harveyssf.com/About.html","external_links_name":"Harvey's Restaurant and Bar"},{"Link":"https://www.glbthistory.org/museum-about-visitor-info","external_links_name":"\"About the Museum\""},{"Link":"http://ebar.com/openforum/opforum.php?sec=guest_op&id=566","external_links_name":"\"A museum to make us proud\""},{"Link":"http://www.glbthistory.org/2017/02/01/san-francisco-board-of-supervisors-approves-resolution-of-support-for-new-lgbtq-museum/","external_links_name":"\"San Francisco Board of Supervisors approves resolution of support for new LGBTQ museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.revuemasques.fr/images/Chantraine-Memoire-Master.pdf","external_links_name":"La Patrimonialisation des traces des minorités sexuelles: étude de cas"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F01636545-2703769","external_links_name":"10.1215/01636545-2703769"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.14321%2Fqed.1.2.0061","external_links_name":"10.14321/qed.1.2.0061"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162280312","external_links_name":"162280312"},{"Link":"http://www.advocate.com/news_detail_ektid32743.asp","external_links_name":"\"GLBT Historical Society offers archival footage on YouTube\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/GLBTHistory","external_links_name":"Facebook.com/GLBTHistory"},{"Link":"http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=68292","external_links_name":"\"B.A.R. obituaries go online\""},{"Link":"http://www.ebar.com/common/inc/article_print.php?sec=news&article=4357","external_links_name":"\"News: Obituary site sees milestone\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.sfweekly.com/exhibitionist/2011/04/glbt_history_museum_puts_radio.php","external_links_name":"\"GLBT History Museum puts radio archives online with its 'Gayback Machine'\""},{"Link":"http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs029/1101960178690/archive/1109102758903.html","external_links_name":"\"Four Questions for John Raines: Preserving 75 Years of GLBT Life in Sights and Sounds\""},{"Link":"http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=69200","external_links_name":"\"LGBT History Month: Project looks to survey SF's LGBT past\""},{"Link":"http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/files/Preservation/lgbt_HCS/LGBTQ_HCS_October2015.pdf","external_links_name":"Citywide Historic Context Statement for LGBTQ History in San Francisco"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151106231130/http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/files/Preservation/lgbt_HCS/LGBTQ_HCS_October2015.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ebar.com/blogs/sf-preservation-panel-approves-lgbt-historic-document/","external_links_name":"\"SF preservation panel approves LGBT historic document\""},{"Link":"http://blog.gale.com/bring-all-the-colors-of-the-rainbow-to-your-collection-2/","external_links_name":"\"Bring all the colors of the rainbow to your collection\""},{"Link":"http://www.glbthistory.org/news/page/2/","external_links_name":"\"San Francisco ACT UP Oral History Project\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422214710/https://www.glbthistory.org/newsletter-12-2020-feature","external_links_name":"\"Action=Life: New Oral History Collection Documents Work of ACT UP in San Francisco\""},{"Link":"https://www.glbthistory.org/newsletter-12-2020-feature","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=71997","external_links_name":"\"GLBT Historical Society to digitize B.A.R. archive\""},{"Link":"http://ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=73238","external_links_name":"\"B.A.R. archives go digital\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfbg.com/specials/best-bay-2010-readers-poll-city-living","external_links_name":"\"Best of the Bay 2010 readers poll: city living\""},{"Link":"http://www.alicebtoklas.org/2010/10/fallawards","external_links_name":"\"Alice's 2010 fall awards ceremony: Honoring those who build and protect our community\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111001050128/http://www.alicebtoklas.org/2010/10/fallawards/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=5657","external_links_name":"\"Diverse group selected as Pride grand marshals\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfbayguardian.com/specials/best-bay-2011-editors-picks-city-living","external_links_name":"\"Best of the Bay 2011 editors picks: city living\""},{"Link":"http://www.lugaresdeviaje.com/nota/hot-spots-de-san-francisco","external_links_name":"\"Hot spots de San Francisco\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/escape/destinations/insider-guide-best-san-francisco-769476","external_links_name":"\"Insider Guide: Best of San Francisco\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.sfweekly.com/exhibitionist/2012/09/san_francisco_top_10_offbeat_museums.php","external_links_name":"\"San Francisco's Top 10 Offbeat Museums\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/phillip-m-miner/lgbt-history-archives_b_1998524.html#slide=1654891","external_links_name":"\"A few of the best LGBT history archives in the U.S.\""},{"Link":"http://www.queerty.com/among-49-reasons-to-love-san-francisco-is-the-glbt-history-museum-20130701/","external_links_name":"\"Among 49 reasons to love San Francisco is The GLBT History Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.outtraveler.com/best-travel/2013/07/18/countrys-best-social-justice-museums?page=full","external_links_name":"\"The Country's Best Social Justice Museums\""},{"Link":"http://www.sanfrancisco.travel/article/always-super-50-things-do-san-francisco","external_links_name":"Always Super: 50 Things to Do in San Francisco"},{"Link":"http://gzone.com.tr/galeri-ziyaret-edilmesi-sart-en-iyi-lgbt-temali-muzeler/","external_links_name":"\"Galeri: Ziyaret edilmesi şart, en iyi LGBT temali müzele\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161016173109/http://sfist.com/2016/10/13/the_best_niche_museums_in_san_franc.php","external_links_name":"\"The 10 coolest niche museums in San Francisco\""},{"Link":"http://sfist.com/2016/10/13/the_best_niche_museums_in_san_franc.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=72482","external_links_name":"\"Besties: Community: Historical Society is favorite nonprofit\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.com/san-francisco/things-to-do/best-san-francisco-museums","external_links_name":"\"The best San Francisco museums\""},{"Link":"https://thebolditalic.com/the-bays-best-virtual-art-exhibit-in-2020-50-years-of-pride-333196004d1f","external_links_name":"\"The Bay's Best Virtual Art Exhibit in 2020: '50 Years of Pride'\""},{"Link":"http://www.glbthistory.org/","external_links_name":"GLBT Historical Society: Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/profile?user=glbthistory","external_links_name":"GLBT Historical Society: YouTube Channel"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130112201416/http://www.glbthistory.org/obituaries","external_links_name":"GLBT Historical Society: Online Database of Bay Area Reporter Obituaries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140422074942/http://www.glbthistory.org/gaybackmachine/","external_links_name":"GLBT Historical Society: Gayback Machine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110102210002/http://www.oac.cdlib.org/institutions/Gay,+Lesbian,+Bisexual,+Transgender+Historical+Society","external_links_name":"Online Archive of California: Finding aids to collections at the GLBT Historical Society"},{"Link":"http://www.gale.cengage.com/psm/","external_links_name":"Primary Source Media"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000085230139","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/123109737","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2005015073","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xx591k","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_(categorised)
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List of places in Rhondda Cynon Taf (categorised)
|
["1 Administrative divisions","1.1 Electoral wards","1.2 Communities","2 See also","3 References"]
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For a list of towns and villages, see List of places in Rhondda Cynon Taf.
This is a categorised list of places in Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough, south Wales.
Administrative divisions
Electoral wards
Main article: List of electoral wards in Rhondda Cynon Taf
A list of electoral wards in Rhondda Cynon Taf since 1995 (2022 where indicated):
Aberaman 22
Abercynon
Aberdare East
Aberdare West and Llwydcoed n22
Beddau and Tyn-y-nant 22
Brynna and Llanharan 22
Church Village
Cilfynydd
Cwm Clydach
Cwmbach
Cymer n22
Ferndale and Maerdy
Gilfach Goch
Glyn-coch n22
Graig and Pontypridd West 22
Hawthorn and Lower Rhydfelen 22
Hirwaun, Penderyn and Rhigos 22
Llanharry
Llantrisant and Talbot Green 22
Llantwit Fardre
Llwyn-y-pia n22
Mountain Ash 22
Penrhiw-ceibr n22
Pentre
Pen-y-graig
Pen-y-waun
Pontyclun Central 22
Pontyclun East 22
Pontyclun West 22
Pontypridd Town
Porth
Rhydfelen Central 22
Taffs Well
Ton-teg n22
Tonypandy
Tonyrefail East
Tonyrefail West
Trallwng
Trealaw
Treforest
Treherbert
Treorchy
Tylorstown and Ynyshir 22
Upper Rhydfelen and Glyn-Taf 22
Ynysybwl
Ystrad
22 = new ward as of May 2022
n22 = new ward name as of May 2022
Communities
This is a list of local government communities (since the creation of Rhondda Cynon Taf unless otherwise indicated):
Aberaman (to 30 November 2016)
Aberaman North (from 1 December 2016)
Aberaman South (from 1 December 2016)
Abercynon
Aberdare (till 30 November 2016)
Aberdare East (from 1 December 2016)
Aberdare West (from 1 December 2016)
Cwm Clydach
Cwmbach
Cymmer
Ferndale
Gilfach Goch
Hirwaun
Llanharan
Llanharry
Llantrisant
Llantwit Fardre
Llwydcoed
Llwynypïa
Maerdy
Mountain Ash (to 30 November 2016)
Mountain Ash East (from 1 December 2016)
Mountain Ash West (from 1 December 2016)
Pen-y-graig
Penrhiwceiber
Pentre
Penywaun
Pont-y-clun
Pontypridd
Porth
Rhigos
Taff's Well
Tonypandy
Tonyrefail
Trealaw
Trehafod
Treherbert
Treorchy
Tylorstown
Ynyshir
Ynysybwl and Coed-y-Cwm
Ystrad
See also
Lists of places in Wales
References
^ "Rhondda Cyon Taff County Borough Council Election Results 1995-2012" (PDF). The Election Centre. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i "The Rhondda Cynon Taf (Communities) Order 2016" (PDF). Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of places in Rhondda Cynon Taf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf"},{"link_name":"Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_Cynon_Taf"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"}],"text":"For a list of towns and villages, see List of places in Rhondda Cynon Taf.This is a categorised list of places in Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough, south Wales.","title":"List of places in Rhondda Cynon Taf (categorised)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electoral wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electionresults-1"}],"sub_title":"Electoral wards","text":"A list of electoral wards in Rhondda Cynon Taf since 1995 (2022 where indicated):[1]22 = new ward as of May 2022\nn22 = new ward name as of May 2022","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_(Wales)"}],"sub_title":"Communities","text":"This is a list of local government communities (since the creation of Rhondda Cynon Taf unless otherwise indicated):","title":"Administrative divisions"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Lists of places in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_places_in_Wales"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Rhondda Cyon Taff County Borough Council Election Results 1995-2012\" (PDF). The Election Centre. Retrieved 18 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionscentre.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Rhondda-Cyon-Taff-1995-2012.pdf","url_text":"\"Rhondda Cyon Taff County Borough Council Election Results 1995-2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Rhondda Cynon Taf (Communities) Order 2016\" (PDF). Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2016/1156/pdfs/wsi_20161156_mi.pdf","url_text":"\"The Rhondda Cynon Taf (Communities) Order 2016\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.electionscentre.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Rhondda-Cyon-Taff-1995-2012.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Rhondda Cyon Taff County Borough Council Election Results 1995-2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2016/1156/pdfs/wsi_20161156_mi.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Rhondda Cynon Taf (Communities) Order 2016\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinoplanes_utahensis
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Actinoplanes utahensis
|
["1 Description","2 History","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Species of bacterium
Actinoplanes utahensis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Actinomycetota
Class:
Actinomycetia
Order:
Micromonosporales
Family:
Micromonosporaceae
Genus:
Actinoplanes
Species:
A. utahensis
Binomial name
Actinoplanes utahensisCouch 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)
Type strain
ATCC 14539DSM 43147IFO 13244JCM 3122NBRC 13244NRRL B-16727VKM Ac-674
Actinoplanes utahensis is a species of bacteria and a source of the drug acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Description
A. utahensis are irregular in size and shape. They form sporangia which are 5 to 18 micrometers in diameter, and contain spores arranged in irregular coils. A. utahensis are motile by way of a number of flagella at one end.
History
A. utahensis was originally identified by John Couch from soils collected from Salt Lake City's Liberty Park as well as along U.S. Route 40 in Nevada.
References
^ a b "Some New Genera and Species of the Actinoplanaceae". Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. 79: 69. May 1963. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
^ Vobis G, Schafer J, Kampfer P (14 September 2015). "Actinoplanes". In Whitman WB (ed.). Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–41. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00139. ISBN 9781118960608.
External links
Type strain of Actinoplanes utahensis at BacDive – the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Taxon identifiersActinoplanes utahensis
Wikidata: Q25834615
BacDive: 7815
GBIF: 3224577
IRMNG: 10033779
ITIS: 958978
LPSN: actinoplanes-utahensis
NCBI: 1869
Open Tree of Life: 824416
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"acarbose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acarbose"},{"link_name":"alpha-glucosidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-glucosidase"},{"link_name":"diabetes mellitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus"}],"text":"Actinoplanes utahensis is a species of bacteria and a source of the drug acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.","title":"Actinoplanes utahensis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sporangia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporangia"},{"link_name":"micrometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre"},{"link_name":"flagella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagella"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergey-2"}],"text":"A. utahensis are irregular in size and shape. They form sporangia which are 5 to 18 micrometers in diameter, and contain spores arranged in irregular coils. A. utahensis are motile by way of a number of flagella at one end.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Liberty Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Park_(Salt_Lake_City)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Couch-1"}],"text":"A. utahensis was originally identified by John Couch from soils collected from Salt Lake City's Liberty Park as well as along U.S. Route 40 in Nevada.[1]","title":"History"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Some New Genera and Species of the Actinoplanaceae\". Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. 79: 69. May 1963. Retrieved 15 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/jncas/id/2480","url_text":"\"Some New Genera and Species of the Actinoplanaceae\""}]},{"reference":"Vobis G, Schafer J, Kampfer P (14 September 2015). \"Actinoplanes\". In Whitman WB (ed.). Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–41. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00139. ISBN 9781118960608.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118960608.gbm00139","url_text":"10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00139"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118960608","url_text":"9781118960608"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/jncas/id/2480","external_links_name":"\"Some New Genera and Species of the Actinoplanaceae\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118960608.gbm00139","external_links_name":"10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00139"},{"Link":"http://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/7815","external_links_name":"Type strain of Actinoplanes utahensis at BacDive – the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase"},{"Link":"https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/7815","external_links_name":"7815"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3224577","external_links_name":"3224577"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10033779","external_links_name":"10033779"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=958978","external_links_name":"958978"},{"Link":"https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/actinoplanes-utahensis","external_links_name":"actinoplanes-utahensis"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1869","external_links_name":"1869"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=824416","external_links_name":"824416"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearsome_Foursome_(football)
|
Fearsome Foursome (American football)
|
["1 New York Giants","2 Detroit Lions","3 San Diego Chargers","4 Los Angeles Rams","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Title given to dominating defensive lines in American football
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Fearsome Foursome" American football – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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The Fearsome Foursome was the dominating defensive line of the Los Angeles Rams of the 1960s and 1970s. Before them, the term had occasionally been applied to other defensive lines in the National Football League.
New York Giants
In the 1957 season the New York Daily News, a major New York city tabloid, ran an article and sketches of the New York Giants' line consisting of ends Andy Robustelli and Jim Katcavage, and tackles Rosey Grier and Dick Modzelewski and a headline that read "A Fearsome Foursome."
Detroit Lions
Announcer Van Patrick applied the nickname "Fearsome Foursome" to the Lions front four as early as 1960, when the Lion defensive line consisted of ends Bill Glass and Darris McCord, and tackles Alex Karras and Roger Brown.
The term was also used for the Detroit Lions defensive line after Sam Williams replaced Glass, who was traded to the Browns after the 1961 season.
San Diego Chargers
The nickname "Fearsome Foursome" was also used to describe the American Football League's San Diego Chargers' defensive front four, including starters DE Ron Nery, DT Bill Hudson, DT Ernie Ladd, and DE Earl Faison. The Chargers moved to San Diego in 1961, and Faison made overall AFL Rookie of the Year, a rare feat for a defensive player. Alternate members of the group included DE Bob Petrich, DT George Gross, and DE-DT Henry Schmidt. At the time Gross and Ladd were two of the largest and strongest men in professional football. The Chargers' Foursome helped them reach the first two American Football League Championship games and five altogether, winning the AFL Championship in 1963 with a 51-10 thumping of the Boston Patriots.
Los Angeles Rams
Still later, Rosey Grier was acquired from the New York Giants in 1963 to join Lamar Lundy, Merlin Olsen and Deacon Jones as the Los Angeles Rams starting defensive line. They also became known as the Fearsome Foursome, and the greater publicity garnered by the NFL leads many to assume they were the originals. Dick Butkus called them "the most dominant line in football history." They gained fame as the Rams went from a perennial under .500 team to an NFL powerhouse under coach George Allen.
Roger Brown replaced Grier in 1967, and Diron Talbert replaced Brown in 1970. Also in 1970 Coy Bacon replaced Lamar Lundy.
The line was ultimately broken up when George Allen became coach of the Washington Redskins in 1971; Talbert and Jones left in 1972, with Talbert following Allen to the Redskins, and Jones going to the Chargers for two years before eventually reuniting with Allen himself on the Redskins in 1974. Bacon left in 1973. After missing the playoffs from 1970 to 1972, the Rams won seven straight division titles from 1973 to 1979, which was an NFL record until 2016 when broken by the New England Patriots. Those Rams teams were led in part by a reconstituted Fearsome Foursome.
This line consisted of ends Jack Youngblood and Fred Dryer, and tackles Olsen and Larry Brooks. Youngblood and Olsen are NFL Hall of Famers while Brooks made the Pro Bowl 5 times. Dryer, acquired from the Giants in 1972, also made the Pro Bowl once, and set an NFL record with 2 safeties in one game vs. the Packers. Olsen, who played with his brother Phil Olsen for 4 seasons from 1971 to 1974, retired after a 15-year career at the end of the 1976 season. He was replaced by Mike Fanning, who with Youngblood, Dryer and Brooks started in Super Bowl XIV following the 1979 season.
The line was documented in NFL Network's A Football Life, and was narrated by Josh Charles.
See also
Los Angeles portal
List of American Football League players
References
^ Dunnavant, Keith (2011). Bart Starr: America's Quarterback and the Rise of the National Football League. Thomas Dunne Books. p. 212. ISBN 978-0312363499.
^ "NFL Network's A FOOTBALL LIFE to Return 9/12". BrowadwayWorld. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
External links
NFL Films about the LA Rams Fearsome Foursome
vteLos Angeles Rams
Founded in 1936
Played in Cleveland, Ohio (1936–1945) and St. Louis, Missouri (1995–2015)
Based in Inglewood, California
Headquartered in Agoura Hills, California
Franchise
Franchise
History
in Cleveland
in St. Louis
NFL in Los Angeles
Seasons
Players
Coaches
First-round draft picks
Starting quarterbacks
Statistics
Broadcasters
Awards
Stadiums
Cleveland Stadium
League Park
Shaw Stadium
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Anaheim Stadium
Busch Memorial Stadium
The Dome at America's Center
SoFi Stadium
Culture
Rampage
Cheerleaders
Triple Threat
Crazylegs
Heaven Can Wait
Melonheads
Mob Squad (fans)
Nelly
John Ramsey
"Win"
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Big A Sign
American Underdog
Lore
Bull Elephant backfield
Fearsome Foursome
Jerome Bettis trade
The Greatest Show on Turf
The Tackle
Mob Squad (2015-19)
Sean McVay effect
2018 Monday Night Football Game
NOLA No-Call
Rivalries
Arizona Cardinals
Dallas Cowboys
Kansas City Chiefs (former)
Minnesota Vikings
New Orleans Saints
San Francisco 49ers
Seattle Seahawks
Retired numbers
7
28
29
74
75
78
80
85
Media
Broadcasters
KCBS-FM
Radio network
D'Marco Farr
Dick Enberg
Wild card berths (9)
1980
1983
1984
1986
1988
1989
2000
2004
2020
Division championships (18)
1945
1949
1967
1969
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1985
1999
2001
2003
2017
2018
2021
Conference championships (8)
1950
1951
1955
1979
1999
2001
2018
2021
League championships (4)
1945
1951
1999 (XXXIV)
2021 (LVI)
Current league affiliations
League: National Football League (1937–present)
Conference: National Football Conference
Division: West Division
Former league affiliation
League: American Football League (1936)
vteLos Angeles Chargers
Founded in 1960
Played in San Diego (1961–2016)
Based in Inglewood, California
Headquartered in Costa Mesa, California
Franchise
Franchise
History
in San Diego
NFL in Los Angeles
Coaches
Seasons
Retired numbers
Hall of Fame
Anniversary teams
40th
50th
Starting quarterbacks
First-round draft picks
Stadiums
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Balboa Stadium
SDCCU Stadium
San Diego stadium proposals
Dignity Health Sports Park
SoFi Stadium
Culture
Fearsome Foursome
Air Coryell
Alex Spanos
"San Diego Super Chargers"
Los Angeles Charger Girls
Bruise Brothers
Lore
Holy Roller
Epic in Miami
Freezer Bowl
Snowball Game
2006 playoff game vs. New England Patriots
Rivalries
Denver Broncos
Kansas City Chiefs
Las Vegas Raiders
Wild card berths (4)
1995
2013
2018
2022
Division championships (15)
1960
1961
1963
1964
1965
1979
1980
1981
1992
1994
2004
2006
2007
2008
2009
Conference championships (1)
1994
League championships (1)
1963
Media
Broadcasters
KYSR
Matt "Money" Smith
Current league affiliations
League: National Football League (1970–present)
Conference: American Football Conference
Division: West Division
Former league affiliation
League: American Football League (1960–1969)
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"}],"text":"The Fearsome Foursome was the dominating defensive line of the Los Angeles Rams of the 1960s and 1970s. Before them, the term had occasionally been applied to other defensive lines in the National Football League.","title":"Fearsome Foursome (American football)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"Andy Robustelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Robustelli"},{"link_name":"Jim Katcavage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Katcavage"},{"link_name":"Rosey Grier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosey_Grier"},{"link_name":"Dick Modzelewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Modzelewski"}],"text":"In the 1957 season the New York Daily News, a major New York city tabloid, ran an article and sketches of the New York Giants' line consisting of ends Andy Robustelli and Jim Katcavage, and tackles Rosey Grier and Dick Modzelewski and a headline that read \"A Fearsome Foursome.\"","title":"New York Giants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Glass"},{"link_name":"Darris McCord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darris_McCord"},{"link_name":"Alex Karras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Karras"},{"link_name":"Roger Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Brown_(defensive_tackle)"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"Sam Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Williams_(defensive_lineman)"}],"text":"Announcer Van Patrick applied the nickname \"Fearsome Foursome\" to the Lions front four as early as 1960, when the Lion defensive line consisted of ends Bill Glass and Darris McCord, and tackles Alex Karras and Roger Brown.The term was also used for the Detroit Lions defensive line after Sam Williams replaced Glass, who was traded to the Browns after the 1961 season.","title":"Detroit Lions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_League"},{"link_name":"San Diego Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Chargers"},{"link_name":"DE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_end"},{"link_name":"Ron Nery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Nery"},{"link_name":"DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"Bill Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hudson_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"Ernie Ladd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Ladd"},{"link_name":"DE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_end"},{"link_name":"Earl Faison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Faison"},{"link_name":"DE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_end"},{"link_name":"Bob Petrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Petrich"},{"link_name":"DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"George Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gross_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"DE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_end"},{"link_name":"DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"Henry Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Schmidt_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"American Football League Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_American_football_championship_games"},{"link_name":"AFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_American_football_championship_games"},{"link_name":"Boston Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Patriots"}],"text":"The nickname \"Fearsome Foursome\" was also used to describe the American Football League's San Diego Chargers' defensive front four, including starters DE Ron Nery, DT Bill Hudson, DT Ernie Ladd, and DE Earl Faison. The Chargers moved to San Diego in 1961, and Faison made overall AFL Rookie of the Year, a rare feat for a defensive player. Alternate members of the group included DE Bob Petrich, DT George Gross, and DE-DT Henry Schmidt. At the time Gross and Ladd were two of the largest and strongest men in professional football. The Chargers' Foursome helped them reach the first two American Football League Championship games and five altogether, winning the AFL Championship in 1963 with a 51-10 thumping of the Boston Patriots.","title":"San Diego Chargers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosey Grier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosey_Grier"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"Lamar Lundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_Lundy"},{"link_name":"Merlin Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_Olsen"},{"link_name":"Deacon Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon_Jones"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"Dick Butkus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Butkus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"George Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Allen_(American_football_coach)"},{"link_name":"Roger Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Brown_(defensive_tackle)"},{"link_name":"Diron Talbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diron_Talbert"},{"link_name":"Coy Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coy_Bacon"},{"link_name":"Jack Youngblood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Youngblood"},{"link_name":"Fred Dryer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Dryer"},{"link_name":"Larry Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Brooks_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Phil Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Olsen_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Mike Fanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Fanning_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XIV"},{"link_name":"NFL Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Network"},{"link_name":"A Football Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Football_Life"},{"link_name":"Josh Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Charles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Still later, Rosey Grier was acquired from the New York Giants in 1963 to join Lamar Lundy, Merlin Olsen and Deacon Jones as the Los Angeles Rams starting defensive line. They also became known as the Fearsome Foursome, and the greater publicity garnered by the NFL leads many to assume they were the originals. Dick Butkus called them \"the most dominant line in football history.\"[1] They gained fame as the Rams went from a perennial under .500 team to an NFL powerhouse under coach George Allen.\nRoger Brown replaced Grier in 1967, and Diron Talbert replaced Brown in 1970. Also in 1970 Coy Bacon replaced Lamar Lundy.The line was ultimately broken up when George Allen became coach of the Washington Redskins in 1971; Talbert and Jones left in 1972, with Talbert following Allen to the Redskins, and Jones going to the Chargers for two years before eventually reuniting with Allen himself on the Redskins in 1974. Bacon left in 1973. After missing the playoffs from 1970 to 1972, the Rams won seven straight division titles from 1973 to 1979, which was an NFL record until 2016 when broken by the New England Patriots. Those Rams teams were led in part by a reconstituted Fearsome Foursome.This line consisted of ends Jack Youngblood and Fred Dryer, and tackles Olsen and Larry Brooks. Youngblood and Olsen are NFL Hall of Famers while Brooks made the Pro Bowl 5 times. Dryer, acquired from the Giants in 1972, also made the Pro Bowl once, and set an NFL record with 2 safeties in one game vs. the Packers. Olsen, who played with his brother Phil Olsen for 4 seasons from 1971 to 1974, retired after a 15-year career at the end of the 1976 season. He was replaced by Mike Fanning, who with Youngblood, Dryer and Brooks started in Super Bowl XIV following the 1979 season.The line was documented in NFL Network's A Football Life, and was narrated by Josh Charles.[2]","title":"Los Angeles Rams"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Los Angeles portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Los_Angeles"},{"title":"List of American Football League players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Football_League_players"}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grand_Commanders_of_the_Dannebrog
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List of grand commanders of the Order of Dannebrog
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["1 Grand commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog","2 References","3 See also"]
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Grand commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog have been appointed by the Sovereign of the Royal Danish Orders of Chivalry, i.e. the Danish monarch, since the general reorganization of the order by royal letters patent of June 28, 1808. The grand commanders form a special class above the three ordinary classes of the Order of the Dannebrog. Thus, they outrank the Knights Grand Cross of the Dannebrog. Together with the knights of the Order of the Elephant, grand commanders constitute the Chapter of the Royal Danish Orders of Chivalry.
Grand commanders are, or have been, either
prominent members of the Danish royal family,
kings and emperors related to the Danish monarch, or,
other close relations of royal or princely status who are not members of the Danish royal family
Presently seven persons wear the grand commander's insignia. They are the six grand commanders and King Frederik X, the sovereign of the order.
By royal ordinance of October 10, 1951 women can be appointed grand commanders. Therefore, the women that appear in the list before that date were, strictly speaking, not appointed grand commanders as much as awarded the honour of wearing the insignia of a grand commander.
Grand commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog
Nr
Date
Image
Name
Title
Country
Motto
Notes
Frederik VI (1768–1839), the founder
1
28 June 1808
Frederik VI of Denmark
King of Denmark (1808–39)King of Norway (1808–14)
Denmark Norway
God and the just cause (Danish: Gud og den retfærdige sag)
2
14 December 1808
Christian August of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg-Augustenborg
Governor-General of Norway (1809–10)Crown Prince of Sweden (1810)
Denmark Norway Sweden
3
16 December 1813
Prince Frederik of Hesse-Cassel
Governor-General of Norway (1809–10)
Denmark Hesse
Brother-in-law and first cousin of Frederik VI
4
10 September 1817
Prince Carl of Hesse-Kassel
Governor-General of Norway (1766–68)Governor of Schleswig-Holstein (1769–1836)
Denmark Hesse
Father-in-law of Frederik VI
5
28 October 1828
Christian VIII of Denmark
Prince and Heir Presumptive of Denmark (1786–1808)King of Norway 1814King of Denmark (1839–48)
Denmark Norway
God and the fatherland (Danish: Gud og Fædrelandet)
First cousin of Frederik VI. Appointed while Prince and Heir Presumptive (1808–39) in honour of the Queen's birthday. Appointed Master of the Order upon his succession to the throne.
Christian VIII (1839–48)
6
28 January 1840
Marie, Dowager Queen of Denmark
Princess of Hesse-Cassel (1767–90)Crown Princess of Denmark (1790–1808)Queen consort of Denmark (1808–39)Queen consort of Norway (1808–14)Dowager Queen of Denmark (1839–52)
Denmark Hesse Norway
Widow of King Frederik VI. Only awarded insignia.
7
10 June 1841
Frederik VII of Denmark
Crown Prince of Denmark (1808–48)King of Denmark (1848–63)
Denmark
The people's love, my strength (Danish: Folkets Kærlighed, min Styrke)
Son of Christian VIII. Appointed while Crown Prince (1808–48) in honour of his wedding to Duchess Caroline Mariane of Mecklenburg. Appointed Master of the Order upon his succession to the throne.
Frederik VII (1848–63)
8
1 August 1854
Ferdinand, Hereditary Prince of Denmark
Prince of Denmark (1792–1848)Heir Presumptive of Denmark (1848–63)
Denmark
Brother of Christian VIII. Appointed while Heir Presumptive. Died four months before his nephew.
9
10 June 1860
Carl XV & IV of Sweden and Norway
Duke of Skåne (1826–72)Crown Prince of Sweden (1844–59)King of Sweden and Norway (1859–72)
Sweden Norway
Father-in-law of Frederik VIII
10
10 November 1860
Vilhelm, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel
Prince of Hesse-Cassel (1787–1837)Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel (1937–67)
Hesse
Brother-in-law of Christian VIII and father-in-law of Christian IX.
Christian IX (1863–1906)
11
15 November 1863
Christian IX of Denmark
Prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1825–53)Prince of Denmark (1853–63)King of Denmark (1863–1906)
Denmark
With God for honour and justice (Danish: Med Gud for ære og ret)
Didn't become Grand Commander till he succeeded to the throne. Upon his succession, he also became Master of the Order.
12
15 July 1865
Caroline Amalie, Dowager Queen of Denmark
Princess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (1796–1815)Princess of Denmark (1815–39)Queen consort of Denmark (1839–48)Dowager Queen of Denmark (1848–81)
Denmark
Widow of Christian VIII. Only awarded insignia.
13
28 July 1869
Frederik VIII of Denmark
Prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1843–53)Prince of Denmark (1853–63)Crown Prince of Denmark (1863–1906)King of Denmark (1906–12)
Denmark
The Lord is my aid (Danish: Herren er min hjælper)
Son of Christian IX. Appointed while Crown Prince (1863–1906) in honour of his wedding to Louise of Sweden. Appointed Master of the Order upon his succession to the throne.
14
30 June 1871
George I of Greece
Prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1845–53)Prince of Denmark (1853–63)The King of the Hellenes (1863–1913)
Denmark Greece
Son of Christian IX.
15
7 September 1883
Queen Louise of Denmark
Princess of Hesse-Cassel (1817–42)Princess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1842–53)Princess of Denmark (1853–63)Queen consort of Denmark (1863–98)
Denmark Hesse
Consort of Christian IX. Only awarded insignia. Appointed in honour of her 66th birthday.
16
9 November 1891
Alexander III of Russia
Grand Duke of Russia (1845–65)Tsesarevich of Russia (1865–81)Emperor of Russia (1881–94)
Russia
Son-in-law of Christian IX. Appointed in honour of his and Dagmar of Denmark's 25th wedding anniversary.
17
26 November 1894
Nicholas II of Russia
Grand Duke of Russia (1868–81)Tsesarevich of Russia (1881–94)Emperor of Russia (1894–1917)
Russia
Grandson of Christian IX. Appointed when he succeeded to the Russian throne.
18
21 July 1900
Prince Valdemar of Denmark
Prince of Denmark (1858–1939)
Denmark
Son of Christian IX.
19
9 September 1901
Edward VII of the United Kingdom
Duke of Cornwall (1841–1901)Prince of Wales (1841–1901)King of the United Kingdom (1901–11)
United Kingdom
Son-in-law of Christian IX.
Christian X (1912–47)
20
14 May 1912
Christian X of Denmark
Prince of Denmark (1870–1906)Crown Prince of Denmark (1906–12)King of Denmark (1912–47)King of Iceland (1918–44)
Denmark Iceland
My God, my country, my honour (Danish: Min Gud, mit land, min ære)
Didn't become Grand Commander till he succeeded to the throne. Upon his succession, he also became Master of the Order.
21
14 May 1912
Haakon VII of Norway
Prince of Denmark (1872–1905)King of Norway (1905–57)
Denmark Norway
Brother of Christian X.
22
28 March 1913
Constantine I of Greece
Prince of Greece (1868–1913)Prince of Denmark (1868–1923)King of the Hellenes (1913–23)
Greece Denmark
First cousin of Christian X. Appointed upon his succession to the throne.
23
18 April 1913
George V of the United Kingdom
Prince of the United Kingdom 1865-92Duke of York (1892–1901)Duke of Cornwall and York 1901Prince of Wales (1901–10)King of the United Kingdom (1910–36)
United Kingdom
First cousin of Christian X.
24
10 July 1920
Prince George of Greece and Denmark
Prince of Greece and Denmark (1869–1957)High Commissioner of Crete (1898–1906)
Greece Denmark
First cousin of Christian X.
25
3 February 1936
Frederik IX of Denmark
Prince of Denmark (1899–1912)Crown Prince of Denmark (1912–47)Crown Prince of Iceland (1918–44)King of Denmark (1947–72)
Denmark Iceland
With God for Denmark (Danish: Med Gud for Danmark)
Son of Christian X. Appointed while Crown Prince (1912–47).
26
15 May 1937
Knud, Hereditary Prince of Denmark
Prince of Denmark (1900–53)Hereditary Prince of Denmark (1953–76)
Denmark
Son of Christian X.
27
1945
Gustaf V of Sweden
Duke of Värmland (1858–1950)Prince of Sweden and Norway (1958–72)Crown Prince of Sweden (1872–1907)Crown Prince of Norway (1872–1905)King of Sweden (1907–50)
Sweden
Grandfather of Christian X's daughter-in-law Ingrid of Sweden.
28
26 March 1947
Prince Axel of Denmark
Prince of Denmark (1888–1964)
Denmark
First cousin of Christian X.
Frederik IX (1947–72)
29
26 May 1948
Alexandrine, Dowager Queen of Denmark
Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1879–98)Princess of Denmark (1898–1906)Crown Princess of Denmark (1906–12)Queen consort of Denmark (1912–47)Dowager Queen of Denmark (1947–52)
Denmark Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Consort of Christian X, and mother of Frederik IX. Only awarded insignia. Appointed in honour of the 50th anniversary of her arriving in Denmark.
30
8 May 1951
George VI of the United Kingdom
Prince of the United Kingdom (1895–1936)Duke of York (1920–36)King of the United Kingdom (1936–52)
United Kingdom
Second cousin of Frederik IX.
31
24 March 1952
Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden
Duke of Skåne (1882–1950)Prince of Sweden (1882–1907)Prince of Norway (1882–1905)Crown Prince of Sweden (1907–50)King of Sweden (1950–73)
Sweden
Father-in-law of Frederik IX.
32
11 September 1958
Olav V of Norway
Prince of Denmark (1903–05)Crown Prince of Norway (1905–57)King of Norway (1957–91)
Norway Denmark
First cousin of Frederik IX.
33
11 March 1959
Queen Ingrid of Denmark
Princess of Sweden 1910–35Crown Princess of Denmark (1935–47)Crown Princess of Iceland (1935–44)Queen consort of Denmark (1947–72)Dowager Queen of Denmark (1972–2002)
Sweden Denmark
Consort of Frederik IX. Appointed in honour of Frederik IX's 50th birthday. First woman to be appointed Grand Commander on equal terms as the men.
34
29 January 1963
Paul of Greece
Prince of Greece (1901–35)Prince of Denmark (1901–64)Crown Prince of Greece (1935–47)King of the Hellenes (1947–64)
Greece Denmark
Second cousin of Frederik IX and father of his son-in-law, Constantine II of Greece. Appointed in honour of the engagement between Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark and Crown Prince Constantine of Greece.
35
12 March 1964
Constantine II of Greece
Prince of Greece (1940–47)Prince of Denmark (1940–2023)Crown Prince of Greece (1947–64)King of the Hellenes (1964–73)
Greece Denmark
Son-in-law of Frederik IX. Appointed upon his succession to the throne.
36
1968
Prince Viggo, Count of Rosenborg
Prince of Denmark (1893–1924)Count of Rosenborg (1924–70)
Denmark
First cousin once removed of Frederik IX.
Margrethe II (1972–present)
37
14 January 1972
Margrethe II of Denmark
Princess of Denmark (1940–53)Princess of Iceland (1940–44)Heiress Presumptive of Denmark (1953–72)Queen of Denmark (1972–present)
Denmark
God's help, the people's love, Denmark's strength (Danish: Guds hjælp, folkets kærlighed, Danmarks styrke)
Didn't become Grand Commander till she succeeded to the throne. Upon her succession, she also became Master of the Order.
38
16 April 1973
Prince Henrik of Denmark
Prince of Denmark (1967–72)Prince consort of Denmark (1972–2018)
Denmark
Prince consort of Margrethe II. Appointed in honour of her 33rd birthday.
39
10 April 1975
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
Duke of Jämtland (1946–1973)Prince of Sweden (1946–50)Crown Prince of Sweden (1950–73)King of Sweden (1973–present)
Sweden
First cousin of Margrethe II.
40
28 October 1991
Harald V of Norway
Prince of Norway (1937–57)Crown Prince of Norway (1957–91)King of Norway (1991–present)
Norway
Second cousin of Margrethe II.
41
27 January 1993
Princess Benedikte of Denmark
Princess of Denmark (1944–present)Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (1968–2017)Dowager Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (2017–present)
Denmark
Sister of Margrethe II. Appointed in honour of her 25th wedding anniversary.
42
1 January 2004
Frederik X of Denmark
Prince of Denmark (1968–72)Crown Prince of Denmark (1972–2024)King of Denmark (2024-Present)
Denmark
United, committed, for the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Forbundne, forpligtet, for Kongeriget Danmark)
Son of Margrethe II. Appointed while Crown Prince (1972–2024).
43
16 April 2004
Prince Joachim of Denmark
Prince of Denmark (1969–present)
Denmark
Son of Margrethe II. Appointed in honour of the Queen's 64th birthday.
Frederik X (2024–present)
44
26 May 2024
Queen Mary of Denmark
Crown Princess of Denmark (2004–2024)Queen consort of Denmark (2024-Present)
Denmark
Consort of Frederik X. Appointed in honour of the King's 56th birthday.
References
^ "H.K.H. Prinsesse Benedikte--Danske dekorationer". Hendes Kongelige Højhed Prinsesse Benedikte. Kongehuset (The Royal House of Denmark). 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012. Storkommandør af Dannebrogordenen (S.Kmd.)Hjemmeværnets Fortjensttegn (Hjv.Ft.)
^ "H.K.H. Kronprinsen--Danske dekorationer". Hans Kongelige Højhed Kronprins Frederik. Kongehuset (The Royal House of Denmark). 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012. Storkommandør (S.Kmd.)
^ "H.K.H. Prins Joachim--Danske dekorationer". Hans Kongelige Højhed Prins Joachim. Kongehuset (The Royal House of Denmark). 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012. Storkommandør af Dannebrogordenen (S.Kmd.)
^ "H.M. Dronningen er tildelt Storkommandørkorset af Dannebrogordenen" . Kongehuset (in Danish). 26 May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
See also
Order of the Dannebrog
Order of the Elephant
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[{"title":"Order of the Dannebrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog"},{"title":"Order of the Elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant"}]
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[{"reference":"\"H.K.H. Prinsesse Benedikte--Danske dekorationer\". Hendes Kongelige Højhed Prinsesse Benedikte. Kongehuset (The Royal House of Denmark). 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012. Storkommandør af Dannebrogordenen (S.Kmd.)Hjemmeværnets Fortjensttegn (Hjv.Ft.)","urls":[{"url":"http://kongehuset.dk/Den-kongelige-familie/HKH-Prinsesse-Benedikte","url_text":"\"H.K.H. Prinsesse Benedikte--Danske dekorationer\""}]},{"reference":"\"H.K.H. Kronprinsen--Danske dekorationer\". Hans Kongelige Højhed Kronprins Frederik. Kongehuset (The Royal House of Denmark). 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012. Storkommandør (S.Kmd.)","urls":[{"url":"http://kongehuset.dk/Den-kongelige-familie/Kronprinsparret/hkh-kronprinsen","url_text":"\"H.K.H. Kronprinsen--Danske dekorationer\""}]},{"reference":"\"H.K.H. Prins Joachim--Danske dekorationer\". Hans Kongelige Højhed Prins Joachim. Kongehuset (The Royal House of Denmark). 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012. Storkommandør af Dannebrogordenen (S.Kmd.)","urls":[{"url":"http://kongehuset.dk/Den-kongelige-familie/Prins-Joachim-og-Prinsesse-Marie/HKH-Prins-Joachim","url_text":"\"H.K.H. Prins Joachim--Danske dekorationer\""}]},{"reference":"\"H.M. Dronningen er tildelt Storkommandørkorset af Dannebrogordenen\" [HM The Queen has been awarded the Grand Commander's Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog]. Kongehuset (in Danish). 26 May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kongehuset.dk/nyheder/h-m-dronningen-er-tildelt-storkommandoerkorset-af-dannebrogordenen","url_text":"\"H.M. Dronningen er tildelt Storkommandørkorset af Dannebrogordenen\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://kongehuset.dk/Den-kongelige-familie/HKH-Prinsesse-Benedikte","external_links_name":"\"H.K.H. Prinsesse Benedikte--Danske dekorationer\""},{"Link":"http://kongehuset.dk/Den-kongelige-familie/Kronprinsparret/hkh-kronprinsen","external_links_name":"\"H.K.H. Kronprinsen--Danske dekorationer\""},{"Link":"http://kongehuset.dk/Den-kongelige-familie/Prins-Joachim-og-Prinsesse-Marie/HKH-Prins-Joachim","external_links_name":"\"H.K.H. Prins Joachim--Danske dekorationer\""},{"Link":"https://www.kongehuset.dk/nyheder/h-m-dronningen-er-tildelt-storkommandoerkorset-af-dannebrogordenen","external_links_name":"\"H.M. Dronningen er tildelt Storkommandørkorset af Dannebrogordenen\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Greyhounds
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Indianapolis Greyhounds
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["1 Varsity teams","1.1 Men's sports","1.2 Women's sports","2 National championships","3 Conference championships and postseason play","3.1 Conference affiliations","3.2 Men's teams","3.3 Women's teams","4 Facilities","5 References","6 External links"]
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Collegiate sports club in the United States
Athletic teams representing University of Indianapolis
Indianapolis GreyhoundsUniversityUniversity of IndianapolisConferenceGreat Lakes Valley ConferenceNCAADivision IILocationIndianapolis, IndianaVarsity teams23Football stadiumKey StadiumBasketball arenaNicoson HallBaseball stadiumGreyhound ParkOther venuesRuth Lilly CenterMascotGrady (live), Ace (costumed)NicknameGreyhoundsColorsCrimson and grey Websiteathletics.uindy.edu
The Indianapolis Greyhounds, also the UIndy Greyhounds, are the athletic teams that represent the University of Indianapolis (UIndy), located in Indianapolis, Indiana. The Greyhounds compete in NCAA Division II as members of the Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC) for all 23 of their varsity sports. Indianapolis has been a member of the GLVC since 1978 and, as of 2022, was the only remaining charter member of the conference.
The university was known as Indiana Central from its founding in 1902 until the adoption of its current name in 1986. The Greyhound nickname for athletic teams dates from 1926. The original school colors, cardinal and grey, predated the athletic program, and eventually gave way to crimson and grey. The current "flying I" athletic department logo dates from 2007, when it was adopted as the helmet logo for Greyhound football.
In recent years, the Greyhounds have emerged as one of the top all-around athletics programs in Division II. Since 2011-12, Indianapolis has placed in the top ten of the Division II Learfield Directors' Cup standings nine times, and has won every GLVC All-Sports Trophy. As of spring 2023, when they earned their first GLVC wrestling and women's swimming & diving titles, the Greyhounds have won at least one GLVC championship in each of the program's 23 sports.
Varsity teams
Varsity sports records date from 1922–23, with the hiring of the first full-time coach and athletic director. (First season of varsity competition in parentheses)
Men's sports
Baseball (1922)
Basketball (1922–23)
Cross country (1947)
Football (1924; dropped 1932; restored 1946)
Golf (1948)
Lacrosse (2016)
Soccer (1981)
Swimming and diving (1984–85)
Tennis (1924)
Track and field, Outdoor (1926)
Track and field, Indoor
Wrestling (1955–56)
Women's sports
Basketball (1947–48)
Bowling (2024–25)
Cross country (1982)
Field Hockey (1964; dropped 1976)
Golf (1987)
Lacrosse (2016)
Soccer (1994)
Softball (1963)
Swimming and diving (1986–87)
Tennis (1971–72)
Track and field, Outdoor (1971–72)
Track and field, Indoor
Volleyball (1963)
National championships
Greyhound teams have won six NCAA national championships.
Association
Division
Sport
Year
Opponent/Runner-up
Score
Notes
NCAA
Division II
Women's Golf
2015
Rollins
1212 (+60) – 1217 (+65)
Women's Golf
2018
California Baptist
1157 (+5) – 1195 (+43)
Women's Golf
2024
California Baptist
Playoff
Women's Lacrosse
2022
East Stroudsburg
11–9
Men's swimming and diving
2023
Drury
527–450.5 (+76.5)
Women's Golf
2024
St. Mary's (TX)
2–2–1 match play (sudden death tiebreaker)
Conference championships and postseason play
Conference affiliations
Indiana Intercollegiate Conference (IIC) 1923–1947
Hoosier College Conference (HCC) 1947–1970
Indiana Collegiate Conference (ICC) 1970–1978
Heartland Collegiate Conference (Heartland) 1978–1990 (football-only 1985–1989 seasons)
Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference (football-only 1990–1998 seasons)
Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC) associate member in football, 1999–2011; M/W swimming & diving, 2000–2013; women's lacrosse, 2016–2019
Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC) 1978–present
Men's teams
Baseball – 19 conference championships: nine HCC (1949, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1964), two ICC (1971, 1973), two Heartland (1981, 1982), and six GLVC (1981, 1982, 1984, 2001, 2012, 2016). Postseason play includes four appearances in the NCAA D2 World Series (2000, 2012, 2023, 2024).
Basketball – 12 conference championships: three IIC (1933–34, 1940–41, 1941–42), eight HCC (1948–49, 1950–51, 1955–56, 1959–60, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67), and one GLVC (1996–97). Eight NAIA national tournament appearances (1948–49, 1955–56, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1968–69) and twelve NCAA D2 tournament appearances (1995–96, 1996–97, 2002–3, 2003–4, 2004–5, 2011–12 through 2015–16, 2022–23, 2023–24). David Logan named 2004–5 NCAA D2 National Player of the Year.
Cross Country – 14 conference championships: eight HCC (1950, 1951, 1952, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1965), five ICC (1972, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977), and one GLVC (2000). Individual HCC champion James Langford (1947). Individual GLVC champions Erhard Bell (1979) and John Parson (2003).
Football – 16 conference championships: five HCC (1947, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1960), two Heartland (1978, 1981), and nine GLVC (2012 through 2015, 2017, 2018, 2020–21, 2022, 2023). One NCAA D3 playoff appearance (1975) and eight NCAA D2 playoff appearances (2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023).
Golf – 18 conference championships: one Heartland (1978–79) and 17 GLVC (1978–79, 1987–88 through 1992–93, 1996–97, 1996–97, 1998–99, 2001–2, 2007–8, 2008–9, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2017–18, 2023–24). Postseason play includes national third-place finish in D2 tournament (2022–23). Individual NCAA D2 champion Keegan Bronnenberg (2020–21).
Lacrosse – Three GLVC championships (2018, 2019, 2021). Five NCAA D2 tournament appearances (2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024). National semifinal appearance in 2019 (16-3 record), in just the fourth year of the program's existence.
Soccer – Four GLVC championships (2014, 2017, 2021, 2023). Seven NCAA D2 tournament appearances (2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023). National semifinal appearances in 2019 and 2021.
Swimming and Diving – Five GLVC championships (2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22, 2023–24). (NOTE: program competed as independent, 1985 through 2000). NCAA D2 postseason action includes one national championship (2022–23) and five national third-place finishes (2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21, 2021–22, and 2023–24). 20 individual NCAA championships including seven by Orel Oral (1999–2000 through 2002–3), plus two relay championships.
Tennis – 15 conference championships: two HCC (1954–55, 1959–60) and 13 GLVC (1978–79, 1988–89, 1990–91 through 1994–95, 2015–16 through 2018–19, 2022–23, 2023–24). Postseason play includes D2 national semifinal appearance in 2022–23.
Track and Field – Outdoor: 13 conference championships, including three HCC (1951, 1962, 1963), one ICC (1973), two Heartland (1980, 1981), and seven GLVC (2002, 2003, 2010 through 2013, 2019). (Note: program competed as independent, 1986 through 1995). Indoor: Six GLVC championships (2010 through 2013, 2018, 2019). Twelve individual NCAA championships (10 outdoor, 2 indoor) including three by Randy Heisler in the discus (1982, 1983, 1984).
Wrestling – 12 conference championships: five HCC (1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970), six ICC (1971, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978), and one GLVC (2023). (Note: program competed as independent, 1956 through 1964 and 1986 through 2016). Postseason NCAA D2 action includes a national 6th-place finish (2022) and a national 7th-place finish (2023). Individual NCAA D2 champions Nick Walpole at 149 (2011) and Derek Blubaugh at 197 (2024).
Women's teams
Basketball – Two GLVC championships (1992–93, 2002–3). 11 NCAA D2 tournament appearances (1992–93, 1993–94, 2002–3, 2003–4, 2004–5, 2007–8, 2008–9, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14).
Cross Country – Two GLVC championships (1992, 2018). Individual GLVC champions Kathy Casey (1988) and Lauren Bailey (2020).
Golf – 16 GLVC championships (1999–2000, 2000–2001, 2001–2, 2008–9, 2009–10, 2011–12 through 2018–19, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2023–24). Three NCAA D2 national championships (2014–15, 2017–18, 2023–24), one national second-place finish (2015–16), three national third-place finishes (2008–9, 2016–17, 2018–19). Individual NCAA D2 champions Lyndsay McBride (2008–9) and Katharina Keilich (2017–18).
Lacrosse – Six conference championships: two GLIAC (2018, 2019) and four GLVC (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024). Six NCAA D2 tournament appearances (2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024). National champions in 2022 (22–1 record), in just the seventh season of the program's existence. Peyton Romig named 2021 D2 National Player of the Year. Abby Lagos named 2022 D2 National Player of the Year.
Soccer – One GLVC championship (2006). Four NCAA D2 tournament appearances (2006, 2009, 2019, 2021).
Softball – Two GLVC championships (2012, 2016). 16 NCAA D2 tournament appearances (2008 through 2019, 2021 through 2024). Three appearances in the NCAA D2 World Series (2009, 2015, 2024).
Swimming and Diving – Four conference championships: three GLIAC (2002–3, 2003–4, 2004–5) and one GLVC (2022–23). (NOTE: program competed as independent, 1987 through 2000). NCAA D2 postseason action includes two national second-place finishes (2021–22 and 2022–23), one national third-place finish (2020–21), and one national fourth-place finish (2023–24). Eight individual NCAA championships, including three by Marizel van Jaarsveld (2020–21, 2021–22), plus five relay championships.
Tennis – 15 GLVC championships (1988–89, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1993–94, 1996–97, 2002–3, 2004–5, 2005–6, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2018–19, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24). Postseason play includes two D2 national semifinal appearances (2020–21 and 2021–22).
Track – Outdoor: eight GLVC championships (2002, 2004, 2009 through 2013, 2015). (Note: program competed as independent, 1972 through 1995). Indoor: One GLVC championship (2009). Seven individual NCAA championships (4 indoor, 3 outdoor) including two by Vijitha Amaresakara in the javelin (outdoor, 1994 and 1995) and two by Berenice Cleyet-Merle (indoor 800m in 2021, indoor mile in 2022).
Volleyball – Four GLVC championships (2003, 2009, 2011, 2013). Ten NCAA D2 tournament appearances (2003, 2007 through 2014, 2019), including two Elite Eight appearances (2009, 2012).
Facilities
Athletics and Recreation Center (M/W indoor track & field) – known as the ARC – Built in 2011 as the practice site for the New York Giants prior to their victory in Super Bowl XLVI. Features a 68,000-square-foot (6,300 m2) air-supported dome covering indoor track & field facilities, a training room, baseball batting cages, and an expanded weight room. The adjacent building includes locker rooms for football, men's and women's track and field, softball, and baseball, athletic training facilities, and 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2) of office space for the coaching staffs of football, men's and women's soccer, men's and women's track and field, softball, baseball and men's and women's golf.
Key Stadium (football, M/W soccer, M/W lacrosse) – Originally built in 1970, Sprinturf playing surface added in 2004, lights added in summer of 2005, seating capacity of 5,500 with standing room only space for approximately 1,500 more. Locker rooms for men's and women's soccer and men's and women's lacrosse are under the home grandstand.
Nicoson Hall (M/W basketball, wrestling) – Opened in 1960, seating capacity of 4,000 with standing room only space for approximately 1,000 more, named for long-time basketball coach and Athletic Director Angus Nicoson.
Ruth Lilly Court (volleyball, wrestling) – Opened in 1982, seating capacity of 500.
Ruth Lilly Center Pool (M/W swimming & diving) – Opened in 1982, seating capacity of 300.
Greyhound Park (baseball) – seating capacity of 750.
Baumgartner Field (softball) – seating capacity of 300, built in 2012, named for Mary "Wimp" Baumgartner who played in the Women's Professional Baseball League during the late 1940s.
UIndy Tennis Center (M/W tennis) – Seven indoor courts located at the UIndy Tennis Center. Info can be found at www.uindytenniscenter.com.
References
^ "UIndy Men's Basketball Prospectus" (PDF). October 3, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
^ Frederick D. Hill, Downright Devotion to the Cause: A History of the University of Indianapolis and its Legacy of Service (Indianapolis: University of Indianapolis Press, 2002), page 211.
^ UIndy All-Sports Success, https://athletics.uindy.edu/sports/2012/3/29/GENERAL_0329123537.aspx, University of Indianapolis Athletics. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
^ "Women's golf makes history, captures school's first NCAA championship". University of Indianapolis Athletics. May 16, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
^ "UIndy women win NCAA D-II title". The Indianapolis Star. May 17, 2015.
^ "Women's golf captures second-ever national championship". University of Indianapolis Athletics. May 19, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
^ "Local native joins UIndy in championship". The Tribune. Seymour, Indiana. May 21, 2018.
^ "UIndy wins the 2024 NCAA DII women's golf national championship". NCAA. May 25, 2024.
^ "UIndy Crowned 2022 NCAA DII Women's Lacrosse National Champion". University of Indianapolis Athletics. May 22, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
^ VanTryon, Matthew (May 25, 2022). "How UIndy women won LAX national title". The Indianapolis Star.
^ "UIndy Men Crowned Swim/Dive National Champions, Women Runners-up". University of Indianapolis Athletics. March 11, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
^ "Greyhounds Claim 2024 Women's Golf National Championship". University of Indianapolis Athletics. May 25, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
^ "Logan honored as D-II Player of the Year". The Indianapolis Star. March 23, 2005.
External links
Official website
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Division II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes Valley Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Valley_Conference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Athletic teams representing University of IndianapolisThe Indianapolis Greyhounds, also the UIndy Greyhounds, are the athletic teams that represent the University of Indianapolis (UIndy), located in Indianapolis, Indiana. The Greyhounds compete in NCAA Division II as members of the Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC) for all 23 of their varsity sports. Indianapolis has been a member of the GLVC since 1978 and, as of 2022, was the only remaining charter member of the conference.The university was known as Indiana Central from its founding in 1902 until the adoption of its current name in 1986. The Greyhound nickname for athletic teams dates from 1926.[2] The original school colors, cardinal and grey, predated the athletic program, and eventually gave way to crimson and grey. The current \"flying I\" athletic department logo dates from 2007, when it was adopted as the helmet logo for Greyhound football.In recent years, the Greyhounds have emerged as one of the top all-around athletics programs in Division II. Since 2011-12, Indianapolis has placed in the top ten of the Division II Learfield Directors' Cup standings nine times, and has won every GLVC All-Sports Trophy.[3] As of spring 2023, when they earned their first GLVC wrestling and women's swimming & diving titles, the Greyhounds have won at least one GLVC championship in each of the program's 23 sports.","title":"Indianapolis Greyhounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indianapolis_Greyhounds&action=edit§ion=2"},{"link_name":"Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Greyhounds_football"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indianapolis_Greyhounds&action=edit§ion=3"}],"text":"Varsity sports records date from 1922–23, with the hiring of the first full-time coach and athletic director. (First season of varsity competition in parentheses)Men's sports[edit]\nBaseball (1922)\nBasketball (1922–23)\nCross country (1947)\nFootball (1924; dropped 1932; restored 1946)\nGolf (1948)\nLacrosse (2016)\nSoccer (1981)\nSwimming and diving (1984–85)\nTennis (1924)\nTrack and field, Outdoor (1926)\nTrack and field, Indoor\nWrestling (1955–56)\n\n\n\n\nWomen's sports[edit]\nBasketball (1947–48)\nBowling (2024–25)\nCross country (1982)\nField Hockey (1964; dropped 1976)\nGolf (1987)\nLacrosse (2016)\nSoccer (1994)\nSoftball (1963)\nSwimming and diving (1986–87)\nTennis (1971–72)\nTrack and field, Outdoor (1971–72)\nTrack and field, Indoor\nVolleyball (1963)","title":"Varsity teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Greyhound teams have won six NCAA national championships.","title":"National championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Conference championships and postseason play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indiana Intercollegiate Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Intercollegiate_Conference"},{"link_name":"Hoosier College Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosier_College_Conference"},{"link_name":"Indiana Collegiate Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Collegiate_Conference"},{"link_name":"Heartland Collegiate Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland_Collegiate_Conference"},{"link_name":"Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Intercollegiate_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes Valley Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Valley_Conference"}],"sub_title":"Conference affiliations","text":"Indiana Intercollegiate Conference (IIC) 1923–1947\nHoosier College Conference (HCC) 1947–1970\nIndiana Collegiate Conference (ICC) 1970–1978\nHeartland Collegiate Conference (Heartland) 1978–1990 (football-only 1985–1989 seasons)\nMidwest Intercollegiate Football Conference (football-only 1990–1998 seasons)\nGreat Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC) associate member in football, 1999–2011; M/W swimming & diving, 2000–2013; women's lacrosse, 2016–2019\nGreat Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC) 1978–present","title":"Conference championships and postseason play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cross Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_soccer_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"Track and Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_wrestling"}],"sub_title":"Men's teams","text":"Baseball – 19 conference championships: nine HCC (1949, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1964), two ICC (1971, 1973), two Heartland (1981, 1982), and six GLVC (1981, 1982, 1984, 2001, 2012, 2016). Postseason play includes four appearances in the NCAA D2 World Series (2000, 2012, 2023, 2024).\nBasketball – 12 conference championships: three IIC (1933–34, 1940–41, 1941–42), eight HCC (1948–49, 1950–51, 1955–56, 1959–60, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67), and one GLVC (1996–97). Eight NAIA national tournament appearances (1948–49, 1955–56, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1968–69) and twelve NCAA D2 tournament appearances (1995–96, 1996–97, 2002–3, 2003–4, 2004–5, 2011–12 through 2015–16, 2022–23, 2023–24). David Logan named 2004–5 NCAA D2 National Player of the Year.[13]\nCross Country – 14 conference championships: eight HCC (1950, 1951, 1952, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1965), five ICC (1972, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977), and one GLVC (2000). Individual HCC champion James Langford (1947). Individual GLVC champions Erhard Bell (1979) and John Parson (2003).\nFootball – 16 conference championships: five HCC (1947, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1960), two Heartland (1978, 1981), and nine GLVC (2012 through 2015, 2017, 2018, 2020–21, 2022, 2023). One NCAA D3 playoff appearance (1975) and eight NCAA D2 playoff appearances (2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023).\nGolf – 18 conference championships: one Heartland (1978–79) and 17 GLVC (1978–79, 1987–88 through 1992–93, 1996–97, 1996–97, 1998–99, 2001–2, 2007–8, 2008–9, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2017–18, 2023–24). Postseason play includes national third-place finish in D2 tournament (2022–23). Individual NCAA D2 champion Keegan Bronnenberg (2020–21).\nLacrosse – Three GLVC championships (2018, 2019, 2021). Five NCAA D2 tournament appearances (2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024). National semifinal appearance in 2019 (16-3 record), in just the fourth year of the program's existence.\nSoccer – Four GLVC championships (2014, 2017, 2021, 2023). Seven NCAA D2 tournament appearances (2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023). National semifinal appearances in 2019 and 2021.\nSwimming and Diving – Five GLVC championships (2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22, 2023–24). (NOTE: program competed as independent, 1985 through 2000). NCAA D2 postseason action includes one national championship (2022–23) and five national third-place finishes (2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21, 2021–22, and 2023–24). 20 individual NCAA championships including seven by Orel Oral (1999–2000 through 2002–3), plus two relay championships.\nTennis – 15 conference championships: two HCC (1954–55, 1959–60) and 13 GLVC (1978–79, 1988–89, 1990–91 through 1994–95, 2015–16 through 2018–19, 2022–23, 2023–24). Postseason play includes D2 national semifinal appearance in 2022–23.\nTrack and Field – Outdoor: 13 conference championships, including three HCC (1951, 1962, 1963), one ICC (1973), two Heartland (1980, 1981), and seven GLVC (2002, 2003, 2010 through 2013, 2019). (Note: program competed as independent, 1986 through 1995). Indoor: Six GLVC championships (2010 through 2013, 2018, 2019). Twelve individual NCAA championships (10 outdoor, 2 indoor) including three by Randy Heisler in the discus (1982, 1983, 1984).\nWrestling – 12 conference championships: five HCC (1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970), six ICC (1971, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978), and one GLVC (2023). (Note: program competed as independent, 1956 through 1964 and 1986 through 2016). Postseason NCAA D2 action includes a national 6th-place finish (2022) and a national 7th-place finish (2023). Individual NCAA D2 champions Nick Walpole at 149 (2011) and Derek Blubaugh at 197 (2024).","title":"Conference championships and postseason play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Cross Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_soccer_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"Volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"}],"sub_title":"Women's teams","text":"Basketball – Two GLVC championships (1992–93, 2002–3). 11 NCAA D2 tournament appearances (1992–93, 1993–94, 2002–3, 2003–4, 2004–5, 2007–8, 2008–9, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14).\nCross Country – Two GLVC championships (1992, 2018). Individual GLVC champions Kathy Casey (1988) and Lauren Bailey (2020).\nGolf – 16 GLVC championships (1999–2000, 2000–2001, 2001–2, 2008–9, 2009–10, 2011–12 through 2018–19, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2023–24). Three NCAA D2 national championships (2014–15, 2017–18, 2023–24), one national second-place finish (2015–16), three national third-place finishes (2008–9, 2016–17, 2018–19). Individual NCAA D2 champions Lyndsay McBride (2008–9) and Katharina Keilich (2017–18).\nLacrosse – Six conference championships: two GLIAC (2018, 2019) and four GLVC (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024). Six NCAA D2 tournament appearances (2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024). National champions in 2022 (22–1 record), in just the seventh season of the program's existence. Peyton Romig named 2021 D2 National Player of the Year. Abby Lagos named 2022 D2 National Player of the Year.\nSoccer – One GLVC championship (2006). Four NCAA D2 tournament appearances (2006, 2009, 2019, 2021).\nSoftball – Two GLVC championships (2012, 2016). 16 NCAA D2 tournament appearances (2008 through 2019, 2021 through 2024). Three appearances in the NCAA D2 World Series (2009, 2015, 2024).\nSwimming and Diving – Four conference championships: three GLIAC (2002–3, 2003–4, 2004–5) and one GLVC (2022–23). (NOTE: program competed as independent, 1987 through 2000). NCAA D2 postseason action includes two national second-place finishes (2021–22 and 2022–23), one national third-place finish (2020–21), and one national fourth-place finish (2023–24). Eight individual NCAA championships, including three by Marizel van Jaarsveld (2020–21, 2021–22), plus five relay championships.\nTennis – 15 GLVC championships (1988–89, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1993–94, 1996–97, 2002–3, 2004–5, 2005–6, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2018–19, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24). Postseason play includes two D2 national semifinal appearances (2020–21 and 2021–22).\nTrack – Outdoor: eight GLVC championships (2002, 2004, 2009 through 2013, 2015). (Note: program competed as independent, 1972 through 1995). Indoor: One GLVC championship (2009). Seven individual NCAA championships (4 indoor, 3 outdoor) including two by Vijitha Amaresakara in the javelin (outdoor, 1994 and 1995) and two by Berenice Cleyet-Merle (indoor 800m in 2021, indoor mile in 2022).\nVolleyball – Four GLVC championships (2003, 2009, 2011, 2013). Ten NCAA D2 tournament appearances (2003, 2007 through 2014, 2019), including two Elite Eight appearances (2009, 2012).","title":"Conference championships and postseason play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XLVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVI"},{"link_name":"Angus Nicoson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Nicoson"}],"text":"Athletics and Recreation Center (M/W indoor track & field) – known as the ARC – Built in 2011 as the practice site for the New York Giants prior to their victory in Super Bowl XLVI. Features a 68,000-square-foot (6,300 m2) air-supported dome covering indoor track & field facilities, a training room, baseball batting cages, and an expanded weight room. The adjacent building includes locker rooms for football, men's and women's track and field, softball, and baseball, athletic training facilities, and 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2) of office space for the coaching staffs of football, men's and women's soccer, men's and women's track and field, softball, baseball and men's and women's golf.\nKey Stadium (football, M/W soccer, M/W lacrosse) – Originally built in 1970, Sprinturf playing surface added in 2004, lights added in summer of 2005, seating capacity of 5,500 with standing room only space for approximately 1,500 more. Locker rooms for men's and women's soccer and men's and women's lacrosse are under the home grandstand.\nNicoson Hall (M/W basketball, wrestling) – Opened in 1960, seating capacity of 4,000 with standing room only space for approximately 1,000 more, named for long-time basketball coach and Athletic Director Angus Nicoson.\nRuth Lilly Court (volleyball, wrestling) – Opened in 1982, seating capacity of 500.\nRuth Lilly Center Pool (M/W swimming & diving) – Opened in 1982, seating capacity of 300.\nGreyhound Park (baseball) – seating capacity of 750.\nBaumgartner Field (softball) – seating capacity of 300, built in 2012, named for Mary \"Wimp\" Baumgartner who played in the Women's Professional Baseball League during the late 1940s.\nUIndy Tennis Center (M/W tennis) – Seven indoor courts located at the UIndy Tennis Center. Info can be found at www.uindytenniscenter.com.","title":"Facilities"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"UIndy Men's Basketball Prospectus\" (PDF). October 3, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://athletics.uindy.edu/documents/2016/10/3/1617_Media_Supplement.pdf#","url_text":"\"UIndy Men's Basketball Prospectus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's golf makes history, captures school's first NCAA championship\". University of Indianapolis Athletics. May 16, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://athletics.uindy.edu/news/2015/5/13/WGOLF_0513151303.aspx","url_text":"\"Women's golf makes history, captures school's first NCAA championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"UIndy women win NCAA D-II title\". The Indianapolis Star. May 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-star/138355586/","url_text":"\"UIndy women win NCAA D-II title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's golf captures second-ever national championship\". University of Indianapolis Athletics. May 19, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://athletics.uindy.edu/news/2018/5/19/womens-golf-captures-second-ever-national-championship.aspx","url_text":"\"Women's golf captures second-ever national championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local native joins UIndy in championship\". The Tribune. Seymour, Indiana. May 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tribune/138355743/","url_text":"\"Local native joins UIndy in championship\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour,_Indiana","url_text":"Seymour, Indiana"}]},{"reference":"\"UIndy wins the 2024 NCAA DII women's golf national championship\". NCAA. May 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncaa.com/news/golf-women/article/2024-05-25/uindy-wins-2024-ncaa-dii-womens-golf-national-championship","url_text":"\"UIndy wins the 2024 NCAA DII women's golf national championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"UIndy Crowned 2022 NCAA DII Women's Lacrosse National Champion\". University of Indianapolis Athletics. May 22, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://athletics.uindy.edu/news/2022/5/22/womens-lacrosse-uindy-crowned-2022-ncaa-dii-womens-lacrosse-national-champion.aspx","url_text":"\"UIndy Crowned 2022 NCAA DII Women's Lacrosse National Champion\""}]},{"reference":"VanTryon, Matthew (May 25, 2022). \"How UIndy women won LAX national title\". The Indianapolis Star.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-star/138355871/","url_text":"\"How UIndy women won LAX national title\""}]},{"reference":"\"UIndy Men Crowned Swim/Dive National Champions, Women Runners-up\". University of Indianapolis Athletics. March 11, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://athletics.uindy.edu/news/2023/3/11/mens-swimming-diving-uindy-men-crowned-national-champions-women-runners-up.aspx","url_text":"\"UIndy Men Crowned Swim/Dive National Champions, Women Runners-up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greyhounds Claim 2024 Women's Golf National Championship\". University of Indianapolis Athletics. May 25, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://athletics.uindy.edu/news/2024/5/25/womens-golf-greyhounds-claim-2024-womens-golf-national-championship.aspx","url_text":"\"Greyhounds Claim 2024 Women's Golf National Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Logan honored as D-II Player of the Year\". The Indianapolis Star. March 23, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-star/138356988/","url_text":"\"Logan honored as D-II Player of the Year\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://athletics.uindy.edu/","external_links_name":"athletics.uindy.edu"},{"Link":"http://athletics.uindy.edu/documents/2016/10/3/1617_Media_Supplement.pdf#","external_links_name":"\"UIndy Men's Basketball Prospectus\""},{"Link":"https://athletics.uindy.edu/sports/2012/3/29/GENERAL_0329123537.aspx","external_links_name":"https://athletics.uindy.edu/sports/2012/3/29/GENERAL_0329123537.aspx"},{"Link":"https://athletics.uindy.edu/news/2015/5/13/WGOLF_0513151303.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Women's golf makes history, captures school's first NCAA championship\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-star/138355586/","external_links_name":"\"UIndy women win NCAA D-II title\""},{"Link":"https://athletics.uindy.edu/news/2018/5/19/womens-golf-captures-second-ever-national-championship.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Women's golf captures second-ever national championship\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tribune/138355743/","external_links_name":"\"Local native joins UIndy in championship\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncaa.com/news/golf-women/article/2024-05-25/uindy-wins-2024-ncaa-dii-womens-golf-national-championship","external_links_name":"\"UIndy wins the 2024 NCAA DII women's golf national championship\""},{"Link":"https://athletics.uindy.edu/news/2022/5/22/womens-lacrosse-uindy-crowned-2022-ncaa-dii-womens-lacrosse-national-champion.aspx","external_links_name":"\"UIndy Crowned 2022 NCAA DII Women's Lacrosse National Champion\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-star/138355871/","external_links_name":"\"How UIndy women won LAX national title\""},{"Link":"https://athletics.uindy.edu/news/2023/3/11/mens-swimming-diving-uindy-men-crowned-national-champions-women-runners-up.aspx","external_links_name":"\"UIndy Men Crowned Swim/Dive National Champions, Women Runners-up\""},{"Link":"https://athletics.uindy.edu/news/2024/5/25/womens-golf-greyhounds-claim-2024-womens-golf-national-championship.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Greyhounds Claim 2024 Women's Golf National Championship\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-star/138356988/","external_links_name":"\"Logan honored as D-II Player of the Year\""},{"Link":"http://athletics.uindy.edu/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Run
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Timber Run
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["1 Course","2 Another nearby creek","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 40°15′30″N 74°29′26″W / 40.25833°N 74.49056°W / 40.25833; -74.49056RiverTimber RunMap of Timber RunPhysical characteristicsSource • coordinates40°15′41″N 74°29′2″W / 40.26139°N 74.48389°W / 40.26139; -74.48389
Mouth • coordinates40°15′30″N 74°29′26″W / 40.25833°N 74.49056°W / 40.25833; -74.49056 • elevation108 ft (33 m)Basin featuresProgressionRocky Brook, Millstone River, Raritan River, Atlantic OceanRiver systemRaritan River system
Timber Run is a tributary of Rocky Brook in Mercer County, New Jersey in the United States.
Course
Timber Run starts at 40°15′41″N 74°29′2″W / 40.26139°N 74.48389°W / 40.26139; -74.48389, in a housing development near Franklin Street (SR-33). It flows south and drains into Quad II Lake, which drains into Rocky Brook at 40°15′30″N 74°29′26″W / 40.25833°N 74.49056°W / 40.25833; -74.49056.
Another nearby creek
Another tributary to Rocky Brook that runs nearby is also called Timber Run. This one starts in the middle of a field between Lake Drive and the original alignment of Milford Rd. It flows west-northwest to a point behind a restaurant located a few hundred feet east of the New Jersey Turnpike. From there, the creek turns west-southwest, and continues until it drains into a narrow recessed section of Peddie Lake. Much of this stream is culverted, and parts of its route are diverted around local businesses and Interchange 8 of the Turnpike.
See also
List of rivers of New Jersey
References
^ a b "GNIS Detail - Timber Run". USGS. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
^ "New Jersey Turnpike Interchange 6–9 Widening — Environmental Impact Statement, Chapter 3, page 245" (PDF).
External links
USGS Coordinates in Google Maps
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Rocky Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Brook"},{"link_name":"Mercer County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"RiverTimber Run is a tributary of Rocky Brook in Mercer County, New Jersey in the United States.","title":"Timber Run"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"40°15′41″N 74°29′2″W / 40.26139°N 74.48389°W / 40.26139; -74.48389","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Timber_Run¶ms=40_15_41_N_74_29_2_W_"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"40°15′30″N 74°29′26″W / 40.25833°N 74.49056°W / 40.25833; -74.49056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Timber_Run¶ms=40_15_30_N_74_29_26_W_"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"}],"text":"Timber Run starts at 40°15′41″N 74°29′2″W / 40.26139°N 74.48389°W / 40.26139; -74.48389,[1] in a housing development near Franklin Street (SR-33). It flows south and drains into Quad II Lake, which drains into Rocky Brook at 40°15′30″N 74°29′26″W / 40.25833°N 74.49056°W / 40.25833; -74.49056.[1]","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"culverted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culvert"}],"text":"Another tributary to Rocky Brook that runs nearby is also called Timber Run.[2] This one starts in the middle of a field between Lake Drive and the original alignment of Milford Rd. It flows west-northwest to a point behind a restaurant located a few hundred feet east of the New Jersey Turnpike. From there, the creek turns west-southwest, and continues until it drains into a narrow recessed section of Peddie Lake. Much of this stream is culverted, and parts of its route are diverted around local businesses and Interchange 8 of the Turnpike.","title":"Another nearby creek"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of rivers of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_New_Jersey"}]
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[{"reference":"\"GNIS Detail - Timber Run\". USGS. Retrieved 26 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://gnis.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=139:3:2632076808412938::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:881191%2CTimber%20Run","url_text":"\"GNIS Detail - Timber Run\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Jersey Turnpike Interchange 6–9 Widening — Environmental Impact Statement, Chapter 3, page 245\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.njturnpikewidening.com/documents/03d_Chapter3_pp241-343.pdf","url_text":"\"New Jersey Turnpike Interchange 6–9 Widening — Environmental Impact Statement, Chapter 3, page 245\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Timber_Run¶ms=40_15_30_N_74_29_26_W_type:river","external_links_name":"40°15′30″N 74°29′26″W / 40.25833°N 74.49056°W / 40.25833; -74.49056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Timber_Run¶ms=40_15_41_N_74_29_2_W_","external_links_name":"40°15′41″N 74°29′2″W / 40.26139°N 74.48389°W / 40.26139; -74.48389"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Timber_Run¶ms=40_15_30_N_74_29_26_W_type:river","external_links_name":"40°15′30″N 74°29′26″W / 40.25833°N 74.49056°W / 40.25833; -74.49056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Timber_Run¶ms=40_15_41_N_74_29_2_W_","external_links_name":"40°15′41″N 74°29′2″W / 40.26139°N 74.48389°W / 40.26139; -74.48389"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Timber_Run¶ms=40_15_30_N_74_29_26_W_","external_links_name":"40°15′30″N 74°29′26″W / 40.25833°N 74.49056°W / 40.25833; -74.49056"},{"Link":"https://gnis.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=139:3:2632076808412938::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:881191%2CTimber%20Run","external_links_name":"\"GNIS Detail - Timber Run\""},{"Link":"http://www.njturnpikewidening.com/documents/03d_Chapter3_pp241-343.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New Jersey Turnpike Interchange 6–9 Widening — Environmental Impact Statement, Chapter 3, page 245\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gazpublic/getgooglemap?p_lat=40.2584432&p_longi=-74.49043&fid=881191","external_links_name":"USGS Coordinates in Google Maps"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Night_With_Rick_Dees
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Rick Dees
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["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Radio","2.2 Films and television","3 Fisher v. Dees and other legal trouble","4 Discography","5 References","6 External links"]
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American entertainer, radio personality, comedian, actor and voice artist (born 1950)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Rick Dees" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Rick DeesDees in 1986BornRigdon Osmond Dees III (1950-03-14) March 14, 1950 (age 74)Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.NationalityAmericanEducationGrimsley High SchoolUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillOccupation(s)Radio personality, entertainer, comedic performerKnown forRick Dees Weekly Top 40Disco DuckLa BambaSpouses
Carolyn R Craft
(m. 1973–1977)
Julie McWhirter (m. 1977)
ChildrenKevin DeesWebsitehttps://rick.com
Rigdon Osmond Dees III (born March 14, 1950), best known as Rick Dees, is an American entertainer, radio personality, comedian, actor, and voice artist, best known for his internationally syndicated radio show The Rick Dees Weekly Top 40 Countdown and for the 1976 satirical novelty song "Disco Duck".
Dees is a People's Choice Award recipient, a Grammy-nominated performing artist, and Broadcast Hall of Fame inductee. He performed the title song for the film Meatballs. He co-founded the E. W. Scripps television network Fine Living, now the Cooking Channel, and has hosted Rick Dees in the Morning at KIIS-FM and KHHT in Los Angeles. Today he continues his own syndicated daily radio show, Daily Dees and the syndicated Rick Dees Weekly Top 40 Countdown.
Early life
Dees was born Rigdon Osmond Dees III in Jacksonville, Florida, on March 14, 1950. He was raised in Greensboro, North Carolina. Dees graduated from Greensboro's Grimsley High School and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with a bachelor's degree in motion pictures, TV, and radio.
Career
Radio
Dees began his radio career at a Greensboro radio station called WGBG while still in high school. He worked for various radio stations throughout the southeastern United States, including WCAR (now known as WXYC) in Chapel Hill, North Carolina; WSGN in Birmingham, Alabama; and WKIX in Raleigh, North Carolina.
His introduction to the international entertainment arena began while working at WMPS AM 680 ("The Great 68") in Memphis, Tennessee, during the disco craze of the mid-to-late-1970s, when he wrote and recorded "Disco Duck" in 1976, that sold more than six million copies. The song can be heard in Saturday Night Fever in a brief scene in which a group of older people were learning to "move their feet to the disco beat". While this platinum recording earned him a People's Choice Award for Favorite New Song, and the BMI Award for record sales in one year, Dees was expressly forbidden from playing the song on the air by station management (rival stations refused to play it for fear of promoting their competition). Dees was fired from WMPS when he mentioned that his song, "Disco Duck", was almost number 1, and his own radio station would not let him play it. The station manager said it was a conflict of interest. Dees did not perform the actual duck vocals on the song since he could not "talk like a duck". The duck vocals were recorded at Shoestring Productions in Memphis, Tennessee by Ken Pruitt, who moved away before the song became popular, and the vocals for the duck were done by Michael Chesney of Memphis for the concert tour. Chesney had done some comedic voices for Dees prior to Disco Duck. The tour went from Disney World to New York City, billed as Rick Dees and The Cast of Idiots. After a 45-day non-compete clause in his contract was satisfied, Dees was hired by RKO Radio to do the morning show at WHBQ AM 560 in Memphis.
The success of Dees at their Memphis radio station, combined with his TV appearances and hit music, motivated station owner RKO General to offer Rick the morning radio show in Los Angeles at KHJ (AM). Dees helped their ratings, but AM music radio was rapidly losing ground to FM. When KHJ switched to country music, Dees left KHJ, taking a morning position at KIIS-FM in July 1981. In a short time, he turned KIIS-FM into the #1 revenue-generating radio station in America, with an asset value approaching half a billion dollars.
He began his Weekly Top 40 countdown program, still currently in syndication, on the weekend of October 8–9, 1983 on 18 stations; the show was created after Dees's station KIIS dropped American Top 40 in a dispute over the playing of network commercials. The Weekly Top 40 has been heard each weekend in over 200 countries worldwide and the Armed Forces Radio Network. It is distributed domestically by Compass Media Networks and internationally by Dees Entertainment International (through Radio Express). In December 2008, the Weekly Top 40 became the first English-speaking radio show to air in China. The syndicated Countdown is available in several different editions including Hit Radio (for contemporary hit radio stations), Hot Adult (hot adult contemporary radio stations), 80s Edition and 90s Edition on terrestrial radio stations around the world.
After 23 years on radio station KIIS-FM, Dees left in February 2004 with no official explanation, and he was replaced by Ryan Seacrest. Dees returned to Los Angeles radio in August 2006 on KMVN, Movin 93.9, hosting the morning show along with Patti "Long Legs" Lopez and Mark Wong. On April 15, 2009, Movin 93.9 dismissed its radio personalities and changed the format to Spanish contemporary music after a leasing of the station to Mexico City business Grupo Radio Centro. Dees was one of the last voices on the station before the flip, redirecting listeners of his show to RICK.COM. On April 20, 2011, Dees returned for the second time, this time at KIIS's sister station KHHT, following the station's formatting shift to a Gold-based Rhythmic AC. His show at KHHT lasted for a year.
Dees continues distribution of his Rick Dees Weekly Top 40 Countdown globally to terrestrial radio stations and streaming in the U.S., making it the longest continuously running countdown featuring pop music in the world. He also continues to host the syndicated Daily Dees show, and can be heard in Hawaii on Kohala Radio KNKR 96.1 FM each morning live.
Dees has garnered many accolades, including the Marconi Award, induction into both the National Radio Hall of Fame, and the National Association of Broadcasters Hall Of Fame. In 1984, he received a Grammy Award nomination for his comedy album Hurt Me Baby – Make Me Write Bad Checks and has since received the Grammy Governor's Award. His other comedy albums – I'm Not Crazy, Rick Dees Greatest Hit (The White Album), and Put It Where The Moon Don't Shine have also enjoyed worldwide success. He is an inductee in the North Carolina Music Hall Of Fame, the Tennessee Radio Hall Of Fame, has received the Billboard Radio Personality Of The Year award for 10 consecutive years, received a People's Choice Award, and has been awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Films and television
In television, Dees hosted his own late-night show on the ABC television network in the early 1990s, Into the Night Starring Rick Dees, which ran for one season and was canceled due to low ratings. He has guest-starred on Roseanne, Married... with Children, Diagnosis: Murder and many other hit shows. In addition, Dees hosted the syndicated series Solid Gold from Paramount Television, and his voice has been a part of numerous animated features, including The Flintstones, where he starred as Rock Dees, and Jetsons: The Movie, where he voiced Rocket Rick.
In feature films, Dees starred in La Bamba, portraying the iconic Ted Quillin, the Los Angeles disc jockey who helped launch Ritchie Valens's career.
His voice was heard as the radio DJ during the opening credits of the film Valley Girl, released in 1983.
In 2020, Dees provided the voice of Peter Griffin's impression of him in the Family Guy episode "La Famiglia Guy".
Fisher v. Dees and other legal trouble
Main article: Fisher v. Dees
In 1984, Dees (and his record company) made a request of Marvin Fisher, the owner of the copyright in the music of the song "When Sunny Gets Blue", for permission to use the song in a parody of the performance by Johnny Mathis. Fisher refused to grant permission for the use. Dees decided to do a parody even without the permission of the copyright holder, using about 29 seconds of the song in a parody album titled Put It Where the Moon Don't Shine.
Fisher sued Dees for copyright infringement. The trial court found that the parody song, titled "When Sonny Sniffs Glue," was clearly intended to "poke fun" at the style of singing for which Johnny Mathis was well known, and thus was not infringing. The decision was upheld on appeal, in Fisher v. Dees 794 F.2d 432 (9th Cir. 1986).
In an unrelated 1991 case, Dees was successfully sued for $10 million in damages. The court found Dees and his business manager acted with "malice and oppression" in diverting profits from Dees's Top 40 countdown program and gave the judgment to a former business partner.
Discography
1976 – The Original Disco Duck
1981 – Gift Rappin'
1983 – Hurt Me Baby – Make Me Write Bad Checks
1984 – Put It Where the Moon Don't Shine
1985 – I'm Not Crazy
1986 – Rick Dees Greatest Hit (The White Album) (Macola Records MRC-0971)
1996 – Spousal Arousal
2008 – Rick and Steve Theme Song
Year
Song
Billboard Hot 100
Australia
UK Singles Chart
1976
"Disco Duck (Part One)"
#1
#4
#6
1977
"Dis-Gorilla (Part One)"
#56
–
–
1978
"Bigfoot"
#110 (Bub. Under)
–
–
1984
"Get Nekked"
#104 (Bub. Under)
–
–
1984
"Eat My Shorts"
#75
–
–
References
^ Soundtracks for Meatballs (1979), IMDb.com; accessed June 20, 2015.
^ "Celebrating 40 years: Rick Dees Student Production Fund". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill College of Arts and Sciences Articles. November 5, 2015. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
^ "NAB Award Winner—Rick Dees" (PDF). Radio Journal. April 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
^ "History WXYC". Archived from the original on August 16, 2021.
^ "Rick Dees". 25 October 2019. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021.
^ "Reel Top 40 Radio Repository". Archived from the original on January 12, 2020.
^ "1977 Nominees & Winners". Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
^ a b Rick Dees puts a new spin on success top -40 style. Los Angeles Radio Guide. Vol. 1 No. 4. 1994
^ Radio and Records Issue Dated 10-07-83 page 37
^ Durkee, Rob. American Top 40: The Countdown of the Century. ISBN 0-02-864895-1. New York City: Schirmer Books, 1999. Accessed December 10, 2007.
^ Anderson, Dick (2004). KIIS gives longtime DJ Rick Dees short shrift. LA Times archive
^ Cromelin, Richard (June 8, 2010). "Rick Dees - Hollywood Star Walk". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
^ "Mädchen Amick on Into the Night With Rick Dees". Youtube.com. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
^ Into the Night Starring Rick Dees at IMDb
^ Groupe, Kasan. (2010-09-13) Failed Talk Show Hosts Part 2. Linkroll.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-21.
^ A reference to the text of the decision in Fisher v. Dees appears at Law.UCLA.edu, webpage: "Arch-402-UCLAedu". Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2008..
^ Puig, Claudia (1991-03-20). "Verdict Against Rick Dees: Law: More than $10 million in damages in 'Top 40' radio suit is awarded to ex-partner of KIIS deejay and his business manager". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 86. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 148. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
External links
Official website Rick.com
Rick Dees at IMDb
Rick Dees at the National Radio Hall of Fame
Country's Gone & Dees "Gets Movin" To Mornings At 93.9 LA
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
United States
Artists
Grammy Awards
MusicBrainz
2
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rick Dees Weekly Top 40 Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Dees_Weekly_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Disco Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_Duck"},{"link_name":"People's Choice Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Meatballs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatballs_(film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"E. W. Scripps television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company#Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Fine Living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Living_(European_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Cooking Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_Channel"},{"link_name":"KIIS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIIS-FM"},{"link_name":"KHHT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRRL"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"}],"text":"Rigdon Osmond Dees III (born March 14, 1950), best known as Rick Dees, is an American entertainer, radio personality, comedian, actor, and voice artist, best known for his internationally syndicated radio show The Rick Dees Weekly Top 40 Countdown and for the 1976 satirical novelty song \"Disco Duck\".Dees is a People's Choice Award recipient, a Grammy-nominated performing artist, and Broadcast Hall of Fame inductee. He performed the title song for the film Meatballs.[1] He co-founded the E. W. Scripps television network Fine Living, now the Cooking Channel, and has hosted Rick Dees in the Morning at KIIS-FM and KHHT in Los Angeles. Today he continues his own syndicated daily radio show, Daily Dees and the syndicated Rick Dees Weekly Top 40 Countdown.","title":"Rick Dees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Greensboro, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Grimsley High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsley_High_School"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Dees was born Rigdon Osmond Dees III in Jacksonville, Florida, on March 14, 1950. He was raised in Greensboro, North Carolina. Dees graduated from Greensboro's Grimsley High School and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with a bachelor's degree in motion pictures, TV, and radio.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greensboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"WGBG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKEW"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nab-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"WXYC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXYC"},{"link_name":"Chapel Hill, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"WSGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAGG"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"WKIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKIX_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Raleigh, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"WMPS AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMFS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Memphis, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"Disco Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_Duck"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever"},{"link_name":"People's Choice Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Award"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"conflict of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Memphis, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"non-compete clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-compete_clause"},{"link_name":"RKO Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_General"},{"link_name":"WHBQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHBQ_(AM)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"RKO General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_General"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"KHJ (AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHJ_(AM)"},{"link_name":"KIIS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIIS-FM"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-larg-8"},{"link_name":"Weekly Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Dees_Weekly_Top_40"},{"link_name":"syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_syndication"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"American Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"Radio Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Express"},{"link_name":"contemporary hit radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40_(radio_format)"},{"link_name":"hot adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ryan Seacrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Seacrest"},{"link_name":"KMVN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLLI_(FM)"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Kohala Radio KNKR 96.1 FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNKR-LP"},{"link_name":"National Radio Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Radio_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"National Association of Broadcasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-larg-8"},{"link_name":"People's Choice Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Award"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Radio","text":"Dees began his radio career at a Greensboro radio station called WGBG while still in high school.[3] He worked for various radio stations throughout the southeastern United States, including WCAR[4] (now known as WXYC) in Chapel Hill, North Carolina; WSGN[5] in Birmingham, Alabama; and WKIX in Raleigh, North Carolina.[6]His introduction to the international entertainment arena began while working at WMPS AM 680 (\"The Great 68\") in Memphis, Tennessee, during the disco craze of the mid-to-late-1970s, when he wrote and recorded \"Disco Duck\" in 1976, that sold more than six million copies. The song can be heard in Saturday Night Fever in a brief scene in which a group of older people were learning to \"move their feet to the disco beat\". While this platinum recording earned him a People's Choice Award for Favorite New Song,[7] and the BMI Award for record sales in one year,[citation needed] Dees was expressly forbidden from playing the song on the air by station management (rival stations refused to play it for fear of promoting their competition). Dees was fired from WMPS when he mentioned that his song, \"Disco Duck\", was almost number 1, and his own radio station would not let him play it. The station manager said it was a conflict of interest. Dees did not perform the actual duck vocals on the song since he could not \"talk like a duck\".[citation needed] The duck vocals were recorded at Shoestring Productions in Memphis, Tennessee by Ken Pruitt, who moved away before the song became popular, and the vocals for the duck were done by Michael Chesney of Memphis for the concert tour. Chesney had done some comedic voices for Dees prior to Disco Duck. The tour went from Disney World to New York City, billed as Rick Dees and The Cast of Idiots. After a 45-day non-compete clause in his contract was satisfied, Dees was hired by RKO Radio to do the morning show at WHBQ AM 560 in Memphis.[citation needed]The success of Dees at their Memphis radio station, combined with his TV appearances and hit music, motivated station owner RKO General to offer Rick the morning radio show in Los Angeles at KHJ (AM). Dees helped their ratings, but AM music radio was rapidly losing ground to FM. When KHJ switched to country music, Dees left KHJ, taking a morning position at KIIS-FM[8] in July 1981. In a short time, he turned KIIS-FM into the #1 revenue-generating radio station in America, with an asset value approaching half a billion dollars.He began his Weekly Top 40 countdown program, still currently in syndication, on the weekend of October 8–9, 1983 on 18 stations;[9] the show was created after Dees's station KIIS dropped American Top 40 in a dispute over the playing of network commercials.[10][page needed] The Weekly Top 40 has been heard each weekend in over 200 countries worldwide and the Armed Forces Radio Network. It is distributed domestically by Compass Media Networks and internationally by Dees Entertainment International (through Radio Express). In December 2008, the Weekly Top 40 became the first English-speaking radio show to air in China. The syndicated Countdown is available in several different editions including Hit Radio (for contemporary hit radio stations), Hot Adult (hot adult contemporary radio stations), 80s Edition and 90s Edition on terrestrial radio stations around the world.After 23 years on radio station KIIS-FM, Dees left in February 2004 with no official explanation,[11] and he was replaced by Ryan Seacrest. Dees returned to Los Angeles radio in August 2006 on KMVN, Movin 93.9, hosting the morning show along with Patti \"Long Legs\" Lopez and Mark Wong. On April 15, 2009, Movin 93.9 dismissed its radio personalities and changed the format to Spanish contemporary music after a leasing of the station to Mexico City business Grupo Radio Centro. Dees was one of the last voices on the station before the flip, redirecting listeners of his show to RICK.COM. On April 20, 2011, Dees returned for the second time, this time at KIIS's sister station KHHT, following the station's formatting shift to a Gold-based Rhythmic AC. His show at KHHT lasted for a year.Dees continues distribution of his Rick Dees Weekly Top 40 Countdown globally to terrestrial radio stations and streaming in the U.S., making it the longest continuously running countdown featuring pop music in the world. He also continues to host the syndicated Daily Dees show, and can be heard in Hawaii on Kohala Radio KNKR 96.1 FM each morning live.Dees has garnered many accolades, including the Marconi Award, induction into both the National Radio Hall of Fame, and the National Association of Broadcasters Hall Of Fame. In 1984, he received a Grammy Award nomination for his comedy album Hurt Me Baby – Make Me Write Bad Checks and has since received the Grammy Governor's Award. His other comedy albums – I'm Not Crazy, Rick Dees Greatest Hit (The White Album), and Put It Where The Moon Don't Shine have also enjoyed worldwide success. He is an inductee in the North Carolina Music Hall Of Fame, the Tennessee Radio Hall Of Fame, has received the Billboard Radio Personality Of The Year award for 10 consecutive years,[8] received a People's Choice Award,[citation needed] and has been awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Roseanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseanne_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Married... with Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married..._with_Children"},{"link_name":"Diagnosis: Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis:_Murder"},{"link_name":"Solid Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_Gold_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Flintstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flintstones"},{"link_name":"Jetsons: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetsons:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"La Bamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bamba_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ted Quillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Quillin"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"disc jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"Valley Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Girl_(1983_film)"},{"link_name":"Peter Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Griffin"},{"link_name":"Family Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Guy"}],"sub_title":"Films and television","text":"In television, Dees hosted his own late-night show[13] on the ABC television network in the early 1990s, Into the Night Starring Rick Dees,[14] which ran for one season and was canceled due to low ratings.[15] He has guest-starred on Roseanne, Married... with Children, Diagnosis: Murder and many other hit shows. In addition, Dees hosted the syndicated series Solid Gold from Paramount Television, and his voice has been a part of numerous animated features, including The Flintstones, where he starred as Rock Dees, and Jetsons: The Movie, where he voiced Rocket Rick.In feature films, Dees starred in La Bamba, portraying the iconic Ted Quillin, the Los Angeles disc jockey who helped launch Ritchie Valens's career.His voice was heard as the radio DJ during the opening credits of the film Valley Girl, released in 1983.In 2020, Dees provided the voice of Peter Griffin's impression of him in the Family Guy episode \"La Famiglia Guy\".","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"Johnny Mathis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mathis"},{"link_name":"copyright infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement"},{"link_name":"parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"Fisher v. Dees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_v._Dees"},{"link_name":"794 F.2d 432","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_citation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In 1984, Dees (and his record company) made a request of Marvin Fisher, the owner of the copyright in the music of the song \"When Sunny Gets Blue\", for permission to use the song in a parody of the performance by Johnny Mathis. Fisher refused to grant permission for the use. Dees decided to do a parody even without the permission of the copyright holder, using about 29 seconds of the song in a parody album titled Put It Where the Moon Don't Shine.Fisher sued Dees for copyright infringement. The trial court found that the parody song, titled \"When Sonny Sniffs Glue,\" was clearly intended to \"poke fun\" at the style of singing for which Johnny Mathis was well known, and thus was not infringing. The decision was upheld on appeal, in Fisher v. Dees 794 F.2d 432 (9th Cir. 1986).[16]In an unrelated 1991 case, Dees was successfully sued for $10 million in damages. The court found Dees and his business manager acted with \"malice and oppression\" in diverting profits from Dees's Top 40 countdown program and gave the judgment to a former business partner.[17]","title":"Fisher v. Dees and other legal trouble"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Original Disco Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Original_Disco_Duck"}],"text":"1976 – The Original Disco Duck\n1981 – Gift Rappin'\n1983 – Hurt Me Baby – Make Me Write Bad Checks\n1984 – Put It Where the Moon Don't Shine\n1985 – I'm Not Crazy\n1986 – Rick Dees Greatest Hit (The White Album) (Macola Records MRC-0971)\n1996 – Spousal Arousal\n2008 – Rick and Steve Theme Song","title":"Discography"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Celebrating 40 years: Rick Dees Student Production Fund\". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill College of Arts and Sciences Articles. November 5, 2015. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825153203/https://college.unc.edu/2015/11/celebrating-40-years-rick-dees-student-production-fund/","url_text":"\"Celebrating 40 years: Rick Dees Student Production Fund\""},{"url":"https://college.unc.edu/2015/11/celebrating-40-years-rick-dees-student-production-fund/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NAB Award Winner—Rick Dees\" (PDF). Radio Journal. April 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090326011335/http://ftp.media.radcity.net/ZMST/NAB/RJNAB07.pdf","url_text":"\"NAB Award Winner—Rick Dees\""},{"url":"http://ftp.media.radcity.net/ZMST/NAB/RJNAB07.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History WXYC\". Archived from the original on August 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210816020344/https://wxyc.org/history","url_text":"\"History WXYC\""},{"url":"https://wxyc.org/history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rick Dees\". 25 October 2019. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119082158/https://walkoffame.com/rick-dees","url_text":"\"Rick Dees\""},{"url":"https://walkoffame.com/rick-dees","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reel Top 40 Radio Repository\". Archived from the original on January 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200112223818/http://reelradio.com/jesm/index.html","url_text":"\"Reel Top 40 Radio Repository\""},{"url":"http://reelradio.com/jesm/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1977 Nominees & Winners\". Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160509202750/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/?year=1977","url_text":"\"1977 Nominees & Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/?year=1977","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cromelin, Richard (June 8, 2010). \"Rick Dees - Hollywood Star Walk\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/rick-dees/","url_text":"\"Rick Dees - Hollywood Star Walk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mädchen Amick on Into the Night With Rick Dees\". Youtube.com. Retrieved 6 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_LSK5_pyKs","url_text":"\"Mädchen Amick on Into the Night With Rick Dees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arch-402-UCLAedu\". Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218115402/http://cip.law.ucla.edu/cases/case_fisherdees.html","url_text":"\"Arch-402-UCLAedu\""},{"url":"http://cip.law.ucla.edu/cases/case_fisherdees.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Puig, Claudia (1991-03-20). \"Verdict Against Rick Dees: Law: More than $10 million in damages in 'Top 40' radio suit is awarded to ex-partner of KIIS deejay and his business manager\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1991-03-20/entertainment/ca-485_1_rick-dees","url_text":"\"Verdict Against Rick Dees: Law: More than $10 million in damages in 'Top 40' radio suit is awarded to ex-partner of KIIS deejay and his business manager\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 86. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 148. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rick+Dees%22","external_links_name":"\"Rick Dees\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rick+Dees%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rick+Dees%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rick+Dees%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rick+Dees%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rick+Dees%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://rick.com/","external_links_name":"https://rick.com"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079540/soundtrack","external_links_name":"Soundtracks for Meatballs (1979)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825153203/https://college.unc.edu/2015/11/celebrating-40-years-rick-dees-student-production-fund/","external_links_name":"\"Celebrating 40 years: Rick Dees Student Production Fund\""},{"Link":"https://college.unc.edu/2015/11/celebrating-40-years-rick-dees-student-production-fund/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090326011335/http://ftp.media.radcity.net/ZMST/NAB/RJNAB07.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NAB Award Winner—Rick Dees\""},{"Link":"http://ftp.media.radcity.net/ZMST/NAB/RJNAB07.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210816020344/https://wxyc.org/history","external_links_name":"\"History WXYC\""},{"Link":"https://wxyc.org/history","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119082158/https://walkoffame.com/rick-dees","external_links_name":"\"Rick Dees\""},{"Link":"https://walkoffame.com/rick-dees","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200112223818/http://reelradio.com/jesm/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Reel Top 40 Radio Repository\""},{"Link":"http://reelradio.com/jesm/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160509202750/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/?year=1977","external_links_name":"\"1977 Nominees & Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/?year=1977","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Other-Documments/LA-Radio-Guide/LA-Radio-Guide-1994-12.pdf","external_links_name":"Rick Dees puts a new spin on success top -40 style."},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-feb-23-et-counterpunch23-story.html","external_links_name":"KIIS gives longtime DJ Rick Dees short shrift"},{"Link":"http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/rick-dees/","external_links_name":"\"Rick Dees - Hollywood Star Walk\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_LSK5_pyKs","external_links_name":"\"Mädchen Amick on Into the Night With Rick Dees\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0292806/","external_links_name":"Into the Night Starring Rick Dees"},{"Link":"http://www.linkroll.com/Movies-TV-Arts-and-Entertainment--299307-Failed-Talk-Show-Hosts-Part-2.html","external_links_name":"Failed Talk Show Hosts Part 2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218115402/http://cip.law.ucla.edu/cases/case_fisherdees.html","external_links_name":"\"Arch-402-UCLAedu\""},{"Link":"http://cip.law.ucla.edu/cases/case_fisherdees.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1991-03-20/entertainment/ca-485_1_rick-dees","external_links_name":"\"Verdict Against Rick Dees: Law: More than $10 million in damages in 'Top 40' radio suit is awarded to ex-partner of KIIS deejay and his business manager\""},{"Link":"http://www.rick.com/","external_links_name":"Official website Rick.com"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0214418/","external_links_name":"Rick Dees"},{"Link":"http://www.museum.tv/rhofsection.php?page=192","external_links_name":"Rick Dees"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201200/http://www.radioink.com/HeadlineEntry.asp?hid=134740&pt=todaysnews","external_links_name":"Country's Gone & Dees \"Gets Movin\" To Mornings At 93.9 LA"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000116842702","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/90649700","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCybyHjX8VQ4cHqgjpyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4604823","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91053833","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/rick-dees/11051","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/16636bc5-051a-45c7-9479-eca5f3596d5f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0b3072a9-e32b-42d9-8377-fde931238ab5","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/180754203","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_national_rugby_union_team
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Serbia national rugby union team
|
["1 History","2 Current squad","3 Results","3.1 As the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1996–2002)","3.2 As Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)","3.3 As Serbia (2006–)","4 Overall","5 Player records","5.1 Most caps","5.2 Top point scorers","5.3 Youngest players","5.4 Oldest players","6 World Cup record","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
|
National rugby union team
This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Serbia women's national rugby union team.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Serbia national rugby union team" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
SerbiaHead coachMichel MilovicCaptainAleksandar DJordjevic
First colours
World Rugby rankingCurrent80 (as of 16 January 2023)Lowest88 (23 November 2020)First international Serbia 8–3 British Colonies(9 March 1918)Biggest win Serbia 62–0 Montenegro (8 October 2022)Biggest defeat Germany 108–0 Serbia (12 November 2005)World CupAppearancesnone
The Serbia national rugby union team is classified as a tier three nation by World Rugby, and has yet to qualify for the Rugby World Cup. They have played over 100 internationals.
The national side is ranked 80th in the world, as of 16 January 2023.
History
Main article: Rugby union in Serbia
A Serbian Rugby Team, 1918
The first known rugby players from Serbia were Serbian students in George Heriot's School in Edinburgh, Scotland during The First World War. On March, 9th 1918 they played their first unofficial international game, in front of 10,000 spectators, against a British Dominions VII and won by eight points to three. Notable players from this period included Toma Tomić from Leskovac, Dimitrije Dulkanović from Ćuprija and Danilo Pavlović from Prokuplje.
Serbian students also played rugby at the High School of Dundee and Hillhead High School in Glasgow. The best Serbian player in Scotland was Slavoljub DJordjevic from Čajetina. He played more than 100 games for Hillhead HS, Glasgow University RFC and Hillhead RFC in Scotland rugby top competitions.
Serbia played as a part of Yugoslavia since 1919 until 1992, then as FR Yugoslavia until 2003, and, finally, as Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 to 2006. Yugoslavia made their official international debut in 1968 against a Romanian XV, losing 3 points to 11. They made their full test debut the following month, losing 6 points to 29 against Bulgaria. They won their first official international match in 1969, defeating Bulgaria 22 points to six.
During the 60s, 70s and 80s, Serbian players played for the Yugoslavia national rugby union team alongside players from the rest of Yugoslavia. After the wars and breakup of Yugoslavia, the Yugoslavia team consisted of players from Serbia only, and they played their first full international against Andorra at Vršac in 1996.
After 1996, playing as FR Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro until 2006, they have played regularly in FIRA-AER and IRB competitions.
Current squad
Starting line-up for the 2023-24 Rugby Europe Conference match against Moldova.
Coach: Michel Milovic
Player
Position
Caps
Club
Igor Marinković
Prop
DSV 78 Hannover
Uroš Jončić
Hooker
Rugby Club Rad
Dragan Matijević
Prop
Roundhegians RFC
Relja Pećanac
Lock
Rugby Club Rad
Stefan Ivković
Lock
Rugby Club Krusevac
Kiprijan Đorić
Flanker
RC Donau
Alen Ćosović
Flanker
Rugby Club Rad
Danijel Stojanovic
Number 8
Rugby Club Rad
Janko Zemun Milinković
Scrum-half
AS Rugby Bergamo 1950
Aleksandar Đorđević
Fly-half
Belgrade Rugby Club Red Star
Dragan Kokanović
Wing
Belgrade Rugby Club Red Star
Julijen Matijašević
Centre
Sporting Club Tulle Corrèze
Nikola Stanković
Centre
Rugby Club Rad
Nemanja Stošić
Wing
Rugby Club Rad
Igor Dejanović
Fullback
Rugby Club Partizan
Vladimir Janićijević
Prop
Rugby Club Vojvodina
Milan Trujkić
Fullback
Rugby Club Rad
Uroš Jevđenijević
Lock
Rugby Club Rad
Stefan Simović
Lock
Rugby Club Partizan
Stanislav Ljubičić
Flanker
Rugby Club Rad
Ivan Nikolić
Centre
Rugby Club Dorćol 1998
Nemanja Lazić
Centre
Rugby Club Krusevac
Petar Pavlović
Prop
Rugby Club Dorćol 1998
Results
As the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1996–2002)
Date
Location
Opposition
Result
Tournament
1996-05-04
Vršac
Andorra
30–12
1995–1997 FIRA Trophy
1996-05-18
Gabrovo
Bulgaria
39–9
1995–1997 FIRA Trophy
1996-10-06
Kyiv
Ukraine
0–60
1999 Rugby World Cup - European qualification
1996-11-02
Vienna
Austria
Default
1999 Rugby World Cup - European qualification
1997-03-01
Pančevo
Switzerland
8–0
1999 Rugby World Cup - European qualification
1997-05-10
Pančevo
Israel
10–7
1999 Rugby World Cup - European qualification
1997-11-08
Nyon
Switzerland
13–29
1997–1998 FIRA Tournament
1998-04-25
Belgrade
Israel
30–6
1997–1998 FIRA Tournament
1998-05-20
Belgrade
Lithuania
44–0
1997–1998 FIRA Tournament
1998-06-02
Riga
Latvia
Default
1997–1998 FIRA Tournament
1998-10-10
Brussels
Belgium
6–12
1998–1999 FIRA Tournament
1999-05-08
Tunis
Tunisia
6–45
1998–1999 FIRA Tournament
2000-04-02
Belgrade
Moldova
17–3
European Nations Cup Fourth Division 2000
2000-04-30
Pernik
Bulgaria
33–6
European Nations Cup Fourth Division 2000
2000-05-13
Herzlia
Israel
17–3
European Nations Cup Fourth Division 2000
2000-10-14
Andorra la Vella
Andorra
9–12
2003 Rugby World Cup – European qualification
2000-11-05
Dimitrovgrad
Bulgaria
46–6
2003 Rugby World Cup – European qualification
2001-03-31
Dimitrovgrad
Hungary
25–10
2003 Rugby World Cup – European qualification
2001-05-12
Zenica
Bosnia and Herzegovina
13–23
2003 Rugby World Cup – European qualification
2001-05-26
Gornji Milanovac
Switzerland
13–10
2003 Rugby World Cup – European qualification
2001-10-20
Chişinău
Moldova
16–36
2001–2002 European Nations Cup Third Division
2002-04-06
Belgrade
Austria
26–8
2001–2002 European Nations Cup Third Division
2002-05-04
Andorra La Vella
Andorra
19–5
2001–2002 European Nations Cup Third Division
2002-05-11
Belgrade
Slovenia
27–21
2001–2002 European Nations Cup Third Division
As Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
Date
Location
Opposition
Result
Tournament
2003-04-26
Esztergom
Hungary
23–47
2002–2003 European Nations Cup Third Division
2003-05-03
Belgrade
Latvia
18–29
2002–2003 European Nations Cup Third Division
2003-05-24
Chişinău
Moldova
17–17
2002–2003 European Nations Cup Third Division
2004-04-10
Subotica
Hungary
31–3
2003–2004 European Nations Cup Third Division
2004-04-17
Marsa
Malta
18–20
2003–2004 European Nations Cup Third Division
2004-05-08
Pančevo
Moldova
20–43
2003–2004 European Nations Cup Third Division
2004-11-13
Belgrade
Bulgaria
33–10
2007 Rugby World Cup – Europe qualification
2005-03-19
Belgrade
Switzerland
11–11
2007 Rugby World Cup – Europe qualification
2005-04-09
Valletta
Malta
24–13
2007 Rugby World Cup – Europe qualification
2005-05-07
Łódź
Poland
11–18
2007 Rugby World Cup – Europe qualification
2005-10-08
Split
Croatia
9–26
2007 Rugby World Cup – Europe qualification
2005-11-05
Pančevo
Malta
3–16
2007 Rugby World Cup – Europe qualification
2005-11-12
Heidelberg
Germany
0–108
2007 Rugby World Cup – Europe qualification
2006-04-08
Lazarevac
Belgium
15–36
2007 Rugby World Cup – Europe qualification
As Serbia (2006–)
Date
Location
Opposition
Result
Tournament
2006-10-07
Nyon
Switzerland
9–30
2006–2008 European Nations Cup Third Division
2006-11-04
Belgrade
Denmark
34–23
2006–2008 European Nations Cup Third Division
2007-04-14
Pančevo
Sweden
12–30
2006–2008 European Nations Cup Third Division
2007-10-27
Odense
Denmark
17–17
2006–2008 European Nations Cup Third Division
2007-11-24
Pančevo
Switzerland
5–13
2006–2008 European Nations Cup Third Division
2008-04-26
Lund
Sweden
3–22
2006–2008 European Nations Cup Third Division
2008-05-10
Yerevan
Armenia
0–25
2006–2008 European Nations Cup Third Division
2008-05-25
Belgrade
Armenia
19–8
2006–2008 European Nations Cup Third Division
2008-09-13
Smederevo
Armenia
0–41
2008–2010 European Nations Cup Third Division
2008-12-06
Smederevo
Andorra
32–7
2008–2010 European Nations Cup Third Division
2009-04-04
Nyon
Switzerland
12–6
2008–2010 European Nations Cup Third Division
2009-05-02
Vilnius
Lithuania
9–50
2008–2010 European Nations Cup Third Division
2009-10-24
Belgrade
Switzerland
13–8
2008–2010 European Nations Cup Third Division
2009-11-28
Andorra La Vella
Andorra
7–21
2008–2010 European Nations Cup Third Division
2010-04-10
Abovian
Armenia
19–20
2008–2010 European Nations Cup Third Division
2010-04-24
Pančevo
Lithuania
5–77
2008–2010 European Nations Cup Third Division
2010-10-23
Ljubljana
Slovenia
3–33
2010–2012 European Nations Cup Second Division
2010-11-20
Belgrade
Switzerland
18–15
2010–2012 European Nations Cup Second Division
2011-02-19
Andorra La Vella
Andorra
25–42
2010–2012 European Nations Cup Second Division
2011-05-07
Belgrade
Armenia
20–18
2010–2012 European Nations Cup Second Division
2011-10-29
Belgrade
Slovenia
52–0
2010–2012 European Nations Cup Second Division
2011-11-12
Monthey
Switzerland
19–27
2010–2012 European Nations Cup Second Division
2012-04-14
Belgrade
Andorra
7–9
2010–2012 European Nations Cup Second Division
2012-04-21
Armenia
25–0
2010–2012 European Nations Cup Second Division
2012-10-13
Netanya
Israel
22–48
2012–2014 European Nations Cup Second Division
2012-10-27
Belgrade
Latvia
39–22
2012–2014 European Nations Cup Second Division
2012-11-03
Belgrade
Andorra
26–29
2012–2014 European Nations Cup Second Division
2013-04-13
Odense
Denmark
0–38
2012–2014 European Nations Cup Second Division
2013-10-12
Valmiera
Latvia
14–25
2012–2014 European Nations Cup Second Division
2013-10-19
Belgrade
Israel
6–18
2012–2014 European Nations Cup Second Division
2014-03-30
Andorra La Vella
Andorra
12–23
2012–2014 European Nations Cup Second Division
2014-04-12
Belgrade
Denmark
19–33
2012–2014 European Nations Cup Second Division
2014-10-18
Ljubljana
Slovenia
3–48
2014–16 European Nations Cup Second Division
2014-10-25
Belgrade
Luxembourg
0–36
2014–16 European Nations Cup Second Division
2015-04-18
Belgrade
Austria
22–3
2014–16 European Nations Cup Second Division
2015-04-25
Odense
Denmark
25–22
2014–16 European Nations Cup Second Division
2015-11-07
Belgrade
Slovenia
17–33
2014–16 European Nations Cup Second Division
2015-11-14
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
24–30
2014–16 European Nations Cup Second Division
2016-04-09
Vienna
Austria
26–12
2014–16 European Nations Cup Second Division
2016-04-16
Belgrade
Denmark
23–20
2014–16 European Nations Cup Second Division
2016-10-29
Ljubljana
Slovenia
13–74
2016–17 Rugby Europe International Championships
2016-11-05
Zrenjanin
Turkey
25–0
2016–17 Rugby Europe International Championships
2017-04-09
Zenica
Bosnia and Herzegovina
10–21
2016–17 Rugby Europe International Championships
2017-04-29
Belgrade
Austria
29–12
2016–17 Rugby Europe International Championships
2017-10-21
Vienna
Austria
25–27
2017–18 Rugby Europe International Championships
2017-10-28
Pancevo
Slovenia
21–30
2017–18 Rugby Europe International Championships
2018-04-21
Piestany
Slovakia
50–24
2017–18 Rugby Europe International Championships
2018-04-28
Belgrade
Cyprus
35–17
2017–18 Rugby Europe International Championships
2018-10-13
Belgrade
Bulgaria
29–35
2018–19 Rugby Europe International Championships
2018-11-10
Piestany
Slovakia
37–10
2018–19 Rugby Europe International Championships
2019-05-11
Pancevo
Slovenia
35–27
2018–19 Rugby Europe International Championships
2019-05-18
Andorra La Vella
Andorra
0–33
2018–19 Rugby Europe International Championships
2019-10-12
Sofia
Bulgaria
7–71
2019–20 Rugby Europe International Championships
2019-10-19
Belgrade
Turkey
30–15
2019–20 Rugby Europe International Championships
2021-10-16
Sofia
Bulgaria
11–14
2021–22 Rugby Europe International Championships
2021-10-23
Pancevo
Turkey
37–14
2021–22 Rugby Europe International Championships
2022-04-16
Pancevo
Andorra
24–18
2021–22 Rugby Europe International Championships
2022-05-07
Zenica
Bosnia and Herzegovina
38–19
2021–22 Rugby Europe International Championships
2022-10-08
Belgrade
Montenegro
62–0
2022–23 Rugby Europe International Championships
2022-10-15
Trabzon
Turkey
23–6
2022–23 Rugby Europe International Championships
2023-04-13
Zenica
Bosnia and Herzegovina
40–12
2022–23 Rugby Europe International Championships
2023-10-07
Chişinău
Moldova
11–31
2023–24 Rugby Europe International Championships
2023-04-13
Pancevo
Turkey
22–31
2023–24 Rugby Europe International Championships
2023-04-20
Sofia
Bulgaria
7–30
2023–24 Rugby Europe International Championships
Overall
Below is table of the representative rugby matches played by the Serbia national XV at test level up until 20 April 2024:
Nation
Games
Won
Lost
Drawn
Percentage of wins
Andorra
11
4
7
0
36.36%
Armenia
6
3
3
0
50%
Austria
6
4
2
0
66.67%
Belgium
2
0
2
0
0%
Bosnia and Herzegovina
4
2
2
0
50%
Bulgaria
8
4
4
0
100%
Croatia
1
0
1
0
0%
Cyprus
1
1
0
0
100%
Denmark
6
3
2
1
50%
Germany
1
0
1
0
0%
Hungary
3
2
1
0
66.67%
Israel
5
3
2
0
60%
Latvia
3
1
2
0
33.33%
Lithuania
3
1
2
0
33.33%
Luxembourg
2
0
2
0
0%
Malta
3
1
2
0
33.33%
Moldova
5
1
3
1
20%
Montenegro
1
1
0
0
100%
Poland
1
0
1
0
0%
Slovakia
2
2
0
0
100%
Slovenia
8
3
5
0
37.5%
Sweden
2
0
2
0
0%
Switzerland
10
5
4
1
50%
Tunisia
1
0
1
0
0%
Turkey
5
4
1
0
80%
Ukraine
1
0
1
0
0%
Total
102
45
54
3
44.12%
Player records
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Most caps
#
Name
Years
Caps
Position
1
Marko Kapor
1999–2019
50
Fly-half
2
Vladimir DJukic
2008–
43
Prop
3
Nikola Stancevic
1973–1990
45
Flanker
4
Milan Rastovac
1997–2013
45
Centre
5
Nenad Matejic
2002–2019
42
Fullback
6
Igor Dejanovic
2007–2024
41
Fullback
6
Aleksandar DJordjevic
2008–2024
41
Centre
8
Dragan Grujic
1988–2006
39
Fullback
8
Boris Martic
2005–2023
39
Flanker
10
Miladin Zivanov
2006–2023
37
Centre
Last updated: Bulgaria vs Serbia, 20 April 2024. Statistics include officially capped matches only.
Top point scorers
#
Name
Career
Points
Caps
Position
1
Marko Kapor
1999–
209
50
Fly-half
2
Vladimir Jelic
1996–2014
103
14
Fly-half
3
Boris Martic
2005–
103
39
Flanker
4
Dragan Grujic
1988–2006
98
39
Full-back
5
Marko Gvozdenovic
2015–
90
8
Flanker
6
Milan Orlovic
2007–2014
75
24
Centre
7
Nenad Matejic
2002–2014
71
42
Full-back
8
Nikola Stankovic
2018–
64
13
Fly Half
9
Milan Rastovac
1997–2013
55
45
Centre
10
Igor Dejanovic
2007–2024
42
41
Fullback
Youngest players
#
Player
Pos
Age
Opposition
Date
1.
Stefan Jerkovic
Centre
17 years 10 months 28 days
Slovenia
2016-10-29
2.
Srdjan Bozic
Scrum-half
17 years 11 months 21 days
Slovakia
2018-11-10
3.
Ivan Pirkovic
Centre
18 years 1 month 12 days
Sweden
2007-04-14
4.
Aleksandar Jakisic
Flanker
18 years 2 months 3 days
Czech Republic
1991-04-21
5.
Milan Rastovac
Centre
18 years 2 months 4 days
Israel
1997-05-10
6.
Ivan Biocanin
Prop
18 years 2 months 25 days
Switzerland
1997-11-08
7.
Marko Isailovic
Wing
18 years 3 months 3 days
Luxembourg
2014-10-25
7.
Branimir Petrovic
Centre
18 years 3 months 3 days
Andorra
2009-11-28
9.
Janko Zemun Milinkovic
Scrum-half
18 years 3 months 28 days
Bosnia and Herzegovina
2017-04-22
10.
Dalibor Vukanovic
Centre
18 years 4 months 6 days
Bulgaria
2004-11-13
Last updated: Bulgaria vs Serbia, 20 April 2024. Statistics include officially capped matches only.
Oldest players
#
Player
Pos
Age
Opposition
Date
1.
Srdjan Nikolic
Tighthead Prop
43 years 1 month 2 days
Bulgaria
2019-10-12
2.
Vladimir Jelic
Fly-half
41 years 9 months 12 days
Luxembourg
2014-10-25
3.
Ivan Rodic
Tighthead Prop
41 years 0 months 30 days
Bulgaria
2024-04-20
4.
Milan Medic
Hooker
40 years 9 months 4 days
Switzerland
1997-11-08
5.
Sasa DJukic
Wing
40 years 4 month 23 days
Andorra
2011-02-19
6.
Branislav Acimovic
Prop
39 years 10 months 22 days
Andorra
2008-12-06
7.
Dragan Grujic
Fullback
39 years 9 months 7 days
Belgium
2006-04-08
8.
Dejan Karatrajkovski
Scrum-half
39 years 5 months 6 days
Denmark
2015-04-25
9.
Nikola Stancevic
Flanker
39 years 4 months 25 days
Andorra
1990-05-26
10.
Bojan Lukic
Hooker
39 years 3 months 10 days
Bulgaria
2019-10-12
Last updated: Bulgaria vs Serbia, 20 April 2024. Statistics include officially capped matches only.
World Cup record
1987 – No qualifying tournament held
1991 – Did not qualify. Yugoslavia was eliminated by Czechoslovakia in European qualifying.
1995 – Did not qualify. Yugoslavia was banned from European qualifying due to political situation in the country at that time.
1999 – Did not qualify
2003 – Did not qualify
2007 – Did not qualify
2011 – Did not qualify
2015 – Did not qualify
2019 – Did not qualify
2023 – Did not qualify
See also
2007 Rugby World Cup - European qualification
References
^ "Men's Rankings | World Rugby".
^ Ragbi Savez Srbije – Istorija
External links
Serbia and Montenegro on IRB.com
Serbia and Montenegro on rugbydata.com
Official site
vteRugby union in SerbiaGoverning body
Rugby Union of Serbia
National teamsMen
Serbia
7s
Women
Serbia
7s
CompetitionsInternational
European Nations Cup
Transnational
Regional Rugby Championship
National
Rugby Championship of Serbia
Clubs in SerbianChampionshipCurrent
Partizan
Rad
BRK Red Star
Vojvodina
Former
Balkan Mosquito
Krusevac
RK Red Star
Royal Belgrade
vteInternational rugby union teamsTier 1 teams
Argentina
Australia
England
France
Ireland
Italy
Japan
New Zealand
Scotland
South Africa
Wales
Emerging teams with Rugby World Cup participation
Canada
Chile
Fiji
Georgia
Ivory Coast
Namibia
Portugal
Romania
Samoa
Spain
Tonga
United States
Uruguay
Zimbabwe
Other Emerging teams (World Rugby members)
Algeria
American Samoa
Andorra
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Barbados
Belgium
Bermuda
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cayman Islands
China
Chinese Taipei
Colombia
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Eswatini
Finland
Germany
Ghana
Guam
Guatemala
Guyana
Hong Kong
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iran
Israel
Jamaica
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Madagascar
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Morocco
Nepal
Netherlands
Nigeria
Niue
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Qatar
Rwanda
Senegal
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
South Korea
Sri Lanka
St Lucia
St Vincent and the Grenadines
Sweden
Switzerland
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Zambia
Teams not affiliated to World RugbyRugby Africa
Benin
Chad
Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Egypt
Libya
Niger
Seychelles
Asia Rugby
Bangladesh
Cambodia
Macau
Rugby Europe
Belarus
Estonia
Iceland
Kosovo
Liechtenstein
Montenegro
San Marino
Rugby Americas North
Curaçao
Dominican Republic
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Turks and Caicos Islands
Oceania Rugby
French Polynesia (Tahiti)
Nauru
New Caledonia
Wallis and Futuna
Sudamerica Rugby
Ecuador
El Salvador
Combination teams
African Leopards
British & Irish Lions
Pacific Islanders
South American XV
Teams with affiliation suspended or without affiliation
Armenia
Bahrain
Basque Country
Catalonia
Gibraltar
Greece
Mauritania
Russia
Tems affiliated to the FFR
Mayotte
Réunion
Defunct teams
Arabian Gulf
Commonwealth of Independent States
Czechoslovakia
East Africa
East Germany
Nyasaland (Malawi)
Serbia and Montenegro
Soviet Union
West Germany
Yugoslavia
vte National sports teams of Serbia
3x3 basketball
F
M
M U-18
American football
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
F
F U-20
F U-19
F U-17
University
M
M U-20
M U-19
M U-18
M U-17
M U-16
University
Beach handball
F
M
Beach soccer
Cricket
Football
F
F U-19
F U-17
M
M U-21
M U-20
M U-19
M U-17
Futsal
Handball
F
M
M-Y
Ice hockey
M
M U-20
M U-18
W
Korfball
Rugby league
Rugby union
F
F7
M
M7
Softball
Tennis
F
M
X
Volleyball
F
F U-23
F U-20
F U-18
M
M U-21
M U-19
Water polo
F
M
Olympics
Paralympics
European Games
Mediterranean Games
Universiade
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbia women's national rugby union team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"World Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Serbia women's national rugby union team.The Serbia national rugby union team is classified as a tier three nation by World Rugby, and has yet to qualify for the Rugby World Cup. They have played over 100 internationals.The national side is ranked 80th in the world, as of 16 January 2023.[1]","title":"Serbia national rugby union team"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SerbiaRugby1918Lightened.jpg"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"George Heriot's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Heriot%27s_School"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"High School of Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_of_Dundee"},{"link_name":"Hillhead High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillhead_High_School"},{"link_name":"Glasgow University RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_University_RFC"},{"link_name":"Hillhead RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillhead_RFC"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Romanian XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"wars and breakup of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Vršac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C5%A1ac"},{"link_name":"FIRA-AER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIRA-AER"},{"link_name":"IRB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Rugby_Board"}],"text":"A Serbian Rugby Team, 1918The first known rugby players from Serbia were Serbian students in George Heriot's School in Edinburgh, Scotland during The First World War. On March, 9th 1918 they played their first unofficial international game, in front of 10,000 spectators, against a British Dominions VII and won by eight points to three.[2] Notable players from this period included Toma Tomić from Leskovac, Dimitrije Dulkanović from Ćuprija and Danilo Pavlović from Prokuplje. \nSerbian students also played rugby at the High School of Dundee and Hillhead High School in Glasgow. The best Serbian player in Scotland was Slavoljub DJordjevic from Čajetina. He played more than 100 games for Hillhead HS, Glasgow University RFC and Hillhead RFC in Scotland rugby top competitions.Serbia played as a part of Yugoslavia since 1919 until 1992, then as FR Yugoslavia until 2003, and, finally, as Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 to 2006. Yugoslavia made their official international debut in 1968 against a Romanian XV, losing 3 points to 11. They made their full test debut the following month, losing 6 points to 29 against Bulgaria. They won their first official international match in 1969, defeating Bulgaria 22 points to six.During the 60s, 70s and 80s, Serbian players played for the Yugoslavia national rugby union team alongside players from the rest of Yugoslavia. After the wars and breakup of Yugoslavia, the Yugoslavia team consisted of players from Serbia only, and they played their first full international against Andorra at Vršac in 1996.After 1996, playing as FR Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro until 2006, they have played regularly in FIRA-AER and IRB competitions.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023-24 Rugby Europe Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Rugby_Europe_International_Championships"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova_national_rugby_union_team"}],"text":"Starting line-up for the 2023-24 Rugby Europe Conference match against Moldova.Coach: Michel Milovic","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1996–2002)","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As Serbia (2006–)","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Below is table of the representative rugby matches played by the Serbia national XV at test level up until 20 April 2024:","title":"Overall"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Player records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Most caps","text":"Last updated: Bulgaria vs Serbia, 20 April 2024. Statistics include officially capped matches only.","title":"Player records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top point scorers","title":"Player records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Youngest players","text":"Last updated: Bulgaria vs Serbia, 20 April 2024. Statistics include officially capped matches only.","title":"Player records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Oldest players","text":"Last updated: Bulgaria vs Serbia, 20 April 2024. Statistics include officially capped matches only.","title":"Player records"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1987 – No qualifying tournament held\n1991 – Did not qualify. Yugoslavia was eliminated by Czechoslovakia in European qualifying.\n1995 – Did not qualify. Yugoslavia was banned from European qualifying due to political situation in the country at that time.\n1999 – Did not qualify\n2003 – Did not qualify\n2007 – Did not qualify\n2011 – Did not qualify\n2015 – Did not qualify\n2019 – Did not qualify\n2023 – Did not qualify","title":"World Cup record"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A Serbian Rugby Team, 1918","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SerbiaRugby1918Lightened.jpg/220px-SerbiaRugby1918Lightened.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"2007 Rugby World Cup - European qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup_-_European_qualification"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Men's Rankings | World Rugby\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.world.rugby/rankings/mru?lang=en","url_text":"\"Men's Rankings | World Rugby\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Serbia+national+rugby+union+team%22","external_links_name":"\"Serbia national rugby union team\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Serbia+national+rugby+union+team%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Serbia+national+rugby+union+team%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Serbia+national+rugby+union+team%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Serbia+national+rugby+union+team%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Serbia+national+rugby+union+team%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.world.rugby/rankings/mru?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Men's Rankings | World Rugby\""},{"Link":"http://rugbyserbia.com/srbija-istorijat/","external_links_name":"Ragbi Savez Srbije – Istorija"},{"Link":"http://www.irb.com/en/Home/MemberUnionHomePage?UnionID=29","external_links_name":"Serbia and Montenegro"},{"Link":"http://rugbydata.com/serbiaandmontenegro","external_links_name":"Serbia and Montenegro"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100127130627/http://www.rugbyserbia.org.rs/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/rugby-legends-the-serbian-herioters-rfb3ssv0c","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16306994.forgotten-history-of-the-glasgow-serbs-who-took-rugby-home/","external_links_name":"[2]"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_coxless_four
|
Rowing at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's coxless four
|
["1 Results","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Men's coxless fourat the Games of the XIV OlympiadDate5–9 AugustCompetitors40 from 10 nationsMedalists
Giuseppe MoioliElio MorilleGiovanni InvernizziFranco Faggi
Italy
Helge HalkjærAksel BondeHelge Muxoll SchrøderIb Storm Larsen
Denmark
Fred KingsburyStu GriffingGreg GatesRobert Perew
United States← 19361952 →
Rowing at the1948 Summer OlympicsSingle scullsmenDouble scullsmenCoxless pairmenCoxed pairmenCoxless fourmenCoxed fourmenEightmenvte
The men's coxless four competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London took place at Henley-on-Thames, London.
Results
The following rowers took part:
Rank
Rowers
Country
Giuseppe MoioliElio MorilleGiovanni InvernizziFranco Faggi
Italy
Helge HalkjærAksel BondeHelge Muxoll SchrøderIb Storm Larsen
Denmark
Fred KingsburyStu GriffingGreg GatesRobert Perew
United States
Hein van SuylekomSietze HaarsmaHan DekkerHan van den Berg
Netherlands
Peter KirkpatrickHank RushmereTom ChristieTony Butcher
Great Britain
Edgar RamsayAustin IkinDes MayberyClaude Kietzman
South Africa
Julio CuratellaAlberto MaderoÓscar ZolezziÓscar Almirón
Argentina
Václav RoubíkJosef KalašJosef SchejbalJiří Vaněk
Czechoslovakia
Petar OzretićIvo LipanovićMate MojtićKlement Alujević
Yugoslavia
Miklós ZágonLajos NagyTibor NádasJózsef Sátori
Hungary
References
^ a b "Rowing at the 1948 London Summer Games: Men's Coxless Fours". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
External links
Official Olympic Report
vteOlympic champions – Men's coxless four
1904: Stockhoff, Erker, Dietz, Nasse (USA)
1908: Cudmore, Gillan, Mackinnon, Somers-Smith (GBR)
1924: Eley, MacNabb, Morrison, Sanders (GBR)
1928: Lander, Warriner, Beesly, Bevan (GBR)
1932: Badcock, Edwards, Beresford, George (GBR)
1936: Eckstein, Rom, Karl, Menne (GER)
1948: Moioli, Morille, Invernizzi, Faggi (ITA)
1952: Bonačić, Valenta, Trojanović, Šegvić (YUG)
1956: MacKinnon, Loomer, D'Hondt, Arnold (CAN)
1960: Ayrault, Nash, Sayre, Wailes (USA)
1964: Hansen, Hasløv, Petersen, Helmudt (DEN)
1968: Forberger, Rühle, Grahn, Schubert (GDR)
1972: Forberger, Rühle, Grahn, Schubert (GDR)
1976: Brietzke, Decker, Semmler, Mager (GDR)
1980: Thiele, Decker, Semmler, Brietzke (GDR)
1984: O'Connell, O'Brien, Robertson, Trask (NZL)
1988: Schröder, Brudel, Förster, Greiner (GDR)
1992: Cooper, Green, McKay, Tomkins (AUS)
1996: Green, Ginn, Tomkins, McKay (AUS)
2000: Cracknell, Redgrave, Foster, Pinsent (GBR)
2004: Williams, Cracknell, Coode, Pinsent (GBR)
2008: James, Williams, Reed, Hodge (GBR)
2012: Gregory, James, Reed, Hodge (GBR)
2016: Gregory, Sbihi, Nash, Louloudis (GBR)
2020: Purnell, Turrin, Hargreaves, Hill (AUS)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1948 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Henley-on-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley-on-Thames"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-1"}],"text":"The men's coxless four competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London took place at Henley-on-Thames, London.[1]","title":"Rowing at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's coxless four"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-1"}],"text":"The following rowers took part:[1]","title":"Results"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418132258/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1948/ROW/mens-coxless-fours.html","external_links_name":"\"Rowing at the 1948 London Summer Games: Men's Coxless Fours\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1948/ROW/mens-coxless-fours.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1948/1948s.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Olympic Report"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klung_Islands
|
Klung Islands
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 67°33′S 63°0′E / 67.550°S 63.000°E / -67.550; 63.000Island of Antarctica
Klung IslandsKlung IslandsLocation in AntarcticaGeographyLocationAntarcticaCoordinates67°33′S 63°0′E / 67.550°S 63.000°E / -67.550; 63.000AdministrationAdministered under the Antarctic Treaty SystemDemographicsPopulationUninhabited
The Klung Islands are a group of small islands lying 1 kilometre (0.5 nmi) east of Welch Island and the Welch Rocks in the northeastern part of Holme Bay, Antarctica. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photographs taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, and called Klungholmane (the Bramble Islands). Klung Island is the largest island in the group.
See also
List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands
References
^ "Klung Islands". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
This article incorporates public domain material from "Klung Islands". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
This Mac. Robertson Land location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welch Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welch_Island_(Antarctica)"},{"link_name":"Welch Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welch_Rocks"},{"link_name":"Holme Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holme_Bay"},{"link_name":"Lars Christensen Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Christensen_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Klung Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klung_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"}],"text":"Island of AntarcticaThe Klung Islands are a group of small islands lying 1 kilometre (0.5 nmi) east of Welch Island and the Welch Rocks in the northeastern part of Holme Bay, Antarctica. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photographs taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, and called Klungholmane (the Bramble Islands). Klung Island is the largest island in the group.[1]","title":"Klung Islands"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_sub-Antarctic_islands"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Klung Islands\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2013-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:8059","url_text":"\"Klung Islands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Klung_Islands¶ms=67_33_S_63_0_E_source:GNIS_type:isle","external_links_name":"67°33′S 63°0′E / 67.550°S 63.000°E / -67.550; 63.000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Klung_Islands¶ms=67_33_S_63_0_E_source:GNIS_type:isle","external_links_name":"67°33′S 63°0′E / 67.550°S 63.000°E / -67.550; 63.000"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:8059","external_links_name":"\"Klung Islands\""},{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:8059","external_links_name":"\"Klung Islands\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klung_Islands&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickie_D._McDonald
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Vickie D. McDonald
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["1 Personal life","2 State legislature","3 Drug policy","3.1 Salvia divinorum","4 See also","5 Citations","6 References","6.1 News references","6.2 General references"]
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American politician
Vickie D. McDonaldMember of the Nebraska Legislaturefrom the 41st districtIn officeAugust 10, 2001 – January 7, 2009Appointed byMike JohannsPreceded byRichard N. McDonaldSucceeded byKate Sullivan
Personal detailsBorn (1947-05-26) May 26, 1947 (age 77)Phillips, NebraskaPolitical partyRepublican
Vickie D. McDonald (born May 26, 1947) was a Nebraska state senator from St. Paul, Nebraska, in the Nebraska Legislature.
Personal life
McDonald was born on May 26, 1947, in Phillips, Nebraska, and graduated from Phillips High School. She was a 1990 Dale Carnegie graduate, 1996 Nebraska LEAD Program graduate, 1997 Life Underwriters Training Council graduate, 1999 Hall County Leadership Tomorrow graduate, and a 2002 Bowhay Institute for Legislative Leadership Development graduate. She worked in many financial services occupations and was a member of many Grand Island, Nebraska, organizations. After the death of her husband Richard N. McDonald, she married Larry Harnisch. They live in Lincoln, Nebraska.
State legislature
McDonald was appointed to the legislature by Governor Mike Johanns on August 10, 2001, to replace her husband, deceased senator Richard N. McDonald. She was then elected in 2002 to represent the 41st Nebraska legislative district and reelected in 2004. She sat on the Education, Natural Resources, Reference, and Legislative Performance Audit committees as well as the Executive Board. She served as the vice chair of the Intergovernmental Cooperation committee.
Drug policy
Salvia divinorum
McDonald supported a proposal for the addition of the psychoactive herb Salvia divinorum to Nebraska's Schedule I classification early in 2008. Salvia divinorum was legal in Nebraska, but McDonald claimed that "Nebraska needs to classify Salvia divinorum and its active ingredient, salvinorin A, as a controlled substance in order to protect our children from a drug being portrayed as harmless when it's not." She also said that "Videos of teens using this common plant to get high have become an internet sensation. Anytime anything's on YouTube it's an issue. Legislators, parents, grandparents, we need to be on top of these things. We need to protect our children and this is one way we can do it."
Her bill proposed addition of Salvia divinorum to Schedule I of the Nebraska Uniform Controlled Substances Act, making the possession of Salvia a Class IV felony with a penalty of up to five years. Trafficking would fall under a Class III felony with up to a 20-year penalty. Opponents of extremely prohibitive Salvia restrictions argued that such reactions were largely due to an inherent prejudice and a particular cultural bias rather than any actual balance of evidence, pointing out inconsistencies in attitudes toward other more toxic and addictive drugs such as alcohol and nicotine.
McDonald's bill, LB840, was ultimately not passed by the Nebraska Legislature. However, shortly after she was term limited and left office, another bill restricting the use of Salvia divinorum, LB123 sponsored by Russ Karpisek, passed the Nebraska Legislature in 2009.
See also
Nebraska Legislature
Legal status of Salvia divinorum in the United States
Citations
^ Bruning 2008-01-07 (US Media).
^ Berry 2008-01-07 (US Media).
^ White 2008-01-08 (US Media).
^ Nutt et al. 2007.
References
Blosser, Brett. "Lessons in The Use of Mazatec Psychoactive Plants". The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
Lopez, Alan D (April 2005). "The evolution of the Global Burden of Disease framework for disease, injury and risk factor quantification: developing the evidence base for national, regional and global public health action". Globalization and Health. 1 (5). BioMed Central Ltd: 5. doi:10.1186/1744-8603-1-5. PMC 1143783. PMID 15847690. - Table 2. Global burden of disease and injury attributable to selected risk factors, 1990.
MiSP (2006). "Follow the Money". e.g. Nebraska/McDonald. The National Institute on Money in State Politics. Retrieved October 16, 2007. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
NIAAA (August 2001). "Number of deaths and age-adjusted death rates per 100,000 population for categories of alcohol-related (A-R) mortality, United States and States, 1979-96". Database Resources / Statistical Tables. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
Nutt, David; King, Leslie; Saulsbury, William; Blakemore, Colin (March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". The Lancet. 369 (9566): 1047–1053. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4. PMID 17382831. S2CID 5903121.
Siebert, Daniel. "The Legal Status of Salvia divinorum". The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center. Retrieved March 4, 2007.
News references
White, Steve (January 8, 2008). "Lawmakers Want to Ban YouTube Drug". Nebraska TV. Archived from the original on January 10, 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
Berry, Jeniffer (January 7, 2008). "Salvia becomes new drug threat among teens". KHAS TV News 5. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
Bruning, Jon (press release) (January 7, 2008). "Bruning Unveils 2008 Legislative Package". Nebraska TV.
Stoddard, Martha (January 7, 2008). "Nebraska attorney general wants to curtail somes uses of insanity plea". Omaha World-Herald.
Chicago Sun-Times editorial (December 31, 2007). "Lawmakers manage to outlaw licking an obscure plant". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
General references
"Nebraska Unicameral Legislature". Sen. Vickie D. McDonald. Retrieved March 15, 2006.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nebraska state senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nebraska_state_senators#District_41"},{"link_name":"St. Paul, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Legislature"}],"text":"Vickie D. McDonald (born May 26, 1947) was a Nebraska state senator from St. Paul, Nebraska, in the Nebraska Legislature.","title":"Vickie D. McDonald"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phillips, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Dale Carnegie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carnegie"},{"link_name":"Hall County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_County,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Grand Island, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Island,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Lincoln, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"}],"text":"McDonald was born on May 26, 1947, in Phillips, Nebraska, and graduated from Phillips High School. She was a 1990 Dale Carnegie graduate, 1996 Nebraska LEAD Program graduate, 1997 Life Underwriters Training Council graduate, 1999 Hall County Leadership Tomorrow graduate, and a 2002 Bowhay Institute for Legislative Leadership Development graduate. She worked in many financial services occupations and was a member of many Grand Island, Nebraska, organizations. After the death of her husband Richard N. McDonald, she married Larry Harnisch. They live in Lincoln, Nebraska.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Johanns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Johanns"}],"text":"McDonald was appointed to the legislature by Governor Mike Johanns on August 10, 2001, to replace her husband, deceased senator Richard N. McDonald. She was then elected in 2002 to represent the 41st Nebraska legislative district and reelected in 2004. She sat on the Education, Natural Resources, Reference, and Legislative Performance Audit committees as well as the Executive Board. She served as the vice chair of the Intergovernmental Cooperation committee.","title":"State legislature"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Drug policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salvia divinorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_divinorum"},{"link_name":"Salvia divinorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_divinorum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"felony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#noteAlcohol"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Russ Karpisek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Karpisek"}],"sub_title":"Salvia divinorum","text":"McDonald supported a proposal for the addition of the psychoactive herb Salvia divinorum to Nebraska's Schedule I classification early in 2008. Salvia divinorum was legal in Nebraska, but McDonald claimed that \"Nebraska needs to classify Salvia divinorum and its active ingredient, salvinorin A, as a controlled substance in order to protect our children from a drug being portrayed as harmless when it's not.\"[1] She also said that \"Videos of teens using this common plant to get high have become an internet sensation. [...] Anytime anything's on YouTube it's an issue. [...] Legislators, parents, grandparents, we need to be on top of these things. [...] We need to protect our children and this is one way we can do it.\"[2][3]Her bill proposed addition of Salvia divinorum to Schedule I of the Nebraska Uniform Controlled Substances Act, making the possession of Salvia a Class IV felony with a penalty of up to five years. Trafficking would fall under a Class III felony with up to a 20-year penalty. Opponents of extremely prohibitive Salvia restrictions argued that such reactions were largely due to an inherent prejudice and a particular cultural bias rather than any actual balance of evidence, pointing out inconsistencies in attitudes toward other more toxic and addictive drugs such as alcohol and nicotine.[i][4]McDonald's bill, LB840, was ultimately not passed by the Nebraska Legislature. However, shortly after she was term limited and left office, another bill restricting the use of Salvia divinorum, LB123 sponsored by Russ Karpisek, passed the Nebraska Legislature in 2009.","title":"Drug policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Bruning 2008-01-07 (US Media)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refBruning20080107"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Berry 2008-01-07 (US Media)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refBerry20080107"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"White 2008-01-08 (US Media)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refWhite20080108"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Nutt et al. 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refNutt2007"}],"text":"^ Bruning 2008-01-07 (US Media).\n\n^ Berry 2008-01-07 (US Media).\n\n^ White 2008-01-08 (US Media).\n\n^ Nutt et al. 2007.","title":"Citations"}]
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[]
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PMID 15847690.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1143783","url_text":"\"The evolution of the Global Burden of Disease framework for disease, injury and risk factor quantification: developing the evidence base for national, regional and global public health action\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1744-8603-1-5","url_text":"10.1186/1744-8603-1-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1143783","url_text":"1143783"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15847690","url_text":"15847690"}]},{"reference":"MiSP (2006). \"Follow the Money\". e.g. Nebraska/McDonald. The National Institute on Money in State Politics. Retrieved October 16, 2007. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)","urls":[{"url":"http://www.followthemoney.org/Institute/index.phtml","url_text":"\"Follow the Money\""},{"url":"http://www.followthemoney.org/database/StateGlance/candidate.phtml?si=200629&c=421462","url_text":"Nebraska/McDonald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web","url_text":"cite web"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link","url_text":"help"}]},{"reference":"MiSP (2006). \"Follow the Money\". e.g. Nebraska/McDonald. The National Institute on Money in State Politics. Retrieved October 16, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.followthemoney.org/Institute/index.phtml","url_text":"\"Follow the Money\""},{"url":"http://www.followthemoney.org/database/StateGlance/candidate.phtml?si=200629&c=421462","url_text":"Nebraska/McDonald"}]},{"reference":"NIAAA (August 2001). \"Number of deaths and age-adjusted death rates per 100,000 population for categories of alcohol-related (A-R) mortality, United States and States, 1979-96\". Database Resources / Statistical Tables. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. 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S2CID 5903121.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960464-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17382831","url_text":"17382831"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5903121","url_text":"5903121"}]},{"reference":"Siebert, Daniel. \"The Legal Status of Salvia divinorum\". The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center. Retrieved March 4, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sagewisdom.org/legalstatus.html","url_text":"\"The Legal Status of Salvia divinorum\""}]},{"reference":"White, Steve (January 8, 2008). \"Lawmakers Want to Ban YouTube Drug\". Nebraska TV. Archived from the original on January 10, 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080110235514/http://www.nebraska.tv/Global/story.asp?S=7590482&nav=menu605_2","url_text":"\"Lawmakers Want to Ban YouTube Drug\""},{"url":"http://www.nebraska.tv/Global/story.asp?S=7590482&nav=menu605_2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Berry, Jeniffer (January 7, 2008). \"Salvia becomes new drug threat among teens\". KHAS TV News 5. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090124033604/http://new.khastv.com/modules/news/article.php?com_mode=flat&com_order=0&storyid=12191","url_text":"\"Salvia becomes new drug threat among teens\""},{"url":"http://new.khastv.com/modules/news/article.php?com_mode=flat&com_order=0&storyid=12191","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bruning, Jon (press release) (January 7, 2008). \"Bruning Unveils 2008 Legislative Package\". Nebraska TV.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nebraska.tv/Global/story.asp?S=7588488&nav=menu605_2","url_text":"\"Bruning Unveils 2008 Legislative Package\""}]},{"reference":"Stoddard, Martha (January 7, 2008). \"Nebraska attorney general wants to curtail somes uses of insanity plea\". Omaha World-Herald.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omaha.com/index.php?u_page=2798&u_sid=10226073","url_text":"\"Nebraska attorney general wants to curtail somes uses of insanity plea\""}]},{"reference":"Chicago Sun-Times editorial (December 31, 2007). \"Lawmakers manage to outlaw licking an obscure plant\". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090125184606/http://www.suntimes.com/news/commentary/719757,CST-EDT-edit31b.article","url_text":"\"Lawmakers manage to outlaw licking an obscure plant\""},{"url":"http://www.suntimes.com/news/commentary/719757,CST-EDT-edit31b.article","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nebraska Unicameral Legislature\". Sen. Vickie D. McDonald. Retrieved March 15, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unicam.state.ne.us/senators/district41.htm","url_text":"\"Nebraska Unicameral Legislature\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Evangelical_Free_Churches_in_Germany
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Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany
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["1 History","2 Schools","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Union of Evangelical Free Churches in GermanyClassificationEvangelical ChristianityTheologyBaptistAssociationsBaptist World AllianceHeadquartersWustermark, GermanyOrigin1849Congregations786Members75,767SeminariesElstal Theological CollegeOfficial websitebaptisten.de
The Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany (German: Bund Evangelisch-Freikirchlicher Gemeinden in Deutschland) is a Baptist Christian denomination in Germany. It is affiliated with the Baptist World Alliance. The headquarters is in Wustermark.
History
Worship service at Cross Church in Hamburg.
Emmanuel Baptist Church in Wolfsburg, affiliated with the Union.
The Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany has its origins in the first Baptist church in Hamburg founded by the German missionary Johann Gerhard Oncken in 1834. It is officially founded in 1849 as Federation of Christian communities baptized in Germany and Denmark. In 1941, the Union of Free Christians merged with the Federation to form the Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany. In 1992, the ordination of women pastors was authorized in the Convention. According to a census published by the association in 2023, it claimed 786 churches and 75,767 members.
Schools
It has 1 affiliated theological institute, the Elstal Theological College in Wustermark founded in 1880.
See also
Baptists in Germany
References
^ William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 248
^ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 2955
^ William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 249
^ Erich Geldbach, Baptists Worldwide: Origins, Expansions, Emerging Realities, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2022, p. 112
^ Baptist World Alliance, Members, baptistworld.org, USA, retrieved May 5, 2023
^ Union, Theologische Hochschule Elstal, befg.de, Germany, retrieved May 5, 2023
External links
Official Website
Evangelical Christianity portalGermany portal
vteChristianity in GermanyEastern ChristianityEastern Orthodox(Main article)EasternOrthodoxChurch
Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe
Bulgarian Orthodox Eparchy of Central and Western Europe
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Germany and Central Europe (Antioch)
Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Germany (Constantinople)
Macedonian Orthodox Diocese of Europe
Polish Orthodox Church
Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of Germany and Central Europe
Russian Orthodox Diocese of Berlin and Germany (Moscow)
Russian Orthodox Diocese of Berlin and Germany (ROCOR)
Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Düsseldorf and all of Germany
Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow)
True Orthodox
True Orthodox Metropolis of Germany and Europe
Oriental Orthodox(Main article)
Armenian Orthodox Diocese of Cologne
Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Höxter
Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Ethiopian Orthodox Diocese of Cologne
Syriac Orthodox Metropolis of Germany
Nestorian
Assyrian Church of the East
Catholic
Maronite Church
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
Western ChristianityCatholicLatin Church
Roman Catholic Church
Old Catholic
Old Catholic Church
Independent
Free Catholic Church
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Protestant(Main article)ProtestantChurch inGermanyLutheranUnited EvangelicalLutheran Churchof Germany
Bavaria
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Oldenburg
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Anhalt
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Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia
Bremen
Central Germany
Hesse Electorate-Waldeck
Hesse and Nassau
Palatinate
Rhineland
Westphalia
CalvinistLandeskirche
Church of Lippe
Evangelical Reformed ChurchFreeChurchesLutheranConfessional
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Danish Church
Evangelical Lutheran Church in BadenCalvinist
Evangelical Old-Reformed Church in Lower Saxony
Anglican
Church of England
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Bruderhof
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Baptist(Main article)
International Baptist Convention
Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany
Methodist
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Adventist
Sabbath Rest Advent Church
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Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement
Pentecostal
Federation of Pentecostal Churches
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Gemeinde Gottes – Church of God
Other
Open Brethren
Restorationist
New Apostolic Church
Jehovah's Witnesses
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Germany
Interdenominationalorganisations
German Evangelical Alliance
^ a b Not in communion with the rest of the Catholic Church
^ Part of the Union of Utrecht
^ a b c d Part of the Communion of Protestant Churches in Europe
^ a b All of them Landeskirche
^ a b c d e f g h Part of the Reformed Alliance
^ Part of the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany as well
vteBaptist World Alliance member fellowships All-Africa Baptist FellowshipCentral and Eastern AfricaBurundi
Free Baptist Churches of Burundi
Union of Baptist Churches in Burundi
Cameroon
Cameroon Baptist Convention
Native Baptist Church of Cameroon
Union of Baptist Churches of Cameroon
Central African Republic
Association of Baptist Churches of the Central African Republic
Baptist Churches Union (UEB)
Evangelical Baptist Church of the Central African Republic
Fraternal Union of Baptist Churches
Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Baptist Community of the Congo River
Baptist Community of Congo
Baptist Evangelical Convention of Congo (CBECO)
Community of Autonomous Baptist Churches-Wamba-Bakali
Community of Baptist Churches in Eastern Congo (CEBCE)
Community of Baptist Churches Union of Congo (CUEBC)
Community of Baptist Churches in North Congo (CBCN)
Community of United Baptist Churches (CEBU)
Union of Baptist Churches in Congo (UEBCO)
Ethiopia
Baptist Evangelical Association of Ethiopia
Ethiopian Addis Kidan Baptist Church
Equatorial Guinea
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Kenya
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Madagascar
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Republic of Congo
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Rwanda
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South Sudan
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Sudan
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Uganda
Baptist Union of Uganda
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Southern AfricaAngola
Baptist Convention of Angola
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Free Baptist Church in Angola
Botswana
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Madagascar
Association of Bible Baptist Churches in Madagascar
Malawi
African Baptist Assembly, Malawi, Inc
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Mozambique
Baptist Convention of Mozambique
Namibia
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South Africa
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Zambia
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Zimbabwe
Baptist Convention of Zimbabwe
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Western AfricaBenin
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Gambia
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Ghana
Ghana Baptist Convention
Ivory Coast
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Liberia
Liberia Baptist Missionary and Educational Convention
Niger
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Nigeria
Mambilla Baptist Convention
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Sierra Leone
Baptist Convention of Sierra Leone
Togo
Togo Baptist Convention
Asia Pacific Baptist FederationNorth East AsiaChina - Hong Kong
Baptist Convention of Hong Kong
China - Macau
Macau Baptist Convention
Japan
Japan Baptist Conference
Japan Baptist Convention
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Okinawa Baptist Convention
South Korea
Korea Baptist Convention
Taiwan
Chinese Baptist Convention
West and South AsiaBangladesh
Bangladesh Baptist Church Fellowship
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India
Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India
(Arunachal Baptist Church Council
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Nagaland Baptist Church Council)
Baptist Church of Mizoram
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Bengal Baptist Union
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Bengal Orissa Bihar Baptist Convention
Convention of Baptist Churches of the Northern Circars
Evangelical Baptist Convention of India
India Association of General Baptists
India Baptist Convention
Karnataka Baptist Convention
Lairam Jesus Christ Baptist Church (LIKBK)
Maharashtra Baptist Society
North Bank Baptist Christian Association
Tripura Baptist Christian Union
Nepal
Nepal Baptist Church Council
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Baptist Sangamaya
South East AsiaIndonesia
Convention of Indonesian Baptist Churches
The Fellowship of Baptist Churches of Papua
Union of Indonesian Baptist Churches
Malaysia
Malaysia Baptist Convention
Myanmar
Myanmar Baptist Convention (Chin Baptist Convention, Kachin Baptist Convention, Karen Baptist Convention)
Philippines
Baptist Conference of the Philippines
Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches
Convention of Visayas and Mindanao of Southern Baptist Churches
General Baptist Churches of the Philippines, Inc.
Luzon Convention of Southern Baptist Churches, Inc.
Singapore
Singapore Baptist Convention
Thailand
12th District of Church of Christ in Thailand
Thailand Baptist Convention
Thailand Karen Baptist Convention
Thailand Lahu Baptist Convention
Vietnam
Baptist Convention of Vietnam
PacificAustralia
Australian Baptist Ministries
Fiji
Fiji Baptist Convention
New Zealand
Baptist Union of New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Baptist Union of Papua New Guinea
European Baptist FederationEastern EuropeArmenia
Union of Evangelical Christian Baptist Churches of Armenia
Azerbaijan
Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists of Azerbaijan
Belarus
Union of Evangelical Christian Baptists of Belarus
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Baptist Church in Bosnia/Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Baptist Union of Bulgaria
Croatia
Baptist Union of Croatia
Czech Republic
Baptist Union in the Czech Republic
Estonia
Union of Free Evangelical & Baptist Churches of Estonia
Georgia
Evangelical Baptist Church of Georgia
Hungary
Baptist Union of Hungary
Latvia
Union of Baptist Churches in Latvia
Lithuania
Baptist Union of Lithuania
Moldova
Union of Christian Evangelical Baptist Churches of Moldova
Poland
Baptist Christian Church of the Republic of Poland
Romania
Union of Christian Baptist Churches in Romania
Convention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches of Romania
Russia
Euro-Asiatic Federation of Unions of Evangelical Christians-Baptists
Russian Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists
Serbia
Union of Baptist Churches in Serbia
Union of Christian Baptist Churches in Serbia
Slovakia
Baptist Union of Slovakia
Slovenia
Union of Baptist Churches in Slovenia
Ukraine
All-Ukrainian Union of Associations of Evangelical Christians-Baptists
Uzbekistan
Union of Evangelical Christian-Baptists of Uzbekistan
Central Western EuropeAustria
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Belgium
Union of Baptists in Belgium
France
Federation of Evangelical Baptist Churches of France
Germany
International Baptist Convention
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Italy
Baptist Evangelical Christian Union of Italy
Netherlands
Union of Baptist Churches in the Netherlands
Portugal
Portuguese Baptist Convention
Spain
Baptist Evangelical Union of Spain
Switzerland
Union of Baptist Churches in Switzerland
United Kingdom
Baptist Union of Great Britain
Baptist Union of Scotland
Baptist Union of Wales
Nordic countriesDenmark
Baptist Union of Denmark
Finland
Swedish Baptist Union of Finland
Finnish Baptist Church
Norway
Baptist Union of Norway
Sweden
Evangelical Free Church in Sweden
Middle EastIsrael
Association of Baptist Churches in Israel
Jordan
Jordan Baptist Convention
Lebanon
Lebanese Baptist Evangelical Convention
Palestine
Council of Local Evangelical Churches in the Holy Land
Latin American Baptist UnionCentral AmericaCosta Rica
Federation of Baptist Associations of Costa Rica
El Salvador
Baptist Association of El Salvador
Baptist Federation of El Salvador
Guatemala
Convention of Baptist Churches in Guatemala
Honduras
National Convention of Baptist Churches in Honduras
Mexico
National Baptist Convention of Mexico
Nicaragua
Baptist Convention of Nicaragua
Panama
Baptist Convention of Panama
South AmericaArgentina
Argentine Baptist Association
Evangelical Baptist Convention of Argentina
Bolivia
Baptist Convention of Bolivia
Baptist Union of Bolivia
Brazil
Brazilian Baptist Convention
Convention of Independent Baptists
Chile
National Baptist Convention of Chile
Union of Evangelical Baptist Churches of Chile
Colombia
Colombian Baptist Denomination
Ecuador
Baptist Convention of Ecuador
Guyana
Baptist Convention of Guyana
Paraguay
Baptist Evangelical Convention of Paraguay
Peru
Baptist Evangelical Convention of Peru
Uruguay
Baptist Evangelical Convention of Uruguay
Venezuela
National Baptist Convention of Venezuela
Caribbean Baptist FellowshipAntigua and Barbuda
Antigua Baptist Association
Bahamas
Bahamas National Baptist Missionary and Educational Convention
Barbados
Barbados Baptist Convention
Belize
Baptist Association of Belize
Bermuda
Bermuda Baptist Fellowship
Cuba
Baptist Convention of Eastern Cuba
Baptist Convention of Western Cuba
Fellowship of Baptist Churches in Cuba
Free Will Baptist Convention of Cuba
Dominican Republic
Dominican Baptist Convention
Haiti
Baptist Convention of Haiti
Evangelical Baptist Mission of South Haiti
Jamaica
Jamaica Baptist Union
Trinidad & Tobago
Baptist Union of Trinidad and Tobago
North American Baptist FellowshipCanada
Canadian Baptist Ministries
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United States
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Converge
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National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.
National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.
National Missionary Baptist Convention of America
North American Baptist Conference
Progressive National Baptist Convention
Seventh Day Baptist General Conference
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"Christian denomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denomination"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Baptist World Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Wustermark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wustermark"}],"text":"The Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany (German: Bund Evangelisch-Freikirchlicher Gemeinden in Deutschland) is a Baptist Christian denomination in Germany. It is affiliated with the Baptist World Alliance. The headquarters is in Wustermark.","title":"Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kreuzkirche_Harburg_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Worship service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worship_service_(evangelicalism)"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolfsburg_Westhagen_Immanuel.JPG"},{"link_name":"Wolfsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsburg"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Johann Gerhard Oncken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gerhard_Oncken"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ordination of women pastors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Worship service at Cross Church in Hamburg.Emmanuel Baptist Church in Wolfsburg, affiliated with the Union.The Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany has its origins in the first Baptist church in Hamburg founded by the German missionary Johann Gerhard Oncken in 1834.[1] It is officially founded in 1849 as Federation of Christian communities baptized in Germany and Denmark.[2] In 1941, the Union of Free Christians merged with the Federation to form the Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany.[3] In 1992, the ordination of women pastors was authorized in the Convention.[4] According to a census published by the association in 2023, it claimed 786 churches and 75,767 members.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"It has 1 affiliated theological institute, the Elstal Theological College in Wustermark founded in 1880. [6]","title":"Schools"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Worship service at Cross Church in Hamburg.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kreuzkirche_Harburg_01.jpg/350px-Kreuzkirche_Harburg_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Emmanuel Baptist Church in Wolfsburg, affiliated with the Union.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Wolfsburg_Westhagen_Immanuel.JPG/280px-Wolfsburg_Westhagen_Immanuel.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"Baptists in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists_in_Germany"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://baptisten.de/","external_links_name":"baptisten.de"},{"Link":"https://www.baptistworld.org/member-unions/","external_links_name":"Members"},{"Link":"https://www.befg.de/bildung-beratung/theologische-hochschule-elstal/","external_links_name":"Theologische Hochschule Elstal"},{"Link":"https://www.baptisten.de/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/262106149","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/2006433-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85058786","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028875370","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FADE
|
FADE
|
["1 Operation","2 Applications","3 References"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "FADE" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
For other uses, see Fade.
FADEDeveloper(s)CodemastersTypeDigital restrictions management
FADE (or DEGRADE) is digital rights management software developed by Codemasters. FADE operates by checking whether a game has been pirated; if it has, it initially allows the game to run normally, but deliberately alters gameplay mechanics over time to make the game difficult, if not outright unplayable.
Operation
FADE introduces deliberate errors in some of the sectors of the disc, which resemble the errors typically seen on scratched CDs and DVDs. When the disc is copied, the error-correction mechanism (both CDs and DVDs employ error-correction techniques) will notice the errors and automatically correct them.
When the game is launched, the game's executable looks for the errors. If the errors are present, FADE will determine that the disc is a legal copy of the game. If the errors are not present, FADE will determine that the disc is a copy and that the game has been pirated. There is no notification or error message that tells the player that a fake disc image has been detected, which makes it very difficult for software crackers to determine if their crack has succeeded in defeating FADE.
Upon detecting a pirated copy, FADE gradually alters gameplay mechanics and core features to render the game extremely difficult, if not outright impossible, to play normally. The issues introduced by FADE are often designed to resemble glitches, or otherwise frustrate or surprise unsuspecting pirates, giving the impression that the game is simply bugged without revealing the true nature of the issue. Occasionally, the intention of FADE's implementation may also be to "out" pirates by tricking them into detailing their "game-breaking bug" on support forums, often resulting in the pirate being banned from the forum or, if possible, even the game itself.
The effects of FADE vary depending on the game it is implemented in. For example, in Arma 2, FADE gradually decreases the accuracy of the player's weapons, making it very difficult to hit a target, even at close range. FADE can also reverse the controls of vehicles, or make them randomly start and stop moving. Eventually, FADE will turn the player into a bird and display a message that reads "Good birds do not fly away from this game, you have only yourself to blame". However, not all FADE applications produce results this extreme; Take On Helicopters, which uses DEGRADE, simply blurs and warps the player's screen upon detecting a pirated game, making it extremely difficult to see clearly.
Applications
Bohemia Interactive used FADE in all of their releases until Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis, after which DEGRADE was used instead.
Serious Sam 3: BFE uses FADE by introducing overpowered or indestructible enemies in the zone.
References
^ a b c Interview: Bohemia Interactive's CEO on fighting piracy, creative DRM | News | PC Gamer
^ a b "Take On Helicopters hides smart anti-piracy tech". Eurogamer.net. 2011-11-04. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
^ FADE Game Copy Protections- GameBurnWorld
This video game software-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22FADE%22","external_links_name":"\"FADE\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22FADE%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22FADE%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22FADE%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22FADE%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22FADE%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.pcgamer.com/2011/11/17/interview-bohemia-interactives-ceo-on-fighting-piracy-creative-drm/","external_links_name":"Interview: Bohemia Interactive's CEO on fighting piracy, creative DRM | News | PC Gamer"},{"Link":"https://www.eurogamer.net/take-on-helicopters-includes-smart-anti-piracy-trick","external_links_name":"\"Take On Helicopters hides smart anti-piracy tech\""},{"Link":"http://www.gameburnworld.com/protections_fade.shtml","external_links_name":"FADE Game Copy Protections- GameBurnWorld"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FADE&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazole_fungicide
|
Triazole
|
["1 Isomerism","2 Preparation","2.1 1,2,3-Triazoles","2.2 1,2,4-Triazoles","3 Applications","3.1 Importance in agriculture","3.2 Importance in chemical synthesis","4 Related heterocycles","5 External links","6 References"]
|
Chemical compound
Not to be confused with Thiazole.
A triazole is a heterocyclic compound featuring a five-membered ring of two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with molecular formula C2H3N3. Triazoles exhibit substantial isomerism, depending on the positioning of the nitrogen atoms within the ring.
Many triazoles are versatile, biologically active compounds commonly used as fungicides and plant retardants. However, triazoles are also useful in bioorthogonal chemistry, because the large number of nitrogen atoms causes triazoles to react similar to azides. Lastly, the many free lone pairs in triazoles make them useful as coordination compounds, although not typically as haptic ligands.
Isomerism
There are four triazole isomers, which are conventionally divided into two pairs of tautomers. In the 1,2,3-triazoles, the three nitrogen atoms are adjacent; in the 1,2,4-triazoles, an interstitial carbon separates out one nitrogen atom. Each category has two tautomers that differ by which nitrogen has a hydrogen bonded to it.
Preparation
There are several methods to prepare triazoles.
1,2,3-Triazoles
Main article: 1,2,3-Triazole
1,2,3-Triazoles, also known as vicinal triazoles, are usually prepared following (3+2) cycloaddition protocols. A common technique for unsubstituted triazoles is the Huisgen azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition: a azide and an alkyne react at high temperature to form a ring. However, the Huisgen strategy produces a mixture of isomers (typically 1,4- and 1,5-disubstituted) when used to produce substituted triazoles. Thermal addition gives a mixture of 1,4 and 1,5 isomers
In order to selectively prepare a desired isomer, metal catalysts are employed. In the copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), copper(I) salts select for the formation of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. One such catalyst is CuBr(PPh3)3, which is relatively stable towards oxidation even at elevated temperatures and can produce triazoles with a broad range of substituents either in solvent or under neat reaction conditions. 1,4 isomer from a CuI catalyst
Conversely, ruthenium catalysts (RuAAC) select for 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. 1,5 isomer from a Ru catalyst
1,2,4-Triazoles
Main article: 1,2,4-Triazole
Most techniques for producing 1,2,4-triazoles use the free energy of water, either by dehydrating a mixture of amides and hydrazides (the Pellizzari reaction) or imides and alkyl hydrazines (the Einhorn-Brunner reaction). Of those two, only the Einhorn-Brunner reaction is regioselective. Recent research has focused on grinding and microwave irradiation as greener substitutes.
Applications
Triazoles are compounds with a vast spectrum of applications, varying from materials (polymers), agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, photoactive chemicals and dyes.
Benzotriazole is used in chemical photography as a restrainer and fog suppressant.
Cyclohexylethyltriazol was briefly used as an alternative to Cardiazol (Metrazol) in convulsive shock therapy treatment of mental illnesses during the 1940s.
Importance in agriculture
Many triazoles have antifungal effects: the triazole antifungal drugs include fluconazole, isavuconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, pramiconazole, ravuconazole, and posaconazole and triazole plant-protection fungicides include epoxiconazole, triadimenol , myclobutanil, propiconazole, prothioconazole, metconazole, cyproconazole, tebuconazole, flusilazole and paclobutrazol.
Due to spreading resistance of plant pathogens towards fungicides of the strobilurin class, control of fungi such as Septoria tritici or Gibberella zeae relies heavily on triazoles. Food, like store bought potatoes, contain retardants such as triazole or tetcyclacis.
In addition, paclobutrazol, uniconazole, flutriafol , and triadimefon are used as plant growth retardants. Brassinazole inhibits brassinosteroid biosynthesis.
Importance in chemical synthesis
The azide alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition is a mild and selective reaction that gives 1,2,3-triazoles as products. The reaction has been widely used in bioorthogonal chemistry and in organic synthesis. Triazoles are relatively stable functional groups and triazole linkages can be used in a variety of applications, e.g. replacing the phosphate backbone of DNA.
Related heterocycles
Imidazole, an analog with two nonadjacent nitrogen atoms
Pyrazole, an analog with two adjacent nitrogen atoms
Tetrazole, an analog with four nitrogen atoms
Triazolium salts, substituted analogues that can be used as NHC precursors
External links
Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles (overview of recent methods)
Synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles (overview of recent methods)
References
^ Virant, M.; Košmrlj, J. (2019). "Arylation of Click Triazoles with Diaryliodonium Salts". J. Org. Chem. 84 (21): 14030–14044. doi:10.1021/acs.joc.9b02197. PMID 31553192.
^ Virant, Miha (2019). Development of homogeneous palladium catalytic systems for selected transformations of terminal acetylenes (PhD). University of Ljubljana.
^ Bolje, A.; Urankar, D.; Košmrlj, J. (2014). "Synthesis and NMR Analysis of 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles Tethered to Pyridine, Pyrimidine, and Pyrazine Rings". Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2014 (36): 8167–8181. doi:10.1002/ejoc.201403100.
^ Košmrlj, Janez (2012). Click Triazoles. Top. Organomet. Chem. Vol. 28. Netherlands: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-29429-7. ISBN 978-3-642-29428-0. S2CID 199490788.
^ a b Huisgen, R. (1963). "1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions, Past and Future". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2 (10): 565–632. doi:10.1002/anie.196305651.
^ Temple, Carroll (2009). 1,2,4-Triazoles. Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Vol. 39. Wiley-Blackwell.
^ Farooq, Tahir (2021). Advances in Triazole Chemistry. Amsterdam: The Devil (Elsevier). pp. 21–27. ISBN 978-0-12-817113-4.
^ Potts, K.T. (1961). "The Chemistry of 1,2,4-Triazoles". Chem. Rev. 61 (2): 87–127. doi:10.1021/cr60210a001.
^ Agalave, S.G.; Maujan, S.R.; Pore, V.S. (2011). "Click Chemistry: 1,2,3-Triazoles as Pharmacophores". Chem. Asian J. 6 (10): 2696–2718. doi:10.1002/asia.201100432. PMID 21954075.
^ Gisi, U.; Sierotzki, H.; Cook, A.; McCaffery, A. (2002). "Mechanisms influencing the evolution of resistance to Qo inhibitor fungicides". Pest Manag. Sci. 58 (9): 859–867. doi:10.1002/ps.565. PMID 12233175.
^ Klix, M.B.; Verreet, J.-A.; Beyer, M. (2007). "Comparison of the declining triazole sensitivity of Gibberella zeae and increased sensitivity achieved by advances in triazole fungicide development". J. Crop Prot. 26 (4): 683–690. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2006.06.006.
^ Mantecón, Jorge D. (2009). "Control of potato early blight with triazole fungicide using preventive and curative spraying, or a forecasting system". Cienc. Inv. Agr. 36 (2): 291–296. doi:10.4067/S0718-16202009000200013.
^ Rademacher, W.; Fritsch, H.; Graebe, J.E.; Sauter, H.; Jung, J. (1987). "Tetcyclacis and triazole-type plant growth retardants: Their influence on the biosynthesis of gibberellins and other metabolic processes". Pestic. Sci. 21 (4): 241–252. doi:10.1002/ps.2780210402.
^ Latimer, Joyce G. (2022). "Growth Regulators for Containerized Herbaceous Perennial Plants" (PDF). GrowerTalks. Ball Publishing. pp. 14–60. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
^ Isobe, H.; Fujino, T.; Yamazaki, N.; Guillot-Nieckowski, M.; Nakamura, E. (2008). "Triazole-Linked Analogue of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (TLDNA): Design, Synthesis, and Double-Strand Formation with Natural DNA". Org. Lett. 10 (17): 3729–3732. doi:10.1021/ol801230k. PMID 18656947.
vteAntifungals (D01 and J02)Wall/membraneErgosterolinhibitorsAzoles (lanosterol 14α-demethylase inhibitors)Imidazoles
Topical: bifonazole‡
butoconazole
chlormidazole‡
climbazole
clotrimazole#
croconazole‡
eberconazole
econazole
fenticonazole‡
flutrimazole
isoconazole
ketoconazole
luliconazole
miconazole#
neticonazole‡
omoconazole‡
oxiconazole
sertaconazole
sulconazole
tioconazole
Systemic: ketoconazole
Triazoles
Topical: efinaconazole
fluconazole#
terconazole
Systemic: fluconazole#
fosfluconazole
fosravuconazole
hexaconazole‡
isavuconazole
itraconazole#
oteseconazole
posaconazole
voriconazole#
Unknown: albaconazole‡
ravuconazole†
Thiazoles
Topical: abafungin‡
Polyene antimycotics(ergosterol binding)
Topical: hamycin‡
natamycin
nystatin#Systemic: amphotericin B#, hamycin‡
Squalene monooxygenaseinhibitorsAllylamines
Topical: naftifine
terbinafineSystemic: terbinafine
Benzylamines
Topical: butenafine
Others
Topical: amorolfine
β-glucan synthaseinhibitors
Systemic: echinocandins (anidulafungin
caspofungin
cilofungin
micafungin
rezafungin)
ibrexafungerp
IntracellularPyrimidine analogues/thymidylate synthase inhibitors
Systemic: flucytosine#
Mitotic inhibitors
Systemic: griseofulvin#
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase inhibitors
Topical: tavaborole
Others
bromochlorosalicylanilide
chlorophetanol
chlorphenesin
ciclopirox
crystal violet
dimazole
ethylparaben
haloprogin‡
polynoxylin
potassium iodide#
salicylic acid
selenium disulfide#
sodium thiosulfate#
sulbentine
taurolidine
ticlatone
tolciclate
tolnaftate
tribromometacresol
undecylenic acid
Whitfield's ointment#
citronella oil
lemon grass
lemon myrtle
orange oil
patchouli
tea tree oil
PCP: atovaquone
dapsone
pentamidine
#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thiazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiazole"},{"link_name":"heterocyclic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound"},{"link_name":"molecular formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_formula"},{"link_name":"isomerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomer"},{"link_name":"bioorthogonal chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry"},{"link_name":"azides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azide"},{"link_name":"haptic ligands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_stool_complex"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Thiazole.A triazole is a heterocyclic compound featuring a five-membered ring of two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with molecular formula C2H3N3. Triazoles exhibit substantial isomerism, depending on the positioning of the nitrogen atoms within the ring.Many triazoles are versatile, biologically active compounds commonly used as fungicides and plant retardants. However, triazoles are also useful in bioorthogonal chemistry, because the large number of nitrogen atoms causes triazoles to react similar to azides. Lastly, the many free lone pairs in triazoles make them useful as coordination compounds, although not typically as haptic ligands.","title":"Triazole"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tautomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautomer"},{"link_name":"1,2,3-triazoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2,3-Triazole"},{"link_name":"1,2,4-triazoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2,4-Triazole"},{"link_name":"tautomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautomer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triazole-isomers.png"}],"text":"There are four triazole isomers, which are conventionally divided into two pairs of tautomers. In the 1,2,3-triazoles, the three nitrogen atoms are adjacent; in the 1,2,4-triazoles, an interstitial carbon separates out one nitrogen atom. Each category has two tautomers that differ by which nitrogen has a hydrogen bonded to it.","title":"Isomerism"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are several methods to prepare triazoles.","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"Huisgen azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huisgen_1,3-dipolar_cycloaddition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huisgen-azide-alkyne-cycloaddition.png"},{"link_name":"copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_chemistry"},{"link_name":"(CuAAC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_chemistry#Copper(I)-catalyzed_azide-alkyne_cycloaddition_(CuAAC)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Virant-2019-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Virant-thesis-2019-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bolje-2014-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CuAAC-triazole-synthesis.png"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kosmrlj-Springer-2012-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huisgen-1963-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RuAAC-triazole-synthesis.png"}],"sub_title":"1,2,3-Triazoles","text":"1,2,3-Triazoles, also known as vicinal triazoles, are usually prepared following (3+2) cycloaddition protocols. A common technique for unsubstituted triazoles is the Huisgen azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition: a azide and an alkyne react at high temperature to form a ring. However, the Huisgen strategy produces a mixture of isomers (typically 1,4- and 1,5-disubstituted) when used to produce substituted triazoles.Thermal addition gives a mixture of 1,4 and 1,5 isomersIn order to selectively prepare a desired isomer, metal catalysts are employed. In the copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), copper(I) salts select for the formation of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. One such catalyst is CuBr(PPh3)3, which is relatively stable towards oxidation even at elevated temperatures and can produce triazoles with a broad range of substituents either in solvent[1][2] or under neat[3] reaction conditions.1,4 isomer from a CuI catalystConversely, ruthenium catalysts (RuAAC) select for 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles.[4][5]1,5 isomer from a Ru catalyst","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amide"},{"link_name":"hydrazides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazide"},{"link_name":"Pellizzari reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellizzari_reaction"},{"link_name":"imides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imide"},{"link_name":"alkyl hydrazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazines"},{"link_name":"Einhorn-Brunner reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhorn-Brunner_reaction"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"greener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_chemistry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"1,2,4-Triazoles","text":"Most techniques for producing 1,2,4-triazoles use the free energy of water, either by dehydrating a mixture of amides and hydrazides (the Pellizzari reaction) or imides and alkyl hydrazines (the Einhorn-Brunner reaction). Of those two, only the Einhorn-Brunner reaction is regioselective.[6] Recent research has focused on grinding and microwave irradiation as greener substitutes.[7]","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Potts-1961-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agalave-2011-9"},{"link_name":"Benzotriazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzotriazole"}],"text":"Triazoles are compounds with a vast spectrum of applications, varying from materials (polymers), agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, photoactive chemicals and dyes.[8][9]Benzotriazole is used in chemical photography as a restrainer and fog suppressant.Cyclohexylethyltriazol was briefly used as an alternative to Cardiazol (Metrazol) in convulsive shock therapy treatment of mental illnesses during the 1940s.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antifungal drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal_drug"},{"link_name":"fluconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluconazole"},{"link_name":"isavuconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isavuconazole"},{"link_name":"itraconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itraconazole"},{"link_name":"voriconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voriconazole"},{"link_name":"pramiconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramiconazole"},{"link_name":"ravuconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravuconazole"},{"link_name":"posaconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posaconazole"},{"link_name":"plant-protection fungicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungicides"},{"link_name":"epoxiconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxiconazole"},{"link_name":"triadimenol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triadimenol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/triadimenol"},{"link_name":"myclobutanil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myclobutanil"},{"link_name":"propiconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propiconazole"},{"link_name":"prothioconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothioconazole"},{"link_name":"metconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metconazole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cyproconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyproconazole"},{"link_name":"tebuconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebuconazole"},{"link_name":"flusilazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flusilazole"},{"link_name":"paclobutrazol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paclobutrazol"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gisi-2002-10"},{"link_name":"Septoria tritici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septoria_tritici"},{"link_name":"Gibberella zeae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibberella_zeae"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klix-2007-11"},{"link_name":"tetcyclacis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetcyclacis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mantecon-2009-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rademacher-1987-13"},{"link_name":"paclobutrazol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paclobutrazol"},{"link_name":"uniconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniconazole"},{"link_name":"flutriafol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flutriafol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/flutriafol"},{"link_name":"triadimefon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triadimefon"},{"link_name":"plant growth retardants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_growth_regulator"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Brassinazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brassinazole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"brassinosteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassinosteroid"}],"sub_title":"Importance in agriculture","text":"Many triazoles have antifungal effects: the triazole antifungal drugs include fluconazole, isavuconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, pramiconazole, ravuconazole, and posaconazole and triazole plant-protection fungicides include epoxiconazole, triadimenol [de], myclobutanil, propiconazole, prothioconazole, metconazole, cyproconazole, tebuconazole, flusilazole and paclobutrazol.Due to spreading resistance of plant pathogens towards fungicides of the strobilurin class,[10] control of fungi such as Septoria tritici or Gibberella zeae[11] relies heavily on triazoles. Food, like store bought potatoes, contain retardants such as triazole or tetcyclacis.[12][13]In addition, paclobutrazol, uniconazole, flutriafol [de], and triadimefon are used as plant growth retardants.[14] Brassinazole inhibits brassinosteroid biosynthesis.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"azide alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azide_alkyne_Huisgen_cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huisgen-1963-5"},{"link_name":"bioorthogonal chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hiroyuki-2008-15"}],"sub_title":"Importance in chemical synthesis","text":"The azide alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition[5] is a mild and selective reaction that gives 1,2,3-triazoles as products. The reaction has been widely used in bioorthogonal chemistry and in organic synthesis. Triazoles are relatively stable functional groups and triazole linkages can be used in a variety of applications, e.g. replacing the phosphate backbone of DNA.[15]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imidazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazole"},{"link_name":"Pyrazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrazole"},{"link_name":"Tetrazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrazole"},{"link_name":"Triazolium salts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazolium_salt"},{"link_name":"NHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_carbene"}],"text":"Imidazole, an analog with two nonadjacent nitrogen atoms\nPyrazole, an analog with two adjacent nitrogen atoms\nTetrazole, an analog with four nitrogen atoms\nTriazolium salts, substituted analogues that can be used as NHC precursors","title":"Related heterocycles"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Triazole-isomers.png/220px-Triazole-isomers.png"},{"image_text":"Thermal addition gives a mixture of 1,4 and 1,5 isomers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Huisgen-azide-alkyne-cycloaddition.png/440px-Huisgen-azide-alkyne-cycloaddition.png"},{"image_text":"1,4 isomer from a CuI catalyst","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/CuAAC-triazole-synthesis.png/440px-CuAAC-triazole-synthesis.png"},{"image_text":"1,5 isomer from a Ru catalyst","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/RuAAC-triazole-synthesis.png/440px-RuAAC-triazole-synthesis.png"}]
| null |
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University of Ljubljana.","urls":[{"url":"https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?id=124988&lang=slv","url_text":"Development of homogeneous palladium catalytic systems for selected transformations of terminal acetylenes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ljubljana","url_text":"University of Ljubljana"}]},{"reference":"Bolje, A.; Urankar, D.; Košmrlj, J. (2014). \"Synthesis and NMR Analysis of 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles Tethered to Pyridine, Pyrimidine, and Pyrazine Rings\". Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2014 (36): 8167–8181. doi:10.1002/ejoc.201403100.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur._J._Org._Chem.","url_text":"Eur. J. Org. Chem."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fejoc.201403100","url_text":"10.1002/ejoc.201403100"}]},{"reference":"Košmrlj, Janez (2012). Click Triazoles. Top. Organomet. Chem. Vol. 28. Netherlands: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-29429-7. ISBN 978-3-642-29428-0. S2CID 199490788.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top._Organomet._Chem.&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Top. Organomet. Chem."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-29429-7","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-29429-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-29428-0","url_text":"978-3-642-29428-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199490788","url_text":"199490788"}]},{"reference":"Huisgen, R. (1963). \"1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions, Past and Future\". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2 (10): 565–632. doi:10.1002/anie.196305651.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angew._Chem._Int._Ed.","url_text":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.196305651","url_text":"10.1002/anie.196305651"}]},{"reference":"Temple, Carroll (2009). 1,2,4-Triazoles. Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Vol. 39. Wiley-Blackwell.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Farooq, Tahir (2021). Advances in Triazole Chemistry. Amsterdam: The Devil (Elsevier). pp. 21–27. ISBN 978-0-12-817113-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan","url_text":"The Devil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-817113-4","url_text":"978-0-12-817113-4"}]},{"reference":"Potts, K.T. (1961). \"The Chemistry of 1,2,4-Triazoles\". Chem. Rev. 61 (2): 87–127. doi:10.1021/cr60210a001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chem._Rev.","url_text":"Chem. Rev."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr60210a001","url_text":"10.1021/cr60210a001"}]},{"reference":"Agalave, S.G.; Maujan, S.R.; Pore, V.S. (2011). \"Click Chemistry: 1,2,3-Triazoles as Pharmacophores\". Chem. Asian J. 6 (10): 2696–2718. doi:10.1002/asia.201100432. PMID 21954075.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasia.201100432","url_text":"\"Click Chemistry: 1,2,3-Triazoles as Pharmacophores\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chem._Asian_J.","url_text":"Chem. Asian J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasia.201100432","url_text":"10.1002/asia.201100432"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21954075","url_text":"21954075"}]},{"reference":"Gisi, U.; Sierotzki, H.; Cook, A.; McCaffery, A. (2002). \"Mechanisms influencing the evolution of resistance to Qo inhibitor fungicides\". Pest Manag. Sci. 58 (9): 859–867. doi:10.1002/ps.565. PMID 12233175.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_Manag._Sci.","url_text":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fps.565","url_text":"10.1002/ps.565"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12233175","url_text":"12233175"}]},{"reference":"Klix, M.B.; Verreet, J.-A.; Beyer, M. (2007). \"Comparison of the declining triazole sensitivity of Gibberella zeae and increased sensitivity achieved by advances in triazole fungicide development\". J. Crop Prot. 26 (4): 683–690. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2006.06.006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Crop_Prot.&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"J. Crop Prot."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cropro.2006.06.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.cropro.2006.06.006"}]},{"reference":"Mantecón, Jorge D. (2009). \"Control of potato early blight with triazole fungicide using preventive and curative spraying, or a forecasting system\". Cienc. Inv. Agr. 36 (2): 291–296. doi:10.4067/S0718-16202009000200013.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-16202009000200013","url_text":"\"Control of potato early blight with triazole fungicide using preventive and curative spraying, or a forecasting system\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cienc._Inv._Agr.&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Cienc. Inv. Agr."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-16202009000200013","url_text":"10.4067/S0718-16202009000200013"}]},{"reference":"Rademacher, W.; Fritsch, H.; Graebe, J.E.; Sauter, H.; Jung, J. (1987). \"Tetcyclacis and triazole-type plant growth retardants: Their influence on the biosynthesis of gibberellins and other metabolic processes\". Pestic. Sci. 21 (4): 241–252. doi:10.1002/ps.2780210402.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pestic._Sci.&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Pestic. Sci."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fps.2780210402","url_text":"10.1002/ps.2780210402"}]},{"reference":"Latimer, Joyce G. (2022). \"Growth Regulators for Containerized Herbaceous Perennial Plants\" (PDF). GrowerTalks. Ball Publishing. pp. 14–60. Retrieved 2022-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fine-americas.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/PGR_Guide_2022-2023.pdf","url_text":"\"Growth Regulators for Containerized Herbaceous Perennial Plants\""}]},{"reference":"Isobe, H.; Fujino, T.; Yamazaki, N.; Guillot-Nieckowski, M.; Nakamura, E. (2008). \"Triazole-Linked Analogue of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (TLDNA): Design, Synthesis, and Double-Strand Formation with Natural DNA\". Org. Lett. 10 (17): 3729–3732. doi:10.1021/ol801230k. PMID 18656947.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org._Lett.","url_text":"Org. Lett."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fol801230k","url_text":"10.1021/ol801230k"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18656947","url_text":"18656947"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Garza
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Peter Garza
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["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
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Peter Garza (born August 6, 1960) is a United States computer forensics expert and cybercrime investigator.
Career
As a Special Agent with the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, Peter Garza conducted the first court-ordered Internet wiretap in the United States while investigating the Julio Cesar Ardita ("El Griton") hacking case. Ardita was charged by the U.S. Justice Department with using compromised user accounts at Harvard University to hack into government and university computer systems in the U.S. and abroad. Ardita pleaded guilty on May 19, 1998 in the United States District Court of Massachusetts to unlawfully intercepting electronic communications and damaging files on military computer systems.
Garza founded EvidentData, Inc., a private sector consulting firm specializing in computer forensics, electronic discovery, and expert consulting, in 1999. EvidentData was acquired by First Advantage which he left in 2009 to form Data Forté. Garza continues to be involved in many high-profile civil cases. He gave expert testimony regarding altered electronic documents in a case (Beckman Coulter Inc. v. Dovatron International Inc.) which resulted in a $934 million jury award and testified regarding critical deleted but recoverable data in a case (Steinberg, Moorad & Dunn, Inc. v. Dunn) brought by sports agent Leigh Steinberg against former partner David Dunn which resulted in a $45 million jury award.
Peter Garza earned a Master of Science in Information Systems from Claremont Graduate University in 2001. He also developed and taught a graduate course in Computer Forensics at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona.
References
External links
Article regarding Ben Roethlisberger case
Fortune Small Business article discussing Peter Garza's work
Article regarding the Julio Cesar Ardita hacking case from Informit
Department of Justice press release regarding first Internet wiretap
Department of Justice press release regarding Julio Cesar Ardita guilty plea
Article regarding Beckman Coulter Inc. v. Dovatron International Inc.
Article regarding Steinberg, Moorad & Dunn, Inc. v. Dunn
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulkner_Eagles_football
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Faulkner University
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["1 History","2 Accreditation","3 Admissions","4 Tuition and financial aid","5 Athletics","6 Notable alumni and faculty","7 Graduate programs","7.1 Law","7.2 Theology","7.3 Humanities","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
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Coordinates: 32°23′8″N 86°13′2″W / 32.38556°N 86.21722°W / 32.38556; -86.21722Christian university in Montgomery, Alabama, US
For other uses, see Faulkner (disambiguation).
Faulkner UniversityFormer namesMontgomery Bible School (1942–1953)Alabama Christian College (1953–1985)MottoFor God and For YouTypePrivate universityEstablished1942; 82 years ago (1942)Religious affiliationChurches of ChristEndowment$15.3 million (2020)PresidentDennis Mitchell HenryAcademic staff118Students3,574Undergraduates2,212LocationMontgomery, Alabama, U.S.32°23′8″N 86°13′2″W / 32.38556°N 86.21722°W / 32.38556; -86.21722CampusUrban, 74 acres (0.30 km2)ColorsBlue & White NicknameEaglesSporting affiliationsNAIA – SSAC (primary)NAIA – Mid-South (football only)Websitewww.faulkner.edu
Faulkner University is a private Christian university in Montgomery, Alabama. It is affiliated with the Churches of Christ.
History
The university was founded in 1942 by Dr. Rex Turner, Dr. Leonard Johnson and Joe Greer as Montgomery Bible School. In 1953 the school's name was changed to Alabama Christian College ('ACC)'. In 1965, the college was moved to its present location on Atlanta Highway. The year 1975 marked the beginning of the school's satellite campuses in Mobile, Huntsville and Birmingham. In 1985, the school was renamed Faulkner University in honor of James H. Faulkner, a longtime supporter and chairman of the board.
V.P. Black School of Biblical Studies
Gus Nichols Library
Accreditation
Faulkner University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award associate, baccalaureate, master's, a doctorate in humanities, a doctorate in biblical studies, and Juris Doctor degrees.
Admissions
In 2023, the university accepted 82.4% of applicants, with those admitted having an average 3.36 GPA. Faulkner does not require submission of standardized test scores. Those submitting test scores had an average 950-1130 SAT score (6% submitting scores) or average 17-24 ACT score (47% submitting scores).
Tuition and financial aid
In the 2017-2018 award year, Faulkner University had 1,700 students receiving Federal Pell Grants, totaling $7,229,388.
Athletics
The Faulkner athletic teams are called the Eagles. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Southern States Athletic Conference (SSAC; formerly known as Georgia–Alabama–Carolina Conference (GACC) until after the 2003–04 school year) for most of their sports since the 1999–2000 academic year; while its football team competes in the Sun Division of the Mid-South Conference (MSC), starting since the 2016 fall season.
They were also a member of the National Christian Collegiate Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the South Region of the Division I level; which they won the national championship in baseball in 2001.
Faulkner competes in 12 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf and soccer; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball and volleyball. Club sports include bass fishing, cheerleading and eSports.
Notable alumni and faculty
Alumni
Bobby Bright – United States Congressman from Alabama
Marcus Brimage – professional Mixed Martial Artist, former UFC competitor
Corey Black Baseball, Chicago Cubs
Ray Ray Armstrong Football, New York Giants
Austin Adams - Major League Baseball
Faculty
Allison Garrett – Associate Professor of Law (2004–07)
Michael A. O'Donnell – Assistant Professor of Family Studies, Dean of Professional Studies
Graduate programs
Law
Faulkner operates the Thomas Goode Jones School of Law, with between 200 and 300 students. The school of law was provisionally accredited by the American Bar Association in 2006, and fully accredited in 2009.
Theology
The Kearley Graduate School of Theology, which opened the fall of 2013, offers students Masters of Arts degrees in Biblical Theology, as well as a low-residency PhD in Biblical Studies.
Humanities
Faulkner University teaches from the canon of literature known as the Great Books of the Western World. Students attending Faulkner University are able to obtain a low-residency master's degree or a PhD in the Humanities through the university's Honors College.
See also
Amridge University
References
^ As of June 30, 2020. U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
^ Burylo, Rebecca. "D. Mitchell Henry, J.D. inaugurated as the ninth president of Faulkner University". faulkner.edu. Faulkner University. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
^ Faulkner 2015 Brand Standards & Guidelines (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
^ "sacs members" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2011.
^ "Faulkner Admission Requirements". collegesimply.com. CollegeSimply | U.S. Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
^ "Distribution of Federal Pell Grant Program Funds by Institution and Award Year". www2.ed.gov. February 26, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
^ Wilson, Michael (February 25, 2016). "Local teams officially join Mid-South football conference". The Lakeland Ledger. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
^ "Members". Thesunconference.com. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
^ "Faulkner announces resignation of football coach, athletic director Brent Barker". June 12, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ "Baseball - Monday, May 16 - NAIA Baseball Opening Round - Montgomery Bracket". Faulkner Eagles.
^ "BRIGHT, Bobby Neal Sr. (1952 – )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
^ "Marcus Brimage UFC Profile". Ultimate Fighting Championship. Archived from the original on September 8, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Faulkner University, Thomas Goode Jones School of Law". National Jurist. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017.
^ Zaretsky, Staci (July 24, 2015). "Lafayette Movie Theater Gunman Was A Law School Graduate". Above the Law.
^ "Faulkner University, Thomas Goode Jones School of Law". Law School Admission Council. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016.
^ Matheny, J. Randal (April 26, 2013). "Faulkner University Forms New Graduate School of Theology, Honors F. Furman Kearley". Brotherhood News. Archived from the original on July 10, 2017.
^ "Faulkner University". Education Corner. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
^ "Master of Arts in Humanities". Faulkner University. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017.
^ "Doctor of Philosophy in Humanities". Faulkner University. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Faulkner University.
Official website
Official athletics website
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Point Loma Nazarene
Redeemer
Regent
Roberts Wesleyan
San Diego Christian
Simpson
Southeastern
Southern Adventist
Southern Nazarene
Southern Wesleyan
Southwest Baptist
Spring Arbor
Sterling
Tabor
Taylor
Toccoa Falls
Trevecca Nazarene
Trinity Christian
Trinity International
Trinity Western
Mary Hardin–Baylor
Northwestern – St. Paul (UNWSP)
Southwest
Vanguard
Walla Walla
Warner
Wayland Baptist
Westmont
Wheaton
Wisconsin Lutheran
York (Nebraska)
Associate Members
Arizona Christian
Asbury Theological Seminary
Briercrest
Cairn
Columbia International
Crandall
Dallas Theological Seminary
Denver Seminary
Fuller Theological Seminary
Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary
Johnson
Kuyper
Life Pacific
Lincoln Christian
Martin Luther
McMaster Divinity
Mid-Atlantic Christian
Moody
Ohio Christian
Ozark Christian
Prairie
Providence
Southwestern Christian
King's (New York)
King's (Texas)
Tyndale
Valley Forge
Authority control databases
ISNI
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faulkner (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulkner_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university"},{"link_name":"Montgomery, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Churches of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churches_of_Christ"}],"text":"Christian university in Montgomery, Alabama, USFor other uses, see Faulkner (disambiguation).Faulkner University is a private Christian university in Montgomery, Alabama. It is affiliated with the Churches of Christ.","title":"Faulkner University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Huntsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"James H. Faulkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Faulkner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_School_of_Biblical_Studies.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gus_Nichols_Library.jpg"}],"text":"The university was founded in 1942 by Dr. Rex Turner, Dr. Leonard Johnson and Joe Greer as Montgomery Bible School. In 1953 the school's name was changed to Alabama Christian College ('ACC)'. In 1965, the college was moved to its present location on Atlanta Highway. The year 1975 marked the beginning of the school's satellite campuses in Mobile, Huntsville and Birmingham. In 1985, the school was renamed Faulkner University in honor of James H. Faulkner, a longtime supporter and chairman of the board.V.P. Black School of Biblical StudiesGus Nichols Library","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Association of Colleges and Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Faulkner University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award associate, baccalaureate, master's, a doctorate in humanities, a doctorate in biblical studies, and Juris Doctor degrees.[4]","title":"Accreditation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_grading_in_the_United_States#Grade_conversion"},{"link_name":"SAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT"},{"link_name":"ACT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 2023, the university accepted 82.4% of applicants, with those admitted having an average 3.36 GPA. Faulkner does not require submission of standardized test scores. Those submitting test scores had an average 950-1130 SAT score (6% submitting scores) or average 17-24 ACT score (47% submitting scores).[5]","title":"Admissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In the 2017-2018 award year, Faulkner University had 1,700 students receiving Federal Pell Grants, totaling $7,229,388.[6]","title":"Tuition and financial aid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Southern States Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_States_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Mid-South Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-South_Conference"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"National Christian Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Christian_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barker_Leaves-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Faulkner athletic teams are called the Eagles. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Southern States Athletic Conference (SSAC; formerly known as Georgia–Alabama–Carolina Conference (GACC) until after the 2003–04 school year) for most of their sports since the 1999–2000 academic year; while its football team competes in the Sun Division of the Mid-South Conference (MSC), starting since the 2016 fall season.[7][8]They were also a member of the National Christian Collegiate Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the South Region of the Division I level; which they won the national championship in baseball in 2001.[9]Faulkner competes in 12 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf and soccer; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball and volleyball. Club sports include bass fishing, cheerleading and eSports.[10]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bobby Bright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Bright"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Marcus Brimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Brimage"},{"link_name":"Mixed Martial Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_Martial_Artist"},{"link_name":"UFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Corey Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Black"},{"link_name":"Ray Ray Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Ray_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Austin Adams - Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Adams_(baseball,_born_1986)"},{"link_name":"Allison Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Garrett"},{"link_name":"Michael A. O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_A._O%27Donnell"}],"text":"AlumniBobby Bright – United States Congressman from Alabama[11]\nMarcus Brimage – professional Mixed Martial Artist, former UFC competitor[12]\nCorey Black Baseball, Chicago Cubs\nRay Ray Armstrong Football, New York Giants\nAustin Adams - Major League BaseballFacultyAllison Garrett – Associate Professor of Law (2004–07)\nMichael A. O'Donnell – Assistant Professor of Family Studies, Dean of Professional Studies","title":"Notable alumni and faculty"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Graduate programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Goode Jones School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Goode_Jones_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Law","text":"Faulkner operates the Thomas Goode Jones School of Law, with between 200 and 300 students.[13][14] The school of law was provisionally accredited by the American Bar Association in 2006, and fully accredited in 2009.[15]","title":"Graduate programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"low-residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-residency_program"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Theology","text":"The Kearley Graduate School of Theology, which opened the fall of 2013, offers students Masters of Arts degrees in Biblical Theology,[16] as well as a low-residency PhD in Biblical Studies.[17]","title":"Graduate programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Humanities","text":"Faulkner University teaches from the canon of literature known as the Great Books of the Western World. Students attending Faulkner University are able to obtain a low-residency master's degree or a PhD in the Humanities through the university's Honors College.[18][19]","title":"Graduate programs"}]
|
[{"image_text":"V.P. Black School of Biblical Studies","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Black_School_of_Biblical_Studies.jpg/260px-Black_School_of_Biblical_Studies.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gus Nichols Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gus_Nichols_Library.jpg/260px-Gus_Nichols_Library.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Amridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amridge_University"}]
|
[{"reference":"U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx","url_text":"U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIAA","url_text":"TIAA"}]},{"reference":"Burylo, Rebecca. \"D. Mitchell Henry, J.D. inaugurated as the ninth president of Faulkner University\". faulkner.edu. Faulkner University. Retrieved April 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faulkner.edu/news/d-mitchell-henry-j-d-inaugurated-as-the-9th-president-of-faulkner-university/#:~:text=On%20March%208%2C%202022%2C%20Henry,campus%20on%20March%209%2C%202022.","url_text":"\"D. Mitchell Henry, J.D. inaugurated as the ninth president of Faulkner University\""}]},{"reference":"Faulkner 2015 Brand Standards & Guidelines (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160530231626/https://www.faulkner.edu/wp-content/uploads/brand-standards.pdf","url_text":"Faulkner 2015 Brand Standards & Guidelines"},{"url":"https://www.faulkner.edu/wp-content/uploads/brand-standards.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"sacs members\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722052548/http://www.sacscoc.org/pdf/webmemlist.pdf","url_text":"\"sacs members\""},{"url":"https://www.sacscoc.org/pdf/webmemlist.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Faulkner Admission Requirements\". collegesimply.com. CollegeSimply | U.S. Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved April 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collegesimply.com/colleges/alabama/faulkner-university/admission/#google_vignette","url_text":"\"Faulkner Admission Requirements\""}]},{"reference":"\"Distribution of Federal Pell Grant Program Funds by Institution and Award Year\". www2.ed.gov. February 26, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.ed.gov/finaid/prof/resources/data/pell-institution.html","url_text":"\"Distribution of Federal Pell Grant Program Funds by Institution and Award Year\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Michael (February 25, 2016). \"Local teams officially join Mid-South football conference\". The Lakeland Ledger. Retrieved February 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theledger.com/article/20160225/SPORTS19/160229601","url_text":"\"Local teams officially join Mid-South football conference\""}]},{"reference":"\"Members\". Thesunconference.com. Retrieved November 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://thesunconference.com/sports/2012/7/2/members.aspx","url_text":"\"Members\""}]},{"reference":"\"Faulkner announces resignation of football coach, athletic director Brent Barker\". June 12, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.al.com/sports/index.ssf/2014/06/faulkner_announces_resignation.html","url_text":"\"Faulkner announces resignation of football coach, athletic director Brent Barker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baseball - Monday, May 16 - NAIA Baseball Opening Round - Montgomery Bracket\". Faulkner Eagles.","urls":[{"url":"https://faulknereagles.com/feature/naia_baseball_opening_round_montgomery_bracket","url_text":"\"Baseball - Monday, May 16 - NAIA Baseball Opening Round - Montgomery Bracket\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRIGHT, Bobby Neal Sr. (1952 – )\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved February 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B001264","url_text":"\"BRIGHT, Bobby Neal Sr. (1952 – )\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marcus Brimage UFC Profile\". Ultimate Fighting Championship. Archived from the original on September 8, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140908201051/http://www.ufc.com/fighter/Marcus-Brimage","url_text":"\"Marcus Brimage UFC Profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship","url_text":"Ultimate Fighting Championship"}]},{"reference":"\"Faulkner University, Thomas Goode Jones School of Law\". National Jurist. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170325054815/http://www.nationaljurist.com/law-schools/faulkner-university-thomas-goode-jones-school-law","url_text":"\"Faulkner University, Thomas Goode Jones School of Law\""},{"url":"http://www.nationaljurist.com/law-schools/faulkner-university-thomas-goode-jones-school-law","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zaretsky, Staci (July 24, 2015). \"Lafayette Movie Theater Gunman Was A Law School Graduate\". Above the Law.","urls":[{"url":"http://abovethelaw.com/2015/07/lafayette-movie-theater-gunman-was-a-law-school-graduate/","url_text":"\"Lafayette Movie Theater Gunman Was A Law School Graduate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_the_Law_(website)","url_text":"Above the Law"}]},{"reference":"\"Faulkner University, Thomas Goode Jones School of Law\". Law School Admission Council. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160817124557/http://www.lsac.org/officialguide/2013/lsac_1331.asp","url_text":"\"Faulkner University, Thomas Goode Jones School of Law\""},{"url":"http://www.lsac.org/officialguide/2013/lsac_1331.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Matheny, J. Randal (April 26, 2013). \"Faulkner University Forms New Graduate School of Theology, Honors F. Furman Kearley\". Brotherhood News. Archived from the original on July 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170710082905/http://brotherhoodnews.com/2013/04/26/faulkner-university-graduate-school-theology/","url_text":"\"Faulkner University Forms New Graduate School of Theology, Honors F. Furman Kearley\""},{"url":"http://brotherhoodnews.com/2013/04/26/faulkner-university-graduate-school-theology/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Faulkner University\". Education Corner. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000757/http://www.educationcorner.com/colleges/alabama/faulkner-university-alabama.html","url_text":"\"Faulkner University\""},{"url":"http://www.educationcorner.com/colleges/alabama/faulkner-university-alabama.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Master of Arts in Humanities\". Faulkner University. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170707193844/https://www.faulkner.edu/online/academics/master-arts-humanities/","url_text":"\"Master of Arts in Humanities\""},{"url":"https://www.faulkner.edu/online/academics/master-arts-humanities/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor of Philosophy in Humanities\". Faulkner University. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161108012853/https://www.faulkner.edu/online/academics/doctor-philosophy-humanities/","url_text":"\"Doctor of Philosophy in Humanities\""},{"url":"https://www.faulkner.edu/online/academics/doctor-philosophy-humanities/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamba_Mamadou
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Bamba Mamadou
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["1 References"]
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Ivorian politician
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Bamba Mamadou" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014)
Bamba Mamadou (1952 - 2012) was an Ivorian politician. He served as foreign minister of Côte d'Ivoire from 14 March 2003 to 3 January 2006.
References
^ "Obsèques du ministre d'Etat, Bamba Mamadou : l'Adieu émouvant de l'Etat à son serviteur, hier - Abidjan.net News".
^ allafrica.com
This article about an Ivorian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ivorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"foreign minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_minister"}],"text":"Bamba Mamadou (1952 - 2012) [1] was an Ivorian politician.[2] He served as foreign minister of Côte d'Ivoire from 14 March 2003 to 3 January 2006.","title":"Bamba Mamadou"}]
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirly_tube
|
Whirly tube
|
["1 Sound","2 Use","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
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Whirling aerophone
A whirly tube
Whirly tube sample
Three notes played on a whirly tube
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The whirly tube, corrugaphone, or bloogle resonator, also sold as Free-Ka in the 1960s-1970s, is an experimental musical instrument which consists of a corrugated (ribbed) plastic tube or hose (hollow flexible cylinder), open at both ends and possibly wider at one end (bell), the thinner of which is rotated in a circle to play. It may be a few feet long and about a few inches wide. The faster the toy is swung, the higher the pitch of the note it produces, and it produces discrete notes roughly belonging to the harmonic series, like a valveless brass instrument generates different modes of vibration. However, the first and the second modes, corresponding to the fundamental and the second harmonics, are reported as being difficult to excite. To be played in concert the length of the tube must be trimmed to tune it.
According to the modified Hornbostel–Sachs organological system proposed by Roderic Knight it should be numbered as "A21.31" (twirled version) and as "A21.32" (blown version), described as "a corrugated or ribbed tube that produces overtones through turbulence" . In spite of being an aerophone, it is usually included in the percussion section of "sound effects" instruments, such as chains, clappers, and thunder sheets.
Sound
A corrugated tube being whirled, the outside moves faster
Hopkin describes a single whirled corrugaphone as capable of producing three or four different pitches. Crawford describes harmonics two through seven as reachable while whirling, though seven takes, "great effort." Hopkin describes that with a corrugahorn, "with tubes of suitable length and diameters, the range extends well up the series, where the available tones are close together and you can, with practice, play quite melodically." In fact, since each sounding mode plays throughout a range of speeds (rather than at one specific speed), it is difficult to skip over harmonics, as this requires a jump in speed (rather than gradual change), though this is easily done using one's tongue and throat to interrupt the air flow with a corrugahorn. Many sales offers describe the tubes as producing up to five distinct notes (presumably the bugle scale: close to the harmonics 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 Playⓘ), and while higher modes may be possible, if hard work, dissonant adjacent harmonics may sound simultaneously, such as 15 and 16. The modes of a corrugated tube are usually lower than those of an uncorrugated tube of the same length and diameter, and, "audible vibration in the whirly tube appears only when air flow velocity exceeds a certain minimum, which may preclude the sounding of the fundamental or lower harmonics." The timbre of the notes produced by the whirly tube are, "almost all fundamental," according to Fourier analysis (similar to sine waves). Tubes longer than many feet may have one end whirled while held near its middle or may be held out a car window.
The equations describing the sound produced when the tube is whirled, as proposed by F.S. Crawford in 1973, as follows, proposes that the air flowing through the corrugations should produce a sound similarly to a scraping instrument, such as a "reco-reco", in which a stick is scratched against a surface with regularly spaced grooves. This would be the rationale for the formulas below. However this tentative model is not experimentally demonstrated or supported by the theory of sounding pipes in acoustics. On the contrary, the present theory of sound production in corrugated pipes refutes the assumptions by Crawford (1973).
frequency
=
bumps
sec
=
bumps
inch
×
(
air flow velocity in
inches
sec
)
{\displaystyle {\text{frequency}}={\frac {\text{bumps}}{\text{sec}}}={\frac {\text{bumps}}{\text{inch}}}\times \left({\text{air flow velocity in }}{\frac {\text{inches}}{\text{sec}}}\right)}
flow velocity
=
cm
sec
=
cm
bump
×
bump
sec
=
corrugation distance
×
bump frequency
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{}\\{\text{flow velocity}}&={\frac {\text{cm}}{\text{sec}}}={\frac {\text{cm}}{\text{bump}}}\times {\frac {\text{bump}}{\text{sec}}}\\&={\text{corrugation distance}}\times {\text{bump frequency}}\end{aligned}}}
Thus the faster the tube is swung or the more dense the corrugation the higher the pitch of the note produced.
The difference in speed between the moving end of the tube and the stationary, hand-held end creates a difference in air pressure. A higher pressure is at the fixed end and a lower pressure is at the moving end. This difference pulls air through the tube and the air's speed changes (making the changes in the tones) with the speed of the spin. The pitch, loudness, and tone of the sound come from the tube's length and diameter, the distance between each ridge, and the speed the tube spins around, which moves the air faster or slower through the tube changing the tone in steps. ... As the air flows first over one ridge then over a second it tumbles into a vortex. The faster the air flows through the tube, the higher the frequency of the sound produced by the vortex. When the frequency of the vortex matches one of the natural resonant frequencies of the tube , it is amplified.
According to Bernoulli's principle, as speed increases, pressure decreases; thus the air is sucked into the still or inside end of the tube as higher pressure air moves up the tube to fill the lower pressure air at the faster moving spinning or outside end of the tube.
The characteristic speed is the mean flow through the pipe U and the characteristic length must be a multiple of the spacing between corrugations, nL, where n is an integer number and L is the distance between corrugations. At low speeds, the unstable interior flow needs to travel several corrugations to establish the feedback loop. As the speed increases, the loop can be established with fewer corrugations. The Strouhal number
S
t
=
f
n
n
L
U
{\displaystyle \mathrm {St} ={\frac {f_{n}nL}{U}}}
was used as the scaling factor. A unique aspect of this whistle is that the internal flow carries both the unstable vortex downstream and the returning feedback signal upstream.
Use
An ensemble of whirlies produces astounding musical patterns of vibrant clear pitch, sometimes hauntingly beautiful, sometimes dramatic, sometimes soft, sometimes strong and robust, but at all times inspiring and thought provoking.— Northern Territory News, December 1984
A corrugated plastic tube whirling instrument became an instant, if short-lived, cultural phenomenon in late 1960s New York City under the name "Free-Ka", sold by street vendors, as captured by The New Yorker in 1970. It was used by Peter Brooks in the early 1970s in his production of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. It has been used by a number of artists including Peter Schickele, Frank Ticheli, Paul Simon, Macy Gray, Loch Lomond, and Yearbook Committee. Also in Brett Dean's Moments of Bliss (2004) and by The Cadets Drum and Bugle Corps in 2011. Donald Sosin's "137 Ridges" (1971) for flute, vibraphone and 15 tuned Free-kas was performed at the University of Michigan. It has been employed in some of Peter Schickele's comic P. D. Q. Bach compositions such as the Erotica Variations: IV (1979), Missa Hilarious (1975), and Shepherd on the Rocks with a Twist (1967). Schickele, who calls it the lasso d'amore (a pun on oboe d'amore), gives a tongue-in-cheek explanation of the instrument's evolution: 18th century Viennese cowboys twirled "their lariats over their heads with such great speed that a musical pitch was produced. . . . The modifications that had made this development possible rendered useless for roping cattle."
David Cope, in 1972, discussed a cugaphone, which, in 1997, he describes as an instrument built from a trumpet mouthpiece attached to a long piece of 3/8-inch bore plastic tubing with a kitchen funnel, usually in hand, at the other end acting as the bell; thus sound may be modulated by directing the funnel, applying pressure to the funnel, or by swinging the funnel around one's head and creating a Doppler effect. This version of the instrument would require brass embouchure technique rather than corrugation. By 1997 ensembles of cugaphones existed.
The inventor is not known, though Bart Hopkin credits the late Frank Crawford of the UC Berkeley Department of Physics with, "developing the idea and researching the underlying acoustics," and in 1973 Crawford credits another professor with pointing out to him a toy which, "about a year or two ago...appeared in toy stores across the land," and gives the brand or trade names "Whirl-A-Sound", "Freeka", and "The Hummer"; the last being made by W. J. Seidler Co. of L.A., CA. Crawford invented the method of playing a small enough example of such a corrugated hose by blowing, known as a corrugahorn. This requires a tube with a diameter smaller than commonly marketed as toys (a one inch diameter is too great, a half-inch is not), Hopkin recommends 3/8" gas heater hose as the most playable of widely available sizes. Crawford invented an "inverted-wastebasket water piston" operated version he called the "Water Pipe", with which he could easily reach the eleventh harmonic.
See also
Bullroarer: traditional long-distance communication instrument that makes a low roar when swung in a circle
Boomwhacker: lightweight, hollow, plastic tube, tuned to a musical pitch by length
Laminar–turbulent transition
Pipe flow
Whipcracking
References
^ Sprott, Julien Clinton (2006). Physics Demonstrations: A Sourcebook for Teachers of Physics, Volume 1, p.158. "You can also use a corrugated plastic tube, called a 'corrugaphone,' 'Bloogle Resonator,' or 'Hummer,' to produce a variety of whistling sounds when you spin it around over your head. The frequencies are harmonics of the fundamental organ-pipe mode that are individually preferentially excited depending on the speed of rotation. It is hard to excite the fundamental and even the second harmonic, but the higher harmonics are easily excited." ISBN 9780299215804.
^ Knight, Roderic (2017). "The KNIGHT-REVISION of HORNBOSTEL-SACHS: a new look at musical instrument classification" (PDF).
^ Hopkin, Bart (2009). Making Musical Instruments with Kids, unpaginated. See Sharp. ISBN 9781937276027.
^ a b c d e f g Crawford, Frank S. (1974). "Singing Corrugated Pipes", AJP, Volume 42, pp. 278–81, Physics.umd.edu. "A corrugated tube open at both ends, with air flowing through the tube, sings notes which depend on the flow velocity and the length of the tube. The notes it sings are the natural harmonics of the tube."
^ a b c Hopkin, Bart (1996). Musical Instrument Design: Practical Information for Instrument Making, unpaginated. See Sharp. ISBN 9781884365836.
^ a b "Sound Hose", SteveSpanglerScience.com.
^ a b c d Crawford, Frank (1989). "What is a Corrugahorn?", Experimental Musical Instruments, Volume 5, pp. 14–9. Features description and illustration.
^ Fletcher, N. H. (October 1976). "Sound production by organ flue pipes". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 60 (4): 926–936. Bibcode:1976ASAJ...60..926F. doi:10.1121/1.381174. hdl:1885/212555. ISSN 0001-4966.
^ Popescu, Mihaela; Johansen, Stein Tore; Shyy, Wei (July 2011). "Flow-Induced Acoustics in Corrugated Pipes". Communications in Computational Physics. 10 (1): 120–139. Bibcode:2011CCoPh..10..120P. doi:10.4208/cicp.301209.230710a. ISSN 1815-2406.
^ Nakiboğlu, G.; Belfroid, S. P. C.; Golliard, J.; Hirschberg, A. (April 2011). "On the whistling of corrugated pipes: effect of pipe length and flow profile". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 672: 78–108. Bibcode:2011JFM...672...78N. doi:10.1017/S0022112010005884. ISSN 1469-7645. S2CID 122667935.
^ "Whirly Tubes", ScienceWorld.ca.
^ "Free-Ka", by Robert MacMillan, The New Yorker, July 11, 1970, p. 20 "
^ Barbara Hodgdon, p. 166, in "Shakespeare, Memory and Performance", ed. Peter Holland
^ Morris, Craig (August 7, 2009). "Whirly Tubes and Bloogles", LivMusic.com. Archived 29 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Schickele, Peter (1976). The Definitive Biography of P. D. Q. Bach. New York: Random House. p. unpaginated. ISBN 9780394465364.
^ "The Intimate P.D.Q. Bach", Schickele.com.
^ "Bach: Erotica Variations, for banned Instruments and Piano", PrestoClassical.co.UK.
^ a b Rickards, Steven (2008). Twentieth-Century Countertenor Repertoire: A Guide. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 273–4. ISBN 9780810861039.
^ Schickele, Peter. "'Erotica' Variations for banned instruments and piano, S. 36EE" The Intimate P.D.Q. Bach, Vanguard, LP, VSD 79335, 1974. On this recording, Schickele additionally claimed they were 18th century Viennese Cowboys, meaning they likely performed at the Winter Riding School.
^ Cope, David (1997). Techniques of the Contemporary Composer, p.146. Schirmer. ISBN 0-02-864737-8. Cites: Cope, David (1972). Margins. New York: Carl Fischer.
^ Cope (1997), p.148.
^ Sanders, Robert (2003). "Physicist Frank Crawford, who worked on bubble chambers, supernovas and adaptive optics, has died at 79", Berkeley.edu.
Further reading
Nakiboğlu G, Rudenko O, Hirschberg A. "Aeroacoustics of the swinging corrugated tube: voice of the Dragon" J Acoust Soc Am. 31, 749–765, 2012.
Rajavel, B., Prasad, M.G. "Parametric studies on acoustics of corrugated tubes using large eddy simulation (LES)", Noise Control Engineering Journal, 62(4), 2014.
Lisa R., Taylor, M.E., "Experimental Study of the Acoustical Characteristics of Corrugated Tubing", Noise and Vibration Control Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Thesis 1994.
(1974). "Corrugahorns", Scientific American, Volume 230. Munn & Co.
External links
Piano and lasso d'amore on YouTube, "Go Tell It on the Mountain"
"Corrugaphone" instrument description, University of Wisconsin – Madison Physics Department.
"Whirly", Exo.net.
"Freq Tube", Faraday.Physics.UIowa.edu. Includes bibliography.
vte4. Aerophones/Wind instruments41.Free411. Displacement
Sword blade
Whipcracking
412. Interruptive
412.1. Idiophonic
412.11. Concussion
412.12. Percussion
412.13. Free reed
412.14. Band/ribbon
412.2. Non-idiophonic
412.21 Rotating
412.22 Whirling
413. Plosive
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Udu
42.Non-free (enclosed)421. Flute
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421.11. End-blown
421.12. Side-blown
421.13. Vessel
421.2. Fipple
421.21. External
421.22. Internal
422. Reed
422.1. Double reed
422.11. Single
422.12. Multiple
422.2. Single reed
422.21. Single
422.22. Multiple
422.3. Free reed
422.31. Single
422.32. Multiple
423. Brass
423.1 Natural
423.11. Conch
423.12. Tubular
423.2 Chromatic
423.21. Keyed
423.22. Slide
423.23. Valved
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Designers of instrumentsPierre Bastien, Baschet Brothers, Ken Butler, Nicolas Collins, Ivor Darreg, Bart Hopkin, Yuri Landman, Moondog, Harry Partch, Hans Reichel, Luigi Russolo, Adolphe Sax, Leon Theremin, Thomas Truax, Michel Waisvisz
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See media help.The whirly tube, corrugaphone, or bloogle resonator, also sold as Free-Ka in the 1960s-1970s, is an experimental musical instrument which consists of a corrugated (ribbed) plastic tube or hose (hollow flexible cylinder), open at both ends and possibly wider at one end (bell), the thinner of which is rotated in a circle to play. It may be a few feet long and about a few inches wide. The faster the toy is swung, the higher the pitch of the note it produces, and it produces discrete notes roughly belonging to the harmonic series, like a valveless brass instrument generates different modes of vibration. However, the first and the second modes, corresponding to the fundamental and the second harmonics, are reported as being difficult to excite.[1] To be played in concert the length of the tube must be trimmed to tune it.According to the modified Hornbostel–Sachs organological system proposed by Roderic Knight[2] it should be numbered as \"A21.31\" (twirled version) and as \"A21.32\" (blown version), described as \"a corrugated or ribbed tube that produces overtones through turbulence\" . In spite of being an aerophone, it is usually included in the percussion section of \"sound effects\" instruments, such as chains, clappers, and thunder sheets.","title":"Whirly tube"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corrugaphone_diagram.svg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_seventh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-4"},{"link_name":"melodically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopkin-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-4"},{"link_name":"bugle scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugle_scale"},{"link_name":"Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Bugle_scale.mid/Bugle_scale.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bugle_scale.mid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spangler-6"},{"link_name":"dissonant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance"},{"link_name":"15 and 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_minor_second"},{"link_name":"flow velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_velocity"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Experimental-7"},{"link_name":"timbre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre"},{"link_name":"Fourier analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_analysis"},{"link_name":"sine waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_wave"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Experimental-7"},{"link_name":"reco-reco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reco-reco"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Experimental-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-4"},{"link_name":"air pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pressure"},{"link_name":"vortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex"},{"link_name":"resonant frequencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_frequency"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spangler-6"},{"link_name":"Bernoulli's principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Strouhal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strouhal_number"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A corrugated tube being whirled, the outside moves fasterHopkin describes a single whirled corrugaphone as capable of producing three or four different pitches.[3] Crawford describes harmonics two through seven as reachable while whirling, though seven takes, \"great effort.\"[4] Hopkin describes that with a corrugahorn, \"with tubes of suitable length and diameters, the range extends well up the [harmonic] series, where the available tones are close together and you can, with practice, play quite melodically.\"[5] In fact, since each sounding mode plays throughout a range of speeds (rather than at one specific speed), it is difficult to skip over harmonics, as this requires a jump in speed (rather than gradual change), though this is easily done using one's tongue and throat to interrupt the air flow with a corrugahorn.[4] Many sales offers describe the tubes as producing up to five distinct notes (presumably the bugle scale: close to the harmonics 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 Playⓘ), and while higher modes may be possible, if hard work,[6] dissonant adjacent harmonics may sound simultaneously, such as 15 and 16. The modes of a corrugated tube are usually lower than those of an uncorrugated tube of the same length and diameter, and, \"audible vibration in the whirly tube appears only when air flow velocity exceeds a certain minimum, which may preclude the sounding of the fundamental or lower harmonics.\"[7] The timbre of the notes produced by the whirly tube are, \"almost all fundamental,\" according to Fourier analysis (similar to sine waves).[7] Tubes longer than many feet may have one end whirled while held near its middle or may be held out a car window.The equations describing the sound produced when the tube is whirled, as proposed by F.S. Crawford in 1973, as follows, proposes that the air flowing through the corrugations should produce a sound similarly to a scraping instrument, such as a \"reco-reco\", in which a stick is scratched against a surface with regularly spaced grooves. This would be the rationale for the formulas below. However this tentative model is not experimentally demonstrated or supported by the theory of sounding pipes in acoustics.[4][8][9][10] On the contrary, the present theory of sound production in corrugated pipes refutes the assumptions by Crawford (1973).frequency\n \n =\n \n \n bumps\n sec\n \n \n =\n \n \n bumps\n inch\n \n \n ×\n \n (\n \n \n air flow velocity in \n \n \n \n inches\n sec\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{frequency}}={\\frac {\\text{bumps}}{\\text{sec}}}={\\frac {\\text{bumps}}{\\text{inch}}}\\times \\left({\\text{air flow velocity in }}{\\frac {\\text{inches}}{\\text{sec}}}\\right)}\n \n[7]flow velocity\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n cm\n sec\n \n \n =\n \n \n cm\n bump\n \n \n ×\n \n \n bump\n sec\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n corrugation distance\n \n ×\n \n bump frequency\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}{}\\\\[1pt]{\\text{flow velocity}}&={\\frac {\\text{cm}}{\\text{sec}}}={\\frac {\\text{cm}}{\\text{bump}}}\\times {\\frac {\\text{bump}}{\\text{sec}}}\\\\[6pt]&={\\text{corrugation distance}}\\times {\\text{bump frequency}}\\end{aligned}}}\n \n[4]Thus the faster the tube is swung or the more dense the corrugation the higher the pitch of the note produced.The difference in speed between the moving end of the tube and the stationary, hand-held end creates a difference in air pressure. A higher pressure is at the fixed end and a lower pressure is at the moving end. This difference pulls air through the tube and the air's speed changes (making the changes in the tones) with the speed of the spin. The pitch, loudness, and tone of the sound come from the tube's length and diameter, the distance between each ridge, and the speed the tube spins around, which moves the air faster or slower through the tube changing the tone in steps. ... [Only corrugated tubes sing] As the air flows first over one ridge then over a second it tumbles into a vortex. The faster the air flows through the tube, the higher the frequency of the sound produced by the vortex. When the frequency of the vortex matches one of the natural resonant frequencies of the tube [harmonics], it is amplified.[6]According to Bernoulli's principle, as speed increases, pressure decreases; thus the air is sucked into the still or inside end of the tube as higher pressure air moves up the tube to fill the lower pressure air at the faster moving spinning or outside end of the tube.[11]The characteristic speed is the mean flow through the pipe U and the characteristic length must be a multiple of the spacing between corrugations, nL, where n is an integer number and L is the distance between corrugations. At low speeds, the unstable interior flow needs to travel several corrugations to establish the feedback loop. As the speed increases, the loop can be established with fewer corrugations. The Strouhal numberS\n t\n \n =\n \n \n \n \n f\n \n n\n \n \n n\n L\n \n U\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {St} ={\\frac {f_{n}nL}{U}}}was used as the scaling factor. A unique aspect of this whistle is that the internal flow carries both the unstable vortex downstream and the returning feedback signal upstream.[citation needed]","title":"Sound"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Territory News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory_News"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Experimental-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Peter Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brook"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"A Midsummer Night's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Peter Schickele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schickele"},{"link_name":"Frank Ticheli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ticheli"},{"link_name":"Paul Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_the_One_(Paul_Simon_album)"},{"link_name":"Macy Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Id_(album)"},{"link_name":"Loch Lomond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Lomond_(band)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Yearbook Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearbook_Committee"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Brett Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Dean"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Cadets Drum and Bugle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cadets_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps"},{"link_name":"Peter Schickele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schickele"},{"link_name":"P. D. Q. Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._D._Q._Bach"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Definitive-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Countertenor-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Countertenor-18"},{"link_name":"oboe d'amore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe_d%27amore"},{"link_name":"Viennese cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Riding_School"},{"link_name":"lariats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lariat"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Definitive-15"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"David Cope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cope"},{"link_name":"trumpet mouthpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(brass)"},{"link_name":"bore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore_(wind_instruments)"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)"},{"link_name":"kitchen funnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_funnel"},{"link_name":"bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_(brass)"},{"link_name":"Doppler effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"embouchure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embouchure"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bart Hopkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Hopkin"},{"link_name":"UC Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopkin-5"},{"link_name":"brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_name"},{"link_name":"trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_name"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-4"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopkin-5"},{"link_name":"piston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston"},{"link_name":"eleventh harmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_harmonic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford-4"}],"text":"An ensemble of whirlies produces astounding musical patterns of vibrant clear pitch, sometimes hauntingly beautiful, sometimes dramatic, sometimes soft, sometimes strong and robust, but at all times inspiring and thought provoking.— Northern Territory News, December 1984[7]A corrugated plastic tube whirling instrument became an instant, if short-lived, cultural phenomenon in late 1960s New York City under the name \"Free-Ka\", sold by street vendors, as captured by The New Yorker in 1970.[12] It was used by Peter Brooks in the early 1970s in his production of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.[13] It has been used by a number of artists including Peter Schickele, Frank Ticheli, Paul Simon, Macy Gray, Loch Lomond,[citation needed] and Yearbook Committee.[citation needed] Also in Brett Dean's Moments of Bliss (2004)[14] and by The Cadets Drum and Bugle Corps in 2011. Donald Sosin's \"137 Ridges\" (1971) for flute, vibraphone and 15 tuned Free-kas was performed at the University of Michigan. It has been employed in some of Peter Schickele's comic P. D. Q. Bach compositions such as the Erotica Variations: IV (1979),[15][16][17] Missa Hilarious (1975),[18] and Shepherd on the Rocks with a Twist (1967).[18] Schickele, who calls it the lasso d'amore (a pun on oboe d'amore), gives a tongue-in-cheek explanation of the instrument's evolution: 18th century Viennese cowboys twirled \"their lariats over their heads with such great speed that a musical pitch was produced. . . . The modifications that had made this development possible rendered [the lasso] useless for roping cattle.\"[15][19]David Cope, in 1972, discussed a cugaphone, which, in 1997, he describes as an instrument built from a trumpet mouthpiece attached to a long piece of 3/8-inch bore plastic tubing with a kitchen funnel, usually in hand, at the other end acting as the bell; thus sound may be modulated by directing the funnel, applying pressure to the funnel, or by swinging the funnel around one's head and creating a Doppler effect.[20] This version of the instrument would require brass embouchure technique rather than corrugation. By 1997 ensembles of cugaphones existed.[21]The inventor is not known, though Bart Hopkin credits the late Frank Crawford of the UC Berkeley Department of Physics with, \"developing the idea and researching the underlying acoustics,\"[5] and in 1973 Crawford credits another professor with pointing out to him a toy which, \"about a year or two ago...appeared in toy stores across the land,\" and gives the brand or trade names \"Whirl-A-Sound\", \"Freeka\", and \"The Hummer\"; the last being made by W. J. Seidler Co. of L.A., CA.[4] Crawford invented the method of playing a small enough example of such a corrugated hose by blowing, known as a corrugahorn.[22] This requires a tube with a diameter smaller than commonly marketed as toys (a one inch diameter is too great, a half-inch is not),[4] Hopkin recommends 3/8\" gas heater hose as the most playable of widely available sizes.[5] Crawford invented an \"inverted-wastebasket water piston\" operated version he called the \"Water Pipe\", with which he could easily reach the eleventh harmonic.[4]","title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corrugahorns\", Scientific American, Volume 230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Gz87AAAAMAAJ&q=corrugahorn"}],"text":"Nakiboğlu G, Rudenko O, Hirschberg A. \"Aeroacoustics of the swinging corrugated tube: voice of the Dragon\" J Acoust Soc Am. 31, 749–765, 2012.\nRajavel, B., Prasad, M.G. \"Parametric studies on acoustics of corrugated tubes using large eddy simulation (LES)\", Noise Control Engineering Journal, 62(4), 2014.\nLisa R., Taylor, M.E., \"Experimental Study of the Acoustical Characteristics of Corrugated Tubing\", Noise and Vibration Control Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Thesis 1994.\n(1974). \"Corrugahorns\", Scientific American, Volume 230. Munn & Co.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"A whirly tube","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Whirlytube.png/300px-Whirlytube.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A corrugated tube being whirled, the outside moves faster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Corrugaphone_diagram.svg/220px-Corrugaphone_diagram.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Bullroarer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullroarer"},{"title":"Boomwhacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomwhacker"},{"title":"Laminar–turbulent transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar%E2%80%93turbulent_transition"},{"title":"Pipe flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_flow"},{"title":"Whipcracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipcracking"}]
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[{"reference":"Knight, Roderic (2017). \"The KNIGHT-REVISION of HORNBOSTEL-SACHS: a new look at musical instrument classification\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.oberlin.edu/faculty/rknight/Organology/KnightRev2015.pdf","url_text":"\"The KNIGHT-REVISION of HORNBOSTEL-SACHS: a new look at musical instrument classification\""}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, N. H. (October 1976). \"Sound production by organ flue pipes\". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 60 (4): 926–936. Bibcode:1976ASAJ...60..926F. doi:10.1121/1.381174. hdl:1885/212555. ISSN 0001-4966.","urls":[{"url":"http://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.381174","url_text":"\"Sound production by organ flue pipes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976ASAJ...60..926F","url_text":"1976ASAJ...60..926F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.381174","url_text":"10.1121/1.381174"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F212555","url_text":"1885/212555"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-4966","url_text":"0001-4966"}]},{"reference":"Popescu, Mihaela; Johansen, Stein Tore; Shyy, Wei (July 2011). \"Flow-Induced Acoustics in Corrugated Pipes\". Communications in Computational Physics. 10 (1): 120–139. Bibcode:2011CCoPh..10..120P. doi:10.4208/cicp.301209.230710a. ISSN 1815-2406.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/communications-in-computational-physics/article/abs/flowinduced-acoustics-in-corrugated-pipes/92A497A6E2D5DB17F02A4751148631DF","url_text":"\"Flow-Induced Acoustics in Corrugated Pipes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CCoPh..10..120P","url_text":"2011CCoPh..10..120P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4208%2Fcicp.301209.230710a","url_text":"10.4208/cicp.301209.230710a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1815-2406","url_text":"1815-2406"}]},{"reference":"Nakiboğlu, G.; Belfroid, S. P. C.; Golliard, J.; Hirschberg, A. (April 2011). \"On the whistling of corrugated pipes: effect of pipe length and flow profile\". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 672: 78–108. Bibcode:2011JFM...672...78N. doi:10.1017/S0022112010005884. ISSN 1469-7645. S2CID 122667935.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/on-the-whistling-of-corrugated-pipes-effect-of-pipe-length-and-flow-profile/DFA428A4C9CB25D717C536718B6757EE","url_text":"\"On the whistling of corrugated pipes: effect of pipe length and flow profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JFM...672...78N","url_text":"2011JFM...672...78N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022112010005884","url_text":"10.1017/S0022112010005884"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-7645","url_text":"1469-7645"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122667935","url_text":"122667935"}]},{"reference":"Schickele, Peter (1976). The Definitive Biography of P. D. Q. Bach. New York: Random House. p. unpaginated. ISBN 9780394465364.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3hmSAgAAQBAJ&q=lasso&pg=PT199","url_text":"The Definitive Biography of P. D. Q. Bach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394465364","url_text":"9780394465364"}]},{"reference":"Rickards, Steven (2008). Twentieth-Century Countertenor Repertoire: A Guide. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 273–4. ISBN 9780810861039.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810861039","url_text":"9780810861039"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Bhutan
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Extreme points of Bhutan
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["1 Country extreme points","1.1 Latitude and longitude","1.2 Altitude","1.3 Highest attainable by transportation","1.4 Highest geographical features","2 See also"]
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North (disputed)North (undisputed)SouthWestEastHighestclass=notpageimage| Extreme points of Bhutan
Map of Bhutan
This is a list of the extreme points of Bhutan.
Country extreme points
Latitude and longitude
North:
disputed: Gasa District-China border. 28°21′N 90°13′E / 28.350°N 90.217°E / 28.350; 90.217 (disputed Northernmost point of Bhutan)
undisputed: Gasa District-China border, near Jigme Dorji National Park. 28°14′N 89°47′E / 28.233°N 89.783°E / 28.233; 89.783 (undisputed Northernmost point of Bhutan)
South: Sarpang District-Assam border. 26°42′N 89°46′E / 26.700°N 89.767°E / 26.700; 89.767 (Southernmost point of Bhutan)
West: Samtse District-Sikkim border, near Neora Valley National Park in India. 27°8′N 88°44′E / 27.133°N 88.733°E / 27.133; 88.733 (Westernmost point of Bhutan)
East: Trashigang District-Arunachal Pradesh border, near Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary. 27°17′N 92°7′E / 27.283°N 92.117°E / 27.283; 92.117 (Easternmost point of Bhutan)
Altitude
The highest point measured from sea level is the summit of Gangkhar Puensum at 7,570 m (24,836 ft). Gangkhar Puensum is located in northwestern Bhutan along the borders of Gasa District, Wangdue Phodrang District, and China. 28°03′N 90°27′E / 28.050°N 90.450°E / 28.050; 90.450 (Highest point of Bhutan)
The lowest point is located in the Drangme Chhu, a river system in central and eastern Bhutan, at 97 m (318 ft) above sea level. The lowest point is located in eastern Sarpang District where the Mangde Chhu river crosses into India (Assam) near the Indian town of Manas.
Highest attainable by transportation
Road (mountain pass): The Lateral Road, the main east–west highway, traverses Trumshing La in central Bhutan at an altitude of over 3,800 m (12,467 ft).
Airport: Yongphulla Airport, a domestic airfield under renovation, near the town of Trashigang in Trashigang District, at 2,743 m (8,999 ft). 27°15′23″N 091°30′52″E / 27.25639°N 91.51444°E / 27.25639; 91.51444
Highest geographical features
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011)
Lake:
River:
See also
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Extreme points of Afro-Eurasia
Extreme points of Eurasia
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Geography of Bhutan
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhutan_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhutan_location_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhutan_CIA_WFB_2010_map.png"},{"link_name":"extreme points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"}],"text":"North (disputed)North (undisputed)SouthWestEastHighestclass=notpageimage| Extreme points of BhutanMap of BhutanThis is a list of the extreme points of Bhutan.","title":"Extreme points of Bhutan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Country extreme points"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gasa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasa_District"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"28°21′N 90°13′E / 28.350°N 90.217°E / 28.350; 90.217 (disputed Northernmost point of Bhutan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Extreme_points_of_Bhutan¶ms=28_21_N_90_13_E_&title=disputed+Northernmost+point+of+Bhutan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gasa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasa_District"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Jigme Dorji National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_National_Park"},{"link_name":"28°14′N 89°47′E / 28.233°N 89.783°E / 28.233; 89.783 (undisputed Northernmost point of Bhutan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Extreme_points_of_Bhutan¶ms=28_14_N_89_47_E_&title=undisputed+Northernmost+point+of+Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Sarpang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarpang_District"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"26°42′N 89°46′E / 26.700°N 89.767°E / 26.700; 89.767 (Southernmost point of Bhutan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Extreme_points_of_Bhutan¶ms=26_42_N_89_46_E_&title=Southernmost+point+of+Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Samtse District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtse_District"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Neora Valley National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neora_Valley_National_Park"},{"link_name":"27°8′N 88°44′E / 27.133°N 88.733°E / 27.133; 88.733 (Westernmost point of Bhutan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Extreme_points_of_Bhutan¶ms=27_8_N_88_44_E_&title=Westernmost+point+of+Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Trashigang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trashigang_District"},{"link_name":"Arunachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakteng_Wildlife_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"27°17′N 92°7′E / 27.283°N 92.117°E / 27.283; 92.117 (Easternmost point of Bhutan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Extreme_points_of_Bhutan¶ms=27_17_N_92_7_E_&title=Easternmost+point+of+Bhutan"}],"sub_title":"Latitude and longitude","text":"North:\ndisputed: Gasa District-China border. 28°21′N 90°13′E / 28.350°N 90.217°E / 28.350; 90.217 (disputed Northernmost point of Bhutan) [citation needed]\nundisputed: Gasa District-China border, near Jigme Dorji National Park. 28°14′N 89°47′E / 28.233°N 89.783°E / 28.233; 89.783 (undisputed Northernmost point of Bhutan)\nSouth: Sarpang District-Assam border. 26°42′N 89°46′E / 26.700°N 89.767°E / 26.700; 89.767 (Southernmost point of Bhutan)\nWest: Samtse District-Sikkim border, near Neora Valley National Park in India. 27°8′N 88°44′E / 27.133°N 88.733°E / 27.133; 88.733 (Westernmost point of Bhutan)\nEast: Trashigang District-Arunachal Pradesh border, near Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary. 27°17′N 92°7′E / 27.283°N 92.117°E / 27.283; 92.117 (Easternmost point of Bhutan)","title":"Country extreme points"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gangkhar Puensum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangkhar_Puensum"},{"link_name":"Gasa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasa_District"},{"link_name":"Wangdue Phodrang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang_District"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"28°03′N 90°27′E / 28.050°N 90.450°E / 28.050; 90.450 (Highest point of Bhutan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Extreme_points_of_Bhutan¶ms=28_03_N_90_27_E_type:mountain&title=Highest+point+of+Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Drangme Chhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drangme_Chhu"},{"link_name":"Sarpang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarpang_District"},{"link_name":"Mangde Chhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangde_Chhu"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"}],"sub_title":"Altitude","text":"The highest point measured from sea level is the summit of Gangkhar Puensum at 7,570 m (24,836 ft). Gangkhar Puensum is located in northwestern Bhutan along the borders of Gasa District, Wangdue Phodrang District, and China. 28°03′N 90°27′E / 28.050°N 90.450°E / 28.050; 90.450 (Highest point of Bhutan)\nThe lowest point is located in the Drangme Chhu, a river system in central and eastern Bhutan, at 97 m (318 ft) above sea level. The lowest point is located in eastern Sarpang District where the Mangde Chhu river crosses into India (Assam) near the Indian town of Manas.","title":"Country extreme points"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lateral Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_Road"},{"link_name":"Trumshing La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumshing_La"},{"link_name":"Yongphulla Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongphulla_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trashigang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trashigang"},{"link_name":"Trashigang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trashigang_District"},{"link_name":"27°15′23″N 091°30′52″E / 27.25639°N 91.51444°E / 27.25639; 91.51444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Extreme_points_of_Bhutan¶ms=27_15_23_N_091_30_52_E_region:BT_type:airport"}],"sub_title":"Highest attainable by transportation","text":"Road (mountain pass): The Lateral Road, the main east–west highway, traverses Trumshing La in central Bhutan at an altitude of over 3,800 m (12,467 ft).\nAirport: Yongphulla Airport, a domestic airfield under renovation, near the town of Trashigang in Trashigang District, at 2,743 m (8,999 ft). 27°15′23″N 091°30′52″E / 27.25639°N 91.51444°E / 27.25639; 91.51444","title":"Country extreme points"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Highest geographical features","text":"Lake:\nRiver:","title":"Country extreme points"}]
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[{"image_text":"Map of Bhutan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bhutan_CIA_WFB_2010_map.png/300px-Bhutan_CIA_WFB_2010_map.png"}]
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states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states"},{"title":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Afghanistan"},{"title":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Armenia"},{"title":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Azerbaijan"},{"title":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_China"},{"title":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Cyprus"},{"title":"East Timor (Timor-Leste)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Georgia_(country)"},{"title":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_India"},{"title":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Indonesia"},{"title":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Iran"},{"title":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Japan"},{"title":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Jordan"},{"title":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_South_Korea"},{"title":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Kyrgyzstan"},{"title":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Malaysia"},{"title":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Mongolia"},{"title":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Pakistan"},{"title":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia"},{"title":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Singapore"},{"title":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"title":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Tajikistan"},{"title":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Thailand"},{"title":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Turkey"},{"title":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Turkmenistan"},{"title":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Vietnam"},{"title":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"States withlimited recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition"},{"title":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Northern_Cyprus"},{"title":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"South Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Taiwan"},{"title":"Dependencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"title":"British Indian Ocean Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"title":"Asia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bhutan_topics"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bhutan_topics"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bhutan_topics"},{"title":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"title":"articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Bhutan-related_articles"},{"title":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Second Battle of Simtokha Dzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Simtokha_Dzong"},{"title":"Bhutan War (Duar War)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan_War"},{"title":"Operation All Clear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_All_Clear"},{"title":"Military history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Bhutan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan#Climate"},{"title":"Ecoregions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Extreme points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Protected areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Valleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valleys_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Wildlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Subdivisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan#Administrative_divisions"},{"title":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Chiwogs (electoral precincts)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiwogs_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Dzongkhags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzongkhag"},{"title":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Dungkhags (subdistricts)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungkhag"},{"title":"Gewogs (village groups)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewogs_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Foreign relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druk_Gyalpo"},{"title":"Law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_(Bhutan)"},{"title":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bhutan)"},{"title":"Political parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Ngultrum (currency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanese_ngultrum"},{"title":"Telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druk_tsendhen"},{"title":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzong_architecture"},{"title":"Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine"},{"title":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanese_wine"},{"title":"Emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"National symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Public holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Squatting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Demographics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Ethnic groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Bhutan-related_articles"},{"title":"Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan#Further_reading"},{"title":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bhutan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag-map_of_Bhutan.svg"},{"title":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX_Prime
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PAX (event)
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["1 History","1.1 Expansion to more cities","1.2 Specialty events","1.3 Name of PAX in Seattle","2 Activities","2.1 The Omegathon","2.2 Enforcers","3 Events","3.1 Active PAX Events","3.2 Former PAX Events","3.3 Timeline of PAX Events","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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For other uses, see Pax (disambiguation).
Series of gaming culture festivals
PAXStatusActiveGenreGaming (video game, tabletop, CCG, role-playing)Venue
Various
Current
PAX West:
Seattle Convention Center
PAX East:
Boston Convention and Exhibition Center
PAX Aus:
Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre
PAX Unplugged:
Pennsylvania Convention Center
Former
PAX South:
Henry B. González Convention Center
PAX East:
Hynes Convention Center
PAX Aus:
Melbourne Showgrounds
PAX West:
Meydenbauer Center
Location(s)
Various
Current
PAX East:
Boston
PAX Aus:
Melbourne
PAX Unplugged:
Philadelphia
PAX West:
Seattle
Former
PAX South:
San Antonio
CountryUnited StatesAustraliaInauguratedPAX West:August 28–29, 2004
Other PAX(s)
PAX East:
March 26–28, 2010
PAX Dev:
August 24–25, 2011
PAX Aus:
July 19–21, 2013
PAX South:
January 23–25, 2015
PAX Unplugged:
November 17–19, 2017
Most recentPAX East:March 21–24, 2024
Other PAX(s)
PAX Unplugged:
December 1–3, 2023
PAX Aus:
October 6–8, 2023
PAX West:
September 1–4, 2023
PAX South:
January 17–19, 2020
PAX Dev:
August 27–28, 2019
Next eventPAX West: August 30–September 2, 2024
Other PAX(s)
PAX Aus:
October 11–13, 2024
PAX Unplugged:
December 6–8, 2024
PAX East:
May 8–11, 2025
Organized byPenny ArcadeRELXWebsitewww.paxsite.com
PAX (originally known as Penny Arcade Expo) is a series of gaming culture festivals involving tabletop, arcade, and video gaming. PAX is held annually in Seattle, Boston, Philadelphia, and Melbourne. Previously, it was also held in San Antonio.
PAX was created in 2004 by Jerry Holkins and Mike Krahulik, the authors of the Penny Arcade webcomic, because they wanted to attend a show exclusively for gaming. The shows include a keynote speech from an industry insider, game-culture inspired concerts, panels on game topics, exhibitor booths from both independent and major game developers and publishers, a LAN party multiplayer, tabletop gaming tournaments, and video game freeplay areas.
History
The first Penny Arcade Expo was held on August 28–29, 2004 (2004-08-28 – 2004-08-29) at the Meydenbauer Center, and was attended by about 3,300 people. Renamed to PAX, the event became an annual event. Attendance grew rapidly, topping 9,000 in 2005 and 19,000 in 2006.
By 2007, the event had outgrown the Meydenbauer Center, and moved to the Washington State Convention and Trade Center, where it drew some 39,000 in 2007, 58,500 in 2008, 60,750 in 2009, and 70,000 in 2011. The show stopped reporting attendance numbers in 2011, citing difficulties in tracking attendance in a multi-day event.
In 2009, Penny Arcade partnered with ReedPOP.
PAX Prime 2013, the first four-day PAX, was held on August 30 – September 2, 2013 (2013-08-30 – 2013-09-02), with passes selling out in six hours.
Expansion to more cities
In 2010, the first PAX East was held at the Hynes Convention Center on March 26–28, 2010 (2010-03-26 – 2010-03-28), drawing 52,290 attendees. The first PAX Prime drew 67,600 attendees in 2010. PAX East moved to Boston Convention and Exhibition Center in 2011; a 2012 agreement cemented Boston as the home of PAX East until 2023.
The first international event was PAX Australia, first held July 19–21, 2013 (2013-07-19 – 2013-07-21) at the Melbourne Showgrounds. The following year, it moved to the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre, where it remains.
The first PAX South was held in San Antonio, Texas, at the Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center on January 23–25, 2015. It set a PAX record for highest attendance for an inaugural year. But the event saw little growth in later years, and was cancelled in October 2021.
Specialty events
From 2011 until 2020, Penny Arcade held PAX Dev, an annual event meant to allow the game developer community to "speak freely and focus entirely on their trade". Unlike other game-developer events like GDC, PAX Dev did not allow press. 750 people attended in 2011.
At PAX South 2017, Penny Arcade and ReedPop announced that a new event type, PAX Unplugged, would be held on November 17–19, 2017, at the Pennsylvania Convention Center. The event focused on tabletop games, a type that was only incidental in other PAXes.
Name of PAX in Seattle
PAX was originally known as the "Penny Arcade Expo", but quickly became known by its acronym "PAX". Seattle's PAX was renamed PAX Prime in 2010 and PAX West in 2015.
Activities
PAX consists of the following activities:
Freeplay, further broken into: Console, Classic Console, Handheld, PC, VR, and Tabletop.
Tournaments, further broken into: Console and Tabletop. Some PAXes feature additional tournaments hosted by vendors.
"Bring Your Own Computer" or BYOC, a LAN Party.
Panels, talks, signings, and similar events.
Concerts.
PAX Arena, an eSports tournament.
The Omegathon.
An Exhibition Hall, which includes game studios, merchandise, and the Indie Megabooth.
The Omegathon
Each PAX features an event called the "Omegathon", a festival-long tournament consisting of a group of randomly selected attendees competing in a game bracket for a grand prize (which has varied from a large game bundle, to a trip to Japan, to a trip to any PAX in the world). The final round of the Omegathon makes up part of the closing ceremonies of PAX. Past games for the final round of the Omegathon have included Tetris, Pong, Halo 3, and skee-ball.
Enforcers
Early PAXes were largely run by a large group of volunteers, which the show calls "Enforcers". Now a paid role, most Enforcers are still not professional conference organizers or temps, but rather selected from an application available to attendees on the PAX website.
Events
Main article: List of PAX events
Active PAX Events
PAX West (Formerly PAX Prime) has been held annually in Seattle, Washington, United States, since 2004.
PAX East has been held annually in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, since 2010.
PAX Aus has been held annually in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, since 2013.
PAX Unplugged has been held annually in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, since 2017.
Former PAX Events
PAX South was held annually in San Antonio, Texas, United States, between 2015 and 2020.
PAX Dev was held annually in Seattle, Washington, United States, between 2011 and 2019.
PAX Online was held virtually between 2020 and 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Timeline of PAX Events
PAXPAX PrimePAX WestPAX EastPAX DevPAX AusPAX SouthPAX UnpluggedPAX Online│2004│2005│2006│2007│2008│2009│2010│2011│2012│2013│2014│2015│2016│2017│2018│2019│2020│2021│2022│2023│2024Timeline of PAX Events 2004 - 2024
See also
DreamHack
E3
ChinaJoy
References
^ "PAX East History". PAX East. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016.
^ Magrino, Tom (August 29, 2009). "PAX 2010 descends on Boston". Gamespot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on November 24, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2009.
^ Ellis, Tim (May 13, 2015). "How Penny Arcade manages PAX ticket sales – and why your crazy idea to fix them won't work". Geekwire. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
^ Venables, Michael. "How Pax Became The Biggest, Greatest Fellowship Of Gamers, Geeks And Civility in the World". Forbes. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
^ Herald Staff (February 15, 2012). "PAX East commits to Boston for 10 more years". Boston Herald. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
^ "PAX Australia on Twitter". Twitter. March 8, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
^ PAX South Attendance Breaks Records. IGN. January 25, 2015.
^ Rodriguez, Megan (October 30, 2021). "PAX South gaming convention in San Antonio canceled for 'foreseeable future'". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
^ "PAX Dev FAQs". dev.paxsite.com. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
^ "PAX Unplugged - Philadelphia, PA Nov. 17 - 19, 2017". unplugged.paxsite.com. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ Khoo, Robert (November 18, 2015). "@skelevader b/c if i make an announcement people will read too much into it. Besides, press releases are lame. PAX WEST FOR LIFE". Twitter. Archived from the original on February 26, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
^ "PAX West 2017 Guidebook". Guidebook. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
^ "Enforcers - PAX West". PAX. Archived from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
External links
Media related to PAX (event) at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
vtePenny ArcadeKey people
Jerry Holkins
Mike Krahulik
Robert Khoo
Other projects
Child's Play
PAX
events
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Penny Arcade Adventures: On the Rain-Slick Precipice of Darkness
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PATV partners
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Strip Search
Related articles
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pax (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"gaming culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming_culture"},{"link_name":"tabletop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabletop_game"},{"link_name":"arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"},{"link_name":"video gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Jerry Holkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Holkins"},{"link_name":"Mike Krahulik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Krahulik"},{"link_name":"Penny Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Arcade_(webcomic)"},{"link_name":"webcomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcomic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"LAN party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN_party"},{"link_name":"multiplayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game"}],"text":"For other uses, see Pax (disambiguation).Series of gaming culture festivalsPAX (originally known as Penny Arcade Expo) is a series of gaming culture festivals involving tabletop, arcade, and video gaming. PAX is held annually in Seattle, Boston, Philadelphia, and Melbourne. Previously, it was also held in San Antonio.PAX was created in 2004 by Jerry Holkins and Mike Krahulik, the authors of the Penny Arcade webcomic, because they wanted to attend a show exclusively for gaming.[1] The shows include a keynote speech from an industry insider, game-culture inspired concerts, panels on game topics, exhibitor booths from both independent and major game developers and publishers, a LAN party multiplayer, tabletop gaming tournaments, and video game freeplay areas.","title":"PAX (event)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meydenbauer Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meydenbauer_Center"},{"link_name":"Washington State Convention and Trade Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Convention_and_Trade_Center"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"The first Penny Arcade Expo was held on August 28–29, 2004 (2004-08-28 – 2004-08-29) at the Meydenbauer Center, and was attended by about 3,300 people. Renamed to PAX, the event became an annual event. Attendance grew rapidly, topping 9,000 in 2005 and 19,000 in 2006.By 2007, the event had outgrown the Meydenbauer Center, and moved to the Washington State Convention and Trade Center, where it drew some 39,000 in 2007,[2] 58,500 in 2008, 60,750 in 2009, and 70,000 in 2011. The show stopped reporting attendance numbers in 2011, citing difficulties in tracking attendance in a multi-day event.[3]In 2009, Penny Arcade partnered with ReedPOP.[4][better source needed]PAX Prime 2013, the first four-day PAX, was held on August 30 – September 2, 2013 (2013-08-30 – 2013-09-02), with passes selling out in six hours.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hynes Convention Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hynes_Convention_Center"},{"link_name":"Boston Convention and Exhibition Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Showgrounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Showgrounds"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Convention_and_Exhibition_Centre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_B._Gonzalez_Convention_Center"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Expansion to more cities","text":"In 2010, the first PAX East was held at the Hynes Convention Center on March 26–28, 2010 (2010-03-26 – 2010-03-28), drawing 52,290 attendees. The first PAX Prime drew 67,600 attendees in 2010. PAX East moved to Boston Convention and Exhibition Center in 2011; a 2012 agreement cemented Boston as the home of PAX East until 2023.[5]The first international event was PAX Australia, first held July 19–21, 2013 (2013-07-19 – 2013-07-21) at the Melbourne Showgrounds. The following year, it moved to the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre, where it remains.[6]The first PAX South was held in San Antonio, Texas, at the Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center on January 23–25, 2015. It set a PAX record for highest attendance for an inaugural year.[7] But the event saw little growth in later years, and was cancelled in October 2021.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PAX_Dev_FAQs-9"},{"link_name":"GDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Convention Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Convention_Center"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Specialty events","text":"From 2011 until 2020, Penny Arcade held PAX Dev, an annual event meant to allow the game developer community to \"speak freely and focus entirely on their trade\".[9] Unlike other game-developer events like GDC, PAX Dev did not allow press. 750 people attended in 2011.At PAX South 2017, Penny Arcade and ReedPop announced that a new event type, PAX Unplugged, would be held on November 17–19, 2017, at the Pennsylvania Convention Center. The event focused on tabletop games, a type that was only incidental in other PAXes.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-11"}],"sub_title":"Name of PAX in Seattle","text":"PAX was originally known as the \"Penny Arcade Expo\", but quickly became known by its acronym \"PAX\". Seattle's PAX was renamed PAX Prime in 2010 and PAX West in 2015.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"LAN Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN_Party"},{"link_name":"eSports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESports"},{"link_name":"Indie Megabooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_Megabooth"}],"text":"PAX consists of the following activities:[12]Freeplay, further broken into: Console, Classic Console, Handheld, PC, VR, and Tabletop.\nTournaments, further broken into: Console and Tabletop. Some PAXes feature additional tournaments hosted by vendors.\n\"Bring Your Own Computer\" or BYOC, a LAN Party.\nPanels, talks, signings, and similar events.\nConcerts.\nPAX Arena, an eSports tournament.\nThe Omegathon.\nAn Exhibition Hall, which includes game studios, merchandise, and the Indie Megabooth.","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tetris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetris"},{"link_name":"Pong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong"},{"link_name":"Halo 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_3"},{"link_name":"skee-ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skee-ball"}],"sub_title":"The Omegathon","text":"Each PAX features an event called the \"Omegathon\", a festival-long tournament consisting of a group of randomly selected attendees competing in a game bracket for a grand prize (which has varied from a large game bundle, to a trip to Japan, to a trip to any PAX in the world). The final round of the Omegathon makes up part of the closing ceremonies of PAX. Past games for the final round of the Omegathon have included Tetris, Pong, Halo 3, and skee-ball.","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Enforcers","text":"Early PAXes were largely run by a large group of volunteers, which the show calls \"Enforcers\". Now a paid role, most Enforcers are still not professional conference organizers or temps, but rather selected from an application available to attendees on the PAX website.[13]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_PAX_West.svg"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_PAX_East.svg"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_PAX_Aus.svg"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_PAX_Unplugged.svg"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"}],"sub_title":"Active PAX Events","text":"PAX West (Formerly PAX Prime) has been held annually in Seattle, Washington, United States, since 2004.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPAX East has been held annually in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, since 2010.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPAX Aus has been held annually in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, since 2013.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPAX Unplugged has been held annually in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, since 2017.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_PAX_South.svg"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_PAX_Dev.svg"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_PAX_Online.svg"}],"sub_title":"Former PAX Events","text":"PAX South was held annually in San Antonio, Texas, United States, between 2015 and 2020.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPAX Dev was held annually in Seattle, Washington, United States, between 2011 and 2019.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPAX Online was held virtually between 2020 and 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline of PAX Events","text":"PAXPAX PrimePAX WestPAX EastPAX DevPAX AusPAX SouthPAX UnpluggedPAX Online│2004│2005│2006│2007│2008│2009│2010│2011│2012│2013│2014│2015│2016│2017│2018│2019│2020│2021│2022│2023│2024Timeline of PAX Events 2004 - 2024","title":"Events"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"DreamHack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamHack"},{"title":"E3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3"},{"title":"ChinaJoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Digital_Entertainment_Expo_%26_Conference"}]
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[{"reference":"\"PAX East History\". PAX East. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160301014352/http://east.paxsite.com/what-is-pax","url_text":"\"PAX East History\""},{"url":"http://east.paxsite.com/what-is-pax","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Magrino, Tom (August 29, 2009). \"PAX 2010 descends on Boston\". Gamespot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on November 24, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/news/6197016.html","url_text":"\"PAX 2010 descends on Boston\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091124114641/http://www.gamespot.com/news/6197016.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Tim (May 13, 2015). \"How Penny Arcade manages PAX ticket sales – and why your crazy idea to fix them won't work\". Geekwire. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geekwire.com/2015/how-penny-arcade-manages-pax-ticket-sales-and-why-your-crazy-idea-to-fix-them-wont-work/","url_text":"\"How Penny Arcade manages PAX ticket sales – and why your crazy idea to fix them won't work\""}]},{"reference":"Venables, Michael. \"How Pax Became The Biggest, Greatest Fellowship Of Gamers, Geeks And Civility in the World\". Forbes. Retrieved September 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelvenables/2013/09/02/how-pax-became-the-biggest-greatest-fellowship-of-gamers-geeks-and-civility-in-the-world/","url_text":"\"How Pax Became The Biggest, Greatest Fellowship Of Gamers, Geeks And Civility in the World\""}]},{"reference":"Herald Staff (February 15, 2012). \"PAX East commits to Boston for 10 more years\". Boston Herald. Retrieved December 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonherald.com/2012/02/15/pax-east-commits-to-boston-for-10-more-years/","url_text":"\"PAX East commits to Boston for 10 more years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald","url_text":"Boston Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"PAX Australia on Twitter\". Twitter. March 8, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/paxaus/status/1500984673018990592","url_text":"\"PAX Australia on Twitter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Rodriguez, Megan (October 30, 2021). \"PAX South gaming convention in San Antonio canceled for 'foreseeable future'\". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved October 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/PAX-South-cancelled-San-Antonio-16577453.php","url_text":"\"PAX South gaming convention in San Antonio canceled for 'foreseeable future'\""}]},{"reference":"\"PAX Dev FAQs\". dev.paxsite.com. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120331161611/http://dev.paxsite.com/faqs.php","url_text":"\"PAX Dev FAQs\""},{"url":"http://dev.paxsite.com/faqs.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PAX Unplugged - Philadelphia, PA Nov. 17 - 19, 2017\". unplugged.paxsite.com. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://unplugged.paxsite.com/","url_text":"\"PAX Unplugged - Philadelphia, PA Nov. 17 - 19, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"Khoo, Robert (November 18, 2015). \"@skelevader b/c if i make an announcement people will read too much into it. Besides, press releases are lame. PAX WEST FOR LIFE\". Twitter. Archived from the original on February 26, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/rkhoo/status/667122653820542976","url_text":"\"@skelevader b/c if i make an announcement people will read too much into it. Besides, press releases are lame. PAX WEST FOR LIFE\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160226054359/https://twitter.com/rkhoo/status/667122653820542976","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"PAX West 2017 Guidebook\". Guidebook. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://guidebook.com/guide/102681/","url_text":"\"PAX West 2017 Guidebook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enforcers - PAX West\". PAX. Archived from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190711083616/https://west.paxsite.com/enforcers","url_text":"\"Enforcers - PAX West\""},{"url":"https://west.paxsite.com/enforcers","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.paxsite.com/","external_links_name":"www.paxsite.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160301014352/http://east.paxsite.com/what-is-pax","external_links_name":"\"PAX East History\""},{"Link":"http://east.paxsite.com/what-is-pax","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/news/6197016.html","external_links_name":"\"PAX 2010 descends on Boston\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091124114641/http://www.gamespot.com/news/6197016.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.geekwire.com/2015/how-penny-arcade-manages-pax-ticket-sales-and-why-your-crazy-idea-to-fix-them-wont-work/","external_links_name":"\"How Penny Arcade manages PAX ticket sales – and why your crazy idea to fix them won't work\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelvenables/2013/09/02/how-pax-became-the-biggest-greatest-fellowship-of-gamers-geeks-and-civility-in-the-world/","external_links_name":"\"How Pax Became The Biggest, Greatest Fellowship Of Gamers, Geeks And Civility in the World\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonherald.com/2012/02/15/pax-east-commits-to-boston-for-10-more-years/","external_links_name":"\"PAX East commits to Boston for 10 more years\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/paxaus/status/1500984673018990592","external_links_name":"\"PAX Australia on Twitter\""},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/01/26/pax-south-attendance-breaks-records","external_links_name":"PAX South Attendance Breaks Records"},{"Link":"https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/PAX-South-cancelled-San-Antonio-16577453.php","external_links_name":"\"PAX South gaming convention in San Antonio canceled for 'foreseeable future'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120331161611/http://dev.paxsite.com/faqs.php","external_links_name":"\"PAX Dev FAQs\""},{"Link":"http://dev.paxsite.com/faqs.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://unplugged.paxsite.com/","external_links_name":"\"PAX Unplugged - Philadelphia, PA Nov. 17 - 19, 2017\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/rkhoo/status/667122653820542976","external_links_name":"\"@skelevader b/c if i make an announcement people will read too much into it. Besides, press releases are lame. PAX WEST FOR LIFE\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160226054359/https://twitter.com/rkhoo/status/667122653820542976","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://guidebook.com/guide/102681/","external_links_name":"\"PAX West 2017 Guidebook\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190711083616/https://west.paxsite.com/enforcers","external_links_name":"\"Enforcers - PAX West\""},{"Link":"https://west.paxsite.com/enforcers","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.paxsite.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/series/d2c8fc2f-bca2-4104-8914-a8e3fd5f2376","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz series"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly
|
Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly
|
["1 Geography","2 Population","3 Places of interest","4 See also","5 References"]
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Coordinates: 49°34′47″N 1°12′24″E / 49.5797°N 1.2067°E / 49.5797; 1.2067Commune in Normandy, FranceSaint-Germain-sous-CaillyCommuneLocation of Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly
Saint-Germain-sous-CaillyShow map of FranceSaint-Germain-sous-CaillyShow map of NormandyCoordinates: 49°34′47″N 1°12′24″E / 49.5797°N 1.2067°E / 49.5797; 1.2067CountryFranceRegionNormandyDepartmentSeine-MaritimeArrondissementRouenCantonLe Mesnil-EsnardGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) François DupuisArea14.01 km2 (1.55 sq mi)Population (2021)321 • Density80/km2 (210/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code76583 /76690Elevation102–173 m (335–568 ft) (avg. 114 m or 374 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly (French pronunciation: , literally Saint-Germain under Cailly) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in north-western France.
Its castle was the burial place of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq.
Geography
A small farming village situated by the banks of the Cailly in the Pays de Bray, some 14 miles (23 km) northeast of Rouen on the D44 road.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a. 196883— 1975105+3.42% 1982127+2.75% 1990141+1.32% 1999210+4.53% 2007266+3.00% 2012346+5.40% 2017344−0.12%Source: INSEE
Places of interest
Ruins of a thirteenth-century castle.
A seventeenth-century chateau.
See also
Communes of the Seine-Maritime department
References
^ Liste des maires du département de la Seine-Maritime, 10 August 2020
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly.
vteCommunes of the Seine-Maritime department
Allouville-Bellefosse
Alvimare
Ambrumesnil
Amfreville-la-Mi-Voie
Amfreville-les-Champs
Anceaumeville
Ancourt
Ancourteville-sur-Héricourt
Ancretiéville-Saint-Victor
Ancretteville-sur-Mer
Angerville-Bailleul
Angerville-la-Martel
Angerville-l'Orcher
Angiens
Anglesqueville-l'Esneval
Anglesqueville-la-Bras-Long
Anneville-Ambourville
Anneville-sur-Scie
Annouville-Vilmesnil
Anquetierville
Anvéville
Ardouval
Arelaune-en-Seine
Argueil
Arques-la-Bataille
Aubéguimont
Aubermesnil-aux-Érables
Aubermesnil-Beaumais
Auberville-la-Manuel
Auberville-la-Renault
Aumale
Auppegard
Authieux-Ratiéville
Les Authieux-sur-le-Port-Saint-Ouen
Autigny
Auvilliers
Auzebosc
Auzouville-l'Esneval
Auzouville-sur-Ry
Auzouville-sur-Saâne
Avesnes-en-Bray
Avesnes-en-Val
Avremesnil
Bacqueville-en-Caux
Bailleul-Neuville
Baillolet
Bailly-en-Rivière
Baons-le-Comte
Bardouville
Barentin
Baromesnil
Bazinval
Beaubec-la-Rosière
Beaumont-le-Hareng
Beaurepaire
Beaussault
Beautot
Beauval-en-Caux
Beauvoir-en-Lyons
Bec-de-Mortagne
Belbeuf
Bellencombre
Bellengreville
Belleville-en-Caux
La Bellière
Belmesnil
Bénarville
Bénesville
Bénouville
Bernières
Bertheauville
Bertreville
Bertreville-Saint-Ouen
Bertrimont
Berville-en-Caux
Berville-sur-Seine
Beuzeville-la-Grenier
Beuzeville-la-Guérard
Beuzevillette
Bézancourt
Bierville
Bihorel
Biville-la-Baignarde
Biville-la-Rivière
Blacqueville
Blainville-Crevon
Blangy-sur-Bresle
Blosseville
Le Bocasse
Bois-d'Ennebourg
Bois-Guilbert
Bois-Guillaume
Bois-Héroult
Bois-Himont
Bois-l'Évêque
Le Bois-Robert
Boissay
Bolbec
Bolleville
Bonsecours
Boos
Bordeaux-Saint-Clair
Bornambusc
Bosc-Bérenger
Bosc-Bordel
Bosc-Édeline
Bosc-Guérard-Saint-Adrien
Bosc-Hyons
Bosc-le-Hard
Bosc-Mesnil
Bosville
Boudeville
Bouelles
La Bouille
Bourdainville
Le Bourg-Dun
Bourville
Bouville
Brachy
Bracquetuit
Bradiancourt
Brametot
Bréauté
Brémontier-Merval
Bretteville-du-Grand-Caux
Bretteville-Saint-Laurent
Buchy
Bully
Bures-en-Bray
Butot
Butot-Vénesville
Cailleville
Cailly
Callengeville
Calleville-les-Deux-Églises
Campneuseville
Canehan
Canouville
Canteleu
Canville-les-Deux-Églises
Cany-Barville
Carville-la-Folletière
Carville-Pot-de-Fer
Le Catelier
Catenay
Caudebec-lès-Elbeuf
Le Caule-Sainte-Beuve
Cauville-sur-Mer
Les Cent-Acres
La Cerlangue
La Chapelle-du-Bourgay
La Chapelle-Saint-Ouen
La Chapelle-sur-Dun
La Chaussée
Cideville
Clais
Clasville
Claville-Motteville
Cléon
Clères
Cleuville
Cléville
Cliponville
Colleville
Colmesnil-Manneville
Compainville
Conteville
Contremoulins
Cottévrard
Crasville-la-Mallet
Crasville-la-Rocquefort
Criel-sur-Mer
La Crique
Criquebeuf-en-Caux
Criquetot-l'Esneval
Criquetot-le-Mauconduit
Criquetot-sur-Longueville
Criquetot-sur-Ouville
Criquiers
Critot
Croisy-sur-Andelle
Croixdalle
Croix-Mare
Cropus
Crosville-sur-Scie
Cuverville
Cuverville-sur-Yères
Cuy-Saint-Fiacre
Dampierre-en-Bray
Dampierre-Saint-Nicolas
Dancourt
Darnétal
Daubeuf-Serville
Dénestanville
Déville-lès-Rouen
Dieppesubpr
Doudeauville
Doudeville
Douvrend
Drosay
Duclair
Écalles-Alix
Écrainville
Écretteville-lès-Baons
Écretteville-sur-Mer
Ectot-l'Auber
Ectot-lès-Baons
Elbeuf
Elbeuf-en-Bray
Elbeuf-sur-Andelle
Életot
Ellecourt
Émanville
Envermeu
Envronville
Épinay-sur-Duclair
Épouville
Épretot
Épreville
Ermenouville
Ernemont-la-Villette
Ernemont-sur-Buchy
Esclavelles
Eslettes
Esteville
Étaimpuis
Étainhus
Étalleville
Étalondes
Étoutteville
Étretat
Eu
Fallencourt
Fécamp
Ferrières-en-Bray
La Ferté-Saint-Samson
Fesques
La Feuillie
Flamanville
Flamets-Frétils
Flocques
Fongueusemare
Fontaine-en-Bray
Fontaine-la-Mallet
Fontaine-le-Bourg
Fontaine-le-Dun
Fontaine-sous-Préaux
La Fontelaye
Fontenay
Forges-les-Eaux
Foucarmont
Foucart
Franqueville-Saint-Pierre
Fréauville
La Frénaye
Freneuse
Fresles
Fresnay-le-Long
Fresne-le-Plan
Fresnoy-Folny
Fresquiennes
Freulleville
Frichemesnil
Froberville
Fry
Fultot
La Gaillarde
Gaillefontaine
Gainneville
Gancourt-Saint-Étienne
Ganzeville
Gerponville
Gerville
Goderville
Gommerville
Gonfreville-Caillot
Gonfreville-l'Orcher
Gonnetot
Gonneville-la-Mallet
Gonneville-sur-Scie
Gonzeville
Goupillières
Gournay-en-Bray
Gouy
Graimbouville
Grainville-la-Teinturière
Grainville-sur-Ry
Grainville-Ymauville
Grand-Camp
Grand-Couronne
Grandcourt
Les Grandes-Ventes
Le Grand-Quevilly
Graval
Grèges
Grémonville
Greuville
Grigneuseville
Gruchet-le-Valasse
Gruchet-Saint-Siméon
Grugny
Grumesnil
Guerville
Gueures
Gueutteville
Gueutteville-les-Grès
La Hallotière
Le Hanouard
Harcanville
Harfleur
Hattenville
Haucourt
Haudricourt
Haussez
Hautot-l'Auvray
Hautot-le-Vatois
Hautot-Saint-Sulpice
Hautot-sur-Mer
Hautot-sur-Seine
Les Hauts-de-Caux
Le Havresubpr
La Haye
Héberville
Hénouville
Héricourt-en-Caux
Hermanville
Hermeville
Le Héron
Héronchelles
Heugleville-sur-Scie
Heuqueville
Heurteauville
Hodeng-au-Bosc
Hodeng-Hodenger
Houdetot
Le Houlme
Houppeville
Houquetot
La Houssaye-Béranger
Hugleville-en-Caux
Les Ifs
Illois
Imbleville
Incheville
Ingouville
Isneauville
Jumièges
Lamberville
Lammerville
Landes-Vieilles-et-Neuves
Lanquetot
Lestanville
Lillebonne
Limésy
Limpiville
Lindebeuf
Lintot
Lintot-les-Bois
Les Loges
La Londe
Londinières
Longmesnil
Longroy
Longueil
Longuerue
Longueville-sur-Scie
Louvetot
Lucy
Luneray
Malaunay
Malleville-les-Grès
Manéglise
Manéhouville
Maniquerville
Manneville-ès-Plains
Manneville-la-Goupil
Mannevillette
Maromme
Marques
Martainville-Épreville
Martigny
Martin-Église
Massy
Mathonville
Maucomble
Maulévrier-Sainte-Gertrude
Mauny
Mauquenchy
Mélamare
Melleville
Ménerval
Ménonval
Mentheville
Mésangueville
Mesnières-en-Bray
Le Mesnil-Durdent
Le Mesnil-Esnard
Mesnil-Follemprise
Le Mesnil-Lieubray
Mesnil-Mauger
Mesnil-Panneville
Mesnil-Raoul
Le Mesnil-Réaume
Le Mesnil-sous-Jumièges
Meulers
Millebosc
Mirville
Molagnies
Monchaux-Soreng
Monchy-sur-Eu
Mont-Cauvaire
Mont-Saint-Aignan
Montérolier
Montigny
Montivilliers
Montmain
Montreuil-en-Caux
Montroty
Montville
Morgny-la-Pommeraye
Morienne
Mortemer
Morville-sur-Andelle
Motteville
Moulineaux
Muchedent
Nesle-Hodeng
Nesle-Normandeuse
Neufbosc
Neufchâtel-en-Bray
Neuf-Marché
La Neuville-Chant-d'Oisel
Neuville-Ferrières
Néville
Nointot
Nolléval
Normanville
Norville
Notre-Dame-d'Aliermont
Notre-Dame-de-Bliquetuit
Notre-Dame-de-Bondeville
Notre-Dame-du-Bec
Notre-Dame-du-Parc
Nullemont
Ocqueville
Octeville-sur-Mer
Offranville
Oherville
Oissel
Omonville
Orival
Osmoy-Saint-Valery
Ouainville
Oudalle
Ourville-en-Caux
Ouville-l'Abbaye
Ouville-la-Rivière
Paluel
Parc-d'Anxtot
Pavilly
Petit-Caux
Petit-Couronne
Le Petit-Quevilly
Petiville
Pierrecourt
Pierrefiques
Pierreval
Pissy-Pôville
Pleine-Sève
Pommereux
Pommeréval
Ponts-et-Marais
Port-Jérôme-sur-Seine
La Poterie-Cap-d'Antifer
Préaux
Prétot-Vicquemare
Preuseville
Puisenval
Quevillon
Quévreville-la-Poterie
Quiberville
Quièvrecourt
Quincampoix
Raffetot
Rainfreville
Réalcamp
Rebets
La Remuée
Rétonval
Reuville
Ricarville-du-Val
Richemont
Rieux
Rives-en-Seine
Riville
Robertot
Rocquefort
Rocquemont
Rogerville
Rolleville
Roncherolles-en-Bray
Roncherolles-sur-le-Vivier
Ronchois
Rosay
Rouenpref
Roumare
Routes
Rouville
Rouvray-Catillon
Rouxmesnil-Bouteilles
Royville
La Rue-Saint-Pierre
Ry
Saâne-Saint-Just
Sahurs
Sainneville
Saint-Aignan-sur-Ry
Saint-André-sur-Cailly
Saint-Antoine-la-Forêt
Saint-Arnoult
Saint-Aubin-Celloville
Saint-Aubin-de-Crétot
Saint-Aubin-Épinay
Saint-Aubin-le-Cauf
Saint-Aubin-lès-Elbeuf
Saint-Aubin-Routot
Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer
Saint-Aubin-sur-Scie
Saint-Clair-sur-les-Monts
Saint-Crespin
Saint-Denis-d'Aclon
Saint-Denis-le-Thiboult
Saint-Denis-sur-Scie
Sainte-Adresse
Sainte-Agathe-d'Aliermont
Sainte-Austreberthe
Sainte-Beuve-en-Rivière
Sainte-Colombe
Sainte-Croix-sur-Buchy
Sainte-Foy
Sainte-Geneviève
Sainte-Hélène-Bondeville
Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Duclair
Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Mer
Sainte-Marie-au-Bosc
Sainte-Marie-des-Champs
Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray
Saint-Eustache-la-Forêt
Saint-Georges-sur-Fontaine
Saint-Germain-des-Essourts
Saint-Germain-d'Étables
Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly
Saint-Germain-sur-Eaulne
Saint-Gilles-de-Crétot
Saint-Gilles-de-la-Neuville
Saint-Hellier
Saint-Honoré
Saint-Jacques-d'Aliermont
Saint-Jacques-sur-Darnétal
Saint-Jean-de-Folleville
Saint-Jean-de-la-Neuville
Saint-Jean-du-Cardonnay
Saint-Jouin-Bruneval
Saint-Laurent-de-Brèvedent
Saint-Laurent-en-Caux
Saint-Léger-aux-Bois
Saint-Léger-du-Bourg-Denis
Saint-Léonard
Saint-Lucien
Saint-Maclou-de-Folleville
Saint-Maclou-la-Brière
Saint-Mards
Saint-Martin-au-Bosc
Saint-Martin-aux-Arbres
Saint-Martin-aux-Buneaux
Saint-Martin-de-Boscherville
Saint-Martin-de-l'If
Saint-Martin-du-Bec
Saint-Martin-du-Manoir
Saint-Martin-du-Vivier
Saint-Martin-le-Gaillard
Saint-Martin-l'Hortier
Saint-Martin-Osmonville
Saint-Maurice-d'Ételan
Saint-Michel-d'Halescourt
Saint-Nicolas-d'Aliermont
Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Haie
Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Taille
Saint-Ouen-du-Breuil
Saint-Ouen-le-Mauger
Saint-Ouen-sous-Bailly
Saint-Paër
Saint-Pierre-Bénouville
Saint-Pierre-de-Manneville
Saint-Pierre-des-Jonquières
Saint-Pierre-de-Varengeville
Saint-Pierre-en-Port
Saint-Pierre-en-Val
Saint-Pierre-lès-Elbeuf
Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux
Saint-Pierre-le-Viger
Saint-Rémy-Boscrocourt
Saint-Riquier-en-Rivière
Saint-Riquier-ès-Plains
Saint-Romain-de-Colbosc
Saint-Saëns
Saint-Saire
Saint-Sauveur-d'Émalleville
Saint-Sylvain
Saint-Vaast-d'Équiqueville
Saint-Vaast-Dieppedalle
Saint-Vaast-du-Val
Saint-Valery-en-Caux
Saint-Victor-l'Abbaye
Saint-Vigor-d'Ymonville
Saint-Vincent-Cramesnil
Sandouville
Sassetot-le-Malgardé
Sassetot-le-Mauconduit
Sasseville
Sauchay
Saumont-la-Poterie
Sauqueville
Saussay
Sausseuzemare-en-Caux
Senneville-sur-Fécamp
Sept-Meules
Serqueux
Servaville-Salmonville
Sierville
Sigy-en-Bray
Smermesnil
Sommery
Sommesnil
Sorquainville
Sotteville-lès-Rouen
Sotteville-sous-le-Val
Sotteville-sur-Mer
Tancarville
Terres-de-Caux
Thérouldeville
Theuville-aux-Maillots
Thiergeville
Thiétreville
Thil-Manneville
Le Thil-Riberpré
Thiouville
Le Tilleul
Tocqueville-en-Caux
Tocqueville-les-Murs
Torcy-le-Grand
Torcy-le-Petit
Le Torp-Mesnil
Tôtes
Touffreville-la-Corbeline
Touffreville-sur-Eu
Tourville-la-Rivière
Tourville-les-Ifs
Tourville-sur-Arques
Toussaint
Le Trait
Trémauville
Le Tréport
La Trinité-du-Mont
Les Trois-Pierres
Trouville
Turretot
Val-de-la-Haye
Val-de-Saâne
Val-de-Scie
Valliquerville
Valmont
Varengeville-sur-Mer
Varneville-Bretteville
Vassonville
Vatierville
Vattetot-sous-Beaumont
Vattetot-sur-Mer
Vatteville-la-Rue
La Vaupalière
Veauville-lès-Quelles
Vénestanville
Ventes-Saint-Rémy
Vergetot
Veules-les-Roses
Veulettes-sur-Mer
Vibeuf
Vieux-Manoir
Vieux-Rouen-sur-Bresle
La Vieux-Rue
Villainville
Villers-Écalles
Villers-sous-Foucarmont
Villy-sur-Yères
Vinnemerville
Virville
Vittefleur
Wanchy-Capval
Yainville
Yébleron
Yerville
Ymare
Yport
Ypreville-Biville
Yquebeuf
Yvecrique
Yvetot
Yville-sur-Seine
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
This Rouen geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ su kaji]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Cailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cailly"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Seine-Maritime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogier_Ghiselin_de_Busbecq"}],"text":"Commune in Normandy, FranceSaint-Germain-sous-Cailly (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ su kaji], literally Saint-Germain under Cailly) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in north-western France.Its castle was the burial place of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq.","title":"Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming"},{"link_name":"Cailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cailly_(river)"},{"link_name":"Pays de Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_de_Bray"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"}],"text":"A small farming village situated by the banks of the Cailly in the Pays de Bray, some 14 miles (23 km) northeast of Rouen on the D44 road.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ruins of a thirteenth-century castle.\nA seventeenth-century chateau.","title":"Places of interest"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Communes of the Seine-Maritime department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Seine-Maritime_department"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-76583","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly¶ms=49.5797_N_1.2067_E_type:city(321)_region:FR-NOR","external_links_name":"49°34′47″N 1°12′24″E / 49.5797°N 1.2067°E / 49.5797; 1.2067"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly¶ms=49.5797_N_1.2067_E_type:city(321)_region:FR-NOR","external_links_name":"49°34′47″N 1°12′24″E / 49.5797°N 1.2067°E / 49.5797; 1.2067"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-76583","external_links_name":"76583"},{"Link":"https://www.seine-maritime.gouv.fr/content/download/26198/186822/file/Liste%20d%C3%A9finitive%20des%20maires%20du%20d%C3%A9partement.pdf","external_links_name":"Liste des maires du département de la Seine-Maritime"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-76583","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-76583#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15275168r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15275168r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Mudcats_(1991%E2%80%932011)
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Carolina Mudcats
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["1 History","1.1 Before Carolina","1.2 Pittsburgh Pirates (1991–1998)","1.3 Colorado Rockies (1999–2002)","1.4 Florida Marlins (2003–2008)","1.5 Cincinnati Reds (2009–2011)","1.6 Cleveland Indians (2012–2014)","1.7 Atlanta Braves (2015–2016)","1.8 Milwaukee Brewers (2017–present)","1.9 Future","2 Season-by-season records","3 Roster","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]
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Minor league baseball teamCarolina MudcatsFounded in 1991 Zebulon, North Carolina
Team logo
Cap insignia
Minor league affiliationsClassSingle-A (2022–present)Previous classes
Low-A (2021)
Class A-Advanced (2012–2020)
Double-A (1991–2011)
LeagueCarolina League (2022–present)DivisionNorth DivisionPrevious leagues
Low-A East (2021)
Carolina League (2012–2020)
Southern League (1991–2011)
Major league affiliationsTeamMilwaukee Brewers (2017–present)Previous teams
Atlanta Braves (2015–2016)
Cleveland Indians (2012–2014)
Cincinnati Reds (2009–2011)
Florida Marlins (2003–2008)
Colorado Rockies (1999–2002)
Pittsburgh Pirates (1991–1998)
Minor league titlesLeague titles (2)19952003Division titles (4)1994199520032008First-half titles (4)1994199520022003Second-half titles (4)1995200320082023Team dataNameCarolina Mudcats (1991–present)ColorsRed, black, white, gray MascotMuddy the Mudcat, Mini MuddyBallparkFive County Stadium (1991–present)Previous parksFleming Stadium (1991)Owner(s)/Operator(s)Milwaukee BrewersGeneral managerEric GardnerManagerNick Stanley
The Carolina Mudcats are a Minor League Baseball team of the Carolina League and the Single-A affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers. They are located in Zebulon, North Carolina, a suburb of Raleigh, and play their home games at Five County Stadium. "Mudcats" is a Southern synonym for catfish.
The team began play in 1991 after the Columbus Mudcats relocated from Columbus, Georgia. They were members of the Double-A Southern League through 2011. The Mudcats were replaced by a Class A-Advanced team of the Carolina League in 2012. This team carried on as an extension of the previous club. The Mudcats, along with most of their Carolina League cohort, were dropped to the Low-A classification and placed in a league temporarily named Low-A East in 2021 as part of Major League Baseball's takeover and reorganization of the minor leagues; for 2022 this league was assigned the historic Carolina League name and identity and the classification renamed Single-A.
The Mudcats won the Southern League championship in 1995 as the Double-A affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates and in 2003 as the Double-A affiliate of the Florida Marlins.
History
Before Carolina
The Mudcats came to Zebulon, North Carolina, by way of Columbus, Georgia. From 1969 to 1990, Columbus was home to the Double-A Southern League's Columbus Mudcats. Following the 1990 season, team owner Steve Bryant relocated the club to the Raleigh suburb of Zebulon, where it continued in the Southern League as the Carolina Mudcats. The team played at Five County Stadium, which was named for its location near the convergence of five counties: Wake, Nash, Johnston, Franklin, and Wilson. The stadium was as close to Raleigh as it could get without infringing on the territorial rights of the then Class A (now Triple-A) Durham Bulls.
Pittsburgh Pirates (1991–1998)
As the Double-A affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Carolina Mudcats played their first game on April 11, 1991, on the road against the Greenville Braves at Greenville Municipal Stadium in Greenville, South Carolina, losing, 1–0. They earned their first win the next evening, defeating Greenville, 7–3. While work on Five County Stadium continued, the Mudcats opened their home schedule at Fleming Stadium in Wilson on April 19. They won their home opener over Greenville, 5–1, before 4,357 people. Initially delayed because of rain, the game was called in the eighth inning with Mudcats starting pitcher Tim Wakefield earning the win after allowing only one run on four hits over seven innings. Their first game at Five County Stadium was played on July 3. A standing-room-only crowd of 7,333 witnessed a 6–1 defeat by the Braves.
Five County Stadium, home of the Carolina Mudcats
The Southern League used a split-season schedule wherein the division winners from each half qualified for the postseason championship playoffs. Carolina did not win either half of their inaugural season. Overall, the Mudcats finished their first season with a 66–76 win–loss record. The team posted a franchise-low 52–92 record in 1992. After their first winning campaign in 1993, the 1994 Mudcats won the First Half Eastern Division title and then beat Greenville, 3–2, to claim the Eastern Division title and a place in the league championship series. They were defeated in the finals by the Western Division champion Huntsville Stars, 3–1. First baseman Mark Johnson, who led the circuit with 23 home runs. was selected as the Southern League Most Valuable Player (MVP).
Managed by Trent Jewett, Carolina won both halves of the 1995 season, sending them back to the playoffs with a franchise-best 89–55 campaign. They won the Eastern Division title versus the Orlando Cubs, 3–2, before winning their first Southern League championship over the Chattanooga Lookouts, 3–2. Catcher Jason Kendall was selected for the league MVP Award. The Mudcats qualified for the 1996 playoffs via a wild card berth but were eliminated in the Eastern Division series by the Jacksonville Suns, 3–2. The next two Carolina teams finished with sub-.500 records. The Mudcats' affiliation with the Pirates ended after the 1998 season. Over eight years with Pittsburgh, Carolina held a regular season record of 539–587.
Colorado Rockies (1999–2002)
Carolina became the Double-A affiliate of the Colorado Rockies in 1999. The team incurred losing records in each of the first three seasons of the partnership. In 2002, the Mudcats won the First Half Eastern Division title, but they lost the Eastern Division crown to Jacksonville, 3–2. The affiliation ended after four years with Carolina going 251–302 in the regular season over that stretch.
Florida Marlins (2003–2008)
The Mudcats joined the Florida Marlins organization in 2003 as their Double-A affiliate. In the first season of the partnership, manager Tracy Woodson led Carolina to win both halves of the season and the Eastern Division title versus the Tennessee Smokies, 3–1. The Mudcats then won their second Southern League championship over Huntsville, 3–2. The team returned to the playoffs with a wild card berth in 2005, but they were swept out of the division series, 3–0, by the West Tenn Diamond Jaxx.
Carolina won the Second Half Northern Division title in 2008 and defeated West Tenn in a three-game sweep to advance to the Southern League finals. In a full five-game series, the Mudcats lost the league championship to the Mississippi Braves, 3–2. Gaby Sánchez, a Carolina first and third baseman who led the league with 42 doubles, was selected as the Southern League MVP. The six-year affiliation with Florida came to an end after the 2008 campaign. Carolina's record over that time was 431–400.
Cincinnati Reds (2009–2011)
A Mudcats game at Five County Stadium
The Mudcats became the Double-A affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds in 2009. With losing records, the team missed out on playoff spots in each of their three seasons with the Reds. Two players, however, were selected for league year-end awards. Pitcher Travis Wood received the Southern League Most Outstanding Pitcher Award in 2009. Center fielder Dave Sappelt, who had a league-leading .361 batting average, won the MVP Award in 2010. Over three years with Cincinnati, the Mudcats went 176–239.
In December 2010, team owner Steve Bryant sold his Southern League franchise to businessman Quint Studer and his wife, Rishy, who planned to relocate the team to Pensacola, Florida, as the Pensacola Blue Wahoos in 2012. In a corresponding move, the Studers facilitated Bryant's purchase of the Kinston Indians of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League. As the Southern League franchise departed for Pensacola after the 2011 season, the Carolina League franchise moved to Zebulon and continued as the Mudcats at Class A-Advanced.
Cleveland Indians (2012–2014)
Upon joining the Carolina League in 2012, the Mudcats became the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the Cleveland Indians in a continuation of their previous relationship with Kinston. Their new league used the same split-season format as the Southern League. Carolina posted losing records in each season of the three-year run with Cleveland without qualifying for the playoffs. They went 182–234 over this period. In 2013, pitcher Cody Anderson, who led the league with a 2.34 earned run average, won the Carolina League Pitcher of the Year Award and the league's Community Service Award.
Atlanta Braves (2015–2016)
The Mudcats' next affiliate was the Atlanta Braves. The partnership began in 2015 with the team experiencing its first winning season (71–68) since 2008. They finished 35 games under .500 in 2016, the last year of the affiliation, giving them a cumulative two-year record of 123–155.
Milwaukee Brewers (2017–present)
A Brewers-themed Mudcats jersey given away in August 2023
The Mudcats became the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers in 2017. The team narrowly missed the playoffs in their first year with the Brewers with a 73–65 record. In October 2017, team owner Steve Bryant sold his majority interest in the Mudcats to the Brewers. In 2019, catcher Mario Feliciano won the Carolina League Most Valuable Player Award; he led the league with 19 home runs, 78 RBI, and a .476 slugging percentage at the time of the award. Starter Noah Zavolas won the Pitcher of the Year Award; he held a league-best 1.14 WHIP at the time.
The start of the 2020 season was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic before being cancelled on June 30. Following the 2020 season, Major League Baseball assumed control of Minor League Baseball in a move to increase player salaries, modernize facility standards, and reduce travel. As a result, the Brewers' Class A affiliate, the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers, was moved up to High-A. Consequently, the Mudcats were shifted to the Low-A classification as members of the Low-A East but kept their affiliation with Milwaukee. Carolina began competition in the new league on May 4 with a 6–5 victory over the Fayetteville Woodpeckers at Five County Stadium. The Mudcats placed second in the Central Division at 68–52 after their first season in the Low-A East.
In 2022, the Low-A East became known as the Carolina League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization, and was reclassified as a Single-A circuit. The Mudcats finished the first-half in second place, one game behind the division winner. They placed second in the second-half but further back. Overall, Carolina had a 69–62 record. Outfielder Jackson Chourio was voted the Carolina League MVP and won the league's Top MLB Prospect Award.
The 2023 Mudcats ended the first-half five games out of first-place, but won the second-half by four games with a record of 39–25. Overall, they were 72–55 for the season. Carolina lost the Northern Division title versus the Down East Wood Ducks, 2–1. Victor Estevez was chosen for the Carolina League Manager of the Year Award. Over six complete seasons of competition as a Brewers farm club, the Mudcats hold a win–loss record of 412–381.
Future
The Mudcats are expected to relocate to Wilson, North Carolina, following the 2025 season but could be after the 2026 season with a town and builder vote. They will play at a new $75.5-million stadium near downtown, about 20 miles (32 km) east of Five County Stadium.
Season-by-season records
Table key
League
The team's final position in the league standings
Division
The team's final position in the divisional standings
GB
Games behind the team that finished in first place in the division that season
†
League champions
*
Division champions
^
Postseason berth
Season-by-season records
Season
League
Regular-season
Postseason
MLB affiliate
Ref.
Record
Win %
League
Division
GB
Record
Win %
Result
1991
SL
66–76
.465
7th (tie)
5th
21
—
—
—
Pittsburgh Pirates
1992
SL
52–92
.361
10th
5th
48+1⁄2
—
—
—
Pittsburgh Pirates
1993
SL
74–67
.525
3rd
2nd
1⁄2
—
—
—
Pittsburgh Pirates
1994^ *
SL
74–66
.529
4th (tie)
2nd
1
4–5
.444
Won First Half Eastern Division titleWon Eastern Division title vs. Greenville Braves, 3–2Lost SL championship vs. Huntsville Stars, 3–1
Pittsburgh Pirates
1995^ * †
SL
89–55
.618
1st
1st
—
6–4
.600
Won First and Second Half Eastern Division titlesWon Eastern Division title vs. Orlando Cubs, 3–2Won SL championship vs. Chattanooga Lookouts, 3–2
Pittsburgh Pirates
1996^
SL
70–69
.504
6th
2nd
5+1⁄2
2–3
.400
Lost Eastern Division title vs. Jacksonville Suns, 3–2
Pittsburgh Pirates
1997
SL
55–82
.401
10th
5th
19+1⁄2
—
—
—
Pittsburgh Pirates
1998
SL
59–80
.424
9th
5th
26+1⁄2
—
—
—
Pittsburgh Pirates
1999
SL
60–80
.429
9th
4th
14+1⁄2
—
—
—
Colorado Rockies
2000
SL
64–75
.460
9th (tie)
5th
6+1⁄2
—
—
—
Colorado Rockies
2001
SL
62–76
.449
7th
3rd
20+1⁄2
—
—
—
Colorado Rockies
2002^
SL
65–71
.478
8th
4th
10+1⁄2
2–3
.400
Won First Half Eastern Division titleLost Eastern Division title vs. Jacksonville Suns, 3–2
Colorado Rockies
2003^ * †
SL
80–58
.580
1st
1st
—
6–3
.667
Won First and Second Half Eastern Division titlesWon Eastern Division title vs. Tennessee Smokies, 3–1Won SL championship vs. Huntsville Stars, 3–2
Florida Marlins
2004
SL
73–66
.525
2nd (tie)
2nd
13+1⁄2
—
—
—
Florida Marlins
2005^
SL
77–57
.575
3rd
2nd
3+1⁄2
0–3
.000
Lost Northern Division title vs. West Tenn Diamond Jaxx, 3–0
Florida Marlins
2006
SL
61–79
.436
8th
5th
20
—
—
—
Florida Marlins
2007
SL
60–80
.429
10th
5th
16+1⁄2
—
—
—
Florida Marlins
2008^ *
SL
80–60
.571
1st
1st
—
5–3
.625
Won Second Half Northern Division titleWon Northern Division title vs. West Tenn Diamond Jaxx, 3–0Lost SL championship vs. Mississippi Braves, 3–2
Florida Marlins
2009
SL
65–74
.468
6th (tie)
2nd (tie)
5+1⁄2
—
—
—
Cincinnati Reds
2010
SL
58–79
.423
9th
5th
27
—
—
—
Cincinnati Reds
2011
SL
53–86
.381
10th
5th
29+1⁄2
—
—
—
Cincinnati Reds
2012
CL
63–77
.450
7th
4th
25
—
—
—
Cleveland Indians
2013
CL
57–83
.407
8th
4th
20+1⁄2
—
—
—
Cleveland Indians
2014
CL
62–74
.456
7th
3rd
19
—
—
—
Cleveland Indians
2015
CL
71–68
.511
4th
3rd
10+1⁄2
—
—
—
Atlanta Braves
2016
CL
52–87
.374
8th
4th
35
—
—
—
Atlanta Braves
2017
CL
73–65
.529
3rd
2nd
1⁄2
—
—
—
Milwaukee Brewers
2018
CL
65–73
.471
7th
3rd
19
—
—
—
Milwaukee Brewers
2019
CL
65–74
.468
7th
4th
22
—
—
—
Milwaukee Brewers
2020
Season cancelled (COVID-19 pandemic)
Milwaukee Brewers
2021
A-E
68–52
.567
4th (tie)
2nd
4
—
—
—
Milwaukee Brewers
2022
CL
69–62
.527
4th (tie)
2nd
6+1⁄2
—
—
—
Milwaukee Brewers
2023^
CL
72–55
.567
1st
2nd
—
1–2
.333
Won Second-Half Northern Division titleLost Northern Division title vs. Down East Wood Ducks, 2–1
Milwaukee Brewers
Totals
—
2,114–2,298
.479
—
—
—
26–26
.500
—
—
—
Franchise totals by affiliation
Affiliation
Regular season
Postseason
Composite
Record
Win %
Apps.
Record
Win %
Record
Win %
Pittsburgh Pirates (1991–1998)
539–587
.479
3
12–12
.500
551–599
.479
Colorado Rockies (1999–2002)
251–302
.454
1
2–3
.400
253–305
.453
Florida Marlins (2003–2008)
431–400
.519
3
11–9
.550
442–409
.519
Cincinnati Reds (2009–2011)
176–239
.424
0
—
—
176–239
.424
Cleveland Indians (2012–2014)
182–234
.438
0
—
—
182–234
.438
Atlanta Braves (2015–2016)
123–155
.442
0
—
—
123–155
.442
Milwaukee Brewers (2017–present)
412–381
.520
1
1–2
.333
413–383
.519
All-time
2,114–2,298
.479
8
26–26
.500
2,068–2,269
.477
Roster
Carolina Mudcats rostervte
Players
Coaches/Other
Pitchers
17 Morris Austin
28 Cristofher Carrasco
20 Daniel Corniel
18 Harrison Durow
48 Jeferson Figueroa
46 Yorman Galindez
-- Rafael Garcia
37 Josh Knoth
32 Bishop Letson
24 Aidan Maldonado
38 Jeison Pena
44 Anfernny Reyes
49 Jesus Rivero
27 Manuel Rodriguez
39 Brailin Rodriguez
34 Josh Timmerman
12 Blake Whiting
Catchers
15 Blayberg Diaz
23 David García
3 Satchell Norman
Infielders
11 Jose Acosta
2 Juan Baez
2 Filippo Di Turi
4 Daniel Guilarte
9 Cooper Pratt
Outfielders
10 Miguel Briceno
16 Luis Castillo
6 Yhoswar Garcia
29 Reidy Mercado
5 Yophery Rodriguez
22 Reece Walling
Manager
7 Nick Stanley
Coaches
25 Marcelo Alfonsin
33 Michael O'Neal (pitching)
13 Liu Rodríguez
30 Austin Turner (hitting)
60-day injured list
26 Ryan Birchard
95 Fray Morelo
3 Kay-Lan Nicasia
97 Hedbert Perez
-- Jason Woodward
7-day injured list
* On Milwaukee Brewers 40-man roster
~ Development list
# Rehab assignment
∞ Reserve list
‡ Restricted list
§ Suspended list
† Temporarily inactive list
Roster updated June 11, 2024
Transactions
→ More rosters: MiLB • Carolina League
→ Milwaukee Brewers minor league players
Awards
Nine players, one manager, and one executive have won league awards in recognition for their performance with the Mudcats.
Cody Anderson won the Carolina League Pitcher of the Year Award and its Community Service Award in 2013.
Southern League awards
Award
Recipient
Season
Ref.
Most Valuable Player
Mark Johnson
1994
Most Valuable Player
Jason Kendall
1995
Most Valuable Player
Gaby Sánchez
2008
Most Valuable Player
Dave Sappelt
2010
Most Outstanding Pitcher
Travis Wood
2009
Executive of the Year
Joe Kremer
1993
Executive of the Year
Joe Kremer
1995
Executive of the Year
Joe Kremer
2005
Executive of the Year
Joe Kremer
2008
Carolina League awards
Award
Recipient
Season
Ref.
Most Valuable Player
Mario Feliciano
2019
Most Valuable Player
Jackson Chourio
2022
Pitcher of the Year
Cody Anderson
2013
Pitcher of the Year
Noah Zavolas
2019
Top MLB Prospect
Jackson Chourio
2022
Community Service Award
Cody Anderson
2013
Manager of the Year Award
Victor Estevez
2023
Executive of the Year
Joe Kremer
2018
References
^ "Mudcats Front Office". Carolina Mudcats. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "Mudcats Front Office". Carolina Mudcats. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
^ "Columbus, Georgia Register History". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
^ "Mudcats Moving to Zebulon, N.C." The Item. Sumter. December 4, 1990. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Coggins, Rudy (January 19, 1991). "Baseball to Return to Raleigh". Rocky Mount Telegram. Rocky Mount. pp. 1–2 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Woodward, Bill (January 20, 1991). "Mudcats Affiliated with Pirates". The News and Observer. Raleigh. p. 9B – via Newspapers.com.
^ "They're Off: Bulls, Mudcats Open". The News and Observer. Raleigh. April 12, 1991. p. 1C – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Mudcats Cruise to First Win". The News and Observer. Raleigh. April 13, 1991. p. 3C – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c Woodward, Bill (April 20, 1991). "Mudcats Debut is Wet, but it's Successful". The News and Observer. Raleigh. p. 1C – via Newspapers.com.
^ Woodward, Bill (July 4, 1991). "7,333 Watch Opener". The News and Observer. Raleigh. p. 1C – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Playoff Procedures". Southern League. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
^ "1991 Southern League Standings". Stats Crew. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^ a b "1991 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Raleigh, North Carolina Register History". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^ a b c "1994 Southern League Standings". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "1994 Southern League Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Southern League Award Winners". Southern League. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ "1995 Carolina Mudcats Statistics". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^ a b c "1995 Southern League Standings". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ a b "1996 Southern League Standings". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ a b Woodward, Bill (September 19, 1998). "Mudcats Hook Up with Rockies". The News and Observer. Raleigh. p. 3C – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "2002 Southern League Standings". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ a b Myatt, Al (September 17, 2002). "Mudcats Join Marlins' Team". The News and Observer. Raleigh. p. 3C – via Newspapers.com.
^ "2003 Carolina Mudcats Statistics". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^ a b c "2003 Southern League Standings". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ a b "2005 Southern League Standings". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ a b c "2008 Southern League Standings". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2008 Southern League Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^ a b "Turmoil In Seattle". Hartford Courant. Hartford. September 26, 2008. p. C8 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "2010 Southern League Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^ Reichard, Kevin (December 16, 2010). "Carolina to Pensacola, Kinston to Zebulon in 2012". Ballpark Digest. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^ a b Reichard, Kevin (August 27, 2012). "Mudcats Owners: We're Happy With Move to Carolina League". Ballpark Digest. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^ a b Moody, Aaron (September 11, 2011). "Mudcats' Season Ends On Low Note". The News and Observer. Raleigh. p. 6A – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Playoff Procedures". Carolina League. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^ a b c d e f g "Zebulon, North Carolina Register History". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^ a b Ivins, Andrew (September 30, 2014). "Braves Announce Affiliation with Mudcats". Rocky Mount Telegram. Rocky Mount. p. 1B – via Newspapers.com.
^ Parker, John (August 28, 2013). "Curley, Anderson Lead Carolina Stars". Carolina League. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^ Best, D. Clay (November 13, 2016). "Carolina Mudcats to be Brewers Affiliate in 2017". The News and Observer. Raleigh. p. 5A – via Newspapers.com.
^ Reichard, Kevin (October 4, 2017). "Milwaukee Brewers Buy Carolina Mudcats". Ballpark Digest. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^ a b Tripodi, Chris (August 22, 2019). "Feliciano, Zavolas Pace Carolina Standouts". Ballpark Digest. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^ "A Message From Pat O'Conner". Minor League Baseball. March 13, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
^ a b "2020 Minor League Baseball Season Shelved". Minor League Baseball. June 30, 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
^ Mayo, Jonathan (February 12, 2021). "MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues". Major League Baseball. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
^ "Woodpeckers vs. Mudcats Wrapup 05/04/21". Minor League Baseball. May 4, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
^ a b "2021 Low-A East". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
^ "Historical League Names to Return in 2022". Minor League Baseball. March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ a b "Carolina League Standings". Minor League Baseball. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
^ a b c "Jackson Chourio Named Carolina League MVP". Carolina League. Minor League Baseball. November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
^ "2023 Carolina League Standings". Minor League Baseball. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ a b "2023 Carolina League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ a b "Mudcats Fall 4-3 in Extras in Playoff Series Finale Kinston". Minor League Baseball. September 16, 2023. Archived from the original on September 16, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
^ a b "Victor Estevez Named Carolina League Manager of the Year". Major League Baseball. September 19, 2023. Archived from the original on September 19, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
^ Reichard, Kevin (December 18, 2023). "Wilson Approves New Carolina Mudcats Ballpark". Ballpark Digest. August Publications. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
^ "1992 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "1993 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "1994 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "1995 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "1996 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "1997 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "1998 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "1999 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2000 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2001 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2002 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2003 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2004 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2005 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2006 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2007 Southern League Standings". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2009 Southern League Standings". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2010 Southern League Standings". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2011 Southern League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2012 Carolina League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2013 Carolina League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2014 Carolina League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2015 Carolina League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2016 Carolina League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2017 Carolina League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2018 Carolina League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "2019 Carolina League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ Young, Greg (January 22, 2020). "Manager Joe Ayrault Returns as Brewers Announce 2020 Mudcats Staff". Biloxi Shuckers. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
^ "2022 Carolina League". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
^ a b c d e "Carolina League Award Winners". Southern League. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Carolina League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_League"},{"link_name":"Single-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-A"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"Zebulon, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebulon,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Five County Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_County_Stadium"},{"link_name":"catfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish"},{"link_name":"Columbus Mudcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Mudcats"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Double-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_League_(1964%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Class A-Advanced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A-Advanced"},{"link_name":"Southern League championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Southern_League_champions"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Florida Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Marlins"}],"text":"The Carolina Mudcats are a Minor League Baseball team of the Carolina League and the Single-A affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers. They are located in Zebulon, North Carolina, a suburb of Raleigh, and play their home games at Five County Stadium. \"Mudcats\" is a Southern synonym for catfish.The team began play in 1991 after the Columbus Mudcats relocated from Columbus, Georgia. They were members of the Double-A Southern League through 2011. The Mudcats were replaced by a Class A-Advanced team of the Carolina League in 2012. This team carried on as an extension of the previous club. The Mudcats, along with most of their Carolina League cohort, were dropped to the Low-A classification and placed in a league temporarily named Low-A East in 2021 as part of Major League Baseball's takeover and reorganization of the minor leagues; for 2022 this league was assigned the historic Carolina League name and identity and the classification renamed Single-A.The Mudcats won the Southern League championship in 1995 as the Double-A affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates and in 2003 as the Double-A affiliate of the Florida Marlins.","title":"Carolina Mudcats"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zebulon, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebulon,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Double-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_League_(1964%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Columbus Mudcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Mudcats"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Five County Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_County_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Durham Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Bulls"}],"sub_title":"Before Carolina","text":"The Mudcats came to Zebulon, North Carolina, by way of Columbus, Georgia. From 1969 to 1990, Columbus was home to the Double-A Southern League's Columbus Mudcats.[3] Following the 1990 season, team owner Steve Bryant relocated the club to the Raleigh suburb of Zebulon, where it continued in the Southern League as the Carolina Mudcats.[4] The team played at Five County Stadium, which was named for its location near the convergence of five counties: Wake, Nash, Johnston, Franklin, and Wilson.[5] The stadium was as close to Raleigh as it could get without infringing on the territorial rights of the then Class A (now Triple-A) Durham Bulls.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Greenville Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville_Braves"},{"link_name":"Greenville Municipal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville_Municipal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Greenville, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Fleming Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NO4-20-1991-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NO4-20-1991-9"},{"link_name":"starting pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starting_pitcher"},{"link_name":"Tim Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wakefield"},{"link_name":"win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NO4-20-1991-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carolina_Mudcats_at_Five_County_Stadium.jpg"},{"link_name":"Five County Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_County_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"win–loss record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR1991-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRRaleigh-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRRaleigh-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC1994-15"},{"link_name":"Huntsville Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville_Stars"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC1994-15"},{"link_name":"First baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"Mark Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Johnson_(first_baseman)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Southern League Most Valuable Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_League_Most_Valuable_Player"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLawards-17"},{"link_name":"Managed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Trent Jewett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Jewett"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRRaleigh-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC1995-19"},{"link_name":"Orlando Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Southern League championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Southern_League_champions"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga Lookouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_Lookouts"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC1995-19"},{"link_name":"Catcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catcher"},{"link_name":"Jason Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Kendall"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLawards-17"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Suns"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC1996-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRRaleigh-14"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NO9-19-1998-21"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRRaleigh-14"}],"sub_title":"Pittsburgh Pirates (1991–1998)","text":"As the Double-A affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates,[6] the Carolina Mudcats played their first game on April 11, 1991, on the road against the Greenville Braves at Greenville Municipal Stadium in Greenville, South Carolina, losing, 1–0.[7] They earned their first win the next evening, defeating Greenville, 7–3.[8] While work on Five County Stadium continued, the Mudcats opened their home schedule at Fleming Stadium in Wilson on April 19.[9] They won their home opener over Greenville, 5–1, before 4,357 people.[9] Initially delayed because of rain, the game was called in the eighth inning with Mudcats starting pitcher Tim Wakefield earning the win after allowing only one run on four hits over seven innings.[9] Their first game at Five County Stadium was played on July 3. A standing-room-only crowd of 7,333 witnessed a 6–1 defeat by the Braves.[10]Five County Stadium, home of the Carolina MudcatsThe Southern League used a split-season schedule wherein the division winners from each half qualified for the postseason championship playoffs.[11] Carolina did not win either half of their inaugural season.[12] Overall, the Mudcats finished their first season with a 66–76 win–loss record.[13] The team posted a franchise-low 52–92 record in 1992.[14] After their first winning campaign in 1993,[14] the 1994 Mudcats won the First Half Eastern Division title and then beat Greenville, 3–2, to claim the Eastern Division title and a place in the league championship series.[15] They were defeated in the finals by the Western Division champion Huntsville Stars, 3–1.[15] First baseman Mark Johnson, who led the circuit with 23 home runs.[16] was selected as the Southern League Most Valuable Player (MVP).[17]Managed by Trent Jewett,[18] Carolina won both halves of the 1995 season, sending them back to the playoffs with a franchise-best 89–55 campaign.[14][19] They won the Eastern Division title versus the Orlando Cubs, 3–2, before winning their first Southern League championship over the Chattanooga Lookouts, 3–2.[19] Catcher Jason Kendall was selected for the league MVP Award.[17] The Mudcats qualified for the 1996 playoffs via a wild card berth but were eliminated in the Eastern Division series by the Jacksonville Suns, 3–2.[20] The next two Carolina teams finished with sub-.500 records.[14] The Mudcats' affiliation with the Pirates ended after the 1998 season.[21] Over eight years with Pittsburgh, Carolina held a regular season record of 539–587.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colorado Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rockies"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NO9-19-1998-21"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRRaleigh-14"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC2002-22"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRRaleigh-14"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NO9-17-2002-23"}],"sub_title":"Colorado Rockies (1999–2002)","text":"Carolina became the Double-A affiliate of the Colorado Rockies in 1999.[21] The team incurred losing records in each of the first three seasons of the partnership.[14] In 2002, the Mudcats won the First Half Eastern Division title, but they lost the Eastern Division crown to Jacksonville, 3–2.[22] The affiliation ended after four years with Carolina going 251–302 in the regular season over that stretch.[14][23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Marlins"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NO9-17-2002-23"},{"link_name":"Tracy Woodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Woodson"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Smokies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Smokies"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC2003-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC2003-25"},{"link_name":"West Tenn Diamond Jaxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Tenn_Diamond_Jaxx"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC2005-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC2008-27"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Braves"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC2008-27"},{"link_name":"Gaby Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaby_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"third baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLawards-17"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HC9-26-2008-29"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRRaleigh-14"}],"sub_title":"Florida Marlins (2003–2008)","text":"The Mudcats joined the Florida Marlins organization in 2003 as their Double-A affiliate.[23] In the first season of the partnership, manager Tracy Woodson led Carolina to win both halves of the season and the Eastern Division title versus the Tennessee Smokies, 3–1.[24][25] The Mudcats then won their second Southern League championship over Huntsville, 3–2.[25] The team returned to the playoffs with a wild card berth in 2005, but they were swept out of the division series, 3–0, by the West Tenn Diamond Jaxx.[26]Carolina won the Second Half Northern Division title in 2008 and defeated West Tenn in a three-game sweep to advance to the Southern League finals.[27] In a full five-game series, the Mudcats lost the league championship to the Mississippi Braves, 3–2.[27] Gaby Sánchez, a Carolina first and third baseman who led the league with 42 doubles,[28] was selected as the Southern League MVP.[17] The six-year affiliation with Florida came to an end after the 2008 campaign.[29] Carolina's record over that time was 431–400.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mudcats-Biscuits_at_Five_County_Stadium.jpg"},{"link_name":"Five County Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_County_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HC9-26-2008-29"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRRaleigh-14"},{"link_name":"Travis Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Wood"},{"link_name":"Southern League Most Outstanding Pitcher Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_League_Most_Outstanding_Pitcher_Award"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLawards-17"},{"link_name":"Center fielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_fielder"},{"link_name":"Dave Sappelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Sappelt"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLawards-17"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRRaleigh-14"},{"link_name":"Quint Studer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quint_Studer"},{"link_name":"Pensacola, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Pensacola Blue Wahoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola_Blue_Wahoos"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KReichard12-16-2010-31"},{"link_name":"Kinston Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinston_Indians"},{"link_name":"Class A-Advanced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A-Advanced"},{"link_name":"Carolina League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_League"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KReichard8-27-2012-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KReichard8-27-2012-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NO9-11-2011-33"}],"sub_title":"Cincinnati Reds (2009–2011)","text":"A Mudcats game at Five County StadiumThe Mudcats became the Double-A affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds in 2009.[29] With losing records, the team missed out on playoff spots in each of their three seasons with the Reds.[14] Two players, however, were selected for league year-end awards. Pitcher Travis Wood received the Southern League Most Outstanding Pitcher Award in 2009.[17] Center fielder Dave Sappelt, who had a league-leading .361 batting average, won the MVP Award in 2010.[17][30] Over three years with Cincinnati, the Mudcats went 176–239.[14]In December 2010, team owner Steve Bryant sold his Southern League franchise to businessman Quint Studer and his wife, Rishy, who planned to relocate the team to Pensacola, Florida, as the Pensacola Blue Wahoos in 2012.[31] In a corresponding move, the Studers facilitated Bryant's purchase of the Kinston Indians of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League.[32] As the Southern League franchise departed for Pensacola after the 2011 season, the Carolina League franchise moved to Zebulon and continued as the Mudcats at Class A-Advanced.[32][33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NO9-11-2011-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRZebulon-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RMT9-30-2014-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRZebulon-35"},{"link_name":"Cody Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_Anderson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"earned run average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Cleveland Indians (2012–2014)","text":"Upon joining the Carolina League in 2012, the Mudcats became the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the Cleveland Indians in a continuation of their previous relationship with Kinston.[33] Their new league used the same split-season format as the Southern League.[34] Carolina posted losing records in each season of the three-year run with Cleveland without qualifying for the playoffs.[35][36] They went 182–234 over this period.[35] In 2013, pitcher Cody Anderson, who led the league with a 2.34 earned run average, won the Carolina League Pitcher of the Year Award and the league's Community Service Award.[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RMT9-30-2014-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRZebulon-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRZebulon-35"}],"sub_title":"Atlanta Braves (2015–2016)","text":"The Mudcats' next affiliate was the Atlanta Braves.[36] The partnership began in 2015 with the team experiencing its first winning season (71–68) since 2008.[35] They finished 35 games under .500 in 2016, the last year of the affiliation, giving them a cumulative two-year record of 123–155.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mudcats_Brewers_Weekend_Jersey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NO11-13-2016-38"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRZebulon-35"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Mario Feliciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Feliciano"},{"link_name":"Carolina League Most Valuable Player Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_League_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"slugging percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slugging_percentage"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019awards-40"},{"link_name":"Noah Zavolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Zavolas"},{"link_name":"WHIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walks_plus_hits_per_inning_pitched"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019awards-40"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020can-42"},{"link_name":"Class A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Timber Rattlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Timber_Rattlers"},{"link_name":"High-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-A"},{"link_name":"Low-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-A"},{"link_name":"Low-A East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-A_East"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMayo2-12-2021-43"},{"link_name":"Fayetteville Woodpeckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville_Woodpeckers"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR2021-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLrename-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022halfs-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022halfs-47"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRZebulon-35"},{"link_name":"Outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"Jackson Chourio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Chourio"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022awards-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MILB2023-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR2023-50"},{"link_name":"Down East Wood Ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_East_Wood_Ducks"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023post-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023MOTY-52"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRZebulon-35"}],"sub_title":"Milwaukee Brewers (2017–present)","text":"A Brewers-themed Mudcats jersey given away in August 2023The Mudcats became the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers in 2017.[38] The team narrowly missed the playoffs in their first year with the Brewers with a 73–65 record.[35] In October 2017, team owner Steve Bryant sold his majority interest in the Mudcats to the Brewers.[39] In 2019, catcher Mario Feliciano won the Carolina League Most Valuable Player Award; he led the league with 19 home runs, 78 RBI, and a .476 slugging percentage at the time of the award.[40] Starter Noah Zavolas won the Pitcher of the Year Award; he held a league-best 1.14 WHIP at the time.[40]The start of the 2020 season was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic before being cancelled on June 30.[41][42] Following the 2020 season, Major League Baseball assumed control of Minor League Baseball in a move to increase player salaries, modernize facility standards, and reduce travel. As a result, the Brewers' Class A affiliate, the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers, was moved up to High-A. Consequently, the Mudcats were shifted to the Low-A classification as members of the Low-A East but kept their affiliation with Milwaukee.[43] Carolina began competition in the new league on May 4 with a 6–5 victory over the Fayetteville Woodpeckers at Five County Stadium.[44] The Mudcats placed second in the Central Division at 68–52 after their first season in the Low-A East.[45]In 2022, the Low-A East became known as the Carolina League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization, and was reclassified as a Single-A circuit.[46] The Mudcats finished the first-half in second place, one game behind the division winner.[47] They placed second in the second-half but further back.[47] Overall, Carolina had a 69–62 record.[35] Outfielder Jackson Chourio was voted the Carolina League MVP and won the league's Top MLB Prospect Award.[48]The 2023 Mudcats ended the first-half five games out of first-place, but won the second-half by four games with a record of 39–25.[49] Overall, they were 72–55 for the season.[50] Carolina lost the Northern Division title versus the Down East Wood Ducks, 2–1.[51] Victor Estevez was chosen for the Carolina League Manager of the Year Award.[52] Over six complete seasons of competition as a Brewers farm club, the Mudcats hold a win–loss record of 412–381.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilson, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Future","text":"The Mudcats are expected to relocate to Wilson, North Carolina, following the 2025 season but could be after the 2026 season with a town and builder vote. They will play at a new $75.5-million stadium near downtown, about 20 miles (32 km) east of Five County Stadium.[53]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season-by-season records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cody_Anderson_2019_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cody Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_Anderson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Carolina League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_League"}],"text":"Nine players, one manager, and one executive have won league awards in recognition for their performance with the Mudcats.Cody Anderson won the Carolina League Pitcher of the Year Award and its Community Service Award in 2013.","title":"Awards"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Five County Stadium, home of the Carolina Mudcats","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carolina_Mudcats_at_Five_County_Stadium.jpg/260px-Carolina_Mudcats_at_Five_County_Stadium.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Mudcats game at Five County Stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mudcats-Biscuits_at_Five_County_Stadium.jpg/260px-Mudcats-Biscuits_at_Five_County_Stadium.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Brewers-themed Mudcats jersey given away in August 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mudcats_Brewers_Weekend_Jersey.jpg/220px-Mudcats_Brewers_Weekend_Jersey.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cody Anderson won the Carolina League Pitcher of the Year Award and its Community Service Award in 2013.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cody_Anderson_2019_%281%29.jpg/200px-Cody_Anderson_2019_%281%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Mudcats Front Office\". Carolina Mudcats. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved December 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/carolina-mudcats/ballpark/front-office","url_text":"\"Mudcats Front Office\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mudcats Front Office\". Carolina Mudcats. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved September 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/carolina-mudcats/ballpark/front-office","url_text":"\"Mudcats Front Office\""}]},{"reference":"\"Columbus, Georgia Register History\". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?city=Columbus&state=GA&country=US","url_text":"\"Columbus, Georgia Register History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mudcats Moving to Zebulon, N.C.\" The Item. Sumter. December 4, 1990. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65159064/mudcats-moving-to-zebulon-nc/","url_text":"\"Mudcats Moving to Zebulon, N.C.\""}]},{"reference":"Coggins, Rudy (January 19, 1991). \"Baseball to Return to Raleigh\". Rocky Mount Telegram. Rocky Mount. pp. 1–2 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67233651/baseball-to-return-to-raleigh/","url_text":"\"Baseball to Return to Raleigh\""}]},{"reference":"Woodward, Bill (January 20, 1991). \"Mudcats Affiliated with Pirates\". The News and Observer. Raleigh. p. 9B – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67326021/mudcats-affiliated-with-pirates/","url_text":"\"Mudcats Affiliated with Pirates\""}]},{"reference":"\"They're Off: Bulls, Mudcats Open\". The News and Observer. Raleigh. April 12, 1991. p. 1C – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67234450/theyre-off-bulls-mudcats-open/","url_text":"\"They're Off: Bulls, Mudcats Open\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mudcats Cruise to First Win\". The News and Observer. Raleigh. April 13, 1991. p. 3C – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67234663/mudcats-cruise-to-first-win/","url_text":"\"Mudcats Cruise to First Win\""}]},{"reference":"Woodward, Bill (April 20, 1991). \"Mudcats Debut is Wet, but it's Successful\". The News and Observer. Raleigh. p. 1C – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67234309/mudcats-debut-is-wet-but-its/","url_text":"\"Mudcats Debut is Wet, but it's Successful\""}]},{"reference":"Woodward, Bill (July 4, 1991). \"7,333 Watch Opener\". The News and Observer. Raleigh. p. 1C – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67482774/7333-watch-opener/","url_text":"\"7,333 Watch Opener\""}]},{"reference":"\"Playoff Procedures\". Southern League. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved December 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/southern/events/playoff-procedures","url_text":"\"Playoff Procedures\""}]},{"reference":"\"1991 Southern League Standings\". Stats Crew. Retrieved January 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/standings/l-SOUL/y-1991","url_text":"\"1991 Southern League Standings\""}]},{"reference":"\"1991 Southern League\". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=3acb56df","url_text":"\"1991 Southern League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raleigh, North Carolina Register History\". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved January 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?city=Raleigh&state=NC&country=US","url_text":"\"Raleigh, North Carolina Register History\""}]},{"reference":"\"1994 Southern League Standings\". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/standings/l-SOUL/y-1994","url_text":"\"1994 Southern League Standings\""}]},{"reference":"\"1994 Southern League Batting Leaders\". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/leader.cgi?type=bat&id=19c1af65","url_text":"\"1994 Southern League Batting Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southern League Award Winners\". Southern League. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved January 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/southern/history/league-award-winners","url_text":"\"Southern League Award Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"1995 Carolina Mudcats Statistics\". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=b6f8bb0d","url_text":"\"1995 Carolina Mudcats Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"1995 Southern League Standings\". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/standings/l-SOUL/y-1995","url_text":"\"1995 Southern League Standings\""}]},{"reference":"\"1996 Southern League Standings\". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/standings/l-SOUL/y-1996","url_text":"\"1996 Southern League Standings\""}]},{"reference":"Woodward, Bill (September 19, 1998). \"Mudcats Hook Up with Rockies\". The News and Observer. Raleigh. p. 3C – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67326411/mudcats-hook-up-with-rockies/","url_text":"\"Mudcats Hook Up with Rockies\""}]},{"reference":"\"2002 Southern League Standings\". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/standings/l-SOUL/y-2002","url_text":"\"2002 Southern League Standings\""}]},{"reference":"Myatt, Al (September 17, 2002). \"Mudcats Join Marlins' Team\". The News and Observer. Raleigh. p. 3C – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67329113/mudcats-join-marlins-team/","url_text":"\"Mudcats Join Marlins' Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"2003 Carolina Mudcats Statistics\". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=8bf24fc3","url_text":"\"2003 Carolina Mudcats Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2003 Southern League Standings\". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/standings/l-SOUL/y-2003","url_text":"\"2003 Southern League Standings\""}]},{"reference":"\"2005 Southern League Standings\". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/standings/l-SOUL/y-2005","url_text":"\"2005 Southern League Standings\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 Southern League Standings\". Stats Crew. Retrieved December 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/standings/l-SOUL/y-2008","url_text":"\"2008 Southern League Standings\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 Southern League Batting Leaders\". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/leader.cgi?type=bat&id=fbb1cab0","url_text":"\"2008 Southern League Batting Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turmoil In Seattle\". Hartford Courant. Hartford. September 26, 2008. p. C8 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67391792/turmoil-in-seattle/","url_text":"\"Turmoil In Seattle\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Southern League Batting Leaders\". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/leader.cgi?type=bat&id=ebd4f50e","url_text":"\"2010 Southern League Batting Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"Reichard, Kevin (December 16, 2010). \"Carolina to Pensacola, Kinston to Zebulon in 2012\". Ballpark Digest. Retrieved January 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ballparkdigest.com/201012163387/minor-league-baseball/features/carolina-to-pensacola-kinston-to-zebulon-in-2012","url_text":"\"Carolina to Pensacola, Kinston to Zebulon in 2012\""}]},{"reference":"Reichard, Kevin (August 27, 2012). \"Mudcats Owners: We're Happy With Move to Carolina League\". Ballpark Digest. Retrieved January 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ballparkdigest.com/201208275438/minor-league-baseball/news/mudcats-owners-were-happy-with-move-to-carolina-league","url_text":"\"Mudcats Owners: We're Happy With Move to Carolina League\""}]},{"reference":"Moody, Aaron (September 11, 2011). \"Mudcats' Season Ends On Low Note\". The News and Observer. Raleigh. p. 6A – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67462642/mudcats-season-ends-on-low-note/","url_text":"\"Mudcats' Season Ends On Low Note\""}]},{"reference":"\"Playoff Procedures\". Carolina League. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved January 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/carolina-league/events/playoff-procedures","url_text":"\"Playoff Procedures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zebulon, North Carolina Register History\". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Comes_Up
|
Sun Comes Up
|
["1 Background","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Credits and personnel","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 Certifications","7 References"]
|
Not to be confused with Sun Came Up or Sun Come Up (song).
For the song by Major Lazer, see Sun Comes Up (Major Lazer song). For the song by Shenseea, see Alpha (Shenseea album). For the song by John Legend, see Live at SOB's.
2017 single by Rudimental featuring James Arthur"Sun Comes Up"Single by Rudimental featuring James Arthurfrom the album Toast to Our Differences Released30 June 2017 (2017-06-30)StudioHoxtonGenreDance-popLength3:52LabelAsylumEast WestSongwriter(s)
Amir Amor
Kesi Dryden
Piers Aggett
Cass Lowe
Leon "DJ Locksmith" Rolle
Producer(s)RudimentalLoweRudimental singles chronology
"Common Emotion" (2016)
"Sun Comes Up" (2017)
"These Days" (2018)
James Arthur singles chronology
"Go for Broke"(2017)
"Sun Comes Up"(2017)
"Naked"(2017)
"Sun Comes Up" is a song by English drum and bass band Rudimental, featuring British singer-songwriter James Arthur, released on 30 June 2017 through Asylum Records and East West Records as the lead single from the band's third studio album Toast to Our Differences (2018). It was written and produced by Kesi Dryden, Leon Rolle, Piers Aggett, Amir Amor and Cass Lowe.
"Sun Comes Up" peaked at number 6 in the UK Singles Chart, and charted moderately in several other countries.
Background
The band said in a statement that the song is about overcoming adversity. "We're so excited to announce our new single Sun Comes Up, a song we wrote about overcoming adversity. We spent a long time looking for the right singer for it, and were close to giving up until we met James Arthur, he sang it and we were blown away. We aren't afraid of taking new directions, and our new material has stepped up to another level. We've travelled the world far and wide and finally we feel like we've returned home on this album." "We wanted to work with him from the first time we saw him on TV. We didn't care where he came from. We thought his voice was amazing, unique," Rudimental told London Evening Standard. Kesi Dryden of Rudimental said that the song is about "a relationship breakup and how there is a new day when the sun comes up". "But when James heard the song he said the message he got from it was there has been a lot of negative times in the past but when the sun comes up it is a new day, you have a new chance. There was a new lease of life he got from it."
Critical reception
Robin Murray of Clash magazine described the song as "fusing underground sounds with some of the freshest pop hooks in the land". "James Arthur voices new single 'Sun Goes Up', and it's summertime feel is much-needed following a few dark weeks for the capital." Philippine Daily Inquirer wrote: "'Sun Comes Up' is a touching glimpse into how they've grown, both as individuals and as a band, and the various struggles they have been through to overcome adversity to get where they are today." Katrina Rees of CelebMix wrote: "The track opens with a gentle melody before an infectious beat kicks in which complements James' vocals. The chorus is euphoric and tinged with steel drums which creates the perfect summer atmosphere. We can already imagine that this song will be electric live and we can't wait to bop along to it at future festivals."
Track listing
Digital download
"Sun Comes Up" (featuring James Arthur) – 3:52
Digital download
"Sun Comes Up" (Steel Banglez Remix) (featuring James Arthur and MIST) – 3:51
Digital download
"Sun Comes Up" (Acoustic) (featuring James Arthur) – 4:15
Digital download
"Sun Comes Up" (Heyder Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 4:10
Digital download
"Sun Comes Up" (Tritonal Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 4:13
Digital download – Remixes, Pt. 1
"Sun Comes Up" (Offaiah Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 3:13
"Sun Comes Up" (Ofenbach Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 3:10
"Sun Comes Up" (Coldabank Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 4:16
"Sun Comes Up" (Leon Lour Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 3:56
Digital download – Remixes, Pt. 2
"Sun Comes Up" (Steel Banglez Remix) (featuring James Arthur and MIST) – 3:51
"Sun Comes Up" (Murdock Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 3:51
"Sun Comes Up" (Distinkt Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 3:29
"Sun Comes Up" (House of Mizchif Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 6:43
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Tidal.
Piers Aggett – composing, producing, background vocals, piano, synthesizer
Amir Amor – composing, producing, background vocals, drum programming, guitar
Cass Lowe – composing, producing, background vocals
Kesi Dryden – composing, producing, background vocals, bass, strings
Leon "Locksmith" Rolle – composing, producing, keyboard, background vocals, percussion
Stuart Hawkes – mastering engineering
Dave Emery – mixing
Michael Freeman – mixing
Spike Stent – mixing
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2017–18)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
55
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
50
Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)
1
Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia)
27
Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)
22
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)
90
Germany (Official German Charts)
76
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
7
Hungary (Single Top 40)
33
Ireland (IRMA)
15
Netherlands (Single Tip)
21
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)
6
Romania (Airplay 100)
69
Scotland (OCC)
6
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)
8
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)
84
Slovenia (SloTop50)
18
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
80
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
48
UK Singles (OCC)
6
US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)
33
Year-end charts
Chart (2017)
Position
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
90
Poland (ZPAV)
25
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)
75
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
2× Platinum
140,000‡
Germany (BVMI)
Gold
200,000‡
Poland (ZPAV)
Gold
25,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)
Platinum
600,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
References
^ 好青年. "【歌詞翻譯】Rudimental (ft. James Arthur) - Sun Comes Up". musicmaniactw.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 23 November 2020.
^ a b Robin, Murray (30 June 2017). "Rudimental Nab James Arthur For 'Sun Goes Up'". Clash. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ a b InqPOP! (30 June 2017). "Rudimental announce their official single "Sun Comes Up" feat. James Arthur". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ Jennifer, Geddes (30 June 2017). "Rudimental Unveil New Track Sun Comes Up Featuring James Arthur". Stereoboard. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ David, Smyth (30 June 2017). "Rudimental interview: 'It's actually a blessing not being as famous as our singers'". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ Bang, Showbiz (20 June 2017). "Rudimental and James Arthur put 'negative past' behind them on new song". The List. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ a b Katrina, Rees (2 July 2017). "Rudimental and James Arthur team up to release 'Sun Comes Up'". CelebMix. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ "iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur & MIST) - Single by Rudimental". iTunes Store.
^ "iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) - Single by Rudimental". iTunes Store.
^ "iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) - Single by Rudimental". iTunes Store.
^ "iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) - Single by Rudimental". iTunes Store.
^ "iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) - EP by Rudimental". iTunes Store.
^ "iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) - EP by Rudimental". iTunes Store.
^ "Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) / Rudimental TIDAL". Tidal. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ "Noise11: Luis Fonsi and Friends Continues To Dominate Singles Chart". Noise11. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
^ "Rudimental feat. James Arthur – Sun Comes Up" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
^ "Rudimental feat. James Arthur – Sun Comes Up" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
^ "Rudimental feat. James Arthur – Sun Comes Up" (in French). Ultratip. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – RADIO – TOP 100 and insert 20177 into search. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – SINGLES DIGITAL – TOP 100 and insert 201735 into search. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
^ "Rudimental feat. James Arthur – Sun Comes Up" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
^ "IRMA – Irish Charts". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Dutch Single Tip – 12/08/2017" (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
^ "Airplay 100 – 1 October 2017". Retrieved 2 October 2017.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201747 into search. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Select SINGLES DIGITAL - TOP 100 and insert 201734 into search. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
^ "SloTop50 – Slovenian official singles chart". slotop50.si. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
^ "Rudimental feat. James Arthur – Sun Comes Up". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ "Rudimental feat. James Arthur – Sun Comes Up". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
^ "Rudimental Chart History (Hot Dance/Electronic Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
^ "Rádiós Top 100 - hallgatottsági adatok alapján - 2017". Mahasz. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
^ "Airplay 2017 – w pierwszej trójce Sheeran, Tiësto i Hyży" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ "End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2017". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2020 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Rudimental feat. James Arthur; 'Sun Comes Up')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
^ "Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2022 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ "British single certifications – Rudimental feat. James Arthur – Sun Comes Up". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
vteRudimental
Piers Agget
Kesi Dryden
DJ Locksmith
Amir Amor
Studio albums
Home
We the Generation
Toast to Our Differences
Ground Control
Singles
"Feel the Love"
"Not Giving In"
"Waiting All Night"
"Right Here"
"Free"
"Powerless"
"Bloodstream"
"Never Let You Go"
"Rumour Mill"
"Lay It All on Me"
"Sun Comes Up"
"These Days"
"Let Me Live"
"Walk Alone"
"Something About You"
"Come Over"
"Regardless"
Related articles
Discography
vteJames ArthurDiscographyStudio albums
James Arthur
Back from the Edge
You
It'll All Make Sense in the End
Bitter Sweet Love
Singles
"Impossible"
"You're Nobody 'til Somebody Loves You"
"Recovery"
"Get Down"
"Say You Won't Let Go"
"Safe Inside"
"Can I Be Him"
"Naked"
"You Deserve Better"
"Empty Space"
"Rewrite the Stars"
"Nobody"
"Falling Like the Stars"
"Treehouse"
"Finally Feel Good"
"You"
"Quite Miss Home"
"Lasting Lover"
"Medicine"
"Questions"
Featured singles
"Sun Comes Up"
"You Can Cry"
"The Power of Love"
Other songs
"Train Wreck"
Tours
Back from the Edge Tour
|
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For the song by Shenseea, see Alpha (Shenseea album). For the song by John Legend, see Live at SOB's.2017 single by Rudimental featuring James Arthur\"Sun Comes Up\" is a song by English drum and bass band Rudimental, featuring British singer-songwriter James Arthur, released on 30 June 2017 through Asylum Records and East West Records as the lead single from the band's third studio album Toast to Our Differences (2018). It was written and produced by Kesi Dryden, Leon Rolle, Piers Aggett, Amir Amor and Cass Lowe.\"Sun Comes Up\" peaked at number 6 in the UK Singles Chart, and charted moderately in several other countries.","title":"Sun Comes Up"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clash-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDI-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"London Evening Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Evening_Standard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LES-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CelebMix-7"}],"text":"The band said in a statement that the song is about overcoming adversity. \"We're so excited to announce our new single Sun Comes Up, a song we wrote about overcoming adversity. We spent a long time looking for the right singer for it, and were close to giving up until we met James Arthur, he sang it and we were blown away. We aren't afraid of taking new directions, and our new material has stepped up to another level. We've travelled the world far and wide and finally we feel like we've returned home on this album.\"[2][3][4] \"We wanted to work with him [James Arthur] from the first time we saw him on TV. We didn't care where he came from. We thought his voice was amazing, unique,\" Rudimental told London Evening Standard.[5] Kesi Dryden of Rudimental said that the song is about \"a relationship breakup and how there is a new day when the sun comes up\". \"But when James heard the song he said the message he got from it was there has been a lot of negative times in the past but when the sun comes up it is a new day, you have a new chance. There was a new lease of life he got from it.\"[6][7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clash-2"},{"link_name":"Philippine Daily Inquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDI-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CelebMix-7"}],"text":"Robin Murray of Clash magazine described the song as \"fusing underground sounds with some of the freshest pop hooks in the land\". \"James Arthur voices new single 'Sun Goes Up', and it's summertime feel is much-needed following a few dark weeks for the capital.\"[2] Philippine Daily Inquirer wrote: \"'Sun Comes Up' is a touching glimpse into how they've grown, both as individuals and as a band, and the various struggles they have been through to overcome adversity to get where they are today.\"[3] Katrina Rees of CelebMix wrote: \"The track opens with a gentle melody before an infectious beat kicks in which complements James' vocals. The chorus is euphoric and tinged with steel drums which creates the perfect summer atmosphere. 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download[10]\"Sun Comes Up\" (Heyder Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 4:10Digital download[11]\"Sun Comes Up\" (Tritonal Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 4:13Digital download – Remixes, Pt. 1[12]\"Sun Comes Up\" (Offaiah Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 3:13\n\"Sun Comes Up\" (Ofenbach Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 3:10\n\"Sun Comes Up\" (Coldabank Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 4:16\n\"Sun Comes Up\" (Leon Lour Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 3:56Digital download – Remixes, Pt. 2[13]\"Sun Comes Up\" (Steel Banglez Remix) (featuring James Arthur and MIST) – 3:51\n\"Sun Comes Up\" (Murdock Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 3:51\n\"Sun Comes Up\" (Distinkt Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 3:29\n\"Sun Comes Up\" (House of Mizchif Remix) (featuring James Arthur) – 6:43","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Piers Aggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudimental"},{"link_name":"Amir Amor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Amor"},{"link_name":"Cass Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Spike Stent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Stent"}],"text":"Credits adapted from Tidal.[14]Piers Aggett – composing, producing, background vocals, piano, synthesizer\nAmir Amor – composing, producing, background vocals, drum programming, guitar\nCass Lowe – composing, producing, background vocals\nKesi Dryden – composing, producing, background vocals, bass, strings\nLeon \"Locksmith\" Rolle – composing, producing, keyboard, background vocals, percussion\nStuart Hawkes – mastering engineering\nDave Emery – mixing\nMichael Freeman – mixing\nSpike Stent – mixing","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_Comes_Up&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Rudimental_feat._James_Arthur-16"},{"link_name":"Ultratip Bubbling Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop#Ultratip"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Tip_Rudimental_feat._James_Arthur-17"},{"link_name":"Ultratip Bubbling Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop#Ultratip"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Tip_Rudimental_feat._James_Arthur-18"},{"link_name":"Rádio – Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czech_Republic_-19"},{"link_name":"Singles Digitál Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czechdigital_-20"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Rudimental_feat._James_Arthur-21"},{"link_name":"Rádiós Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungary_Rudimental_feat._James_Arthur-22"},{"link_name":"Single Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungarysingle_Rudimental_feat._James_Arthur-23"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Single Tip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MegaCharts"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Polish Airplay Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Poland_-26"},{"link_name":"Airplay 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_FM_(Romania)#Airplay_100"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-28"},{"link_name":"Rádio Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Slovakia)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakia_-29"},{"link_name":"Singles Digitál Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakdigital_-30"},{"link_name":"SloTop50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SloTop50"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Rudimental_feat._James_Arthur-32"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Rudimental_feat._James_Arthur-33"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-34"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance/Electronic Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceelectronic_Rudimental-35"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_Comes_Up&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2017–18)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[15]\n\n55\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[16]\n\n50\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)[17]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia)[18]\n\n27\n\n\nCzech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)[19]\n\n22\n\n\nCzech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[20]\n\n90\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[21]\n\n76\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[22]\n\n7\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[23]\n\n33\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[24]\n\n15\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Tip)[25]\n\n21\n\n\nPoland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[26]\n\n6\n\n\nRomania (Airplay 100)[27]\n\n69\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[28]\n\n6\n\n\nSlovakia (Rádio Top 100)[29]\n\n8\n\n\nSlovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[30]\n\n84\n\n\nSlovenia (SloTop50)[31]\n\n18\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[32]\n\n80\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[33]\n\n48\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[34]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)[35]\n\n33\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2017)\n\nPosition\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[36]\n\n90\n\n\nPoland (ZPAV)[37]\n\n25\n\n\nUK Singles (Official Charts Company)[38]\n\n75","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"好青年. \"【歌詞翻譯】Rudimental (ft. James Arthur) - Sun Comes Up\". musicmaniactw.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 23 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicmaniactw.com/2017/08/rudimental-ft-james-arthur-sun-comes-up.html","url_text":"\"【歌詞翻譯】Rudimental (ft. James Arthur) - Sun Comes Up\""}]},{"reference":"Robin, Murray (30 June 2017). \"Rudimental Nab James Arthur For 'Sun Goes Up'\". Clash. Retrieved 16 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clashmusic.com/news/rudimental-nab-james-arthur-for-sun-goes-up","url_text":"\"Rudimental Nab James Arthur For 'Sun Goes Up'\""}]},{"reference":"InqPOP! (30 June 2017). \"Rudimental announce their official single \"Sun Comes Up\" feat. James Arthur\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 16 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://pop.inquirer.net/2017/06/rudimental-announce-official-single-sun-comes-up-feat-james-arthur/","url_text":"\"Rudimental announce their official single \"Sun Comes Up\" feat. James Arthur\""}]},{"reference":"Jennifer, Geddes (30 June 2017). \"Rudimental Unveil New Track Sun Comes Up Featuring James Arthur\". Stereoboard. Retrieved 16 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stereoboard.com/content/view/208738/9","url_text":"\"Rudimental Unveil New Track Sun Comes Up Featuring James Arthur\""}]},{"reference":"David, Smyth (30 June 2017). \"Rudimental interview: 'It's actually a blessing not being as famous as our singers'\". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 16 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/music/rudimental-interview-it-s-actually-a-blessing-not-being-as-famous-as-our-singers-a3576976.html","url_text":"\"Rudimental interview: 'It's actually a blessing not being as famous as our singers'\""}]},{"reference":"Bang, Showbiz (20 June 2017). \"Rudimental and James Arthur put 'negative past' behind them on new song\". The List. Retrieved 16 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.list.co.uk/article/92663-rudimental-and-james-arthur-put-negative-past-behind-them-on-new-song/","url_text":"\"Rudimental and James Arthur put 'negative past' behind them on new song\""}]},{"reference":"Katrina, Rees (2 July 2017). \"Rudimental and James Arthur team up to release 'Sun Comes Up'\". CelebMix. Retrieved 16 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://celebmix.com/rudimental-james-arthur-sun-comes/","url_text":"\"Rudimental and James Arthur team up to release 'Sun Comes Up'\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur & MIST) [Steel Banglez Remix] - Single by Rudimental\". iTunes Store.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/sun-comes-up-feat-james-arthur-mist-steel-banglez-remix/1259270525","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur & MIST) [Steel Banglez Remix] - Single by Rudimental\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) [Acoustic] - Single by Rudimental\". iTunes Store.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/sun-comes-up-feat-james-arthur-acoustic-single/1258559696","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) [Acoustic] - Single by Rudimental\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) [Heyder Remix] - Single by Rudimental\". iTunes Store.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/sun-comes-up-feat-james-arthur-heyder-remix-single/1283492206","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) [Heyder Remix] - Single by Rudimental\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) [Tritonal Remix] - Single by Rudimental\". iTunes Store.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/sun-comes-up-feat-james-arthur-tritonal-remix-single/1279334275","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) [Tritonal Remix] - Single by Rudimental\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) [Remixes, Pt.1] - EP by Rudimental\". iTunes Store.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/sun-comes-up-feat-james-arthur-remixes-pt-1-ep/1265894830","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) [Remixes, Pt.1] - EP by Rudimental\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) [Remixes, Pt. 2] - EP by Rudimental\". iTunes Store.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/sun-comes-up-feat-james-arthur-remixes-pt-2-ep/1268756571","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) [Remixes, Pt. 2] - EP by Rudimental\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) / Rudimental TIDAL\". Tidal. Retrieved 16 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://listen.tidal.com/album/75259223","url_text":"\"Sun Comes Up (feat. James Arthur) / Rudimental TIDAL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noise11: Luis Fonsi and Friends Continues To Dominate Singles Chart\". Noise11. Retrieved 5 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.noise11.com/news/australian-charts-luis-fonsi-and-friends-continues-to-dominate-singles-chart-20170814/","url_text":"\"Noise11: Luis Fonsi and Friends Continues To Dominate Singles Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"IRMA – Irish Charts\". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved 26 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles","url_text":"\"IRMA – Irish Charts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association","url_text":"Irish Recorded Music Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Dutchcharts.nl – Dutch Single Tip – 12/08/2017\" (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved 11 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&date=20170812&year=2017","url_text":"\"Dutchcharts.nl – Dutch Single Tip – 12/08/2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MegaCharts","url_text":"MegaCharts"}]},{"reference":"\"Airplay 100 – 1 October 2017\". Retrieved 2 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kissfm.ro/emisiuni/54/Airplay-100-Cristi-Nitzu","url_text":"\"Airplay 100 – 1 October 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"SloTop50 – Slovenian official singles chart\". slotop50.si. Retrieved 21 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slotop50.si/Glasbene-lestvice/Tedenske-lestvice/?year=2017&week=46","url_text":"\"SloTop50 – Slovenian official singles chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rádiós Top 100 - hallgatottsági adatok alapján - 2017\". Mahasz. Retrieved 17 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/radios/2017","url_text":"\"Rádiós Top 100 - hallgatottsági adatok alapján - 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasz","url_text":"Mahasz"}]},{"reference":"\"Airplay 2017 – w pierwszej trójce Sheeran, Tiësto i Hyży\" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 22 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/aktualnosci.php?idaktualnosci=1608","url_text":"\"Airplay 2017 – w pierwszej trójce Sheeran, Tiësto i Hyży\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2017\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 10 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-singles-chart/","url_text":"\"End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2020 Singles\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAAg37tFuJyo-YI2WkNFWDQ9a/2020%20Accreds.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2020 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Rudimental feat. James Arthur; 'Sun Comes Up')\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 6 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Sun+Comes+Up&strInterpret=Rudimental+feat.+James+Arthur&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","url_text":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Rudimental feat. James Arthur; 'Sun Comes Up')\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie","url_text":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie"}]},{"reference":"\"Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2022 roku\" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/wyroznienia/zloteplyty/cd/archiwum.php?year=2022","url_text":"\"Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2022 roku\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Rudimental feat. James Arthur – Sun Comes Up\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/14480-4465-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Rudimental feat. James Arthur – Sun Comes Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_LaBerge
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David LaBerge
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["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Honors","4 Research","5 Life","6 References","7 External links"]
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American neuropsychologist
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David LaBerge (born 1929) is a neuropsychologist specializing in the attention process and the role of apical dendrites in cognition and consciousness.
David LaBerge
Early life and education
David LaBerge was born in St. Louis, Missouri and received his undergraduate degree from the College of Wooster, his MA degree from Claremont University and his PhD degree Stanford University.
Career
Dr. LaBerge has taught at Indiana University, Bloomington, University of Minnesota, and University of California at Irvine from 1955 until 1997. He was also a member of the adjunct faculty in psychology and biology at Bard College at Simon's Rock from 1997 to 2007 and was a visiting scholar at the University of Washington, Seattle from 2009 - 2011.
Honors
Distinguished Teaching Award, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota; University of Minnesota Students Association Distinguished Service Award. Fellow, Society of Experimental Psychologists. Fellow AAAS. Fellow American Psychological Association. Fellow, American Psychological Society. Member Society for Neuroscience.
Research
1. Mathematical models of choice behavior:
A model for neutral elements (1959a, b) provided a way to represent noise elements in the Estes and Burke (1953) choice theory. A recruitment model for choice behavior (1962, 1994) assumes that processing a stimulus involves the recruiting (or accumulation) of elements by alternative response counters until a criterion number is reached and the corresponding response is evoked. Predictive comparisons of two mathematical models of choice: the Counting Model (Accumulator Model) and the Random Walk Model. LaBerge, Journal of Mathematical Psychology (1994).
2. Early experiments of attention in response time experiments:
Stimulus processing is biased by relative frequency of presentation (1964), by incentive value (1967), and by inserting an informative cue into a trial (1970).
3. Studies of automaticity:
Measurement of automatic processing (1973a). A theory of automaticity in reading (1974) with S.J. Samuels. A theory of automaticity in perception (1975).
4. Measuring the spread of attention in visual space (1983, 1989).
5. Shifting attention by sense modality (1973b) and across visual space (1997).
6. Studies of thalamic involvement in selective attention:
A brain scan study of the human pulvinar during sustained selective attention (1990) with Monte Buchsbaum. A neural network simulation study of thalamic circuit operations in selective attention (1992).
7. Development of a test for preparatory attention to location (2000) with Eric Sieroff, and tests of patients (2004, 2005).
8. Development of a cortex-wide circuit theory of attention:
The Triangular Circuit of Attention, (1995, 1997).
9. Development of an apical dendrite theory of cognition, attention, and consciousness.
10. The neural foundation of experience: the role of vibrating neurons. LaBerge, D, Dorrance Publishing Co., (2020)
A series of papers explored the hypothesis that the apical dendrite is not "just another dendrite" but has its own special functions (2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007).
The hypothesis that the apical dendrite resonates was illustrated informally by LaBerge and his daughter, Anne La Berge in three performances of a work entitled Resonant Dendrites, (2006, 2007, 2009), which featured film, narrative voice samples and music.
A formal description of a theory of electric resonance in apical dendrites appeared in an article by Kasevich & LaBerge (2010), which shows how an apical dendrite can fine tune its own membrane oscillations to a specific peak frequency, and narrow the width of the resonance curve around this peak to less than 1 Hz. This refinement enables its associated cortical circuit to generate a specific resonant ("carrier") frequency by which the circuit can separate its signaling from that of other circuits.
A more recent article by LaBerge & Kasevich (2013) describes signaling by neurons as the neural correlate of objective information processing and resonating in clusters of apical dendrites as the neural correlate of subjective impressions (e.g., impressions of sounds, colors, and feelings). These two "articles provide theoretical support for the hypothesis that apical dendrite resonance supplements neural signaling as a major mode of neural function. Furthermore, the resonance-based subjective impressions may be regarded as the contents of consciousness.
Life
His major extracurricular activity was to serve for 21 years as music director and Conductor of the Minnesota Bach Society Orchestra and Chorus from 1959 to 1980. He was the director of the 50-voice South Sound Classical Choir in the Tacoma, WA area until May 2019.
He resides in Tacoma, Washington with his wife Janice Lawry.
References
Estes, W.K. & Burke, C. J. A theory of stimulus variability in learning. Psychological Review, 1953, 60, 276–286.
LaBerge, D. (1959a). Effect of preliminary trials on rate of conditioning in a simple prediction situation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57, 20–24.
LaBerge, D. (1959b). A model with neutral elements. In R.R. Bush & W.K. Estes (Eds.), Studies in Mathematical Learning Theory. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp 53–93.
LaBerge, D. (1962). A recruitment theory of simple behavior. Psychometrika, 27, 375–396.
LaBerge, D. and Tweedy, J.R. (1964). Presentation probability and choice time. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 477–481.
LaBerge, D. Tweedy, J.R., & Ricker, J. (1967). Selective attention: Incentive variables and choice time. Psychonomic Science, 8, 341–342.
LaBerge, D., Van Gelder, P., & Yellott, J. (1970) A cueing technique in choice reaction time. Perception and Psychophysics, 7, 57–62.
LaBerge, D. (1973a) Attention and the measurement of perceptual learning. Memory and Cognition, 1, 268–276.
LaBerge, D. and Samuels, S.J. (1974) Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 293–323.
LaBerge, D. (1975). Acquisition of automatic processing of perceptual learning. In P. M. A. Rabbitt & S. Dornic (Eds.), Attention & Performance V, New York: Academic Press, pp 50–64.
LaBerge, D. (1973b) Identification of the time to switch attention: A test of a serial and a parallel model of attention. In S. Kornblum (Ed.), Attention & Performance IV, New York: Academic Press, pp 71–85.
LaBerge, D. (1983). The spatial extent of attention to letters and words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 9, 37 -379.
LaBerge, D. & Brown, V. (1989) Theory of attentional operations in shape identification. Psychological Review, 96,101-124.
LaBerge, D & Buchsbaum, M.S. (1990). Positron emission tomographic measurements of pulvinar activity during an attention task. Journal of Neuroscience, 10, 613–619.
LaBerge, D., Carter, M., and Brown, V. (1992). A network simulation of thalamic circuit operations in selective attention. Neural Computation, 4, 318–331.
LaBerge, D. (1994) Quantitative models of attention and response processes in shape identification tasks. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 38, 198–243.
LaBerge, D. (1995). Attentional Processing: The Brain's Art of Mindfulness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
LaBerge, D. (1997). Attention, awareness, and the triangular circuit. Consciousness and Cognition, 6,140-181.
LaBerge, D., Carlson, R.L., Williams, J.K., & Bunney, B. (1997). Shifting Attention in space: Tests of moving spotlight models vs an activity-distribution model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 23, 1380–1392.
LaBerge, D., Auclair, L., and Sieroff, E. (2000). Preparatory attention: experiment and theory. Consciousness and Cognition, 9, 396–434.
Sieroff, E., Piquard, A., Auclair, L., Lacomblez, L., Derouesne, C., and LaBerge, D. (2004). Deficit of preparatory attention in frontal- temporal dementia. Brain & Cognition, 55, 444–451.
Auclair, L., Jambaque, I., Dulac, O., and LaBerge, D. (2005). Deficit of preparatory attention in children with frontal lobe epilepsy. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1701–1712.
LaBerge, D. (2001). Attention, consciousness, and electrical wave activity within the cortical column. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 43, 5-24.
LaBerge, D. (2002). Attentional control: brief and prolonged. Psychological Research, 66, 220–233.
LaBerge, D. (2005). Sustained attention and apical dendrite activity in recurrent circuits. Brain Research Reviews, 50, 86–99.
LaBerge, D. (2006). Apical dendrite activity in cognition and consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition, 15, 235–257.
LaBerge, A., (2006). Resonant Dendrites: A science and art lecture/performance for soloist, video, and Max/MSP. Close Encounters, the 4th European conference of the Society for Science, Literature, and the Arts. Amsterdam.
LaBerge, A., and LaBerge, D. (2007). Resonant Dendrites. Lecture/performance at the Spark Festival of Electronic Music and Arts. University of Minnesota School of Music.
LaBerge, D. and Kasevich, R.S. (2007). The apical dendrite theory of consciousness, Neural Networks, 20,1004-1020.
LaBerge, A. (2009). Resonant Dendrites: Music for flute and computer. Claire Trevor School of the Arts, University of California, Irvine.
Kasevich, R.S., and LaBerge, D. (2011). Theory of electric resonance in the neocortical apical dendrite. PLoS ONE, 6(8): e23412.
LaBerge, D. and Kasevich, R. (2013). The cognitive significance of the resonating neurons in the cerebral cortex. Consciousness and Cognition, 22, 1523–1550.
LaBerge, D. and Kasevich, R.S. (2017). Neuroelectric Tuning of Cortical Oscillations by Apical Dendrites in Loop Circuits. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00037.
LaBerge, D.( 2020). The neural foundation of experience: the role of vibrating neurons. Dorrance Publishing Co. (2020).
External links
David LaBerge
Apical Dendrite Function
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Academics
Mathematics Genealogy Project
Other
SNAC
IdRef
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Studies of thalamic involvement in selective attention:\nA brain scan study of the human pulvinar during sustained selective attention (1990) with Monte Buchsbaum. A neural network simulation study of thalamic circuit operations in selective attention (1992).\n7. Development of a test for preparatory attention to location (2000) with Eric Sieroff, and tests of patients (2004, 2005).\n8. Development of a cortex-wide circuit theory of attention:\nThe Triangular Circuit of Attention, (1995, 1997).\n9. Development of an apical dendrite theory of cognition, attention, and consciousness.\n10. The neural foundation of experience: the role of vibrating neurons. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromay
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Oromay
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["1 Plot","2 References"]
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1983 novel by Baalu Girma
Oromay AuthorBaalu GirmaLanguageAmharic languagePublisherKuraz Publishing AgencyPublication date1983Publication placeEthiopia
Oromay (Eritrean language: ፍሬ አልባ, "pointless", borrowed from the Italian oramai) is an Amharic-language novel, published in 1983. It was written by Baalu Girma. The novel presents a cynical account on the Red Star Campaign of the Derg military junta. The book was published by the Kuraz Publishing Agency in Addis Ababa. In spite of a government ban on the book, it became widely read and famous. According to Ruth Iyob, the book presents "an accurate and compelling account of the events surrounding the failure of this campaign".
The Red Star Campaign had been declared by Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam in a speech in Asmara on January 25, 1982. In his speech Mengistu called for the crushing of "secessionist bandits", i.e. the EPLF guerrilla in Eritrea, the TPLF in Tigray and the EPRP and EDU in Gondar. The campaign was supposed to focus both on military means as well as supporting reconstruction in the affected areas. The Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia was assigned the task of leading the campaign. The government sent some 120,000 troops to participate in the campaign, making it the largest military offensive of the Derg in the Eritrean war. The author Baalu Girma, had been invited by Mengistu to work as propaganda chief in the Red Terror Campaign. He had assumed the position believing in the goals of the campaign. However, he came to feel that the ideals of the campaign had been corrupted by militaristic mindsets. Once the campaign had been abruptly called off, Baalu Girma began writing Oromay based on the events of the campaign. While the official propaganda lauded the Red Star Campaign as a success, Baalu Girma considered it a failure. He stayed behind in Eritrea during this period. Oromay is a love story set in Asmara in the midst of the conflict.
Baalu Girma changed the names of real-life Derg officials. Dawit Wolde Giorgis, then the head of COPWE in Asmara is depicted in the book as the character "Solomon Betre-Giorgis". Other real-life Derg officials depicted in the novel are Fisaha Geda (as Tedla Regassa, Chief of Protocol), Tesfaye Wolde-Selassie (as Betru Tesema) and Fasika Sidelel (as Mashafe Daniel). These were figures that Baalu Girma knew personally. According to Dawit Woldis-Giorgis it was obvious whom the fictional characters depicted.
The Derg government is illustrated as corrupt and inefficient in the novel. However, the bulk of the book is dedicated to accounts of the war in Eritrea. In Oromay accounts of massacres and rapes committed by government militias in Eritrean villages are presented, as a consequence of the discourse equating all Eritreans with rebels. The book also deals with the real-world rumour that Tekle Gebre Mariam, an EPLF leader that had defected to the Derg, had been an EPLF double-agent.
During this period it was extremely rare that literature presenting any form of criticism (even in mild forms) of the government could get past the official censors. According to Kinfe Abraham, the only reason Oromay could get published was a feud between Mengistu and Fikre Selassie Wogderess. However, just 24 hours after its release the government banned the novel. All copies were removed from book shops. Confiscated copies of the book were turned into pulp at the Wenji sugar plant. Possession of the Oromay became dangerous, as owners were subjected to government harassment. But some 500 copies had already been sold before the ban had been issued and the book continued to be copied through xerox machines.
Baalu Girma was fired from his job. Some months later he "disappeared". It is generally believed that his disappearance was linked to the publishing of Oromay. In 2021, the first complete English translation was published.
Plot
The story is narrated in the third person by a journalist named Tsegaye who is also the main character in story. He is sent to Asmara, Eritrea, as propaganda minister of the Red Star campaign, an effort to defeat the rising insurgency in the area by a combination of economic and military campaigns. He arrives in Asmara in the evening and goes out to tour the city and make a documentary to be aired that same day. During his tour, he notices the strain caused by the insurgency on the local population, which is suffering from lack of food and fuel. Nonetheless, he attempts to portray an image of a resilient society that stands for peace and unification. He goes to a reception where he meets Fiameta Gila and falls in love with her. He also meets Selay Berhe, who is a double agent with Shabia, and is the chief of a cell operating in Asmara going by the code name of Oromay. He has had previous experience with Fiameta, and is not happy when she approaches Tsegaye during the reception.
References
^ a b c d Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A - C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2003, p. 426.
^ a b c Iyob, Ruth. The Eritrean Struggle for Independence: Domination, Resistance, Nationalism, 1941-1993. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 175.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Abraham, Kinfe. Ethiopia, from Bullets to the Ballot Box: The Bumpy Road to Democracy and the Political Economy of Transition. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1994, pp. 113–114.
^ Universität Hamburg. Aethiopica: international journal of Ethiopian studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998, p. 241.
^ Shinn, David H., and Thomas P. Ofcansky. Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2004, p. 341.
^ a b c Adera, Taddesse. Silence Is Not Golden: A Critical Anthology of Ethiopian Literature. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1995, pp. 159–160.
^ Baalu Girma Foundation. Bookstore.
^ a b Michigan State University. Northeast African Studies. : African Studies Center, Michigan State University, 1995, pp. 139–140.
^ Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. African studies abstracts: the abstracts journal of the African Studies Centre, Leiden, Volume 27. East Grinstead, West Sussex, UK: Hans Zell, 1996, p. 42.
^ Pateman, Roy. Residual Uncertainty: Trying to Avoid Intelligence and Policy Mistakes in the Modern World. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2003, pp. 79–80.
^ Article 19 (Organization), and American Library Association. Information Freedom and Censorship: World Report 1991 ; Article 19. Chicago: American Library Association, 1991, p. 16.
^ Molvaer, Reidulf K. Black Lions: The Creative Lives of Modern Ethiopia's Literary Giants and Pioneers. Lawrenceville, NJ : Red Sea Press, 1997, p. 351.
^ "Oromay (Paperback)". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
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The novel presents a cynical account on the Red Star Campaign of the Derg military junta.[3] The book was published by the Kuraz Publishing Agency in Addis Ababa.[2] In spite of a government ban on the book, it became widely read and famous.[1][4] According to Ruth Iyob, the book presents \"an accurate and compelling account of the events surrounding the failure of this campaign\".[2]The Red Star Campaign had been declared by Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam in a speech in Asmara on January 25, 1982. In his speech Mengistu called for the crushing of \"secessionist bandits\", i.e. the EPLF guerrilla in Eritrea, the TPLF in Tigray and the EPRP and EDU in Gondar. The campaign was supposed to focus both on military means as well as supporting reconstruction in the affected areas. The Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia was assigned the task of leading the campaign. The government sent some 120,000 troops to participate in the campaign, making it the largest military offensive of the Derg in the Eritrean war.[5] The author Baalu Girma, had been invited by Mengistu to work as propaganda chief in the Red Terror Campaign. He had assumed the position believing in the goals of the campaign. However, he came to feel that the ideals of the campaign had been corrupted by militaristic mindsets. Once the campaign had been abruptly called off, Baalu Girma began writing Oromay based on the events of the campaign.[3] While the official propaganda lauded the Red Star Campaign as a success, Baalu Girma considered it a failure.[6] He stayed behind in Eritrea during this period.[3] Oromay is a love story set in Asmara in the midst of the conflict.[7]Baalu Girma changed the names of real-life Derg officials.[8] Dawit Wolde Giorgis, then the head of COPWE in Asmara is depicted in the book as the character \"Solomon Betre-Giorgis\".[3][8] Other real-life Derg officials depicted in the novel are Fisaha Geda (as Tedla Regassa, Chief of Protocol), Tesfaye Wolde-Selassie (as Betru Tesema) and Fasika Sidelel (as Mashafe Daniel).[6] These were figures that Baalu Girma knew personally.[1] According to Dawit Woldis-Giorgis it was obvious whom the fictional characters depicted.[3]The Derg government is illustrated as corrupt and inefficient in the novel. However, the bulk of the book is dedicated to accounts of the war in Eritrea.[9] In Oromay accounts of massacres and rapes committed by government militias in Eritrean villages are presented, as a consequence of the discourse equating all Eritreans with rebels.[6] The book also deals with the real-world rumour that Tekle Gebre Mariam, an EPLF leader that had defected to the Derg, had been an EPLF double-agent.[10]During this period it was extremely rare that literature presenting any form of criticism (even in mild forms) of the government could get past the official censors.[11] According to Kinfe Abraham, the only reason Oromay could get published was a feud between Mengistu and Fikre Selassie Wogderess. However, just 24 hours after its release the government banned the novel.[3] All copies were removed from book shops.[3] Confiscated copies of the book were turned into pulp at the Wenji sugar plant.[12] Possession of the Oromay became dangerous, as owners were subjected to government harassment.[3] But some 500 copies had already been sold before the ban had been issued and the book continued to be copied through xerox machines.[3]Baalu Girma was fired from his job. Some months later he \"disappeared\".[3] It is generally believed that his disappearance was linked to the publishing of Oromay.[1] In 2021, the first complete English translation was published.[13]","title":"Oromay"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The story is narrated in the third person by a journalist named Tsegaye who is also the main character in story. He is sent to Asmara, Eritrea, as propaganda minister of the Red Star campaign, an effort to defeat the rising insurgency in the area by a combination of economic and military campaigns. He arrives in Asmara in the evening and goes out to tour the city and make a documentary to be aired that same day. During his tour, he notices the strain caused by the insurgency on the local population, which is suffering from lack of food and fuel. Nonetheless, he attempts to portray an image of a resilient society that stands for peace and unification. He goes to a reception where he meets Fiameta Gila and falls in love with her. He also meets Selay Berhe, who is a double agent with Shabia, and is the chief of a cell operating in Asmara going by the code name of Oromay. He has had previous experience with Fiameta, and is not happy when she approaches Tsegaye during the reception.","title":"Plot"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt
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Eero Järnefelt
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["1 Biography","2 Selected paintings","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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Finnish realist painter (1863-1937)
This article is about the painter. For the diplomat, see Eero Järnefelt (diplomat).
Eero JärnefeltBornErik Nikolai Järnefelt(1863-11-08)8 November 1863Viipuri, Grand Duchy of FinlandDied15 November 1937(1937-11-15) (aged 74)Helsinki, FinlandNationalityFinnishKnown forPainter
Erik "Eero" Nikolai Järnefelt (8 November 1863 – 15 November 1937) was a Finnish painter and art professor. He is best known for his portraits and landscapes of the area around Koli National Park. He was a medal winner at the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1889 and 1900, and he taught art at the University of Helsinki and was chairman of the Finnish Academy of Fine Arts.
Biography
He was the son of General Alexander Järnefelt and Baroness Elisabeth Järnefelt (née Clodt von Jürgensburg). He came from a Swedish-speaking Finnophile family of artists, writers and composers descended from the Baltic aristocracy. Several of his eight siblings also became well-known: Kasper (a literary critic), Arvid (a judge and writer), Armas (a composer and conductor) and Aino (wife of Jean Sibelius).
Portrait of Järnefelt by Akseli Gallen-Kallela, 1888
After graduating from a private academy, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Helsinki from 1874 to 1878, the Imperial Academy of Arts from 1883 to 1886 (where one of his teachers was his uncle, Mikhail Clodt), and the Académie Julian in Paris from 1886 to 1888, where he studied with Tony Robert-Fleury. A major influence was the Naturalism of Jules Bastien-Lepage.
Portrait by Gunnar Berndtson in 1892
Portrait of his wife Saimi by Järnefelt in 1895
In 1889, he married the actress Saimi Swan . In 1892, he made his first trip to the area around Koli with Juhani Aho and his wife, the painter Venny Soldan-Brofeldt. He was impressed with the scenery there and would continue to visit regularly until 1936.
In 1893, he traveled to Finland where he sketched and photographed agricultural workers which inspired his most famous painting, Under the Yoke (Burning the Brushwood). Later, he made several study trips; to Italy in 1894 and Crimea in 1899. That same year, he helped organize an international exhibition in Saint Petersburg, sponsored by Mir Iskusstva.
In 1901, he built a home that he named "Suviranta" (Summer Beach) at the artists' colony near Lake Tuusula, designed by Usko Nyström. He lived there only until 1917 when he moved to Helsinki, but it is still owned and used by his family.
Self-Portrait, unknown date
From 1902 to 1928, he taught drawing at the University of Helsinki. He was appointed professor there in 1912 and served as chairman of the Finnish Academy of Fine Arts. His last major work was an altarpiece for the church in Raahe, which he completed in 1926. A major retrospective was held in 2013, which included several previously unknown works.
Selected paintings
Autumn Landscape of Lake Pielisjärvi, 1899 (fi)
General works
Berry Pickers, 1888
French Wine Bar, 1888 (fi)
Laundry at the River Bank, 1889 (fi)
Summer Night Moon, 1889 (fi)
Cows in Turf Smoke, 1891 (fi)
Saimi in the Meadow, 1892
Householder and the Farmhands, 1893
Great Crested Grebe, unknown date
Under the Yoke (Burning the Brushwood), 1893 (fi)
Pond Water Crowfoot and Shorestones, 1895 (fi)
Falcons in the Forest, 1895
Jesus and the Sinful Woman, 1908 (fi)
Lake Shore with Reeds, 1905 (fi)
Girl with a Dog, 1910
Blooming Summer, 1918
In a Storm with Jesus, 1926
Conversion of Paul the Apostle, 1932
Portraits
Johan Philip Palmén , 1890
Jean Sibelius, 1892
Larin Paraske, 1893
Portrait of the Artist's Son, 1897(Heikki Järnefelt (1891–1963))
Nelma, 1899(Nelma Sibelius )
Leena, 1903(Leena Järnefelt (1897–1991))
Tekla Hultin, 1905
Aino Sibelius, 1908
Juho Kusti Paasikivi, 1931
Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 1933
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, 1933
Children playing, 1895
See also
Golden Age of Finnish Art
Finnish art
Notes
^ Altar painting, located in Lieto Church .
^ Altar painting, located in Raahe Church . Järnefelt himself would have preferred the name Awakening of Hope.
^ Altar painting, located in St. John's Church, Helsinki.
References
^ Konttinen, Riitta (20 April 2016). "Järnefelt, Eero (1863 - 1937)". Kansallisbiografia. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ Littorin, Pauliina (3 September 2019). "Eero Järnefelt luotti klassiseen tyyliin – parhaat teokset vaihtavat omistajaa, kun talous porskuttaa". Taloustaito. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "Elämäkerta Eero Järnefelt 1863–1937". Eero Järnefeltin seura r.y. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ Biography and appreciation Archived 2003-02-27 at the Wayback Machine @ Kultakausi.
^ Sarajas-Korte, Salme (2003). "Järnefelt, Eero". Grove Art Online. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
^ a b c d Brief biography @ Kansallisbiografia.
^ Murphy, Adrian (January 21, 2020). "Eero Järnefelt, painter of Finnish nature". Europeana. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "Under The Yoke: The Story of Poverty (and Progress) Behind a Masterpiece" Foundation for Economic Education. Retrieved 2023-05-14.
^ Suviranta Archived 2012-07-20 at the Wayback Machine @ Ainola.
^ "Classics on tour: Eero Järnefelt's Under the Yoke (Burning the Brushwood), 1983". jyvaskyla.fi. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
Further reading
Pontus Grate and Nils Göran Hökby, ed. 1880-tal i nordiskt måleri (exh. cat., Stockholm: Nationalmuseum, 1985) ISBN 9789171002822
Leena Lindqvist (ed.), Taiteilijan tiellä – Eero Järnefelt 1863–1937 (The Artist's Path), Otava, 2002 ISBN 951-1-144-66-9
Marko Toppi (ed.), Eero ja Saimi Järnefeltin kirjeenvaihtoa ja päiväkirjamerkintöjä 1889–1914 (correspondence and diaries, vol.1), SKS, 2009 ISBN 978-952-222-113-1
Marko Toppi (ed.), Vain tosi on pysyväistä. Eero ja Saimi Järnefeltin kirjeenvaihtoa ja päiväkirjamerkintöjä 1915–1944 (correspondence and diaries, vol.2), SKS, 2013 ISBN 978-952-222-399-9.
Kirk Varnedoe, ed. Northern Light: Realism and Symbolism in Scandinavian Painting, 1880–1910 (exh. cat., New York, Brooklyn Museum of Art, 1982) ISBN ISBN 9780872730946
Ludwig Wennervirta: Eero Järnefelt, ja hänen aikansa 1863–1937 (Helsinki: Otava, 1950)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eero Järnefelt.
Arcadja Auctions: More works by Järnefelt
Finnish 10 Euro Coin (2013) honoring Eero Järnefelt @ the Mint of Finland
Europeana blog, from January 2020
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Australia
Artists
KulturNav
RKD Artists
ULAN
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He is best known for his portraits and landscapes of the area around Koli National Park. He was a medal winner at the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1889 and 1900, and he taught art at the University of Helsinki and was chairman of the Finnish Academy of Fine Arts.[1][2][3]","title":"Eero Järnefelt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Järnefelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_J%C3%A4rnefelt"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Järnefelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_J%C3%A4rnefelt"},{"link_name":"Clodt von Jürgensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clodt_von_J%C3%BCrgensburg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasper_J%C3%A4rnefelt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasper_J%C3%A4rnefelt"},{"link_name":"Arvid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid_J%C3%A4rnefelt"},{"link_name":"Armas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armas_J%C3%A4rnefelt"},{"link_name":"Aino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aino_Sibelius"},{"link_name":"Jean Sibelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_by_Gallen-Kallela.jpg"},{"link_name":"Akseli Gallen-Kallela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela"},{"link_name":"Academy of Fine Arts, Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Imperial Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Clodt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Clodt"},{"link_name":"Académie Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Julian"},{"link_name":"Tony Robert-Fleury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Robert-Fleury"},{"link_name":"Naturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Jules Bastien-Lepage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Bastien-Lepage"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gunnar_Berndtson_-_Portrait_of_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_A_I_508_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Berndtson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Berndtson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Artist%27s_Wife_(Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_24412.tif"},{"link_name":"Saimi Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saimi_Swan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saimi_Swan"},{"link_name":"Koli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koli,_Finland"},{"link_name":"Juhani Aho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhani_Aho"},{"link_name":"Venny Soldan-Brofeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venny_Soldan-Brofeldt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-europeana-7"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Mir Iskusstva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Iskusstva"},{"link_name":"Lake Tuusula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tuusula"},{"link_name":"Usko Nyström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usko_Nystr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%C3%A4rnefelt_selfportrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K-6"},{"link_name":"Raahe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raahe"}],"text":"He was the son of General Alexander Järnefelt and Baroness Elisabeth Järnefelt (née Clodt von Jürgensburg).[4] He came from a Swedish-speaking Finnophile family of artists, writers and composers descended from the Baltic aristocracy.[5] Several of his eight siblings also became well-known: Kasper [fi] (a literary critic), Arvid (a judge and writer), Armas (a composer and conductor) and Aino (wife of Jean Sibelius).[6]Portrait of Järnefelt by Akseli Gallen-Kallela, 1888After graduating from a private academy, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Helsinki from 1874 to 1878, the Imperial Academy of Arts from 1883 to 1886 (where one of his teachers was his uncle, Mikhail Clodt), and the Académie Julian in Paris from 1886 to 1888, where he studied with Tony Robert-Fleury. A major influence was the Naturalism of Jules Bastien-Lepage.[6]Portrait by Gunnar Berndtson in 1892Portrait of his wife Saimi by Järnefelt in 1895In 1889, he married the actress Saimi Swan [fi]. In 1892, he made his first trip to the area around Koli with Juhani Aho and his wife, the painter Venny Soldan-Brofeldt.[6] He was impressed with the scenery there and would continue to visit regularly until 1936.[7]In 1893, he traveled to Finland where he sketched and photographed agricultural workers which inspired his most famous painting, Under the Yoke (Burning the Brushwood).[8] Later, he made several study trips; to Italy in 1894 and Crimea in 1899. That same year, he helped organize an international exhibition in Saint Petersburg, sponsored by Mir Iskusstva.In 1901, he built a home that he named \"Suviranta\" (Summer Beach) at the artists' colony near Lake Tuusula, designed by Usko Nyström. He lived there only until 1917 when he moved to Helsinki, but it is still owned and used by his family.[9]Self-Portrait, unknown dateFrom 1902 to 1928, he taught drawing at the University of Helsinki. He was appointed professor there in 1912 and served as chairman of the Finnish Academy of Fine Arts.[6] His last major work was an altarpiece for the church in Raahe, which he completed in 1926. A major retrospective was held in 2013, which included several previously unknown works.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Autumn_Landscape_of_Lake_Pielisj%C3%A4rvi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syysmaisema_Pielisj%C3%A4rvelt%C3%A4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Berry_Pickers.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_French_Wine_Bar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wine Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_Bar"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranskalainen_viinitupa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%C3%A4rnefelt_Laundry.jpg"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyykkiranta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Summer_Night_Moon.jpg"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kes%C3%A4y%C3%B6n_kuu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%C3%A4rnefelt,_Lehmisavu.jpg"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmisavu_(maalaus)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Saimi_in_the_Meadow.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_Is%C3%A4nt%C3%A4_ja_rengit.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Great_Crested_Grebe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Crested Grebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Crested_Grebe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_(1863-1937)-_Under_the_Yoke_(Burning_the_Brushwood)_-_Raatajat_rahanalaiset_-_Kaski_-_Tr%C3%A4lar_under_penningen_-_Sved_(31948645643).jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jyvaskyla-10"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raatajat_rahanalaiset"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Pond_Water_Crowfoot_and_Shorestones.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pond Water Crowfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunculus_peltatus"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesileinikki_ja_rantakivet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_Haukat_mets%C3%A4ss%C3%A4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%C3%A4rnefelt,_Jeesus_ja_aviorikoksesta_tavattu_nainen.jpg"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeesus_ja_langennut_nainen"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Lake_Shore_with_Reeds.jpg"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaislikkoranta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Girl_with_a_dog_(1910).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Blooming_Summer.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jarnefelt_Eero_Altarpiece_in_Raahe_1926.JPG"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%C3%A4rnefelt,_Saulin_k%C3%A4%C3%A4ntyminen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Conversion of Paul the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Portrait_of_Baron_Johan_Philip_Palm%C3%A9n,_Vice_Chancellor_of_the_University.jpg"},{"link_name":"Johan Philip Palmén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Philip_Palm%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Philip_Palm%C3%A9n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Sibelius_by_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_1892.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jean Sibelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Larin_Paraske_by_J%C3%A4rnefelt.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Larin Paraske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larin_Paraske"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%C3%A4rnefelt_Portrait_of_the_artists_son.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heikki Järnefelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heikki_J%C3%A4rnefelt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heikki_J%C3%A4rnefelt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Nelma.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nelma Sibelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nelma_Sibelius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelma_Sibelius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%C3%A4rnefelt_Leena.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Portrait_of_Tekla_Hultin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tekla Hultin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekla_Hultin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aino_Sibelius_by_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_1908.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aino Sibelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aino_Sibelius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Portrait_of_Juho_Kusti_Paasikivi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Juho Kusti Paasikivi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juho_Kusti_Paasikivi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Portrait_of_Carl_Gustaf_Mannerheim.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Portrait_of_Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pehr Evind Svinhufvud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Leikkivi%C3%A4_lapsia_(1895).jpg"}],"text":"Autumn Landscape of Lake Pielisjärvi, 1899 (fi)General works\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBerry Pickers, 1888\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrench Wine Bar, 1888 (fi)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLaundry at the River Bank, 1889 (fi)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSummer Night Moon, 1889 (fi)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCows in Turf Smoke, 1891 (fi)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaimi in the Meadow, 1892\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHouseholder and the Farmhands, 1893\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGreat Crested Grebe, unknown date\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnder the Yoke (Burning the Brushwood), 1893[10] (fi)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPond Water Crowfoot and Shorestones, 1895 (fi)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFalcons in the Forest, 1895\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJesus and the Sinful Woman, 1908 (fi)[note 1]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLake Shore with Reeds, 1905 (fi)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGirl with a Dog, 1910\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlooming Summer, 1918\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn a Storm with Jesus, 1926[note 2]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tConversion of Paul the Apostle, 1932[note 3]Portraits\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJohan Philip Palmén [fi], 1890\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJean Sibelius, 1892\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLarin Paraske, 1893\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortrait of the Artist's Son, 1897(Heikki Järnefelt [fi] (1891–1963))\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNelma, 1899(Nelma Sibelius [fi])\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeena, 1903(Leena Järnefelt (1897–1991))\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTekla Hultin, 1905\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAino Sibelius, 1908\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJuho Kusti Paasikivi, 1931\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCarl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 1933\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPehr Evind Svinhufvud, 1933\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChildren playing, 1895","title":"Selected paintings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Lieto Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lieto_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liedon_kirkko"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Raahe Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raahe_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raahen_kirkko"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"St. John's Church, Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Church,_Helsinki"}],"text":"^ Altar painting, located in Lieto Church [fi].\n\n^ Altar painting, located in Raahe Church [fi]. Järnefelt himself would have preferred the name Awakening of Hope.\n\n^ Altar painting, located in St. John's Church, Helsinki.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789171002822","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789171002822"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"951-1-144-66-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-1-144-66-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-952-222-113-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-222-113-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-952-222-399-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-222-399-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780872730946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872730946"}],"text":"Pontus Grate and Nils Göran Hökby, ed. 1880-tal i nordiskt måleri [The 1880s in Nordic painting] (exh. cat., Stockholm: Nationalmuseum, 1985) ISBN 9789171002822\nLeena Lindqvist (ed.), Taiteilijan tiellä – Eero Järnefelt 1863–1937 (The Artist's Path), Otava, 2002 ISBN 951-1-144-66-9\nMarko Toppi (ed.), Eero ja Saimi Järnefeltin kirjeenvaihtoa ja päiväkirjamerkintöjä 1889–1914 (correspondence and diaries, vol.1), SKS, 2009 ISBN 978-952-222-113-1\nMarko Toppi (ed.), Vain tosi on pysyväistä. Eero ja Saimi Järnefeltin kirjeenvaihtoa ja päiväkirjamerkintöjä 1915–1944 (correspondence and diaries, vol.2), SKS, 2013 ISBN 978-952-222-399-9.\nKirk Varnedoe, ed. Northern Light: Realism and Symbolism in Scandinavian Painting, 1880–1910 (exh. cat., New York, Brooklyn Museum of Art, 1982) ISBN ISBN 9780872730946\nLudwig Wennervirta: Eero Järnefelt, ja hänen aikansa 1863–1937 (Helsinki: Otava, 1950)","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Portrait of Järnefelt by Akseli Gallen-Kallela, 1888","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_by_Gallen-Kallela.jpg/100px-Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_by_Gallen-Kallela.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait by Gunnar Berndtson in 1892","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gunnar_Berndtson_-_Portrait_of_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_A_I_508_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg/100px-Gunnar_Berndtson_-_Portrait_of_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_A_I_508_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of his wife Saimi by Järnefelt in 1895","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Artist%27s_Wife_%28Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_24412.tif/lossy-page1-100px-The_Artist%27s_Wife_%28Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_24412.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Self-Portrait, unknown date","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/J%C3%A4rnefelt_selfportrait.jpg/100px-J%C3%A4rnefelt_selfportrait.jpg"},{"image_text":"Autumn Landscape of Lake Pielisjärvi, 1899 (fi)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Autumn_Landscape_of_Lake_Pielisj%C3%A4rvi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_-_Autumn_Landscape_of_Lake_Pielisj%C3%A4rvi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Golden Age of Finnish Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Finnish_Art"},{"title":"Finnish art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_art"}]
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[{"reference":"Konttinen, Riitta (20 April 2016). \"Järnefelt, Eero (1863 - 1937)\". Kansallisbiografia. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/3497","url_text":"\"Järnefelt, Eero (1863 - 1937)\""}]},{"reference":"Littorin, Pauliina (3 September 2019). \"Eero Järnefelt luotti klassiseen tyyliin – parhaat teokset vaihtavat omistajaa, kun talous porskuttaa\". Taloustaito. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taloustaito.fi/vapaalla/eero-jarnefelt-luotti-klassiseen-tyyliin--parhaat-teokset-vaihtavat-omistajaa-kun-talous-porskuttaa/#2eba7d8a","url_text":"\"Eero Järnefelt luotti klassiseen tyyliin – parhaat teokset vaihtavat omistajaa, kun talous porskuttaa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elämäkerta Eero Järnefelt 1863–1937\". Eero Järnefeltin seura r.y. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eerojarnefelt.fi/eero-jarnefelt-1863-1937/","url_text":"\"Elämäkerta Eero Järnefelt 1863–1937\""}]},{"reference":"Sarajas-Korte, Salme (2003). \"Järnefelt, Eero\". Grove Art Online. Retrieved 24 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000044450?rskey=JzFxDF","url_text":"\"Järnefelt, Eero\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Adrian (January 21, 2020). \"Eero Järnefelt, painter of Finnish nature\". Europeana. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.europeana.eu/2020/01/eero-jarnefelt-painter-of-finnish-nature/","url_text":"\"Eero Järnefelt, painter of Finnish nature\""}]},{"reference":"\"Classics on tour: Eero Järnefelt's Under the Yoke (Burning the Brushwood), 1983\". jyvaskyla.fi. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jyvaskyla.fi/en/jyvaskyla-art-museum/exhibitions/exhibitions-2017/classics-tour-eero-jarnefelts-under-yoke-burning","url_text":"\"Classics on tour: Eero Järnefelt's Under the Yoke (Burning the Brushwood), 1983\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/3497","external_links_name":"\"Järnefelt, Eero (1863 - 1937)\""},{"Link":"https://www.taloustaito.fi/vapaalla/eero-jarnefelt-luotti-klassiseen-tyyliin--parhaat-teokset-vaihtavat-omistajaa-kun-talous-porskuttaa/#2eba7d8a","external_links_name":"\"Eero Järnefelt luotti klassiseen tyyliin – parhaat teokset vaihtavat omistajaa, kun talous porskuttaa\""},{"Link":"https://eerojarnefelt.fi/eero-jarnefelt-1863-1937/","external_links_name":"\"Elämäkerta Eero Järnefelt 1863–1937\""},{"Link":"http://www.edu.fi/oppimateriaalit/kultakausi/eerotext.html","external_links_name":"Biography and appreciation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030227140628/http://www.edu.fi/oppimateriaalit/kultakausi/eerotext.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000044450?rskey=JzFxDF","external_links_name":"\"Järnefelt, Eero\""},{"Link":"http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/kb/artikkeli/3497/","external_links_name":"Brief biography"},{"Link":"https://blog.europeana.eu/2020/01/eero-jarnefelt-painter-of-finnish-nature/","external_links_name":"\"Eero Järnefelt, painter of Finnish nature\""},{"Link":"https://fee.org/articles/under-the-yoke-the-story-of-poverty-and-progress-behind-a-masterpiece/","external_links_name":"\"Under The Yoke: The Story of Poverty (and Progress) Behind a Masterpiece\""},{"Link":"http://www.ainola.fi/taiteilijakodit_suviranta.php","external_links_name":"Suviranta"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120720171906/http://www.ainola.fi/taiteilijakodit_suviranta.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jyvaskyla.fi/en/jyvaskyla-art-museum/exhibitions/exhibitions-2017/classics-tour-eero-jarnefelts-under-yoke-burning","external_links_name":"\"Classics on tour: Eero Järnefelt's Under the Yoke (Burning the Brushwood), 1983\""},{"Link":"http://www.arcadja.com/auctions/en/jarnefelt_eero/artist/14576/","external_links_name":"Arcadja Auctions: More works by Järnefelt"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329143908/http://www.suomenrahapaja.fi/eng/eero-jarnefelt-proof-vitriinissa/17432/dp","external_links_name":"Finnish 10 Euro Coin (2013) honoring Eero Järnefelt"},{"Link":"https://blog.europeana.eu/2020/01/eero-jarnefelt-painter-of-finnish-nature/","external_links_name":"Europeana"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/22370509","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14490392k","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14490392k","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119457504","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87847941","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35562467","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/2467d4f0-878d-483c-a3fd-70ad5c3e3b05","external_links_name":"KulturNav"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/42007","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500018610","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football_team
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2016 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
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["1 Preseason","1.1 Big 12 media poll","2 Schedule","3 Game summaries","3.1 Missouri","3.2 Youngstown State","3.3 Vs. BYU","3.4 Kansas State","3.5 At Texas Tech","3.6 TCU","3.7 At Oklahoma State","3.8 Kansas","3.9 At Texas","3.10 Oklahoma","3.11 At Iowa State","3.12 Baylor","3.13 Miami (FL) – Russell Athletic Bowl","4 Rankings","5 References"]
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American college football season
2016 West Virginia Mountaineers footballRussell Athletic Bowl, L 14–31 vs. Miami (FL)ConferenceBig 12 ConferenceRankingCoachesNo. 17APNo. 18Record10–3 (7–2 Big 12)Head coachDana Holgorsen (6th season)Offensive schemeSpreadDefensive coordinatorTony Gibson (3rd season)Base defense3–3–5Home stadiumMountaineer Field at Milan Puskar StadiumSeasons← 20152017 →
2016 Big 12 Conference football standings
vte
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
W
L
No. 5 Oklahoma $
9
–
0
11
–
2
No. 11 Oklahoma State
7
–
2
10
–
3
No. 18 West Virginia
7
–
2
10
–
3
Kansas State
6
–
3
9
–
4
TCU
4
–
5
6
–
7
Baylor
3
–
6
7
–
6
Texas
3
–
6
5
–
7
Texas Tech
3
–
6
5
–
7
Iowa State
2
–
7
3
–
9
Kansas
1
–
8
2
–
10
$ – Conference championRankings from AP Poll
The 2016 West Virginia Mountaineers football team represented West Virginia University in the 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Mountaineers played as members of the Big 12 Conference (Big 12) and were led by head coach Dana Holgorsen, in his sixth year. West Virginia played its home games at Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium in Morgantown, West Virginia. 2016 was the 125th season of West Virginia football. They finished the season 10–3, 7–2 in Big 12 play to finished in a tie for second place. They received an invitation to the Russell Athletic Bowl where they lost to Miami.
Preseason
Big 12 media poll
The 2016 Big 12 media days were held July 18–19, 2016 in Dallas, Texas. In the Big 12 preseason media poll, West Virginia was predicted to finish seventh in the standings.
Big 12 media poll
Predicted finish
Team
Votes (1st place)
1
Oklahoma
258 (24)
2
TCU
222 (2)
3
Oklahoma State
202
4
Baylor
156
5
Texas
151
6
Texas Tech
141
7
West Virginia
126
8
Kansas State
88
9
Iowa State
59
10
Kansas
27
Schedule
West Virginia announced its 2016 football schedule on November 24, 2015. The 2016 schedule consists of 7 home, 4 away, and 1 neutral site game in the regular season. The Mountaineers will host Big 12 foes Baylor, Kansas, Kansas State, Oklahoma, and TCU, and will travel to Iowa State, Oklahoma State, Texas, and Texas Tech.
The team will play three non–conference games, two home games against the Missouri Tigers from the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and Youngstown State Penguins from the Missouri Valley Football Conference, and one neutral site game which is against the BYU Cougars at FedExField in Landover, Maryland.
DateTimeOpponentRankSiteTVResultAttendanceSeptember 3NoonMissouri*Mountaineer FieldMorgantown, WV (Gold Rush)FS1W 26–1160,125
September 102:00 p.m.No. 20 (FCS) Youngstown State*Mountaineer FieldMorgantown, WVRTPTW 38–2156,261
September 243:30 p.m.vs. BYU*FedExFieldLandover, MDESPN2W 35–3238,207
October 13:30 p.m.Kansas StateMountaineer FieldMorgantown, WV (Stripe the Stadium)ESPNUW 17–1661,701
October 15Noonat Texas TechNo. 20Jones AT&T StadiumLubbock, TXFS1W 48–1754,111
October 223:30 p.m.TCUNo. 12Mountaineer FieldMorgantown, WVABCW 34–1061,780
October 29Noonat Oklahoma StateNo. 10Boone Pickens StadiumStillwater, OKFOXL 20–3759,584
November 57:00 p.m.KansasNo. 20Mountaineer FieldMorgantown, WVESPN2W 48–2156,343
November 12Noonat TexasNo. 16Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial StadiumAustin, TXFS1W 24–2096,367
November 198:00 p.m.No. 9 OklahomaNo. 14Mountaineer FieldMorgantown, WV (True Blue)ABCL 28–5657,645
November 263:30 p.m.at Iowa StateNo. 18Jack Trice StadiumAmes, IAFS1W 49–1951,365
December 33:30 p.m.BaylorNo. 16Mountaineer FieldMorgantown, WVFS1W 24–2149,229
December 285:30 p.m.vs. Miami (FL)*No. 16Camping World StadiumOrlando, FL (Russell Athletic Bowl)ESPNL 14–3148,625
*Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from AP Poll and CFP Rankings after November 1 released prior to gameAll times are in Eastern time
Schedule Source:
Game summaries
Missouri
See also: 2016 Missouri Tigers football team
1
2
3
4
Total
Tigers
0
3
0
8
11
Mountaineers
10
3
10
3
26
Youngstown State
See also: 2016 Youngstown State Penguins football team
1
2
3
4
Total
#20 (FCS) Penguins
0
14
0
7
21
Mountaineers
7
7
17
7
38
Vs. BYU
See also: 2016 BYU Cougars football team
1
2
3
4
Total
Cougars
7
6
6
13
32
Mountaineers
7
14
7
7
35
Kansas State
See also: 2016 Kansas State Wildcats football team
1
2
3
4
Total
Wildcats
7
6
3
0
16
Mountaineers
0
0
3
14
17
At Texas Tech
See also: 2016 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
1
2
3
4
Total
#20 Mountaineers
10
14
3
21
48
Red Raiders
7
0
3
7
17
TCU
See also: 2016 TCU Horned Frogs football team
1
2
3
4
Total
Horned Frogs
3
7
0
0
10
#12 Mountaineers
14
7
10
3
34
At Oklahoma State
See also: 2016 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team
1
2
3
4
Total
#10 Mountaineers
3
7
0
10
20
Cowboys
6
14
7
10
37
Kansas
See also: 2016 Kansas Jayhawks football team
1
2
3
4
Total
Jayhawks
0
0
14
7
21
#14 Mountaineers
10
21
14
3
48
At Texas
See also: 2016 Texas Longhorns football team
1
2
3
4
Total
#11 Mountaineers
10
7
7
0
24
Longhorns
3
10
7
0
20
Oklahoma
See also: 2016 Oklahoma Sooners football team
1
2
3
4
Total
#8 Sooners
21
13
7
15
56
#10 Mountaineers
0
7
7
14
28
At Iowa State
See also: 2016 Iowa State Cyclones football team
1
2
3
4
Total
#19 Mountaineers
14
7
14
14
49
Cyclones
13
3
3
0
19
Baylor
See also: 2016 Baylor Bears football team
1
2
3
4
Total
Bears
0
14
0
7
21
#14 Mountaineers
3
7
7
7
24
Miami (FL) – Russell Athletic Bowl
See also: 2016 Miami Hurricanes football team and 2016 Russell Athletic Bowl
1
2
3
4
Total
#14 Mountaineers
7
0
7
0
14
Hurricanes
0
21
10
0
31
Rankings
Further information: 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings
Ranking movementsLegend: ██ Increase in ranking ██ Decrease in ranking — = Not ranked RV = Received votesWeekPollPre1234567891011121314FinalAP—RV——RV2220121014111019141418Coaches—RVRVRVRV20181391510917131217CFPNot released201614181616Not released
References
^ "West Virginia vs. Miami - Game Recap - December 28, 2016 - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
^ "Oklahoma Tops Big 12 Media Preseason Football Poll". big12sports.com. Big 12 Conference. July 14, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
^ "2016 Football Schedule Released" (Press release). University of West Virginia Department of Athletics. July 11, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^ "2016 West Virginia Mountaineers Football Schedule". FB Schedules. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
vteWest Virginia Mountaineers footballVenues
Mountaineer Field (1924–1979)
Milan Puskar Stadium (1980–present)
Bowls & rivalries
Bowl games
Cincinnati
Marshall: Friends of Coal Bowl
Maryland
Old Ironsides
Penn State
Pittsburgh: Backyard Brawl
Syracuse
Virginia Tech
Culture & lore
The Mountaineer
Marching band
"Take Me Home, Country Roads"
1921 Backyard Brawl
2007 Backyard Brawl
People
Head coaches
NFL draftees
Statistical leaders
Seasons
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampelodesmos
|
Ampelodesmos
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Genus of grasses
Mauritania grass
Ampelodesmos mauritanicus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Clade:
Commelinids
Order:
Poales
Family:
Poaceae
Clade:
BOP clade
Subfamily:
Pooideae
Supertribe:
Stipodae
Tribe:
AmpelodesmeaeTutin (1978)
Genus:
AmpelodesmosLink, 1827
Type species
Ampelodesmos tenax(synonym of A. mauritanicus)(Vahl) Link.
Synonyms
Ampelodonax Lojac.
Ampelodesmos is a genus of Mediterranean plants in the grass family, which is known by the common names stramma, Mauritania grass, rope grass, and dis(s) grass. It is classified in its own tribe Ampelodesmeae within the grass subfamily Pooideae.
The genus probably originated through ancient hybrid speciation, as a cross between parents from tribes Stipeae and Phaenospermateae.
Ampelodesmos mauritanicus is a large clumping perennial bunchgrass, which is native to the Mediterranean region. It has been introduced outside its native range and is cultivated as an ornamental grass. Its nodding flower panicles can be nearly two feet long. In its native area it is used as a fiber for making mats, brooms, and twine. The plant can become an Invasive species in non-native ecosystems beyond the Mediterranean Basin.
Its nodding flower panicles can be nearly two feet long. In its native area it is used as a fiber for making mats, brooms, and twine. The leaves of this grass possess sharp edges and can inflict small lacerations on exposed skin.
The genus name comes from the Greek ampelos, "vine", and desmos, "bond", from its former use as a string to tie up grapevines.
Species
Ampelodesmos ampelodesmon (Cirillo) Kerguélen - Sicily
Ampelodesmos mauritanicus (Poir.) T.Durand & Schinz - Spain incl Balearic Is, France incl Corsica, Italy incl Sardinia + Sicily, Greece, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya
formerly included
see Cortaderia
Ampelodesmos australis - Cortaderia pilosa
References
^ Link, Johann Heinrich Friedrich 1827. Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 1: 136 in Latin
^ Tropicos, Ampelodesmos Link
^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ Watson L, Dallwitz MJ. (2008). "The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references". The Grass Genera of the World. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
^ Kerguélen, Michel François-Jacques 1976. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 123(5–6): 319
^ a b Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Teisher, Jordan K.; Clark, Lynn G.; Barberá, Patricia; Gillespie, Lynn J.; Zuloaga, Fernando O. (2017). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 55 (4): 259–290. doi:10.1111/jse.12262. hdl:10261/240149. ISSN 1674-4918.
^ Jepson Manual Treatment
^ United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
^ Food & Agriculture Organization, Corporate Document Repository, The role of Ampelodesmos mauritanicus and fibre plants in central Italy
^ The Plant List search for Ampelodesmos
^ Cirillo, Domenico Maria Leone 1788. Plantarum Rariorum Regni Neapolitani 2: 30
^ Tropicos, Arundo ampelodesmon Cirillo
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ampelodesmos.
Calphotos, University of California @ Berkeley, Photo gallery
Clayton, W.D.; Vorontsova, M.S.; Harman, K.T.; Williamson, H. "Ampelodesmos". GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
Taxon identifiersAmpelodesmos
Wikidata: Q1092575
Wikispecies: Ampelodesmos
APDB: 188018
BOLD: 434365
CoL: 8VTPL
EoL: 108071
EPPO: 1AQDG
GBIF: 2703616
GrassBase: gen00030
GRIN: 546
iNaturalist: 155642
IPNI: 325909-2
IRMNG: 1008784
ITIS: 41381
NCBI: 65999
NZOR: 64361732-2e97-4972-b3cf-67892b8aece0
Open Tree of Life: 778655
PLANTS: AMPEL2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325909-2
Tropicos: 40012344
WFO: wfo-4000001668
Ampelodesmeae
Wikidata: Q4895595
Wikispecies: Ampelodesmeae
GRIN: 1863
IPNI: 163-1
NCBI: 219378
Open Tree of Life: 952501
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"grass family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pooideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooideae"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SorengPeterson2017-6"},{"link_name":"hybrid speciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_speciation"},{"link_name":"Stipeae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipeae"},{"link_name":"Phaenospermateae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaenospermateae"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SorengPeterson2017-6"},{"link_name":"bunchgrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunchgrass"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"ornamental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant"},{"link_name":"grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_grass"},{"link_name":"panicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicle"},{"link_name":"Invasive species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystems"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"panicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"grapevines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ampelodesmos ampelodesmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ampelodesmos_ampelodesmon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ampelodesmos mauritanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampelodesmos_mauritanicus"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Balearic Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r-3"},{"link_name":"Cortaderia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortaderia"},{"link_name":"Cortaderia pilosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cortaderia_pilosa&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Ampelodesmos is a genus of Mediterranean plants in the grass family,[4] which is known by the common names stramma, Mauritania grass, rope grass, and dis(s) grass.[5] It is classified in its own tribe Ampelodesmeae within the grass subfamily Pooideae.[6]The genus probably originated through ancient hybrid speciation, as a cross between parents from tribes Stipeae and Phaenospermateae.[6]Ampelodesmos mauritanicus is a large clumping perennial bunchgrass, which is native to the Mediterranean region. It has been introduced outside its native range and is cultivated as an ornamental grass. Its nodding flower panicles can be nearly two feet long. In its native area it is used as a fiber for making mats, brooms, and twine. The plant can become an Invasive species in non-native ecosystems beyond the Mediterranean Basin.[7][8] \nIts nodding flower panicles can be nearly two feet long. In its native area it is used as a fiber for making mats, brooms, and twine.[9] The leaves of this grass possess sharp edges and can inflict small lacerations on exposed skin.The genus name comes from the Greek ampelos, \"vine\", and desmos, \"bond\", from its former use as a string to tie up grapevines.Species[10]Ampelodesmos ampelodesmon (Cirillo) Kerguélen - Sicily[11][12]\nAmpelodesmos mauritanicus (Poir.) T.Durand & Schinz - Spain incl Balearic Is, France incl Corsica, Italy incl Sardinia + Sicily, Greece, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libyaformerly included[3]see CortaderiaAmpelodesmos australis - Cortaderia pilosa","title":"Ampelodesmos"}]
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[{"reference":"Watson L, Dallwitz MJ. (2008). \"The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references\". The Grass Genera of the World. Retrieved 2009-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://delta-intkey.com/grass/www/ampelode.htm","url_text":"\"The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references\""}]},{"reference":"Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Teisher, Jordan K.; Clark, Lynn G.; Barberá, Patricia; Gillespie, Lynn J.; Zuloaga, Fernando O. (2017). \"A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications\". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 55 (4): 259–290. doi:10.1111/jse.12262. hdl:10261/240149. ISSN 1674-4918.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12262","url_text":"\"A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12262","url_text":"10.1111/jse.12262"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F240149","url_text":"10261/240149"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1674-4918","url_text":"1674-4918"}]},{"reference":"Clayton, W.D.; Vorontsova, M.S.; Harman, K.T.; Williamson, H. \"Ampelodesmos\". GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2015-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Vorontsova_(botanist)","url_text":"Vorontsova, M.S."},{"url":"https://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/gen00030.htm","url_text":"\"Ampelodesmos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GrassBase","url_text":"GrassBase"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46937307#page/148/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Link, Johann Heinrich Friedrich 1827. Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 1: 136"},{"Link":"http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40012344","external_links_name":"Tropicos, Ampelodesmos Link"},{"Link":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=469247","external_links_name":"Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"},{"Link":"http://delta-intkey.com/grass/www/ampelode.htm","external_links_name":"\"The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12262","external_links_name":"\"A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12262","external_links_name":"10.1111/jse.12262"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F240149","external_links_name":"10261/240149"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1674-4918","external_links_name":"1674-4918"},{"Link":"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8738,8801,8802","external_links_name":"Jepson Manual Treatment"},{"Link":"https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=AMMA5","external_links_name":"United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0917e/A0917e03.htm","external_links_name":"Food & Agriculture Organization, Corporate Document Repository, The role of Ampelodesmos mauritanicus and fibre plants in central Italy"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Ampelodesmos","external_links_name":"The Plant List search for Ampelodesmos"},{"Link":"http://www.tropicos.org/Name/25509110","external_links_name":"Tropicos, Arundo ampelodesmon Cirillo"},{"Link":"http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Ampelodesmos+mauritanicus","external_links_name":"Calphotos, University of California @ Berkeley, Photo gallery"},{"Link":"https://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/gen00030.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ampelodesmos\""},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/188018","external_links_name":"188018"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=434365","external_links_name":"434365"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8VTPL","external_links_name":"8VTPL"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/108071","external_links_name":"108071"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1AQDG","external_links_name":"1AQDG"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2703616","external_links_name":"2703616"},{"Link":"http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/gen00030","external_links_name":"gen00030"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=546","external_links_name":"546"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/155642","external_links_name":"155642"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/325909-2","external_links_name":"325909-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1008784","external_links_name":"1008784"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=41381","external_links_name":"41381"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=65999","external_links_name":"65999"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/64361732-2e97-4972-b3cf-67892b8aece0","external_links_name":"64361732-2e97-4972-b3cf-67892b8aece0"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=778655","external_links_name":"778655"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=AMPEL2","external_links_name":"AMPEL2"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A325909-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325909-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40012344","external_links_name":"40012344"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000001668","external_links_name":"wfo-4000001668"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1863","external_links_name":"1863"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/163-1","external_links_name":"163-1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=219378","external_links_name":"219378"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=952501","external_links_name":"952501"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ampelodesmos&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator_(mathematics)
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Generator (mathematics)
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["1 List of generators","2 Differential equations","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Element of interest in an algebraic structure
"Generating set" redirects here. For other uses of "generator" see generator (disambiguation).
The 5th roots of unity in the complex plane under multiplication form a group of order 5. Each non-identity element by itself is a generator for the whole group.
In mathematics and physics, the term generator or generating set may refer to any of a number of related concepts. The underlying concept in each case is that of a smaller set of objects, together with a set of operations that can be applied to it, that result in the creation of a larger collection of objects, called the generated set. The larger set is then said to be generated by the smaller set. It is commonly the case that the generating set has a simpler set of properties than the generated set, thus making it easier to discuss and examine. It is usually the case that properties of the generating set are in some way preserved by the act of generation; likewise, the properties of the generated set are often reflected in the generating set.
List of generators
A list of examples of generating sets follow.
Generating set or spanning set of a vector space: a set that spans the vector space
Generating set of a group: A subset of a group that is not contained in any subgroup of the group other than the entire group
Generating set of a ring: A subset S of a ring A generates A if the only subring of A containing S is A
Generating set of an ideal in a ring
Generating set of a module
A generator, in category theory, is an object that can be used to distinguish morphisms
In topology, a collection of sets that generate the topology is called a subbase
Generating set of a topological algebra: S is a generating set of a topological algebra A if the smallest closed subalgebra of A containing S is A
Generating a σ-algebra by a collection of subsets
Differential equations
In the study of differential equations, and commonly those occurring in physics, one has the idea of a set of infinitesimal displacements that can be extended to obtain a manifold, or at least, a local part of it, by means of integration. The general concept is of using the exponential map to take the vectors in the tangent space and extend them, as geodesics, to an open set surrounding the tangent point. In this case, it is not unusual to call the elements of the tangent space the generators of the manifold. When the manifold possesses some sort of symmetry, there is also the related notion of a charge or current, which is sometimes also called the generator, although, strictly speaking, charges are not elements of the tangent space.
Elements of the Lie algebra to a Lie group are sometimes referred to as "generators of the group," especially by physicists. The Lie algebra can be thought of as the infinitesimal vectors generating the group, at least locally, by means of the exponential map, but the Lie algebra does not form a generating set in the strict sense.
In stochastic analysis, an Itō diffusion or more general Itō process has an infinitesimal generator.
The generator of any continuous symmetry implied by Noether's theorem, the generators of a Lie group being a special case. In this case, a generator is sometimes called a charge or Noether charge, examples include:
angular momentum as the generator of rotations,
linear momentum as the generator of translations,
electric charge being the generator of the U(1) symmetry group of electromagnetism,
the color charges of quarks are the generators of the SU(3) color symmetry in quantum chromodynamics,
More precisely, "charge" should apply only to the root system of a Lie group.
See also
Generating function
Lie theory
Symmetry (physics)
Particle physics
Supersymmetry
Gauge theory
Field (physics)
References
^ McMahon, D. (2008). Quantum Field Theory. Mc Graw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-154382-8.
^ Parker, C.B. (1994). McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd ed.). Mc Graw Hill. ISBN 0-07-051400-3.
^ a b Abers, E. (2004). Quantum Mechanics. Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-131-461000.
External links
Generating Sets, K. Conrad
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"generator (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:One5Root.svg"},{"link_name":"roots of unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_of_unity"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_(mathematics)"}],"text":"\"Generating set\" redirects here. For other uses of \"generator\" see generator (disambiguation).The 5th roots of unity in the complex plane under multiplication form a group of order 5. Each non-identity element by itself is a generator for the whole group.In mathematics and physics, the term generator or generating set may refer to any of a number of related concepts. The underlying concept in each case is that of a smaller set of objects, together with a set of operations that can be applied to it, that result in the creation of a larger collection of objects, called the generated set. The larger set is then said to be generated by the smaller set. It is commonly the case that the generating set has a simpler set of properties than the generated set, thus making it easier to discuss and examine. It is usually the case that properties of the generating set are in some way preserved by the act of generation; likewise, the properties of the generated set are often reflected in the generating set.","title":"Generator (mathematics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spanning set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanning_set"},{"link_name":"vector space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space"},{"link_name":"Generating set of a group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating_set_of_a_group"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"subgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgroup"},{"link_name":"Generating set of a ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subring#Subring_generated_by_a_set"},{"link_name":"subring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subring"},{"link_name":"Generating set of an ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating_set_of_an_ideal"},{"link_name":"Generating set of a module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating_set_of_a_module"},{"link_name":"generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator_(category_theory)"},{"link_name":"category theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory"},{"link_name":"object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(category_theory)"},{"link_name":"morphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphism"},{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"subbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subbase"},{"link_name":"topological algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_algebra"},{"link_name":"topological algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_algebra"},{"link_name":"subalgebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subalgebra"},{"link_name":"σ-algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3-algebra#%CF%83-algebra_generated_by_an_arbitrary_family"}],"text":"A list of examples of generating sets follow.Generating set or spanning set of a vector space: a set that spans the vector space\nGenerating set of a group: A subset of a group that is not contained in any subgroup of the group other than the entire group\nGenerating set of a ring: A subset S of a ring A generates A if the only subring of A containing S is A\nGenerating set of an ideal in a ring\nGenerating set of a module\nA generator, in category theory, is an object that can be used to distinguish morphisms\nIn topology, a collection of sets that generate the topology is called a subbase\nGenerating set of a topological algebra: S is a generating set of a topological algebra A if the smallest closed subalgebra of A containing S is A\nGenerating a σ-algebra by a collection of subsets","title":"List of generators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"differential equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equation"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold"},{"link_name":"exponential map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_map_(Riemannian_geometry)"},{"link_name":"tangent space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent_space"},{"link_name":"geodesics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic"},{"link_name":"Lie algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"Lie group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lie algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"exponential map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_map_(Lie_theory)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"stochastic analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_processes"},{"link_name":"Itō diffusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C5%8D_diffusion"},{"link_name":"Itō process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C5%8D_process"},{"link_name":"infinitesimal generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitesimal_generator_(stochastic_processes)"},{"link_name":"continuous symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_symmetry"},{"link_name":"Noether's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"Lie group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group"},{"link_name":"charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_(physics)"},{"link_name":"Noether charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether_charge"},{"link_name":"angular momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentum#Total_angular_momentum_as_generator_of_rotations"},{"link_name":"rotations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abers04-3"},{"link_name":"linear momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Symmetry_and_conservation"},{"link_name":"translations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abers04-3"},{"link_name":"electric charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge"},{"link_name":"U(1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U(1)"},{"link_name":"electromagnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism"},{"link_name":"color charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge"},{"link_name":"quarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark"},{"link_name":"SU(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU(3)"},{"link_name":"color symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge"},{"link_name":"quantum chromodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics"},{"link_name":"root system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_system"}],"text":"In the study of differential equations, and commonly those occurring in physics, one has the idea of a set of infinitesimal displacements that can be extended to obtain a manifold, or at least, a local part of it, by means of integration. The general concept is of using the exponential map to take the vectors in the tangent space and extend them, as geodesics, to an open set surrounding the tangent point. In this case, it is not unusual to call the elements of the tangent space the generators of the manifold. When the manifold possesses some sort of symmetry, there is also the related notion of a charge or current, which is sometimes also called the generator, although, strictly speaking, charges are not elements of the tangent space.Elements of the Lie algebra to a Lie group are sometimes referred to as \"generators of the group,\" especially by physicists.[1] The Lie algebra can be thought of as the infinitesimal vectors generating the group, at least locally, by means of the exponential map, but the Lie algebra does not form a generating set in the strict sense.[2]\nIn stochastic analysis, an Itō diffusion or more general Itō process has an infinitesimal generator.\nThe generator of any continuous symmetry implied by Noether's theorem, the generators of a Lie group being a special case. In this case, a generator is sometimes called a charge or Noether charge, examples include:\nangular momentum as the generator of rotations,[3]\nlinear momentum as the generator of translations,[3]\nelectric charge being the generator of the U(1) symmetry group of electromagnetism,\nthe color charges of quarks are the generators of the SU(3) color symmetry in quantum chromodynamics,\nMore precisely, \"charge\" should apply only to the root system of a Lie group.","title":"Differential equations"}]
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[{"image_text":"The 5th roots of unity in the complex plane under multiplication form a group of order 5. Each non-identity element by itself is a generator for the whole group.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/One5Root.svg/220px-One5Root.svg.png"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing_in_the_United_States
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Surfing in the United States
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["1 History","2 Surfing culture in the United States","3 Demographics","4 Major competitions in the United States [30]","5 Big wave surfing","6 U.S. World Title holders [40]","7 References"]
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Surfing in the United StatesA surfer at the Cayucos Pier, Cayucos, CaliforniaCountryUnited StatesGoverning bodyUSA SurfingNational team(s)United States Olympics teamNational competitions
World Surf LeagueInternational competitions
Summer OlympicsWorld Surfing Championships
George Freeth, 1883-1919
Surfing in the United States is a popular hobby in coastal areas, and more recently due to the invention of wave pools, inland regions of the country. It contributes to a lifestyle and culture in which millions participate and which millions more have an interest. USA surfing is the governing body for the sport of surfing in the United States, with surf leagues such as the World Surf League available in the country. Surfing can be traced back to 17th Century Hawaii and has evolved over time into the professional sport it is today, with surfing being included for the first time in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.
History
See also: History of surfing
Surfing was first documented by Captain James Cook in 1767 during his expeditions across the Pacific Ocean in Tahiti and Hawaii, however research suggests that surfing dates back to ancient Polynesian cultures up to a thousand years ago. Throughout the Pacific, wave-riding existed in various forms, however only in Hawaii did it embed itself within the social, political and religious fabric of society. At the time of the European's arrival surfing was deeply embedded in Hawaiian society. Hawaiian petroglyphs dated to AD 1000 depict surfing and surfboard making. The boards in Hawaii were longer and heavier than other Polynesian colonies, and only there were references to sitting, kneeling and standing on specialised surfboards recorded dating back to AD 500. By 1778 ancient Hawaiians were using three types of timber to make surfboards – Acacia koa, Artocarpus altilis, and Erythrina sandwicensis. Hawaiian balsa was the post popular material to craft surfboards with due to its light weight and superior buoyancy. Surfing in ancient Hawaii transcended class divisions, with men, women and children all riding waves for pleasure. Most Hawaiian families owned a surfboard, and were decorated and named. For ancient Hawaiians surfing was seen as a social, communal and even sexual activity.
Surfing was brought to the United States in July 1885 when three teenage Hawaiian princes, David Kawananakoa, Edward Keliʻiahonui and Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole, surfed the mouth of the San Lorenzo River in Santa Cruz on custom-shaped redwood boards. In 1907 George Freeth demonstrated surfing as a publicity stunt at Venice Beach to promote Abbot Kinney's resort, Venice of America.
Surfing on the East Coast of the United States was pioneered in 1909 by Burke Haywood Bridgers in Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina. After finding little success with lightweight, juniper boards, Bridgers wrote to Alexander Hume Ford and the Hawaiian newspapers for advice about board shapes and design, and surfing styles. Bridgers continued to craft his own surfboards and promote surfing in North Carolina. Duke Kahanamoku, the father of modern surfing, introduced the sport to New Yorkers in 1912 while en route from Honolulu to the Stockholm Olympic Games at Rockaway Beach.
In the early 1900s, surfing began to be recognised by international sporting agencies as a legitimate sport. Alexander Hume Ford created the Hands-Around-the-Pacific Club in 1911, which was later renamed the Pan Pacific Union in 1917. The organisation focused on the outgrowth of Pacific-area tourism promotion activities, and sponsored the Mid-Pacific Carnival in 1913 at Waikiki, Honolulu. The Duke Kahanamoku made his first visit to Huntington Beach in the early 1920s, following his Olympic gold medal win at the 1912 Olympics. He is credited with popularising surfing in Southern California from 1913 to 1929. By mid-to late 1930s tens of thousands of Americans were travelling to Hawaii every year and experiencing surfing.
Surfing's popularity began to increase in the United States post-WWII and peaked in the 1960s. Now called the U.S. Open of Surfing, the West Coast Surfing Championship was the first surfing tournament in the United States and was held in 1959 at Huntington Beach, California.
The International Professional Surfers (IPS) was founded by Hawaiian surfers Fred Hemmings and Randy Rarick in 1976. The Association of Surfing Professionals was founded in 1983 before officially becoming the World Surf League (WSL) in 2015. 11 U.S. men and women now compete in the WSL.
In 2016, The International Olympic Committee (IOC) voted unanimously for the inclusion of surfing in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games.
Surfing culture in the United States
See also: Surf culture
Surfing's popularity began to grow post-World War II. With the expansion of the middle class in the 1950s, the number of American consumers who sought leisure at the beach grew dramatically. As surfing became more popular, especially amongst young people, it became more than a recreational hobby and affected music, fashion, literature, film and art and jargon. For many beachgoers, especially after the release of Hollywood surf film “Gidget” in 1959, surfing became a subcultural pastime. Some other aspects of surf culture in the 1960s include the Woodie, bikinis, boardshorts and surf music such as ‘The Beach Boys’’ “Surfin’ Safari” released in 1962. John Severson founded “The Surfer”, the world's first surfing magazine, in 1959.
Some popular U.S. surf ware and apparel brands include “O’Neill” founded by Jack O’Neill in California in 1952, “Vans” founded in 1966, “Channel Islands Surfboards” founded in 1969, and “Dakine” founded in 1979.
Territorialism has arisen in surf breaks with large amounts of surfers located close to a large population centre. Territorialism involves regular surfers becoming confrontational and territorial about their local surf breaks, especially at surf breaks that attract many seasonal vacationers. This has led to the creation of loose surf gangs who protect their surf break from tourists. Some prominent Southern Californian gangs include Malibu Locals Only and Lunada Bay Boys, with the main surf gang in Hawaii known as the ‘da huis’. These gangs have been known to use verbal and physical confrontation to deter tourists from their surf breaks. Territorialism often occurs due to socioeconomic factors. Many surfers originally came from a lower economic class and resented well-off vacationers who visited their towns to surf recreationally.
Surfing is growing amongst the African American community, despite being seen as a "white sport".
Demographics
There are over 3.5 million surfers in the US, with youth accounting for approximately 32% of that demographic. The average surfer in the United States is 34 years old and will drive approximately 10 miles to surf, spending approximately $40 per session. The United States has the largest share of the surfing industry, accounting for 49% of total sales on average each year. The average surfer in the United States earns $75,000. Locations with exceptional waves bring in large levels of activity form surfers, with Trestles surf break in San Diego, CA having an estimated economic value of $24 million. The average surfer in the United States is 34 years old and owns 4 different surfboards. Surfing contributes greatly to the U.S. economy with US- based surfers spending over $3 billion each year on their domestic surfing trips. The average surfer in the US will surf 108 times each year on average. Over 6 million people in the United States watch professional surfing on TV each year. There are 9 official surf schools in the United States. The Surf Industry Manufacturers Association (SIMA), reported that the United States Surf industry had grown from US$6.52 billion in 2004 to US$7.48 billion in 2006.
Major competitions in the United States
Kelly Slater competing at the 2011 US Open of Surfing in Huntington Beach, California
Southeast Regional Surfing Championships - Smyrna Beach, Florida
East Coast Surfing Championships - Virginia Beach, Virginia
US Open of Surfing - Huntington Beach, California
Triple Crown of Surfing - North Shore, Oahu, Hawaii
Reef Hawaiian Pro - North Shore, Oahu, Hawaii
O'Neill World Cup of Surfing - Pūpūkea, Oahu, Hawaii
Pipeline Masters - North Shore, Oahu, Hawaii
The Eddie - Waimea Bay, Oahu, Hawaii
Titans of Mavericks - Half Moon Bay, California
USA Surfing Prime Junior Event - Camp Pendleton, California
USA Surfing Prime Junior Event - Atlantic City, New Jersey
ISA World Junior Surfing Championships - Huntington Beach, California
USA Surfing Prime Junior Event - Nags Head, North Carolina
USA Surfing Prime Junior Event - Dana Point, California
Shoe City Pro - Santa Cruz, California
USA Surfing Prime - Sebastian Inlet, Florida
Jack's Pro - Huntington Beach, California
USA Surfing Prime - Huntington Beach, California
USA Surfing Prime - New Smyrna Beach, Florida
USA Surfing Prime - San Onofre State Beach, California
USA Surfing Prime - T-Street, San Clemente, California
USA Surfing Championships - Oceanside, California
USA Surfing Junior Olympic Surfing Championships - San Onofre State Beach, California
USA Surfing Prime Junior Event - Long Beach, New York
Big wave surfing
Big wave surfing involves riding a wave that is at least 6.2 meters (20 ft) high, on surfboards known as “guns” or “towboards” that are typically 1.82 to 3.65 meters (6 to 12 ft long). These boards are thicker than regular surfboards enabling a rider to paddle fast enough to catch a wave. The boards have a round-pin tail allowing surfers to dig into large waves in order to carry out high-speed turns.
Big wave surfing in the United States dates back to the 1940s and 1950s, when surfers Woody Brown and Dickie Cross surfed a large swell at Sunset Beach in 1943. Dickie Cross did not survive. Greg Noll is widely renowned as being surfing's first big wave surfers, migrating to Hawaii in 1953 where he regularly surfed at Makaha, the largest wave surfed at the time. Greg Noll became one of the first people to surf Waimea bay in 1957. Greg Noll was credited with surfing the largest wave to date on December 4, 1969, at Makaha, estimated to be 9.14 meters (30 ft) high. Hawaiian Eddie Aikau transformed the boundaries of big wave surfing in the 1970s, winning the 1977 Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championship. A memorial big wave contest in his name was held 1984 and has continued yearly until 2020. Jeff Clark was credited with surfing Mavericks for the first time in 1975, surfing the break alone for 15 years. He introduced the break to other surfers from Santa Cruz in 1992 and the break was on the cover of Surfer Magazine by 1992. In 1992 surfers Buzzy Kerbox and Laird Hamilton became pioneers in using a personal watercraft (jet ski) to pull other surfers into waves that were too big and fast moving to paddle into. The invention of tow-in surfing transformed big wave surfing, allowing surfers to ride waves bigger than ever previously ridden. The new discipline revolutionised big wave board size, allowing big wave surfers to use 2.13 meters (7 ft) boards that were easier to manoeuvre.
In 2005, the World Surf League introduced the Big Wave Awards across seven categories including:
"XXL Biggest Wave"
"Biggest Paddle Wave"
"Tube of the Year"
"Best Overall Performance"
"Women’s Performance"
"Wipeout Award"
"Ride of the Year"
In 2009, surfboard shaper Gary Linden launched the Big Wave World Tour, which was taken over by the Association of Surfing Professionals in 2014.
U.S. Big Wave World Tour Title Holders:
2011: Peter Mel
2012: Greg Long
2015: Greg Long
Notable US Big Wave Surfing Spots:
Cortes Bank, California
Ghost Trees, California
Mavericks, California
The Wedge, California
Nelscott Reef, Oregon
Big wave surfers conduct immense amounts of preparation in order to stay safe and perform at their best when riding large waves. Underwater rock running assists surfer to better their lung capacity and prepare for being held underwater for long periods of time. Some of the world's best big wave surfers can hold their breath for up to 5 minutes. Yoga assists big wave surfers to stay flexible, and to use air more efficiently.
U.S. World Title holders
Men
1968: Fred Hemmings
1970: Rolf Aurness
1972: James Blears
1974: Reno Abellira
1985/86: Tom Curren
1886/87: Tom Curren
1990: Tom Curren
1992: Kelly Slater
1994: Kelly Slater
1995: Kelly Slater
1996: Kelly Slater
1997: Kelly Slater
1998: Kelly Slater
2001: C.J. Hobgood
2002: Andy Iorns
2005: Kelly Slater
2006: Kelly Slater
2008: Kelly Slater
2010: Kelly Slater
2011: Kelly Slater
Women
1965: Joyce Hoffman
1966: Joyce Hoffman
1968: Margo Godfrey
1970: Sharon Webber
1972: Sharon Webber
1982: Debbie Beaham
1983/84: Kim Mearig
1984/85: Freida Zamba
1985/86: Freida Zamba
1986/87: Freida Zamba
1988: Frieda Zamba
1994: Lisa Andersen
1995: Lisa Andersen
1996: Lisa Andersen
1997: Lisa Andersen
References
^ Smith, Gibbs (2009). The Surfing Yearbook. ISBN 9781423605584.
^ a b c Heimann, Jim (2016). Surfing 1778-2015. Koln: Taschen.
^ Warshaw, Matt (2010). The History of Surfing. San Francisco: Chronicle. ISBN 9780811856003.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Gaille, Brandon (August 24, 2018). "22 Surfing Industry Statistics and Trends". Brandon Gaille. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
^ USA Surfing (May 24, 2020). "About USA Surfing". USA Surfing. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
^ a b c d Walker, Isaiah Helekunihi (2011). Waves of Resistance: Surfing and History in Twentieth-Century Hawaiʻi. Hawaii: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
^ International Olympic Committee (February 18, 2019). "IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020". Olympics. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i Warren, Andrew; Gibson, Chris (2014). Surfing places, surfboard makers: craft, creativity, and cultural heritage in Hawaiʻi, California, and Australia. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
^ Dunn, Geoffrey (2010-03-31). "Riders of the Sea Spray". Good Times Santa Cruz. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ Verge, Arthur C. (2001-07-01). "George Freeth: King of the Surfers and California's Forgotten Hero". California History. 80 (2–3): 82–105. doi:10.2307/25177649. ISSN 0162-2897.
^ Moser, Patrick (2022). Surf and Rescue: George Freeth and the Birth of California Beach Culture. Sport and society. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-04444-1.
^ a b Kelly, Caroline (2018-05-28). "Back in the Day: First in Surf". Our State. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ "Surf History - Origins of the sport of Surfing". surfing-waves.com. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ a b c d e f g h Laderman, Scott (2019). Empire in Waves: A Political History of Surfing. University of California Press. pp. 8–40. doi:10.1525/california/9780520279100.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-520-95804-3. S2CID 164612539.
^ a b Wilson, Wayne; Wiggins, David K. (2017-11-16). "LA Sports: play, games, and community in the city of angels". University of Arkansas Press. pp. 219–238. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ Stacey (July 15, 2012). "History of the US Open of Surfing". Archived from the original on 2014-07-29. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ a b c "World Surf League - The global home of surfing". World Surf League. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ "IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020". International Olympic Committee. 2019-02-18. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ Warshaw, Matt (2005). The Encyclopedia of Surfing. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-603251-3.
^ a b SurferToday. "The most important dates in the history of surfing". Surfertoday. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ Geniya (February 3, 2020). "30 of the Best Surf Brands". Surfd. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ a b c d Comly, Cassie (2015). "Fall in Line: How Surfers' Perceptions of Localism, Territoriality and Waves as Limited Resources Influence Surf-related Aggression". ResearchGate. University of Oregon. Archived from the original on 2020-02-08.
^ a b c Weiss, Kenneth (1996-12-24). "Territorial Surfer Wipes Out". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ "Surf Racism - Error in the Code". Huck. 4 January 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
^ "Black Surfers Collective aims to promote diversity in surf lineup - GrindTV.com". 5 August 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
^ Company, Johnson Publishing (6 December 2016). "Ebony". Johnson Publishing Company. Retrieved 6 December 2016 – via Google Books.
^ Stephen Nessen (2013-09-07). "African-American Surfers Challenge Stereotypes | Only A Game". Onlyagame.legacy.wbur.org. Retrieved 2016-11-02.
^ SurferToday. "Surf Schools". Surfertoday.com. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
^ "No Slowing Down for Surf Industry". www.businesswire.com. 2007-07-09. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
^ "Events". USA Surfing. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
^ "Top 10 Surfing Events in the USA". Topeventsusa.com. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
^ "Big Wave Surfing - The Biggest Waves in the World - HVS Boarsport". 2018-01-02. Archived from the original on 2018-01-02. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
^ a b Cruz, Mimi Ko (February 4, 2008). "Surf's Up: Professor studies the psychology of big-wave surfing". California State University, Fullerton. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
^ a b Vanstone, Gavin (October 11, 2013). "Big Wave Surfing | I Did Know Once, Only I've Sort of Forgotten". sites.psu.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
^ a b c d e f "Big Wave Surfing 101 – What to do, what to ride and where to find them | LUEX". www.luex.com. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
^ a b c d e f g "A Big Wave Surfing History". X Games. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
^ Couldwell, Andrew (April 11, 2006). "Big wave surfers — Club of the Waves". clubofthewaves.com. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
^ a b c Struck, Elliot (2014). "What (Laird Hamilton) Thinks About Big Wave Surfing". Stab Magazine. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
^ "2020 Big Wave Awards". World Surf League. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
^ "WSL Champions - Past Winners". World Surf League. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
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States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_surfing"},{"link_name":"Captain James Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Tahiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti"},{"link_name":"Polynesian cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_culture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"petroglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"surfboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfboard"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"ancient Hawaiians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Acacia koa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_koa"},{"link_name":"Artocarpus altilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit"},{"link_name":"Erythrina sandwicensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiliwili"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"buoyancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"David Kawananakoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kaw%C4%81nanakoa"},{"link_name":"Edward Keliʻiahonui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Abnel_Keli%CA%BBiahonui"},{"link_name":"Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_K%C5%ABhi%C5%8D_Kalaniana%CA%BBole"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo_River"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California"},{"link_name":"redwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoioideae"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"George Freeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Freeth"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"East Coast of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrightsville_Beach,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"juniper boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"Waikiki, Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikiki"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"Duke Kahanamoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Kahanamoku"},{"link_name":"1912 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-15"},{"link_name":"U.S. Open of Surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Open_of_Surfing"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"International Professional Surfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Professional_Surfers"},{"link_name":"Fred Hemmings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hemmings"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-17"},{"link_name":"World Surf League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Surf_League"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-17"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"See also: History of surfingSurfing was first documented by Captain James Cook in 1767 during his expeditions across the Pacific Ocean in Tahiti and Hawaii, however research suggests that surfing dates back to ancient Polynesian cultures up to a thousand years ago.[2][8] Throughout the Pacific, wave-riding existed in various forms, however only in Hawaii did it embed itself within the social, political and religious fabric of society.[8] At the time of the European's arrival surfing was deeply embedded in Hawaiian society.[8] Hawaiian petroglyphs dated to AD 1000 depict surfing and surfboard making.[8] The boards in Hawaii were longer and heavier than other Polynesian colonies, and only there were references to sitting, kneeling and standing on specialised surfboards recorded dating back to AD 500.[8] By 1778 ancient Hawaiians were using three types of timber to make surfboards – Acacia koa, Artocarpus altilis, and Erythrina sandwicensis.[8] Hawaiian balsa was the post popular material to craft surfboards with due to its light weight and superior buoyancy.[8] Surfing in ancient Hawaii transcended class divisions, with men, women and children all riding waves for pleasure.[8] Most Hawaiian families owned a surfboard, and were decorated and named. For ancient Hawaiians surfing was seen as a social, communal and even sexual activity.[8][page needed]Surfing was brought to the United States in July 1885 when three teenage Hawaiian princes, David Kawananakoa, Edward Keliʻiahonui and Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole, surfed the mouth of the San Lorenzo River in Santa Cruz on custom-shaped redwood boards.[9] In 1907 George Freeth demonstrated surfing as a publicity stunt at Venice Beach to promote Abbot Kinney's resort, Venice of America.[10][11]Surfing on the East Coast of the United States was pioneered in 1909 by Burke Haywood Bridgers in Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina.[12] After finding little success with lightweight, juniper boards, Bridgers wrote to Alexander Hume Ford and the Hawaiian newspapers for advice about board shapes and design, and surfing styles. Bridgers continued to craft his own surfboards and promote surfing in North Carolina.[12] Duke Kahanamoku, the father of modern surfing, introduced the sport to New Yorkers in 1912 while en route from Honolulu to the Stockholm Olympic Games at Rockaway Beach.In the early 1900s, surfing began to be recognised by international sporting agencies as a legitimate sport.[13] Alexander Hume Ford created the Hands-Around-the-Pacific Club in 1911, which was later renamed the Pan Pacific Union in 1917.[6][14] The organisation focused on the outgrowth of Pacific-area tourism promotion activities, and sponsored the Mid-Pacific Carnival in 1913 at Waikiki, Honolulu.[14] The Duke Kahanamoku made his first visit to Huntington Beach in the early 1920s, following his Olympic gold medal win at the 1912 Olympics.[6][14] He is credited with popularising surfing in Southern California from 1913 to 1929.[14] By mid-to late 1930s tens of thousands of Americans were travelling to Hawaii every year and experiencing surfing.[6][14]Surfing's popularity began to increase in the United States post-WWII and peaked in the 1960s.[15] Now called the U.S. Open of Surfing, the West Coast Surfing Championship was the first surfing tournament in the United States and was held in 1959 at Huntington Beach, California.[16]The International Professional Surfers (IPS) was founded by Hawaiian surfers Fred Hemmings and Randy Rarick in 1976.[17] The Association of Surfing Professionals was founded in 1983 before officially becoming the World Surf League (WSL) in 2015.[17] 11 U.S. men and women now compete in the WSL.[17]In 2016, The International Olympic Committee (IOC) voted unanimously for the inclusion of surfing in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surf culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_culture"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"recreational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-15"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)"},{"link_name":"Gidget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidget_(film)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"Woodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodie_(car_body_style)"},{"link_name":"boardshorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boardshorts"},{"link_name":"The Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"Surfin’ Safari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfin%27_Safari"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-20"},{"link_name":"John Severson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Severson"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-20"},{"link_name":"Jack O’Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_O%27Neill_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Vans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vans"},{"link_name":"Dakine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakine"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Territorialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/territorialism"},{"link_name":"surf breaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_break"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-23"},{"link_name":"Malibu Locals Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu_Locals_Only"},{"link_name":"Lunada Bay Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunada_Bay_Boys"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-23"},{"link_name":"socioeconomic factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomics"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-22"},{"link_name":"white sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Wash_(film)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"See also: Surf cultureSurfing's popularity began to grow post-World War II.[14] With the expansion of the middle class in the 1950s, the number of American consumers who sought leisure at the beach grew dramatically.[14] As surfing became more popular, especially amongst young people, it became more than a recreational hobby and affected music, fashion, literature, film and art and jargon.[15] For many beachgoers, especially after the release of Hollywood surf film “Gidget” in 1959, surfing became a subcultural pastime.[14] Some other aspects of surf culture in the 1960s include the Woodie, bikinis, boardshorts and surf music such as ‘The Beach Boys’’ “Surfin’ Safari” released in 1962.[19][20] John Severson founded “The Surfer”, the world's first surfing magazine, in 1959.[20]Some popular U.S. surf ware and apparel brands include “O’Neill” founded by Jack O’Neill in California in 1952, “Vans” founded in 1966, “Channel Islands Surfboards” founded in 1969, and “Dakine” founded in 1979.[21]Territorialism has arisen in surf breaks with large amounts of surfers located close to a large population centre.[22] Territorialism involves regular surfers becoming confrontational and territorial about their local surf breaks, especially at surf breaks that attract many seasonal vacationers.[22] This has led to the creation of loose surf gangs who protect their surf break from tourists.[23] Some prominent Southern Californian gangs include Malibu Locals Only and Lunada Bay Boys, with the main surf gang in Hawaii known as the ‘da huis’.[23] These gangs have been known to use verbal and physical confrontation to deter tourists from their surf breaks.[23] Territorialism often occurs due to socioeconomic factors.[22] Many surfers originally came from a lower economic class and resented well-off vacationers who visited their towns to surf recreationally.[22]Surfing is growing amongst the African American community, despite being seen as a \"white sport\".[24][25][26][27]","title":"Surfing culture in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-4"},{"link_name":"Trestles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trestles_(surfing)"},{"link_name":"San Diego, CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-4"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"There are over 3.5 million surfers in the US, with youth accounting for approximately 32% of that demographic.[4] The average surfer in the United States is 34 years old and will drive approximately 10 miles to surf, spending approximately $40 per session.[4] The United States has the largest share of the surfing industry, accounting for 49% of total sales on average each year.[4] The average surfer in the United States earns $75,000.[4] Locations with exceptional waves bring in large levels of activity form surfers, with Trestles surf break in San Diego, CA having an estimated economic value of $24 million.[4] The average surfer in the United States is 34 years old and owns 4 different surfboards.[4] Surfing contributes greatly to the U.S. economy with US- based surfers spending over $3 billion each year on their domestic surfing trips.[4] The average surfer in the US will surf 108 times each year on average.[4] Over 6 million people in the United States watch professional surfing on TV each year.[4] There are 9 official surf schools in the United States.[28] The Surf Industry Manufacturers Association (SIMA), reported that the United States Surf industry had grown from US$6.52 billion in 2004 to US$7.48 billion in 2006.[29]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kelly_Slater_(6020584199).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kelly Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Slater"},{"link_name":"East Coast Surfing Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Surfing_Championships"},{"link_name":"US Open of Surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Open_of_Surfing"},{"link_name":"Triple Crown of Surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Surfing"},{"link_name":"Reef Hawaiian Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef_Hawaiian_Pro"},{"link_name":"O'Neill World Cup of Surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_World_Cup_of_Surfing"},{"link_name":"Pipeline Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_Masters"},{"link_name":"The Eddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eddie"},{"link_name":"Titans of Mavericks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titans_of_Mavericks"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Kelly Slater competing at the 2011 US Open of Surfing in Huntington Beach, CaliforniaSoutheast Regional Surfing Championships - Smyrna Beach, Florida\nEast Coast Surfing Championships - Virginia Beach, Virginia\nUS Open of Surfing - Huntington Beach, California\nTriple Crown of Surfing - North Shore, Oahu, Hawaii\nReef Hawaiian Pro - North Shore, Oahu, Hawaii\nO'Neill World Cup of Surfing - Pūpūkea, Oahu, Hawaii\nPipeline Masters - North Shore, Oahu, Hawaii\nThe Eddie - Waimea Bay, Oahu, Hawaii\nTitans of Mavericks - Half Moon Bay, California[31]\nUSA Surfing Prime Junior Event - Camp Pendleton, California\nUSA Surfing Prime Junior Event - Atlantic City, New Jersey\nISA World Junior Surfing Championships - Huntington Beach, California\nUSA Surfing Prime Junior Event - Nags Head, North Carolina\nUSA Surfing Prime Junior Event - Dana Point, California\nShoe City Pro - Santa Cruz, California\nUSA Surfing Prime - Sebastian Inlet, Florida\nJack's Pro - Huntington Beach, California\nUSA Surfing Prime - Huntington Beach, California\nUSA Surfing Prime - New Smyrna Beach, Florida\nUSA Surfing Prime - San Onofre State Beach, California\nUSA Surfing Prime - T-Street, San Clemente, California\nUSA Surfing Championships - Oceanside, California\nUSA Surfing Junior Olympic Surfing Championships - San Onofre State Beach, California\nUSA Surfing Prime Junior Event - Long Beach, New York","title":"Major competitions in the United States "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-35"},{"link_name":"Woody Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Brown_(surfer)"},{"link_name":"Sunset Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Beach_(Oahu)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-36"},{"link_name":"Greg Noll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Noll"},{"link_name":"Makaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81kaha,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Waimea bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waimea_Bay,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-34"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-36"},{"link_name":"Eddie Aikau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Aikau"},{"link_name":"Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Kahanamoku_Invitational_Surfing_Championship"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-36"},{"link_name":"Jeff Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Clark_(surfer)"},{"link_name":"Mavericks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavericks,_California"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-36"},{"link_name":"Surfer Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfer_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-36"},{"link_name":"Buzzy Kerbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzy_Kerbox"},{"link_name":"Laird Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laird_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"personal watercraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_watercraft"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-38"},{"link_name":"tow-in surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tow-in_surfing"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-36"},{"link_name":"Peter Mel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mel"},{"link_name":"Greg Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Long_(surfer)"},{"link_name":"The Wedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wedge_(surfing)"},{"link_name":"Nelscott Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelscott_Reef"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-35"},{"link_name":"Yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-35"}],"text":"Big wave surfing involves riding a wave that is at least 6.2 meters (20 ft) high, on surfboards known as “guns” or “towboards” that are typically 1.82 to 3.65 meters (6 to 12 ft long).[32][33][34] These boards are thicker than regular surfboards enabling a rider to paddle fast enough to catch a wave.[33][35] The boards have a round-pin tail allowing surfers to dig into large waves in order to carry out high-speed turns.[35]Big wave surfing in the United States dates back to the 1940s and 1950s, when surfers Woody Brown and Dickie Cross surfed a large swell at Sunset Beach in 1943.[36] Dickie Cross did not survive. Greg Noll is widely renowned as being surfing's first big wave surfers, migrating to Hawaii in 1953 where he regularly surfed at Makaha, the largest wave surfed at the time. Greg Noll became one of the first people to surf Waimea bay in 1957.[36] Greg Noll was credited with surfing the largest wave to date on December 4, 1969, at Makaha, estimated to be 9.14 meters (30 ft) high.[34][36] Hawaiian Eddie Aikau transformed the boundaries of big wave surfing in the 1970s, winning the 1977 Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championship.[37] A memorial big wave contest in his name was held 1984 and has continued yearly until 2020.[36] Jeff Clark was credited with surfing Mavericks for the first time in 1975, surfing the break alone for 15 years.[36] He introduced the break to other surfers from Santa Cruz in 1992 and the break was on the cover of Surfer Magazine by 1992.[36] In 1992 surfers Buzzy Kerbox and Laird Hamilton became pioneers in using a personal watercraft (jet ski) to pull other surfers into waves that were too big and fast moving to paddle into.[38] The invention of tow-in surfing transformed big wave surfing, allowing surfers to ride waves bigger than ever previously ridden.[38] The new discipline revolutionised big wave board size, allowing big wave surfers to use 2.13 meters (7 ft) boards that were easier to manoeuvre.[38]In 2005, the World Surf League introduced the Big Wave Awards across seven categories including:[39]\"XXL Biggest Wave\"\n\"Biggest Paddle Wave\"\n\"Tube of the Year\"\n\"Best Overall Performance\"\n\"Women’s Performance\"\n\"Wipeout Award\"\n\"Ride of the Year\"In 2009, surfboard shaper Gary Linden launched the Big Wave World Tour, which was taken over by the Association of Surfing Professionals in 2014.[36]U.S. Big Wave World Tour Title Holders:2011: Peter Mel\n2012: Greg Long\n2015: Greg LongNotable US Big Wave Surfing Spots:Cortes Bank, California\nGhost Trees, California\nMavericks, California\nThe Wedge, California\nNelscott Reef, OregonBig wave surfers conduct immense amounts of preparation in order to stay safe and perform at their best when riding large waves.[35] Underwater rock running assists surfer to better their lung capacity and prepare for being held underwater for long periods of time.[35] Some of the world's best big wave surfers can hold their breath for up to 5 minutes.[35] Yoga assists big wave surfers to stay flexible, and to use air more efficiently.[35]","title":"Big wave surfing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fred Hemmings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hemmings"},{"link_name":"Rolf Aurness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Aurness"},{"link_name":"Tom Curren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Curren"},{"link_name":"Kelly Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Slater"},{"link_name":"C.J. Hobgood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._J._Hobgood"},{"link_name":"Joyce Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"Sharon Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharron_Weber"},{"link_name":"Freida Zamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieda_Zamba"},{"link_name":"Lisa Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Andersen"}],"text":"Men1968: Fred Hemmings\n1970: Rolf Aurness\n1972: James Blears\n1974: Reno Abellira\n1985/86: Tom Curren\n1886/87: Tom Curren\n1990: Tom Curren\n1992: Kelly Slater\n1994: Kelly Slater\n1995: Kelly Slater\n1996: Kelly Slater\n1997: Kelly Slater\n1998: Kelly Slater\n2001: C.J. Hobgood\n2002: Andy Iorns\n2005: Kelly Slater\n2006: Kelly Slater\n2008: Kelly Slater\n2010: Kelly Slater\n2011: Kelly SlaterWomen1965: Joyce Hoffman\n1966: Joyce Hoffman\n1968: Margo Godfrey\n1970: Sharon Webber\n1972: Sharon Webber\n1982: Debbie Beaham\n1983/84: Kim Mearig\n1984/85: Freida Zamba\n1985/86: Freida Zamba\n1986/87: Freida Zamba\n1988: Frieda Zamba\n1994: Lisa Andersen\n1995: Lisa Andersen\n1996: Lisa Andersen\n1997: Lisa Andersen","title":"U.S. World Title holders "}]
|
[{"image_text":"George Freeth, 1883-1919","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/George_Freeth.jpg/220px-George_Freeth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kelly Slater competing at the 2011 US Open of Surfing in Huntington Beach, California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kelly_Slater_%286020584199%29.jpg/293px-Kelly_Slater_%286020584199%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Smith, Gibbs (2009). The Surfing Yearbook. ISBN 9781423605584.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WPOF9Z51oGkC","url_text":"The Surfing Yearbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781423605584","url_text":"9781423605584"}]},{"reference":"Heimann, Jim (2016). Surfing 1778-2015. Koln: Taschen.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.booktopia.com.au/surfing-jim-heimann/book/9783836547505.html","url_text":"Surfing 1778-2015"}]},{"reference":"Warshaw, Matt (2010). The History of Surfing. San Francisco: Chronicle. ISBN 9780811856003.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HTL8tumsVB0C","url_text":"The History of Surfing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811856003","url_text":"9780811856003"}]},{"reference":"Gaille, Brandon (August 24, 2018). \"22 Surfing Industry Statistics and Trends\". Brandon Gaille. Retrieved May 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://brandongaille.com/22-surfing-industry-statistics-trends/","url_text":"\"22 Surfing Industry Statistics and Trends\""}]},{"reference":"USA Surfing (May 24, 2020). \"About USA Surfing\". USA Surfing. Retrieved May 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usasurfing.org/about-usa-surfing.html","url_text":"\"About USA Surfing\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Isaiah Helekunihi (2011). Waves of Resistance: Surfing and History in Twentieth-Century Hawaiʻi. Hawaii: University of Hawaiʻi Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/waves-of-resistance-surfing-and-history-in-twentieth-century-hawaii/","url_text":"Waves of Resistance: Surfing and History in Twentieth-Century Hawaiʻi"}]},{"reference":"International Olympic Committee (February 18, 2019). \"IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020\". Olympics. Retrieved May 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-approves-five-new-sports-for-olympic-games-tokyo-2020","url_text":"\"IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Warren, Andrew; Gibson, Chris (2014). Surfing places, surfboard makers: craft, creativity, and cultural heritage in Hawaiʻi, California, and Australia. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/surfing-places-surfboard-makers-craft-creativity-and-cultural-heritage-in-hawaii-california-and-australia/","url_text":"Surfing places, surfboard makers: craft, creativity, and cultural heritage in Hawaiʻi, California, and Australia"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, Geoffrey (2010-03-31). \"Riders of the Sea Spray\". Good Times Santa Cruz. Retrieved 2020-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://goodtimes.sc/cover-stories/riders-of-the-sea-spray/","url_text":"\"Riders of the Sea Spray\""}]},{"reference":"Verge, Arthur C. (2001-07-01). \"George Freeth: King of the Surfers and California's Forgotten Hero\". California History. 80 (2–3): 82–105. doi:10.2307/25177649. ISSN 0162-2897.","urls":[{"url":"https://online.ucpress.edu/ch/article/80/2-3/82/32395/George-Freeth-King-of-the-Surfers-and-California-s","url_text":"\"George Freeth: King of the Surfers and California's Forgotten Hero\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25177649","url_text":"10.2307/25177649"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0162-2897","url_text":"0162-2897"}]},{"reference":"Moser, Patrick (2022). Surf and Rescue: George Freeth and the Birth of California Beach Culture. Sport and society. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-04444-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-04444-1","url_text":"978-0-252-04444-1"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Caroline (2018-05-28). \"Back in the Day: First in Surf\". Our State. Retrieved 2020-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourstate.com/back-in-the-day-first-in-surf/","url_text":"\"Back in the Day: First in Surf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Surf History - Origins of the sport of Surfing\". surfing-waves.com. Retrieved 2020-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://surfing-waves.com/history-of-surfing.htm","url_text":"\"Surf History - Origins of the sport of Surfing\""}]},{"reference":"Laderman, Scott (2019). Empire in Waves: A Political History of Surfing. University of California Press. pp. 8–40. doi:10.1525/california/9780520279100.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-520-95804-3. S2CID 164612539.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520279100.001.0001","url_text":"10.1525/california/9780520279100.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95804-3","url_text":"978-0-520-95804-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164612539","url_text":"164612539"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Wayne; Wiggins, David K. (2017-11-16). \"LA Sports: play, games, and community in the city of angels\". University of Arkansas Press. pp. 219–238. Retrieved 2020-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uapress.com/product/la-sports/","url_text":"\"LA Sports: play, games, and community in the city of angels\""}]},{"reference":"Stacey (July 15, 2012). \"History of the US Open of Surfing\". Archived from the original on 2014-07-29. Retrieved 2020-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://surfingnewsdaily.com/3340/history-of-the-us-open-of-surfing/","url_text":"\"History of the US Open of Surfing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140729022224/http://surfingnewsdaily.com/3340/history-of-the-us-open-of-surfing/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"World Surf League - The global home of surfing\". World Surf League. Retrieved 2020-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldsurfleague.com/","url_text":"\"World Surf League - The global home of surfing\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020\". International Olympic Committee. 2019-02-18. Retrieved 2020-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-approves-five-new-sports-for-olympic-games-tokyo-2020","url_text":"\"IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Warshaw, Matt (2005). The Encyclopedia of Surfing. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-603251-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-DWQSYRx4MUC","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Surfing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603251-3","url_text":"978-0-15-603251-3"}]},{"reference":"SurferToday. \"The most important dates in the history of surfing\". Surfertoday. Retrieved 2020-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.surfertoday.com/surfing/the-most-important-dates-in-the-history-of-surfing","url_text":"\"The most important dates in the history of surfing\""}]},{"reference":"Geniya (February 3, 2020). \"30 of the Best Surf Brands\". Surfd. Retrieved 2020-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://surfd.com/2017/02/30-of-the-best-surf-brands/","url_text":"\"30 of the Best Surf Brands\""}]},{"reference":"Comly, Cassie (2015). \"Fall in Line: How Surfers' Perceptions of Localism, Territoriality and Waves as Limited Resources Influence Surf-related Aggression\". ResearchGate. University of Oregon. Archived from the original on 2020-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200208025517/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268205062_Fall_in_Line_How_Surfers'_Perceptions_of_Localism_Territoriality_and_Waves_as_Limited_Resources_Influence_Surf-related_Aggression","url_text":"\"Fall in Line: How Surfers' Perceptions of Localism, Territoriality and Waves as Limited Resources Influence Surf-related Aggression\""},{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268205062","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Kenneth (1996-12-24). \"Territorial Surfer Wipes Out\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-12-24-me-12243-story.html","url_text":"\"Territorial Surfer Wipes Out\""}]},{"reference":"\"Surf Racism - Error in the Code\". Huck. 4 January 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huckmagazine.com/perspectives/opinion-perspectives/surf-racism/","url_text":"\"Surf Racism - Error in the Code\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huck_(magazine)","url_text":"Huck"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Surfers Collective aims to promote diversity in surf lineup - GrindTV.com\". 5 August 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grindtv.com/culture/black-surfers-collective-aims-to-create-more-diversity-in-surf-lineup/#4SuL6A3iQpjJz4Bb.97","url_text":"\"Black Surfers Collective aims to promote diversity in surf lineup - GrindTV.com\""}]},{"reference":"Company, Johnson Publishing (6 December 2016). \"Ebony\". Johnson Publishing Company. Retrieved 6 December 2016 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vNMDAAAAMBAJ&q=black+surfers&pg=RA1-PA14","url_text":"\"Ebony\""}]},{"reference":"Stephen Nessen (2013-09-07). \"African-American Surfers Challenge Stereotypes | Only A Game\". Onlyagame.legacy.wbur.org. Retrieved 2016-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://onlyagame.legacy.wbur.org/2013/09/07/african-american-surfers","url_text":"\"African-American Surfers Challenge Stereotypes | Only A Game\""}]},{"reference":"SurferToday. \"Surf Schools\". Surfertoday.com. Retrieved 2020-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.surfertoday.com/surf-schools","url_text":"\"Surf Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"No Slowing Down for Surf Industry\". www.businesswire.com. 2007-07-09. Retrieved 2020-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20070709006128/en/Slowing-Surf-Industry","url_text":"\"No Slowing Down for Surf Industry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Events\". USA Surfing. Retrieved 2020-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usasurfing.org/events.html","url_text":"\"Events\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Surfing Events in the USA\". Topeventsusa.com. Retrieved 2015-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topeventsusa.com/top-surfing-events-USA.html","url_text":"\"Top 10 Surfing Events in the USA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big Wave Surfing - The Biggest Waves in the World - HVS Boarsport\". 2018-01-02. Archived from the original on 2018-01-02. Retrieved 2020-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180102073109/https://hvsboardsport.com/thebiggestwavesintheworld/","url_text":"\"Big Wave Surfing - The Biggest Waves in the World - HVS Boarsport\""},{"url":"https://hvsboardsport.com/thebiggestwavesintheworld/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cruz, Mimi Ko (February 4, 2008). \"Surf's Up: Professor studies the psychology of big-wave surfing\". California State University, Fullerton. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://calstate.fullerton.edu/news/inside/2008/wiersma.html","url_text":"\"Surf's Up: Professor studies the psychology of big-wave surfing\""}]},{"reference":"Vanstone, Gavin (October 11, 2013). \"Big Wave Surfing | I Did Know Once, Only I've Sort of Forgotten\". sites.psu.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.psu.edu/rclgrv/2013/10/11/big-wave-surfing/","url_text":"\"Big Wave Surfing | I Did Know Once, Only I've Sort of Forgotten\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big Wave Surfing 101 – What to do, what to ride and where to find them | LUEX\". www.luex.com. Retrieved 2020-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.luex.com/surf/article/big-wave-surfing-101-what-to-do-what-to-ride-and-where-to-find-them.html","url_text":"\"Big Wave Surfing 101 – What to do, what to ride and where to find them | LUEX\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Big Wave Surfing History\". X Games. Retrieved 2020-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xgames.com/gallery/11711809/image/1/surveying-big-wave-surfing","url_text":"\"A Big Wave Surfing History\""}]},{"reference":"Couldwell, Andrew (April 11, 2006). \"Big wave surfers — Club of the Waves\". clubofthewaves.com. Retrieved 2020-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://clubofthewaves.com/feature/big-wave-surfers/","url_text":"\"Big wave surfers — Club of the Waves\""}]},{"reference":"Struck, Elliot (2014). \"What (Laird Hamilton) Thinks About Big Wave Surfing\". Stab Magazine. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://stabmag.com/news/what-laird-hamilton-thinks-about-big-wave-surfing/","url_text":"\"What (Laird Hamilton) Thinks About Big Wave Surfing\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Big Wave Awards\". World Surf League. Retrieved 2020-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldsurfleague.com/bigwaveawards","url_text":"\"2020 Big Wave Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"WSL Champions - Past Winners\". World Surf League. Retrieved 2020-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://support.worldsurfleague.com/hc/en-us/articles/115009689568","url_text":"\"WSL Champions - Past Winners\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WPOF9Z51oGkC","external_links_name":"The Surfing Yearbook"},{"Link":"https://www.booktopia.com.au/surfing-jim-heimann/book/9783836547505.html","external_links_name":"Surfing 1778-2015"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HTL8tumsVB0C","external_links_name":"The History of Surfing"},{"Link":"https://brandongaille.com/22-surfing-industry-statistics-trends/","external_links_name":"\"22 Surfing Industry Statistics and Trends\""},{"Link":"https://www.usasurfing.org/about-usa-surfing.html","external_links_name":"\"About USA Surfing\""},{"Link":"https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/waves-of-resistance-surfing-and-history-in-twentieth-century-hawaii/","external_links_name":"Waves of Resistance: Surfing and History in Twentieth-Century Hawaiʻi"},{"Link":"https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-approves-five-new-sports-for-olympic-games-tokyo-2020","external_links_name":"\"IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020\""},{"Link":"https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/surfing-places-surfboard-makers-craft-creativity-and-cultural-heritage-in-hawaii-california-and-australia/","external_links_name":"Surfing places, surfboard makers: craft, creativity, and cultural heritage in Hawaiʻi, California, and Australia"},{"Link":"https://goodtimes.sc/cover-stories/riders-of-the-sea-spray/","external_links_name":"\"Riders of the Sea Spray\""},{"Link":"https://online.ucpress.edu/ch/article/80/2-3/82/32395/George-Freeth-King-of-the-Surfers-and-California-s","external_links_name":"\"George Freeth: King of the Surfers and California's Forgotten Hero\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25177649","external_links_name":"10.2307/25177649"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0162-2897","external_links_name":"0162-2897"},{"Link":"https://www.ourstate.com/back-in-the-day-first-in-surf/","external_links_name":"\"Back in the Day: First in Surf\""},{"Link":"https://surfing-waves.com/history-of-surfing.htm","external_links_name":"\"Surf History - Origins of the sport of Surfing\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520279100.001.0001","external_links_name":"10.1525/california/9780520279100.001.0001"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164612539","external_links_name":"164612539"},{"Link":"https://www.uapress.com/product/la-sports/","external_links_name":"\"LA Sports: play, games, and community in the city of angels\""},{"Link":"http://surfingnewsdaily.com/3340/history-of-the-us-open-of-surfing/","external_links_name":"\"History of the US Open of Surfing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140729022224/http://surfingnewsdaily.com/3340/history-of-the-us-open-of-surfing/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldsurfleague.com/","external_links_name":"\"World Surf League - The global home of surfing\""},{"Link":"https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-approves-five-new-sports-for-olympic-games-tokyo-2020","external_links_name":"\"IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-DWQSYRx4MUC","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Surfing"},{"Link":"https://www.surfertoday.com/surfing/the-most-important-dates-in-the-history-of-surfing","external_links_name":"\"The most important dates in the history of surfing\""},{"Link":"https://surfd.com/2017/02/30-of-the-best-surf-brands/","external_links_name":"\"30 of the Best Surf Brands\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200208025517/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268205062_Fall_in_Line_How_Surfers'_Perceptions_of_Localism_Territoriality_and_Waves_as_Limited_Resources_Influence_Surf-related_Aggression","external_links_name":"\"Fall in Line: How Surfers' Perceptions of Localism, Territoriality and Waves as Limited Resources Influence Surf-related Aggression\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268205062","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-12-24-me-12243-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Territorial Surfer Wipes Out\""},{"Link":"http://www.huckmagazine.com/perspectives/opinion-perspectives/surf-racism/","external_links_name":"\"Surf Racism - 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Past Winners\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Drive
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Amazon Drive
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["1 History","2 Storage Plans","2.1 Prime Photos","2.2 Free 5GB","2.3 Country support","3 Supported devices","3.1 Web","3.2 Desktop","3.3 Mobile","4 Features","4.1 File sharing","4.2 Amazon Prints","4.3 Multilingual support","4.4 Digital media players","5 Limitations","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Cloud storage application
Amazon DriveType of businessDivisionType of site
File hosting service
DissolvedDecember 31, 2023; 5 months ago (2023-12-31)HeadquartersUnited StatesArea servedUnited States, United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Australia, Canada, Brazil, ChinaIndustryInternetParentAmazon.comURLwww.amazon.com/clouddriveRegistrationRequiredLaunchedMarch 29, 2011; 13 years ago (2011-03-29)Current statusDiscontinued
Amazon Drive, formerly known as Amazon Cloud Drive, was a cloud storage application managed by Amazon. The service offered secure cloud storage, file backup, file sharing, and Photo printing. Using an Amazon account, the files and folders could be transferred and managed from multiple devices, including web browsers, desktop applications, mobiles, and tablets. Amazon Drive also let their U.S. users order photo prints and photo books using the Amazon Prints service.
Amazon Drive offered free unlimited photo storage with an Amazon Prime subscription or a Fire Tablet device, and a paid limited storage service. Launched in major countries including the U.S., Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the U.K., Japan, and Australia, it also functioned in Brazil and China as a free limited 5GB storage service.
On July 29, 2022, Amazon announced that the service would be discontinued on December 31, 2023, whereas Amazon Photos is continued.
History
Amazon first announced the storage service on March 29, 2011, initially offering pay-as-you-need tiered storage plans for the users. Users paid only for the storage tier they utilized expandable up to a maximum of 1 terabyte plan.
In March 2015, Unlimited Storage plans intended for non-business customer sections were introduced. The plan offered a free 3-month free trial for the customers who wish to try the service before entering an annual subscription. During 2015 Black Friday, the plan became popular when Amazon offered 92% discounted Unlimited Storage plan for $5, down from $60, for a year from purchase. The fine print stated that Unlimited Storage was "only for private use", was restricted by file type, and must not "substantially exceed or differ from normal use by other users". Amazon anytime "may impose other restrictions on use of the Service".
In June 2017, Amazon reverted the unlimited storage plans in the US.
On 15 November 2017, Amazon removed the unlimited storage plans for customers in Canada as well.
Storage Plans
As of July 2019, Amazon offers two plans in their marketplaces: Prime Photos (since November 2014) and free limited file storage in Brazil and China only.
Prime Photos
The Prime Photos plan offers unlimited storage for photos and RAW files, and a 5 gigabytes of storage for videos and other files. Photos can be uploaded to Amazon Drive with iOS or Android apps, Kindle device, or the Cloud Drive website. Additionally, users of Kindle Fire tablets also get the plan's benefits along with the purchase of device. Their photos and videos will automatically backup from device to the Amazon Drive's cloud storage. According to Amazon, Prime Photos is only available for personal, non-commercial use and can't be used in conjunction with a photography business. Full resolution photo formats and RAW files can be uploaded, but most Raw formats won't be viewable within the service's web interface or apps.
Free 5GB
Brazil and China have Amazon Drive service but is limited to 5GB storage only. This storage counts the space taken by photos, videos, and files of other types. For customers in these countries, Amazon Drive doesn't offer an expansion plan, neither tier-based nor unlimited, to store media files exceeding the limited 5GB.
Country support
Country
Prime Photos
Unlimited Storage
Free 5GB
Amazon Prints
U.S.
Yes
Until June 2017
Since June 2017
Yes
Canada
Yes
Until November 15, 2017
Since November 15, 2017
Yes
U.K., Germany, France, Italy, Spain
Yes
Yes
No
No
Japan
Yes
Yes
No
No
Australia
No
Yes
No
No
Brazil
No
No
Yes
No
China
No
No
Yes
No
India
Yes
No
Yes
No
Supported devices
Web
The service is supported on almost all types of devices ranging from PCs to mobiles. The web application is supported in common web browsers including Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari and Google Chrome. One can create folders to organize files, rename files, move them around, and so forth. The application handle photos better than files. From the Web app, photos and videos can be viewed and played, whereas files are not viewable. By default, the images are sorted by the date they were taken. The photos include basic metadata such as filename, capture date, added date, filesize, and pixel dimension.
Desktop
Amazon Drive has released a desktop application supported for both Mac and Windows designed as a drop panel allowing users to drag and drop their files to initiate uploading. Users will have to install the application on their PC or Mac to use the application. It supports a one-touch button for downloading all the files from cloud should they be restored. Notably, files above 2GB can only be uploaded to Amazon Drive by the desktop clients. During bulk upload, files and folders can be paused or cancelled while in progress.
Mobile
Amazon Drive offers free smartphone application for iOS and Android mobile devices. The mobile application does everything on the Web and in addition automatically backs up and upload all the media files in the mobile device to the cloud. Amazon's proprietary devices, Kindle Fire and Fire Phone, ship with free unlimited photo storage which similarly backs up the photos files in the tablet to Amazon Drive.
Features
File sharing
Amazon Prints
In September 2016, Amazon Drive has launched Amazon Prints in U.S. through which users can edit their photos to order prints and photo books from the application. Once ordered, Amazon will ship the print orders to the customer's address similar to other retail orders.
Multilingual support
As the service is available in major Amazon Marketplaces, the applications are supported in multiple languages for usage in different countries. Popular languages that are supported are regional variations of English, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Simplified Chinese, and Japanese.
Digital media players
Amazon Drive is also built into Amazon Fire TV and Amazon Video application in other media players and Smart TVs. Having these devices, users can browse their personal photos and videos on large TV screens or view them as a slideshow.
Limitations
Prime Photo users can upload an unlimited number of picture file formats only, and rest of the formats including video formats will be counted in the additional 5GB storage in the plan. If additional files exceeding 5GB need to be stored, one can opt for one of the paid plans depending on the country. In the unlimited plans, files above 2GB are restricted from uploading to the application. The desktop application however, is exempted from uploading files greater than 2GB in size. Amazon Drive streaming is not available for videos longer than 20 minutes or larger than 2 GB, but these can be stored in Amazon Drive to download and watch offline. Unlike other popular file hosting services, Amazon Drive does not offer file-syncing or automatic backup in Web, so users cannot have the latest desktop version of all their documents and images. Also, shared documents cannot be collaborated with others, but can only be downloaded for editing. However, mobile applications support automatic backup capabilities.
The service limits the usage for personal and non-commercial use. One may not use it to store, transfer or distribute the content of or on behalf of third parties, to operate own file storage application or service, to operate a photography business or other commercial service.
See also
Amazon Prime
Comparison of file hosting services
List of Amazon products and services
References
^ Couts, Andrew (March 29, 2011). "Amazon launches Cloud Drive 'digital locker,' Cloud Player". Digital Trends.
^ a b "Order Prints from Amazon Drive accounts". Amazon.
^ "Unlimited Photos storage with Prime membership". Amazon.
^ "Take Photos on Kindle Fire HD tablet". Amazon.
^ Comparison of file hosting services
^ What Is Amazon Cloud Drive?
^ "Amazon Goes After Dropbox, Google, Microsoft With Unlimited Cloud Drive Storage". 26 March 2015.
^ Amazon's best Black Friday deal might be a $5 subscription for unlimited cloud storage
^ Bott, Ed. "Is Amazon's online storage really 'unlimited'? Read the fine print | ZDNet". ZDNet. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
^ Amazon has killed off its unlimited data storage deal - The Verge
^ a b "Amazon launches Prime Photos with unlimited storage for Prime members".
^ About RAW Photo Files
^ "Unlimited Cloud Storage for Photos on Kindle Fire Tablets". Amazon.
^ a b "Amazon Drive: Photo, Video, and File Requirements". Amazon.
^ "Amazon Rolls Out 'Cloud Drive' in China Ahead of Possible Kindle Launch".
^ a b "Amazon Drive China official page".
^ a b "Amazon Drive Brazil official page".
^ "Amazon Drive US official page". Amazon.
^ "Amazon Drive CA official page".
^ "Amazon Drive UK official page". Amazon UK.
^ "Amazon Drive DE official page". Amazon Germany.
^ "Amazon Drive FR official page".
^ "Amazon Drive IT official page".
^ "Amazon Drive ES official page".
^ "Amazon Drive Japan official page".
^ "Amazon Drive Australia official page".
^ "Using Amazon Cloud Drive for Backing Up Photos".
^ a b "Amazon Cloud Drive review".
^ "Amazon Drive Files File Requirements". Amazon.
^ "Amazon Cloud Drive Terms of Use". Amazon.
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Using an Amazon account, the files and folders could be transferred and managed from multiple devices, including web browsers, desktop applications, mobiles, and tablets. Amazon Drive also let their U.S. users order photo prints and photo books using the Amazon Prints service.[2]Amazon Drive offered free unlimited photo storage with an Amazon Prime subscription or a Fire Tablet device, and a paid limited storage service.[3][4] Launched in major countries including the U.S., Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the U.K., Japan, and Australia,[5] it also functioned in Brazil and China as a free limited 5GB storage service.On July 29, 2022, Amazon announced that the service would be discontinued on December 31, 2023, whereas Amazon Photos is continued.","title":"Amazon Drive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"terabyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terabyte"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazonunlimited-7"},{"link_name":"Black Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Amazon first announced the storage service on March 29, 2011, initially offering pay-as-you-need tiered storage plans for the users. Users paid only for the storage tier they utilized expandable up to a maximum of 1 terabyte plan.[6]In March 2015, Unlimited Storage plans intended for non-business customer sections were introduced.[7] The plan offered a free 3-month free trial for the customers who wish to try the service before entering an annual subscription. During 2015 Black Friday, the plan became popular when Amazon offered 92% discounted Unlimited Storage plan for $5, down from $60, for a year from purchase.[8] The fine print stated that Unlimited Storage was \"only for private use\", was restricted by file type, and must not \"substantially exceed or differ from normal use by other users\". Amazon anytime \"may impose other restrictions on use of the Service\".[9]In June 2017, Amazon reverted the unlimited storage plans in the US.[10]On 15 November 2017, Amazon removed the unlimited storage plans for customers in Canada as well.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-primephotoslaunch-11"}],"text":"As of July 2019, Amazon offers two plans in their marketplaces: Prime Photos (since November 2014)[11] and free limited file storage in Brazil and China only.","title":"Storage Plans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RAW files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_image_format"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kindle Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-primephotoslaunch-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-photovideoformat-14"}],"sub_title":"Prime Photos","text":"The Prime Photos plan offers unlimited storage for photos and RAW files, and a 5 gigabytes of storage for videos and other files.[12] Photos can be uploaded to Amazon Drive with iOS or Android apps, Kindle device, or the Cloud Drive website. Additionally, users of Kindle Fire tablets also get the plan's benefits along with the purchase of device. Their photos and videos will automatically backup from device to the Amazon Drive's cloud storage.[13] According to Amazon, Prime Photos is only available for personal, non-commercial use and can't be used in conjunction with a photography business. Full resolution photo formats and RAW files can be uploaded, but most Raw formats won't be viewable within the service's web interface or apps.[11][14]","title":"Storage Plans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnofficial-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brofficial-17"}],"sub_title":"Free 5GB","text":"Brazil and China have Amazon Drive service but is limited to 5GB storage only.[15][16][17] This storage counts the space taken by photos, videos, and files of other types. For customers in these countries, Amazon Drive doesn't offer an expansion plan, neither tier-based nor unlimited, to store media files exceeding the limited 5GB.","title":"Storage Plans"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Country support","title":"Storage Plans"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Supported devices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer"},{"link_name":"Firefox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox"},{"link_name":"Safari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)"},{"link_name":"Google Chrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome"}],"sub_title":"Web","text":"The service is supported on almost all types of devices ranging from PCs to mobiles. The web application is supported in common web browsers including Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari and Google Chrome. One can create folders to organize files, rename files, move them around, and so forth. 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During bulk upload, files and folders can be paused or cancelled while in progress.","title":"Supported devices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kindle Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire"},{"link_name":"Fire Phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Phone"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Mobile","text":"Amazon Drive offers free smartphone application for iOS and Android mobile devices. The mobile application does everything on the Web and in addition automatically backs up and upload all the media files in the mobile device to the cloud. Amazon's proprietary devices, Kindle Fire and Fire Phone, ship with free unlimited photo storage which similarly backs up the photos files in the tablet to Amazon Drive.[27]","title":"Supported devices"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"File sharing","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prints-2"}],"sub_title":"Amazon Prints","text":"In September 2016, Amazon Drive has launched Amazon Prints in U.S. through which users can edit their photos to order prints and photo books from the application. Once ordered, Amazon will ship the print orders to the customer's address similar to other retail orders.[2]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amazon Marketplaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Marketplace"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"}],"sub_title":"Multilingual support","text":"As the service is available in major Amazon Marketplaces, the applications are supported in multiple languages for usage in different countries. 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Having these devices, users can browse their personal photos and videos on large TV screens or view them as a slideshow.[28]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-photovideoformat-14"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcmagreview-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Prime Photo users can upload an unlimited number of picture file formats only, and rest of the formats including video formats will be counted in the additional 5GB storage in the plan. If additional files exceeding 5GB need to be stored, one can opt for one of the paid plans depending on the country. In the unlimited plans, files above 2GB are restricted from uploading to the application. The desktop application however, is exempted from uploading files greater than 2GB in size.[29] Amazon Drive streaming is not available for videos longer than 20 minutes or larger than 2 GB, but these can be stored in Amazon Drive to download and watch offline.[14] Unlike other popular file hosting services, Amazon Drive does not offer file-syncing or automatic backup in Web, so users cannot have the latest desktop version of all their documents and images. Also, shared documents cannot be collaborated with others, but can only be downloaded for editing. However, mobile applications support automatic backup capabilities.[28]The service limits the usage for personal and non-commercial use. One may not use it to store, transfer or distribute the content of or on behalf of third parties, to operate own file storage application or service, to operate a photography business or other commercial service.[30]","title":"Limitations"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Couts, Andrew (March 29, 2011). \"Amazon launches Cloud Drive 'digital locker,' Cloud Player\". Digital Trends.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/amazon-launches-cloud-drive-digital-locker-cloud-player/","url_text":"\"Amazon launches Cloud Drive 'digital locker,' Cloud Player\""}]},{"reference":"\"Order Prints from Amazon Drive accounts\". Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=202070110","url_text":"\"Order Prints from Amazon Drive accounts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unlimited Photos storage with Prime membership\". Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=13234696011","url_text":"\"Unlimited Photos storage with Prime membership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Take Photos on Kindle Fire HD tablet\". Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?ie=UTF8&nodeId=201730550","url_text":"\"Take Photos on Kindle Fire HD tablet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Goes After Dropbox, Google, Microsoft With Unlimited Cloud Drive Storage\". 26 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/26/amazon-goes-after-dropbox-google-microsoft-with-unlimited-cloud-drive-storage/","url_text":"\"Amazon Goes After Dropbox, Google, Microsoft With Unlimited Cloud Drive Storage\""}]},{"reference":"Bott, Ed. \"Is Amazon's online storage really 'unlimited'? Read the fine print | ZDNet\". ZDNet. Retrieved 2016-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zdnet.com/article/is-amazons-online-storage-really-unlimited-read-the-fine-print/","url_text":"\"Is Amazon's online storage really 'unlimited'? Read the fine print | ZDNet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon launches Prime Photos with unlimited storage for Prime members\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpreview.com/articles/4190001023/amazon-launches-prime-photos-with-unlimited-storage-for-prime-members","url_text":"\"Amazon launches Prime Photos with unlimited storage for Prime members\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unlimited Cloud Storage for Photos on Kindle Fire Tablets\". Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=201609150","url_text":"\"Unlimited Cloud Storage for Photos on Kindle Fire Tablets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Drive: Photo, Video, and File Requirements\". Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/?ie=UTF8&nodeId=201634590","url_text":"\"Amazon Drive: Photo, Video, and File Requirements\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Rolls Out 'Cloud Drive' in China Ahead of Possible Kindle Launch\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techinasia.com/amazon-launches-cloud-drive-china","url_text":"\"Amazon Rolls Out 'Cloud Drive' in China Ahead of Possible Kindle Launch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Drive China official page\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.cn/gp/feature.html?ie=UTF8&docId=192978","url_text":"\"Amazon Drive China official page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Drive Brazil official page\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com.br/gp/feature.html?ie=UTF8&docId=1001156211","url_text":"\"Amazon Drive Brazil official page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Drive US official page\". Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/clouddrive/home","url_text":"\"Amazon Drive US official page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Drive CA official page\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.ca/clouddrive/home","url_text":"\"Amazon Drive CA official page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Drive UK official page\". Amazon UK.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/clouddrive/home","url_text":"\"Amazon Drive UK official page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Drive DE official page\". Amazon Germany.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.de/clouddrive/home","url_text":"\"Amazon Drive DE official page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Drive FR official page\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.fr/clouddrive/home","url_text":"\"Amazon Drive FR official page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Drive IT official page\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.it/clouddrive/home","url_text":"\"Amazon Drive IT official page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Drive ES official page\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.es/clouddrive/home","url_text":"\"Amazon Drive ES official page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Drive Japan official page\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/clouddrive/home","url_text":"\"Amazon Drive Japan official page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Drive Australia official page\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com.au/clouddrive/home","url_text":"\"Amazon Drive Australia official page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Using Amazon Cloud Drive for Backing Up Photos\".","urls":[{"url":"https://havecamerawilltravel.com/photographer/amazon-cloud-drive-photos","url_text":"\"Using Amazon Cloud Drive for Backing Up Photos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Cloud Drive review\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2382825,00.asp","url_text":"\"Amazon Cloud Drive review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Drive Files File Requirements\". Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/?ie=UTF8&nodeId=201376710","url_text":"\"Amazon Drive Files File Requirements\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon Cloud Drive Terms of Use\". Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/?nodeId=201376540","url_text":"\"Amazon Cloud Drive Terms of Use\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/clouddrive","external_links_name":"www.amazon.com/clouddrive"},{"Link":"http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/amazon-launches-cloud-drive-digital-locker-cloud-player/","external_links_name":"\"Amazon launches Cloud Drive 'digital locker,' Cloud Player\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=202070110","external_links_name":"\"Order Prints from Amazon Drive accounts\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=13234696011","external_links_name":"\"Unlimited Photos storage with Prime membership\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?ie=UTF8&nodeId=201730550","external_links_name":"\"Take Photos on Kindle Fire HD tablet\""},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/5786720/what-is-amazon-cloud-drive","external_links_name":"What Is Amazon Cloud Drive?"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/26/amazon-goes-after-dropbox-google-microsoft-with-unlimited-cloud-drive-storage/","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Goes After Dropbox, Google, Microsoft With Unlimited Cloud Drive Storage\""},{"Link":"https://thenextweb.com/shareables/2015/11/27/amazons-best-black-friday-deal-might-be-a-5-subscription-for-unlimited-cloud-storage/","external_links_name":"Amazon's best Black Friday deal might be a $5 subscription for unlimited cloud storage"},{"Link":"https://www.zdnet.com/article/is-amazons-online-storage-really-unlimited-read-the-fine-print/","external_links_name":"\"Is Amazon's online storage really 'unlimited'? Read the fine print | ZDNet\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/8/15761306/amazon-data-storage-unlimited-cloud-over","external_links_name":"Amazon has killed off its unlimited data storage deal - The Verge"},{"Link":"https://www.dpreview.com/articles/4190001023/amazon-launches-prime-photos-with-unlimited-storage-for-prime-members","external_links_name":"\"Amazon launches Prime Photos with unlimited storage for Prime members\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=hp_left_v4_sib?ie=UTF8&nodeId=201649930","external_links_name":"About RAW Photo Files"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=201609150","external_links_name":"\"Unlimited Cloud Storage for Photos on Kindle Fire Tablets\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/?ie=UTF8&nodeId=201634590","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Drive: Photo, Video, and File Requirements\""},{"Link":"https://www.techinasia.com/amazon-launches-cloud-drive-china","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Rolls Out 'Cloud Drive' in China Ahead of Possible Kindle Launch\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.cn/gp/feature.html?ie=UTF8&docId=192978","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Drive China official page\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com.br/gp/feature.html?ie=UTF8&docId=1001156211","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Drive Brazil official page\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/clouddrive/home","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Drive US official page\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.ca/clouddrive/home","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Drive CA official page\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/clouddrive/home","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Drive UK official page\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.de/clouddrive/home","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Drive DE official page\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.fr/clouddrive/home","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Drive FR official page\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.it/clouddrive/home","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Drive IT official page\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.es/clouddrive/home","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Drive ES official page\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/clouddrive/home","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Drive Japan official page\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com.au/clouddrive/home","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Drive Australia official page\""},{"Link":"https://havecamerawilltravel.com/photographer/amazon-cloud-drive-photos","external_links_name":"\"Using Amazon Cloud Drive for Backing Up Photos\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2382825,00.asp","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Cloud Drive review\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/?ie=UTF8&nodeId=201376710","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Drive Files File Requirements\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/?nodeId=201376540","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Cloud Drive Terms of Use\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/clouddrive","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Government_Commerce
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Office of Government Commerce
|
["1 Overview","2 Kelly Programme","3 Best practice models","4 International role","5 Logo","6 References","7 External links"]
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Former UK Government Office
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Office of Government Commerce Logo
1 Horse Guards Road, Office's Headquarters
The Office of Government Commerce (OGC) was a UK Government Office established as part of HM Treasury in 2000. It was moved into the Efficiency and Reform Group of the Cabinet Office in 2010, before being closed in 2011.
Overview
A Review of Civil Procurement in Central Government was undertaken by Peter Gershon, then a company director, which had been requested in November 1998 by the Paymaster General and the Parliamentary Secretary to the Cabinet Office and was published in April 1999. This review recommended the establishment of a central procurement organisation within central government, which Gershon called the Office of Government Commerce. He noted in his report that the review had been initiated because of the then-Prime Minister Tony Blair's interest in a Ministerial Cabinet Committee report on Public Expenditure published the previous April.
The OGC operated through the Government Procurement Service, an executive agency now known as the Crown Commercial Service.
The purpose of the OGC was to support the procurement and acquisition process of public sector organisations in the UK through policy and process guidance and the negotiation of overarching service and provision frameworks. This was intended to improve value for money to the taxpayer, optimising the level of taxpayers equity directed towards the delivery of services. Similar organisations can be found in most western European countries, for instance Hansel Ltd. in Finland and Consip in Italy.
The OGC supported initiatives to encourage better supplier relations, sustainable procurement, the benefits of utilising smaller suppliers and the potential of eProcurement. Representing the UK at the European Union (EU), the organisation assisted with the public sector application of EU procurement rules within the United Kingdom.
Kelly Programme
In December 2003 Sir Christopher Kelly wrote for the OGC a Report to the Chancellor of the Exchequer: Increasing Competition and Improving Long-Term Capacity Planning in the Government Market Place, with an accompanying Action Plan, which included several findings related to the government’s ability to approach the market as a unified, knowledgeable client. An aim of the report was "to consider what further steps can be taken to increase competition and encourage better long-term capacity planning in markets where the Government possesses significant purchasing power". In response the OGC mandated its Government Marketplace Division to focus on implementing the report's recommendations by undertaking research on projected demand and supply to produce proposals for more strategic management of public sector procurement in specific markets; making improvements to two-way communication in the marketplace; and issuing guidance on market creation to stimulate competition. This programme of work has been referred to as the "Kelly Programme".
Best practice models
The organisation used to act as sponsor for best practices in project, programme, risk and service management:
Managing Successful Programmes (MSP)
Projects in Controlled Environments (PRINCE2)
Management of Risk (M_o_R)
Portfolio Management (MoP)
Value Management (MoV)
Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL)
Portfolio, Programme and Project Offices (P3O)
These areas of best practice are now owned jointly by the UK government and Capita, being managed by Axelos.
International role
The OGC was a member of Procurement G6, an informal group leading the use of framework agreements and e-procurement instruments in public procurement.
Logo
The problematic logo.
On 24 April 2008 it was reported in the Daily Telegraph that a new logo for OGC had been introduced at the cost of £14,000. The logo caused embarrassment to the organisation due to its unintended sexual suggestiveness (appearing to show a man masturbating) when rotated 90° clockwise. A spokesman for OGC said, "It is not inappropriate to an organisation that's looking to have a firm grip on Government spend."
References
^ Say, Mark (13 April 2011). "Cabinet Office confirms end of OGC". Archived from the original on 2018-03-20. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
^ Gershon, Peter (April 1999). "Review of Civil Procurement in Central Government" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-09-07.
^ Office of Fair Trading, OFT to review public sector procurement, published 5 February 2004, archived by The National Archives, 10 September 2008, accessed 5 November 2023
^ Sykes, M. and Hartley, T., Procurement Transformation in Canada and the United Kingdom, International Public Procurement Conference Proceedings, 21–23 September 2006, accessed 5 November 2023
^ Office of Government Commerce, Early Market Engagement: Principles and Examples of Good Practice, 2006, reissued 2009, archived by The National Archives on 2 August 2011
^ Simpson, Aislinn (2008-04-24). "OGC unveils new logo to red faces". ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
External links
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/61286/machinery-government-explanatory-notes.pdf
Authority control databases
IdRef
|
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It was moved into the Efficiency and Reform Group of the Cabinet Office in 2010, before being closed in 2011.[1]","title":"Office of Government Commerce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Gershon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gershon"},{"link_name":"Paymaster General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paymaster_General"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Secretary to the Cabinet Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Secretary_for_the_Cabinet_Office"},{"link_name":"procurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurement"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"executive agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_agency"},{"link_name":"Crown Commercial Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Commercial_Service"},{"link_name":"Hansel Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Consip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consip"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"sustainable procurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_procurement"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"text":"A Review of Civil Procurement in Central Government was undertaken by Peter Gershon, then a company director, which had been requested in November 1998 by the Paymaster General and the Parliamentary Secretary to the Cabinet Office and was published in April 1999. This review recommended the establishment of a central procurement organisation within central government, which Gershon called the Office of Government Commerce. He noted in his report that the review had been initiated because of the then-Prime Minister Tony Blair's interest in a Ministerial Cabinet Committee report on Public Expenditure published the previous April.[2]The OGC operated through the Government Procurement Service, an executive agency now known as the Crown Commercial Service.The purpose of the OGC was to support the procurement and acquisition process of public sector organisations in the UK through policy and process guidance and the negotiation of overarching service and provision frameworks. This was intended to improve value for money to the taxpayer, optimising the level of taxpayers equity directed towards the delivery of services. Similar organisations can be found in most western European countries, for instance Hansel Ltd. in Finland and Consip in Italy.The OGC supported initiatives to encourage better supplier relations, sustainable procurement, the benefits of utilising smaller suppliers and the potential of eProcurement. Representing the UK at the European Union (EU), the organisation assisted with the public sector application of EU procurement rules within the United Kingdom.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Christopher Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Kelly_(civil_servant)"},{"link_name":"client","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In December 2003 Sir Christopher Kelly wrote for the OGC a Report to the Chancellor of the Exchequer: Increasing Competition and Improving Long-Term Capacity Planning in the Government Market Place, with an accompanying Action Plan, which included several findings related to the government’s ability to approach the market as a unified, knowledgeable client. An aim of the report was \"to consider what further steps can be taken to increase competition and encourage better long-term capacity planning in markets where the Government possesses significant purchasing power\".[3] In response the OGC mandated its Government Marketplace Division to focus on implementing the report's recommendations by undertaking research on projected demand and supply to produce proposals for more strategic management of public sector procurement in specific markets; making improvements to two-way communication in the marketplace; and issuing guidance on market creation to stimulate competition. 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The logo caused embarrassment to the organisation due to its unintended sexual suggestiveness (appearing to show a man masturbating) when rotated 90° clockwise. A spokesman for OGC said, \"It is not inappropriate to an organisation that's looking to have a firm grip on Government spend.\"[6]","title":"Logo"}]
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| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_and_Sports_Day
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Sports Day (Japan)
|
["1 History and current practice","2 Sources","3 External links"]
|
Public holiday in Japan
Sports DayA cycling event for Health and Sports Day (体育の日) in 2011 near the city of Nihonmatsu, FukushimaOfficial nameスポーツの日 (Supōtsu no hi)Also calledHealth and Sports DayHealth-Sports DayObserved byJapanTypePublicSignificancecommemorates the opening of the 1964 Summer Olympics in TokyoCelebrationsSports festival at schools and communitiesDateSecond Monday in October2023 dateOctober 9 (2023-10-09)2024 dateOctober 14 (2024-10-14)2025 dateOctober 13 (2025-10-13)2026 dateOctober 12 (2026-10-12)Frequencyannual
Sports Day (スポーツの日, Supōtsu no hi), formerly Health and Sports Day (体育の日, Taiiku no hi, "Physical education day"), is a public holiday in Japan held annually on the second Monday in October. It commemorates the opening of the 1964 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, and exists to promote sports and an active lifestyle.
History and current practice
Sports Day was established since the opening ceremony of the Tokyo Olympics was held in 1964
The first Health and Sports Day was held on October 10, 1966, two years after the 1964 Summer Olympics. October was chosen for the unusually late Summer Olympics to avoid the Japanese rainy season, and Health and Sports Day continues to be one of the fairest days of the year.
In 2000, as a result of the Happy Monday System, Health and Sports Day was moved to the second Monday in October.
As Sports Day is a day to promote sports and physical and mental health, many schools and businesses choose this day to hold their annual Field Day (運動会, Undō-kai), or sports day. This typically consists of a range of physical events ranging from more traditional track-and-field events such as the 100 metres or 4 x 100 metres relay to more uncommon events such as the tug of war and the "Cavalry Battle" (騎馬戦, kiba-sen).
Most communities and schools across Japan celebrate Sports Day with a sports festival which is similar to a mini Olympics. These festivals include many of the traditional track and field events, such as 4 × 100 m relay, 100m sprinting, and long jump, as well as many other events. Some of the events include: ball toss, tug of war, rugby-ball dribbling races, sack races, and so on. Another common event is often simply called the “exciting relay”, which is an obstacle course relay including any number of different challenges: Three-legged races, making a stretcher with a blanket and bamboo poles and then carrying an “injured” teammate, laundry hanging, tug-o-war, crawling on hands and knees under a net, and doing cartwheels across a mat.
The festival usually begins with a parade featuring all the different teams that will be participating: it could be divided by neighbourhood, class, geographic area, or school. There is sometimes a local marching band providing music. Once the parade has gone around the field and lined up in the middle, the band will play Kimigayo and the Japanese flag will be raised. Local officials will make speeches welcoming everyone. Often everyone will spread out across the grounds for group stretching (this stretching routine was developed by the government and is done daily by many Japanese people; the stretching routine music is broadcast daily on the radio and TV). Then it is time to start the events.
Beginning in 2020, Health and Sports Day was permanently renamed Sports Day (スポーツの日, Supōtsu no hi), as the word "sports" is more broad than "physical education" and also implies voluntary enjoyment. This change mirrors other organizations that have made or plan to make corresponding changes to their name in Japanese, such as the Japan Sports Association and the National Sports Festival of Japan.
As a special arrangement for the 2020 Summer Olympics, the 2020 date for Sports Day was moved to July 24, to coincide with the opening of the Olympics. With the Olympics and Paralympics postponed until 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the government left this change in place for 2020 and passed an amendment to the Olympic and Paralympic Special Measures Act to make a corresponding change to the holiday in 2021, moving it to July 23.
Sources
^ "2021 Health and Sports Day".
^ Kid's Web Japan: Sports Day, retrieved November 21, 2005
^ Consulate General of Japan in New York: Health Sports Day in Japan Archived February 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved November 21, 2005
^ Fukue, Natsuko (October 19, 2010). "No Escaping Annual Sports Days". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2016.
^ "Undokai: Japanese Sports Day" (PDF). The Japan Society. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
^ "祝日移し五輪渋滞緩和 「体育の日」は「スポーツの日」に". 東京新聞 TOKYO Web (in Japanese). Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ "Japan's National Holidays in 2021". nippon.com. June 10, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
^ "五輪祝日、来年も移動 特措法改正へ―政府・与党" (in Japanese). 時事通信社. April 1, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
External links
What is sports day?
vte Public holidays in Japan
New Year's Day (Japanese New Year)
Coming of Age Day
National Foundation Day
The Emperor's Birthday
Vernal Equinox Day
Shōwa Day
Constitution Memorial Day
Greenery Day
Children's Day (Tango no sekku)
(Okinawa Memorial Day)
Marine Day
Mountain Day
Respect for the Aged Day
Autumnal Equinox Day
Sports Day
Culture Day
Labor Thanksgiving Day
Golden Week (Japan)
Silver Week
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Physical education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_education"},{"link_name":"public holiday in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holiday_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"1964 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sports Day (スポーツの日, Supōtsu no hi), formerly Health and Sports Day (体育の日, Taiiku no hi, \"Physical education day\"), is a public holiday in Japan held annually on the second Monday in October. It commemorates the opening of the 1964 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, and exists to promote sports and an active lifestyle.[1]","title":"Sports Day (Japan)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yoshinori_Sakai_1964c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1964 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"rainy season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kidsweb_sports-2"},{"link_name":"Happy Monday System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Monday_System"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-consulate-3"},{"link_name":"sports day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_day"},{"link_name":"100 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_metres"},{"link_name":"4 x 100 metres relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_x_100_metres_relay"},{"link_name":"tug of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tug_of_war"},{"link_name":"Cavalry Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiba-sen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JT-4"},{"link_name":"relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_race"},{"link_name":"sprinting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(running)"},{"link_name":"long jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_jump"},{"link_name":"tug of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tug_of_war"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"sack races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_race"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"obstacle course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstacle_course"},{"link_name":"Three-legged races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-legged_race"},{"link_name":"bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"},{"link_name":"cartwheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartwheel_(gymnastics)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"marching band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_band"},{"link_name":"Kimigayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimigayo"},{"link_name":"Japanese flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_flag"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"stretching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretching"},{"link_name":"broadcast daily on the radio and TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_calisthenics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Sports Festival of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sports_Festival_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"postponed until 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021_changes-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Sports Day was established since the opening ceremony of the Tokyo Olympics was held in 1964The first Health and Sports Day was held on October 10, 1966, two years after the 1964 Summer Olympics. October was chosen for the unusually late Summer Olympics to avoid the Japanese rainy season, and Health and Sports Day continues to be one of the fairest days of the year.[2]In 2000, as a result of the Happy Monday System, Health and Sports Day was moved to the second Monday in October.[3]As Sports Day is a day to promote sports and physical and mental health, many schools and businesses choose this day to hold their annual Field Day (運動会, Undō-kai), or sports day. This typically consists of a range of physical events ranging from more traditional track-and-field events such as the 100 metres or 4 x 100 metres relay to more uncommon events such as the tug of war and the \"Cavalry Battle\" (騎馬戦, kiba-sen).[4]Most communities and schools across Japan celebrate Sports Day with a sports festival which is similar to a mini Olympics. These festivals include many of the traditional track and field events, such as 4 × 100 m relay, 100m sprinting, and long jump, as well as many other events. Some of the events include: ball toss, tug of war, rugby-ball dribbling races, sack races, and so on.[citation needed] Another common event is often simply called the “exciting relay”, which is an obstacle course relay including any number of different challenges: Three-legged races, making a stretcher with a blanket and bamboo poles and then carrying an “injured” teammate, laundry hanging, tug-o-war, crawling on hands and knees under a net, and doing cartwheels across a mat.[citation needed]The festival usually begins with a parade featuring all the different teams that will be participating: it could be divided by neighbourhood, class, geographic area, or school. There is sometimes a local marching band providing music. Once the parade has gone around the field and lined up in the middle, the band will play Kimigayo and the Japanese flag will be raised. Local officials will make speeches welcoming everyone.[citation needed] Often everyone will spread out across the grounds for group stretching (this stretching routine was developed by the government and is done daily by many Japanese people; the stretching routine music is broadcast daily on the radio and TV).[5] Then it is time to start the events.Beginning in 2020, Health and Sports Day was permanently renamed Sports Day (スポーツの日, Supōtsu no hi), as the word \"sports\" is more broad than \"physical education\" and also implies voluntary enjoyment. This change mirrors other organizations that have made or plan to make corresponding changes to their name in Japanese, such as the Japan Sports Association and the National Sports Festival of Japan.[citation needed]As a special arrangement for the 2020 Summer Olympics, the 2020 date for Sports Day was moved to July 24, to coincide with the opening of the Olympics.[6] With the Olympics and Paralympics postponed until 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the government left this change in place for 2020 and passed an amendment to the Olympic and Paralympic Special Measures Act to make a corresponding change to the holiday in 2021, moving it to July 23.[7][8]","title":"History and current practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"2021 Health and Sports Day\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.japan-talk.com/jt/new/health-and-sports-day"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kidsweb_sports_2-0"},{"link_name":"Kid's Web Japan: Sports Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//web-jpn.org/kidsweb/explore/calendar/october/sports.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-consulate_3-0"},{"link_name":"Consulate General of Japan in New York: Health Sports Day in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cgj.org/en/c/vol_12-3/title_04.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060211040517/http://www.cgj.org/en/c/vol_12-3/title_04.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JT_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"No Escaping Annual Sports Days\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160411210322/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/10/19/news/no-escaping-annual-sports-days/#.VwwRJ33LeUk"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/10/19/news/no-escaping-annual-sports-days/#.VwwRJ33LeUk"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Undokai: Japanese Sports Day\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.japansociety.org.uk/usercontent/0ef85988a0119d94a81b202d2a15ae75/Sports-Day-Background-Notes.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"祝日移し五輪渋滞緩和 「体育の日」は「スポーツの日」に\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180622193114/http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/sports/list/201806/CK2018061302000237.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/sports/list/201806/CK2018061302000237.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2021_changes_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Japan's National Holidays in 2021\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h00738/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"五輪祝日、来年も移動 特措法改正へ―政府・与党\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jiji.com/jc/article?k=2020040101071&g=pol"}],"text":"^ \"2021 Health and Sports Day\".\n\n^ Kid's Web Japan: Sports Day, retrieved November 21, 2005\n\n^ Consulate General of Japan in New York: Health Sports Day in Japan Archived February 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved November 21, 2005\n\n^ Fukue, Natsuko (October 19, 2010). \"No Escaping Annual Sports Days\". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2016.\n\n^ \"Undokai: Japanese Sports Day\" (PDF). The Japan Society. Retrieved September 28, 2021.\n\n^ \"祝日移し五輪渋滞緩和 「体育の日」は「スポーツの日」に\". 東京新聞 TOKYO Web (in Japanese). Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.\n\n^ \"Japan's National Holidays in 2021\". nippon.com. June 10, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.\n\n^ \"五輪祝日、来年も移動 特措法改正へ―政府・与党\" (in Japanese). 時事通信社. April 1, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Sports Day was established since the opening ceremony of the Tokyo Olympics was held in 1964","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Yoshinori_Sakai_1964c.jpg/220px-Yoshinori_Sakai_1964c.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"2021 Health and Sports Day\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japan-talk.com/jt/new/health-and-sports-day","url_text":"\"2021 Health and Sports Day\""}]},{"reference":"Fukue, Natsuko (October 19, 2010). \"No Escaping Annual Sports Days\". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160411210322/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/10/19/news/no-escaping-annual-sports-days/#.VwwRJ33LeUk","url_text":"\"No Escaping Annual Sports Days\""},{"url":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/10/19/news/no-escaping-annual-sports-days/#.VwwRJ33LeUk","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Undokai: Japanese Sports Day\" (PDF). The Japan Society. Retrieved September 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japansociety.org.uk/usercontent/0ef85988a0119d94a81b202d2a15ae75/Sports-Day-Background-Notes.pdf","url_text":"\"Undokai: Japanese Sports Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"祝日移し五輪渋滞緩和 「体育の日」は「スポーツの日」に\". 東京新聞 TOKYO Web (in Japanese). Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180622193114/http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/sports/list/201806/CK2018061302000237.html","url_text":"\"祝日移し五輪渋滞緩和 「体育の日」は「スポーツの日」に\""},{"url":"http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/sports/list/201806/CK2018061302000237.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Japan's National Holidays in 2021\". nippon.com. June 10, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h00738/","url_text":"\"Japan's National Holidays in 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"五輪祝日、来年も移動 特措法改正へ―政府・与党\" (in Japanese). 時事通信社. April 1, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jiji.com/jc/article?k=2020040101071&g=pol","url_text":"\"五輪祝日、来年も移動 特措法改正へ―政府・与党\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.japan-talk.com/jt/new/health-and-sports-day","external_links_name":"\"2021 Health and Sports Day\""},{"Link":"http://web-jpn.org/kidsweb/explore/calendar/october/sports.html","external_links_name":"Kid's Web Japan: Sports Day"},{"Link":"http://www.cgj.org/en/c/vol_12-3/title_04.html","external_links_name":"Consulate General of Japan in New York: Health Sports Day in Japan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060211040517/http://www.cgj.org/en/c/vol_12-3/title_04.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160411210322/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/10/19/news/no-escaping-annual-sports-days/#.VwwRJ33LeUk","external_links_name":"\"No Escaping Annual Sports Days\""},{"Link":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/10/19/news/no-escaping-annual-sports-days/#.VwwRJ33LeUk","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.japansociety.org.uk/usercontent/0ef85988a0119d94a81b202d2a15ae75/Sports-Day-Background-Notes.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Undokai: Japanese Sports Day\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180622193114/http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/sports/list/201806/CK2018061302000237.html","external_links_name":"\"祝日移し五輪渋滞緩和 「体育の日」は「スポーツの日」に\""},{"Link":"http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/sports/list/201806/CK2018061302000237.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h00738/","external_links_name":"\"Japan's National Holidays in 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.jiji.com/jc/article?k=2020040101071&g=pol","external_links_name":"\"五輪祝日、来年も移動 特措法改正へ―政府・与党\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081120201339/http://www.sse-franchise.com/soapbox/200810/12/what-is-sports-day/","external_links_name":"What is sports day?"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_Servicing_of_Geosynchronous_Satellites_program
|
Robotic Servicing of Geosynchronous Satellites program
|
["1 Background","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
DARPA's Robotic Servicing of Geosynchronous Satellites (RSGS) program leverages commercial space technology to inspect and repair aging or broken satellites in the geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO), about 35,786 kilometers (22,236 miles) from Earth.
Robotic arm, part of the RSGS robotic payload, in an electromagnetic test.
Background
According to DARPA, no options exist for visual diagnosis, upgrades, or repairs of a malfunctioning satellite's components, thus rendering these satellites space junk. In 2020, DARPA selected Northrop Grumman's subsidiary SpaceLogistics as its RSGS partner. The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory designed and developed the RSGS robotic arm with DARPA funding. The robotic arm has completed key tests and is on track to be launched to GEO in 2024 by Northrop Grumman's 3000-kilogram spacecraft. After launch in 2024, there will be a period for checkout and calibration activities. The DARPA robotic mechanic is anticipated to start making on-orbit service calls in space in 2025.
See also
On-orbit satellite servicing
OSAM-1
Robotic Refueling Mission
Orbital Express
Robotic arm
References
^ "DARPA's robot could start servicing satellites in 2025". spacenews.com. November 8, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
^ a b "DARPA's Robotic In-Space Mechanic Aces Tests, on Track for Launch". darpa.mil. November 8, 2023. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
^ "Robotic In-Space Mechanic aces tests, on track for launch". Space Daily. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
^ "US DARPA completes component-level tests for RSGS programme". airforce-technology.com. November 9, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
External links
On-orbit Servicing Assembly and Manufacturing 1 Mission (OSAM-1)
OSAM-2
Robotic Refueling Mission 3 (RRM3)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NRL-image.webp"}],"text":"Robotic arm, part of the RSGS robotic payload, in an electromagnetic test.","title":"Robotic Servicing of Geosynchronous Satellites program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"space junk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_debris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"According to DARPA, no options exist for visual diagnosis, upgrades, or repairs of a malfunctioning satellite's components, thus rendering these satellites space junk.[2] In 2020, DARPA selected Northrop Grumman's subsidiary SpaceLogistics as its RSGS partner. The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory designed and developed the RSGS robotic arm with DARPA funding. The robotic arm has completed key tests and is on track to be launched to GEO in 2024 by Northrop Grumman's 3000-kilogram spacecraft.[2] After launch in 2024, there will be a period for checkout and calibration activities.[3] The DARPA robotic mechanic is anticipated to start making on-orbit service calls in space in 2025.[4]","title":"Background"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Robotic arm, part of the RSGS robotic payload, in an electromagnetic test.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NRL-image.webp/220px-NRL-image.webp.png"}]
|
[{"title":"On-orbit satellite servicing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-orbit_satellite_servicing"},{"title":"OSAM-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSAM-1"},{"title":"Robotic Refueling Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_Refueling_Mission"},{"title":"Orbital Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_Express"},{"title":"Robotic arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_arm"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"DARPA's robot could start servicing satellites in 2025\". spacenews.com. November 8, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://spacenews.com/darpas-robot-could-start-servicing-satellites-in-2025/","url_text":"\"DARPA's robot could start servicing satellites in 2025\""}]},{"reference":"\"DARPA's Robotic In-Space Mechanic Aces Tests, on Track for Launch\". darpa.mil. November 8, 2023. Retrieved May 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2022-11-08","url_text":"\"DARPA's Robotic In-Space Mechanic Aces Tests, on Track for Launch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robotic In-Space Mechanic aces tests, on track for launch\". Space Daily. Retrieved 2024-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Robotic_In_Space_Mechanic_aces_tests_on_track_for_launch_999.html","url_text":"\"Robotic In-Space Mechanic aces tests, on track for launch\""}]},{"reference":"\"US DARPA completes component-level tests for RSGS programme\". airforce-technology.com. November 9, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/us-darpa-tests-rsgs-programme/","url_text":"\"US DARPA completes component-level tests for RSGS programme\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://spacenews.com/darpas-robot-could-start-servicing-satellites-in-2025/","external_links_name":"\"DARPA's robot could start servicing satellites in 2025\""},{"Link":"https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2022-11-08","external_links_name":"\"DARPA's Robotic In-Space Mechanic Aces Tests, on Track for Launch\""},{"Link":"https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Robotic_In_Space_Mechanic_aces_tests_on_track_for_launch_999.html","external_links_name":"\"Robotic In-Space Mechanic aces tests, on track for launch\""},{"Link":"https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/us-darpa-tests-rsgs-programme/","external_links_name":"\"US DARPA completes component-level tests for RSGS programme\""},{"Link":"https://www.nasa.gov/mission/on-orbit-servicing-assembly-and-manufacturing-1/","external_links_name":"On-orbit Servicing Assembly and Manufacturing 1 Mission"},{"Link":"https://www.nasa.gov/mission/on-orbit-servicing-assembly-and-manufacturing-2-osam-2/","external_links_name":"OSAM-2"},{"Link":"https://www.nasa.gov/nexis/robotic-refueling-mission-3/","external_links_name":"Robotic Refueling Mission 3"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subincision
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Penile subincision
|
["1 Cultural traditions","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
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Body modification involving the slitting open of the underside of the penisThis article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Operation of Subincision, Warrumanga Tribe, Central Australia
Penile subincision is a form of genital modification or mutilation consisting of a urethrotomy, in which the underside of the penis is incised and the urethra slit open lengthwise, from the urethral opening (meatus) toward the base. The slit can be of varying lengths.
Subincision was traditionally performed around the world, notably in Australia, but also in Africa, South America and the Polynesian and Melanesian cultures of the Pacific, often as a coming of age ritual.
Disadvantages include the risks inherent in the procedure itself, which is often self-performed, and increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The ability to impregnate (specifically, getting sperm into the vagina) may also be decreased.
Subincisions can greatly affect urination, often resulting in hypospadias requiring the subincised male to sit or squat while urinating. The scrotum can be pulled up against the open urethra to quasi-complete the tube and allow an approximation to normal urination, while a few subincised men carry a tube with which they can aim.
Cultural traditions
Start subincision
Subincision
Subincision erection
Subincision (like circumcision) is well documented among the peoples of the central desert of Australia such as the Arrernte and Luritja. The Arrernte word for subincision is arilta, and occurs as a rite of passage ritual for adolescent boys. It was given to the Arrernte by Mangar-kunjer-kunja, a lizard-man spirit being from the Dreamtime. Some academics theorise that a subincised penis is thought to resemble a vulva, and the bleeding is likened to menstruation. This type of modification of the penis was also traditionally performed by the Lardil people of Mornington Island, Queensland. The young men who underwent the procedure were the only ones to learn a simple ceremonial language, Damin. In later ceremonies, repeated throughout adult life, the subincised penis would be used as a site for ritual bloodletting. According to Ken Hale, who studied Damin, no ritual initiations have been carried out in the Gulf of Carpentaria for half a century, and hence the language has also died out.
Another indigenous Australian term for the custom is mika or the terrible rite.
Indigenous cultures of the Amazon Basin also practise subincision to remove parasitic fish known as the Cetopsis candiru, a form of catfish. Samburu herdboys of Kenya, who are said to perform subincisions on themselves (or sometimes their peers) at age seven to ten. In Samoa, subincision of the foreskin, skin located along the tip of the penis, was ritually performed upon young men, as in Hawaii, where subincision of the foreskin is reported to have been performed at age six or seven.
See also
Body modification
Meatotomy
Modern primitive
References
^ a b Singer, Philip; Desole, Daniel E. (1967). "The Australian Subincision Ceremony Reconsidered: Vaginal Envy or Kangaroo Bifid Penis Envy". American Anthropologist. 69 (3–4): 355–358. doi:10.1525/aa.1967.69.3-4.02a00070.
^ M Tractenberg (1999). Male and Female Circumcision. George C. Denniston, Frederick Mansfield Hodges, Marilyn Fayre Milos (editors). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 212. ISBN 9780306461316.
^ Myerhoff 1982: 122
^ Ken Hale. "Damin". Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
^ Andrew Arthur Abbie (1969). The Original Australians. London: Muller. p. 147. OCLC 640051856.
^ "celebrating life customs around the world". 2016.
^ Samburru notions of health and disease by P Spencer,1959
^ "Pacific Center for Sex and Society - Sexual Behavior in Pre-contact Hawai'i". www.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-12.
Further reading
General
Roheim, Gésa (1949). "The Symbolism of Subincision". The American Iago. 6 (4): 321–8. PMID 15408819.
Bettelheim, Bruno (1962) Symbolic Wounds: Puberty Rites and the Envious Male. New York: Collier.
Farb, Peter (1968) Man's Rise to Civilization New York: E. P. Dutton p98-101.
Polynesia
Firth, Raymond, (1963) We the Tikopia: A Sociological Study of Kinship in Primitive Polynesia. Boston: Beacon.
Martin, John (1981) Tonga Islands: William Mariner’s Account. Tonga: Vava’u Press.
Diamond, M. (1990) Selected Cross-Generational Sexual Behavior in Traditional Hawai’i: A Sexological Ethnography, in Feierman, J. R. (Ed.) Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Springer-Verlag, p422-43
Melanesia
Kempf, Wolfgang (2002). "The Politics of Incorporation: Masculinity, Spatiality and Modernity among the Ngaing of Papua New Guinea". Oceania. 73 (1): 56–78. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.2002.tb02806.x.
Hogbin, Ian (1970) The Island of Menstruating Men: Religion in Wogeo, New Guinea. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland
Australia
Basedow H. (1927). "Subincision and Kindred Rites of the Australian Aboriginal". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 57: 123–156. doi:10.2307/2843680. JSTOR 2843680.
Cawte JE, Djagamara N, Barrett MG (1966). "The meaning of subincision of the urethra to aboriginal Australians". British Journal of Medical Psychology. 39 (3): 245–253. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1966.tb01334.x. PMID 6008217.
Morrison J. (21 January 1967). "The origins of the practices of circumcision and subincision among the Australian Aborigines". Medical Journal of Australia. 1 (3): 125–7. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1967.tb21064.x. S2CID 45886476.
Montagu, Ashley (1974) Coming into Being among the Australian Aborigines: The Procreative Beliefs of the Australian Aborigines. 2nd ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Pounder DJ (September 1983). "Ritual mutilation. Subincision of the penis among Australian Aborigines". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 4 (3): 227–9. doi:10.1097/00000433-198309000-00009. PMID 6637950. S2CID 45293571.
Abley, Mark. Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages.
Africa
Margetts, E.L. (1960). "Sub-incision of the urethra in the Samburu of Kenya". East African Medical Journal. 37 (2): 105–8. PMID 13766670.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penile subincision.
Commons.wikimedia.org (Warning: shows picture)
A mention of penile subincision in Hawaii during the early Twentieth Century
A mention of penile subincision among Papuans
Rickharrison.com
"The story of my subincision" at Kuro5hin.org
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operation_of_Subincision,_Warrumanga_Tribe,_Central_Australia_Wellcome_M0005682.jpg"},{"link_name":"genital modification or mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_modification_or_mutilation"},{"link_name":"urethrotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethrotomy"},{"link_name":"penis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_penis"},{"link_name":"urethra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethra"},{"link_name":"meatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_urethral_orifice_(male)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Polynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia"},{"link_name":"Melanesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesia"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"coming of age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_age"},{"link_name":"self-performed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-surgery"},{"link_name":"sexually transmitted infections (STIs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection"},{"link_name":"sperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen"},{"link_name":"vagina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"urination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination"},{"link_name":"hypospadias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypospadias"},{"link_name":"squat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting_position"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singer-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Operation of Subincision, Warrumanga Tribe, Central AustraliaPenile subincision is a form of genital modification or mutilation consisting of a urethrotomy, in which the underside of the penis is incised and the urethra slit open lengthwise, from the urethral opening (meatus) toward the base. The slit can be of varying lengths.Subincision was traditionally performed around the world, notably in Australia, but also in Africa, South America and the Polynesian and Melanesian cultures of the Pacific, often as a coming of age ritual.Disadvantages include the risks inherent in the procedure itself, which is often self-performed, and increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The ability to impregnate (specifically, getting sperm into the vagina) may also be decreased.[citation needed]Subincisions can greatly affect urination, often resulting in hypospadias requiring the subincised male to sit or squat while urinating.[1] The scrotum can be pulled up against the open urethra to quasi-complete the tube and allow an approximation to normal urination, while a few subincised men carry a tube with which they can aim.[citation needed]","title":"Penile subincision"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Startsubincision.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subincision_nomal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subincision_Erection.jpg"},{"link_name":"circumcision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"central desert of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Australia"},{"link_name":"Arrernte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrernte_people"},{"link_name":"Luritja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luritja"},{"link_name":"rite of passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite_of_passage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mangar-kunjer-kunja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangar-kunjer-kunja"},{"link_name":"Dreamtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamtime_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"vulva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulva"},{"link_name":"menstruation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singer-1"},{"link_name":"Lardil people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lardil_people"},{"link_name":"Mornington Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington_Island"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Damin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damin"},{"link_name":"Ken Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_L._Hale"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Amazon Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Basin"},{"link_name":"Cetopsis candiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetopsis_candiru"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Samburu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samburu_people"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Start subincisionSubincisionSubincision erectionSubincision (like circumcision) is well documented[citation needed] among the peoples of the central desert of Australia such as the Arrernte and Luritja. The Arrernte word for subincision is arilta, and occurs as a rite of passage ritual for adolescent boys.[2] It was given to the Arrernte by Mangar-kunjer-kunja, a lizard-man spirit being from the Dreamtime. Some academics theorise that a subincised penis is thought to resemble a vulva, and the bleeding is likened to menstruation.[3][1] This type of modification of the penis was also traditionally performed by the Lardil people of Mornington Island, Queensland. The young men who underwent the procedure were the only ones to learn a simple ceremonial language, Damin. In later ceremonies, repeated throughout adult life, the subincised penis would be used as a site for ritual bloodletting. According to Ken Hale, who studied Damin, no ritual initiations have been carried out in the Gulf of Carpentaria for half a century, and hence the language has also died out.[4]Another indigenous Australian term for the custom is mika or the terrible rite.[5]Indigenous cultures of the Amazon Basin also practise subincision to remove parasitic fish known as the Cetopsis candiru, a form of catfish.[6] Samburu herdboys of Kenya, who are said to perform subincisions on themselves (or sometimes their peers) at age seven to ten.[7] In Samoa, subincision of the foreskin, skin located along the tip of the penis, was ritually performed upon young men, as in Hawaii, where subincision of the foreskin is reported to have been performed at age six or seven.[8]","title":"Cultural traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15408819","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15408819"},{"link_name":"Bettelheim, Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim"},{"link_name":"Farb, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Farb"},{"link_name":"Firth, Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Firth"},{"link_name":"Martin, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_(meteorologist)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.2002.tb02806.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.2002.tb02806.x"},{"link_name":"Hogbin, Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Hogbin"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2843680","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2843680"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2843680","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2843680"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.2044-8341.1966.tb01334.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8341.1966.tb01334.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6008217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6008217"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5694/j.1326-5377.1967.tb21064.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.1967.tb21064.x"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"45886476","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45886476"},{"link_name":"Montagu, Ashley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Montagu"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1097/00000433-198309000-00009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1097%2F00000433-198309000-00009"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6637950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6637950"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"45293571","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45293571"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"13766670","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13766670"}],"text":"GeneralRoheim, Gésa (1949). \"The Symbolism of Subincision\". The American Iago. 6 (4): 321–8. PMID 15408819.\nBettelheim, Bruno (1962) Symbolic Wounds: Puberty Rites and the Envious Male. New York: Collier.\nFarb, Peter (1968) Man's Rise to Civilization New York: E. P. Dutton p98-101.PolynesiaFirth, Raymond, (1963) We the Tikopia: A Sociological Study of Kinship in Primitive Polynesia. Boston: Beacon.\nMartin, John (1981) Tonga Islands: William Mariner’s Account. Tonga: Vava’u Press.\nDiamond, M. (1990) Selected Cross-Generational Sexual Behavior in Traditional Hawai’i: A Sexological Ethnography, in Feierman, J. R. (Ed.) Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Springer-Verlag, p422-43MelanesiaKempf, Wolfgang (2002). \"The Politics of Incorporation: Masculinity, Spatiality and Modernity among the Ngaing of Papua New Guinea\". Oceania. 73 (1): 56–78. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.2002.tb02806.x.\nHogbin, Ian (1970) The Island of Menstruating Men: Religion in Wogeo, New Guinea. Prospect Heights, IL: WavelandAustraliaBasedow H. (1927). \"Subincision and Kindred Rites of the Australian Aboriginal\". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 57: 123–156. doi:10.2307/2843680. JSTOR 2843680.\nCawte JE, Djagamara N, Barrett MG (1966). \"The meaning of subincision of the urethra to aboriginal Australians\". British Journal of Medical Psychology. 39 (3): 245–253. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1966.tb01334.x. PMID 6008217.\nMorrison J. (21 January 1967). \"The origins of the practices of circumcision and subincision among the Australian Aborigines\". Medical Journal of Australia. 1 (3): 125–7. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1967.tb21064.x. S2CID 45886476.\nMontagu, Ashley (1974) Coming into Being among the Australian Aborigines: The Procreative Beliefs of the Australian Aborigines. 2nd ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.\nPounder DJ (September 1983). \"Ritual mutilation. Subincision of the penis among Australian Aborigines\". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 4 (3): 227–9. doi:10.1097/00000433-198309000-00009. PMID 6637950. S2CID 45293571.\nAbley, Mark. Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages.AfricaMargetts, E.L. (1960). \"Sub-incision of the urethra in the Samburu of Kenya\". East African Medical Journal. 37 (2): 105–8. PMID 13766670.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Operation of Subincision, Warrumanga Tribe, Central Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Operation_of_Subincision%2C_Warrumanga_Tribe%2C_Central_Australia_Wellcome_M0005682.jpg/220px-Operation_of_Subincision%2C_Warrumanga_Tribe%2C_Central_Australia_Wellcome_M0005682.jpg"},{"image_text":"Start subincision","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Startsubincision.jpg/220px-Startsubincision.jpg"},{"image_text":"Subincision","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Subincision_nomal.jpg/220px-Subincision_nomal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Subincision erection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Subincision_Erection.jpg/220px-Subincision_Erection.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Body modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_modification"},{"title":"Meatotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatotomy"},{"title":"Modern primitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_primitive"}]
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[{"reference":"Singer, Philip; Desole, Daniel E. (1967). \"The Australian Subincision Ceremony Reconsidered: Vaginal Envy or Kangaroo Bifid Penis Envy\". American Anthropologist. 69 (3–4): 355–358. doi:10.1525/aa.1967.69.3-4.02a00070.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1967.69.3-4.02a00070","url_text":"\"The Australian Subincision Ceremony Reconsidered: Vaginal Envy or Kangaroo Bifid Penis Envy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1967.69.3-4.02a00070","url_text":"10.1525/aa.1967.69.3-4.02a00070"}]},{"reference":"M Tractenberg (1999). Male and Female Circumcision. George C. Denniston, Frederick Mansfield Hodges, Marilyn Fayre Milos (editors). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 212. ISBN 9780306461316.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306461316","url_text":"9780306461316"}]},{"reference":"Ken Hale. \"Damin\". Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_L._Hale","url_text":"Ken Hale"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705113421/http://www.rickharrison.com/language/damin.html","url_text":"\"Damin\""},{"url":"http://www.rickharrison.com/language/damin.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Arthur Abbie (1969). The Original Australians. London: Muller. p. 147. OCLC 640051856.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Arthur_Abbie","url_text":"Andrew Arthur Abbie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/640051856","url_text":"640051856"}]},{"reference":"\"celebrating life customs around the world\". 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com.au/books?id=7RjOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT692&dq=samburu+subincision+seven+ten&hl=ko&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjM-PfpsPWFAxVxs1YBHRYOAX4Q6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=samburu%20subincision%20seven%20ten&f=false","url_text":"\"celebrating life customs around the world\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pacific Center for Sex and Society - Sexual Behavior in Pre-contact Hawai'i\". www.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/2000to2004/2004-sexual-behavior-in-pre-contact-hawaii.html","url_text":"\"Pacific Center for Sex and Society - Sexual Behavior in Pre-contact Hawai'i\""}]},{"reference":"Roheim, Gésa (1949). \"The Symbolism of Subincision\". The American Iago. 6 (4): 321–8. PMID 15408819.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15408819","url_text":"15408819"}]},{"reference":"Kempf, Wolfgang (2002). \"The Politics of Incorporation: Masculinity, Spatiality and Modernity among the Ngaing of Papua New Guinea\". Oceania. 73 (1): 56–78. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.2002.tb02806.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.2002.tb02806.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.2002.tb02806.x"}]},{"reference":"Basedow H. (1927). \"Subincision and Kindred Rites of the Australian Aboriginal\". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 57: 123–156. doi:10.2307/2843680. JSTOR 2843680.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2843680","url_text":"10.2307/2843680"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843680","url_text":"2843680"}]},{"reference":"Cawte JE, Djagamara N, Barrett MG (1966). \"The meaning of subincision of the urethra to aboriginal Australians\". British Journal of Medical Psychology. 39 (3): 245–253. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1966.tb01334.x. PMID 6008217.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8341.1966.tb01334.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.2044-8341.1966.tb01334.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6008217","url_text":"6008217"}]},{"reference":"Morrison J. (21 January 1967). \"The origins of the practices of circumcision and subincision among the Australian Aborigines\". Medical Journal of Australia. 1 (3): 125–7. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1967.tb21064.x. S2CID 45886476.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.1967.tb21064.x","url_text":"10.5694/j.1326-5377.1967.tb21064.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45886476","url_text":"45886476"}]},{"reference":"Pounder DJ (September 1983). \"Ritual mutilation. Subincision of the penis among Australian Aborigines\". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 4 (3): 227–9. doi:10.1097/00000433-198309000-00009. PMID 6637950. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)
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John Wilkinson (industrialist)
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["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Iron master","2 Inventions","2.1 Cannon boring machine","2.2 Boring machine for steam engines","2.3 Hydraulic blowing engine","3 Iron Bridge","4 Copper interests","5 Lead mines and works","6 Philanthropy","7 Family life, and death","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 External links"]
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English industrialist
John WilkinsonWilkinson by Lemuel Francis AbbottBorn1728 (1728)Little Clifton, Cumberland, EnglandDied14 July 1808(1808-07-14) (aged 79–80)Bradley, Staffordshire, EnglandResting placeLindale Church, Lindale-in-Cartmel, EnglandNationalityBritishOccupation(s)Ironmaster, Entrepreneur, builder of first iron boat, partner in world's first iron bridgeWebsitebroseley.org.uk
John "Iron-Mad" Wilkinson (1728 – 14 July 1808) was an English industrialist who pioneered the manufacture of cast iron and the use of cast-iron goods during the Industrial Revolution. He was the inventor of a precision boring machine that could bore cast iron cylinders, such as cannon barrels and piston cylinders used in the steam engines of James Watt. His boring machine has been called the first machine tool. He also developed a blowing device for blast furnaces that allowed higher temperatures, increasing their efficiency, and helped sponsor the first iron bridge in Coalbrookdale. He is notable for his method of cannon boring, his techniques at casting iron and his work with the government of France to establish a cannon foundry.
Biography
Early life
John Wilkinson was born in Little Clifton, Bridgefoot, Cumberland (now part of Cumbria), the eldest son of Isaac Wilkinson and Mary Johnson. Isaac was then the potfounder at the blast furnace there, one of the first to use coke instead of charcoal, which was pioneered by Abraham Darby.
John and his half-brother William, who was 17 years younger, were raised in a non-conformist Presbyterian family and he was educated at a dissenting academy at Kendal, Westmorland (also now part of Cumbria), run by Dr Caleb Rotherham. His sister Mary married another non-conformist, Joseph Priestley in 1762. Priestley also played a role in educating John's younger brother, William.
In 1745, when John was 17, he was apprenticed to a Liverpool merchant for five years and then entered into partnership with his father.
When his father moved to Bersham furnace near Wrexham, north Wales, in 1753 John remained at Kirkby Lonsdale in Westmorland where he married Ann Maudesley on 12 June 1755.
Iron master
After working with his father in his foundry, from 1755 John Wilkinson became a partner in the Bersham concern and in 1757 with partners, he erected a blast furnace at Willey, near Broseley in Shropshire. Later he built another furnace and works at New Willey. He made his home in Broseley in a house called 'The Lawns' which became his headquarters for many years. He had houses either side of 'The Lawns' which served for administration, one being named 'The Mint' used for distribution of the thousands of tokens, each valued equivalent to a halfpenny. In east Shropshire he also developed iron works at Snedshill, Hollinswood, Hadley and Hampton Loade. He and Edward Blakeway also leased land to build another works at Bradley in Bilston parish, near Wolverhampton. He became known as the 'Father' of the extensive South Staffordshire iron industry with Bilston as the start of the Black Country. In 1761, he took over Bersham Ironworks as well. Bradley became his largest and most successful enterprise, and was the site of extensive experiments in getting raw coal to substitute for coke in the production of cast iron. At its peak, it included a number of blast furnaces, a brick works, potteries, glass works, and rolling mills. The Birmingham Canal was subsequently built near the Bradley works.
Inventions
Wilkinson was a prolific inventor of new products and processes, and especially anything connected with novel uses of cast iron and wrought iron. His development of a machine tool for boring cast iron cannons presaged the accurate boring of cylinders for the first Watt steam engines. He also improved the air supply for the blast furnace using a new design of bellows, and was the first to use wrought iron in canal barges. He supported the construction of the first important cast iron bridge at Coalbrookdale.
Cannon boring machine
Iron cannons at Youghal, County Cork, Ireland
Bersham became well known for high-quality casting and a producer of guns and cannon. Historically, cannons had been cast with a core and then bored to remove imperfections, but in 1774 Wilkinson patented a technique for boring iron guns from a solid piece, rotating the gun barrel rather than the boring-bar. This technique made the guns more accurate since the bore was uniform in diameter, and less likely to explode. While bronze cannons were already being bored from the solid, the boring of large iron naval cannon was novel. The patent was quashed in 1779 (the Royal Navy saw it as a monopoly and sought to overthrow it) but Wilkinson still remained a major manufacturer.
In 1792, Wilkinson bought the Brymbo Hall estate in Denbighshire, not far from Bersham, where furnaces and other plant were installed. After his death and the decline of his industrial empire, the ironworks lay idle for some years until in 1842. It became once again an important works and eventually became Brymbo Steelworks, which continued to operate until 1990.
Boring machine for steam engines
Steam engine by James Watt (1797)
James Watt had tried unsuccessfully for several years to obtain accurately bored cylinders for his steam engines, and was forced to use hammered iron, which was out of round and caused leakage past the piston. In 1774 John Wilkinson invented a boring machine in which the shaft that held the cutting tool extended through the cylinder and was supported on both ends, unlike the cantilevered borers then in use. With this machine he was able to bore the cylinder for Boulton & Watt's first commercial engine, and was given an exclusive contract for the provision of cylinders owing to the lower tolerance between the piston and cylinder and the resulting improvement in efficiency by lowering steam losses through the gap. Until this era, advancements in drilling and boring practice had lain only within the application field of gun barrels for firearms and cannon; Wilkinson's achievement was a milestone in the gradual development of boring technology, as its fields of application broadened into engines, pumps, and other industrial uses.
While the main market for steam engines had been for pumping water out of mines, he saw much more use for them in the driving of machinery in ironworks such as blowing engines, forge hammers and rolling mills, the first rotary engine being installed at Bradley in 1783. Among his many inventions was a reversing rolling mill with two steam cylinders that made the process much more economical.
John Wilkinson took a key interest in obtaining orders for these more efficient steam engines and other uses for cast iron from the owners of Cornish copper mines. As part of this interest, he bought shares in eight of the mines to help provide capital.
Hydraulic blowing engine
In 1757, Wilkinson patented a hydraulic powered blowing engine to increase the air blast through the tuyeres for blast furnaces, so improving the rate of production of cast iron. The historian Joseph Needham likened Wilkinson's design to the one described in 1313 by the Chinese Imperial Government metallurgist Wang Zhen in his Treatise on Agriculture.
Iron Bridge
The Iron Bridge spanning the River Severn in Shropshire
In 1775 John Wilkinson was the prime mover initiating the building of the Iron Bridge connecting the then-important industrial town of Broseley with the other side of the River Severn. His friend Thomas Farnolls Pritchard had written to him with plans for the bridge. A committee of subscribers was formed, mostly including Broseley businessmen, to agree to the use of iron rather than wood or stone and obtain price quotations and an authorising act of Parliament.
Wilkinson's persuasion and drive held together the group's support through several problems during the parliamentary process. Had Wilkinson not succeeded in this and also drawn support from influential parliamentarians, the bridge might not have been built or might have been made of other materials. Consequently, the name 'Ironbridge' would not have been coined for the district in Madeley; the area would not have attained the status of a World Heritage Site. Abraham Darby III was chosen as the preferred builder after quoting to build the bridge for £3,150/-/-. When construction started, Wilkinson sold his shares to Abraham Darby III in 1777, leaving the latter to steer the project to its successful conclusion in 1779 and be opened in 1781.
In 1787 he launched the first barge made of wrought iron, constructed in Broseley. It was a development which would become common over the years ahead and in large ships in the following century. He patented several other inventions.
Copper interests
Parys Mountain opencast copper mine
John Wilkinson made his fortune selling high quality goods made of iron and reached his limit of investment expansion. His expertise proved useful when he invested in many copper interests. In 1761, the Royal Navy clad the hull of the frigate HMS Alarm with copper sheet to reduce the growth of marine biofouling and prevent attack by the Teredo shipworm. The drag from the hull growth cut the speed and the shipworm caused severe hull damage, especially in tropical waters. After the success of this work the Navy decreed that all ships should be clad and this created a large demand for copper that Wilkinson noted during his visits to shipyards. He bought shares in eight Cornish copper mines and met Thomas Williams, the 'Copper King' of the Parys Mountain mines in Anglesey. Besides supplying Williams with large quantities of plate and equipment, Wilkinson also supplied scrap for the process of recovery of copper from solution by cementation. Wilkinson bought a 1/16th share in the Mona Mine at Parys Mountain and shares in Williams industries at Holywell, Flintshire, St Helens, near Liverpool and Swansea, South Wales. Wilkinson and Williams worked together on several projects. They were amongst the first to issue trade tokens ('Willys' and 'Druids') to alleviate the shortage of small coins. Jointly they set up the Cornish Metal Company in 1785 as a marketing company for copper. Its aim was to ensure both a good return for the Cornish miners and a stable price for the users of copper. Warehouses were set up in Birmingham, London, Bristol and Liverpool.
To help his business interests and to service his trade tokens, Wilkinson bought into partnerships with banks in Birmingham, Bilston, Bradley, Brymbo and Shrewsbury.
Lead mines and works
Wilkinson bought lead mines at Minera in Wrexham, five miles from Bersham, Llyn Pandy at Soughton (now Sychdyn) and Mold, also in Flintshire He installed steam pumping engines to make them viable again. His lead was exported through the port of Chester. To use some of the lead produced, Wilkinson had a lead pipe works at Rotherhithe, London. This factory lasted for many years eventually making the solder filler alloys used in the car factory at Dagenham.
Philanthropy
Joseph Priestley, by Rembrandt Peale (c. 1801)
Wilkinson had a good reputation as an employer. Wherever new works were established, cottages were built to accommodate employees and their families. He gave significant financial support to his brother-in-law, the famous chemist Dr Joseph Priestley. He became a church warden in Broseley and was later elected High Sheriff of Denbighshire. In schools that had no slates he was able to provide iron troughs to hold sand for the practice of writing and arithmetic. He provided a cast-iron pulpit for the church at Bilston.
Family life, and death
John Wilkinson, as depicted on a 1793 halfpenny token struck by Matthew Boulton's Soho Mint
John married Ann Maudsley in 1759. Her family was wealthy and her dowry helped to pay for a share in the New Willey Company. After the death of Ann, his second marriage, when he was 35, was to Mary Lee, whose money helped him to buy out his partners. When he was in his seventies, his mistress Mary Ann Lewis, a maid at his estate in Brymbo Hall, gave birth to his only children, a boy and two girls.
By 1796, when he was 68, he was producing about one-eighth of Britain's cast iron. He became "a titan" – very wealthy, and somewhat eccentric. His "iron madness" reached a peak in the 1790s, when he had almost everything around him made of iron, even several coffins and a massive obelisk to mark his grave, which still stands in the village of Lindale-in-Cartmel, now in Cumbria. He was appointed Sheriff of Denbighshire for 1799.
He died on 14 July 1808 at his works in Bradley, probably from diabetes. He was originally buried at his Castlehead estate at Grange-over-Sands, raised above the adjoining moss lands which he drained and improved from 1778 onwards.
He left a very large estate in his will (more than £130,000 - equivalent to £12,810,000 in 2023), to which he intended to make his three children the principal heirs, with executors to manage the estate for them. However his nephew Thomas Jones contested the will in the Court of Chancery. By 1828, the estate had largely been dissipated by lawsuits and poor management. His corpse, in its distinctive iron coffin, was moved several times over the next decades, but is now lost.
References
^ NAM Rodger 'The Command Of The Ocean' Penguin 2004, p.377
^ Chaloner, 1951.
^ W. H. Chaloner, 'Isaac Wilkinson, potfounder' in L. S. Pressnell (ed.), Studies in the industrial revolution presented to T.S. Ashton (Athlone Press, Univ. of London 1960), 23–51.
^ a b c d e Harris J R
^ B. Trinder, The Industrial Revolution in Shropshire (2000), 42.
^ Herefordshire Record Office, E12/S/378, 20 October 1784.
^ Brymbo Steelworks – the Scottish connection, Wrexham County Borough Council
^ Brymbo Steelworks – The last tap, Wrexham County Borough Council
^ Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916), English and American Tool Builders, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, LCCN 16011753. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (LCCN 27-24075); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, (ISBN 978-0-917914-73-7).
^ Harford, Tim (9 October 2019). "The spectacular power of interchangeable parts". Retrieved 9 October 2019.
^
Temple, Robert; Joseph Needham (1986). The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 65<Based on the works of Joseph Needham>{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ Soldon, p. 67
^ Nicholas, Thomas (1872). Annals of the Counties and County Families of Wales.
^ "CASTLE HEAD, Grange-Over-Sands - 1269676 | Historic England".
^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
^ Soldon, pp 347–348
Bibliography
Braid, Douglas. Wilkinson Studies Vol II (1992) ISBN 0-9520009-0-3.
Chaloner, W.H. "Builders of Industry: John Wilkinson, Ironmaster." History Today (1951) 1#5 pp 63–69.
J. R. Harris, Wilkinson, John (1728–1808). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011.
Newman, J. and Pevsner, N. Pevsner Architectural Guides: The Buildings of Shropshire, Yale University Press (2006). ISBN 0-300-12083-4.
Soldon, Norbert C. John Wilkinson (1728–1808): English Ironmaster and Inventor. Studies in British History, Edwin Mellen Press, (1998) ISBN 0-7734-8268-7.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Wilkinson.
John Wilkinson Heritage
John Wilkinson — Encyclopædia Britannica
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Wilkinson, John" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 647–648.
BBC — History — John Wilkinson (1728–1808)
Cumbria Directory entry
John Wilkinson (industrialist) Summary — BookRags
The Brymbo Heritage Group Archived 22 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine brymboheritage.co.uk
John Wilkinson at Ward's Book of Days
John Wilkinson achievements and interesting facts
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The Birmingham Canal was subsequently built near the Bradley works.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cast iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron"},{"link_name":"wrought iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_iron"},{"link_name":"machine tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool"},{"link_name":"blast furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace"},{"link_name":"bellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellows"},{"link_name":"Coalbrookdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalbrookdale"}],"text":"Wilkinson was a prolific inventor of new products and processes, and especially anything connected with novel uses of cast iron and wrought iron. His development of a machine tool for boring cast iron cannons presaged the accurate boring of cylinders for the first Watt steam engines. He also improved the air supply for the blast furnace using a new design of bellows, and was the first to use wrought iron in canal barges. He supported the construction of the first important cast iron bridge at Coalbrookdale.","title":"Inventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Youghal_Battery.JPG"},{"link_name":"cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannons"},{"link_name":"Youghal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youghal"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon"},{"link_name":"naval cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_artillery"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-4"},{"link_name":"Brymbo Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brymbo_Hall"},{"link_name":"Denbighshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denbighshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Brymbo Steelworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brymbo_Steelworks"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wcbc2-8"}],"sub_title":"Cannon boring machine","text":"Iron cannons at Youghal, County Cork, IrelandBersham became well known for high-quality casting and a producer of guns and cannon. Historically, cannons had been cast with a core and then bored to remove imperfections, but in 1774 Wilkinson patented a technique for boring iron guns from a solid piece, rotating the gun barrel rather than the boring-bar. This technique made the guns more accurate since the bore was uniform in diameter, and less likely to explode. While bronze cannons were already being bored from the solid, the boring of large iron naval cannon was novel. The patent was quashed in 1779 (the Royal Navy saw it as a monopoly and sought to overthrow it) but Wilkinson still remained a major manufacturer.[4]In 1792, Wilkinson bought the Brymbo Hall estate in Denbighshire, not far from Bersham, where furnaces and other plant were installed.[4] After his death and the decline of his industrial empire, the ironworks lay idle for some years until in 1842.[7] It became once again an important works and eventually became Brymbo Steelworks, which continued to operate until 1990.[8]","title":"Inventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WattsSteamEngine.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine"},{"link_name":"James Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watt"},{"link_name":"James Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watt"},{"link_name":"cantilevered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever"},{"link_name":"Boulton & Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton_and_Watt"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"boring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boring_(manufacturing)"},{"link_name":"blowing engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing_engine"},{"link_name":"forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forge"},{"link_name":"hammers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer"},{"link_name":"rotary engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_engine"},{"link_name":"rolling mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_mill"}],"sub_title":"Boring machine for steam engines","text":"Steam engine by James Watt (1797)James Watt had tried unsuccessfully for several years to obtain accurately bored cylinders for his steam engines, and was forced to use hammered iron, which was out of round and caused leakage past the piston. In 1774 John Wilkinson invented a boring machine in which the shaft that held the cutting tool extended through the cylinder and was supported on both ends, unlike the cantilevered borers then in use. With this machine he was able to bore the cylinder for Boulton & Watt's first commercial engine, and was given an exclusive contract for the provision of cylinders owing to the lower tolerance between the piston and cylinder and the resulting improvement in efficiency by lowering steam losses through the gap.[9][10] Until this era, advancements in drilling and boring practice had lain only within the application field of gun barrels for firearms and cannon; Wilkinson's achievement was a milestone in the gradual development of boring technology, as its fields of application broadened into engines, pumps, and other industrial uses.While the main market for steam engines had been for pumping water out of mines, he saw much more use for them in the driving of machinery in ironworks such as blowing engines, forge hammers and rolling mills, the first rotary engine being installed at Bradley in 1783. Among his many inventions was a reversing rolling mill with two steam cylinders that made the process much more economical.John Wilkinson took a key interest in obtaining orders for these more efficient steam engines and other uses for cast iron from the owners of Cornish copper mines. As part of this interest, he bought shares in eight of the mines to help provide capital.","title":"Inventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blowing engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing_engine"},{"link_name":"tuyeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuyeres"},{"link_name":"Joseph Needham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham"},{"link_name":"Wang Zhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(official)"},{"link_name":"Treatise on Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(official)#Technical_innovations"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Hydraulic blowing engine","text":"In 1757, Wilkinson patented a hydraulic powered blowing engine to increase the air blast through the tuyeres for blast furnaces, so improving the rate of production of cast iron. The historian Joseph Needham likened Wilkinson's design to the one described in 1313 by the Chinese Imperial Government metallurgist Wang Zhen in his Treatise on Agriculture.[11]","title":"Inventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ironbridge002.JPG"},{"link_name":"The Iron Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iron_Bridge"},{"link_name":"the Iron Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iron_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Broseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broseley"},{"link_name":"River Severn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Severn"},{"link_name":"Thomas Farnolls Pritchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Farnolls_Pritchard"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Abraham Darby III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Darby_III"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"wrought iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_iron"},{"link_name":"Broseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broseley"}],"text":"The Iron Bridge spanning the River Severn in ShropshireIn 1775 John Wilkinson was the prime mover initiating the building of the Iron Bridge connecting the then-important industrial town of Broseley with the other side of the River Severn. His friend Thomas Farnolls Pritchard had written to him with plans for the bridge. A committee of subscribers was formed, mostly including Broseley businessmen, to agree to the use of iron rather than wood or stone and obtain price quotations and an authorising act of Parliament.Wilkinson's persuasion and drive held together the group's support through several problems during the parliamentary process. Had Wilkinson not succeeded in this and also drawn support from influential parliamentarians, the bridge might not have been built or might have been made of other materials. Consequently, the name 'Ironbridge' would not have been coined for the district in Madeley; the area would not have attained the status of a World Heritage Site. Abraham Darby III was chosen as the preferred builder after quoting to build the bridge for £3,150/-/-. When construction started, Wilkinson sold his shares to Abraham Darby III in 1777, leaving the latter to steer the project to its successful conclusion in 1779 and be opened in 1781.In 1787 he launched the first barge made of wrought iron, constructed in Broseley. It was a development which would become common over the years ahead and in large ships in the following century. He patented several other inventions.","title":"Iron Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parys_mountain.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parys Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parys_Mountain"},{"link_name":"HMS Alarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Alarm_(1758)"},{"link_name":"Teredo shipworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teredo_navalis"},{"link_name":"Thomas Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Williams_of_Llanidan"},{"link_name":"Parys Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parys_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Anglesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglesey"},{"link_name":"Holywell, Flintshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holywell,_Flintshire"},{"link_name":"St Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury"}],"text":"Parys Mountain opencast copper mineJohn Wilkinson made his fortune selling high quality goods made of iron and reached his limit of investment expansion. His expertise proved useful when he invested in many copper interests. In 1761, the Royal Navy clad the hull of the frigate HMS Alarm with copper sheet to reduce the growth of marine biofouling and prevent attack by the Teredo shipworm. The drag from the hull growth cut the speed and the shipworm caused severe hull damage, especially in tropical waters. After the success of this work the Navy decreed that all ships should be clad and this created a large demand for copper that Wilkinson noted during his visits to shipyards. He bought shares in eight Cornish copper mines and met Thomas Williams, the 'Copper King' of the Parys Mountain mines in Anglesey. Besides supplying Williams with large quantities of plate and equipment, Wilkinson also supplied scrap for the process of recovery of copper from solution by cementation. Wilkinson bought a 1/16th share in the Mona Mine at Parys Mountain and shares in Williams industries at Holywell, Flintshire, St Helens, near Liverpool and Swansea, South Wales. Wilkinson and Williams worked together on several projects. They were amongst the first to issue trade tokens ('Willys' and 'Druids') to alleviate the shortage of small coins. Jointly they set up the Cornish Metal Company in 1785 as a marketing company for copper. Its aim was to ensure both a good return for the Cornish miners and a stable price for the users of copper. Warehouses were set up in Birmingham, London, Bristol and Liverpool.To help his business interests and to service his trade tokens, Wilkinson bought into partnerships with banks in Birmingham, Bilston, Bradley, Brymbo and Shrewsbury.","title":"Copper interests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minera"},{"link_name":"Sychdyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sychdyn"},{"link_name":"Mold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold,_Flintshire"},{"link_name":"Flintshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flintshire"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"},{"link_name":"Rotherhithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherhithe"},{"link_name":"Dagenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagenham"}],"text":"Wilkinson bought lead mines at Minera in Wrexham, five miles from Bersham, Llyn Pandy at Soughton (now Sychdyn) and Mold, also in Flintshire He installed steam pumping engines to make them viable again. His lead was exported through the port of Chester. To use some of the lead produced, Wilkinson had a lead pipe works at Rotherhithe, London. This factory lasted for many years eventually making the solder filler alloys used in the car factory at Dagenham.","title":"Lead mines and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PriestleyPeale.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Priestley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt Peale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt_Peale"},{"link_name":"Joseph Priestley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Denbighshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Denbighshire"}],"text":"Joseph Priestley, by Rembrandt Peale (c. 1801)Wilkinson had a good reputation as an employer. Wherever new works were established, cottages were built to accommodate employees and their families. He gave significant financial support to his brother-in-law, the famous chemist Dr Joseph Priestley. He became a church warden in Broseley and was later elected High Sheriff of Denbighshire. In schools that had no slates he was able to provide iron troughs to hold sand for the practice of writing and arithmetic. He provided a cast-iron pulpit for the church at Bilston.","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilkinsontoken.jpg"},{"link_name":"halfpenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfpenny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Boulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Boulton"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"New Willey Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Willey_Company"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"coffins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin"},{"link_name":"obelisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk"},{"link_name":"Lindale-in-Cartmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindale,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Sheriff of Denbighshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Denbighshire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley,_West_Midlands"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"Grange-over-Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange-over-Sands"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-15"},{"link_name":"Court of Chancery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Chancery"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"John Wilkinson, as depicted on a 1793 halfpenny token struck by Matthew Boulton's Soho MintJohn married Ann Maudsley in 1759. Her family was wealthy and her dowry helped to pay for a share in the New Willey Company. After the death of Ann, his second marriage, when he was 35, was to Mary Lee, whose money helped him to buy out his partners. When he was in his seventies, his mistress Mary Ann Lewis, a maid at his estate in Brymbo Hall, gave birth to his only children, a boy and two girls.By 1796, when he was 68, he was producing about one-eighth of Britain's cast iron.[12] He became \"a titan\" – very wealthy, and somewhat eccentric. His \"iron madness\" reached a peak in the 1790s, when he had almost everything around him made of iron, even several coffins and a massive obelisk to mark his grave, which still stands in the village of Lindale-in-Cartmel, now in Cumbria. He was appointed Sheriff of Denbighshire for 1799.[13]He died on 14 July 1808 at his works in Bradley, probably from diabetes. He was originally buried at his Castlehead estate at Grange-over-Sands, raised above the adjoining moss lands which he drained and improved from 1778 onwards.[14]He left a very large estate in his will (more than £130,000 - equivalent to £12,810,000 in 2023)[15], to which he intended to make his three children the principal heirs, with executors to manage the estate for them. However his nephew Thomas Jones contested the will in the Court of Chancery. By 1828, the estate had largely been dissipated by lawsuits and poor management. His corpse, in its distinctive iron coffin, was moved several times over the next decades, but is now lost.[16]","title":"Family life, and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9520009-0-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9520009-0-3"},{"link_name":"Wilkinson, John (1728–1808)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29428"},{"link_name":"Newman, J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Newman_(architectural_historian)"},{"link_name":"Pevsner, N.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-300-12083-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-12083-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7734-8268-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7734-8268-7"}],"text":"Braid, Douglas. Wilkinson Studies Vol II (1992) ISBN 0-9520009-0-3.\nChaloner, W.H. \"Builders of Industry: John Wilkinson, Ironmaster.\" History Today (1951) 1#5 pp 63–69.\nJ. R. Harris, Wilkinson, John (1728–1808). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011.\nNewman, J. and Pevsner, N. Pevsner Architectural Guides: The Buildings of Shropshire, Yale University Press (2006). ISBN 0-300-12083-4.\nSoldon, Norbert C. John Wilkinson (1728–1808): English Ironmaster and Inventor. Studies in British History, Edwin Mellen Press, (1998) ISBN 0-7734-8268-7.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Iron cannons at Youghal, County Cork, Ireland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Youghal_Battery.JPG/300px-Youghal_Battery.JPG"},{"image_text":"Steam engine by James Watt (1797)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/WattsSteamEngine.jpeg/300px-WattsSteamEngine.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The Iron Bridge spanning the River Severn in Shropshire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ironbridge002.JPG/350px-Ironbridge002.JPG"},{"image_text":"Parys Mountain opencast copper mine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Parys_mountain.jpg/350px-Parys_mountain.jpg"},{"image_text":"Joseph Priestley, by Rembrandt Peale (c. 1801)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/PriestleyPeale.jpg/170px-PriestleyPeale.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Wilkinson, as depicted on a 1793 halfpenny token struck by Matthew Boulton's Soho Mint","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wilkinsontoken.jpg/170px-Wilkinsontoken.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916), English and American Tool Builders, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, LCCN 16011753","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"English and American Tool Builders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/16011753","url_text":"16011753"}]},{"reference":"Harford, Tim (9 October 2019). \"The spectacular power of interchangeable parts\". Retrieved 9 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49499444","url_text":"\"The spectacular power of interchangeable parts\""}]},{"reference":"Temple, Robert; Joseph Needham (1986). The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 65<Based on the works of Joseph Needham>","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nicholas, Thomas (1872). Annals of the Counties and County Families of Wales.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annalsandantiqu00goog","url_text":"Annals of the Counties and County Families of Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"CASTLE HEAD, Grange-Over-Sands - 1269676 | Historic England\".","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1269676?section=official-list-entry","url_text":"\"CASTLE HEAD, Grange-Over-Sands - 1269676 | Historic England\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Gregory (2017). \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","url_text":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeasuringWorth","url_text":"MeasuringWorth"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Wilkinson, John\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 647–648.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wilkinson,_John","url_text":"\"Wilkinson, John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synfig
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Synfig
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["1 Features","2 File formats","3 Morevna era","4 Name","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Libre 2D animation software
Synfig StudioOriginal author(s)Robert QuattlebaumStable release1.4.5
/ May 19, 2024; 27 days ago (2024-05-19)Preview release1.5.1
/ October 30, 2021; 2 years ago (2021-10-30)
Repositorygithub.com/synfig/synfig
Written inC++ (using gtkmm)Operating systemLinux, Mac OS X, WindowsTypeVector graphics editor, computer animationLicenseGPL-2.0-or-laterWebsitesynfig.org
Synfig Studio (also known as Synfig) is a free and open-source vector-based 2D animation software. It is created by Robert Quattlebaum with additional contributions by Adrian Bentley.
Synfig began as the custom animation platform for Voria Studios (now defunct), and in 2005 was released as free/open source software, under GNU GPL-2.0-or-later.
Features
As a true front-end and back-end application, it is possible to design the animation in the front-end, Synfig Studio, and to render it at a later time with the backend, Synfig Tool, on another (potentially faster) computer without a graphical display connected. Incremental and parallel rendering with Synfig Tool is supported by some open source render farm management software, such as RenderChan.
The goal of the developers is to create a program that is capable of producing "feature-film quality animation with fewer people and resources." The program offers an alternative to manual tweening so that the animator does not have to draw each and every frame.
The software is capable of simulating soft-shading using curved gradients within an area so that the animator doesn't have to draw shading into every single frame. There is also a wide variety of other real-time effects that can be applied to layers or groups of layers like radial blurs, color tweaks that all are resolution-independent. Other features include the ability to control and animate the width of lines at their individual control points, and the ability to link any related data from one object to another. Synfig also works with High Dynamic Range Imaging.
File formats
Synfig stores its animations in its own XML file format, often compressed with gzip. These files use the filename extension .sif (uncompressed), .sifz (compressed) or .sfg (zip container format). The files store vector graphics data, embed or reference external bitmap images, and also a revision history of the project.
Synfig can render to video formats such as AVI, Theora and MPEG, as well as animated graphics formats such as MNG and GIF. It can also render to a sequence of numbered image files, using formats such as PNG, BMP, PPM and OpenEXR.
From version 0.62.00, Synfig has basic support for SVG import.
From version 0.91 Inkscape can save as .sif file format.
Morevna era
Morevna Project.
Much of the development of the tool since May 2008 has been in association with the Morevna Project, a Russian organisation centred around an animation project using Synfig and other libre software and based on the folkloric characters of Ivan Tsarevich and Marya Morevna, specifically in the context of The Death of Koschei the Deathless re-invented as a science fiction anime. They have been making regular updates since then on the Morevna project site, including a demo video released on November 10, 2012 and several episodes of the Morevna story and of animatics based on the Pepper&Carrot webcomic. Free Software Magazine contained an article on the project.
Name
It was originally called SINFG, a recursive acronym for "SINFG Is Not a Fractal Generator", referring to the software's capability of generating fractal imagery in addition to animation.
See also
Free and open-source software portal
List of 2D animation software
References
^ "Synfig Studio 1.4.5 released – Synfig". synfig.org. May 19, 2024. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
^ "Synfig Studio 1.5.1 released – Synfig". synfig.org. October 30, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
^ "Overview - Synfig Animation Studio". wiki.synfig.org. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
^ "Interview with Synfig's Robert Quattlebaum".
^ "Voria Studios Closing Letter". Archived from the original on 2011-03-24.
^ "Synfig Open-Source Announcement". 19 November 2018.
^ "Synfig Studio :: Home".
^ Bowen, Ronda (13 March 2011). "Top 5 Low-Budget and Free Flash Editors". Brighthub.com. Bright Hub Inc. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
^ "Synfig 0.62.00 Release". Archived from the original on 2010-05-25.
^ "Morevnaproject.org".
^ "The Morevna Project: Anime with Synfig and Blender". Archived from the original on 2011-08-14.
^ "Synfig Studio :: History".
External links
Official website
vteMotion graphics and animation software
2D (list)
3D (list)
Mix
Free and open-source
Ajax Animator
Animator Pro
TupiTube
SWFTools
Synfig
OpenToonz
Papagayo
Pencil2D
Krita
Glaxnimate
3D Movie Maker
Art of Illusion
OpenFX
Seamless3d
Toonloop
Blender
Closed-source
Freeware
FlipaClip
Pivot Animator
Clara.io
Daz Studio
MikuMikuDance
Source Filmmaker
Commercial
Adobe Animate
Adobe Character Animator
Antics 2-D Animation
Clip Studio Paint
DigiCel FlipBook
Live2D
Moho (Anime Studio)
Motion Live 2D
ParticleIllusion
CrazyTalk
Toon Boom
Toonz
TVPaint
Autodesk 3ds Max
Autodesk Maya
Autodesk MotionBuilder
iClone
Bryce
Carrara
Cinema 4D
Houdini
LightWave 3D
MASSIVE
Moviestorm
Shark 3D
Strata 3D
Adobe After Effects
Adobe Photoshop
Autodesk Flame
Blackmagic Fusion
Motion
Nuke
Discontinued / Legacy
Autodesk Animator
Animo
DrawPlus
Fantavision
Gryphon Software Morph
iAd Producer
Pegs
SWiSH Max
RETAS
USAnimation
Autodesk Softimage
Dynamation
Messiah
Softimage 3D
Swift 3D
Adobe Director
Avid Elastic Reality
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"free and open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software"},{"link_name":"vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics"},{"link_name":"2D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software"},{"link_name":"open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"GNU GPL-2.0-or-later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Synfig Studio (also known as Synfig) is a free and open-source vector-based 2D animation software.[3] It is created by Robert Quattlebaum[4] with additional contributions by Adrian Bentley.Synfig began as the custom animation platform for Voria Studios (now defunct),[5] and in 2005 was released as free/open source software, under GNU GPL-2.0-or-later.[6]","title":"Synfig"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"front-end and back-end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-end_and_back-end"},{"link_name":"render farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Render_farm"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"tweening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweening"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brighthub-8"},{"link_name":"gradients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient"},{"link_name":"resolution-independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_independence"},{"link_name":"High Dynamic Range Imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Dynamic_Range_Imaging"}],"text":"As a true front-end and back-end application, it is possible to design the animation in the front-end, Synfig Studio, and to render it at a later time with the backend, Synfig Tool, on another (potentially faster) computer without a graphical display connected. Incremental and parallel rendering with Synfig Tool is supported by some open source render farm management software, such as RenderChan.The goal of the developers is to create a program that is capable of producing \"feature-film quality animation with fewer people and resources.\"[7] The program offers an alternative to manual tweening so that the animator does not have to draw each and every frame.[8]The software is capable of simulating soft-shading using curved gradients within an area so that the animator doesn't have to draw shading into every single frame. There is also a wide variety of other real-time effects that can be applied to layers or groups of layers like radial blurs, color tweaks that all are resolution-independent. Other features include the ability to control and animate the width of lines at their individual control points, and the ability to link any related data from one object to another. Synfig also works with High Dynamic Range Imaging.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"gzip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gzip"},{"link_name":"filename extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filename_extension"},{"link_name":"bitmap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmap"},{"link_name":"AVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Video_Interleave"},{"link_name":"Theora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theora"},{"link_name":"MPEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG"},{"link_name":"MNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics"},{"link_name":"GIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF"},{"link_name":"PNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics"},{"link_name":"BMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP_file_format"},{"link_name":"PPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netpbm_format"},{"link_name":"OpenEXR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEXR"},{"link_name":"SVG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Inkscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkscape"}],"text":"Synfig stores its animations in its own XML file format, often compressed with gzip. These files use the filename extension .sif (uncompressed), .sifz (compressed) or .sfg (zip container format). The files store vector graphics data, embed or reference external bitmap images, and also a revision history of the project.Synfig can render to video formats such as AVI, Theora and MPEG, as well as animated graphics formats such as MNG and GIF. It can also render to a sequence of numbered image files, using formats such as PNG, BMP, PPM and OpenEXR.From version 0.62.00, Synfig has basic support for SVG import.[9]From version 0.91 Inkscape can save as .sif file format.","title":"File formats"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_snapshot_from_the_2012_demo_release_from_the_Morevna_Project.png"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"centred around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russian_animation"},{"link_name":"libre software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre_software"},{"link_name":"folkloric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale"},{"link_name":"The Death of Koschei the Deathless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Koschei_the_Deathless"},{"link_name":"science fiction anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinen"},{"link_name":"Pepper&Carrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper%26Carrot"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Free Software Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Morevna Project.Much of the development of the tool since May 2008 has been in association with the Morevna Project, a Russian organisation centred around an animation project using Synfig and other libre software and based on the folkloric characters of Ivan Tsarevich and Marya Morevna, specifically in the context of The Death of Koschei the Deathless re-invented as a science fiction anime. They have been making regular updates since then on the Morevna project site, including a demo video released on November 10, 2012 and several episodes of the Morevna story and of animatics based on the Pepper&Carrot webcomic.[10] Free Software Magazine contained an article on the project.[11]","title":"Morevna era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recursive acronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_acronym"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"It was originally called SINFG, a recursive acronym for \"SINFG Is Not a Fractal Generator\", referring to the software's capability of generating fractal imagery in addition to animation.[12]","title":"Name"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Morevna Project.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/A_snapshot_from_the_2012_demo_release_from_the_Morevna_Project.png/200px-A_snapshot_from_the_2012_demo_release_from_the_Morevna_Project.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Free and open-source software portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software"},{"title":"List of 2D animation software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2D_animation_software"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Synfig Studio 1.4.5 released – Synfig\". synfig.org. May 19, 2024. Retrieved May 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.synfig.org/2024/05/19/synfig-studio-1-4-5-released/","url_text":"\"Synfig Studio 1.4.5 released – Synfig\""}]},{"reference":"\"Synfig Studio 1.5.1 released – Synfig\". synfig.org. October 30, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.synfig.org/2021/10/30/synfig-studio-1-5-1-released/","url_text":"\"Synfig Studio 1.5.1 released – Synfig\""}]},{"reference":"\"Overview - Synfig Animation Studio\". wiki.synfig.org. Retrieved 2020-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.synfig.org/Doc:Overview","url_text":"\"Overview - Synfig Animation Studio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Synfig's Robert Quattlebaum\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.osnews.com/story/13241/Interview_with_Synfig_s_Robert_Quattlebaum","url_text":"\"Interview with Synfig's Robert Quattlebaum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Voria Studios Closing Letter\". Archived from the original on 2011-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110324023531/deepdarc.com/2004/12/13/voria-studios-closing-letter","url_text":"\"Voria Studios Closing Letter\""},{"url":"http://deepdarc.com/2004/12/13/voria-studios-closing-letter","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Synfig Open-Source Announcement\". 19 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deepdarc.com/2005/11/01/synfig-developer-preview/","url_text":"\"Synfig Open-Source Announcement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Synfig Studio :: Home\".","urls":[{"url":"http://synfig.org/","url_text":"\"Synfig Studio :: Home\""}]},{"reference":"Bowen, Ronda (13 March 2011). \"Top 5 Low-Budget and Free Flash Editors\". Brighthub.com. Bright Hub Inc. Retrieved 7 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brighthub.com/internet/web-development/articles/73998.aspx","url_text":"\"Top 5 Low-Budget and Free Flash Editors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Synfig 0.62.00 Release\". Archived from the original on 2010-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20100525171336/http://www.synfig.org/en/news/releases/50-release-06200","url_text":"\"Synfig 0.62.00 Release\""},{"url":"http://www.synfig.org/en/news/releases/50-release-06200","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Morevnaproject.org\".","urls":[{"url":"http://morevnaproject.org/","url_text":"\"Morevnaproject.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Morevna Project: Anime with Synfig and Blender\". Archived from the original on 2011-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110814171647/http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/columns/morevna_project_anime_synfig_and_blender","url_text":"\"The Morevna Project: Anime with Synfig and Blender\""},{"url":"http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/columns/morevna_project_anime_synfig_and_blender","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Synfig Studio :: History\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.synfig.org/cms/en/history/","url_text":"\"Synfig Studio :: History\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://github.com/synfig/synfig","external_links_name":"github.com/synfig/synfig"},{"Link":"http://synfig.org/","external_links_name":"synfig.org"},{"Link":"https://www.synfig.org/2024/05/19/synfig-studio-1-4-5-released/","external_links_name":"\"Synfig Studio 1.4.5 released – Synfig\""},{"Link":"https://www.synfig.org/2021/10/30/synfig-studio-1-5-1-released/","external_links_name":"\"Synfig Studio 1.5.1 released – Synfig\""},{"Link":"https://wiki.synfig.org/Doc:Overview","external_links_name":"\"Overview - Synfig Animation Studio\""},{"Link":"http://www.osnews.com/story/13241/Interview_with_Synfig_s_Robert_Quattlebaum","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Synfig's Robert Quattlebaum\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110324023531/deepdarc.com/2004/12/13/voria-studios-closing-letter","external_links_name":"\"Voria Studios Closing Letter\""},{"Link":"http://deepdarc.com/2004/12/13/voria-studios-closing-letter","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.deepdarc.com/2005/11/01/synfig-developer-preview/","external_links_name":"\"Synfig Open-Source Announcement\""},{"Link":"http://synfig.org/","external_links_name":"\"Synfig Studio :: Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.brighthub.com/internet/web-development/articles/73998.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Top 5 Low-Budget and Free Flash Editors\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20100525171336/http://www.synfig.org/en/news/releases/50-release-06200","external_links_name":"\"Synfig 0.62.00 Release\""},{"Link":"http://www.synfig.org/en/news/releases/50-release-06200","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://morevnaproject.org/","external_links_name":"\"Morevnaproject.org\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110814171647/http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/columns/morevna_project_anime_synfig_and_blender","external_links_name":"\"The Morevna Project: Anime with Synfig and Blender\""},{"Link":"http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/columns/morevna_project_anime_synfig_and_blender","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.synfig.org/cms/en/history/","external_links_name":"\"Synfig Studio :: History\""},{"Link":"https://synfig.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailman_(GNU)
|
GNU Mailman
|
["1 History","2 Features","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","5.1 Reviews","5.2 Other resources","6 External links"]
|
Mailing list manager software
GNU MailmanMailman filesDeveloper(s)Abhilash RajInitial releaseJuly 30, 1999; 24 years ago (1999-07-30)Stable release3:3.3.9 / 2023-10-202:2.1.39 / 2021-12-13
Written inMostly Python, some COperating systemUnix-likeAvailable inMany languagesTypeMailing list management softwareLicense3: GPL-3.0-or-later2: GPL-2.0-or-laterWebsitewww.gnu.org/software/mailman/
GNU Mailman is a computer software application from the GNU Project for managing electronic mailing lists.
Mailman is coded primarily in Python and currently maintained by Abhilash Raj. Mailman is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public License.
History
A very early version of Mailman was written by John Viega while a graduate student, who then lost his copy of the source in a hard drive crash sometime around 1998. Ken Manheimer at CNRI, who was looking for a replacement for Majordomo, then took over development. When Manheimer left CNRI, Barry Warsaw took over. Mailman 3—the first major new version in over a decade—was released in April 2015.
Web administration interface for GNU Mailman 2.1
Features
Mailman runs on most Unix-like systems, including Linux. Since Mailman 3.0 it has required python-3.4 or newer. It works with Unix-style mail servers such as Exim, Postfix, Sendmail and qmail. Features include:
A customizable publicly-accessible web page for each maillist.
Web application for list administration, archiving of messages, spam filtering, etc. Separate interfaces are available for users (for self-administration), moderators (to accept/reject list posts), and administrators.
Support for multiple administrators and moderators for each list.
Per-list privacy features, such as closed-subscriptions, private archives, private membership rosters, and sender-based posting rules.
Integrated bounce detection and automatic handling of bouncing addresses.
Integrated spam filters
Majordomo-style email based commands.
Support for virtual domains.
List archiving. The default archiver provided with Mailman 2 is Pipermail, although other archivers can be used instead. The archiver for Mailman 3 is HyperKitty.
See also
Free and open-source software portal
List of mailing list software
Electronic mailing list
References
^ a b Warsaw, Barry (23 November 2017). "Time Stand Still". Mailman-Announce (Mailing list). Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ Warsaw, Barry A. (30 July 1999). "Mailman 1.0". mailman-announce (Mailing list). Retrieved 2008-12-09.
^ "Mailman, the GNU Mailing List Manager". gnu.org. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
^ "freshmeat.net: Project details for GNU Mailman". Retrieved 2009-02-11.
^ a b "Mailman, the GNU Mailing List Manager". Retrieved 2009-02-11.
^ "MyMailmanRole — Myriadicity Dot". Retrieved 2009-02-11.
^ "Mailman 3.0 to modernize mailing lists". lwn.net. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
^ "Getting started with GNU Mailman". mailman.readthedocs.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
^ "Pipermail". amk.ca. Archived from the original on 13 February 2001. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
^ "Developer Resources". gnu.org. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
Further reading
Reviews
Mailing List Management Made Easy
Other resources
List Administrator's Guide
"Mailman – An Extensible Mailing List Manager Using Python"; Ken Manheimer, Barry Warsaw, John Viega; presented at the 7th International Python Conference, Nov 10–13, 1998
"Mailman: The GNU Mailing List Manager"; John Viega, Barry Warsaw, Ken Manheimer; presented at the 12th Usenix Systems Administration Conference (LISA '98), Dec 9, 1998
GNU Mailman chapter in The Architecture of Open Source Applications Volume 2
Barry Warsaw presentation on Mailman 3 at PyCon US 2012
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to GNU Mailman.
Official website
Mailman Documentation
Mailman support mailing lists
"GNU Mailman". Freecode.
vteGNU ProjectHistory
GNU Manifesto
Free Software Foundation
Europe
India
Latin America
History of free software
Licenses
GNU General Public License
linking exception
font exception
GNU Lesser General Public License
GNU Affero General Public License
GNU Free Documentation License
Software
GNU (variants)
Hurd
Linux-libre
glibc
Bash
coreutils
findutils
Build system
GCC
binutils
GDB
GRUB
GNUstep
GIMP
Jami
GNU Emacs
GNU TeXmacs
GNU Octave
GNU Taler
GNU R
GSL
GMP
GNU Electric
GNU Archimedes
GNUnet
GNU Privacy Guard
Gnuzilla (IceCat)
GNU Health
GNUmed
GNU LilyPond
GNU Go
GNU Chess
Gnash
Guix
more...
Contributors
Alexandre Oliva
Benjamin Mako Hill
Bradley M. Kuhn
Brian Fox
Federico Heinz
Georg C. F. Greve
John Sullivan
Nagarjuna G.
Richard M. Stallman
Other topics
GNU/Linux naming controversy
Revolution OS
Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns
Defective by Design
Authority control databases: National
Germany
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software application","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_application"},{"link_name":"GNU Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project"},{"link_name":"electronic mailing lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-http://freshmeat.net-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-http://www.gnu.org-5"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-developer-announcement-2017-1"},{"link_name":"free software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software"},{"link_name":"GNU General Public License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-http://www.gnu.org-5"}],"text":"GNU Mailman is a computer software application from the GNU Project for managing electronic mailing lists.[4][5]\nMailman is coded primarily in Python and currently maintained by Abhilash Raj.[1] Mailman is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public License.[5]","title":"GNU Mailman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Viega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Viega"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-http://myriadicity.net-6"},{"link_name":"CNRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNRI"},{"link_name":"Majordomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majordomo_(software)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lwn_mm3-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mailman_admin_interface.png"}],"text":"A very early version of Mailman was written by John Viega while a graduate student, who then lost his copy of the source in a hard drive crash sometime around 1998.[6] Ken Manheimer at CNRI, who was looking for a replacement for Majordomo, then took over development. When Manheimer left CNRI, Barry Warsaw took over. Mailman 3—the first major new version in over a decade—was released in April 2015.[7]Web administration interface for GNU Mailman 2.1","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"python-3.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Python#Version_3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mm_req-8"},{"link_name":"mail servers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_servers"},{"link_name":"Exim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exim"},{"link_name":"Postfix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postfix_(software)"},{"link_name":"Sendmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendmail"},{"link_name":"qmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qmail"},{"link_name":"web page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page"},{"link_name":"maillist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list"},{"link_name":"Web application","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application"},{"link_name":"spam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_spam"},{"link_name":"moderators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_moderator"},{"link_name":"Majordomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majordomo_(software)"},{"link_name":"virtual domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_domain"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnu_dev-10"}],"text":"Mailman runs on most Unix-like systems, including Linux. Since Mailman 3.0 it has required python-3.4 or newer.[8] It works with Unix-style mail servers such as Exim, Postfix, Sendmail and qmail. Features include:A customizable publicly-accessible web page for each maillist.\nWeb application for list administration, archiving of messages, spam filtering, etc. Separate interfaces are available for users (for self-administration), moderators (to accept/reject list posts), and administrators.\nSupport for multiple administrators and moderators for each list.\nPer-list privacy features, such as closed-subscriptions, private archives, private membership rosters, and sender-based posting rules.\nIntegrated bounce detection and automatic handling of bouncing addresses.\nIntegrated spam filters\nMajordomo-style email based commands.\nSupport for virtual domains.\nList archiving. The default archiver provided with Mailman 2 is Pipermail,[9] although other archivers can be used instead. The archiver for Mailman 3 is HyperKitty.[10]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mailing List Management Made Easy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150429091221/http://www.serverwatch.com/server-reviews/article.php/3490461"}],"sub_title":"Reviews","text":"Mailing List Management Made Easy","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Mailman – An Extensible Mailing List Manager Using Python\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220701132154/https://myriadicity.net/software-and-systems/craft/mailman_ip7.pdf"},{"link_name":"the 7th International Python Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140122180936/http://python.org/workshops/1998-11/proceedings.html"},{"link_name":"\"Mailman: The GNU Mailing List Manager\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/lisa98/full_papers/viega/viega_html/viega.html"},{"link_name":"the 12th Usenix Systems Administration Conference (LISA '98)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/lisa98/technical.html"},{"link_name":"GNU Mailman chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aosabook.org/en/mailman.html"},{"link_name":"Barry Warsaw presentation on Mailman 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pyvideo.org/video/688/mailman-3"}],"sub_title":"Other resources","text":"List Administrator's Guide\n\"Mailman – An Extensible Mailing List Manager Using Python\"; Ken Manheimer, Barry Warsaw, John Viega; presented at the 7th International Python Conference, Nov 10–13, 1998\n\"Mailman: The GNU Mailing List Manager\"; John Viega, Barry Warsaw, Ken Manheimer; presented at the 12th Usenix Systems Administration Conference (LISA '98), Dec 9, 1998\nGNU Mailman chapter in The Architecture of Open Source Applications Volume 2\nBarry Warsaw presentation on Mailman 3 at PyCon US 2012","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Web administration interface for GNU Mailman 2.1","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mailman_admin_interface.png/320px-Mailman_admin_interface.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Free and open-source software portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software"},{"title":"List of mailing list software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mailing_list_software"},{"title":"Electronic mailing list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list"}]
|
[{"reference":"Warsaw, Barry (23 November 2017). \"Time Stand Still\". Mailman-Announce (Mailing list). Retrieved 5 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/mailman-announce/2017-November/000232.html","url_text":"\"Time Stand Still\""}]},{"reference":"Warsaw, Barry A. (30 July 1999). \"Mailman 1.0\". mailman-announce (Mailing list). Retrieved 2008-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://mail.python.org/pipermail/mailman-announce/1999-July/000004.html","url_text":"\"Mailman 1.0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mailman, the GNU Mailing List Manager\". gnu.org. Retrieved 2023-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/software/mailman/","url_text":"\"Mailman, the GNU Mailing List Manager\""}]},{"reference":"\"freshmeat.net: Project details for GNU Mailman\". Retrieved 2009-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://freshmeat.net/projects/mailman/","url_text":"\"freshmeat.net: Project details for GNU Mailman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mailman, the GNU Mailing List Manager\". Retrieved 2009-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/software/mailman/","url_text":"\"Mailman, the GNU Mailing List Manager\""}]},{"reference":"\"MyMailmanRole — Myriadicity Dot\". Retrieved 2009-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://myriadicity.net/Sundry/MyMailmanRole","url_text":"\"MyMailmanRole — Myriadicity Dot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mailman 3.0 to modernize mailing lists\". lwn.net. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://lwn.net/Articles/638090/","url_text":"\"Mailman 3.0 to modernize mailing lists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Getting started with GNU Mailman\". mailman.readthedocs.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151013205802/http://mailman.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/mailman/docs/START.html#requirements","url_text":"\"Getting started with GNU Mailman\""},{"url":"http://mailman.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/mailman/docs/START.html#requirements","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pipermail\". amk.ca. Archived from the original on 13 February 2001. Retrieved 2 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010213235121/http://amk.ca/python/unmaintained/pipermail.html","url_text":"\"Pipermail\""},{"url":"http://www.amk.ca/python/unmaintained/pipermail.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Developer Resources\". gnu.org. Retrieved 26 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/software/mailman/devs.html","url_text":"\"Developer Resources\""}]},{"reference":"\"GNU Mailman\". Freecode.","urls":[{"url":"http://freecode.com/projects/mailman/","url_text":"\"GNU Mailman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freecode","url_text":"Freecode"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:GNU_Mailman_version&action=edit","external_links_name":"[±]"},{"Link":"https://www.gnu.org/software/mailman/","external_links_name":"www.gnu.org/software/mailman/"},{"Link":"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/mailman-announce/2017-November/000232.html","external_links_name":"\"Time Stand Still\""},{"Link":"http://mail.python.org/pipermail/mailman-announce/1999-July/000004.html","external_links_name":"\"Mailman 1.0\""},{"Link":"https://www.gnu.org/software/mailman/","external_links_name":"\"Mailman, the GNU Mailing List Manager\""},{"Link":"http://freshmeat.net/projects/mailman/","external_links_name":"\"freshmeat.net: Project details for GNU Mailman\""},{"Link":"https://www.gnu.org/software/mailman/","external_links_name":"\"Mailman, the GNU Mailing List Manager\""},{"Link":"http://myriadicity.net/Sundry/MyMailmanRole","external_links_name":"\"MyMailmanRole — Myriadicity Dot\""},{"Link":"https://lwn.net/Articles/638090/","external_links_name":"\"Mailman 3.0 to modernize mailing lists\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151013205802/http://mailman.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/mailman/docs/START.html#requirements","external_links_name":"\"Getting started with GNU Mailman\""},{"Link":"http://mailman.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/mailman/docs/START.html#requirements","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010213235121/http://amk.ca/python/unmaintained/pipermail.html","external_links_name":"\"Pipermail\""},{"Link":"http://www.amk.ca/python/unmaintained/pipermail.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gnu.org/software/mailman/devs.html","external_links_name":"\"Developer Resources\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150429091221/http://www.serverwatch.com/server-reviews/article.php/3490461","external_links_name":"Mailing List Management Made Easy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220701132154/https://myriadicity.net/software-and-systems/craft/mailman_ip7.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mailman – An Extensible Mailing List Manager Using Python\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140122180936/http://python.org/workshops/1998-11/proceedings.html","external_links_name":"the 7th International Python Conference"},{"Link":"http://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/lisa98/full_papers/viega/viega_html/viega.html","external_links_name":"\"Mailman: The GNU Mailing List Manager\""},{"Link":"http://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/lisa98/technical.html","external_links_name":"the 12th Usenix Systems Administration Conference (LISA '98)"},{"Link":"http://www.aosabook.org/en/mailman.html","external_links_name":"GNU Mailman chapter"},{"Link":"http://pyvideo.org/video/688/mailman-3","external_links_name":"Barry Warsaw presentation on Mailman 3"},{"Link":"https://www.gnu.org/software/mailman/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://wiki.list.org/","external_links_name":"Mailman Documentation"},{"Link":"https://www.list.org/lists.html","external_links_name":"Mailman support mailing lists"},{"Link":"http://freecode.com/projects/mailman/","external_links_name":"\"GNU Mailman\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7578314-9","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiarc
|
Optiarc
|
["1 Products","2 See also","2.1 Similar joint ventures","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Sony Optiarc DVD drive AD-7240SProduct typeOptical disc drivesSolid-state drivesOwnerVinpowerCountryUSIntroducedApril 3, 2006; 18 years ago (2006-04-03)DiscontinuednoPrevious ownersSony, NECWebsitewww.optiarcinc.com
Optiarc is a brand of optical disc drives and solid-state drives. It is owned by a US-based Vinpower Digital, Inc.
Initially Optiarc was established on April 3, 2006 as a joint venture between Sony (55% shares) and NEC (45% shares). The company, named Sony NEC Optiarc, focused on manufacturing optical disk drives primarily for the OEM desktop and notebook PC markets.
On September 11, 2008, it was announced that Sony would take over NEC's 45% share, making Optiarc a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony, to be called Sony Optiarc. This took effect on December 5, 2008
In March 2013, Sony closed its Optiarc optical disc drive division, laying off about 400 employees globally.
In 2017, an American company, Vinpower Digital, whose main business is manufacturing optical disc and other media duplicators for the commercial market, acquired the rights to the Optiarc brand and product line. The brand PioData is also owned by Vinpower Digital.
Products
Products were both DVD+/-R(W) and BD-ROM drives. Among other things, Sony Optiarc supplied the Blu-ray drives for the Sony PlayStation 3. The naming scheme for the drives is as follows: DDU stands for DVD-ROM, AD stands for DVD-RW, BR for BD-ROM and BC for BD Combo. A combo drive is a drive that only supports the newer format in reading and the predecessor in writing. The three digits that follow indicate the generation, the design (5.25" or slimline) and the speed class. The digit after that the equipment variant and the appended letter the interface. An AD-7243S is a 5.25" DVD-RW Drive with 24x speed when writing to DVD-R and DVD+R blanks. It also supports Labelflash. For Lightscribe, a "1" would be in the fourth position. The "S" indicates SATA. An “A” stands for PATA. However, the last Optiarc drives were no longer available with this legacy interface.
See also
Similar joint ventures
Hitachi-LG Data Storage
Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corporation
References
^ "Optiarc Offers New Line of Robust SSD, Preventing Data Loss and Failures Due to Latent Flash Issues". Retrieved October 16, 2020.
^ "Sony Optiarc". Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
^ "Sony Optiarc <Overview>". Archived from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
^ Crothers, Brooke (August 27, 2012). "Sony to exit PC-use optical drives, say reports". CNET. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
^ Carter, White (August 27, 2012). "Sony Optiarc closed, the subsidiary that manufactures optical drives". Technewspedia. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
^ Aldershoff, Jan Willem (June 19, 2017). "U.S. Company VinPower Digital Claims to Be Resurrecting Optiarc CD/DVD Burner Brand". Myce.com. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
^ "About Us". PioData.com. Vinpower Digital. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
External links
Official website
vteSonyHistoryFounders
Masaru Ibuka
Akio Morita
Primary businesses
Sony Corporation
Sony Semiconductor Solutions
Sony Entertainment
Sony Music Group
Entertainment
Publishing
Sony Pictures
Sony Financial Group
Sony Life
Sony Bank
Sony Interactive Entertainment
PlayStation
Sony Music Entertainment Japan
Aniplex
Technologiesand brands
α (Alpha)
Betacam
Bionz
Blu-ray
Bravia
CD
Cell
Cyber-shot
Dash
Dream Machine
DVD
Exmor
FeliCa
Handycam
HDCAM/HDCAM-SR
HMZ-T1
Inzone
LocationFree
Memory Stick
MiniDisc
MiniDV
MicroMV
mylo
PlayNow
PlayStation
Reader
S/PDIF
SDDS
8 channel films
Sony Entertainment Network
SXRD
Sony Tablet
Tunnel diode
TransferJet
UMD
Vaio
Video8/Hi8/Digital8
Vision-S
Walkman
XDCAM
Xperia
Historical products
AIBO
CV-2000
DAT
Betamax
Sony CLIÉ
Discman
Jumbotron
Lissa
Mavica
NEWS
Optiarc
Qualia
Rolly
TR-55
Trinitron
FD series
1 inch Type C
U-matic
Vaio
Watchman
WEGA
Electronics
Sony Creative Software
FeliCa Networks (57%)
Online distributionplatforms
PlayStation Network
PlayStation Now
PlayStation Store
Sony Pictures Core
SonyLIV
Crunchyroll
Great American Pure Flix (joint venture with Great American Media)
Former/Defunct
PlayNow
PlayStation Video
PlayStation Vue
Anime Digital Network
Anime on Demand
AnimeLab
Funimation
Wakanim
VRV
Sony Entertainment Network
Crackle
Minisodes
Other businesses
Sony DADC
Sony Network Communications
Sony Professional Solutions
Sony Honda Mobility (50%)
M3 (39.4%)
Vaio (4.9%)
Other assets
Sony Corporation of America (umbrella company in the US)
Other subsidiaries
List of acquisitions
List of libraries
Nonprofit organizations
Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College
Other
Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor
Sony timer
vteNECDivisions andsubsidiariesCurrent
NEC Corporation of America
NEC Laboratories America
NEC Software Solutions
UK
NEC Solution Innovators
NEC Unified Solutions
Avaloq
Netcracker Technology
Avaloq
KMD
Defunct
NEC BIGLOBE
Electronic Arrays
Packard Bell NEC
Reveal Computer Products
Zenith Data Systems
Joint ventures andshareholdingsCurrent
Alaxala Networks (40%)
Anritsu (7%)
Japan Aviation Electronics (25%)
NEC BIGLOBE
Renesas Electronics (34%)
Sharp NEC Display Solutions (34%)
Defunct
NEC Mobile Communications
NEC Philips Unified Systems1
Sony NEC Optiarc2
Products, servicesand standards
Microprocessors
78K
μCOM series
µPD7220
µPD7720
R4200
V20
V25
V60
V850
Mobile phones
e616
N343i
Personal computers
Supercomputers
Video game consoles
People
Walter Tenney Carleton
Kunihiko Iwadare
Tadahiro Sekimoto
Places
NEC Supertower
Other
NEC Blue Rockets
NEC Cup (China)
NEC Cup (Japan)
NEC Green Rockets
NEC Karuizawa 72
NEC Red Rockets
NEC Shun-Ei
Sumitomo Group
1Now wholly owned
2Sold
Category
Commons
Computers
Video game consoles
This product or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"optical disc drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive"},{"link_name":"solid-state drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"NEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC"},{"link_name":"OEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OEM"},{"link_name":"notebook PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notebook_PC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Optiarc is a brand of optical disc drives and solid-state drives.[1] It is owned by a US-based Vinpower Digital, Inc.Initially Optiarc was established on April 3, 2006 as a joint venture between Sony (55% shares) and NEC (45% shares). The company, named Sony NEC Optiarc, focused on manufacturing optical disk drives primarily for the OEM desktop and notebook PC markets.On September 11, 2008, it was announced that Sony would take over NEC's 45% share, making Optiarc a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony,[2] to be called Sony Optiarc. This took effect on December 5, 2008[3]In March 2013, Sony closed its Optiarc optical disc drive division,[4][5] laying off about 400 employees globally.In 2017, an American company, Vinpower Digital, whose main business is manufacturing optical disc and other media duplicators for the commercial market, acquired the rights to the Optiarc brand and product line.[6] The brand PioData is also owned by Vinpower Digital.[7]","title":"Optiarc"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD+/-R(W)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%C2%B1R"},{"link_name":"BD-ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-ROM"},{"link_name":"Sony PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"DDU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDU:_District_Detective_Unit"}],"text":"Products were both DVD+/-R(W) and BD-ROM drives. Among other things, Sony Optiarc supplied the Blu-ray drives for the Sony PlayStation 3. The naming scheme for the drives is as follows: DDU stands for DVD-ROM, AD stands for DVD-RW, BR for BD-ROM and BC for BD Combo. A combo drive is a drive that only supports the newer format in reading and the predecessor in writing. The three digits that follow indicate the generation, the design (5.25\" or slimline) and the speed class. The digit after that the equipment variant and the appended letter the interface. An AD-7243S is a 5.25\" DVD-RW Drive with 24x speed when writing to DVD-R and DVD+R blanks. It also supports Labelflash. For Lightscribe, a \"1\" would be in the fourth position. The \"S\" indicates SATA. An “A” stands for PATA. However, the last Optiarc drives were no longer available with this legacy interface.","title":"Products"}]
|
[]
|
[]
|
[{"reference":"\"Optiarc Offers New Line of Robust SSD, Preventing Data Loss and Failures Due to Latent Flash Issues\". Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalbankingandfinance.com/category/news/optiarc-offers-new-line-of-robust-ssd-preventing-data-loss-and-failures-due-to-latent-flash-issues/","url_text":"\"Optiarc Offers New Line of Robust SSD, Preventing Data Loss and Failures Due to Latent Flash Issues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sony Optiarc\". Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved December 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218151311/http://www.sonynec-optiarc.com/company/index.html","url_text":"\"Sony Optiarc\""},{"url":"http://www.sonynec-optiarc.com/company/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sony Optiarc <Overview>\". Archived from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100124141957/http://www.sonynec-optiarc.com/company/principles.html","url_text":"\"Sony Optiarc <Overview>\""},{"url":"http://www.sonynec-optiarc.com/company/principles.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crothers, Brooke (August 27, 2012). \"Sony to exit PC-use optical drives, say reports\". CNET. Retrieved May 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-57501393-92/sony-to-exit-pc-use-optical-drives-say-reports/","url_text":"\"Sony to exit PC-use optical drives, say reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET","url_text":"CNET"}]},{"reference":"Carter, White (August 27, 2012). \"Sony Optiarc closed, the subsidiary that manufactures optical drives\". Technewspedia. Retrieved May 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://technewspedia.com/sony-optiarc-closed-the-subsidiary-that-manufactures-optical-drives/","url_text":"\"Sony Optiarc closed, the subsidiary that manufactures optical drives\""}]},{"reference":"Aldershoff, Jan Willem (June 19, 2017). \"U.S. Company VinPower Digital Claims to Be Resurrecting Optiarc CD/DVD Burner Brand\". Myce.com. Retrieved October 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myce.com/news/u-s-company-vinpower-digital-claims-resurrecting-optiarc-cddvd-burner-brand-82160/","url_text":"\"U.S. Company VinPower Digital Claims to Be Resurrecting Optiarc CD/DVD Burner Brand\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". PioData.com. Vinpower Digital. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.piodata.com/about","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.optiarcinc.com/","external_links_name":"www.optiarcinc.com"},{"Link":"https://www.globalbankingandfinance.com/category/news/optiarc-offers-new-line-of-robust-ssd-preventing-data-loss-and-failures-due-to-latent-flash-issues/","external_links_name":"\"Optiarc Offers New Line of Robust SSD, Preventing Data Loss and Failures Due to Latent Flash Issues\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218151311/http://www.sonynec-optiarc.com/company/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Sony Optiarc\""},{"Link":"http://www.sonynec-optiarc.com/company/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100124141957/http://www.sonynec-optiarc.com/company/principles.html","external_links_name":"\"Sony Optiarc <Overview>\""},{"Link":"http://www.sonynec-optiarc.com/company/principles.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-57501393-92/sony-to-exit-pc-use-optical-drives-say-reports/","external_links_name":"\"Sony to exit PC-use optical drives, say reports\""},{"Link":"http://technewspedia.com/sony-optiarc-closed-the-subsidiary-that-manufactures-optical-drives/","external_links_name":"\"Sony Optiarc closed, the subsidiary that manufactures optical drives\""},{"Link":"https://www.myce.com/news/u-s-company-vinpower-digital-claims-resurrecting-optiarc-cddvd-burner-brand-82160/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Company VinPower Digital Claims to Be Resurrecting Optiarc CD/DVD Burner Brand\""},{"Link":"https://www.piodata.com/about","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://www.optiarcinc.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optiarc&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill
|
McGraw Hill Education
|
["1 Corporate history","2 Acquisitions","3 Presidents","4 Controversies","4.1 Pricing","5 Works","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
|
Educational publisher
"McGraw Hill" redirects here. For the business and financial information company previously known as McGraw Hill Financial, see S&P Global.
McGraw HillThe branded McGraw Hill logo as of 2020Founded1888; 136 years ago (1888)FounderJames H. McGrawJohn A. HillCountry of originUnited StatesHeadquarters locationNew York City, New York, U.S.Key peopleSimon AllenPublication typesAdaptive learning technology, educational software, e-books, apps, platform services, curriculum, and booksRevenue $1.72 billion (2017)Owner(s)Platinum EquityNo. of employees3,900 (2020)Official websitemheducation.com
McGraw Hill is an American publishing company for educational content, software, and services for pre-K through postgraduate education. It is one of the "big three" educational publishers along with Houghton Mifflin Harcourt and Pearson Education. The company also publishes reference and trade publications for medicine, business, and engineering. Formerly a division of The McGraw Hill Companies (later renamed McGraw Hill Financial, now S&P Global), McGraw Hill Education was divested and acquired by Apollo Global Management in March 2013 for $2.4 billion. McGraw Hill was sold in 2021 to Platinum Equity for $4.5 billion.
Corporate history
McGraw-Hill logo used from 1971 to the late 1990s
McGraw Hill was founded in 1888, when James H. McGraw, co-founder of McGraw Hill, purchased the American Journal of Railway Appliances. He continued to add further publications, eventually establishing The McGraw Publishing Company in 1899. His co-founder, John A. Hill, had also produced several technical and trade publications and in 1902 formed his own business, The Hill Publishing Company.
In 1909, the two co-founders formed an alliance and combined the book departments of their publishing companies into an incorporated company called The McGraw-Hill Book Company. John Hill served as president, with James McGraw as vice-president. The remaining parts of each business were merged into The McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Inc in 1917.
In 1946, McGraw-Hill founded an international division of the company. It acquired Contemporary Films in 1972 and CRM in 1975. McGraw-Hill combined its films in the CRM division in 1978. McGraw-Hill sold CRM in 1987.
In 1979, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company purchased Byte from its owner/publisher Virginia Williamson, who then became a vice-president of McGraw-Hill. In 1986, McGraw-Hill bought out competitor The Economy Company, then the nation's largest publisher of educational material. The buyout made McGraw-Hill the largest educational publisher in the U.S.
In 1988, Harold McGraw became chairman emeritus of McGraw Hill.
In 1989, McGraw-Hill formed a joint partnership with Robert Maxwell, forming second largest textbook publisher in the United States. McGraw-Hill took full ownership of the venture in 1993.
In 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies sold its children's publishing unit to School Specialty. In 2007, The McGraw-Hill Companies launched an online student study network, GradeGuru.com. This offering gave McGraw-Hill an opportunity to connect directly with its end users, the students. It allowed students to share notes and materials for cash or gift cards in return. The site closed on April 29, 2012.
On October 3, 2011, Scripps announced it was purchasing all seven television stations owned by The McGraw-Hill Companies' broadcasting division McGraw-Hill Broadcasting for $212 million; the sale is a result of McGraw-Hill's decision to exit the broadcasting industry to focus on its other core properties, including its publishing unit. This deal was approved by the FTC on October 31 and the FCC on November 29. The deal was completed on December 30, 2011.
On November 26, 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies announced it was selling its entire education division to Apollo Global Management for $2.5 billion. On March 22, 2013, McGraw Hill Education announced it had completed the sale and the proceeds were for $2.4 billion in cash. In 2012, McGraw Hill acquired Redbird Learning and in 2013, McGraw Hill acquired ALEKS. In 2014, McGraw Hill Education India partnered with GreyCampus to promote Online Learning Courses among University Grants Commission- National eligibility Test Aspirants.
On June 30, 2015, McGraw-Hill Education announced that Data Recognition Corporation (DRC) had agreed to acquire "key assets" of the CTB/McGraw-Hill assessment business. In 2016, McGraw Hill acquired Everyday Mathematics. In 2017, McGraw Hill acquired My Math.
On May 11, 2017, McGraw-Hill Education announced the sale of the business holdings of McGraw-Hill Ryerson (Ryerson Press) to Canadian educational publisher Nelson.
On January 17, 2019, McGraw Hill Education announced Reveal Math and Inspire Science, new curricula for K–12.
On May 1, 2019, McGraw-Hill Education announced an agreement to merge with Cengage. The merged company was expected to retain McGraw Hill as the corporate name. The merger was called off on 1 May 2020. In 2019, McGraw Hill acquired Core-Plus Mathematics Project. In 2020, McGraw Hill became a distributor for Illustrative Mathematics.
McGraw Hill was sold in 2021 to Platinum Equity for $4.5 billion.
Acquisitions
The McGraw Hill Companies expanded significantly through acquisition, including financial services and broadcasting. Many acquisitions continued with McGraw Hill after their acquisition by Apollo Global Management in 2013.
Date of acquisition
Company acquired
Industry
1920
Newton Falls Paper Company
Producer of paper
1928
A.W. Shaw Company
Publisher of magazines and textbooks
1950s
Gregg Company
Publisher of vocational textbooks
1953
Companies of Warren C Platts, including Platts
Publisher of petroleum industry information
1954
Blakiston, from Doubleday
Publisher of medical textbooks
1961
F.W. Dodge Corporation
Publisher of construction industry information
1965
California Test Bureau
Developer of educational testing systems
1966
Standard & Poor's
Financial Services
Shepard's Citations
Legal publisher
1968
National Radio Institute
Correspondence School
1970
The Ryerson Press
Educational and trade publishing
1972
Television Stations of Time Life Broadcasting
Broadcasting
1979
Osborne Books
Educational and trade publishing
1986
The Economy Company
Educational publishing
1988
Random House Schools and Colleges
Educational publishing
1993
Macmillan/McGraw-Hill School Publishing Company including Glencoe, SRA, and former Laidlaw publications
Educational publishing
1996
Times Mirror Higher Education including William C Brown, Richard D Irwin, Irwin Professional, Mosby College and Brown & Benchmark
Educational publishing
1997
Micropal Group Limited
Financial Services
1999
Appleton & Lange from Pearson
Publisher of medical information
2000
Tribune Education, including NTC/Contemporary, Everyday Learning/Creative, Instructional Fair, Landoll, The Wright Group. American Education Publishing, Meeks Heit & Peter Bedrick Books
Publisher of supplementary educational materials
Mayfield Publishing Company
Publisher of humanities and social science textbooks
2002
Open University Press
University press - academic publications
2005
J.D. Power & Associates
Marketing information provider
2013
Key Curriculum
Math technology firm
ALEKS
Adaptive learning firm
2014
Area9 Aps
Adaptive learning firm
Engrade
Learning management system
2016
Redbird Advanced Learning, formerly Education Program for Gifted Youth
Adaptive learning firm
2021
Kidaptive
Adaptive learning firm
Triad Interactive
Educational software firm
Achieve3000
Educational software firm
Presidents
John A. Hill (1909–1917)
James H. McGraw (1917–1928)
Johnathan Heflin (1928–1948)
James McGraw Jr. (1948–1950)
Curtis W. McGraw (1950–1953)
Donald C. McGraw (1953–1968)
Shelton Fisher (1968–1974)
Harold McGraw Jr. (1974–1983)
Joseph Dionne (1983–1998)
Harold W. McGraw III (1998–2013)
Buzz Waterhouse (2013–2014)
David Levin (2014–2017)
Buzz Waterhouse (2017–2018)
Nana Banerjee (2018–2019)
Simon Allen (2019-)
Controversies
In 1980, McGraw Hill paid the African American writer and civil rights activist James Baldwin a $200,000 advance for his unfinished book Remember This House, a memoir of his personal recollections of civil rights leaders Medgar Evers, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Following his death, the company sued his estate to recover the advance they had paid him for the unfinished book. The lawsuit was dropped by the company in 1990, citing a desire not to cause distress to Baldwin's family.
In October 2015, McGraw-Hill Education was accused of whitewashing history after it published a caption in a geography textbook referring to American slaves as "workers". The company issued an apology, updated the digital version of the materials, and offered schools replacement texts at no charge. It has been linked to broader controversies about texts at the Texas Education Agency.
Pricing
McGraw Hill has been accused of using online access codes included with texts to prevent students from reselling used books. During the COVID-19 pandemic, when many students were studying remotely, McGraw Hill was accused of price gouging, in charging several times more for ebooks than for print texts.
Works
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2023)
Films:
Maintaining Classroom Discipline (1947)
See also
Educational publishing companies
Books in the United States
Discovery Education
Google for Education
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Pearson Education
S&P Global
Scholastic Corporation
References
^ "Annual Report" (PDF). McGraw–Hill.
^ Davis, Michelle R. "'Big Three' Publishers Rethink K-12 Strategies". Education Week. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ Noonoo, Stephen. "How 'Big Three' Publishers Are Approaching iPad Textbooks". Times Higher Education Journal. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ "McGraw-Hill Financial 2013 Annual Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 31, 2016.
^ Henry, David. "McGraw-Hill sells textbook unit to private equity". Reuters. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ "McGraw-Hill completes sale of education division". Businessweek. March 22, 2013. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ "McGraw-Hill Sells Education Unit To Apollo: Bellwether For Educational Publishing?". Forbes. November 28, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ Robinson, Matt (March 22, 2013). "McGraw-Hill Closes $2.4 Billion Education Unit Sale to Apollo". Bloomberg. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ a b "Platinum Equity Strikes Deal to Buy McGraw Hill From Apollo". The Wall Street Journal. June 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
^ a b c d "McGraw-Hill, Inc. | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
^ "About Us: Corporate History: The Foundation". Archived from the original on May 5, 2007. Retrieved May 26, 2007.
^ Alexander, Geoff (2010). Academic Films for the Classroom: A History. Jefferson: McFarland & Co. pp. 109–110. ISBN 9780786458707. OCLC 601049093. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
^ Tipton, David (July 3, 1986). "McGraw Hill Buying The Economy Company". The Journal Record.
^ Fabrikant, Geraldine (May 18, 1989). "McGraw-Hill and Maxwell Form Venture". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
^ "School Specialty Buys McGraw-Hill Titles". Chief Marketer. November 30, 2001. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
^ "Cornell students using GradeGuru.com to their advantage". Ithaca.com. May 6, 2009. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
^ McGraw-Hill Sells TV Group To Scripps, TVNewsCheck, October 3, 2011.
^ "FTC OK With Scripps/McGraw-Hill". Broadcastingcable.com. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
^ "Scripps Purchase Of McGraw-Hill TVs OK'd". TV News Check. November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
^ "Scripps completes McGraw-Hill Stations Buy". TVNewsCheck. NewsCheck Media. December 30, 2011. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
^ "McGraw-Hill to Sell Education Unit to Apollo for $2.5 Billion", New York Times, November 26, 2012.
^ "The McGraw-Hill Companies completes sale of McGraw-Hill Education to Apollo" (Press release). McGraw Hill Companies. March 22, 2013. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
^ "McGraw-Hill Acquires Redbird Advanced Learning, A Digital Personalized Learning Provider for K". September 30, 2016.
^ "McGraw-Hill Agrees to Acquire ALEKS Corporation, Developer of Adaptive Learning Technology for K-12 and Higher Education". June 20, 2013.
^ "McGraw Hill-GreyCampus Partnership". The Times of India. May 19, 2014.
^ "Data Recognition Corporation (DRC) Announces Agreement To Acquire Key Assets of the CTB Assessment Business of McGraw-Hill Education" (Press release).
^ "NELSON Acquires McGraw-Hill Ryerson's K-12 Business Becoming the Largest Canadian-Operated Publisher". www.nelson.com (Press release).
^ "McGraw-Hill Education Reimagines Math and Science Instruction with Two New Curricula, Reveal Math and Inspire Science" (Press release).
^ "Cengage and McGraw-Hill merge | Inside Higher Ed". www.insidehighered.com. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
^ "McGraw-Hill, Cengage Agree to Merge". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
^ "McGraw-Hill, Cengage Jointly Agree to Terminate Planned Merger". Bloomberg.com. May 4, 2020 – via www.bloomberg.com.
^ a b c d e "About Us: Corporate History: Development". Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved May 26, 2007.
^ "Platts History". Archived from the original on May 2, 2007. Retrieved May 26, 2007.
^ "Blakiston Books Sold; McGraw-Hill Acquires Medical Subsidiary of Doubleday". The New York Times. October 18, 1954. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
^ a b c "About Us: Corporate History: Expansion". Archived from the original on March 29, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2007.
^ "The McGraw-Hill Companies Timeline". Retrieved August 23, 2014.
^ Edwin McDowell (September 29, 1988). "McGraw-Hill Is Buying 2 Random House Units". The New York Times.
^ "Company news: McGraw Hill to buy stake in Schoolbook Publisher". The New York Times. August 27, 1993. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
^ Storch, Charles (June 5, 1987). "47% of Staff at Laidlaw get the ax". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
^ Iver Peterson (July 4, 1996). "Times Mirror in Two Deals To Bolster Legal Publisher". The New York Times. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
^ "The McGraw-Hill Companies to Acquire Micropal". Retrieved May 26, 2007.
^ "The McGraw-Hill Companies Completes Acquisition of Appleton & Lange". The McGraw-Hill Companies. June 25, 1999. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2007.
^ "The McGraw-Hill Companies To Acquire Tribune Education; Acquisition Strengthens McGraw-Hill Education's Leadership Position". The McGraw-Hill Companies. June 26, 2000. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2007.
^ "McGraw-Hill to Acquire Mayfield Publishing Company". Publishing Executive. November 1, 2000. Archived from the original on November 11, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
^ "The McGraw-Hill Companies Completes Acquisition of J.D. Power and Associates". The McGraw-Hill Companies. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2007.
^ Tomassini, Jason (August 2, 2012). "McGraw-Hill Acquires Math Technology Company Key Curriculum". Marketplace K-12 - Education Week. Archived from the original on January 15, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
^ Chaudhuri, Saabira (June 20, 2013). "McGraw-Hill Education Agrees to Buy Adaptive Learning Technology Firm". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
^ "McGraw-Hill Acquires Adaptive Learning Company". Inside Higher Ed. February 9, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
^ Empson, Rip (February 10, 2014). "McGraw-Hill Buys Engrade For ~$50M As It Moves Away From Textbooks, Towards A Future Of SaaS". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
^ "McGraw-Hill Education Acquires Redbird Advanced Learning, A Digital Personalized Learning Provider for K-12". Retrieved September 30, 2016.
^ "McGraw Hill Acquires Kidaptive, an Adaptive and Personalized Learning Company" (Press release). New York: McGraw Hill. PR Newswire. March 16, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
^ "McGraw Hill Acquires Triad Interactive, Developer of SIMnet, an Online Training Platform for Microsoft Office" (Press release). New York: McGraw Hill. PR Newswire. May 4, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
^ Bradley, Brian (August 30, 2021). "McGraw Hill to Acquire Achieve3000, in Major Pairing of Classroom Product Providers". EdWeek Market Brief. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
^ a b "McGraw-Hill Drops Baldwin Suit". The New York Times, May 19, 1990.
^ Basu, Tanya (October 4, 2015). "Textbook Company to Update Description of Slaves as 'Workers' After Criticism". Time. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
^ Hauser, Christine (October 5, 2015). "Publisher Promises Revisions After Textbook Refers to African Slaves as 'Workers'". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
^ Mcafee, Melonyce (October 4, 2015). "McGraw-Hill to rewrite textbook after mom's complaint". CNN. Retrieved October 5, 2015. Texas has been a battleground in the fight over changes to textbooks that some say concede too much ground to conservative viewpoints on subjects such as climate change, religious liberty and slavery.
^ Schermele, Zach (March 4, 2020). "Why Are Textbooks So Expensive?". Teen Vogue. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
^ Fazackerley, Anna (January 29, 2021). "'Price gouging from Covid': student ebooks costing up to 500% more than in print". The Guardian. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
Further reading
Burlingame, Roger (1959). Endless Frontiers: The Story of McGraw-Hill. New York: McGraw-Hill.
External links
No More Pencils, No More Books – Slate
McGraw Hill says digital sales beat print for the first time – Chicago Sun Times
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McGraw, co-founder of McGraw Hill, purchased the American Journal of Railway Appliances. He continued to add further publications, eventually establishing The McGraw Publishing Company in 1899. His co-founder, John A. Hill, had also produced several technical and trade publications and in 1902 formed his own business, The Hill Publishing Company.[10]In 1909, the two co-founders formed an alliance and combined the book departments of their publishing companies into an incorporated company called The McGraw-Hill Book Company.[10] John Hill served as president, with James McGraw as vice-president. The remaining parts of each business were merged into The McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Inc in 1917.[11]In 1946, McGraw-Hill founded an international division of the company.[10] It acquired Contemporary Films in 1972 and CRM in 1975. McGraw-Hill combined its films in the CRM division in 1978. McGraw-Hill sold CRM in 1987.[12]In 1979, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company purchased Byte from its owner/publisher Virginia Williamson, who then became a vice-president of McGraw-Hill. In 1986, McGraw-Hill bought out competitor The Economy Company, then the nation's largest publisher of educational material. The buyout made McGraw-Hill the largest educational publisher in the U.S.[13]In 1988, Harold McGraw became chairman emeritus of McGraw Hill.[10]In 1989, McGraw-Hill formed a joint partnership with Robert Maxwell, forming second largest textbook publisher in the United States.[14] McGraw-Hill took full ownership of the venture in 1993.In 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies sold its children's publishing unit to School Specialty.[15] In 2007, The McGraw-Hill Companies launched an online student study network, GradeGuru.com. This offering gave McGraw-Hill an opportunity to connect directly with its end users, the students. It allowed students to share notes and materials for cash or gift cards in return.[16] The site closed on April 29, 2012.[citation needed]On October 3, 2011, Scripps announced it was purchasing all seven television stations owned by The McGraw-Hill Companies' broadcasting division McGraw-Hill Broadcasting for $212 million; the sale is a result of McGraw-Hill's decision to exit the broadcasting industry to focus on its other core properties, including its publishing unit.[17] This deal was approved by the FTC on October 31[18] and the FCC on November 29.[19] The deal was completed on December 30, 2011.[20]On November 26, 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies announced it was selling its entire education division to Apollo Global Management for $2.5 billion.[21] On March 22, 2013, McGraw Hill Education announced it had completed the sale and the proceeds were for $2.4 billion in cash.[22] In 2012, McGraw Hill acquired Redbird Learning[23] and in 2013, McGraw Hill acquired ALEKS.[24] In 2014, McGraw Hill Education India partnered with GreyCampus to promote Online Learning Courses among University Grants Commission- National eligibility Test Aspirants.[25]On June 30, 2015, McGraw-Hill Education announced that Data Recognition Corporation (DRC) had agreed to acquire \"key assets\" of the CTB/McGraw-Hill assessment business.[26] In 2016, McGraw Hill acquired Everyday Mathematics. In 2017, McGraw Hill acquired My Math.On May 11, 2017, McGraw-Hill Education announced the sale of the business holdings of McGraw-Hill Ryerson (Ryerson Press) to Canadian educational publisher Nelson.[27]On January 17, 2019, McGraw Hill Education announced Reveal Math and Inspire Science, new curricula for K–12.[28]On May 1, 2019, McGraw-Hill Education announced an agreement to merge with Cengage. The merged company was expected to retain McGraw Hill as the corporate name.[29][30] The merger was called off on 1 May 2020.[31] In 2019, McGraw Hill acquired Core-Plus Mathematics Project. In 2020, McGraw Hill became a distributor for Illustrative Mathematics.McGraw Hill was sold in 2021 to Platinum Equity for $4.5 billion.[9]","title":"Corporate history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The McGraw Hill Companies expanded significantly through acquisition, including financial services and broadcasting. Many acquisitions continued with McGraw Hill after their acquisition by Apollo Global Management in 2013.","title":"Acquisitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James H. McGraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._McGraw"},{"link_name":"Donald C. McGraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_C._McGraw"},{"link_name":"Harold McGraw Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_McGraw_Jr."},{"link_name":"Harold W. McGraw III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_McGraw_III"},{"link_name":"David Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Levin_(businessman)"}],"text":"John A. Hill (1909–1917)\nJames H. McGraw (1917–1928)\nJohnathan Heflin (1928–1948)\nJames McGraw Jr. (1948–1950)\nCurtis W. McGraw (1950–1953)\nDonald C. McGraw (1953–1968)\nShelton Fisher (1968–1974)\nHarold McGraw Jr. (1974–1983)\nJoseph Dionne (1983–1998)\nHarold W. McGraw III (1998–2013)\nBuzz Waterhouse (2013–2014)\nDavid Levin (2014–2017)\nBuzz Waterhouse (2017–2018)\nNana Banerjee (2018–2019)\nSimon Allen (2019-)","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Medgar Evers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medgar_Evers"},{"link_name":"Malcolm X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcgrawhill-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcgrawhill-54"},{"link_name":"whitewashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewash_(censorship)"},{"link_name":"American slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Texas Education Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Education_Agency#Curriculum_controversies"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"In 1980, McGraw Hill paid the African American writer and civil rights activist James Baldwin a $200,000 advance for his unfinished book Remember This House, a memoir of his personal recollections of civil rights leaders Medgar Evers, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr.[54] Following his death, the company sued his estate to recover the advance they had paid him for the unfinished book. The lawsuit was dropped by the company in 1990, citing a desire not to cause distress to Baldwin's family.[54]In October 2015, McGraw-Hill Education was accused of whitewashing history after it published a caption in a geography textbook referring to American slaves as \"workers\".[55] The company issued an apology, updated the digital version of the materials, and offered schools replacement texts at no charge.[56] It has been linked to broader controversies about texts at the Texas Education Agency.[57]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"price gouging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_gouging"},{"link_name":"ebooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebooks"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Pricing","text":"McGraw Hill has been accused of using online access codes included with texts to prevent students from reselling used books.[58] During the COVID-19 pandemic, when many students were studying remotely, McGraw Hill was accused of price gouging, in charging several times more for ebooks than for print texts.[59]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maintaining Classroom Discipline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintaining_Classroom_Discipline"}],"text":"Films:Maintaining Classroom Discipline (1947)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Burlingame, Roger (1959). Endless Frontiers: The Story of McGraw-Hill. New York: McGraw-Hill.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"McGraw-Hill logo used from 1971 to the late 1990s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/McGraw-Hill_logo_1964.svg/220px-McGraw-Hill_logo_1964.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Educational publishing companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Educational_publishing_companies"},{"title":"Books in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Discovery Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Education"},{"title":"Google for Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_for_Education"},{"title":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt"},{"title":"Pearson Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_Education"},{"title":"S&P Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_Global"},{"title":"Scholastic Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_Corporation"}]
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Power and Associates\""},{"url":"http://investor.mcgraw-hill.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=96562&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=691040&highlight=","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tomassini, Jason (August 2, 2012). \"McGraw-Hill Acquires Math Technology Company Key Curriculum\". Marketplace K-12 - Education Week. Archived from the original on January 15, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150115070158/http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/marketplacek12/2012/08/mcgraw-hill_acquires_math_technology_co_key_curriculum.html","url_text":"\"McGraw-Hill Acquires Math Technology Company Key Curriculum\""},{"url":"http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/marketplacek12/2012/08/mcgraw-hill_acquires_math_technology_co_key_curriculum.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chaudhuri, Saabira (June 20, 2013). \"McGraw-Hill Education Agrees to Buy Adaptive Learning Technology Firm\". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. 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Retrieved June 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/09/mcgraw-hill-buys-engrade-for-50m-as-it-moves-away-from-textbooks-towards-a-future-of-saas/","url_text":"\"McGraw-Hill Buys Engrade For ~$50M As It Moves Away From Textbooks, Towards A Future Of SaaS\""}]},{"reference":"\"McGraw-Hill Education Acquires Redbird Advanced Learning, A Digital Personalized Learning Provider for K-12\". Retrieved September 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/mcgraw-hill-education-acquires-redbird-165700992.html","url_text":"\"McGraw-Hill Education Acquires Redbird Advanced Learning, A Digital Personalized Learning Provider for K-12\""}]},{"reference":"\"McGraw Hill Acquires Kidaptive, an Adaptive and Personalized Learning Company\" (Press release). New York: McGraw Hill. PR Newswire. March 16, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mcgraw-hill-acquires-kidaptive-an-adaptive-and-personalized-learning-company-301248243.html","url_text":"\"McGraw Hill Acquires Kidaptive, an Adaptive and Personalized Learning Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"McGraw Hill Acquires Triad Interactive, Developer of SIMnet, an Online Training Platform for Microsoft Office\" (Press release). New York: McGraw Hill. PR Newswire. May 4, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mcgraw-hill-acquires-triad-interactive-developer-of-simnet-an-online-training-platform-for-microsoft-office-301282562.html","url_text":"\"McGraw Hill Acquires Triad Interactive, Developer of SIMnet, an Online Training Platform for Microsoft Office\""}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Brian (August 30, 2021). \"McGraw Hill to Acquire Achieve3000, in Major Pairing of Classroom Product Providers\". EdWeek Market Brief. Retrieved September 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://marketbrief.edweek.org/marketplace-k-12/mcgraw-hill-acquire-achieve3000-major-pairing-classroom-product-providers/","url_text":"\"McGraw Hill to Acquire Achieve3000, in Major Pairing of Classroom Product Providers\""}]},{"reference":"Basu, Tanya (October 4, 2015). \"Textbook Company to Update Description of Slaves as 'Workers' After Criticism\". Time. Retrieved October 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/4060687/mcgraw-hill-slavery-trade-textbook/","url_text":"\"Textbook Company to Update Description of Slaves as 'Workers' After Criticism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"Hauser, Christine (October 5, 2015). \"Publisher Promises Revisions After Textbook Refers to African Slaves as 'Workers'\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/06/us/publisher-promises-revisions-after-textbook-refers-to-african-slaves-as-workers.html","url_text":"\"Publisher Promises Revisions After Textbook Refers to African Slaves as 'Workers'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Mcafee, Melonyce (October 4, 2015). \"McGraw-Hill to rewrite textbook after mom's complaint\". CNN. Retrieved October 5, 2015. Texas has been a battleground in the fight over changes to textbooks that some say concede too much ground to conservative viewpoints on subjects such as climate change, religious liberty and slavery.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/04/living/mcgraw-hill-slavery-textbook-mom-complaint-feat/","url_text":"\"McGraw-Hill to rewrite textbook after mom's complaint\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Schermele, Zach (March 4, 2020). \"Why Are Textbooks So Expensive?\". Teen Vogue. Retrieved June 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teenvogue.com/story/why-textbooks-so-expensive","url_text":"\"Why Are Textbooks So Expensive?\""}]},{"reference":"Fazackerley, Anna (January 29, 2021). \"'Price gouging from Covid': student ebooks costing up to 500% more than in print\". The Guardian. Retrieved June 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/jan/29/price-gouging-from-covid-student-ebooks-costing-up-to-500-more-than-in-print","url_text":"\"'Price gouging from Covid': student ebooks costing up to 500% more than in print\""}]},{"reference":"Burlingame, Roger (1959). Endless Frontiers: The Story of McGraw-Hill. New York: McGraw-Hill.","urls":[]}]
|
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With Scripps/McGraw-Hill\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130205045133/http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/55706/scripps-purchase-of-mcgrawhill-tvs-okd","external_links_name":"\"Scripps Purchase Of McGraw-Hill TVs OK'd\""},{"Link":"https://tvnewscheck.com/article/55706/scripps-purchase-of-mcgraw-hill-tvs-okd/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120913093625/http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/2011/12/30/56389/scripps-completes-mcgrawhill-stations-buy","external_links_name":"\"Scripps completes McGraw-Hill Stations Buy\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/2011/12/30/56389/scripps-completes-mcgrawhill-stations-buy","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/11/26/mcgraw-hill-to-sell-education-unit-to-apollo-for-2-5-billion/","external_links_name":"\"McGraw-Hill to Sell Education Unit to Apollo for $2.5 Billion\""},{"Link":"http://investor.spglobal.com/file/Index?KeyFile=16399301","external_links_name":"\"The McGraw-Hill Companies completes sale of McGraw-Hill Education to Apollo\""},{"Link":"https://www.mheducation.com/news-media/press-releases/mcgraw-hill-education-acquires-redbird-learning.html","external_links_name":"\"McGraw-Hill Acquires Redbird Advanced Learning, A Digital Personalized Learning Provider for K\""},{"Link":"https://www.mheducation.com/news-media/press-releases/mcgraw-hill-education-agrees-acquire-aleks-corporation-developer-adaptive-learning.html","external_links_name":"\"McGraw-Hill Agrees to Acquire ALEKS Corporation, Developer of Adaptive Learning Technology for K-12 and Higher Education\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/UGC-NET-course/articleshow/35323527.cms/","external_links_name":"\"McGraw Hill-GreyCampus 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Micropal\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130103164118/http://investor.mcgraw-hill.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=96562&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=38035&highlight=","external_links_name":"\"The McGraw-Hill Companies Completes Acquisition of Appleton & Lange\""},{"Link":"http://investor.mcgraw-hill.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=96562&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=38035&highlight=","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120717001139/http://investor.mcgraw-hill.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=96562&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=100955&highlight=","external_links_name":"\"The McGraw-Hill Companies To Acquire Tribune Education; Acquisition Strengthens McGraw-Hill Education's Leadership Position\""},{"Link":"http://investor.mcgraw-hill.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=96562&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=100955&highlight=","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191111220415/https://www.pubexec.com/article/mcgraw-hill-acquire-mayfield-publishing-company-18541/","external_links_name":"\"McGraw-Hill to Acquire Mayfield Publishing Company\""},{"Link":"https://www.pubexec.com/article/mcgraw-hill-acquire-mayfield-publishing-company-18541/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130103211916/http://investor.mcgraw-hill.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=96562&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=691040&highlight=","external_links_name":"\"The McGraw-Hill Companies Completes Acquisition of J.D. Power and Associates\""},{"Link":"http://investor.mcgraw-hill.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=96562&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=691040&highlight=","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150115070158/http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/marketplacek12/2012/08/mcgraw-hill_acquires_math_technology_co_key_curriculum.html","external_links_name":"\"McGraw-Hill Acquires Math Technology Company Key Curriculum\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/marketplacek12/2012/08/mcgraw-hill_acquires_math_technology_co_key_curriculum.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140701154441/https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130620-705316.html","external_links_name":"\"McGraw-Hill Education Agrees to Buy Adaptive Learning Technology Firm\""},{"Link":"https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130620-705316.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2014/02/10/mcgraw-hill-acquires-adaptive-learning-company","external_links_name":"\"McGraw-Hill Acquires Adaptive Learning Company\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/09/mcgraw-hill-buys-engrade-for-50m-as-it-moves-away-from-textbooks-towards-a-future-of-saas/","external_links_name":"\"McGraw-Hill Buys Engrade For ~$50M As It Moves Away From Textbooks, Towards A Future Of SaaS\""},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/mcgraw-hill-education-acquires-redbird-165700992.html","external_links_name":"\"McGraw-Hill Education Acquires Redbird Advanced Learning, A Digital Personalized Learning Provider for K-12\""},{"Link":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mcgraw-hill-acquires-kidaptive-an-adaptive-and-personalized-learning-company-301248243.html","external_links_name":"\"McGraw Hill Acquires Kidaptive, an Adaptive and Personalized Learning Company\""},{"Link":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mcgraw-hill-acquires-triad-interactive-developer-of-simnet-an-online-training-platform-for-microsoft-office-301282562.html","external_links_name":"\"McGraw Hill Acquires Triad Interactive, Developer of SIMnet, an Online Training Platform for Microsoft Office\""},{"Link":"https://marketbrief.edweek.org/marketplace-k-12/mcgraw-hill-acquire-achieve3000-major-pairing-classroom-product-providers/","external_links_name":"\"McGraw Hill to Acquire Achieve3000, in Major Pairing of Classroom Product Providers\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/19/books/mcgraw-hill-drops-baldwin-suit.html","external_links_name":"\"McGraw-Hill Drops Baldwin Suit\""},{"Link":"http://time.com/4060687/mcgraw-hill-slavery-trade-textbook/","external_links_name":"\"Textbook Company to Update Description of Slaves as 'Workers' After Criticism\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/06/us/publisher-promises-revisions-after-textbook-refers-to-african-slaves-as-workers.html","external_links_name":"\"Publisher Promises Revisions After Textbook Refers to African Slaves as 'Workers'\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/04/living/mcgraw-hill-slavery-textbook-mom-complaint-feat/","external_links_name":"\"McGraw-Hill to rewrite textbook after mom's complaint\""},{"Link":"https://www.teenvogue.com/story/why-textbooks-so-expensive","external_links_name":"\"Why Are Textbooks So Expensive?\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/jan/29/price-gouging-from-covid-student-ebooks-costing-up-to-500-more-than-in-print","external_links_name":"\"'Price gouging from Covid': student ebooks costing up to 500% more than in print\""},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2015/10/adaptive_learning_software_is_replacing_textbooks_and_upending_american.html","external_links_name":"No More Pencils, No More Books"},{"Link":"http://chicago.suntimes.com/news/mcgraw-hill-textbooks-digital-online/","external_links_name":"McGraw Hill says digital sales beat print for the first time"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000040439027X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/132714845","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120637083","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120637083","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987008817266805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001020845","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812404717805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/22005942X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_pack
|
Service pack
|
["1 Incremental and cumulative SPs","2 Impact on installation of additional software components","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Single installable package of software updates
Windows XP SP2 installation disc.
In computing, a service pack comprises a collection of updates, fixes, or enhancements to a software program delivered in the form of a single installable package. Companies often release a service pack when the number of individual patches to a given program reaches a certain (arbitrary) limit, or the software release has shown to be stabilized with a limited number of remaining issues based on users' feedback and bug reports. In large software applications such as office suites, operating systems, database software, or network management, it is not uncommon to have a service pack issued within the first year or two of a product's release. Installing a service pack is easier and less error-prone than installing many individual patches, even more so when updating multiple computers over a network, where service packs are common.
Service packs are usually numbered, and thus shortly referred to as SP1, SP2, SP3 etc. They may also bring, besides bug fixes, entirely new features, as is the case of SP2 of Windows XP (e.g. Windows Security Center), or SP3 and SP4 of the heavily database dependent Trainz 2009: World Builder Edition.
Incremental and cumulative SPs
Windows 2000 SP4 installation disc
Service Packs for Microsoft Windows were cumulative through Windows XP. This means that the problems that are fixed in a service pack are also fixed in later service packs. For example, Windows XP SP3 contains all the fixes that are included in Windows XP Service Pack 2 (SP2). Windows Vista SP2 was not cumulative, however, but incremental, requiring that SP1 be installed first.
Office XP, Office 2003, Office 2007, Office 2010 and Office 2013 service packs have been cumulative.
Impact on installation of additional software components
Application service packs replace existing files with updated versions that typically fix bugs or close security holes. If, at a later time, additional components are added to the software using the original media, there is a risk of accidentally mixing older and updated components. Depending on the operating system and deployment methods, it may then be necessary to manually reinstall the service pack after each such change to the software. This was, for example, necessary for Windows NT service packs; however, from Windows 2000 onwards, Microsoft redirected setup programs to use updated service pack files instead of files from the original installation media in order to prevent manual reinstall.
See also
Adaptation Kit Update
Apple Software Update
Hotfix
IBM Program temporary fix
Point release
Slipstream (computing)
Software release life cycle
Windows Update
References
^ One counterexample is Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 3a
^ Example of Service Pack list of changes for a multi-module/multi-mode software product: Trainz SP2 involved feature changes and bug fixes
^ Trainz Railway Simulators Service Packs Table versus major release version titles
^ Knowledgebase, Microsoft. "List of fixes included in Windows XP SP3". Microsoft. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
^ Knowledgebase, Microsoft (2 July 2012). "Frequently Asked Questions: Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 and Windows Vista Service Pack 2". Microsoft. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
^ Not Necessary to Reinstall Windows 2000 Service Packs After System State Changes
External links
Microsoft Support Lifecycle (includes Microsoft's service pack policy)
Windows Service Packs
List of fixes that are included in Windows XP Service Pack 3
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[{"title":"Adaptation Kit Update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_Kit_Update"},{"title":"Apple Software Update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Software_Update"},{"title":"Hotfix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotfix"},{"title":"IBM Program temporary fix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Program_temporary_fix"},{"title":"Point release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_release"},{"title":"Slipstream (computing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipstream_(computing)"},{"title":"Software release life cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle"},{"title":"Windows Update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Update"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Lockwood
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Charles A. Lockwood
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["1 Early life and career","2 Submarine commander, World War I and postwar era","3 World War II service","4 Post-war career and retirement","5 Namesake","6 Awards and decorations","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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United States admiral
This article is about a former U.S. Navy Admiral. For other people with this name, see Charles Lockwood (disambiguation).
Charles A. LockwoodCharles A. LockwoodBirth nameCharles Andrews LockwoodNickname(s)"Uncle Charlie"Born(1890-05-06)May 6, 1890Midland, Virginia, USDiedJune 6, 1967(1967-06-06) (aged 77)Place of burialGolden Gate National CemeteryAllegianceUnited StatesService/branch United States NavyYears of service1912–1947RankVice AdmiralCommands heldCommander, Submarines, Pacific FleetCommander, Submarines, Southwest Pacific AreaSubmarine Division 1USS B-1 (SS-10)USS Adder (SS-3)Battles/warsWorld War IWorld War IIAwardsNavy Distinguished Service Medal (3)Legion of Merit
Charles Andrews Lockwood (May 6, 1890 – June 6, 1967) was a vice-admiral and flag officer of the United States Navy. He is known in submarine history as the commander of Submarine Force Pacific Fleet during World War II. He devised tactics for the effective use of submarines, making the members and elements of "silent service" key players in the Pacific victory.
Early life and career
Lockwood was born in Midland, Virginia, on May 6, 1890, graduated from Lamar High School (Missouri) in 1905, then graduated from the United States Naval Academy in the class of 1912. Following brief cruises aboard the battleships USS Mississippi and Arkansas, and a short tour as instructor in the Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, in September 1914 he reported to the tender USS Mohican for indoctrination in submarines.
Submarine commander, World War I and postwar era
By December 1, 1914 he had his first submarine command, USS A-2, followed by USS B-1. American entry into World War I found him in command of Submarine Division 1, Asiatic Fleet.
From that time, with the exception of a tour on the Asiatic station where he commanded gunboats USS Quiros and Elcano on the Yangtze Patrol and the destroyer USS Smith Thompson, practically all his sea service was in and connected with submarines.
In addition to those listed above, Lockwood also served on the submarines USS G-1, N-5, UC-97 (ex-imperial German navy), R-25, S-14, and Bonita.
World War II service
In June 1939, he became Chief of Staff to the Commander Submarine Force, U.S. Fleet, on the light cruiser USS Richmond. This important service was interrupted in February 1941 when he was sent to London as naval attaché and principal observer for submarines.
Following promotion to rear admiral in May 1942, he arrived in Perth, Western Australia as Commander, Submarines, Southwest Pacific (COMSUBSOWESPAC). Lockwood also acted as Commander Allied Naval Forces, Western Australia, until July 1942, overseeing the major bases at Fremantle and Exmouth (Codename "Potshot"), amongst others.
In February 1943, following the death of the COMSUBPAC, Rear Admiral Robert Henry English, in a plane crash in California, Lockwood was transferred to Pearl Harbor to become Commander, Submarines, Pacific Fleet (COMSUBPAC), in which capacity he served the rest of the war, being promoted to vice admiral in October 1943. Lockwood's strong leadership and devotion to his sailors won him the nickname "Uncle Charlie". Submarine patrols were long voyages and many times the crew finished up on "iron rations" of poor food as their food supplies ran out, so Lockwood made great strides in providing for rest and recuperation (R & R) for his sailors when they returned to port, such as two-week stays at the Royal Hawaiian Hotel, and crates of ice cream and leafy vegetables to greet returning submarine crews.
Lockwood oversaw the introduction into the Pacific Fleet of several hundred newly constructed fleet submarines from American shipyards, and the manning of them with newly trained officers and men. Older boats, like the S-class, were removed from combat and sent back to the U.S. for use in training or to be scrapped.
He oversaw the moving forward of the Pacific Fleet submarine bases from Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and Australia to places like Saipan – where a submarine tender was stationed for a period of time – Guam, the Admiralty Islands, and Subic Bay in the Philippines. This reduced the very long ocean voyages for American submarines, and steadily tightened the noose on Imperial Japanese supply lines, especially in the East China Sea and the South China Sea.
He pushed the Navy's Bureau of Ships and Bureau of Ordnance to provide his men with the most effective submarines and torpedoes possible. He oversaw the tests that proved the unreliability of U.S. torpedoes, which at the time were often running too deep or failing to detonate, and prompted the improvements that made them the highly effective weapons they became in 1944 and 1945. In fighting for better torpedoes, Lockwood had to fight the Mark 14 torpedo and Mark 6 exploder supporter Rear Admiral Ralph Waldo Christie, who had been involved in the development of these weapon systems in the 1920s and 1930s, and who was convinced that their reported problems were caused by poor maintenance and errors on the part of the captain and crew. During a tense Washington conference with fellow admirals in early 1943, he demanded that, "If the Bureau of Ordnance can't provide us with torpedoes that will hit and explode, or with a gun larger than a peashooter, then for God's sake get the Bureau of Ships to design a boathook with which we can rip the plates off the target's sides."
Most importantly, Lockwood cleaned out the "dead wood", replacing timid and unproductive submarine skippers with (often) younger and more aggressive officers. During the early stages of the Pacific War, U.S. skippers were relatively complacent and docile, compared to their German counterparts who understood the "life and death" urgency in the Atlantic. There was plenty of room for error and cautious judgment since the Japanese did not take the U.S. submarine threat seriously.
In 1942 and early 1943, U.S. submarines proved little threat to Japanese warships and merchant ships alike. As a result of Lockwood's initiatives, the "silent service" suddenly began racking up many kills, including key enemy warships. Most importantly, U.S. submarines were responsible for severing Japan's shipping routes to their colonies in Southeast Asia, by sinking close to half of their merchant ships. The Imperial Japanese Navy was caught off guard and never recovered.
Lockwood's wartime awards were the Navy Distinguished Service Medal three times, and the Legion of Merit award.
Post-war career and retirement
Lockwood's headstone at Golden Gate National Cemetery
After the war, Lockwood served as the Naval Inspector General until his retirement in June 1947. In retirement at Los Gatos, California, he authored and contributed to several best-selling books on naval history and submarine operations, including Tragedy at Honda, Sink-Em All, Through Hell and Deep Water, Hell at 50 Fathoms, Zoomies, Subs and Zeros, Hellcats of the Sea, Battles of the Philippine Sea, and Down to The Sea in Subs: My Life in the U.S. Navy.
He served as the technical advisor for the 1951 film Operation Pacific starring John Wayne. This film is considered a classic depicting submarine warfare. He was technical advisor for the 1957 film Hellcats of the Navy (a fictionalized version of his book Hellcats of the Sea), which starred Ronald Reagan and Nancy Davis. He also served as technical advisor to the 1959 films On the Beach and Up Periscope.
In one of his book-promotion speeches following the war, Lockwood mentioned that he was an avid deer hunter. After the speech, he was approached by Ralph T. Duncan, a pharmacist living in Los Gatos, California. Duncan invited Lockwood to be his guest that year at Jake's Opening Hunting Club, near Boonville, California. They became fast friends. After Lockwood had been deer and quail hunting at the club for several years as Duncan's guest, Lockwood learned of an amazing coincidence: Lockwood's predecessor as submarine fleet commander, Robert Henry English, had died on the same hunting club property in the crash of the Philippine Clipper flying boat. Upon Admiral English's death, Lockwood had been given command of the Pacific submarine fleet.
Lockwood died on June 6, 1967. He is buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno, California, alongside his wife and Admirals Chester Nimitz, Raymond Spruance, and Richmond Kelly Turner, an arrangement made by all of them while living. His wife, Phyllis Natalie Irwin, was a daughter of Rear Admiral Noble E. Irwin.
Namesake
The frigate USS Lockwood (FF-1064) was named in his honor.
The Naval Submarine League presents an annual Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood Award for Submarine Professional Excellence which recognizes individuals (Active or Reserve) for achievement, contribution, specific action or consistent performance, which best exemplifies the traditional spirit embodied in the Submarine Force.
Awards and decorations
Navy Distinguished Service Medal with two gold award stars
Legion of Merit
World War I Victory Medal
Yangtze Service Medal
American Defense Service Medal with fleet clasp (not shown)
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
World War II Victory Medal
References
^ Costello, John (1982). The Pacific War (1st ed.). New York. p. 454. ISBN 0-688-01620-0. OCLC 8728353.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Lockwood, Charles; Hans Christian Adamson (1955). Hellcats of the Sea. New York: Greenberg. OCLC 2364890.
Lockwood, Charles (1967). Down to the Sea in Subs. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 9789990370447. OCLC 1314929.
Blair, Clay (1975). Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan. Philadelphia: Lippincott. ISBN 978-0-397-00753-0. OCLC 821363.
Further reading
Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (1970). How They Won the War in the Pacific: Nimitz and His Admirals. Weybright and Talley. ASIN B0006C5D54.
External links
Biography portal
Works by or about Charles A. Lockwood at Internet Archive
history.navy.mil: USS Lockwood Archived March 29, 2004, at the Wayback Machine
chinfo.navy.mil: Submarine Pioneers
VADM Charles A. Lockwood Award
Overview of the Charles A. Lockwood Papers and selected documents online at the Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University.
Authority control databases International
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Lockwood (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lockwood_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"vice-admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-admiral"},{"link_name":"flag officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_officer"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Submarine Force Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComSubPac"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"}],"text":"This article is about a former U.S. Navy Admiral. For other people with this name, see Charles Lockwood (disambiguation).Charles Andrews Lockwood (May 6, 1890 – June 6, 1967) was a vice-admiral and flag officer of the United States Navy. He is known in submarine history as the commander of Submarine Force Pacific Fleet during World War II. He devised tactics for the effective use of submarines, making the members and elements of \"silent service\" key players in the Pacific victory.","title":"Charles A. Lockwood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midland, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Lamar High School (Missouri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_High_School_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"USS Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_battleship_Kilkis"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arkansas_(BB-33)"},{"link_name":"Naval Training Station, Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_tender"},{"link_name":"USS Mohican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mohican_(1883)"}],"text":"Lockwood was born in Midland, Virginia, on May 6, 1890, graduated from Lamar High School (Missouri) in 1905, then graduated from the United States Naval Academy in the class of 1912. Following brief cruises aboard the battleships USS Mississippi and Arkansas, and a short tour as instructor in the Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, in September 1914 he reported to the tender USS Mohican for indoctrination in submarines.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS A-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Adder_(SS-3)"},{"link_name":"USS B-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_B-1"},{"link_name":"American entry into World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Asiatic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Asiatic_Fleet"},{"link_name":"gunboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat"},{"link_name":"USS Quiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Quiros"},{"link_name":"Elcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Elcano"},{"link_name":"Yangtze Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_Patrol"},{"link_name":"USS Smith Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Smith_Thompson"},{"link_name":"USS G-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_G-1"},{"link_name":"N-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_N-5"},{"link_name":"UC-97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-97"},{"link_name":"imperial German navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine"},{"link_name":"R-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_R-25"},{"link_name":"S-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_S-14"},{"link_name":"Bonita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bonita_(SS-165)"}],"text":"By December 1, 1914 he had his first submarine command, USS A-2, followed by USS B-1. American entry into World War I found him in command of Submarine Division 1, Asiatic Fleet.From that time, with the exception of a tour on the Asiatic station where he commanded gunboats USS Quiros and Elcano on the Yangtze Patrol and the destroyer USS Smith Thompson, practically all his sea service was in and connected with submarines.In addition to those listed above, Lockwood also served on the submarines USS G-1, N-5, UC-97 (ex-imperial German navy), R-25, S-14, and Bonita.","title":"Submarine commander, World War I and postwar era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"light cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"USS Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Richmond_(CL-9)"},{"link_name":"naval attaché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_attach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"rear admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Perth, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Southwest Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Pacific_Area"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Exmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmouth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Potshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmouth_Submarine_Base"},{"link_name":"Robert Henry English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henry_English"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"vice admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"\"iron rations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_military_ration#%22Iron_Ration%22_(1907%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"Royal Hawaiian Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hawaiian_Hotel"},{"link_name":"S-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_S-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Admiralty Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_Islands"},{"link_name":"Subic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"East China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Ships"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Ordnance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Ordnance"},{"link_name":"torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"Mark 14 torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_14_torpedo"},{"link_name":"Mark 6 exploder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_6_exploder"},{"link_name":"Ralph Waldo Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Christie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"early stages of the Pacific War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare#Pacific_Theatre"},{"link_name":"German counterparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Navy Distinguished Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Legion of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit"}],"text":"In June 1939, he became Chief of Staff to the Commander Submarine Force, U.S. Fleet, on the light cruiser USS Richmond. This important service was interrupted in February 1941 when he was sent to London as naval attaché and principal observer for submarines.Following promotion to rear admiral in May 1942, he arrived in Perth, Western Australia as Commander, Submarines, Southwest Pacific (COMSUBSOWESPAC). Lockwood also acted as Commander Allied Naval Forces, Western Australia, until July 1942, overseeing the major bases at Fremantle and Exmouth (Codename \"Potshot\"), amongst others.In February 1943, following the death of the COMSUBPAC, Rear Admiral Robert Henry English, in a plane crash in California, Lockwood was transferred to Pearl Harbor to become Commander, Submarines, Pacific Fleet (COMSUBPAC), in which capacity he served the rest of the war, being promoted to vice admiral in October 1943. Lockwood's strong leadership and devotion to his sailors won him the nickname \"Uncle Charlie\". Submarine patrols were long voyages and many times the crew finished up on \"iron rations\" of poor food as their food supplies ran out, so Lockwood made great strides in providing for rest and recuperation (R & R) for his sailors when they returned to port, such as two-week stays at the Royal Hawaiian Hotel, and crates of ice cream and leafy vegetables to greet returning submarine crews.Lockwood oversaw the introduction into the Pacific Fleet of several hundred newly constructed fleet submarines from American shipyards, and the manning of them with newly trained officers and men. Older boats, like the S-class, were removed from combat and sent back to the U.S. for use in training or to be scrapped.He oversaw the moving forward of the Pacific Fleet submarine bases from Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and Australia to places like Saipan – where a submarine tender was stationed for a period of time – Guam, the Admiralty Islands, and Subic Bay in the Philippines. This reduced the very long ocean voyages for American submarines, and steadily tightened the noose on Imperial Japanese supply lines, especially in the East China Sea and the South China Sea.He pushed the Navy's Bureau of Ships and Bureau of Ordnance to provide his men with the most effective submarines and torpedoes possible. He oversaw the tests that proved the unreliability of U.S. torpedoes, which at the time were often running too deep or failing to detonate, and prompted the improvements that made them the highly effective weapons they became in 1944 and 1945. In fighting for better torpedoes, Lockwood had to fight the Mark 14 torpedo and Mark 6 exploder supporter Rear Admiral Ralph Waldo Christie, who had been involved in the development of these weapon systems in the 1920s and 1930s, and who was convinced that their reported problems were caused by poor maintenance and errors on the part of the captain and crew. During a tense Washington conference with fellow admirals in early 1943, he demanded that, \"If the Bureau of Ordnance can't provide us with torpedoes that will hit and explode, or with a gun larger than a peashooter, then for God's sake get the Bureau of Ships to design a boathook with which we can rip the plates off the target's sides.\"[1]Most importantly, Lockwood cleaned out the \"dead wood\", replacing timid and unproductive submarine skippers with (often) younger and more aggressive officers. During the early stages of the Pacific War, U.S. skippers were relatively complacent and docile, compared to their German counterparts who understood the \"life and death\" urgency in the Atlantic. There was plenty of room for error and cautious judgment since the Japanese did not take the U.S. submarine threat seriously.In 1942 and early 1943, U.S. submarines proved little threat to Japanese warships and merchant ships alike. As a result of Lockwood's initiatives, the \"silent service\" suddenly began racking up many kills, including key enemy warships. Most importantly, U.S. submarines were responsible for severing Japan's shipping routes to their colonies in Southeast Asia, by sinking close to half of their merchant ships. The Imperial Japanese Navy was caught off guard and never recovered.Lockwood's wartime awards were the Navy Distinguished Service Medal three times, and the Legion of Merit award.","title":"World War II service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_A._Lockwood_headstone.JPG"},{"link_name":"Naval Inspector General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Inspector_General"},{"link_name":"Los Gatos, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Gatos,_California"},{"link_name":"naval history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_history"},{"link_name":"technical advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_advisor"},{"link_name":"Operation Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pacific"},{"link_name":"John Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Hellcats of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellcats_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Nancy Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Reagan"},{"link_name":"On the Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Beach_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"Up Periscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_Periscope"},{"link_name":"Los Gatos, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Gatos,_California"},{"link_name":"Boonville, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boonville,_California"},{"link_name":"Robert Henry English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henry_English"},{"link_name":"Philippine Clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Clipper"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"San Bruno, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bruno,_California"},{"link_name":"Chester Nimitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Nimitz"},{"link_name":"Raymond Spruance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Spruance"},{"link_name":"Richmond Kelly Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Kelly_Turner"},{"link_name":"Noble E. Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Edward_Irwin"}],"text":"Lockwood's headstone at Golden Gate National CemeteryAfter the war, Lockwood served as the Naval Inspector General until his retirement in June 1947. In retirement at Los Gatos, California, he authored and contributed to several best-selling books on naval history and submarine operations, including Tragedy at Honda, Sink-Em All, Through Hell and Deep Water, Hell at 50 Fathoms, Zoomies, Subs and Zeros, Hellcats of the Sea, Battles of the Philippine Sea, and Down to The Sea in Subs: My Life in the U.S. Navy.He served as the technical advisor for the 1951 film Operation Pacific starring John Wayne. This film is considered a classic depicting submarine warfare. He was technical advisor for the 1957 film Hellcats of the Navy (a fictionalized version of his book Hellcats of the Sea), which starred Ronald Reagan and Nancy Davis. He also served as technical advisor to the 1959 films On the Beach and Up Periscope.In one of his book-promotion speeches following the war, Lockwood mentioned that he was an avid deer hunter. After the speech, he was approached by Ralph T. Duncan, a pharmacist living in Los Gatos, California. Duncan invited Lockwood to be his guest that year at Jake's Opening Hunting Club, near Boonville, California. They became fast friends. After Lockwood had been deer and quail hunting at the club for several years as Duncan's guest, Lockwood learned of an amazing coincidence: Lockwood's predecessor as submarine fleet commander, Robert Henry English, had died on the same hunting club property in the crash of the Philippine Clipper flying boat. Upon Admiral English's death, Lockwood had been given command of the Pacific submarine fleet.Lockwood died on June 6, 1967. He is buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno, California, alongside his wife and Admirals Chester Nimitz, Raymond Spruance, and Richmond Kelly Turner, an arrangement made by all of them while living. His wife, Phyllis Natalie Irwin, was a daughter of Rear Admiral Noble E. Irwin.","title":"Post-war career and retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Lockwood (FF-1064)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lockwood"}],"text":"The frigate USS Lockwood (FF-1064) was named in his honor.The Naval Submarine League presents an annual Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood Award for Submarine Professional Excellence which recognizes individuals (Active or Reserve) for achievement, contribution, specific action or consistent performance, which best exemplifies the traditional spirit embodied in the Submarine Force.","title":"Namesake"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"How They Won the War in the Pacific: Nimitz and His Admirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/How-They-Won-War-Pacific/dp/B0006C5D54/"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B0006C5D54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B0006C5D54"}],"text":"Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (1970). How They Won the War in the Pacific: Nimitz and His Admirals. Weybright and Talley. ASIN B0006C5D54.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Lockwood's headstone at Golden Gate National Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Charles_A._Lockwood_headstone.JPG/220px-Charles_A._Lockwood_headstone.JPG"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)
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Palestine (region)
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["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Overview","2.2 Ancient period","2.3 Classical antiquity","2.4 Early Muslim period","2.5 Crusader/Ayyubid period","2.6 Mamluk period","2.7 Ottoman period","2.8 British Mandate period","2.9 Arab–Israeli conflict","3 Boundaries","3.1 Pre-modern period","3.2 Modern period","3.3 Current usage","4 Administration","5 Demographics","5.1 Early demographics","5.2 Late Ottoman and British Mandate periods","5.3 Current demographics","6 Flora and fauna","6.1 Flora distribution","6.2 Birds","7 See also","8 Notes","8.1 Citations","9 Bibliography","10 External links"]
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Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35Geographic region in West Asia
This article is about the geographical region. For the country, see State of Palestine.
PalestineΠαλαιστίνη (Greek)Palaestina (Latin)فِلَسْطِينَ (Arabic)פלשתינה (Hebrew) Boundary of Syria Palaestina Boundary between Palaestina Prima (later Jund Filastin) and Palaestina Secunda (later Jund al-Urdunn) Borders of Mandatory Palestine between 1920 and 1948 Borders between Israel and the State of Palestine (i.e. West Bank and Gaza Strip)LanguagesArabic, HebrewEthnic groups Arabs, Jews, SamaritansCountries Israel Palestine Jordan (northwestern parts in some definitions)
Palestine is a geographical region in West Asia. It is usually considered to include modern-day Israel and the State of Palestine, though some definitions also include parts of northwestern Jordan. Other historical names for the region include Canaan, the Promised Land, the Land of Israel, or the Holy Land.
The first written records referring to Palestine emerged in the 12th-century BCE Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt, which used the term Peleset for a neighboring people or land. In the 8th century BCE, the Assyrians referred to a region as Palashtu or Pilistu. In the Hellenistic period, these names were carried over into Greek, appearing in the Histories of Herodotus in 5th century BCE as Palaistine. The Roman Empire conquered the region and in 6 CE established the province known as Judaea, then in 132 CE in the period of the Bar Kokhba revolt the province was expanded and renamed Syria Palaestina. In 390, during the Byzantine period, the region was split into the provinces of Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda, and Palaestina Tertia. Following the Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 630s, the military district of Jund Filastin was established. While Palestine's boundaries have changed throughout history, it has generally comprised the southern portion of regions such as Syria or the Levant.
As the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity, Palestine has been a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. In the Bronze Age, it was home to Canaanite city-states; and the later Iron Age saw the emergence of Israel and Judah. It has since come under the sway of various empires, including the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire, and the Seleucid Empire. The brief Hasmonean dynasty ended with its gradual incorporation into the Roman Empire, and later the Byzantine Empire, during which Palestine became a center of Christianity. In the 7th century, Palestine was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate, ending Byzantine rule in the region; Rashidun rule was succeeded by the Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate, and the Fatimid Caliphate. Following the collapse of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which had been established through the Crusades, the population of Palestine became predominantly Muslim. In the 13th century, it became part of the Mamluk Sultanate, and after 1516, spent four centuries as part of the Ottoman Empire.
During World War I, Palestine was occupied by the United Kingdom as part of the Sinai and Palestine campaign. Between 1919 and 1922, the League of Nations created the Mandate for Palestine, which became under British administration as Mandatory Palestine. Tensions between Jews and Arabs escalated into the 1947–1949 Palestine war, which ended with the establishment of Israel on most of the territory, and neighboring Jordan and Egypt controlling the West Bank and the Gaza Strip respectively. The 1967 Six Day War saw Israel's occupation of both territories, which has been among the core issues of the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
Etymology
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the name Palestine.
The name is found throughout recorded history. Examples of historical maps of the region that contain the name Palestine are shown above: (1) Pomponius Mela (Latin, c. 43 CE); (2) Notitia Dignitatum (Latin, c. 410 CE); (3) Tabula Rogeriana (Arabic, 1154 CE); (4) Cedid Atlas (Ottoman Turkish, 1803 CE)
Modern archaeology has identified 12 ancient inscriptions from Egyptian and Assyrian records recording likely cognates of Hebrew Pelesheth. The term "Peleset" (transliterated from hieroglyphs as P-r-s-t) is found in five inscriptions referring to a neighboring people or land starting from c. 1150 BCE during the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. The first known mention is at the temple at Medinet Habu which refers to the Peleset among those who fought with Egypt in Ramesses III's reign, and the last known is 300 years later on Padiiset's Statue. Seven known Assyrian inscriptions refer to the region of "Palashtu" or "Pilistu", beginning with Adad-nirari III in the Nimrud Slab in c. 800 BCE through to a treaty made by Esarhaddon more than a century later. Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term.
The first clear use of the term Palestine to refer to the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt was in 5th century BCE ancient Greece, when Herodotus wrote of a "district of Syria, called Palaistinê" (Ancient Greek: Συρίη ἡ Παλαιστίνη καλεομένη) in The Histories, which included the Judean mountains and the Jordan Rift Valley. Approximately a century later, Aristotle used a similar definition for the region in Meteorology, in which he included the Dead Sea. Later Greek writers such as Polemon and Pausanias also used the term to refer to the same region, which was followed by Roman writers such as Ovid, Tibullus, Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, Dio Chrysostom, Statius, Plutarch as well as Romano-Jewish writers Philo of Alexandria and Josephus. The term was first used to denote an official province in c. 135 CE, when the Roman authorities, following the suppression of the Bar Kokhba Revolt, renamed the province of Judaea "Syria Palaestina". There is circumstantial evidence linking Hadrian with the name change, but the precise date is not certain.
The term is generally accepted to be a cognate of the biblical name Peleshet (פלשת Pəlésheth, usually transliterated as Philistia). The term and its derivates are used more than 250 times in Masoretic-derived versions of the Hebrew Bible, of which 10 uses are in the Torah, with undefined boundaries, and almost 200 of the remaining references are in the Book of Judges and the Books of Samuel. The term is rarely used in the Septuagint, which used a transliteration Land of Phylistieim (Γῆ τῶν Φυλιστιείμ), different from the contemporary Greek place name Palaistínē (Παλαιστίνη). It also theorized to be the portmanteau of the Greek word for the Philistines and palaistês, which means "wrestler/rival/adversary". This aligns with the Greek practice of punning place names since the latter is also the etymological meaning for Israel.
The Septuagint instead used the term "allophuloi" (άλλόφυλοι, "other nations") throughout the Books of Judges and Samuel, such that the term "Philistines" has been interpreted to mean "non-Israelites of the Promised Land" when used in the context of Samson, Saul and David, and Rabbinic sources explain that these peoples were different from the Philistines of the Book of Genesis.
During the Byzantine period, the region of Palestine within Syria Palaestina was subdivided into Palaestina Prima and Secunda, and an area of land including the Negev and Sinai became Palaestina Salutaris. Following the Muslim conquest, place names that were in use by the Byzantine administration generally continued to be used in Arabic. The use of the name "Palestine" became common in Early Modern English, was used in English and Arabic during the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem and was revived as an official place name with the British Mandate for Palestine.
Some other terms that have been used to refer to all or part of this land include Canaan, Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael or Ha'aretz), the Promised Land, Greater Syria, the Holy Land, Iudaea Province, Judea, Coele-Syria, "Israel HaShlema", Kingdom of Israel, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Zion, Retenu (Ancient Egyptian), Southern Syria, Southern Levant and Syria Palaestina.
History
Main article: History of Palestine
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Palestine region.
Overview
For a more comprehensive list, see Time periods in the Palestine region.
Situated at a strategic location between Egypt, Syria and Arabia, and the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity, the region has a long and tumultuous history as a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. The region has been controlled by numerous peoples, including ancient Egyptians, Canaanites, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Achaemenids, ancient Greeks, Romans, Parthians, Sasanians, Byzantines, the Arab Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates, Crusaders, Ayyubids, Mamluks, Mongols, Ottomans, the British, and modern Israelis and Palestinians.
Ancient period
See also: Canaan, History of ancient Israel and Judah, and Philistines
Kingdoms of the Southern Levant during the Iron Age (c. 830 BCE)
The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation, agricultural communities and civilization. During the Bronze Age, independent Canaanite city-states were established, and were influenced by the surrounding civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Minoan Crete, and Syria. Between 1550 and 1400 BCE, the Canaanite cities became vassals to the Egyptian New Kingdom who held power until the 1178 BCE Battle of Djahy (Canaan) during the wider Bronze Age collapse.
The Israelites emerged from a dramatic social transformation that took place in the people of the central hill country of Canaan around 1200 BCE, with no signs of violent invasion or even of peaceful infiltration of a clearly defined ethnic group from elsewhere. During the Iron Age, the Israelites established two related kingdoms, Israel and Judah. The Kingdom of Israel emerged as an important local power by the 10th century BCE before falling to the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 722 BCE. Israel's southern neighbor, the Kingdom of Judah, emerged in the 8th or 9th century BCE and later became a client state of first the Neo-Assyrian and then the Neo-Babylonian Empire before a revolt against the latter led to its destruction in 586 BCE. The region became part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from c. 740 BCE, which was itself replaced by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in c. 627 BCE.
In 587/6 BCE, Jerusalem was besieged and destroyed by the second Babylonian king, Nebuchadnezzar II, who subsequently exiled the Judeans to Babylon. The Kingdom of Judah was then annexed as a Babylonian province. The Philistines were also exiled. The defeat of Judah was recorded by the Babylonians.
In 539 BCE, the Babylonian empire was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire. According to the Hebrew Bible and implications from the Cyrus Cylinder, the exiled Jews were eventually allowed to return to Jerusalem. The returned population in Judah were allowed to self-rule under Persian governance, and some parts of the fallen kingdom became a Persian province known as Yehud. Except Yehud, at least another four Persian provinces existed in the region: Samaria, Gaza, Ashdod, and Ascalon, in addition to the Phoenician city states in the north and the Arabian tribes in the south. During the same period, the Edomites migrated from Transjordan to the southern parts of Judea, which became known as Idumaea. The Qedarites were the dominant Arab tribe; their territory ran from the Hejaz in the south to the Negev in the north through the period of Persian and Hellenistic dominion.
Classical antiquity
Caesarea Maritima, also known as Caesarea Palestinae, built under Herod the Great at the site of a former Phoenician naval station, became the capital city of Roman Judea, Roman Syria Palaestina and Byzantine Palaestina Prima provinces.
In the 330s BCE, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered the region, which changed hands several times during the wars of the Diadochi and later Syrian Wars. It ultimately fell to the Seleucid Empire between 219 and 200 BCE. During that period, the region became heavily hellenized, building tensions between Greeks and locals.
In 167 BCE, the Maccabean Revolt erupted, leading to the establishment of an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judea. From 110 BCE, the Hasmoneans extended their authority over much of Palestine, including Samaria, Galilee, Iturea, Perea, and Idumea. The Jewish control over the wider region resulted in it also becoming known as Judaea, a term that had previously only referred to the smaller region of the Judaean Mountains. During the same period, the Edomites were converted to Judaism.
Between 73 and 63 BCE, the Roman Republic extended its influence into the region in the Third Mithridatic War. Pompey conquered Judea in 63 BCE, splitting the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts. In around 40 BCE, the Parthians conquered Palestine, deposed the Roman ally Hyrcanus II, and installed a puppet ruler of the Hasmonean line known as Antigonus II. By 37 BCE, the Parthians withdrew from Palestine.
Palestine is generally considered the "Cradle of Christianity". Christianity, a religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, arose as a messianic sect from within Second Temple Judaism. The three-year Ministry of Jesus, culminating in his crucifixion, is estimated to have occurred from 28 to 30 CE, although the historicity of Jesus is disputed by a minority of scholars.
Model of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, after being rebuilt by Herod. It was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE during the First Jewish-Roman War.
In the first and second centuries CE, the province of Judea became the site of two large-scale Jewish revolts against Rome. During the First Jewish-Roman War, which lasted from 66 to 73 CE, the Romans razed Jerusalem and destroyed the Second Temple. In Masada, Jewish zealots preferred to commit suicide than endure Roman captivity. In 132 CE, another Jewish rebellion erupted. The Bar Kokhba revolt took three years to put down, incurred massive costs on both the Romans and the Jews, and desolated much of Judea. The center of Jewish life in Palestine moved to the Galilee. During or after the revolt, Hadrian joined the province of Iudaea with Galilee and the Paralia to form the new province of Syria Palaestina, and Jerusalem was renamed "Aelia Capitolina". Some scholars view these actions as an attempt to disconnect the Jewish people from their homeland, but this theory is debated.
Between 259 and 272, the region fell under the rule of Odaenathus as King of the Palmyrene Empire. Following the victory of Christian emperor Constantine in the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy, the Christianization of the Roman Empire began, and in 326, Constantine's mother Saint Helena visited Jerusalem and began the construction of churches and shrines. Palestine became a center of Christianity, attracting numerous monks and religious scholars. The Samaritan Revolts during this period caused their near extinction. In 614 CE, Palestine was annexed by another Persian dynasty; the Sassanids, until returning to Byzantine control in 628 CE.
Early Muslim period
The Dome of the Rock, the world's first great work of Islamic architecture, constructed in 691.Minaret of the White Mosque in Ramla, constructed in 1318Arab architecture in the Umayyad and Mamluk periods
Palestine was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate, beginning in 634 CE. In 636, the Battle of Yarmouk during the Muslim conquest of the Levant marked the start of Muslim hegemony over the region, which became known as the military district of Jund Filastin within the province of Bilâd al-Shâm (Greater Syria). In 661, with the Assassination of Ali, Muawiyah I became the Caliph of the Islamic world after being crowned in Jerusalem. The Dome of the Rock, completed in 691, was the world's first great work of Islamic architecture.
The majority of the population was Christian and was to remain so until the conquest of Saladin in 1187. The Muslim conquest apparently had little impact on social and administrative continuities for several decades. The word 'Arab' at the time referred predominantly to Bedouin nomads, though Arab settlement is attested in the Judean highlands and near Jerusalem by the 5th century, and some tribes had converted to Christianity. The local population engaged in farming, which was considered demeaning, and were called Nabaț, referring to Aramaic-speaking villagers. A ḥadīth, brought in the name of a Muslim freedman who settled in Palestine, ordered the Muslim Arabs not to settle in the villages, "for he who abides in villages it is as if he abides in graves".
The Umayyads, who had spurred a strong economic resurgence in the area, were replaced by the Abbasids in 750. Ramla became the administrative centre for the following centuries, while Tiberias became a thriving centre of Muslim scholarship. From 878, Palestine was ruled from Egypt by semi-autonomous rulers for almost a century, beginning with the Turkish freeman Ahmad ibn Tulun, for whom both Jews and Christians prayed when he lay dying and ending with the Ikhshidid rulers. Reverence for Jerusalem increased during this period, with many of the Egyptian rulers choosing to be buried there. However, the later period became characterized by persecution of Christians as the threat from Byzantium grew. The Fatimids, with a predominantly Berber army, conquered the region in 970, a date that marks the beginning of a period of unceasing warfare between numerous enemies, which destroyed Palestine, and in particular, devastating its Jewish population. Between 1071 and 1073, Palestine was captured by the Great Seljuq Empire, only to be recaptured by the Fatimids in 1098.
Crusader/Ayyubid period
The Hospitaller fortress in Acre was destroyed in 1291 and partially rebuilt in the 18th century.
The Fatimids again lost the region to the Crusaders in 1099. The Crusaders set up the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291). Their control of Jerusalem and most of Palestine lasted almost a century until their defeat by Saladin's forces in 1187, after which most of Palestine was controlled by the Ayyubids, except for the years 1229–1244 when Jerusalem and other areas were retaken by the Second Kingdom of Jerusalem, by then ruled from Acre (1191–1291), but, despite seven further crusades, the Franks were no longer a significant power in the region. The Fourth Crusade, which did not reach Palestine, led directly to the decline of the Byzantine Empire, dramatically reducing Christian influence throughout the region.
Mamluk period
The Mamluk Sultanate was created in Egypt as an indirect result of the Seventh Crusade. The Mongol Empire reached Palestine for the first time in 1260, beginning with the Mongol raids into Palestine under Nestorian Christian general Kitbuqa, and reaching an apex at the pivotal Battle of Ain Jalut, where they were pushed back by the Mamluks.
Ottoman period
Further information: History of Palestine § Ottoman period
In 1486, hostilities broke out between the Mamluks and the Ottoman Empire in a battle for control over western Asia, and the Ottomans conquered Palestine in 1516. Between the mid-16th and 17th centuries, a close-knit alliance of three local dynasties, the Ridwans of Gaza, the Turabays of al-Lajjun and the Farrukhs of Nablus, governed Palestine on behalf of the Porte (imperial Ottoman government).
The Khan al-Umdan, constructed in Acre in 1784, is the largest and best preserved caravanserai in the region.
In the 18th century, the Zaydani clan under the leadership of Zahir al-Umar ruled large parts of Palestine autonomously until the Ottomans were able to defeat them in their Galilee strongholds in 1775–76. Zahir had turned the port city of Acre into a major regional power, partly fueled by his monopolization of the cotton and olive oil trade from Palestine to Europe. Acre's regional dominance was further elevated under Zahir's successor Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar at the expense of Damascus.
In 1830, on the eve of Muhammad Ali's invasion, the Porte transferred control of the sanjaks of Jerusalem and Nablus to Abdullah Pasha, the governor of Acre. According to Silverburg, in regional and cultural terms this move was important for creating an Arab Palestine detached from greater Syria (bilad al-Sham). According to Pappe, it was an attempt to reinforce the Syrian front in face of Muhammad Ali's invasion. Two years later, Palestine was conquered by Muhammad Ali's Egypt, but Egyptian rule was challenged in 1834 by a countrywide popular uprising against conscription and other measures considered intrusive by the population. Its suppression devastated many of Palestine's villages and major towns.
In 1840, Britain intervened and returned control of the Levant to the Ottomans in return for further capitulations. The death of Aqil Agha marked the last local challenge to Ottoman centralization in Palestine, and beginning in the 1860s, Palestine underwent an acceleration in its socio-economic development, due to its incorporation into the global, and particularly European, economic pattern of growth. The beneficiaries of this process were Arabic-speaking Muslims and Christians who emerged as a new layer within the Arab elite. From 1880 large-scale Jewish immigration began, almost entirely from Europe, based on an explicitly Zionist ideology. There was also a revival of the Hebrew language and culture.
Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom preceded its spread within the Jewish community. The government of Great Britain publicly supported it during World War I with the Balfour Declaration of 1917.
British Mandate period
Main article: Mandatory Palestine
Further information: Zionism, Palestinian nationalism, and United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
Palestine passport and Palestine coin. The Mandatory authorities agreed a compromise position regarding the Hebrew name: in English and Arabic the name was simply "Palestine" ("فلسطين"), but the Hebrew version "(פלשתינה)" also included the acronym "(א״י)" for Eretz Yisrael (Land of Israel).
Metulla Haifa Safad ZikhronYaaqov Nazareth TelAviv Nablus Yibna Ramle Jerusalem Gaza Hebron Dead Sea Rafa Beersheba JebelUsdum Nitsana Ovdat NahalHaarava HarLotz HarOmer HarTzenifim Yotvata Eilat
Survey of Palestine 1942–1958 1–100,000 Topographical maps. Click on each blue link to see the individual original maps in high resolution.
The British began their Sinai and Palestine Campaign in 1915. The war reached southern Palestine in 1917, progressing to Gaza and around Jerusalem by the end of the year. The British secured Jerusalem in December 1917. They moved into the Jordan valley in 1918 and a campaign by the Entente into northern Palestine led to victory at Megiddo in September.
The British were formally awarded the mandate to govern the region in 1922. The Arab Palestinians rioted in 1920, 1921, 1929, and revolted in 1936. In 1947, following World War II and The Holocaust, the British Government announced its desire to terminate the Mandate, and the United Nations General Assembly adopted in November 1947 a Resolution 181(II) recommending partition into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem. A civil war began immediately after the Resolution's adoption. The State of Israel was declared in May 1948.
Arab–Israeli conflict
Further information: History of Israel and History of the State of Palestine
In the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Israel captured and incorporated a further 26% of the Mandate territory, Jordan captured the regions of Judea and Samaria, renaming it the "West Bank", while the Gaza Strip was captured by Egypt. Following the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight, also known as al-Nakba, the 700,000 Palestinians who fled or were driven from their homes were not allowed to return following the Lausanne Conference of 1949.
In the course of the Six-Day War in June 1967, Israel captured the rest of Mandate Palestine from Jordan and Egypt, and began a policy of establishing Jewish settlements in those territories. From 1987 to 1993, the First Palestinian Intifada against Israel took place, which included the Declaration of the State of Palestine in 1988 and ended with the 1993 Oslo Peace Accords and the creation of the Palestinian National Authority.
In 2000, the Second Intifada (also called al-Aqsa Intifada) began, and Israel built a separation barrier. In the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza, Israel withdrew all settlers and military presence from the Gaza Strip, but maintained military control of numerous aspects of the territory including its borders, air space and coast. Israel's ongoing military occupation of the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and East Jerusalem continues to be the world's longest military occupation in modern times.
In 2008 Palestinian hikaye was inscribed to UNESCO's list of intangible cultural heritage; the first of four listings reflecting the significance of Palestinian culture globally.
In November 2012, the status of Palestinian delegation in the United Nations was upgraded to non-member observer state as the State of Palestine.
Boundaries
Pre-modern period
Satellite image of the region
The boundaries of Palestine have varied throughout history. The Jordan Rift Valley (comprising Wadi Arabah, the Dead Sea and River Jordan) has at times formed a political and administrative frontier, even within empires that have controlled both territories. At other times, such as during certain periods during the Hasmonean and Crusader states for example, as well as during the biblical period, territories on both sides of the river formed part of the same administrative unit. During the Arab Caliphate period, parts of southern Lebanon and the northern highland areas of Palestine and Jordan were administered as Jund al-Urdun, while the southern parts of the latter two formed part of Jund Dimashq, which during the 9th century was attached to the administrative unit of Jund Filastin.
The boundaries of the area and the ethnic nature of the people referred to by Herodotus in the 5th century BCE as Palaestina vary according to context. Sometimes, he uses it to refer to the coast north of Mount Carmel. Elsewhere, distinguishing the Syrians in Palestine from the Phoenicians, he refers to their land as extending down all the coast from Phoenicia to Egypt. Pliny, writing in Latin in the 1st century CE, describes a region of Syria that was "formerly called Palaestina" among the areas of the Eastern Mediterranean.
Since the Byzantine Period, the Byzantine borders of Palaestina (I and II, also known as Palaestina Prima, "First Palestine", and Palaestina Secunda, "Second Palestine"), have served as a name for the geographic area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. Under Arab rule, Filastin (or Jund Filastin) was used administratively to refer to what was under the Byzantines Palaestina Secunda (comprising Judaea and Samaria), while Palaestina Prima (comprising the Galilee region) was renamed Urdunn ("Jordan" or Jund al-Urdunn).
Modern period
Nineteenth-century sources refer to Palestine as extending from the sea to the caravan route, presumably the Hejaz-Damascus route east of the Jordan River valley. Others refer to it as extending from the sea to the desert. Prior to the Allied Powers victory in World War I and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, which created the British mandate in the Levant, most of the northern area of what is today Jordan formed part of the Ottoman Vilayet of Damascus (Syria), while the southern part of Jordan was part of the Vilayet of Hejaz. What later became Mandatory Palestine was in late Ottoman times divided between the Vilayet of Beirut (Lebanon) and the Sanjak of Jerusalem. The Zionist Organization provided its definition of the boundaries of Palestine in a statement to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
The British administered Mandatory Palestine after World War I, having promised to establish a homeland for the Jewish people. The modern definition of the region follows the boundaries of that entity, which were fixed in the North and East in 1920–23 by the British Mandate for Palestine (including the Transjordan memorandum) and the Paulet–Newcombe Agreement, and on the South by following the 1906 Turco-Egyptian boundary agreement.
Modern evolution of Palestine vte1916–1922 various proposals: Three proposals for the post World War I administration of Palestine. The red line is the "International Administration" proposed in the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement, the dashed blue line is the 1919 Zionist Organization proposal at the Paris Peace Conference, and the thin blue line refers to the final borders of the 1923–48 Mandatory Palestine.1937 British proposal: The first official proposal for partition, published in 1937 by the Peel Commission. An ongoing British Mandate was proposed to keep "the sanctity of Jerusalem and Bethlehem", in the form of an enclave from Jerusalem to Jaffa, including Lydda and Ramle.1947 UN proposal: Proposal per the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (II), 1947), prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The proposal included a Corpus Separatum for Jerusalem, extraterritorial crossroads between the non-contiguous areas, and Jaffa as an Arab exclave.
1947 Jewish private land ownership: Jewish-owned lands in Mandatory Palestine as of 1947 in blue, constituting 7.4% of the total land area, of which more than half was held by the JNF and PICA. White is either public land or Palestinian-Arab-owned lands including related religious trusts.1949 armistice lines: The Jordanian-annexed West Bank (light green) and Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip (dark green), after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, showing 1949 armistice lines.1967 territorial changes: During the Six-Day War, Israel captured the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights, together with the Sinai Peninsula (later traded for peace after the Yom Kippur War). In 1980–81 Israel annexed East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights.
Neither Israel's annexation nor the PLO claim over East Jerusalem gained international recognition.
1995 Oslo II Accord: Under the Oslo Accords, the Palestinian National Authority was created to provide a Palestinian interim self-government in the West Bank and the interior of the Gaza Strip. Its second phase envisioned "Palestinian enclaves".2005–present: After the Israeli disengagement from Gaza and clashes between the two main Palestinian parties following the Hamas electoral victory, two separate executive governments took control in the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza.Ethnic majority by settlement (present): The map indicates the ethnic majority of settlements (cities, villages and other communities).
Current usage
Further information: Palestinian territories, State of Palestine, Palestinian National Authority, and Palestinian enclaves
See also: Borders of Israel
The region of Palestine is the eponym for the Palestinian people and the culture of Palestine, both of which are defined as relating to the whole historical region, usually defined as the localities within the border of Mandatory Palestine. The 1968 Palestinian National Covenant described Palestine as the "homeland of the Arab Palestinian people", with "the boundaries it had during the British Mandate".
However, since the 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence, the term State of Palestine refers only to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. This discrepancy was described by the Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas as a negotiated concession in a September 2011 speech to the United Nations: "... we agreed to establish the State of Palestine on only 22% of the territory of historical Palestine – on all the Palestinian Territory occupied by Israel in 1967."
The term Palestine is also sometimes used in a limited sense to refer to the parts of the Palestinian territories currently under the administrative control of the Palestinian National Authority, a quasi-governmental entity which governs parts of the State of Palestine under the terms of the Oslo Accords.
Administration
Overview of administration and sovereignty in Israel, the Palestinian territories and the Golan HeightsThis box: viewtalkedit
Area
Administered by
Recognition of governing authority
Sovereignty claimed by
Recognition of claim
Gaza Strip
Palestinian National Authority (de jure) Controlled by Hamas (de facto)
Witnesses to the Oslo II Accord
State of Palestine
144 UN member states
West Bank
Palestinian enclaves (Areas A and B)
Palestinian National Authority and Israeli military
Area C
Israeli enclave law (Israeli settlements) and Israeli military (Palestinians under Israeli occupation)
East Jerusalem
Israeli administration
Honduras, Guatemala, Nauru, and the United States
China, Russia
West Jerusalem
Russia, Czech Republic, Honduras, Guatemala, Nauru, and the United States
United Nations as an international city along with East Jerusalem
Various UN member states and the European Union; joint sovereignty also widely supported
Golan Heights
United States
Syria
All UN member states except the United States
Israel (Green Line border)
165 UN member states
Israel
165 UN member states
Demographics
Main article: Demographic history of Palestine
Early demographics
Year
Jews
Christians
Muslims
Total
First half 1st century CE
Majority
–
–
~2,500
5th century
Minority
Majority
–
>1st C
End 12th century
Minority
Minority
Majority
>225
14th century before Black Death
Minority
Minority
Majority
225
14th century after Black Death
Minority
Minority
Majority
150
Historical population table compiled by Sergio DellaPergola. Figures in thousands.
Estimating the population of Palestine in antiquity relies on two methods – censuses and writings made at the times, and the scientific method based on excavations and statistical methods that consider the number of settlements at the particular age, area of each settlement, density factor for each settlement.
The Bar Kokhba revolt in the 2nd century CE saw a major shift in the population of Palestine. The sheer scale and scope of the overall destruction has been described by Dio Cassius in his Roman History, where he notes that Roman war operations in the country had left some 580,000 Jews dead, with many more dying of hunger and disease, while 50 of their most important outposts and 985 of their most famous villages were razed to the ground. "Thus," writes Dio Cassius, "nearly the whole of Judaea was made desolate."
According to Israeli archaeologists Magen Broshi and Yigal Shiloh, the population of ancient Palestine did not exceed one million. By 300 CE, Christianity had spread so significantly that Jews comprised only a quarter of the population.
Late Ottoman and British Mandate periods
In a study of Ottoman registers of the early Ottoman rule of Palestine, Bernard Lewis reports:he first half century of Ottoman rule brought a sharp increase in population. The towns grew rapidly, villages became larger and more numerous, and there was an extensive development of agriculture, industry, and trade. The two last were certainly helped to no small extent by the influx of Spanish and other Western Jews.From the mass of detail in the registers, it is possible to extract something like a general picture of the economic life of the country in that period. Out of a total population of about 300,000 souls, between a fifth and a quarter lived in the six towns of Jerusalem, Gaza, Safed, Nablus, Ramle, and Hebron. The remainder consisted mainly of peasants, living in villages of varying size, and engaged in agriculture. Their main food-crops were wheat and barley in that order, supplemented by leguminous pulses, olives, fruit, and vegetables. In and around most of the towns there was a considerable number of vineyards, orchards, and vegetable gardens.
Year
Jews
Christians
Muslims
Total
1533–1539
5
6
145
157
1690–1691
2
11
219
232
1800
7
22
246
275
1890
43
57
432
532
1914
94
70
525
689
1922
84
71
589
752
1931
175
89
760
1,033
1947
630
143
1,181
1,970
Historical population table compiled by Sergio DellaPergola. Figures in thousands.
According to Alexander Scholch, the population of Palestine in 1850 was about 350,000 inhabitants, 30% of whom lived in 13 towns; roughly 85% were Muslims, 11% were Christians and 4% Jews.
According to Ottoman statistics studied by Justin McCarthy, the population of Palestine in the early 19th century was 350,000, in 1860 it was 411,000 and in 1900 about 600,000 of whom 94% were Arabs. In 1914 Palestine had a population of 657,000 Muslim Arabs, 81,000 Christian Arabs, and 59,000 Jews. McCarthy estimates the non-Jewish population of Palestine at 452,789 in 1882; 737,389 in 1914; 725,507 in 1922; 880,746 in 1931; and 1,339,763 in 1946.
In 1920, the League of Nations' Interim Report on the Civil Administration of Palestine described the 700,000 people living in Palestine as follows:Of these, 235,000 live in the larger towns, 465,000 in the smaller towns and villages. Four-fifths of the whole population are Moslems. A small proportion of these are Bedouin Arabs; the remainder, although they speak Arabic and are termed Arabs, are largely of mixed race. Some 77,000 of the population are Christians, in large majority belonging to the Orthodox Church, and speaking Arabic. The minority are members of the Latin or of the Uniate Greek Catholic Church, or—a small number—are Protestants.
The Jewish element of the population numbers 76,000. Almost all have entered Palestine during the last 40 years. Prior to 1850, there were in the country only a handful of Jews. In the following 30 years, a few hundreds came to Palestine. Most of them were animated by religious motives; they came to pray and to die in the Holy Land, and to be buried in its soil. After the persecutions in Russia forty years ago, the movement of the Jews to Palestine assumed larger proportions.
Current demographics
See also: Demographics of Israel and Demographics of the Palestinian territories
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, as of 2015, the total population of Israel was 8.5 million people, of which 75% were Jews, 21% Arabs, and 4% "others". Of the Jewish group, 76% were Sabras (born in Israel); the rest were olim (immigrants)—16% from Europe, the former Soviet republics, and the Americas, and 8% from Asia and Africa, including the Arab countries.
According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics evaluations, in 2015 the Palestinian population of the West Bank was approximately 2.9 million and that of the Gaza Strip was 1.8 million. By 2022, the population of the Gaza strip had increased to an estimated 2,375,259, corresponding to a density of more than 6,507 people per square kilometre.
Both Israeli and Palestinian statistics include Arab residents of East Jerusalem in their reports. According to these estimates the total population in the region of Palestine, as defined as Israel and the Palestinian territories, stands approximately 12.8 million.
Flora and fauna
Main article: Biodiversity in Israel and Palestine
Flora distribution
See also: Category:Flora of Palestine (region) and List of native plants of Flora Palaestina (A–B)
The World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions is widely used in recording the distribution of plants. The scheme uses the code "PAL" to refer to the region of Palestine – a Level 3 area. The WGSRPD's Palestine is further divided into Israel (PAL-IS), including the Palestinian territories, and Jordan (PAL-JO), so is larger than some other definitions of "Palestine".
Birds
Main article: List of birds of Palestine
See also
History of agriculture in Palestine
Land of Israel
Levantine archaeology (a.k.a. Palestinian archaeology)
Palestine Exploration Fund
Place names of Palestine
Notes
^ Greek: Παλαιστίνη, Palaistínē; Latin: Palaestina; Arabic: فِلَسْطِينَ, Filasṭīn, Falasṭīn, Filisṭīn; Hebrew: פלשתינה, Palestīna
^ Eberhard Schrader wrote in his seminal "Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung" ("KGF", in English "Cuneiform inscriptions and Historical Research") that the Assyrian tern "Palashtu" or "Pilistu" referred to the wider Palestine or "the East" in general, instead of "Philistia" (Schrader 1878, pp. 123–124; Anspacher 1912, p. 48).
^ "The earliest occurrence of this name in a Greek text is in the mid-fifth century B.C., Histories of Herodotus, where it is applied to the area of the Levant between Phoenicia and Egypt." ... "The first known occurrence of the Greek word Palaistine is in the Histories of Herodotus, written near the mid-fifth century B.C. Palaistine Syria, or simply Palaistine, is applied to what may be identified as the southern part of Syria, comprising the region between Phoenicia and Egypt. Although some of Herodotus' references to Palestine are compatible with a narrow definition of the coastal strip of the Land of Israel, it is clear that Herodotus does call the whole land by the name of the coastal strip." ... "It is believed that Herodotus visited Palestine in the fifth decade of the fifth century B.C." ..."In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense." (Jacobson 1999)
^ "As early as the Histories of Herodotus, written in the second half of the fifth century BCE, the term Palaistinê is used to describe not just the geographical area where the Philistines lived, but the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt—in other words, the Land of Israel. Herodotus, who had traveled through the area, would have had firsthand knowledge of the land and its people. Yet he used Palaistinê to refer not to the Land of the Philistines, but to the Land of Israel" (Jacobson 2001)
^ In The Histories, Herodotus referred to the practice of male circumcision associated with the Hebrew people: "the Colchians, the Egyptians, and the Ethiopians, are the only nations who have practised circumcision from the earliest times. The Phoenicians and the Syrians of Palestine themselves confess that they learnt the custom of the Egyptians ... Now these are the only nations who use circumcision." (Herodotus 1858, pp. Bk ii, Ch 104)
^ "Rabbinic sources insist that the Philistines of Judges and Samuel were different people altogether from the Philistines of Genesis. (Midrash Tehillim on Psalm 60 (Braude: vol. 1, 513); the issue here is precisely whether Israel should have been obliged, later, to keep the Genesis treaty.) This parallels a shift in the Septuagint's translation of Hebrew pelistim. Before Judges, it uses the neutral transliteration phulistiim, but beginning with Judges it switches to the pejorative allophuloi. " (Jobling & Rose 1996, p. 404)
^ For example, the 1915 Filastin Risalesi ("Palestine Document"), an Ottoman army (VIII Corps) country survey which formally identified Palestine as including the sanjaqs of Akka (the Galilee), the Sanjaq of Nablus, and the Sanjaq of Jerusalem (Kudus Sherif)
^ The New Testament, taking up a term used once in the Tanakh (1 Samuel 13:19), speaks of a larger theologically-defined area, of which Palestine is a part, as the "land of Israel" (γῆ Ἰσραήλ) (Matthew 2:20–21), in a narrative paralleling that of the Book of Exodus.
^ "The parallels between this narrative and that of Exodus continue to be drawn. Like Pharaoh before him, Herod, having been frustrated in his original efforts, now seeks to achieve his objectives by implementing a program of infanticide. As a result, here – as in Exodus – rescuing the hero's life from the clutches of the evil king necessitates a sudden flight to another country. And finally, in perhaps the most vivid parallel of all, the present narrative uses virtually the same words of the earlier one to provide the information that the coast is clear for the herds safe return: here, in Matthew 2:20, 'go … for those who sought the child's life are dead; there, in Exodus 4:19, go back… for all the men who sought your life are dead'" (Goldberg 2001, p. 147).
^ Other writers, such as Strabo, referred to the region as Coele-Syria ("all Syria") around 10–20 CE (Feldman 1996, pp. 557–558).
^ "Several scholars hold the revisionist thesis that the Israelites did not move to the area as a distinct and foreign ethnic group at all, bringing with them their god Yahwe and forcibly evicting the indigenous population, but that they gradually evolved out of an amalgam of several ethnic groups, and that the Israelite cult developed on "Palestinian" soil amid the indigenous population. This would make the Israelites "Palestinians" not just in geographical and political terms (under the British Mandate, both Jews and Arabs living in the country were defined as Palestinians), but in ethnic and broader cultural terms as well. While this does not conform to the conventional view, or to the understanding of most Jews (and Arabs, for that matter), it is not easy to either prove or disprove. For although the Bible speaks at length about how the Israelites "took" the land, it is not a history book to draw reliable maps from. There is nothing in the extra-biblical sources, including the extensive Egyptian materials, to document the sojourn in Egypt or the exodus so vividly described in the Bible (and commonly dated to the thirteenth century). Biblical scholar Moshe Weinfeld sees the biblical account of the exodus, and of Moses and Joshua as founding heroes of the "national narration", as a later rendering of a lived experience that was subsequently either "forgotten" or consciously repressed – a textbook case of the "invented tradition" so familiar to modern students of ethnicity and nationalism." (Krämer 2011, p. 8)
^ (Temple of Jerusalem): totally destroyed the building in 587/586
^ "In both the Idumaean and the Ituraean alliances, and in the annexation of Samaria, the Judaeans had taken the leading role. They retained it. The whole political–military–religious league that now united the hill country of Palestine from Dan to Beersheba, whatever it called itself, was directed by, and soon came to be called by others, 'the Ioudaioi'" (Smith 1999, p. 210a)
^ For example, in a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship, Bart Ehrman (a secular agnostic) described the dispute, whilst concluding: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees" (Ehrman 2011, p. 285)
^ "The religious situation also evolved under the new masters. Christianity did remain the majority religion, but it lost the privileges it had enjoyed." (Flusin 2011, pp. 199–226, 215)
^ The earlier view, exemplifed by the writings of Moshe Gil, argued for a Jewish-Samaritan majority at the time of conquest: "We may reasonably state that at the time if the Muslim conquest, a large Jewish population still lived in Palestine. We do not know whether they formed the majority but we may assume with some certainly that they did so when grouped together with the Samaritans." (Gil 1997, p. 3)
^ "Under the Tulunids, Syro-Egyptian territory was deeply imbued with the concept of an extraordinary role devolving upon Jerusalem in Islam as al-Quds, Bayt al-Maqdis or Bayt al-Muqaddas, the "House of Holiness", the seat of the Last Judgment, the Gate to Paradise for Muslims as well as for Jews and Christians. In the popular conscience, this concept established a bond between the three monotheistic religions. If Ahmad ibn Tulun was interred on the slope of the Muqattam , Isa ibn Musa al-Nashari and Takin were laid to rest in Jerusalem in 910 and 933, as were their Ikhshidid successors and Kafir . To honor the great general and governor of Syria Anushtakin al-Dizbiri, who died in 433/1042, the Fatimid Dynasty had his remains solemnly conveyed from Aleppo to Jerusalem in 448/1056-57." (Bianquis 1998, p. 103)
^ "In 1914 about 12,000 Jewish farmers and fieldworkers lived in approximately forty Jewish settlements — and to repeat it once again, they were by no means all Zionists. The dominant languages were still Yiddish, Russian, Polish, Rumanian, Hungarian, or German in the case of Ashkenazi immigrants from Europe, and Ladino (or 'Judeo-Spanish') and Arabic in the case of Sephardic and Oriental Jews. Biblical Hebrew served as the sacred language, while modern Hebrew (Ivrit) remained for the time being the language of a politically committed minority that had devoted itself to a revival of 'Hebrew culture'." (Krämer 2011, p. 120)
^ "Transjordan, however, controlled large portions of Judea and Samaria, later known as the West Bank" (Tucker & Roberts 2008, pp. 248–249, 500, 522)
^ The majority of the international community (including the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and the vast majority of human rights organizations) considers Israel to be continuing to occupying Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. The government of Israel and some supporters have, at times, disputed this position of the international community. In 2011, Andrew Sanger explained the situation as follows: "Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a Stale nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border. and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will. Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Troops from the Israeli Defence Force regularly enter pans of the territory and/or deploy missile attacks, drones and sonic bombs into Gaza. Israel has declared a no-go buffer zone that stretches deep into Gaza: if Gazans enter this zone they are shot on sight. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for inter alia electricity, currency, telephone networks, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry. It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied.", and in 2012 Iain Scobbie explained: "Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza" and Michelle Gawerc wrote in the same year: "While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, Israel still controlled all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. ln addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human right organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied."For more details of this terminology dispute, including with respect to the current status of the Gaza Strip, see International views on the Israeli-occupied territories and Status of territories captured by Israel.
^ For an explanation of the differences between an annexed but disputed territory (e.g. Tibet) and a militarily occupied territory, please see the article Military occupation. The "longest military occupation" description has been described in a number of ways, including: "The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times," "...longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year," "...longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age, " "This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s," "These are settlements and a military occupation that is the longest in the twentieth and twenty-first century, the longest formerly being the Japanese occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945. So this is thirty-three years old , pushing the record," "Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades." In 2014 Sharon Weill provided further context, writing: "Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated that rien ne dure comme le provisoire A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, which is the longest in all occupation's history has already entered its fifth decade."
^ See United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 for further details
^ According to the Jewish Encyclopedia published between 1901 and 1906: "Palestine extends, from 31° to 33° 20' N. latitude. Its southwest point (at Raphia, Tell Rifaḥ, southwest of Gaza) is about 34° 15' E. longitude, and its northwest point (mouth of the Liṭani) is at 35° 15' E. longitude, while the course of the Jordan reaches 35° 35' to the east. The west-Jordan country has, consequently, a length of about 150 English miles from north to south, and a breadth of about 23 miles (37 km) at the north and 80 miles (129 km) at the south. The area of this region, as measured by the surveyors of the English Palestine Exploration Fund, is about 6,040 square miles (15,644 km2). The east-Jordan district is now being surveyed by the German Palästina-Verein, and although the work is not yet completed, its area may be estimated at 4,000 square miles (10,360 km2). This entire region, as stated above, was not occupied exclusively by the Israelites, for the plain along the coast in the south belonged to the Philistines, and that in the north to the Phoenicians, while in the east-Jordan country, the Israelitic possessions never extended farther than the Arnon (Wadi al-Mujib) in the south, nor did the Israelites ever settle in the most northerly and easterly portions of the plain of Bashan. To-day the number of inhabitants does not exceed 650,000. Palestine, and especially the Israelitic state, covered, therefore, a very small area, approximating that of the state of Vermont." From the Jewish Encyclopedia
^ According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911), Palestine is: " geographical name of rather loose application. Etymological strictness would require it to denote exclusively the narrow strip of coast-land once occupied by the Philistines, from whose name it is derived. It is, however, conventionally used as a name for the territory which, in the Old Testament, is claimed as the inheritance of the pre-exilic Hebrews; thus it may be said generally to denote the southern third of the province of Syria. Except in the west, where the country is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea, the limit of this territory cannot be laid down on the map as a definite line. The modern subdivisions under the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire are in no sense conterminous with those of antiquity, and hence do not afford a boundary by which Palestine can be separated exactly from the rest of Syria in the north, or from the Sinaitic and Arabian deserts in the south and east; nor are the records of ancient boundaries sufficiently full and definite to make possible the complete demarcation of the country. Even the convention above referred to is inexact: it includes the Philistine territory, claimed but never settled by the Hebrews, and excludes the outlying parts of the large area claimed in Num. xxxiv. as the Hebrew possession (from the " River of Egypt " to Hamath). However, the Hebrews themselves have preserved, in the proverbial expression " from Dan to Beersheba " (Judg. xx.i, &c.), an indication of the normal north-and-south limits of their land; and in defining the area of the country under discussion it is this indication which is generally followed. Taking as a guide the natural features most nearly corresponding to these outlying points, we may describe Palestine as the strip of land extending along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea from the mouth of the Litany or Kasimiya River (33° 20' N.) southward to the mouth of the Wadi Ghuzza; the latter joins the sea in 31° 28' N., a short distance south of Gaza, and runs thence in a south-easterly direction so as to include on its northern side the site of Beersheba. Eastward there is no such definite border. The River Jordan, it is true, marks a line of delimitation between Western and Eastern Palestine; but it is practically impossible to say where the latter ends and the Arabian desert begins. Perhaps the line of the pilgrim road from Damascus to Mecca is the most convenient possible boundary. The total length of the region is about 140 m (459.32 ft); its breadth west of the Jordan ranges from about 23 m (75.46 ft) in the north to about 80 m (262.47 ft) in the south."
^ "The term Palestine in the textbooks refers to Palestinian National Authority." (Adwan 2006, p. 242)
^ See for example, Palestinian school textbooks
^ "... the population of Palestine in antiquity did not exceed a million persons. It can also be shown, moreover, that this was more or less the size of the population in the peak period—the late Byzantine period, around AD 600" (Broshi 1979, p. 7)
^ "... the population of the country in the Roman-Byzantine period greatly exceeded that in the Iron Age... If we accept Broshi's population estimates, which appear to be confirmed by the results of recent research, it follows that the estimates for the population during the Iron Age must be set at a lower figure." (Shiloh 1980, p. 33)
^ By A.D. 300, Jews made up a mere quarter of the total population of the province of Syria Palaestina (Krämer 2011, p. 15)
Citations
^ Lehmann 1998.
^ Reuters: recognition 2012.
^ Miskin 2012.
^ AP 2013.
^ Fahlbusch et al. 2005, p. 185.
^ Breasted 2001, p. 24.
^ a b c d Sharon 1988, p. 4.
^ a b Room 2006, p. 285.
^ Herodotus 3:91:1.
^ Jacobson 1999, p. 65.
^ Jacobson 1999, pp. 66–67.
^ a b Robinson, 1865, p.15: "Palestine, or Palestina, now the most common name for the Holy Land, occurs three times in the English version of the Old Testament; and is there put for the Hebrew name פלשת, elsewhere rendered Philistia. As thus used, it refers strictly and only to the country of the Philistines, in the southwest corner of the land. So, too, in the Greek form, Παλαςτίνη, it is used by Josephus. But both Josephus and Philo apply the name to the whole land of the Hebrews; and Greek and Roman writers employed it in the like extent."
^ Louis H. Feldman, whose view differs from that of Robinson, thinks that Josephus, when referring to Palestine, had in mind only the coastal region, writing: "Writers on geography in the first century clearly differentiate Judaea from Palestine. ... Jewish writers, notably Philo and Josephus, with few exceptions refer to the land as Judaea, reserving the name Palestine for the coastal area occupied by the Philistines." (END QUOTE). See: p. 1 in: (Feldman 1990, pp. 1–23).
^ a b Feldman 1996, p. 553.
^ Lewis 1954, p. 153.
^ a b Jacobson 1999, pp. 72–74.
^ Noth 1939.
^ Jacobson 1999, p. : "In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense. A reappraisal of this question has given rise to the proposition that the name Palestine, in its Greek form Palaistine, was both a transliteration of a word used to describe the land of the Philistines and, at the same time, a literal translation of the name Israel. This dual interpretation reconciles apparent contradictions in early definitions of the name Palaistine and is compatible with the Greeks' penchant for punning, especially on place names."
^ Beloe, W. (1821). Herodotus, Vol.II. London. p. 269. It should be remembered that Syria is always regarded by Herodotus as synonymous with Assyria. What the Greeks called Palestine the Arabs call Falastin, which is the Philistines of Scripture. (tr. from Greek, with notes)
^ "Palestine and Israel", David M. Jacobson, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 313 (February 1999), pp. 65–74; "The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar-Nahara," Steven S. Tuell, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 284 (November 1991), pp. 51–57; "Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast", Anson F. Rainey, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 321 (February 2001), pp. 57–63; Herodotus, Histories
^ Jobling & Rose 1996, p. 404a.
^ Drews 1998, p. 49: "Our names 'Philistia' and 'Philistines' are unfortunate obfuscations, first introduced by the translators of the LXX and made definitive by Jerome's Vg. When turning a Hebrew text into Greek, the translators of the LXX might simply—as Josephus was later to do—have Hellenized the Hebrew פְּלִשְׁתִּים as Παλαιστίνοι, and the toponym פְּלִשְׁתִּ as Παλαιστίνη. Instead, they avoided the toponym altogether, turning it into an ethnonym. As for the ethnonym, they chose sometimes to transliterate it (incorrectly aspirating the initial letter, perhaps to compensate for their inability to aspirate the sigma) as φυλιστιιμ, a word that looked exotic rather than familiar, and more often to translate it as άλλόφυλοι. Jerome followed the LXX's lead in eradicating the names, 'Palestine' and 'Palestinians', from his Old Testament, a practice adopted in most modern translations of the Bible."
^ Drews 1998, p. 51: "The LXX's regular translation of פְּלִשְׁתִּים into άλλόφυλοι is significant here. Not a proper name at all, allophyloi is a generic term, meaning something like 'people of other stock'. If we assume, as I think we must, that with their word allophyloi the translators of the LXX tried to convey in Greek what p'lištîm had conveyed in Hebrew, we must conclude that for the worshippers of Yahweh p'lištîm and b'nê yiśrā'ēl were mutually exclusive terms, p'lištîm (or allophyloi) being tantamount to 'non-Judaeans of the Promised Land' when used in a context of the third century BCE, and to 'non-Israelites of the Promised Land' when used in a context of Samson, Saul and David. Unlike an ethnonym, the noun פְּלִשְׁתִּים normally appeared without a definite article."
^ a b Kaegi 1995, p. 41.
^ Marshall Cavendish, 2007, p. 559.
^ Krämer 2011, p. 16.
^ Büssow 2011, p. 5.
^ Abu-Manneh 1999, p. 39.
^ a b Tamari 2011, pp. 29–30: "Filastin Risalesi, is the salnameh type military handbook issued for Palestine at the beginning of the Great War... The first is a general map of the country in which the boundaries extend far beyond the frontiers of the Mutasarflik of Jerusalem, which was, until then, the standard delineation of Palestine. The northern borders of this map include the city of Tyre (Sur) and the Litani River, thus encompassing all of the Galilee and parts of southern Lebanon, as well as districts of Nablus, Haifa and Akka—all of which were part of the Wilayat of Beirut until the end of the war."
^ a b Biger 2004, pp. 133, 159.
^ Whitelam 1996, pp. 40–42.
^ Masalha 2007, p. 32.
^ Saldarini 1994, pp. 28–29.
^ Ahlström 1993, pp. 72–111.
^ Ahlström 1993, pp. 282–334.
^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2002, p. 107.
^ Crouch 2014.
^ Ahlström 1993, pp. 655–741, 754–784.
^ British Museum n.d.
^ Chronicle of Nebuchadnezzar II 2006.
^ Ahlström 1993, pp. 804–890.
^ Crotty 2017, p. 25 f.n. 4.
^ Grabbe 2004, p. 355.
^ Ephal 2000, p. 156.
^ a b Levin 2020, p. 487.
^ Wenning 2007, pp. 26: All that can be said with certainty is that the Nabataeans are known in the sources since the fourth century B.C. Up to that time the Qedarites, the dominant Arab tribe of the Persian period, controlled the south from the Hejaz and all of the Negev.
^ David F. Graf, 'Petra and the Nabataeans in the Early Hellenistic Period: the literary and archaeological evidence,' in Michel Mouton, Stephan G. Schmid (eds.), Men on the Rocks: The Formation of Nabataean Petra, Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, 2013 pp.35–55 pp.47–48: 'the Idumean texts indicate that a large portion of the community in southern Palestine were Arabs, many of whom have names similar to those in the "Nabataean" onomasticon of later periods.' (p.47).
^ "Founded in the years 22-10 or 9 B.C. by Herod the Great, close to the ruins of a small Phoenician naval station named Strato's Tower (Stratonos Pyrgos, Turns Stratonis), which flourished during the 3d to 1st c. B.C. This small harbor was situated on the N part of the site. Herod dedicated the new town and its port (limen Sebastos) to Caesar Augustus. During the Early Roman period Caesarea was the seat of the Roman procurators of the province of Judea. Vespasian, proclaimed emperor at Caesarea, raised it to the rank of Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta, and later Alexander Severus raised it to the rank of Metropolis Provinciae Syriae Palestinae." A. Negev, "CAESAREA MARITIMA Palestine, Israel" in: Richard Stillwell et al. (eds.), The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites (1976).
^ Smith 1999, p. 210.
^ Ben-Sasson, p.226, "The name Judea no longer referred only to ..."
^ a b Neusner 1983, p. 911.
^ Vermes 2014, p. 36.
^ Evenari 1982, p. 26.
^ Kårtveit 2014, p. 209.
^ Sivan 2008, p. 2.
^ Temple of Jerusalem.
^ Zissu 2018, p. 19.
^ Lewin 2005, p. 33.
^ Eshel 2008, pp. 125: Although Dio's figure of 985 as the number of villages destroyed during the war seems hyperbolic, all Judaean villages, without exception, excavated thus far were razed following the Bar Kochba Revolt. This evidence supports the impression of total regional destruction following the war..
^ Schäfer 2003, p. 163: The entire spiritual and economic life of the Palestinian Jews moved to Galilee. Meyers & Chancey 2012, p. 173: Galilee became the all-important focus of Jewish life
^ H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 978-0-674-39731-6, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."
^ Ariel Lewin. The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." ISBN 978-0-89236-800-6
^ Greatrex-Lieu (2002), II, 196
^ Gil 1997, p. i.
^ Gil 1997, p. 47.
^ Gil 1997, p. 76.
^ Brown, 2011, p. 122: 'the first great Islamic architectural achievement.'
^ Avni 2014, pp. 314, 336.
^ O'Mahony, 2003, p. 14: 'Before the Muslim conquest, the population of Palestine was overwhelmingly Christian, albeit with a sizeable Jewish community.'
^ Avni 2014, pp. 154–155.
^ Gil 1997, pp. 134–136.
^ Walmsley 2000, pp. 265–343, p. 290.
^ Gil 1997, p. 329.
^ Gil 1997, pp. 306ff. and p. 307 n. 71, p. 308 n. 73.
^ Gil 1997, p. 324.
^ Gil 1997, p. 336.
^ Gil 1997, p. 410.
^ Gil 1997, pp. 209, 414.
^ Christopher Tyerman, God's War: A New History of the Crusades (Penguin: 2006), pp. 201–202
^ Gil 1997, p. 826.
^ a b Krämer 2011, p. 15, .
^ Boas 2001, pp. 19–20.
^ Setton 1969, pp. 615–621 (vol. 1).
^ Setton 1969, pp. 152–185 (vol. 2).
^ Setton 1969, pp. 486–518 (vol. 2).
^ Krämer 2011, pp. 35–39.
^ Krämer 2011, p. 40.
^ Zeevi 1996, p. 45.
^ Phillipp 2013, pp. 42–43.
^ Joudah 1987, pp. 115–117.
^ Burns 2005, p. 246.
^ a b Krämer 2011, p. 64.
^ Silverburg 2009, pp. 9–36, p. 29 n. 32.
^ Pappe 1999, p. 38.
^ Kimmerling & Migdal 2003, pp. 7–8.
^ Kimmerling & Migdal 2003, p. 11.
^ Krämer 2011, p. 71.
^ Yazbak 1998, p. 3.
^ Gilbar 1986, p. 188.
^ JVL n.d.
^ Shapira 2014, p. 15.
^ Krämer 2011, p. 148.
^ a b Morris 2001, p. 67.
^ a b Morris 2001, pp. 67–120.
^ Segev 2001, pp. 270–294.
^ Segev 2001, pp. 1–13.
^ Segev 2001, pp. 468–487.
^ Segev 2001, pp. 487–521.
^ Pappé 1994, p. 119 "His (Abdallah) natural choice was the regions of Judea and Samaria...".
^ Gerson 2012, p. 93 "Trans-Jordan was also in control of all of Judea and Samaria (the West Bank)".
^ Pappé 1994, pp. 102–135.
^ Khalidi 2007, pp. 12–36.
^ Pappé 1994, pp. 87–101 and 203–243.
^ Sanger 2011, p. 429.
^ Scobbie 2012, p. 295.
^ Gawerc 2012, p. 44.
^ Hajjar 2005, p. 96.
^ Anderson 2001.
^ Makdisi 2010, p. 299.
^ Kretzmer 2012, p. 885.
^ Said 2003, p. 33.
^ Alexandrowicz 2012.
^ Weill 2014, p. 22.
^ "Żeby nie zapomnieć | Tygodnik Powszechny". www.tygodnikpowszechny.pl (in Polish). 30 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
^ Rivoal, Isabelle (1 January 2001). "Susan Slyomovics, The Object of Memory. Arabs and Jews Narrate the Palestinian Village". L'Homme. Revue française d'anthropologie (in French) (158–159): 478–479. doi:10.4000/lhomme.6701. ISSN 0439-4216.
^ UN GA/11317 2012.
^ Jewish Encyclopedia 1906.
^ EB 1911.
^ Aharoni 1979, p. 64.
^ Salibi 1993, pp. 17–18.
^ Herodotus 1858, pp. Bk vii, Ch 89.
^ Pliny, Natural History V.66 and 68.
^ a b Biger 2004, pp. 19–20.
^ Biger 2004, p. 13.
^ Tessler 1994, p. 163.
^ Biger 2004, pp. 41–80.
^ Biger 2004, p. 80.
^ Kliot 1995, p. 9.
^ Said & Hitchens 2001, p. 199.
^ Haaretz 2011.
^ a b DellaPergola 2001, p. 5.
^ Dio's Roman History (trans. Earnest Cary), vol. 8 (books 61–70), Loeb Classical Library: London 1925, pp. 449–451
^ Taylor 2012.
^ Lewis 1954, p. 487.
^ Scholch 1985, p. 503.
^ McCarthy 1990, p. 26.
^ McCarthy 1990, p. 30.
^ McCarthy 1990, pp. 37–38.
^ Kirk 2011, p. 46.
^ ICBoS: Population 2016.
^ ICBoS: Jews 2016.
^ PCBoS: Estd Population 2016.
^ "مليونان و375 ألف نسمة عدد سكان قطاع غزة مع نهاية 2022". arabic.news.cn. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
^ Mezzofiore 2015.
^ Brummitt 2001.
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Status of Jerusalem
Jerusalem Governorate
Oslo Accords
Oslo II Accord
Politics
Cities (PNA–administered)
Governorates
Foreign relations
Law
Legislative Council
Political parties
FatahHamas
vtePalestine region articlesHistory
Name
History of Palestine
Jewish
Christian
Muslim
Timeline
periods
Geographic definition
Demographics
Historical maps
Historical literature
Abrahamicholy places
Cave of the Patriarchs
Joseph's Tomb
Rachel's Tomb
Lot's Tomb
Christianity
Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Church of the Nativity
Basilica of the Annunciation
Islam
Dome of the Rock
Al-Aqsa Mosque
Great Mosque of Gaza
Judaism
Four Holy Cities
Western Wall
Regimes
Canaanite tribes
New Kingdom of Egypt
Ancient Israel and Judah / Phoenicia / Philistia
Neo-Assyrian Empire / Neo-Babylonian Empire
Persian Empire
Yehud Medinata
Hellenistic Greece / Hasmonean dynasty
Roman Empire
Herodian dynasty
Kingdom
Tetrarchy
Roman Judea
Syria Palaestina
Byzantine Empire
Palaestina Prima / Palaestina Secunda
Caliphates
Rashidun
Umayyad
Abbasid / Fatimid
Crusaders / Seljuk Empire / Ayyubids
The Mamluk
Ottoman Empire
British Empire
Modern state of Israel
Egyptian rule of Gaza / Jordanian rule of West Bank
Palestinian territories / Palestinian National Authority / Gaza Strip / State of Palestine / Israeli-occupied territories
Category
Portal
vtePeople and things in the QuranCharactersNon-humans
Allāh ('The God')
Names of Allah found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous)
AnimalsRelated
The baqara (cow) of Israelites
The dhiʾb (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph
The fīl (elephant) of the Abyssinians
Ḥimār (Domesticated donkey)
The hud-hud (hoopoe) of Solomon
The kalb (dog) of the sleepers of the cave
The namlah (female ant) of Solomon
The nūn (fish or whale) of Jonah
The nāqat (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ
Non-related
ʿAnkabūt (Female spider)
Dābbat al-Arḍ (Beast of the Earth)
Ḥimār (Wild ass)
Naḥl (Honey bee)
Qaswarah ('Lion', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')
Malāʾikah (Angels)
Angels of Hell
Mālik
Zabāniyah
Bearers of the Throne
Harut and Marut
Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes)
Raqib
Atid
Munkar and Nakir
Muqarrabun
Jibrīl (Gabriel, chief)
Ar-Rūḥ ('The Spirit')
Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit')
Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The Holy Spirit')
Angel of the Trumpet (Isrāfīl or Raphael)
Malakul-Mawt (Angel of Death, Azrael)
Mīkāil (Michael)
Jinn (Genies)
Jann
ʿIfrīt
Sakhr (Asmodeus)
Qarīn
Shayāṭīn (Demons)
Iblīs ash-Shayṭān (the (chief) Devil)
Mārid ('Rebellious one')
Others
Ghilmān or Wildān
Ḥūr
ProphetsMentioned
Ādam (Adam)
Al-Yasaʿ (Elisha)
Ayyūb (Job)
Dāwūd (David)
Dhūl-Kifl (Ezekiel?)
Hārūn (Aaron)
Hūd (Eber?)
Idrīs (Enoch?)
Ilyās (Elijah)
ʿImrān (Joachim the father of Maryam)
Isḥāq (Isaac)
Ismāʿīl (Ishmael)
Dhabih Ullah
Lūṭ (Lot)
Ṣāliḥ
Shuʿayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab?)
Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd (Solomon son of David)
ʿUzair (Ezra?)
Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā (John the Baptist the son of Zechariah)
Yaʿqūb (Jacob)
Isrāʾīl (Israel)
Yūnus (Jonah)
Dhūn-Nūn ('He of the Fish (or Whale)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')
Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale')
Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb (Joseph son of Jacob)
Zakariyyā (Zechariah)
Ulul-ʿAzm('Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will')
Muḥammad
Aḥmad
Other names and titles of Muhammad
ʿĪsā (Jesus)
Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah)
Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary)
Mūsā Kalīmullāh (Moses He who spoke to God)
Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh (Abraham Friend of God)
Nūḥ (Noah)
Debatable ones
Dhūl-Qarnain
Luqmān
Maryam (Mary)
Ṭālūt (Saul or Gideon?)
Implied
Irmiyā (Jeremiah)
Ṣamūʾīl (Samuel)
Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)
People of ProphetsGood ones
Adam's immediate relatives
Martyred son
Wife
Believer of Ya-Sin
Family of Noah
Father Lamech
Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos
Luqman's son
People of Abraham
Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo
Ishmael's mother
Isaac's mother
People of Jesus
Disciples (including Peter)
Mary's mother
Zechariah's wife
People of Solomon
Mother
Queen of Sheba
Vizier
Zayd (Muhammad's adopted son)
People of Joseph
Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon)
Egyptians
ʿAzīz (Potiphar, Qatafir or Qittin)
Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))
Wife of ʿAzīz (Zulaykhah)
Mother
People of Aaron and Moses
Egyptians
Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)
Imraʾat Firʿawn (Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim the Wife of Pharaoh, who adopted Moses)
Magicians of the Pharaoh
Wise, pious man
Moses' wife
Moses' sister-in-law
Mother
Sister
Evil ones
Āzar (possibly Terah)
Firʿawn (Pharaoh of Moses' time)
Hāmān
Jālūt (Goliath)
Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses)
As-Sāmirī
Abū Lahab
Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)
Implied ornot specified
Abraha
Abu Bakr
Bal'am/Balaam
Barṣīṣā
Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua
Luqman's son
Nebuchadnezzar II
Nimrod
Rahmah the wife of Ayyub
Shaddad
GroupsMentioned
Aṣḥāb al-Jannah
People of Paradise
People of the Burnt Garden
Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath)
Jesus' apostles
Ḥawāriyyūn (Disciples of Jesus)
Companions of Noah's Ark
Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim?
Companions of the Elephant
People of al-Ukhdūd
People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin
People of Yathrib or Medina
Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)
Nation of Noah
Tribes, ethnicitiesor families
‘Ajam
Ar-Rūm (literally 'The Romans')
Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel)
Muʾtafikāt (Sodom and Gomorrah)
People of Ibrahim
People of Ilyas
People of Nuh
People of Shuaib
Ahl Madyan People of Madyan)
Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood')
Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah)
Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog
People of Fir'aun
Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)
Aṣḥāb Muḥammad (Companions of Muhammad)
Anṣār (literally 'Helpers')
Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)
People of Mecca
Wife of Abu Lahab
Children of Ayyub
Sons of Adam
Wife of Nuh
Wife of Lut
Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog)
Son of Nuh
Aʿrāb (Arabs or Bedouins)
ʿĀd (people of Hud)
Companions of the Rass
Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba)
People of Sabaʾ or Sheba
Quraysh
Thamūd (people of Ṣāliḥ)
Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the Stoneland')
Ahl al-Bayt ('People of the Household')
Household of Abraham
Brothers of Yūsuf
Lot's daughters
Progeny of Imran
Household of Moses
Household of Muhammad
ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim
Daughters of Muhammad
Muhammad's wives
Household of Salih
Implicitlymentioned
Amalek
Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah)
Banu Nadir
Banu Qaynuqa
Banu Qurayza
Iranian people
Umayyad Dynasty
Aus and Khazraj
People of Quba
Religious groups
Ahl al-Dhimmah
Kāfirūn
disbelievers
Majūs Zoroastrians
Munāfiqūn (Hypocrites)
Muslims
Believers
Ahl al-Kitāb (People of the Book)
Naṣārā (Christian(s) or People of the Injil)
Ruhban (Christian monks)
Qissis (Christian priest)
Yahūd (Jews)
Ahbār (Jewish scholars)
Rabbani/Rabbi
Sabians
Polytheists
Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad
Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot
LocationsMentioned
Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ('The Holy Land')
'Blessed' Land'
Al-Jannah (Paradise, literally 'The Garden')
Jahannam (Hell)
Door of Hittah
Madyan (Midian)
Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn
Miṣr (Mainland Egypt)
Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)
In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan)
Al-Aḥqāf ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills')
Iram dhāt al-ʿImād (Iram of the Pillars)
Al-Madīnah (formerly Yathrib)
ʿArafāt and Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām
Al-Ḥijr (Hegra)
Badr
Ḥunayn
Makkah (Mecca)
Bakkah
Ḥaraman Āminan ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')
Kaʿbah (Kaaba)
Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham)
Safa and Marwa
Sabaʾ (Sheba)
ʿArim Sabaʾ (Dam of Sheba)
Rass
Sinai Region or Tīh Desert
Al-Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa)
Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai)
Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ('The Blessed Place')
Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor
In Mesopotamia
Al-Jūdiyy
Munzalanm-Mubārakan ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')
Bābil (Babylon)
Qaryat Yūnus ('Township of Jonah,' that is Nineveh)
Religious locations
Bayʿa (Church)
Miḥrāb
Monastery
Masjid (Mosque, literally 'Place of Prostration')
Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ('The Sacred Grove')
Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (Al-Aqsa, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')
Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca)
Masjid al-Dirar
A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly:
Masjid Qubāʾ (Quba Mosque)
The Prophet's Mosque
Salat (Synagogue)
Implied
Antioch
Antakya
Arabia
Al-Ḥijāz (literally 'The Barrier')
Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad (Black Stone) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il
Cave of Hira
Ghār ath-Thawr (Cave of the Bull)
Hudaybiyyah
Ta'if
Ayla
Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn
Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha
Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia)
Canaan
Cave of Seven Sleepers
Dār an-Nadwa
Jordan River
Nile River
Palestine River
Paradise of Shaddad
Events, incidents, occasions or times
Incident of Ifk
Laylat al-Qadr (Night of Decree)
Event of Mubahala
Sayl al-ʿArim (Flood of the Great Dam of Ma'rib in Sheba)
The Farewell Pilgrimage
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
Battles ormilitary expeditions
Battle of al-Aḥzāb ('the Confederates')
Battle of Badr
Battle of Hunayn
Battle of Khaybar
Battle of Uhud
Expedition of Tabuk
Conquest of Mecca
Days
Al-Jumuʿah (The Friday)
As-Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday)
Days of battles
Days of Hajj
Doomsday
Months of theIslamic calendar
12 months: Four holy months
Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)
Ramaḍān
Pilgrimages
Al-Ḥajj (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)
Al-ʿUmrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage)
Times for prayeror remembranceTimes for Duʿāʾ ('Invocation'), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ):
Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night)
Al-Ghuduww ('The Mornings')
Al-Bukrah ('The Morning')
Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ('The Morning')
Al-Layl ('The Night')
Al-ʿIshāʾ ('The Late-Night')
Aẓ-Ẓuhr ('The Noon')
Dulūk ash-Shams ('Decline of the Sun')
Al-Masāʾ ('The Evening')
Qabl al-Ghurūb ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)')
Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon')
Al-ʿAṣr ('The Afternoon')
Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ('Before the rising of the Sun')
Al-Fajr ('The Dawn')Implied
Ghadir Khumm
Laylat al-Mabit
First Pilgrimage
OtherHoly books
Al-Injīl (The Gospel of Jesus)
Al-Qurʾān (The Book of Muhammad)
Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm (Scroll(s) of Abraham)
At-Tawrāt (The Torah)
Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses)
Tablets of Stone
Az-Zabūr (The Psalms of David)
Umm al-Kitāb ('Mother of the Book(s)')
Objects of peopleor beings
Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles
Noah's Ark
Staff of Musa
Tābūt as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah)
Throne of Bilqis
Trumpet of Israfil
Mentioned idols(cult images)
'Ansāb
Jibt and Ṭāghūt (False god)
Of Israelites
Baʿal
The ʿijl (golden calf statue) of Israelites
Of Noah's people
Nasr
Suwāʿ
Wadd
Yaghūth
Yaʿūq
Of Quraysh
Al-Lāt
Al-ʿUzzā
Manāt
Celestial bodiesMaṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'):
Al-Qamar (The Moon)
Kawākib (Planets)
Al-Arḍ (The Earth)
Nujūm (Stars)
Ash-Shams (The Sun)Plant matter
Baṣal (Onion)
Fūm (Garlic or wheat)
Shaṭʾ (Shoot)
Sūq (Plant stem)
Zarʿ (Seed)
Fruits
ʿAdas (Lentil)
Baql (Herb)
Qith-thāʾ (Cucumber)
Rummān (Pomegranate)
Tīn (Fig)
Zaytūn (Olive)
In Paradise
Forbidden fruit of Adam
Bushes, treesor plants
Plants of Sheba
Athl (Tamarisk)
Sidr (Lote-tree)
Līnah (Tender Palm tree)
Nakhl (Date palm)
Sidrat al-Muntahā
Zaqqūm
Liquids
Māʾ (Water or fluid)
Nahr (River)
Yamm (River or sea)
Sharāb (Drink)
Note: Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)
vteNakbaBackground
Mandatory Palestine
Israeli Declaration of Independence
Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine
New Historians
Palestine
Plan Dalet
1947 partition plan
Main articles
1947–1949 Palestine war
1947–1948 civil war
1948 Arab–Israeli War
1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
causes
UNRWA
Nakba Day
Nakba denial
Palestine refugee camps
Palestinian refugee
Palestinian right of return
Present absentee
Transfer Committee
Resolution 194
Key incidents
Battle of Haifa
Deir Yassin massacre
Expulsion from Lydda and Ramle
Notable writers
Aref al-Aref
Yoav Gelber
Efraim Karsh
Walid Khalidi
Nur Masalha
Benny Morris
Ilan Pappé
Tom Segev
Avraham Sela
Avi Shlaim
The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem
Related categories/lists
Villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus
Related templates
Palestinians
Arab–Israeli conflict
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Gaza–Israel conflict
The Holocaust and the Nakba
Portals: Geography Asia Palestine Israel
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
Latvia
Japan
Czech Republic
Geographic
Pleiades
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
NARA
İslâm Ansiklopedisi
31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
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Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"Mamluk Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Sinai and Palestine campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Mandate for Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"1947–1949 Palestine war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestine_war"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Six Day War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Day_War"},{"link_name":"Israel's occupation of both territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories"},{"link_name":"Israeli–Palestinian conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuters:_recognition2012-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskin2012-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAP2013-5"}],"text":"Geographic region in West AsiaThis article is about the geographical region. For the country, see State of Palestine.Palestine[i] is a geographical region in West Asia. It is usually considered to include modern-day Israel and the State of Palestine, though some definitions also include parts of northwestern Jordan. Other historical names for the region include Canaan, the Promised Land, the Land of Israel, or the Holy Land.The first written records referring to Palestine emerged in the 12th-century BCE Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt, which used the term Peleset for a neighboring people or land. In the 8th century BCE, the Assyrians referred to a region as Palashtu or Pilistu. In the Hellenistic period, these names were carried over into Greek, appearing in the Histories of Herodotus in 5th century BCE as Palaistine. The Roman Empire conquered the region and in 6 CE established the province known as Judaea, then in 132 CE in the period of the Bar Kokhba revolt the province was expanded and renamed Syria Palaestina.[1] In 390, during the Byzantine period, the region was split into the provinces of Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda, and Palaestina Tertia. Following the Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 630s, the military district of Jund Filastin was established. While Palestine's boundaries have changed throughout history, it has generally comprised the southern portion of regions such as Syria or the Levant.As the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity, Palestine has been a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. In the Bronze Age, it was home to Canaanite city-states; and the later Iron Age saw the emergence of Israel and Judah. It has since come under the sway of various empires, including the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire, and the Seleucid Empire. The brief Hasmonean dynasty ended with its gradual incorporation into the Roman Empire, and later the Byzantine Empire, during which Palestine became a center of Christianity. In the 7th century, Palestine was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate, ending Byzantine rule in the region; Rashidun rule was succeeded by the Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate, and the Fatimid Caliphate. Following the collapse of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which had been established through the Crusades, the population of Palestine became predominantly Muslim. In the 13th century, it became part of the Mamluk Sultanate, and after 1516, spent four centuries as part of the Ottoman Empire.During World War I, Palestine was occupied by the United Kingdom as part of the Sinai and Palestine campaign. Between 1919 and 1922, the League of Nations created the Mandate for Palestine, which became under British administration as Mandatory Palestine. Tensions between Jews and Arabs escalated into the 1947–1949 Palestine war, which ended with the establishment of Israel on most of the territory, and neighboring Jordan and Egypt controlling the West Bank and the Gaza Strip respectively. The 1967 Six Day War saw Israel's occupation of both territories, which has been among the core issues of the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[2][3][4]","title":"Palestine (region)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of the name Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Palestine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karte_Pomponius_Mela.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Notitia_Dignitatum_-_Dux_Palestinae.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tabula_Rogeriana_Muhammad_al-Idrisi_map_of_Syria,_Palestine,_Sinai.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cedid_Atlas_(Syria)_1803.jpg"},{"link_name":"historical maps of the region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Pomponius Mela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomponius_Mela"},{"link_name":"Notitia Dignitatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum"},{"link_name":"Tabula Rogeriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana"},{"link_name":"Cedid Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedid_Atlas"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"transliterated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration_of_Ancient_Egyptian"},{"link_name":"hieroglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs"},{"link_name":"Twentieth dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Medinet Habu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medinet_Habu_(temple)"},{"link_name":"Peleset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peleset"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ramesses III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_III"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschLochmanBromileyBarrett2005185-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted200124-7"},{"link_name":"Padiiset's Statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padiiset%27s_Statue"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Adad-nirari III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adad-nirari_III"},{"link_name":"Nimrud Slab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrud_Slab"},{"link_name":"treaty made by Esarhaddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esarhaddon%27s_Treaty_with_Ba%27al_of_Tyre"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon19884-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoom2006285-9"},{"link_name":"[ii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Phoenicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"[iii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[iv]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotus_3:91:1-13"},{"link_name":"The Histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)"},{"link_name":"Judean mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judean_mountains"},{"link_name":"Jordan Rift Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson199965-14"},{"link_name":"[v]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology_(Aristotle)"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson199966%E2%80%9367-16"},{"link_name":"Polemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemon_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"},{"link_name":"Tibullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibullus"},{"link_name":"Pomponius Mela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomponius_Mela"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Dio Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio_Chrysostom"},{"link_name":"Statius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statius"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"Romano-Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Philo of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Roman authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bar Kokhba Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Syria Palaestina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina"},{"link_name":"circumstantial evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1996553-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1996553-19"},{"link_name":"Philistia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistia"},{"link_name":"Masoretic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic_Text"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Book of Judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Judges"},{"link_name":"Books of Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Samuel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon19884-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoom2006285-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1954153-20"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson199972%E2%80%9374-21"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoth1939-22"},{"link_name":"etymological meaning for Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_wrestling_with_the_angel"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2021]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (February_2021)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoblingRose1996404a-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drews49-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drews51-28"},{"link_name":"Book of Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"[vi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Byzantine period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Syria Palaestina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina"},{"link_name":"Palaestina Prima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaestina_Prima"},{"link_name":"Secunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi199541-30"},{"link_name":"Negev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev"},{"link_name":"Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Palaestina Salutaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaestina_Salutaris"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi199541-30"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"place names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_names_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon19884-8"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshallp559-31"},{"link_name":"Early Modern English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern_English"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKr%C3%A4mer201116-32"},{"link_name":"Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%BCssow20115-33"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Manneh199939-34"},{"link_name":"[vii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"British Mandate for Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Land of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger2004133,_159-37"},{"link_name":"[viii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[ix]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Promised Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promised_Land"},{"link_name":"Greater Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Syria"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"Iudaea Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaea_Province"},{"link_name":"Judea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea"},{"link_name":"Coele-Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coele-Syria"},{"link_name":"[x]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion"},{"link_name":"Retenu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retjenu"},{"link_name":"Southern Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Syria"},{"link_name":"Southern Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Levant"},{"link_name":"Syria Palaestina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina"}],"text":"For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the name Palestine.The name is found throughout recorded history. Examples of historical maps of the region that contain the name Palestine are shown above: (1) Pomponius Mela (Latin, c. 43 CE); (2) Notitia Dignitatum (Latin, c. 410 CE); (3) Tabula Rogeriana (Arabic, 1154 CE); (4) Cedid Atlas (Ottoman Turkish, 1803 CE)Modern archaeology has identified 12 ancient inscriptions from Egyptian and Assyrian records recording likely cognates of Hebrew Pelesheth. The term \"Peleset\" (transliterated from hieroglyphs as P-r-s-t) is found in five inscriptions referring to a neighboring people or land starting from c. 1150 BCE during the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. The first known mention is at the temple at Medinet Habu which refers to the Peleset among those who fought with Egypt in Ramesses III's reign,[5][6] and the last known is 300 years later on Padiiset's Statue. Seven known Assyrian inscriptions refer to the region of \"Palashtu\" or \"Pilistu\", beginning with Adad-nirari III in the Nimrud Slab in c. 800 BCE through to a treaty made by Esarhaddon more than a century later.[7][8] Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term.[ii]The first clear use of the term Palestine to refer to the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt was in 5th century BCE ancient Greece,[iii][iv] when Herodotus wrote of a \"district of Syria, called Palaistinê\" (Ancient Greek: Συρίη ἡ Παλαιστίνη καλεομένη)[9] in The Histories, which included the Judean mountains and the Jordan Rift Valley.[10][v] Approximately a century later, Aristotle used a similar definition for the region in Meteorology, in which he included the Dead Sea.[11] Later Greek writers such as Polemon and Pausanias also used the term to refer to the same region, which was followed by Roman writers such as Ovid, Tibullus, Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, Dio Chrysostom, Statius, Plutarch as well as Romano-Jewish writers Philo of Alexandria and Josephus.[12][13] The term was first used to denote an official province in c. 135 CE, when the Roman authorities, following the suppression of the Bar Kokhba Revolt, renamed the province of Judaea \"Syria Palaestina\". There is circumstantial evidence linking Hadrian with the name change,[14] but the precise date is not certain.[14]The term is generally accepted to be a cognate of the biblical name Peleshet (פלשת Pəlésheth, usually transliterated as Philistia). The term and its derivates are used more than 250 times in Masoretic-derived versions of the Hebrew Bible, of which 10 uses are in the Torah, with undefined boundaries, and almost 200 of the remaining references are in the Book of Judges and the Books of Samuel.[7][8][12][15] The term is rarely used in the Septuagint, which used a transliteration Land of Phylistieim (Γῆ τῶν Φυλιστιείμ), different from the contemporary Greek place name Palaistínē (Παλαιστίνη).[16] It also theorized to be the portmanteau of the Greek word for the Philistines and palaistês, which means \"wrestler/rival/adversary\".[17] This aligns with the Greek practice of punning place names since the latter is also the etymological meaning for Israel.[18][19][20]The Septuagint instead used the term \"allophuloi\" (άλλόφυλοι, \"other nations\") throughout the Books of Judges and Samuel,[21][22] such that the term \"Philistines\" has been interpreted to mean \"non-Israelites of the Promised Land\" when used in the context of Samson, Saul and David,[23] and Rabbinic sources explain that these peoples were different from the Philistines of the Book of Genesis.[vi]During the Byzantine period, the region of Palestine within Syria Palaestina was subdivided into Palaestina Prima and Secunda,[24] and an area of land including the Negev and Sinai became Palaestina Salutaris.[24] Following the Muslim conquest, place names that were in use by the Byzantine administration generally continued to be used in Arabic.[7][25] The use of the name \"Palestine\" became common in Early Modern English,[26] was used in English and Arabic during the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem[27][28][vii] and was revived as an official place name with the British Mandate for Palestine.Some other terms that have been used to refer to all or part of this land include Canaan, Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael or Ha'aretz),[30][viii][ix] the Promised Land, Greater Syria, the Holy Land, Iudaea Province, Judea, Coele-Syria,[x] \"Israel HaShlema\", Kingdom of Israel, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Zion, Retenu (Ancient Egyptian), Southern Syria, Southern Levant and Syria Palaestina.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of the Palestine region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Palestine_region"}],"text":"For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Palestine region.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Time periods in the Palestine region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_periods_in_the_Palestine_region"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Syria"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"ancient Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians"},{"link_name":"Canaanites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites"},{"link_name":"Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Babylonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Achaemenids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"ancient Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period#Hellenistic_Middle_east"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Parthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sasanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Byzantines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Rashidun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Umayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Abbasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Fatimid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"caliphates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Ayyubids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Israelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelis"},{"link_name":"Palestinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Overview","text":"For a more comprehensive list, see Time periods in the Palestine region.Situated at a strategic location between Egypt, Syria and Arabia, and the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity, the region has a long and tumultuous history as a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. The region has been controlled by numerous peoples, including ancient Egyptians, Canaanites, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Achaemenids, ancient Greeks, Romans, Parthians, Sasanians, Byzantines, the Arab Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates, Crusaders, Ayyubids, Mamluks, Mongols, Ottomans, the British, and modern Israelis and Palestinians.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"History of ancient Israel and Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah"},{"link_name":"Philistines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png"},{"link_name":"civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlstr%C3%B6m199372%E2%80%93111-44"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Canaanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Phoenicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Minoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization"},{"link_name":"New Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Battle of Djahy (Canaan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Djahy"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlstr%C3%B6m1993282%E2%80%93334-45"},{"link_name":"Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002107-46"},{"link_name":"[xi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Israel and Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Neo-Babylonian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch2014-48"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlstr%C3%B6m1993655%E2%80%93741,_754%E2%80%93784-49"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem was besieged and destroyed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)"},{"link_name":"Nebuchadnezzar II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II"},{"link_name":"[xii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"exiled the Judeans to Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity"},{"link_name":"annexed as a Babylonian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Museumn.d.-51"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChronicle_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II2006-52"},{"link_name":"Babylonian empire was conquered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Cyrus Cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder"},{"link_name":"return to Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_to_Zion"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlstr%C3%B6m1993804%E2%80%93890-53"},{"link_name":"Yehud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrotty201725_f.n._4-54"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004355-55"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphal2000156-56"},{"link_name":"Edomites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom"},{"link_name":"Judea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea"},{"link_name":"Idumaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idumaea"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2020487-57"},{"link_name":"Qedarites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qedarites"},{"link_name":"Hejaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenning200726:_All_that_can_be_said_with_certainty_is_that_the_Nabataeans_are_known_in_the_sources_since_the_fourth_century_B.C._Up_to_that_time_the_Qedarites,_the_dominant_Arab_tribe_of_the_Persian_period,_controlled_the_south_from_the_Hejaz_and_all_of_the_Negev-58"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Ancient period","text":"See also: Canaan, History of ancient Israel and Judah, and PhilistinesKingdoms of the Southern Levant during the Iron Age (c. 830 BCE)The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation, agricultural communities and civilization.[34] During the Bronze Age, independent Canaanite city-states were established, and were influenced by the surrounding civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Minoan Crete, and Syria. Between 1550 and 1400 BCE, the Canaanite cities became vassals to the Egyptian New Kingdom who held power until the 1178 BCE Battle of Djahy (Canaan) during the wider Bronze Age collapse.[35]The Israelites emerged from a dramatic social transformation that took place in the people of the central hill country of Canaan around 1200 BCE, with no signs of violent invasion or even of peaceful infiltration of a clearly defined ethnic group from elsewhere.[36][xi] During the Iron Age, the Israelites established two related kingdoms, Israel and Judah. The Kingdom of Israel emerged as an important local power by the 10th century BCE before falling to the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 722 BCE. Israel's southern neighbor, the Kingdom of Judah, emerged in the 8th or 9th century BCE and later became a client state of first the Neo-Assyrian and then the Neo-Babylonian Empire before a revolt against the latter led to its destruction in 586 BCE. The region became part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from c. 740 BCE,[37] which was itself replaced by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in c. 627 BCE.[38]In 587/6 BCE, Jerusalem was besieged and destroyed by the second Babylonian king, Nebuchadnezzar II,[xii] who subsequently exiled the Judeans to Babylon. The Kingdom of Judah was then annexed as a Babylonian province. The Philistines were also exiled. The defeat of Judah was recorded by the Babylonians.[39][40]In 539 BCE, the Babylonian empire was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire. According to the Hebrew Bible and implications from the Cyrus Cylinder, the exiled Jews were eventually allowed to return to Jerusalem.[41] The returned population in Judah were allowed to self-rule under Persian governance, and some parts of the fallen kingdom became a Persian province known as Yehud.[42][43] Except Yehud, at least another four Persian provinces existed in the region: Samaria, Gaza, Ashdod, and Ascalon, in addition to the Phoenician city states in the north and the Arabian tribes in the south.[44] During the same period, the Edomites migrated from Transjordan to the southern parts of Judea, which became known as Idumaea.[45] The Qedarites were the dominant Arab tribe; their territory ran from the Hejaz in the south to the Negev in the north through the period of Persian and Hellenistic dominion.[46][47]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg"},{"link_name":"Caesarea Maritima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima"},{"link_name":"Herod the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Phoenician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Roman Judea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaea_Province"},{"link_name":"Syria Palaestina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina"},{"link_name":"Palaestina Prima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaestina_Prima"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"wars of the Diadochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi"},{"link_name":"Syrian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Seleucid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire"},{"link_name":"hellenized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coele-Syria"},{"link_name":"Maccabean Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Hasmonean Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Samaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaria"},{"link_name":"Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee"},{"link_name":"Iturea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea"},{"link_name":"Perea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perea"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1999210-61"},{"link_name":"Judaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaea"},{"link_name":"Judaean Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaean_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[xiii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2020487-57"},{"link_name":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Third Mithridatic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War"},{"link_name":"Parthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hyrcanus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrcanus_II"},{"link_name":"Antigonus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusner1983911-64"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201436-65"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusner1983911-64"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenari198226-66"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%A5rtveit2014209-67"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivan20082-68"},{"link_name":"life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament"},{"link_name":"teachings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachings_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Jesus of Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Second Temple Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"historicity of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[xiv]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_Temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Second Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Herod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"First Jewish-Roman War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Temple_of_Jerusalem''-70"},{"link_name":"Jewish revolts against Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars"},{"link_name":"First Jewish-Roman War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War"},{"link_name":"razed Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(AD_70)"},{"link_name":"Second Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissu201819-71"},{"link_name":"Masada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada"},{"link_name":"Bar Kokhba revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewin200533-72"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2008125:_Although_Dio's_figure_of_985_as_the_number_of_villages_destroyed_during_the_war_seems_hyperbolic,_all_Judaean_villages,_without_exception,_excavated_thus_far_were_razed_following_the_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._This_evidence_supports_the_impression_of_total_regional_destruction_following_the_war.-73"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"Paralia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralia_(Palestine)"},{"link_name":"Syria Palaestina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina"},{"link_name":"Aelia Capitolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina"},{"link_name":"Jewish people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_people"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334-75"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson199972%E2%80%9374-21"},{"link_name":"Odaenathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus"},{"link_name":"Palmyrene Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire"},{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Civil wars of the Tetrarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_wars_of_the_Tetrarchy"},{"link_name":"Saint Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(empress)"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Samaritan Revolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritan_Revolts"},{"link_name":"Sassanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanids"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Classical antiquity","text":"Caesarea Maritima, also known as Caesarea Palestinae, built under Herod the Great at the site of a former Phoenician naval station, became the capital city of Roman Judea, Roman Syria Palaestina and Byzantine Palaestina Prima provinces.[48]In the 330s BCE, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered the region, which changed hands several times during the wars of the Diadochi and later Syrian Wars. It ultimately fell to the Seleucid Empire between 219 and 200 BCE. During that period, the region became heavily hellenized, building tensions between Greeks and locals.In 167 BCE, the Maccabean Revolt erupted, leading to the establishment of an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judea. From 110 BCE, the Hasmoneans extended their authority over much of Palestine, including Samaria, Galilee, Iturea, Perea, and Idumea.[49] The Jewish control over the wider region resulted in it also becoming known as Judaea, a term that had previously only referred to the smaller region of the Judaean Mountains.[xiii][50] During the same period, the Edomites were converted to Judaism.[45]Between 73 and 63 BCE, the Roman Republic extended its influence into the region in the Third Mithridatic War. Pompey conquered Judea in 63 BCE, splitting the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts. In around 40 BCE, the Parthians conquered Palestine, deposed the Roman ally Hyrcanus II, and installed a puppet ruler of the Hasmonean line known as Antigonus II.[51][52] By 37 BCE, the Parthians withdrew from Palestine.[51]Palestine is generally considered the \"Cradle of Christianity\".[53][54][55] Christianity, a religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, arose as a messianic sect from within Second Temple Judaism. The three-year Ministry of Jesus, culminating in his crucifixion, is estimated to have occurred from 28 to 30 CE, although the historicity of Jesus is disputed by a minority of scholars.[xiv]Model of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, after being rebuilt by Herod. It was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE during the First Jewish-Roman War.[56]In the first and second centuries CE, the province of Judea became the site of two large-scale Jewish revolts against Rome. During the First Jewish-Roman War, which lasted from 66 to 73 CE, the Romans razed Jerusalem and destroyed the Second Temple.[57] In Masada, Jewish zealots preferred to commit suicide than endure Roman captivity. In 132 CE, another Jewish rebellion erupted. The Bar Kokhba revolt took three years to put down, incurred massive costs on both the Romans and the Jews, and desolated much of Judea.[58][59] The center of Jewish life in Palestine moved to the Galilee.[60] During or after the revolt, Hadrian joined the province of Iudaea with Galilee and the Paralia to form the new province of Syria Palaestina, and Jerusalem was renamed \"Aelia Capitolina\". Some scholars view these actions as an attempt to disconnect the Jewish people from their homeland,[61][62] but this theory is debated.[16]Between 259 and 272, the region fell under the rule of Odaenathus as King of the Palmyrene Empire. Following the victory of Christian emperor Constantine in the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy, the Christianization of the Roman Empire began, and in 326, Constantine's mother Saint Helena visited Jerusalem and began the construction of churches and shrines. Palestine became a center of Christianity, attracting numerous monks and religious scholars. The Samaritan Revolts during this period caused their near extinction. In 614 CE, Palestine was annexed by another Persian dynasty; the Sassanids, until returning to Byzantine control in 628 CE.[63]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dome_of_Rock,_Temple_Mount,_Jerusalem.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dome of the Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock"},{"link_name":"Islamic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_to.jpg"},{"link_name":"White Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mosque,_Ramla"},{"link_name":"Ramla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramla"},{"link_name":"Arab architecture in the Umayyad and Mamluk periods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Palestine#Arab_caliphate_period_(640-1099)"},{"link_name":"Rashidun Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997i-78"},{"link_name":"Battle of Yarmouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquest of the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"Jund Filastin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jund_Filastin"},{"link_name":"Bilâd al-Shâm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil199747-79"},{"link_name":"Assassination of Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Ali"},{"link_name":"Muawiyah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muawiyah_I"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil199776-80"},{"link_name":"Dome of the Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvni2014314,_336-82"},{"link_name":"[xv]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[xvi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvni2014154%E2%80%93155-86"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"ḥadīth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997134%E2%80%93136-87"},{"link_name":"Umayyads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalmsley2000265%E2%80%93343,_p._290-88"},{"link_name":"Abbasids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Ramla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramla"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997329-89"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Tulun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Tulun"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997306ff._and_p._307_n._71,_p._308_n._73-90"},{"link_name":"Ikhshidid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[xvii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997324-92"},{"link_name":"Fatimids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997336-93"},{"link_name":"Great Seljuq Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997410-94"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997209,_414-95"}],"sub_title":"Early Muslim period","text":"The Dome of the Rock, the world's first great work of Islamic architecture, constructed in 691.Minaret of the White Mosque in Ramla, constructed in 1318Arab architecture in the Umayyad and Mamluk periodsPalestine was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate, beginning in 634 CE.[64] In 636, the Battle of Yarmouk during the Muslim conquest of the Levant marked the start of Muslim hegemony over the region, which became known as the military district of Jund Filastin within the province of Bilâd al-Shâm (Greater Syria).[65] In 661, with the Assassination of Ali, Muawiyah I became the Caliph of the Islamic world after being crowned in Jerusalem.[66] The Dome of the Rock, completed in 691, was the world's first great work of Islamic architecture.[67]The majority of the population was Christian and was to remain so until the conquest of Saladin in 1187. The Muslim conquest apparently had little impact on social and administrative continuities for several decades.[68][xv][69][xvi] The word 'Arab' at the time referred predominantly to Bedouin nomads, though Arab settlement is attested in the Judean highlands and near Jerusalem by the 5th century, and some tribes had converted to Christianity.[70] The local population engaged in farming, which was considered demeaning, and were called Nabaț, referring to Aramaic-speaking villagers. A ḥadīth, brought in the name of a Muslim freedman who settled in Palestine, ordered the Muslim Arabs not to settle in the villages, \"for he who abides in villages it is as if he abides in graves\".[71]The Umayyads, who had spurred a strong economic resurgence in the area,[72] were replaced by the Abbasids in 750. Ramla became the administrative centre for the following centuries, while Tiberias became a thriving centre of Muslim scholarship.[73] From 878, Palestine was ruled from Egypt by semi-autonomous rulers for almost a century, beginning with the Turkish freeman Ahmad ibn Tulun, for whom both Jews and Christians prayed when he lay dying[74] and ending with the Ikhshidid rulers. Reverence for Jerusalem increased during this period, with many of the Egyptian rulers choosing to be buried there.[xvii] However, the later period became characterized by persecution of Christians as the threat from Byzantium grew.[75] The Fatimids, with a predominantly Berber army, conquered the region in 970, a date that marks the beginning of a period of unceasing warfare between numerous enemies, which destroyed Palestine, and in particular, devastating its Jewish population.[76] Between 1071 and 1073, Palestine was captured by the Great Seljuq Empire,[77] only to be recaptured by the Fatimids in 1098.[78]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akko_Castle_30_(5147892579).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hospitaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel"},{"link_name":"Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"},{"link_name":"1099","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997826-97"},{"link_name":"defeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKr%C3%A4mer201115 -98"},{"link_name":"Ayyubids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKr%C3%A4mer201115 -98"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoas200119%E2%80%9320-99"},{"link_name":"Second Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem#The_Kingdom_of_Acre"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1969615%E2%80%93621_(vol._1)-100"},{"link_name":"Fourth Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1969152%E2%80%93185_(vol._2)-101"}],"sub_title":"Crusader/Ayyubid period","text":"The Hospitaller fortress in Acre was destroyed in 1291 and partially rebuilt in the 18th century.The Fatimids again lost the region to the Crusaders in 1099. The Crusaders set up[79] the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291).[80] Their control of Jerusalem and most of Palestine lasted almost a century until their defeat by Saladin's forces in 1187,[81] after which most of Palestine was controlled by the Ayyubids,[81] except for the years 1229–1244 when Jerusalem and other areas were retaken[82] by the Second Kingdom of Jerusalem, by then ruled from Acre (1191–1291), but, despite seven further crusades, the Franks were no longer a significant power in the region.[83] The Fourth Crusade, which did not reach Palestine, led directly to the decline of the Byzantine Empire, dramatically reducing Christian influence throughout the region.[84]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mamluk Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"Seventh Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1969486%E2%80%93518_(vol._2)-102"},{"link_name":"Mongol Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mongol raids into Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Nestorian Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorian_Christian"},{"link_name":"Kitbuqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitbuqa"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ain Jalut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKr%C3%A4mer201135%E2%80%9339-103"}],"sub_title":"Mamluk period","text":"The Mamluk Sultanate was created in Egypt as an indirect result of the Seventh Crusade.[85] The Mongol Empire reached Palestine for the first time in 1260, beginning with the Mongol raids into Palestine under Nestorian Christian general Kitbuqa, and reaching an apex at the pivotal Battle of Ain Jalut, where they were pushed back by the Mamluks.[86]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Palestine § Ottoman period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Palestine#Ottoman_period"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKr%C3%A4mer201140-104"},{"link_name":"Ridwans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridwan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Turabays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Lajjun#Early_rule_and_the_Tarabay_family"},{"link_name":"al-Lajjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Lajjun"},{"link_name":"Farrukhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrukh_Pasha#Legacy"},{"link_name":"Nablus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nablus"},{"link_name":"Porte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublime_Porte"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeevi199645-105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akko_BW_13.JPG"},{"link_name":"Khan al-Umdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_al-Umdan"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel"},{"link_name":"caravanserai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserai"},{"link_name":"Zaydani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zayadina"},{"link_name":"Zahir al-Umar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahir_al-Umar"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipp201342%E2%80%9343-106"},{"link_name":"Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoudah1987115%E2%80%93117-107"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"olive oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzar_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2005246-108"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKr%C3%A4mer201164-109"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Pasha_ibn_Ali"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverburg20099%E2%80%9336,_p._29_n._32-110"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappe199938-111"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKr%C3%A4mer201164-109"},{"link_name":"countrywide popular uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt_of_1834_(Palestine)"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmerlingMigdal20037%E2%80%938-112"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmerlingMigdal200311-113"},{"link_name":"capitulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKr%C3%A4mer201171-114"},{"link_name":"Aqil Agha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqil_Agha"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak19983-115"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbar1986188-116"},{"link_name":"Zionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJVLn.d.-117"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"revival of the Hebrew language and culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"[xviii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Zionism_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira201415-119"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Balfour Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKr%C3%A4mer2011148-120"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman period","text":"Further information: History of Palestine § Ottoman periodIn 1486, hostilities broke out between the Mamluks and the Ottoman Empire in a battle for control over western Asia, and the Ottomans conquered Palestine in 1516.[87] Between the mid-16th and 17th centuries, a close-knit alliance of three local dynasties, the Ridwans of Gaza, the Turabays of al-Lajjun and the Farrukhs of Nablus, governed Palestine on behalf of the Porte (imperial Ottoman government).[88]The Khan al-Umdan, constructed in Acre in 1784, is the largest and best preserved caravanserai in the region.In the 18th century, the Zaydani clan under the leadership of Zahir al-Umar ruled large parts of Palestine autonomously[89] until the Ottomans were able to defeat them in their Galilee strongholds in 1775–76.[90] Zahir had turned the port city of Acre into a major regional power, partly fueled by his monopolization of the cotton and olive oil trade from Palestine to Europe. Acre's regional dominance was further elevated under Zahir's successor Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar at the expense of Damascus.[91]In 1830, on the eve of Muhammad Ali's invasion,[92] the Porte transferred control of the sanjaks of Jerusalem and Nablus to Abdullah Pasha, the governor of Acre. According to Silverburg, in regional and cultural terms this move was important for creating an Arab Palestine detached from greater Syria (bilad al-Sham).[93] According to Pappe, it was an attempt to reinforce the Syrian front in face of Muhammad Ali's invasion.[94] Two years later, Palestine was conquered by Muhammad Ali's Egypt,[92] but Egyptian rule was challenged in 1834 by a countrywide popular uprising against conscription and other measures considered intrusive by the population.[95] Its suppression devastated many of Palestine's villages and major towns.[96]In 1840, Britain intervened and returned control of the Levant to the Ottomans in return for further capitulations.[97] The death of Aqil Agha marked the last local challenge to Ottoman centralization in Palestine,[98] and beginning in the 1860s, Palestine underwent an acceleration in its socio-economic development, due to its incorporation into the global, and particularly European, economic pattern of growth. The beneficiaries of this process were Arabic-speaking Muslims and Christians who emerged as a new layer within the Arab elite.[99] From 1880 large-scale Jewish immigration began, almost entirely from Europe, based on an explicitly Zionist ideology.[100][better source needed] There was also a revival of the Hebrew language and culture.[xviii]Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom preceded its spread within the Jewish community.[101] The government of Great Britain publicly supported it during World War I with the Balfour Declaration of 1917.[102]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"Palestinian nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Mandate_Palestinian_passport.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mill_(British_Mandate_for_Palestine_currency,_1927).jpg"},{"link_name":"Palestine passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine_passport"},{"link_name":"Palestine coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_pound"},{"link_name":"compromise position regarding the Hebrew name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_%22Palestine%22#Formation_of_the_British_Mandate"},{"link_name":"Eretz Yisrael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eretz_Yisrael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_sheet_index.png"},{"link_name":"Metulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_01Metulla.jpg"},{"link_name":"Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_02Haifa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Safad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_03Safad.jpg"},{"link_name":"ZikhronYaaqov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_04ZikhronYaaqov.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_05Nazareth.jpg"},{"link_name":"TelAviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_06JaffaTelAviv.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nablus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_07Nablus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yibna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_08Yibna.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ramle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_09Ramle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_10Jerusalem.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_11Gaza.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_12Hebron.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_13DeadSea.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_14Rafa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beersheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_15Beersheba.jpg"},{"link_name":"JebelUsdum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_16JebelUsdum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nitsana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_17Nitsana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ovdat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_18Ovdat.jpg"},{"link_name":"NahalHaarava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_19NahalHaarava.jpg"},{"link_name":"HarLotz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_20HarLotz.jpg"},{"link_name":"HarOmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_21HarOmer.jpg"},{"link_name":"HarTzenifim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_22HarTzenifim.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yotvata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_23Yotvata.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eilat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_24Eilat.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_sheet_index.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_sheet_index.png"},{"link_name":"Survey of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Sinai and Palestine Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200167-121"},{"link_name":"southern Palestine in 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign#Southern_Palestine_Campaign_begins"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem by the end of the year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign#Jerusalem_Campaign_November%E2%80%93December_1917"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200167-121"},{"link_name":"secured Jerusalem in December 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem_(1917)"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200167%E2%80%93120-122"},{"link_name":"in 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Jordan_Valley"},{"link_name":"Megiddo in September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200167%E2%80%93120-122"},{"link_name":"the mandate to govern the region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev2001270%E2%80%93294-123"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots"},{"link_name":"1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa_riots"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%E2%80%9339_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev20011%E2%80%9313-124"},{"link_name":"The Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Resolution 181(II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev2001468%E2%80%93487-125"},{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Civil_War_in_Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"State of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"declared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev2001487%E2%80%93521-126"}],"sub_title":"British Mandate period","text":"Further information: Zionism, Palestinian nationalism, and United Nations Partition Plan for PalestinePalestine passport and Palestine coin. The Mandatory authorities agreed a compromise position regarding the Hebrew name: in English and Arabic the name was simply \"Palestine\" (\"فلسطين\"), but the Hebrew version \"(פלשתינה)\" also included the acronym \"(א״י)\" for Eretz Yisrael (Land of Israel).Metulla Haifa Safad ZikhronYaaqov Nazareth TelAviv Nablus Yibna Ramle Jerusalem Gaza Hebron Dead Sea Rafa Beersheba JebelUsdum Nitsana Ovdat NahalHaarava HarLotz HarOmer HarTzenifim Yotvata Eilat\n\n\n\n Survey of Palestine 1942–1958 1–100,000 Topographical maps. Click on each blue link to see the individual original maps in high resolution.The British began their Sinai and Palestine Campaign in 1915.[103] The war reached southern Palestine in 1917, progressing to Gaza and around Jerusalem by the end of the year.[103] The British secured Jerusalem in December 1917.[104] They moved into the Jordan valley in 1918 and a campaign by the Entente into northern Palestine led to victory at Megiddo in September.[104]The British were formally awarded the mandate to govern the region in 1922.[105] The Arab Palestinians rioted in 1920, 1921, 1929, and revolted in 1936.[106] In 1947, following World War II and The Holocaust, the British Government announced its desire to terminate the Mandate, and the United Nations General Assembly adopted in November 1947 a Resolution 181(II) recommending partition into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem.[107] A civil war began immediately after the Resolution's adoption. The State of Israel was declared in May 1948.[108]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"History of the State of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"Jordan captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Judea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea"},{"link_name":"Samaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaria"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapp%C3%A91994119_%22His_(Abdallah)_natural_choice_was_the_regions_of_Judea_and_Samaria...%22-127"},{"link_name":"[xix]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerson201293_%22Trans-Jordan_was_also_in_control_of_all_of_Judea_and_Samaria_(the_West_Bank)%22-129"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"captured by Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapp%C3%A91994102%E2%80%93135-130"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200712%E2%80%9336-131"},{"link_name":"1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight"},{"link_name":"al-Nakba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakba"},{"link_name":"not allowed to return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_Infiltration_Law"},{"link_name":"Lausanne Conference of 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1949"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapp%C3%A9199487%E2%80%93101_and_203%E2%80%93243-132"},{"link_name":"Six-Day War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War"},{"link_name":"Jewish settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement"},{"link_name":"territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_territories"},{"link_name":"First Palestinian Intifada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intifada"},{"link_name":"Declaration of the State of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"1993 Oslo Peace Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Oslo_Peace_Accords"},{"link_name":"Palestinian National Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"Second Intifada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada"},{"link_name":"separation barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier"},{"link_name":"Israeli disengagement from Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza"},{"link_name":"longest military occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_occupations"},{"link_name":"[xx]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[xxi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Palestinian hikaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_hikaye"},{"link_name":"intangible cultural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-146"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"non-member observer state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers#Non-member_observers"},{"link_name":"State of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_GA/113172012-147"},{"link_name":"[xxii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"}],"sub_title":"Arab–Israeli conflict","text":"Further information: History of Israel and History of the State of PalestineIn the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Israel captured and incorporated a further 26% of the Mandate territory, Jordan captured the regions of Judea and Samaria,[109][xix][110] renaming it the \"West Bank\", while the Gaza Strip was captured by Egypt.[111][112] Following the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight, also known as al-Nakba, the 700,000 Palestinians who fled or were driven from their homes were not allowed to return following the Lausanne Conference of 1949.[113]In the course of the Six-Day War in June 1967, Israel captured the rest of Mandate Palestine from Jordan and Egypt, and began a policy of establishing Jewish settlements in those territories. From 1987 to 1993, the First Palestinian Intifada against Israel took place, which included the Declaration of the State of Palestine in 1988 and ended with the 1993 Oslo Peace Accords and the creation of the Palestinian National Authority.In 2000, the Second Intifada (also called al-Aqsa Intifada) began, and Israel built a separation barrier. In the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza, Israel withdrew all settlers and military presence from the Gaza Strip, but maintained military control of numerous aspects of the territory including its borders, air space and coast. Israel's ongoing military occupation of the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and East Jerusalem continues to be the world's longest military occupation in modern times.[xx][xxi]In 2008 Palestinian hikaye was inscribed to UNESCO's list of intangible cultural heritage; the first of four listings reflecting the significance of Palestinian culture globally.[124][125]In November 2012, the status of Palestinian delegation in the United Nations was upgraded to non-member observer state as the State of Palestine.[126][xxii]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Israel.jpg"},{"link_name":"[xxiii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[xxiv]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"Jordan Rift Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea"},{"link_name":"River Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAharoni197964-153"},{"link_name":"Hasmonean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean"},{"link_name":"Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"biblical period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_people"},{"link_name":"Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Jund al-Urdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn"},{"link_name":"Jund Dimashq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jund_Dimashq"},{"link_name":"Jund Filastin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jund_Filastin"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199317%E2%80%9318-154"},{"link_name":"Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus"},{"link_name":"Mount Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotus1858Bk_vii,_Ch_89-155"},{"link_name":"Pliny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Judaea and Samaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaea_and_Samaria"},{"link_name":"Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon19884-8"}],"sub_title":"Pre-modern period","text":"Satellite image of the regionThe boundaries of Palestine have varied throughout history.[xxiii][xxiv] The Jordan Rift Valley (comprising Wadi Arabah, the Dead Sea and River Jordan) has at times formed a political and administrative frontier, even within empires that have controlled both territories.[129] At other times, such as during certain periods during the Hasmonean and Crusader states for example, as well as during the biblical period, territories on both sides of the river formed part of the same administrative unit. During the Arab Caliphate period, parts of southern Lebanon and the northern highland areas of Palestine and Jordan were administered as Jund al-Urdun, while the southern parts of the latter two formed part of Jund Dimashq, which during the 9th century was attached to the administrative unit of Jund Filastin.[130]The boundaries of the area and the ethnic nature of the people referred to by Herodotus in the 5th century BCE as Palaestina vary according to context. Sometimes, he uses it to refer to the coast north of Mount Carmel. Elsewhere, distinguishing the Syrians in Palestine from the Phoenicians, he refers to their land as extending down all the coast from Phoenicia to Egypt.[131] Pliny, writing in Latin in the 1st century CE, describes a region of Syria that was \"formerly called Palaestina\" among the areas of the Eastern Mediterranean.[132]Since the Byzantine Period, the Byzantine borders of Palaestina (I and II, also known as Palaestina Prima, \"First Palestine\", and Palaestina Secunda, \"Second Palestine\"), have served as a name for the geographic area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. Under Arab rule, Filastin (or Jund Filastin) was used administratively to refer to what was under the Byzantines Palaestina Secunda (comprising Judaea and Samaria), while Palaestina Prima (comprising the Galilee region) was renamed Urdunn (\"Jordan\" or Jund al-Urdunn).[7]","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hejaz-Damascus route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz_Railway"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger200419%E2%80%9320-157"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger200419%E2%80%9320-157"},{"link_name":"Allied Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"partitioning of the Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Vilayet of Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayet_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Vilayet of Hejaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayet_of_Hejaz"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger200413-158"},{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Vilayet of Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayet_of_Beirut"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Sanjak of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Risalesi-35"},{"link_name":"Zionist Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference in 1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETessler1994163-159"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger200441%E2%80%9380-160"},{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"homeland for the Jewish people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people"},{"link_name":"British Mandate for Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Transjordan memorandum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transjordan_memorandum"},{"link_name":"Paulet–Newcombe Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulet%E2%80%93Newcombe_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger2004133,_159-37"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger200480-161"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKliot19959-162"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Palestinian_territory_development"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Palestinian_territory_development"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palestinian_territory_development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proposals_for_the_Mandate_of_Palestine_1916-19.svg"},{"link_name":"Sykes–Picot Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Zionist Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)"},{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peel_map_1937_Palestine.svg"},{"link_name":"Peel Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_Commission"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa"},{"link_name":"Lydda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydda"},{"link_name":"Ramle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine_map.svg"},{"link_name":"United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"Corpus Separatum for Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem)"},{"link_name":"Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jewish_and_Arab_Land_Ownership_in_Mandatory_Palestine,_1947.svg"},{"link_name":"Jewish-owned lands in Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_land_purchase_in_Palestine"},{"link_name":"JNF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund"},{"link_name":"PICA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Jewish_Colonization_Association"},{"link_name":"public land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_land"},{"link_name":"Palestinian-Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian-Arab"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jordanian-annexed_West_Bank_and_Egyptian-occupied_Gaza_Strip,_1948-67.svg"},{"link_name":"1949 armistice lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_armistice_lines"},{"link_name":"Jordanian-annexed West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"1949 armistice lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel,1967-94.svg"},{"link_name":"Six-Day War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War"},{"link_name":"Golan Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights"},{"link_name":"Sinai Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Yom Kippur War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War"},{"link_name":"annexed East Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positions_on_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"the Golan Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights_Law"},{"link_name":"PLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel,_1994-2006.svg"},{"link_name":"Oslo II Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord"},{"link_name":"Oslo Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Accords"},{"link_name":"Palestinian National Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"Palestinian enclaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel,_2006.svg"},{"link_name":"Israeli disengagement from Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza"},{"link_name":"clashes between the two main Palestinian parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict"},{"link_name":"Hamas electoral victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_legislative_election,_2006"},{"link_name":"Palestinian territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_territories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Demographic_map_of_Palestine_-_Israel_-_with_Legend.png"},{"link_name":"ethnic majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_majority"}],"sub_title":"Modern period","text":"Nineteenth-century sources refer to Palestine as extending from the sea to the caravan route, presumably the Hejaz-Damascus route east of the Jordan River valley.[133] Others refer to it as extending from the sea to the desert.[133] Prior to the Allied Powers victory in World War I and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, which created the British mandate in the Levant, most of the northern area of what is today Jordan formed part of the Ottoman Vilayet of Damascus (Syria), while the southern part of Jordan was part of the Vilayet of Hejaz.[134] What later became Mandatory Palestine was in late Ottoman times divided between the Vilayet of Beirut (Lebanon) and the Sanjak of Jerusalem.[29] The Zionist Organization provided its definition of the boundaries of Palestine in a statement to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.[135][136]The British administered Mandatory Palestine after World War I, having promised to establish a homeland for the Jewish people. The modern definition of the region follows the boundaries of that entity, which were fixed in the North and East in 1920–23 by the British Mandate for Palestine (including the Transjordan memorandum) and the Paulet–Newcombe Agreement,[30] and on the South by following the 1906 Turco-Egyptian boundary agreement.[137][138]Modern evolution of Palestine vte1916–1922 various proposals: Three proposals for the post World War I administration of Palestine. The red line is the \"International Administration\" proposed in the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement, the dashed blue line is the 1919 Zionist Organization proposal at the Paris Peace Conference, and the thin blue line refers to the final borders of the 1923–48 Mandatory Palestine.1937 British proposal: The first official proposal for partition, published in 1937 by the Peel Commission. An ongoing British Mandate was proposed to keep \"the sanctity of Jerusalem and Bethlehem\", in the form of an enclave from Jerusalem to Jaffa, including Lydda and Ramle.1947 UN proposal: Proposal per the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (II), 1947), prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The proposal included a Corpus Separatum for Jerusalem, extraterritorial crossroads between the non-contiguous areas, and Jaffa as an Arab exclave.\n1947 Jewish private land ownership: Jewish-owned lands in Mandatory Palestine as of 1947 in blue, constituting 7.4% of the total land area, of which more than half was held by the JNF and PICA. White is either public land or Palestinian-Arab-owned lands including related religious trusts.1949 armistice lines: The Jordanian-annexed West Bank (light green) and Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip (dark green), after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, showing 1949 armistice lines.1967 territorial changes: During the Six-Day War, Israel captured the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights, together with the Sinai Peninsula (later traded for peace after the Yom Kippur War). In 1980–81 Israel annexed East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights.\nNeither Israel's annexation nor the PLO claim over East Jerusalem gained international recognition.\n1995 Oslo II Accord: Under the Oslo Accords, the Palestinian National Authority was created to provide a Palestinian interim self-government in the West Bank and the interior of the Gaza Strip. Its second phase envisioned \"Palestinian enclaves\".2005–present: After the Israeli disengagement from Gaza and clashes between the two main Palestinian parties following the Hamas electoral victory, two separate executive governments took control in the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza.Ethnic majority by settlement (present): The map indicates the ethnic majority of settlements (cities, villages and other communities).","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palestinian territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_territories"},{"link_name":"State of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Palestinian National Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"Palestinian enclaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves"},{"link_name":"Borders of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"eponym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponym"},{"link_name":"Palestinian people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people"},{"link_name":"culture of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Palestinian National Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Covenant"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidHitchens2001199-163"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"State of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Haaretz''2011-164"},{"link_name":"the parts of the Palestinian territories currently under the administrative control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves"},{"link_name":"Palestinian National Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"parts of the State of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves"},{"link_name":"Oslo Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Accords"},{"link_name":"[xxvi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"}],"sub_title":"Current usage","text":"Further information: Palestinian territories, State of Palestine, Palestinian National Authority, and Palestinian enclavesSee also: Borders of IsraelThe region of Palestine is the eponym for the Palestinian people and the culture of Palestine, both of which are defined as relating to the whole historical region, usually defined as the localities within the border of Mandatory Palestine. The 1968 Palestinian National Covenant described Palestine as the \"homeland of the Arab Palestinian people\", with \"the boundaries it had during the British Mandate\".[139]However, since the 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence, the term State of Palestine refers only to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. This discrepancy was described by the Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas as a negotiated concession in a September 2011 speech to the United Nations: \"... we agreed to establish the State of Palestine on only 22% of the territory of historical Palestine – on all the Palestinian Territory occupied by Israel in 1967.\"[140]The term Palestine is also sometimes used in a limited sense to refer to the parts of the Palestinian territories currently under the administrative control of the Palestinian National Authority, a quasi-governmental entity which governs parts of the State of Palestine under the terms of the Oslo Accords.[xxvi]","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bar Kokhba revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt"},{"link_name":"Dio Cassius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio_Cassius"},{"link_name":"Judaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2012-169"},{"link_name":"Israeli archaeologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_archaeology"},{"link_name":"[xxvii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[xxviii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[xxix]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"}],"sub_title":"Early demographics","text":"Estimating the population of Palestine in antiquity relies on two methods – censuses and writings made at the times, and the scientific method based on excavations and statistical methods that consider the number of settlements at the particular age, area of each settlement, density factor for each settlement.The Bar Kokhba revolt in the 2nd century CE saw a major shift in the population of Palestine. The sheer scale and scope of the overall destruction has been described by Dio Cassius in his Roman History, where he notes that Roman war operations in the country had left some 580,000 Jews dead, with many more dying of hunger and disease, while 50 of their most important outposts and 985 of their most famous villages were razed to the ground. \"Thus,\" writes Dio Cassius, \"nearly the whole of Judaea was made desolate.\"[142][143]According to Israeli archaeologists Magen Broshi and Yigal Shiloh, the population of ancient Palestine did not exceed one million.[xxvii][xxviii] By 300 CE, Christianity had spread so significantly that Jews comprised only a quarter of the population.[xxix]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bernard Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Safed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed"},{"link_name":"Nablus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nablus"},{"link_name":"Ramle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramla"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1954487-173"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholch1985503-174"},{"link_name":"Justin McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_McCarthy_(American_historian)"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy199026-175"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy199030-176"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy199037%E2%80%9338-177"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk201146-178"}],"sub_title":"Late Ottoman and British Mandate periods","text":"In a study of Ottoman registers of the early Ottoman rule of Palestine, Bernard Lewis reports:[T]he first half century of Ottoman rule brought a sharp increase in population. The towns grew rapidly, villages became larger and more numerous, and there was an extensive development of agriculture, industry, and trade. The two last were certainly helped to no small extent by the influx of Spanish and other Western Jews.From the mass of detail in the registers, it is possible to extract something like a general picture of the economic life of the country in that period. Out of a total population of about 300,000 souls, between a fifth and a quarter lived in the six towns of Jerusalem, Gaza, Safed, Nablus, Ramle, and Hebron. The remainder consisted mainly of peasants, living in villages of varying size, and engaged in agriculture. Their main food-crops were wheat and barley in that order, supplemented by leguminous pulses, olives, fruit, and vegetables. In and around most of the towns there was a considerable number of vineyards, orchards, and vegetable gardens.[144]According to Alexander Scholch, the population of Palestine in 1850 was about 350,000 inhabitants, 30% of whom lived in 13 towns; roughly 85% were Muslims, 11% were Christians and 4% Jews.[145]According to Ottoman statistics studied by Justin McCarthy, the population of Palestine in the early 19th century was 350,000, in 1860 it was 411,000 and in 1900 about 600,000 of whom 94% were Arabs.[146] In 1914 Palestine had a population of 657,000 Muslim Arabs, 81,000 Christian Arabs, and 59,000 Jews.[147] McCarthy estimates the non-Jewish population of Palestine at 452,789 in 1882; 737,389 in 1914; 725,507 in 1922; 880,746 in 1931; and 1,339,763 in 1946.[148]In 1920, the League of Nations' Interim Report on the Civil Administration of Palestine described the 700,000 people living in Palestine as follows:[149]Of these, 235,000 live in the larger towns, 465,000 in the smaller towns and villages. Four-fifths of the whole population are Moslems. A small proportion of these are Bedouin Arabs; the remainder, although they speak Arabic and are termed Arabs, are largely of mixed race. Some 77,000 of the population are Christians, in large majority belonging to the Orthodox Church, and speaking Arabic. The minority are members of the Latin or of the Uniate Greek Catholic Church, or—a small number—are Protestants.\nThe Jewish element of the population numbers 76,000. Almost all have entered Palestine during the last 40 years. Prior to 1850, there were in the country only a handful of Jews. In the following 30 years, a few hundreds came to Palestine. Most of them were animated by religious motives; they came to pray and to die in the Holy Land, and to be buried in its soil. After the persecutions in Russia forty years ago, the movement of the Jews to Palestine assumed larger proportions.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Demographics of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Demographics of the Palestinian territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Palestinian_territories"},{"link_name":"Israel Central Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palestine_(region)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICBoS:_Population2016-179"},{"link_name":"Sabras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_(person)"},{"link_name":"olim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah"},{"link_name":"Arab countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICBoS:_Jews2016-180"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPCBoS:_Estd_Population2016-181"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"East Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMezzofiore2015-183"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Current demographics","text":"See also: Demographics of Israel and Demographics of the Palestinian territoriesAccording to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, as of 2015[update], the total population of Israel was 8.5 million people, of which 75% were Jews, 21% Arabs, and 4% \"others\".[150] Of the Jewish group, 76% were Sabras (born in Israel); the rest were olim (immigrants)—16% from Europe, the former Soviet republics, and the Americas, and 8% from Asia and Africa, including the Arab countries.[151]According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics evaluations, in 2015 the Palestinian population of the West Bank was approximately 2.9 million and that of the Gaza Strip was 1.8 million.[152] By 2022, the population of the Gaza strip had increased to an estimated 2,375,259,[153] corresponding to a density of more than 6,507 people per square kilometre.Both Israeli and Palestinian statistics include Arab residents of East Jerusalem in their reports.[154][better source needed] According to these estimates the total population in the region of Palestine, as defined as Israel and the Palestinian territories, stands approximately 12.8 million.[citation needed]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Flora of Palestine (region)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"List of native plants of Flora Palaestina (A–B)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_native_plants_of_Flora_Palaestina_(A%E2%80%93B)"},{"link_name":"World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Geographical_Scheme_for_Recording_Plant_Distributions"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummitt2001-184"}],"sub_title":"Flora distribution","text":"See also: Category:Flora of Palestine (region) and List of native plants of Flora Palaestina (A–B)The World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions is widely used in recording the distribution of plants. The scheme uses the code \"PAL\" to refer to the region of Palestine – a Level 3 area. The WGSRPD's Palestine is further divided into Israel (PAL-IS), including the Palestinian territories, and Jordan (PAL-JO), so is larger than some other definitions of \"Palestine\".[155]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Birds","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Eberhard Schrader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Schrader"},{"link_name":"Schrader 1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSchrader1878"},{"link_name":"Anspacher 1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAnspacher1912"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Jacobson 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJacobson1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Jacobson 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJacobson2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"The Histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)"},{"link_name":"male circumcision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_male_circumcision"},{"link_name":"Colchians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchis"},{"link_name":"Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians"},{"link_name":"Ethiopians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopians"},{"link_name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Herodotus 1858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHerodotus1858"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Midrash Tehillim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash_Tehillim"},{"link_name":"Jobling & Rose 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoblingRose1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"VIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Akka (the Galilee)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre_Sanjak"},{"link_name":"Sanjaq of Nablus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nablus_Sanjak"},{"link_name":"Sanjaq of Jerusalem (Kudus Sherif)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Risalesi-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Tanakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelam199640%E2%80%9342-38"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha200732-39"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaldarini199428%E2%80%9329-40"},{"link_name":"Matthew 2:20–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_2:20%E2%80%9321"},{"link_name":"Book of Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"Goldberg 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoldberg2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"Coele-Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coele-Syria"},{"link_name":"Feldman 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFeldman1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"Krämer 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKr%C3%A4mer2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"Temple of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTemple_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"Smith 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"Bart Ehrman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Ehrman"},{"link_name":"Ehrman 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEhrman2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-83"},{"link_name":"Flusin 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFlusin2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-85"},{"link_name":"Gil 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGil1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-91"},{"link_name":"Muqattam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokattam"},{"link_name":"Isa ibn Musa al-Nashari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_al-Nushari"},{"link_name":"Takin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takin_al-Khazari"},{"link_name":"Ikhshidid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhshidid"},{"link_name":"Kafir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Misk_Kafur"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Islamic_Egypt#Governors_during_the_Second_Abbasid_Period_(905%E2%80%93935)"},{"link_name":"Anushtakin al-Dizbiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushtakin_al-Dizbari"},{"link_name":"Fatimid Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Bianquis 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBianquis1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-118"},{"link_name":"Krämer 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKr%C3%A4mer2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-128"},{"link_name":"Tucker & Roberts 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-136"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanger2011429-133"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScobbie2012295-134"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawerc201244-135"},{"link_name":"International views on the Israeli-occupied territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories#International_views"},{"link_name":"Status of territories captured by Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_of_territories_captured_by_Israel"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-144"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Military occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_occupation"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar200596-137"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001-138"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakdisi2010299-139"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzmer2012885-140"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaid200333-141"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexandrowicz2012-142"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeill201422-143"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-148"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_67/19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-150"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewish_Encyclopedia1906-149"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-152"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEB1911-151"},{"link_name":"delimitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delimitation"},{"link_name":"Eastern Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transjordan_(region)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-165"},{"link_name":"Adwan 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAdwan2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-166"},{"link_name":"[xxv]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-170"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Broshi 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBroshi1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-171"},{"link_name":"Shiloh 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShiloh1980"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-172"},{"link_name":"Krämer 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKr%C3%A4mer2011"}],"text":"^ Greek: Παλαιστίνη, Palaistínē; Latin: Palaestina; Arabic: فِلَسْطِينَ, Filasṭīn, Falasṭīn, Filisṭīn; Hebrew: פלשתינה, Palestīna\n\n^ Eberhard Schrader wrote in his seminal \"Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung\" (\"KGF\", in English \"Cuneiform inscriptions and Historical Research\") that the Assyrian tern \"Palashtu\" or \"Pilistu\" referred to the wider Palestine or \"the East\" in general, instead of \"Philistia\" (Schrader 1878, pp. 123–124; Anspacher 1912, p. 48).\n\n^ \"The earliest occurrence of this name in a Greek text is in the mid-fifth century B.C., Histories of Herodotus, where it is applied to the area of the Levant between Phoenicia and Egypt.\" ... \"The first known occurrence of the Greek word Palaistine is in the Histories of Herodotus, written near the mid-fifth century B.C. Palaistine Syria, or simply Palaistine, is applied to what may be identified as the southern part of Syria, comprising the region between Phoenicia and Egypt. Although some of Herodotus' references to Palestine are compatible with a narrow definition of the coastal strip of the Land of Israel, it is clear that Herodotus does call the whole land by the name of the coastal strip.\" ... \"It is believed that Herodotus visited Palestine in the fifth decade of the fifth century B.C.\" ...\"In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense.\" (Jacobson 1999)\n\n^ \"As early as the Histories of Herodotus, written in the second half of the fifth century BCE, the term Palaistinê is used to describe not just the geographical area where the Philistines lived, but the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt—in other words, the Land of Israel. Herodotus, who had traveled through the area, would have had firsthand knowledge of the land and its people. Yet he used Palaistinê to refer not to the Land of the Philistines, but to the Land of Israel\" (Jacobson 2001)\n\n^ In The Histories, Herodotus referred to the practice of male circumcision associated with the Hebrew people: \"the Colchians, the Egyptians, and the Ethiopians, are the only nations who have practised circumcision from the earliest times. The Phoenicians and the Syrians of Palestine themselves confess that they learnt the custom of the Egyptians ... Now these are the only nations who use circumcision.\" (Herodotus 1858, pp. Bk ii, Ch 104)\n\n^ \"Rabbinic sources insist that the Philistines of Judges and Samuel were different people altogether from the Philistines of Genesis. (Midrash Tehillim on Psalm 60 (Braude: vol. 1, 513); the issue here is precisely whether Israel should have been obliged, later, to keep the Genesis treaty.) This parallels a shift in the Septuagint's translation of Hebrew pelistim. Before Judges, it uses the neutral transliteration phulistiim, but beginning with Judges it switches to the pejorative allophuloi. [To be precise, Codex Alexandrinus starts using the new translation at the beginning of Judges and uses it invariably thereafter, Vaticanus likewise switches at the beginning of Judges, but reverts to phulistiim on six occasions later in Judges, the last of which is 14:2.]\" (Jobling & Rose 1996, p. 404)\n\n^ For example, the 1915 Filastin Risalesi (\"Palestine Document\"), an Ottoman army (VIII Corps) country survey which formally identified Palestine as including the sanjaqs of Akka (the Galilee), the Sanjaq of Nablus, and the Sanjaq of Jerusalem (Kudus Sherif)[29]\n\n^ The New Testament, taking up a term used once in the Tanakh (1 Samuel 13:19),[31][32] speaks of a larger theologically-defined area, of which Palestine is a part, as the \"land of Israel\"[33] (γῆ Ἰσραήλ) (Matthew 2:20–21), in a narrative paralleling that of the Book of Exodus.\n\n^ \"The parallels between this narrative and that of Exodus continue to be drawn. Like Pharaoh before him, Herod, having been frustrated in his original efforts, now seeks to achieve his objectives by implementing a program of infanticide. As a result, here – as in Exodus – rescuing the hero's life from the clutches of the evil king necessitates a sudden flight to another country. And finally, in perhaps the most vivid parallel of all, the present narrative uses virtually the same words of the earlier one to provide the information that the coast is clear for the herds safe return: here, in Matthew 2:20, 'go [back]… for those who sought the child's life are dead; there, in Exodus 4:19, go back… for all the men who sought your life are dead'\" (Goldberg 2001, p. 147).\n\n^ Other writers, such as Strabo, referred to the region as Coele-Syria (\"all Syria\") around 10–20 CE (Feldman 1996, pp. 557–558).\n\n^ \"Several scholars hold the revisionist thesis that the Israelites did not move to the area as a distinct and foreign ethnic group at all, bringing with them their god Yahwe and forcibly evicting the indigenous population, but that they gradually evolved out of an amalgam of several ethnic groups, and that the Israelite cult developed on \"Palestinian\" soil amid the indigenous population. This would make the Israelites \"Palestinians\" not just in geographical and political terms (under the British Mandate, both Jews and Arabs living in the country were defined as Palestinians), but in ethnic and broader cultural terms as well. While this does not conform to the conventional view, or to the understanding of most Jews (and Arabs, for that matter), it is not easy to either prove or disprove. For although the Bible speaks at length about how the Israelites \"took\" the land, it is not a history book to draw reliable maps from. There is nothing in the extra-biblical sources, including the extensive Egyptian materials, to document the sojourn in Egypt or the exodus so vividly described in the Bible (and commonly dated to the thirteenth century). Biblical scholar Moshe Weinfeld sees the biblical account of the exodus, and of Moses and Joshua as founding heroes of the \"national narration\", as a later rendering of a lived experience that was subsequently either \"forgotten\" or consciously repressed – a textbook case of the \"invented tradition\" so familiar to modern students of ethnicity and nationalism.\" (Krämer 2011, p. 8)\n\n^ (Temple of Jerusalem): totally destroyed the building in 587/586\n\n^ \"In both the Idumaean and the Ituraean alliances, and in the annexation of Samaria, the Judaeans had taken the leading role. They retained it. The whole political–military–religious league that now united the hill country of Palestine from Dan to Beersheba, whatever it called itself, was directed by, and soon came to be called by others, 'the Ioudaioi'\" (Smith 1999, p. 210a)\n\n^ For example, in a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship, Bart Ehrman (a secular agnostic) described the dispute, whilst concluding: \"He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees\" (Ehrman 2011, p. 285)\n\n^ \"The religious situation also evolved under the new masters. Christianity did remain the majority religion, but it lost the privileges it had enjoyed.\" (Flusin 2011, pp. 199–226, 215)\n\n^ The earlier view, exemplifed by the writings of Moshe Gil, argued for a Jewish-Samaritan majority at the time of conquest: \"We may reasonably state that at the time if the Muslim conquest, a large Jewish population still lived in Palestine. We do not know whether they formed the majority but we may assume with some certainly that they did so when grouped together with the Samaritans.\" (Gil 1997, p. 3)\n\n^ \"Under the Tulunids, Syro-Egyptian territory was deeply imbued with the concept of an extraordinary role devolving upon Jerusalem in Islam as al-Quds, Bayt al-Maqdis or Bayt al-Muqaddas, the \"House of Holiness\", the seat of the Last Judgment, the Gate to Paradise for Muslims as well as for Jews and Christians. In the popular conscience, this concept established a bond between the three monotheistic religions. If Ahmad ibn Tulun was interred on the slope of the Muqattam [near Cairo], Isa ibn Musa al-Nashari and Takin were laid to rest in Jerusalem in 910 and 933, as were their Ikhshidid successors and Kafir [for context see here]. To honor the great general and governor of Syria Anushtakin al-Dizbiri, who died in 433/1042, the Fatimid Dynasty had his remains solemnly conveyed from Aleppo to Jerusalem in 448/1056-57.\" (Bianquis 1998, p. 103)\n\n^ \"In 1914 about 12,000 Jewish farmers and fieldworkers lived in approximately forty Jewish settlements — and to repeat it once again, they were by no means all Zionists. The dominant languages were still Yiddish, Russian, Polish, Rumanian, Hungarian, or German in the case of Ashkenazi immigrants from Europe, and Ladino (or 'Judeo-Spanish') and Arabic in the case of Sephardic and Oriental Jews. Biblical Hebrew served as the sacred language, while modern Hebrew (Ivrit) remained for the time being the language of a politically committed minority that had devoted itself to a revival of 'Hebrew culture'.\" (Krämer 2011, p. 120)\n\n^ \"Transjordan, however, controlled large portions of Judea and Samaria, later known as the West Bank\" (Tucker & Roberts 2008, pp. 248–249, 500, 522)\n\n^ The majority of the international community (including the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and the vast majority of human rights organizations) considers Israel to be continuing to occupying Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. The government of Israel and some supporters have, at times, disputed this position of the international community. In 2011, Andrew Sanger explained the situation as follows: \"Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a Stale nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border. and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will. Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Troops from the Israeli Defence Force regularly enter pans of the territory and/or deploy missile attacks, drones and sonic bombs into Gaza. Israel has declared a no-go buffer zone that stretches deep into Gaza: if Gazans enter this zone they are shot on sight. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for inter alia electricity, currency, telephone networks, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry. It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied.\",[114] and in 2012 Iain Scobbie explained: \"Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza\"[115] and Michelle Gawerc wrote in the same year: \"While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, Israel still controlled all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. ln addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human right organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied.\"[116]For more details of this terminology dispute, including with respect to the current status of the Gaza Strip, see International views on the Israeli-occupied territories and Status of territories captured by Israel.\n\n^ For an explanation of the differences between an annexed but disputed territory (e.g. Tibet) and a militarily occupied territory, please see the article Military occupation. The \"longest military occupation\" description has been described in a number of ways, including: \"The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times,\"[117] \"...longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year,\"[118] \"...longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age, \"[119] \"This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s,\"[120] \"These are settlements and a military occupation that is the longest in the twentieth and twenty-first century, the longest formerly being the Japanese occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945. So this is thirty-three years old [in 2000], pushing the record,\"[121] \"Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades.\"[122] In 2014 Sharon Weill provided further context, writing: \"Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated that rien ne dure comme le provisoire A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, which is the longest in all occupation's history has already entered its fifth decade.\"[123]\n\n^ See United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 for further details\n\n^ According to the Jewish Encyclopedia published between 1901 and 1906:[127] \"Palestine extends, from 31° to 33° 20' N. latitude. Its southwest point (at Raphia, Tell Rifaḥ, southwest of Gaza) is about 34° 15' E. longitude, and its northwest point (mouth of the Liṭani) is at 35° 15' E. longitude, while the course of the Jordan reaches 35° 35' to the east. The west-Jordan country has, consequently, a length of about 150 English miles from north to south, and a breadth of about 23 miles (37 km) at the north and 80 miles (129 km) at the south. The area of this region, as measured by the surveyors of the English Palestine Exploration Fund, is about 6,040 square miles (15,644 km2). The east-Jordan district is now being surveyed by the German Palästina-Verein, and although the work is not yet completed, its area may be estimated at 4,000 square miles (10,360 km2). This entire region, as stated above, was not occupied exclusively by the Israelites, for the plain along the coast in the south belonged to the Philistines, and that in the north to the Phoenicians, while in the east-Jordan country, the Israelitic possessions never extended farther than the Arnon (Wadi al-Mujib) in the south, nor did the Israelites ever settle in the most northerly and easterly portions of the plain of Bashan. To-day the number of inhabitants does not exceed 650,000. Palestine, and especially the Israelitic state, covered, therefore, a very small area, approximating that of the state of Vermont.\" From the Jewish Encyclopedia\n\n^ According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911), Palestine is:[128] \"[A] geographical name of rather loose application. Etymological strictness would require it to denote exclusively the narrow strip of coast-land once occupied by the Philistines, from whose name it is derived. It is, however, conventionally used as a name for the territory which, in the Old Testament, is claimed as the inheritance of the pre-exilic Hebrews; thus it may be said generally to denote the southern third of the province of Syria. Except in the west, where the country is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea, the limit of this territory cannot be laid down on the map as a definite line. The modern subdivisions under the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire are in no sense conterminous with those of antiquity, and hence do not afford a boundary by which Palestine can be separated exactly from the rest of Syria in the north, or from the Sinaitic and Arabian deserts in the south and east; nor are the records of ancient boundaries sufficiently full and definite to make possible the complete demarcation of the country. Even the convention above referred to is inexact: it includes the Philistine territory, claimed but never settled by the Hebrews, and excludes the outlying parts of the large area claimed in Num. xxxiv. as the Hebrew possession (from the \" River of Egypt \" to Hamath). However, the Hebrews themselves have preserved, in the proverbial expression \" from Dan to Beersheba \" (Judg. xx.i, &c.), an indication of the normal north-and-south limits of their land; and in defining the area of the country under discussion it is this indication which is generally followed. Taking as a guide the natural features most nearly corresponding to these outlying points, we may describe Palestine as the strip of land extending along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea from the mouth of the Litany or Kasimiya River (33° 20' N.) southward to the mouth of the Wadi Ghuzza; the latter joins the sea in 31° 28' N., a short distance south of Gaza, and runs thence in a south-easterly direction so as to include on its northern side the site of Beersheba. Eastward there is no such definite border. The River Jordan, it is true, marks a line of delimitation between Western and Eastern Palestine; but it is practically impossible to say where the latter ends and the Arabian desert begins. Perhaps the line of the pilgrim road from Damascus to Mecca is the most convenient possible boundary. The total length of the region is about 140 m (459.32 ft); its breadth west of the Jordan ranges from about 23 m (75.46 ft) in the north to about 80 m (262.47 ft) in the south.\"\n\n^ \"The term Palestine in the textbooks refers to Palestinian National Authority.\" (Adwan 2006, p. 242)\n\n^ See for example, Palestinian school textbooks[xxv]\n\n^ \"... the population of Palestine in antiquity did not exceed a million persons. It can also be shown, moreover, that this was more or less the size of the population in the peak period—the late Byzantine period, around AD 600\" (Broshi 1979, p. 7)\n\n^ \"... the population of the country in the Roman-Byzantine period greatly exceeded that in the Iron Age... If we accept Broshi's population estimates, which appear to be confirmed by the results of recent research, it follows that the estimates for the population during the Iron Age must be set at a lower figure.\" (Shiloh 1980, p. 33)\n\n^ By A.D. 300, Jews made up a mere quarter of the total population of the province of Syria Palaestina (Krämer 2011, p. 15)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann1998_2-0"},{"link_name":"Lehmann 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLehmann1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuters:_recognition2012_3-0"},{"link_name":"Reuters: recognition 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFReuters:_recognition2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiskin2012_4-0"},{"link_name":"Miskin 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiskin2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAP2013_5-0"},{"link_name":"AP 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAP2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschLochmanBromileyBarrett2005185_6-0"},{"link_name":"Fahlbusch et al. 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFahlbuschLochmanBromileyBarrett2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted200124_7-0"},{"link_name":"Breasted 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBreasted2001"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharon19884_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharon19884_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharon19884_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharon19884_8-3"},{"link_name":"Sharon 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSharon1988"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoom2006285_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoom2006285_9-1"},{"link_name":"Room 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoom2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotus_3:91:1_13-0"},{"link_name":"Herodotus 3:91:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHerodotus_3:91:1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson199965_14-0"},{"link_name":"Jacobson 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJacobson1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson199966%E2%80%9367_16-0"},{"link_name":"Jacobson 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJacobson1999"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Robinson_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Robinson_17-1"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Philistines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistines"},{"link_name":"Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus"},{"link_name":"Philo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Philo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo"},{"link_name":"Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus"},{"link_name":"Feldman 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFeldman1990"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1996553_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1996553_19-1"},{"link_name":"Feldman 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFeldman1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1954153_20-0"},{"link_name":"Lewis 1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLewis1954"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson199972%E2%80%9374_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson199972%E2%80%9374_21-1"},{"link_name":"Jacobson 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJacobson1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoth1939_22-0"},{"link_name":"Noth 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNoth1939"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2021]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. 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2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChronicle_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlstr%C3%B6m1993804%E2%80%93890_53-0"},{"link_name":"Ahlström 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAhlstr%C3%B6m1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrotty201725_f.n._4_54-0"},{"link_name":"Crotty 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrotty2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004355_55-0"},{"link_name":"Grabbe 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrabbe2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphal2000156_56-0"},{"link_name":"Ephal 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEphal2000"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2020487_57-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2020487_57-1"},{"link_name":"Levin 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1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeusner1983911_64-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeusner1983911_64-1"},{"link_name":"Neusner 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNeusner1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201436_65-0"},{"link_name":"Vermes 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVermes2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvenari198226_66-0"},{"link_name":"Evenari 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEvenari1982"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK%C3%A5rtveit2014209_67-0"},{"link_name":"Kårtveit 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2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrummitt2001"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ Lehmann 1998.\n\n^ Reuters: recognition 2012.\n\n^ Miskin 2012.\n\n^ AP 2013.\n\n^ Fahlbusch et al. 2005, p. 185.\n\n^ Breasted 2001, p. 24.\n\n^ a b c d Sharon 1988, p. 4.\n\n^ a b Room 2006, p. 285.\n\n^ Herodotus 3:91:1.\n\n^ Jacobson 1999, p. 65.\n\n^ Jacobson 1999, pp. 66–67.\n\n^ a b Robinson, 1865, p.15: \"Palestine, or Palestina, now the most common name for the Holy Land, occurs three times in the English version of the Old Testament; and is there put for the Hebrew name פלשת, elsewhere rendered Philistia. As thus used, it refers strictly and only to the country of the Philistines, in the southwest corner of the land. So, too, in the Greek form, Παλαςτίνη, it is used by Josephus. But both Josephus and Philo apply the name to the whole land of the Hebrews; and Greek and Roman writers employed it in the like extent.\"\n\n^ Louis H. Feldman, whose view differs from that of Robinson, thinks that Josephus, when referring to Palestine, had in mind only the coastal region, writing: \"Writers on geography in the first century [CE] clearly differentiate Judaea from Palestine. ... Jewish writers, notably Philo and Josephus, with few exceptions refer to the land as Judaea, reserving the name Palestine for the coastal area occupied [formerly] by the Philistines.\" (END QUOTE). See: p. 1 in: (Feldman 1990, pp. 1–23).\n\n^ a b Feldman 1996, p. 553.\n\n^ Lewis 1954, p. 153.\n\n^ a b Jacobson 1999, pp. 72–74.\n\n^ Noth 1939.\n\n^ Jacobson 1999, p. [page needed]: \"In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense. A reappraisal of this question has given rise to the proposition that the name Palestine, in its Greek form Palaistine, was both a transliteration of a word used to describe the land of the Philistines and, at the same time, a literal translation of the name Israel. This dual interpretation reconciles apparent contradictions in early definitions of the name Palaistine and is compatible with the Greeks' penchant for punning, especially on place names.\"\n\n^ Beloe, W. (1821). Herodotus, Vol.II. London. p. 269. It should be remembered that Syria is always regarded by Herodotus as synonymous with Assyria. What the Greeks called Palestine the Arabs call Falastin, which is the Philistines of Scripture. (tr. from Greek, with notes)\n\n^ \"Palestine and Israel\", David M. Jacobson, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 313 (February 1999), pp. 65–74; \"The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar-Nahara,\" Steven S. Tuell, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 284 (November 1991), pp. 51–57; \"Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast\", Anson F. Rainey, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 321 (February 2001), pp. 57–63; Herodotus, Histories\n\n^ Jobling & Rose 1996, p. 404a.\n\n^ Drews 1998, p. 49: \"Our names 'Philistia' and 'Philistines' are unfortunate obfuscations, first introduced by the translators of the LXX and made definitive by Jerome's Vg. When turning a Hebrew text into Greek, the translators of the LXX might simply—as Josephus was later to do—have Hellenized the Hebrew פְּלִשְׁתִּים as Παλαιστίνοι, and the toponym פְּלִשְׁתִּ as Παλαιστίνη. Instead, they avoided the toponym altogether, turning it into an ethnonym. As for the ethnonym, they chose sometimes to transliterate it (incorrectly aspirating the initial letter, perhaps to compensate for their inability to aspirate the sigma) as φυλιστιιμ, a word that looked exotic rather than familiar, and more often to translate it as άλλόφυλοι. Jerome followed the LXX's lead in eradicating the names, 'Palestine' and 'Palestinians', from his Old Testament, a practice adopted in most modern translations of the Bible.\"\n\n^ Drews 1998, p. 51: \"The LXX's regular translation of פְּלִשְׁתִּים into άλλόφυλοι is significant here. Not a proper name at all, allophyloi is a generic term, meaning something like 'people of other stock'. If we assume, as I think we must, that with their word allophyloi the translators of the LXX tried to convey in Greek what p'lištîm had conveyed in Hebrew, we must conclude that for the worshippers of Yahweh p'lištîm and b'nê yiśrā'ēl were mutually exclusive terms, p'lištîm (or allophyloi) being tantamount to 'non-Judaeans of the Promised Land' when used in a context of the third century BCE, and to 'non-Israelites of the Promised Land' when used in a context of Samson, Saul and David. Unlike an ethnonym, the noun פְּלִשְׁתִּים normally appeared without a definite article.\"\n\n^ a b Kaegi 1995, p. 41.\n\n^ Marshall Cavendish, 2007, p. 559.\n\n^ Krämer 2011, p. 16.\n\n^ Büssow 2011, p. 5.\n\n^ Abu-Manneh 1999, p. 39.\n\n^ a b Tamari 2011, pp. 29–30: \"Filastin Risalesi, is the salnameh type military handbook issued for Palestine at the beginning of the Great War... The first is a general map of the country in which the boundaries extend far beyond the frontiers of the Mutasarflik of Jerusalem, which was, until then, the standard delineation of Palestine. The northern borders of this map include the city of Tyre (Sur) and the Litani River, thus encompassing all of the Galilee and parts of southern Lebanon, as well as districts of Nablus, Haifa and Akka—all of which were part of the Wilayat of Beirut until the end of the war.\"\n\n^ a b Biger 2004, pp. 133, 159.\n\n^ Whitelam 1996, pp. 40–42.\n\n^ Masalha 2007, p. 32.\n\n^ Saldarini 1994, pp. 28–29.\n\n^ Ahlström 1993, pp. 72–111.\n\n^ Ahlström 1993, pp. 282–334.\n\n^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2002, p. 107.\n\n^ Crouch 2014.\n\n^ Ahlström 1993, pp. 655–741, 754–784.\n\n^ British Museum n.d.\n\n^ Chronicle of Nebuchadnezzar II 2006.\n\n^ Ahlström 1993, pp. 804–890.\n\n^ Crotty 2017, p. 25 f.n. 4.\n\n^ Grabbe 2004, p. 355.\n\n^ Ephal 2000, p. 156.\n\n^ a b Levin 2020, p. 487.\n\n^ Wenning 2007, pp. 26: All that can be said with certainty is that the Nabataeans are known in the sources since the fourth century B.C. Up to that time the Qedarites, the dominant Arab tribe of the Persian period, controlled the south from the Hejaz and all of the Negev.\n\n^ David F. Graf, 'Petra and the Nabataeans in the Early Hellenistic Period: the literary and archaeological evidence,' in Michel Mouton, Stephan G. Schmid (eds.), Men on the Rocks: The Formation of Nabataean Petra, Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, 2013 pp.35–55 pp.47–48: 'the Idumean texts indicate that a large portion of the community in southern Palestine were Arabs, many of whom have names similar to those in the \"Nabataean\" onomasticon of later periods.' (p.47).\n\n^ \"Founded in the years 22-10 or 9 B.C. by Herod the Great, close to the ruins of a small Phoenician naval station named Strato's Tower (Stratonos Pyrgos, Turns Stratonis), which flourished during the 3d to 1st c. B.C. This small harbor was situated on the N part of the site. Herod dedicated the new town and its port (limen Sebastos) to Caesar Augustus. During the Early Roman period Caesarea was the seat of the Roman procurators of the province of Judea. Vespasian, proclaimed emperor at Caesarea, raised it to the rank of Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta, and later Alexander Severus raised it to the rank of Metropolis Provinciae Syriae Palestinae.\" A. Negev, \"CAESAREA MARITIMA Palestine, Israel\" in: Richard Stillwell et al. (eds.), The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites (1976).\n\n^ Smith 1999, p. 210.\n\n^ Ben-Sasson, p.226, \"The name Judea no longer referred only to ...\"\n\n^ a b Neusner 1983, p. 911.\n\n^ Vermes 2014, p. 36.\n\n^ Evenari 1982, p. 26.\n\n^ Kårtveit 2014, p. 209.\n\n^ Sivan 2008, p. 2.\n\n^ Temple of Jerusalem.\n\n^ Zissu 2018, p. 19.\n\n^ Lewin 2005, p. 33.\n\n^ Eshel 2008, pp. 125: Although Dio's figure of 985 as the number of villages destroyed during the war seems hyperbolic, all Judaean villages, without exception, excavated thus far were razed following the Bar Kochba Revolt. This evidence supports the impression of total regional destruction following the war..\n\n^ Schäfer 2003, p. 163: The entire spiritual and economic life of the Palestinian Jews moved to Galilee. Meyers & Chancey 2012, p. 173: Galilee became the all-important focus of Jewish life\n\n^ H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 978-0-674-39731-6, page 334: \"In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature.\"\n\n^ Ariel Lewin. The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. \"It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land.\" ISBN 978-0-89236-800-6\n\n^ Greatrex-Lieu (2002), II, 196\n\n^ Gil 1997, p. i.\n\n^ Gil 1997, p. 47.\n\n^ Gil 1997, p. 76.\n\n^ Brown, 2011, p. 122: 'the first great Islamic architectural achievement.'\n\n^ Avni 2014, pp. 314, 336.\n\n^ O'Mahony, 2003, p. 14: 'Before the Muslim conquest, the population of Palestine was overwhelmingly Christian, albeit with a sizeable Jewish community.'\n\n^ Avni 2014, pp. 154–155.\n\n^ Gil 1997, pp. 134–136.\n\n^ Walmsley 2000, pp. 265–343, p. 290.\n\n^ Gil 1997, p. 329.\n\n^ Gil 1997, pp. 306ff. and p. 307 n. 71, p. 308 n. 73.\n\n^ Gil 1997, p. 324.\n\n^ Gil 1997, p. 336.\n\n^ Gil 1997, p. 410.\n\n^ Gil 1997, pp. 209, 414.\n\n^ Christopher Tyerman, God's War: A New History of the Crusades (Penguin: 2006), pp. 201–202\n\n^ Gil 1997, p. 826.\n\n^ a b Krämer 2011, p. 15, .\n\n^ Boas 2001, pp. 19–20.\n\n^ Setton 1969, pp. 615–621 (vol. 1).\n\n^ Setton 1969, pp. 152–185 (vol. 2).\n\n^ Setton 1969, pp. 486–518 (vol. 2).\n\n^ Krämer 2011, pp. 35–39.\n\n^ Krämer 2011, p. 40.\n\n^ Zeevi 1996, p. 45.\n\n^ Phillipp 2013, pp. 42–43.\n\n^ Joudah 1987, pp. 115–117.\n\n^ Burns 2005, p. 246.\n\n^ a b Krämer 2011, p. 64.\n\n^ Silverburg 2009, pp. 9–36, p. 29 n. 32.\n\n^ Pappe 1999, p. 38.\n\n^ Kimmerling & Migdal 2003, pp. 7–8.\n\n^ Kimmerling & Migdal 2003, p. 11.\n\n^ Krämer 2011, p. 71.\n\n^ Yazbak 1998, p. 3.\n\n^ Gilbar 1986, p. 188.\n\n^ JVL n.d.\n\n^ Shapira 2014, p. 15.\n\n^ Krämer 2011, p. 148.\n\n^ a b Morris 2001, p. 67.\n\n^ a b Morris 2001, pp. 67–120.\n\n^ Segev 2001, pp. 270–294.\n\n^ Segev 2001, pp. 1–13.\n\n^ Segev 2001, pp. 468–487.\n\n^ Segev 2001, pp. 487–521.\n\n^ Pappé 1994, p. 119 \"His (Abdallah) natural choice was the regions of Judea and Samaria...\".\n\n^ Gerson 2012, p. 93 \"Trans-Jordan was also in control of all of Judea and Samaria (the West Bank)\".\n\n^ Pappé 1994, pp. 102–135.\n\n^ Khalidi 2007, pp. 12–36.\n\n^ Pappé 1994, pp. 87–101 and 203–243.\n\n^ Sanger 2011, p. 429.\n\n^ Scobbie 2012, p. 295.\n\n^ Gawerc 2012, p. 44.\n\n^ Hajjar 2005, p. 96.\n\n^ Anderson 2001.\n\n^ Makdisi 2010, p. 299.\n\n^ Kretzmer 2012, p. 885.\n\n^ Said 2003, p. 33.\n\n^ Alexandrowicz 2012.\n\n^ Weill 2014, p. 22.\n\n^ \"Żeby nie zapomnieć | Tygodnik Powszechny\". www.tygodnikpowszechny.pl (in Polish). 30 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2023.\n\n^ Rivoal, Isabelle (1 January 2001). \"Susan Slyomovics, The Object of Memory. Arabs and Jews Narrate the Palestinian Village\". L'Homme. Revue française d'anthropologie (in French) (158–159): 478–479. doi:10.4000/lhomme.6701. ISSN 0439-4216.\n\n^ UN GA/11317 2012.\n\n^ Jewish Encyclopedia 1906.\n\n^ EB 1911.\n\n^ Aharoni 1979, p. 64.\n\n^ Salibi 1993, pp. 17–18.\n\n^ Herodotus 1858, pp. Bk vii, Ch 89.\n\n^ Pliny, Natural History V.66 and 68.\n\n^ a b Biger 2004, pp. 19–20.\n\n^ Biger 2004, p. 13.\n\n^ Tessler 1994, p. 163.\n\n^ Biger 2004, pp. 41–80.\n\n^ Biger 2004, p. 80.\n\n^ Kliot 1995, p. 9.\n\n^ Said & Hitchens 2001, p. 199.\n\n^ Haaretz 2011.\n\n^ a b DellaPergola 2001, p. 5.\n\n^ Dio's Roman History (trans. Earnest Cary), vol. 8 (books 61–70), Loeb Classical Library: London 1925, pp. 449–451\n\n^ Taylor 2012.\n\n^ Lewis 1954, p. 487.\n\n^ Scholch 1985, p. 503.\n\n^ McCarthy 1990, p. 26.\n\n^ McCarthy 1990, p. 30.\n\n^ McCarthy 1990, pp. 37–38.\n\n^ Kirk 2011, p. 46.\n\n^ ICBoS: Population 2016.\n\n^ ICBoS: Jews 2016.\n\n^ PCBoS: Estd Population 2016.\n\n^ \"مليونان و375 ألف نسمة عدد سكان قطاع غزة مع نهاية 2022\". arabic.news.cn. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.\n\n^ Mezzofiore 2015.\n\n^ Brummitt 2001.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"1st Aliyah to Israel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-first-aliyah-1882-1903"},{"link_name":"The Israel/Palestine Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OjuKhNEmFvoC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-16948-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16948-6"},{"link_name":"\"Textbooks in the Palestinian National Authority\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9FTxoncXDwwC&pg=PA242"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-5095-341-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5095-341-2"},{"link_name":"The Land of the Bible: A Historical 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CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/988856967"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-34986-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34986-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"988856967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/988856967"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"text":"\"1st Aliyah to Israel\". Jewish Virtual Library. n.d. Retrieved 15 December 2017.\nAbu-Lughod, Ibrahim, ed. (1971). The Transformation of Palestine. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern Press.\nAbu-Manneh, Butrus (1999). \"The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late Nineteenth Century\". In Pappé, Ilan (ed.). The Israel/Palestine Question. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16948-6.\nAdwan, Sami (2006). \"Textbooks in the Palestinian National Authority\". In Greenbaum, Charles W.; Veerman, Philip E.; Bacon-Shnoor, Naomi (eds.). Protection of Children During Armed Political Conflict: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Intersentia. pp. 231–256. ISBN 978-90-5095-341-2.\nAharoni, Yohanan (1 January 1979). The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-664-24266-4. The desert served as an eastern boundary in times when Transjordan was occupied. But when Transjordan became an unsettled region, a pasturage for desert nomads, then the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea formed the natural eastern boundary of Western Palestine.\nAhlström, Gösta Werner (1993). The history of ancient Palestine. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-2770-6.\nAlexandrowicz, Ra'anan (2012), \"The Justice of Occupation\", The New York Times\nAnderson, Perry (2001). \"Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem\". New Left Review. Vol. 10. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2015.\nAnspacher, Abraham Samuel (1912). Tiglath Pileser III – via Internet Archive.\nAvneri, Arieh L. (1984). The Claim of Dispossession. Tel Aviv: Hidekel Press. ISBN 978-0-87855-964-0.\nAvni, Gideon (2014). The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-968433-5.\nBachi, Roberto (1974). The Population of Israel. Jerusalem: Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University.\nBelfer-Cohen, Anna; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2000). \"Early Sedentism in the Near East: A Bumpy Ride to Village Life\". In Kuijt, Ian (ed.). Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: social organization, identity, and differentiation. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. ISBN 978-0-306-46122-4.\nBianquis, Thierry (1998). \"Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Tulun to Kafur 868-969\". In Daly, Martin W.; Petry, Carl F. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–119. ISBN 978-0-521-47137-4.\nBiger, Gideon (1981). \"Where was Palestine? pre-World War I perception\". AREA (Journal of the Institute of British Geographers). 13 (2): 153–160.\nBiger, Gideon (2004). The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947. RoutledgeCurzon. passim. ISBN 978-1-135-76652-8.\nBoas, Adrian J. (2001). Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City Under Frankish Rule. London: Routledge. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-415-23000-1.\nBreasted, James Henry (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt: The first through the seventeenth dynasties. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06990-1.\nBroshi, Magen (1979). \"The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period\". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 236 (236): 1–10. doi:10.2307/1356664. JSTOR 1356664. PMID 12338473. S2CID 24341643.\nBrown, Daniel W. A New Introduction to Islam (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.\nBrummitt, R.K. (2001). World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions: Edition 2 (PDF). International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG). ISBN 978-0-913196-72-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2016.\nBurns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.\nBüssow, Johann (2011). Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-20569-7.\nByatt, Anthony (1973). \"Josephus and Population Numbers in First-century Palestine\". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 105: 51–60. doi:10.1179/peq.1973.105.1.51.\nCavendish, Marshall (2007). Peoples of Western Asia (Illustrated ed.). Marshall Cavendish Corporation. ISBN 978-0-7614-7677-1.\nChancey, Mark A (2005). Greco-Roman Culture and the Galilee of Jesus. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84647-9.\nChase, Kenneth (2003). Firearms: a Global History to 1700. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82274-9.\nCrotty, Robert Brian (2017). The Christian Survivor: How Roman Christianity Defeated Its Early Competitors. Springer. p. 25 f.n. 4. ISBN 978-981-10-3214-1. The Babylonians translated the Hebrew name [Judah] into Aramaic as Yehud Medinata ('the province of Judah') or simply 'Yehud' and made it a new Babylonian province. This was inherited by the Persians. Under the Greeks, Yehud was translated as Judaea and this was taken over by the Romans. After the Jewish rebellion of 135 CE, the Romans renamed the area Syria Palaestina or simply Palestine. The area described by these land titles differed to some extent in the different periods.\nCrouch, C. L. (1 October 2014). Israel and the Assyrians: Deuteronomy, the Succession Treaty of Esarhaddon, and the Nature of Subversion. SBL Press. ISBN 978-1-62837-026-3. Judah's reason(s) for submitting to Assyrian hegemony, at least superficially, require explanation, while at the same time indications of its read-but-disguised resistance to Assyria must be uncovered... The political and military sprawl of the Assyrian empire during the late Iron Age in the southern Levant, especially toward its outer borders, is not quite akin to the single dominating hegemony envisioned by most discussions of hegemony and subversion. In the case of Judah it should be reiterated that Judah was always a vassal state, semi-autonomous and on the periphery of the imperial system, it was never a fully-integrated provincial territory. The implications of this distinction for Judah's relationship with and experience of the Assyrian empire should not be underestimated; studies of the expression of Assyria's cultural and political powers in its provincial territories and vassal states have revealed notable differences in the degree of active involvement in different types of territories. Indeed, the mechanics of the Assyrian empire were hardly designed for direct control over all its vassals' internal activities, provided that a vassal produced the requisite tribute and did not provoke trouble among its neighbors, the level of direct involvement from Assyria remained relatively low. For the entirety of its experience of the Assyrian empire, Judah functioned as a vassal state, rather than a province under direct Assyrian rule, thereby preserving at least a certain degree of autonomy, especially in its internal affairs. Meanwhile, the general atmosphere of Pax Assyriaca in the southern Levant minimized the necessity of (and opportunities for) external conflict. That Assyrians, at least in small numbers, were present in Judah is likely – probably a qipu and his entourage who, if the recent excavators of Ramat Rahel are correct, perhaps resided just outside the capital – but there is far less evidence than is commonly assumed to suggest that these left a direct impression of Assyria on this small vassal state... The point here is that, despite the wider context of Assyria's political and economic power in the ancient Near East in general and the southern Levant in particular, Judah remained a distinguishable and semi-independent southern Levantine state, part of but not subsumed by the Assyrian empire and, indeed, benefitting from it in significant ways.\n\"Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605-594 BC)\". British Museum. n.d. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.\nDellaPergola, Sergio (2001), \"Demography in Israel/Palestine: Trends, Prospects, Policy Implications\" (PDF), IUSSP XXIVth General Population Conference in Salvador de Bahia, Brazil, 18–24 August 2001, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2016\nDoumani, Beshara (1995). Rediscovering Palestine: merchants and peasants in Jabal Nablus 1700–1900. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20370-9.\nDrews, Robert (1998), \"Canaanites and Philistines\", Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 23 (81): 39–61, doi:10.1177/030908929802308104, S2CID 144074940\n\"Early Years of Nebuchadnezzar II (ABC 5)\". 1 April 2006. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.\nEhrman, B. (2011). Forged: writing in the name of God. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-207863-6.\nEmber, Melvin; Peregrine, Peter Neal, eds. (2001). Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Vol. 8: South and Southwest Asia (1st ed.). New York and London: Springer. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-306-46262-7.\nEphal, Israel (2000). \"Syria-Palestine under Achaemenid Rule\". The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 11. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-0-521-22804-6.\nEshel, Hanan (2008). Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hasmonean State. Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature (SDSS). Grand Rapids, Michigan/Cambridge and Jerusalem, Israel: William B. Eerdmans and Yad Ben-Zvi Press. ISBN 978-0-8028-6285-3.\n\"Estimated Population in the Palestinian Territory Mid-Year by Governorate, 1997–2016\". Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.\nEvenari, Michael (1982). The Negev: The Challenge of a Desert. Harvard University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-674-60672-2. As the cradle of Christianity, Palestine became the center of religious worship for a vast empire\nFahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milic; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Barrett, David B. (2005). The encyclopedia of Christianity. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2416-5.\nFarsoun, Samih K.; Aruri, Naseer (2006). Palestine and the Palestinians (2nd ed.). Boulder CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4336-5.\nFeldman, Louis (1990). \"Some Observations on the Name of Palestine\". Hebrew Union College Annual. 61: 1–23. JSTOR 23508170.\nFeldman, Louis H. (1996) [First published 1990]. \"Some Observations on the Name of Palestine\". Studies in Hellenistic Judaism. Leiden: Brill. pp. 553–576. ISBN 978-90-04-10418-1.\nFinkelstein, I; Mazar, A.; Schmidt, B. (2007). The Quest for the Historical Israel. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-277-0.\nFinkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-86912-4.\nFlusin, Bernard (2011). \"Palestinia Hagiography (Fourth-Eighth Centuries)\". In Efthymiadis, Stephanos (ed.). The Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography. Vol. 1. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-5033-1.\n\"Full transcript of Abbas speech at UN General Assembly\". Haaretz. 23 September 2011.\nGawerc, Michelle (2012). Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships. Lexington Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7391-6610-9.\nGelber, Yoav (1997). Jewish-Transjordanian Relations 1921–48: alliance of bars sinister. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4675-6.\n\"General Assembly Votes Overwhelmingly to Accord Palestine 'Non-Member Observer State' Status in United Nations\". United Nations. 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2015.\nGerber, Haim (1998). \"Palestine and Other Territorial Concepts in the 17th Century\". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 30 (4): 563–572. doi:10.1017/S0020743800052569. S2CID 162982234.\nGerson, Allan (2012). Israel, the West Bank and International Law. Routledge. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-7146-3091-5.\nGil, Moshe (1997). A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59984-9.\nGilbar, Gad G. (1986). \"The Growing Economic Involvement of Palestine with the West, 1865–1914\". In Kushner, David (ed.). Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: political, social and economic transformation. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 188–210. ISBN 978-90-04-07792-8.\nGilbar, Gad G., ed. (1990). Ottoman Palestine: 1800–1914: studies in economic and social history. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-07785-0.\nGilbert, Martin (2005). The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35900-9.\nGoldberg, Michael (2001). Jews and Christians: Getting Our Stories Straight. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57910-776-5.\nGrabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1. T & T Clark. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-567-08998-4.\nGrief, Howard (2008). The Legal Foundation and Borders of Israel Under International Law. Mazo Publishers. ISBN 978-965-7344-52-1.\nGrisanti, Michael A.; Howard, David M. (2003). Giving the Sense: understanding and using Old Testament historical texts (Illustrated ed.). Kregel Publications. ISBN 978-0-8254-2892-0.\nGroßer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte [Atlas of World History] (2nd ed.). Braunschweig: Georg Westermann Verlag. 2001. ISBN 978-3-07-509520-1.\nHajjar, Lisa (2005). Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza. University of California Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-520-24194-7.\nHansen, Mogens Herman, ed. (2000). A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: an investigation. Copenhagen: Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. ISBN 978-87-7876-177-4.\nHarris, David Russell (1996). The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85728-537-6.\nHayes, John H.; Mandell, Sara R (1998). The Jewish People in Classical Antiquity: from Alexander to Bar Kochba. Louisville KY: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25727-9.\nHerodotus (1858). Rawlinson, George (ed.). The Histories, full text of all books (Book I to Book IX).\n\"Herodotus, The Histories, book 3, chapter 91, section 1\".\nHughes, Mark (1999). Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917–1919. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4920-7.\nIngrams, Doreen (1972). Palestine Papers 1917–1922. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-8076-0648-3.\nJacobson, David (1999). \"Palestine and Israel\". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 313 (313): 65–74. doi:10.2307/1357617. JSTOR 1357617. S2CID 163303829.\nJacobson, David (2001), \"When Palestine Meant Israel\", Biblical Archaeology Review, 27 (3)\n\"Jews, by Continent of Origin, Continent of Birth & Period of Immigration\". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.\nJobling, David; Rose, Catherine (1996). \"Reading as a Philistine\". In Brett, Mark G. (ed.). Ethnicity and the Bible. BRILL. ISBN 978-0-391-04126-4.\nJohnston, Sarah Iles (2004). Religions of the Ancient World: a guide. Cambridge, MA: MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01517-3.\nJoudah, Ahmad Hasan (1987). Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: The Era of Shaykh Zahir Al-ʻUmar. Kingston Press. ISBN 978-0-940670-11-2.\nKaegi, Walter Emil (1995). Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests (Reprint, illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-48455-8.\nKarpat, Kemal H (2002). Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12101-0.\nKårtveit, Bård (2014). Dilemmas of Attachment: Identity and Belonging among Palestinian Christians. BRILL. p. 209. ISBN 978-90-04-27639-0. is widely regarded as the cradle of Christianity\nKhalidi, Rashid (1997). Palestinian Identity. The Construction of Modern National Consciousness. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10515-6.\nKhalidi, Rashid (2007) [1st ed. 2001]. \"The Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure\". In Rogan, Eugene L.; Shlaim, Avi (eds.). The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69934-1.\nKillebrew, Ann E. (2005). Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines and Early Israel 1300–1100 BC. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-097-4.\nKimmerling, Baruch; Migdal, Joel S (1994). Palestinians: The Making of a People. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-65223-1.\nKimmerling, Baruch; Migdal, Joel S. (2003). The Palestinian People: A History. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01129-8.\nKirk, J Andrew (2011). Civilisations in Conflict?: Islam, the West and Christian Faith. OCMS. ISBN 978-1-870345-87-3.\nKliot, Nurit (1995), The Evolution of the Egypt-Israel Boundary: From Colonial Foundations to Peaceful Borders, vol. 1, International Boundaries Research Unit, ISBN 978-1-897643-17-4\nKöchler, Hans (1981). The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem. Vienna: Braumüller. ISBN 978-3-7003-0278-0.\nKrämer, Gudrun (2011). A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15007-9.\nKretzmer, David (2012). \"The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel\" (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross. 94 (885): 207–236. doi:10.1017/S1816383112000446. S2CID 32105258.\nKurz, Anat N (2005). Fatah and the Politics of Violence: the institutionalization of a popular Struggle. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84519-032-3.\nLassner, Jacob; Troen, Selwyn Ilan (2007). Jews and Muslims in the Arab world: haunted by pasts real and imagined (Illustrated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5842-7.\nLehmann, Clayton Miles (Summer 1998). \"Palestine: History: 135–337: Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy\". The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. University of South Dakota. Archived from the original on 11 August 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2014. In the aftermath of the Bar Cochba Revolt, the Romans excluded Jews from a large area around Aelia Capitolina, which Gentiles only inhabited. The province now hosted two legions and many auxiliary units, two colonies, and--to complete the disassociation with Judaea--a new name, Syria Palaestina.\nLevin, Yigal (24 September 2020). \"The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism\". Religions. 11 (10): 487. doi:10.3390/rel11100487. ISSN 2077-1444.\nLewin, Ariel (2005). The Archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-0-89236-800-6.\nLewis, Bernard (1954). \"Studies in the Ottoman Archives—I\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 16 (3): 469–501. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00086808. S2CID 162304704.\nLewis, Bernard (1993). Islam in History: ideas, people and events in the Middle East. Chicago: Open Court Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8126-9518-2.\nLoftus, J. P. (1948). \"Features of the demography of Palestine\". Population Studies. 2: 92–114. doi:10.1080/00324728.1948.10416341.\nLouis, Wm Roger (1969). \"The United Kingdom and the Beginning of the Mandates System, 1919–1922\". International Organization. 23 (1): 73–96. doi:10.1017/S0020818300025534. S2CID 154745632.\nMacalister, Robert Alexander Stewart; Cook, Stanley Arthur; Hart, John Henry Arthur (1911). \"Palestine\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 600–626.\nMakdisi, Saree (2010). Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33844-7.\nMalamat, Abraham; Tadmor, Hayim (1976). Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel (ed.). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-39731-6.\nMandel, Neville J (1976). The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02466-3.\nManiscalco, Fabio (2005). Protection, conservation and valorisation of Palestinian Cultural Patrimony. Massa Publisher. ISBN 978-88-87835-62-5.\nMartindale, John R.; Jones, A.H.M.; Morris, John (1992). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: AD 527–641. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20160-5.\nMasalha, Nur (2007). Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine-Israel. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-761-9.\nMcCarthy, Justin (1990). The Population of Palestine. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-07110-9.\nMetz, Helen Chapin, ed. (1989). \"Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan\". Jordan: A Country Study. GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-16-033746-8.\nMetzer, Jacob (1998). The Divided Economy of Mandatory Palestine. Cambridge Middle East Studies, Series Number 11. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46550-2.\nMeyers, Eric M.; Chancey, Mark A. (25 September 2012). Alexander to Constantine: Archaeology of the Land of the Bible. Vol. III. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14179-5.\nMezzofiore, Gianluca (2 January 2015). \"Will Palestinians outnumber Israeli Jews by 2016?\". International Business Times. Retrieved 18 May 2016.\nMills, Watson E (1990). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-373-7.\nMiskin, Maayana (5 December 2012). \"PA Weighs 'State of Palestine' Passport\". Arutz Sheva. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2014. A senior PA official revealed the plans in an interview with Al-Quds newspaper. The change to 'state' status is important because it shows that 'the state of Palestine is occupied,' he said.\nMorris, Benny (2001) [First published 1999]. Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–1999. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-74475-7.\nNeusner, J. (1983). \"Jews in Iran\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3 (2); the Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24693-4.\nNoth, Martin (1939). \"Zur Geschichte des Namens Palästina\". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 62 (1/2). Deutscher Verein zur Erforschung Palästinas: 125–144. JSTOR 27930226.\nO'Mahony, Anthony (2003). \"The Christian Communities, religion, politics and church-state relations in Jerusalem: an historical survey\". The Christian communities of Jerusalem and the Holy Land: Studies in History, Religion and Politics. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1772-3.\n\"Palestine\", Jewish Encyclopedia, Funk & Wagnalls, 1906\n\"Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state\". Reuters. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012.\nPappé, Ilan (1994). \"Introduction\". The Making of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-819-9.\nPappe, Ilan (1999). The Israel/Palestine Question. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-16948-6.\nPastor, Jack (1997). Land and Economy in Ancient Palestine. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15960-9.\nPhillipp, Thomas (2013). Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-50603-8.\n\"Population, by Population Group\". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.\nPorath, Yehoshua (1974). The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement, 1918–1929. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-2939-1.\nRedmount, Carol A (1999). \"Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt\". In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508707-9.\nRobinson, Edward (1865). Physical geography of the Holy Land. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.\nRogan, Eugene L (2002). Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89223-0.\nRoom, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites (2nd, illustrated ed.). McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7.\nRosen, Steven A (1997). Lithics After the Stone Age: a handbook of stone tools from the Levant. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7619-9124-3.\nSachar, Howard M. (2006). A History of Israel: from the rise of Zionism to our time (2nd ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-76563-9.\nSaid, Edward (2003). Culture and Resistance: Conversations with Edward W. Said. Pluto Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7453-2017-5.\nSaid, Edward; Hitchens, Christopher (2001). Blaming the Victims: spurious scholarship and the Palestinian Question. Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-340-6.\nSaldarini, Anthony (1994). Matthew's Christian-Jewish Community. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73421-7.\nSalibi, Kamal Suleiman (1993). The Modern History of Jordan. I.B.Tauris. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-1-86064-331-6.\nSanger, Andrew (2011). \"The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla\". In Schmitt, M.N.; Arimatsu, Louise; McCormack, Tim (eds.). Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010. Vol. 13. p. 429. doi:10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14. ISBN 978-90-6704-811-8.\nSchäfer, Peter (2003). The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-30585-3.\nSchiller, Jon (2009). Internet View of the Arabic World. PublishAmerica. ISBN 978-1-4392-6326-6.\nSchlor, Joachim (1999). Tel Aviv: From Dream to City. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-033-7.\nSchmelz, Uziel O. (1990). \"Population Characteristics of Jerusalem and Hebron Regions According to Ottoman Census of 1905\". In Gilbar, Gar G (ed.). Ottoman Palestine: 1800–1914. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-07785-0.\nScholch, Alexander (1985). \"The Demographic Development of Palestine 1850–1882\". International Journal of Middle East Studies. XII (4): 485–505. doi:10.1017/S0020743800029445. JSTOR 00207438. S2CID 154921401.\nSchrader, Eberhard (1878). Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung (\"KGF\", in English \"Cuneiform inscriptions and Historical Research\") (in German). J. Ricker'sche Buchhandlung – via Internet Archive.\nScobbie, Iain (2012). Wilmshurst, Elizabeth (ed.). International Law and the Classification of Conflicts. Oxford University Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-19-965775-9.\nSegev, Tom (2001) [Original in 2000]. \"Nebi Musa, 1920\". One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate. Trans. Haim Watzman. London: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-6587-9.\nSetton, Kenneth, ed. (1969). A History of the Crusades. University of Wisconsin Press. In six volumes: The first hundred years (2nd ed. 1969); The later Crusades, 1189–1311 (1969); The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries (1975); The art and architecture of the crusader states (1977); The impact of the Crusades on the Near East (1985); The impact of the Crusades on Europe (1989)\nShahin, Mariam (2005). Palestine: a Guide. Interlink Books. ISBN 978-1-56656-557-8.\nShapira, Anita (2014). Israel a history, translated from Hebrew by Anthony Berris. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-61168-352-3.\nSharon, Moshe (1988). The Holy Land in History and Thought: papers submitted to the International Conference on the Relations between the Holy Land and the World Outside It, Johannesburg, 1986. Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-08855-9.\nShiloh, Yigal (1980). \"The Population of Iron Age Palestine in the Light of a Sample Analysis of Urban Plans, Areas, and Population Density\". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 239 (239): 25–35. doi:10.2307/1356754. JSTOR 1356754. S2CID 163824693.\nSicker, Martin (1999). Reshaping Palestine: from Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1922. New York: Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-275-96639-3.\nSilverburg, Sanford R. (2009). \"Diplomatic Recognition of States in statu nascendi: The Case of Palestine\". In Silverburg, Sanford R. (ed.). Palestine and International Law: Essays on Politics and Economics. Diplomatic Recognition of States. ISBN 978-0-7864-4248-5.\nSivan, Hagith (2008). Palestine in Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-19-160867-4.\nSmith, Morton (1999). \"The Gentiles in Judaism\". Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 3. CUP. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-521-24377-3.\n\"State of Palestine name change shows limitations\". AP. 17 January 2013. Archived from the original on 10 January 2013. Israel remains in charge of territories the world says should one day make up that state.\nTamari, Salim (2011). \"Shifting Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine-Part 1: Filistin Risalesi and the two Jamals\" (PDF). Jerusalem Quarterly (49): 28–37.\nTaylor, Joan E. (15 November 2012). The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955448-5. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction\n\"Temple of Jerusalem | Description, History, & Significance | Britannica\". Retrieved 28 February 2022.\nTessler, Mark (1994). A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20873-6.\nTucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla, eds. (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 1553. ISBN 978-1-85109-842-2.\nUN News Centre (2012). \"Lack of sufficient services in Gaza could get worse without urgent action, UN warns\". UN Publications. Retrieved 22 January 2013.\nVermes, Géza (2014). The True Herod. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-567-48841-1.\nWalmsley, Alan (2000). \"Production, exchange and regional trade in the Islamic Wast Mediterranean: old structures, new systems?\". In Hansen, Inge Lyse; Wickham, Chris (eds.). The Long Eighth Century: Production, Distribution and Demand. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11723-5.\nWeill, Sharon (2014). The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-968542-4.\nWenning, Robert (2007). \"The Nabataeans in History (Before AD 106)\". In Politis, Konstantinos D (ed.). The World of the Nabataeans: Volume 2 of the International Conference the World of the Herods and the Nabataeans Held at the British Museum, 17-19 April, 2001. Oriens Et Occidens. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-08816-9.\nWhitelam, Keith W. (1996). The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-79916-0.\nYazbak, Mahmoud (1998). Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, A Muslim Town in Transition, 1864–1914. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN 978-90-04-11051-9.\nZeevi, Dror (1996), An Ottoman century: the district of Jerusalem in the 1600s, SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-2915-0\nZissu, Boaz (2018). \"Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective\". Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE. Joshua Schwartz, Peter J. Tomson. Leiden, The Netherlands. p. 19. ISBN 978-90-04-34986-5. OCLC 988856967.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Kingdoms of the Southern Levant during the Iron Age (c. 830 BCE)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png/220px-Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png"},{"image_text":"Caesarea Maritima, also known as Caesarea Palestinae, built under Herod the Great at the site of a former Phoenician naval station, became the capital city of Roman Judea, Roman Syria Palaestina and Byzantine Palaestina Prima provinces.[48]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg/220px-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg"},{"image_text":"Model of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, after being rebuilt by Herod. It was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE during the First Jewish-Roman War.[56]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Second_Temple.jpg/220px-Second_Temple.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Hospitaller fortress in Acre was destroyed in 1291 and partially rebuilt in the 18th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Akko_Castle_30_%285147892579%29.jpg/220px-Akko_Castle_30_%285147892579%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Khan al-Umdan, constructed in Acre in 1784, is the largest and best preserved caravanserai in the region.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Akko_BW_13.JPG/220px-Akko_BW_13.JPG"},{"image_text":"Satellite image of the region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Satellite_image_of_Israel.jpg/110px-Satellite_image_of_Israel.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"History of agriculture in Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine"},{"title":"Land of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel"},{"title":"Levantine archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_archaeology"},{"title":"Palestine Exploration Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund"},{"title":"Place names of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_names_of_Palestine"}]
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[{"reference":"Beloe, W. (1821). Herodotus, Vol.II. London. p. 269. It should be remembered that Syria is always regarded by Herodotus as synonymous with Assyria. What the Greeks called Palestine the Arabs call Falastin, which is the Philistines of Scripture.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SyYIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA269","url_text":"Herodotus, Vol.II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria","url_text":"Assyria"}]},{"reference":"\"Żeby nie zapomnieć | Tygodnik Powszechny\". www.tygodnikpowszechny.pl (in Polish). 30 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tygodnikpowszechny.pl/zeby-nie-zapomniec-165818","url_text":"\"Żeby nie zapomnieć | Tygodnik Powszechny\""}]},{"reference":"Rivoal, Isabelle (1 January 2001). \"Susan Slyomovics, The Object of Memory. Arabs and Jews Narrate the Palestinian Village\". L'Homme. Revue française d'anthropologie (in French) (158–159): 478–479. doi:10.4000/lhomme.6701. ISSN 0439-4216.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.openedition.org/lhomme/6701","url_text":"\"Susan Slyomovics, The Object of Memory. Arabs and Jews Narrate the Palestinian Village\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Flhomme.6701","url_text":"10.4000/lhomme.6701"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0439-4216","url_text":"0439-4216"}]},{"reference":"\"مليونان و375 ألف نسمة عدد سكان قطاع غزة مع نهاية 2022\". arabic.news.cn. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://arabic.news.cn/20230105/d4cd282fc5a44ff48c3cf460871f1e74/c.html","url_text":"\"مليونان و375 ألف نسمة عدد سكان قطاع غزة مع نهاية 2022\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230105160533/http://arabic.news.cn/20230105/d4cd282fc5a44ff48c3cf460871f1e74/c.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1st Aliyah to Israel\". Jewish Virtual Library. n.d. Retrieved 15 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-first-aliyah-1882-1903","url_text":"\"1st Aliyah to Israel\""}]},{"reference":"Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim, ed. (1971). The Transformation of Palestine. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Abu-Manneh, Butrus (1999). \"The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late Nineteenth Century\". In Pappé, Ilan (ed.). The Israel/Palestine Question. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16948-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OjuKhNEmFvoC","url_text":"The Israel/Palestine Question"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16948-6","url_text":"978-0-415-16948-6"}]},{"reference":"Adwan, Sami (2006). \"Textbooks in the Palestinian National Authority\". In Greenbaum, Charles W.; Veerman, Philip E.; Bacon-Shnoor, Naomi (eds.). Protection of Children During Armed Political Conflict: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Intersentia. pp. 231–256. ISBN 978-90-5095-341-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9FTxoncXDwwC&pg=PA242","url_text":"\"Textbooks in the Palestinian National Authority\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5095-341-2","url_text":"978-90-5095-341-2"}]},{"reference":"Aharoni, Yohanan (1 January 1979). The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-664-24266-4. The desert served as an eastern boundary in times when Transjordan was occupied. But when Transjordan became an unsettled region, a pasturage for desert nomads, then the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea formed the natural eastern boundary of Western Palestine.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AMtoyNxWw0UC","url_text":"The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24266-4","url_text":"978-0-664-24266-4"}]},{"reference":"Ahlström, Gösta Werner (1993). The history of ancient Palestine. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-2770-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5cSAlLBZKaAC","url_text":"The history of ancient Palestine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_Press","url_text":"Fortress Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2770-6","url_text":"978-0-8006-2770-6"}]},{"reference":"Alexandrowicz, Ra'anan (2012), \"The Justice of Occupation\", The New York Times","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/opinion/the-justice-of-occupation.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"The Justice of Occupation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Perry (2001). \"Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem\". New Left Review. Vol. 10. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Anderson","url_text":"Anderson, Perry"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181001124430/https://newleftreview.org/article/download_pdf?id=2330","url_text":"\"Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Left_Review","url_text":"New Left Review"},{"url":"https://newleftreview.org/article/download_pdf?id=2330","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anspacher, Abraham Samuel (1912). Tiglath Pileser III – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/tiglathpileserii00anspuoft#page/48/mode/1up","url_text":"Tiglath Pileser III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Avneri, Arieh L. (1984). The Claim of Dispossession. Tel Aviv: Hidekel Press. ISBN 978-0-87855-964-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-964-0","url_text":"978-0-87855-964-0"}]},{"reference":"Avni, Gideon (2014). The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-968433-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLucAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA301","url_text":"The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968433-5","url_text":"978-0-19-968433-5"}]},{"reference":"Bachi, Roberto (1974). The Population of Israel. Jerusalem: Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Bachi","url_text":"Bachi, Roberto"}]},{"reference":"Belfer-Cohen, Anna; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2000). \"Early Sedentism in the Near East: A Bumpy Ride to Village Life\". In Kuijt, Ian (ed.). Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: social organization, identity, and differentiation. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. ISBN 978-0-306-46122-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46122-4","url_text":"978-0-306-46122-4"}]},{"reference":"Bianquis, Thierry (1998). \"Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Tulun to Kafur 868-969\". In Daly, Martin W.; Petry, Carl F. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–119. ISBN 978-0-521-47137-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4X_d1sTjYC&pg=PA86","url_text":"\"Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Tulun to Kafur 868-969\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47137-4","url_text":"978-0-521-47137-4"}]},{"reference":"Biger, Gideon (1981). \"Where was Palestine? pre-World War I perception\". AREA (Journal of the Institute of British Geographers). 13 (2): 153–160.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Biger, Gideon (2004). The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947. RoutledgeCurzon. passim. ISBN 978-1-135-76652-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wUqRAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76652-8","url_text":"978-1-135-76652-8"}]},{"reference":"Boas, Adrian J. (2001). Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City Under Frankish Rule. London: Routledge. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-415-23000-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0TuCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1","url_text":"Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City Under Frankish Rule"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23000-1","url_text":"978-0-415-23000-1"}]},{"reference":"Breasted, James Henry (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt: The first through the seventeenth dynasties. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06990-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted","url_text":"Breasted, James Henry"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mJPs-PA0AEUC&pg=PA24","url_text":"Ancient Records of Egypt: The first through the seventeenth dynasties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06990-1","url_text":"978-0-252-06990-1"}]},{"reference":"Broshi, Magen (1979). \"The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period\". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 236 (236): 1–10. doi:10.2307/1356664. JSTOR 1356664. PMID 12338473. S2CID 24341643.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356664","url_text":"10.2307/1356664"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356664","url_text":"1356664"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12338473","url_text":"12338473"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24341643","url_text":"24341643"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Daniel W. A New Introduction to Islam (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brummitt, R.K. (2001). World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions: Edition 2 (PDF). International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG). ISBN 978-0-913196-72-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf","url_text":"World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions: Edition 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913196-72-4","url_text":"978-0-913196-72-4"},{"url":"http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1_bQTrpf62cC&q=damascus","url_text":"Damascus: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27105-9","url_text":"978-0-415-27105-9"}]},{"reference":"Büssow, Johann (2011). Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-20569-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA5","url_text":"Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20569-7","url_text":"978-90-04-20569-7"}]},{"reference":"Byatt, Anthony (1973). \"Josephus and Population Numbers in First-century Palestine\". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 105: 51–60. doi:10.1179/peq.1973.105.1.51.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Byatt","url_text":"Byatt, Anthony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fpeq.1973.105.1.51","url_text":"10.1179/peq.1973.105.1.51"}]},{"reference":"Cavendish, Marshall (2007). Peoples of Western Asia (Illustrated ed.). Marshall Cavendish Corporation. ISBN 978-0-7614-7677-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qA5LnP1pZacC&pg=PA559","url_text":"Peoples of Western Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7677-1","url_text":"978-0-7614-7677-1"}]},{"reference":"Chancey, Mark A (2005). Greco-Roman Culture and the Galilee of Jesus. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84647-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84647-9","url_text":"978-0-521-84647-9"}]},{"reference":"Chase, Kenneth (2003). Firearms: a Global History to 1700. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82274-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82274-9","url_text":"978-0-521-82274-9"}]},{"reference":"Crotty, Robert Brian (2017). The Christian Survivor: How Roman Christianity Defeated Its Early Competitors. Springer. p. 25 f.n. 4. ISBN 978-981-10-3214-1. The Babylonians translated the Hebrew name [Judah] into Aramaic as Yehud Medinata ('the province of Judah') or simply 'Yehud' and made it a new Babylonian province. This was inherited by the Persians. Under the Greeks, Yehud was translated as Judaea and this was taken over by the Romans. After the Jewish rebellion of 135 CE, the Romans renamed the area Syria Palaestina or simply Palestine. The area described by these land titles differed to some extent in the different periods.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6X6hDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25","url_text":"The Christian Survivor: How Roman Christianity Defeated Its Early Competitors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-3214-1","url_text":"978-981-10-3214-1"}]},{"reference":"Crouch, C. L. (1 October 2014). Israel and the Assyrians: Deuteronomy, the Succession Treaty of Esarhaddon, and the Nature of Subversion. SBL Press. ISBN 978-1-62837-026-3. Judah's reason(s) for submitting to Assyrian hegemony, at least superficially, require explanation, while at the same time indications of its read-but-disguised resistance to Assyria must be uncovered... The political and military sprawl of the Assyrian empire during the late Iron Age in the southern Levant, especially toward its outer borders, is not quite akin to the single dominating hegemony envisioned by most discussions of hegemony and subversion. In the case of Judah it should be reiterated that Judah was always a vassal state, semi-autonomous and on the periphery of the imperial system, it was never a fully-integrated provincial territory. The implications of this distinction for Judah's relationship with and experience of the Assyrian empire should not be underestimated; studies of the expression of Assyria's cultural and political powers in its provincial territories and vassal states have revealed notable differences in the degree of active involvement in different types of territories. Indeed, the mechanics of the Assyrian empire were hardly designed for direct control over all its vassals' internal activities, provided that a vassal produced the requisite tribute and did not provoke trouble among its neighbors, the level of direct involvement from Assyria remained relatively low. For the entirety of its experience of the Assyrian empire, Judah functioned as a vassal state, rather than a province under direct Assyrian rule, thereby preserving at least a certain degree of autonomy, especially in its internal affairs. Meanwhile, the general atmosphere of Pax Assyriaca in the southern Levant minimized the necessity of (and opportunities for) external conflict. That Assyrians, at least in small numbers, were present in Judah is likely – probably a qipu and his entourage who, if the recent excavators of Ramat Rahel are correct, perhaps resided just outside the capital – but there is far less evidence than is commonly assumed to suggest that these left a direct impression of Assyria on this small vassal state... The point here is that, despite the wider context of Assyria's political and economic power in the ancient Near East in general and the southern Levant in particular, Judah remained a distinguishable and semi-independent southern Levantine state, part of but not subsumed by the Assyrian empire and, indeed, benefitting from it in significant ways.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd3PBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18","url_text":"Israel and the Assyrians: Deuteronomy, the Succession Treaty of Esarhaddon, and the Nature of Subversion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-026-3","url_text":"978-1-62837-026-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605-594 BC)\". British Museum. n.d. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx","url_text":"\"Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605-594 BC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum","url_text":"British Museum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141030154541/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DellaPergola, Sergio (2001), \"Demography in Israel/Palestine: Trends, Prospects, Policy Implications\" (PDF), IUSSP XXIVth General Population Conference in Salvador de Bahia, Brazil, 18–24 August 2001, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_DellaPergola","url_text":"DellaPergola, Sergio"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161202023038/http://archive.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s60/S64_02_dellapergola.pdf","url_text":"\"Demography in Israel/Palestine: Trends, Prospects, Policy Implications\""},{"url":"http://archive.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s60/S64_02_dellapergola.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Doumani, Beshara (1995). Rediscovering Palestine: merchants and peasants in Jabal Nablus 1700–1900. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20370-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20370-9","url_text":"978-0-520-20370-9"}]},{"reference":"Drews, Robert (1998), \"Canaanites and Philistines\", Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 23 (81): 39–61, doi:10.1177/030908929802308104, S2CID 144074940","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030908929802308104","url_text":"10.1177/030908929802308104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144074940","url_text":"144074940"}]},{"reference":"\"Early Years of Nebuchadnezzar II (ABC 5)\". 1 April 2006. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190505195611/https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html","url_text":"\"Early Years of Nebuchadnezzar II (ABC 5)\""},{"url":"https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ehrman, B. (2011). Forged: writing in the name of God. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-207863-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6","url_text":"978-0-06-207863-6"}]},{"reference":"Ember, Melvin; Peregrine, Peter Neal, eds. (2001). Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Vol. 8: South and Southwest Asia (1st ed.). New York and London: Springer. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-306-46262-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Ember","url_text":"Ember, Melvin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_N._Peregrine","url_text":"Peregrine, Peter Neal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46262-7","url_text":"978-0-306-46262-7"}]},{"reference":"Ephal, Israel (2000). \"Syria-Palestine under Achaemenid Rule\". The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 11. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-0-521-22804-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nNDpPqeDjo0C&pg=PA139","url_text":"\"Syria-Palestine under Achaemenid Rule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22804-6","url_text":"978-0-521-22804-6"}]},{"reference":"Eshel, Hanan (2008). Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hasmonean State. Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature (SDSS). Grand Rapids, Michigan/Cambridge and Jerusalem, Israel: William B. Eerdmans and Yad Ben-Zvi Press. ISBN 978-0-8028-6285-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanan_Eshel","url_text":"Eshel, Hanan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6285-3","url_text":"978-0-8028-6285-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Estimated Population in the Palestinian Territory Mid-Year by Governorate, 1997–2016\". Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm","url_text":"\"Estimated Population in the Palestinian Territory Mid-Year by Governorate, 1997–2016\""}]},{"reference":"Evenari, Michael (1982). The Negev: The Challenge of a Desert. Harvard University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-674-60672-2. As the cradle of Christianity, Palestine became the center of religious worship for a vast empire","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-60672-2","url_text":"978-0-674-60672-2"}]},{"reference":"Fahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milic; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Barrett, David B. (2005). The encyclopedia of Christianity. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2416-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sCY4sAjTGIYC&pg=PA18","url_text":"The encyclopedia of Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2416-5","url_text":"978-0-8028-2416-5"}]},{"reference":"Farsoun, Samih K.; Aruri, Naseer (2006). Palestine and the Palestinians (2nd ed.). Boulder CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4336-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4336-5","url_text":"978-0-8133-4336-5"}]},{"reference":"Feldman, Louis (1990). \"Some Observations on the Name of Palestine\". Hebrew Union College Annual. 61: 1–23. JSTOR 23508170.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23508170","url_text":"23508170"}]},{"reference":"Feldman, Louis H. (1996) [First published 1990]. \"Some Observations on the Name of Palestine\". Studies in Hellenistic Judaism. Leiden: Brill. pp. 553–576. ISBN 978-90-04-10418-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman","url_text":"Feldman, Louis H."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pACJYw0bg3QC&pg=PA553","url_text":"\"Some Observations on the Name of Palestine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10418-1","url_text":"978-90-04-10418-1"}]},{"reference":"Finkelstein, I; Mazar, A.; Schmidt, B. (2007). The Quest for the Historical Israel. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-277-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-277-0","url_text":"978-1-58983-277-0"}]},{"reference":"Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-86912-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4","url_text":"978-0-684-86912-4"}]},{"reference":"Flusin, Bernard (2011). \"Palestinia Hagiography (Fourth-Eighth Centuries)\". In Efthymiadis, Stephanos (ed.). The Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography. Vol. 1. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-5033-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_MQEQOWFrAMC&pg=PA215","url_text":"\"Palestinia Hagiography (Fourth-Eighth Centuries)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5033-1","url_text":"978-0-7546-5033-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Full transcript of Abbas speech at UN General Assembly\". Haaretz. 23 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/full-transcript-of-abbas-speech-at-un-general-assembly-1.386385","url_text":"\"Full transcript of Abbas speech at UN General Assembly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz","url_text":"Haaretz"}]},{"reference":"Gawerc, Michelle (2012). Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships. Lexington Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7391-6610-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&pg=PA44","url_text":"Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6610-9","url_text":"978-0-7391-6610-9"}]},{"reference":"Gelber, Yoav (1997). Jewish-Transjordanian Relations 1921–48: alliance of bars sinister. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4675-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4675-6","url_text":"978-0-7146-4675-6"}]},{"reference":"\"General Assembly Votes Overwhelmingly to Accord Palestine 'Non-Member Observer State' Status in United Nations\". United Nations. 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/press/en/2012/ga11317.doc.htm","url_text":"\"General Assembly Votes Overwhelmingly to Accord Palestine 'Non-Member Observer State' Status in United Nations\""}]},{"reference":"Gerber, Haim (1998). \"Palestine and Other Territorial Concepts in the 17th Century\". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 30 (4): 563–572. doi:10.1017/S0020743800052569. S2CID 162982234.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800052569","url_text":"10.1017/S0020743800052569"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162982234","url_text":"162982234"}]},{"reference":"Gerson, Allan (2012). Israel, the West Bank and International Law. Routledge. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-7146-3091-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nyl9BoCABEsC","url_text":"Israel, the West Bank and International Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3091-5","url_text":"978-0-7146-3091-5"}]},{"reference":"Gil, Moshe (1997). A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59984-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Gil","url_text":"Gil, Moshe"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC","url_text":"A History of Palestine, 634–1099"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59984-9","url_text":"978-0-521-59984-9"}]},{"reference":"Gilbar, Gad G. (1986). \"The Growing Economic Involvement of Palestine with the West, 1865–1914\". In Kushner, David (ed.). Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: political, social and economic transformation. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 188–210. ISBN 978-90-04-07792-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XgRDT9wMUhYC&pg=PA188","url_text":"\"The Growing Economic Involvement of Palestine with the West, 1865–1914\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07792-8","url_text":"978-90-04-07792-8"}]},{"reference":"Gilbar, Gad G., ed. (1990). Ottoman Palestine: 1800–1914: studies in economic and social history. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-07785-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07785-0","url_text":"978-90-04-07785-0"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Martin (2005). The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35900-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gilbert","url_text":"Gilbert, Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35900-9","url_text":"978-0-415-35900-9"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Michael (2001). Jews and Christians: Getting Our Stories Straight. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57910-776-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XLBKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147","url_text":"Jews and Christians: Getting Our Stories Straight"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-776-5","url_text":"978-1-57910-776-5"}]},{"reference":"Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1. T & T Clark. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-567-08998-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-MnE5T_0RbMC&pg=PAPA355&dq=%22gave%2Bthe%2BJews%2Bpermission%2Bto%2Breturn%2Bto%2BYehud%2Bprovince%2Band%2Bto%2Brebuild%2Bthe%22","url_text":"A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08998-4","url_text":"978-0-567-08998-4"}]},{"reference":"Grief, Howard (2008). The Legal Foundation and Borders of Israel Under International Law. Mazo Publishers. ISBN 978-965-7344-52-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yqk3XE196GsC&pg=PA33","url_text":"The Legal Foundation and Borders of Israel Under International Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-7344-52-1","url_text":"978-965-7344-52-1"}]},{"reference":"Grisanti, Michael A.; Howard, David M. (2003). Giving the Sense: understanding and using Old Testament historical texts (Illustrated ed.). Kregel Publications. ISBN 978-0-8254-2892-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=stMd0QV97IYC&pg=PA160","url_text":"Giving the Sense: understanding and using Old Testament historical texts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-2892-0","url_text":"978-0-8254-2892-0"}]},{"reference":"Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte [Atlas of World History] (2nd ed.). Braunschweig: Georg Westermann Verlag. 2001. ISBN 978-3-07-509520-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-07-509520-1","url_text":"978-3-07-509520-1"}]},{"reference":"Hajjar, Lisa (2005). Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza. University of California Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-520-24194-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mcjoHq2wqdUC&pg=PA96","url_text":"Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24194-7","url_text":"978-0-520-24194-7"}]},{"reference":"Hansen, Mogens Herman, ed. (2000). A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: an investigation. Copenhagen: Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. ISBN 978-87-7876-177-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7876-177-4","url_text":"978-87-7876-177-4"}]},{"reference":"Harris, David Russell (1996). The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85728-537-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-537-6","url_text":"978-1-85728-537-6"}]},{"reference":"Hayes, John H.; Mandell, Sara R (1998). The Jewish People in Classical Antiquity: from Alexander to Bar Kochba. Louisville KY: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25727-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25727-9","url_text":"978-0-664-25727-9"}]},{"reference":"Herodotus (1858). Rawlinson, George (ed.). The Histories, full text of all books (Book I to Book IX).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus","url_text":"Herodotus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rawlinson","url_text":"Rawlinson, George"},{"url":"http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html","url_text":"The Histories, full text of all books (Book I to Book IX)"}]},{"reference":"\"Herodotus, The Histories, book 3, chapter 91, section 1\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0125:book=3:chapter=91:section=1","url_text":"\"Herodotus, The Histories, book 3, chapter 91, section 1\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Mark (1999). Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917–1919. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4920-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4920-7","url_text":"978-0-7146-4920-7"}]},{"reference":"Ingrams, Doreen (1972). Palestine Papers 1917–1922. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-8076-0648-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8076-0648-3","url_text":"978-0-8076-0648-3"}]},{"reference":"Jacobson, David (1999). \"Palestine and Israel\". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 313 (313): 65–74. doi:10.2307/1357617. JSTOR 1357617. S2CID 163303829.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357617","url_text":"10.2307/1357617"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357617","url_text":"1357617"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163303829","url_text":"163303829"}]},{"reference":"Jacobson, David (2001), \"When Palestine Meant Israel\", Biblical Archaeology Review, 27 (3)","urls":[{"url":"http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=27&Issue=3&ArticleID=3","url_text":"\"When Palestine Meant Israel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jews, by Continent of Origin, Continent of Birth & Period of Immigration\". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_09&CYear=2016","url_text":"\"Jews, by Continent of Origin, Continent of Birth & Period of Immigration\""}]},{"reference":"Jobling, David; Rose, Catherine (1996). \"Reading as a Philistine\". In Brett, Mark G. (ed.). Ethnicity and the Bible. BRILL. ISBN 978-0-391-04126-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jobling","url_text":"Jobling, David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RfFRhC4FpZkC&pg=PA404","url_text":"\"Reading as a Philistine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04126-4","url_text":"978-0-391-04126-4"}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Sarah Iles (2004). Religions of the Ancient World: a guide. Cambridge, MA: MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01517-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01517-3","url_text":"978-0-674-01517-3"}]},{"reference":"Joudah, Ahmad Hasan (1987). Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: The Era of Shaykh Zahir Al-ʻUmar. Kingston Press. ISBN 978-0-940670-11-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zQAdAAAAMAAJ&q=dayr+hanna","url_text":"Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: The Era of Shaykh Zahir Al-ʻUmar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940670-11-2","url_text":"978-0-940670-11-2"}]},{"reference":"Kaegi, Walter Emil (1995). Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests (Reprint, illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-48455-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YSULouFrzx4C&pg=PA41","url_text":"Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48455-8","url_text":"978-0-521-48455-8"}]},{"reference":"Karpat, Kemal H (2002). Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12101-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12101-0","url_text":"978-90-04-12101-0"}]},{"reference":"Kårtveit, Bård (2014). Dilemmas of Attachment: Identity and Belonging among Palestinian Christians. BRILL. p. 209. ISBN 978-90-04-27639-0. is widely regarded as the cradle of Christianity","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27639-0","url_text":"978-90-04-27639-0"}]},{"reference":"Khalidi, Rashid (1997). Palestinian Identity. The Construction of Modern National Consciousness. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10515-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi","url_text":"Khalidi, Rashid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press","url_text":"Columbia University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10515-6","url_text":"978-0-231-10515-6"}]},{"reference":"Khalidi, Rashid (2007) [1st ed. 2001]. \"The Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure\". In Rogan, Eugene L.; Shlaim, Avi (eds.). The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69934-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi","url_text":"Khalidi, Rashid"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h3EOJGiBBpQC&pg=PR5","url_text":"\"The Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h3EOJGiBBpQC","url_text":"The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69934-1","url_text":"978-0-521-69934-1"}]},{"reference":"Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines and Early Israel 1300–1100 BC. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-097-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-097-4","url_text":"978-1-58983-097-4"}]},{"reference":"Kimmerling, Baruch; Migdal, Joel S (1994). Palestinians: The Making of a People. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-65223-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-65223-1","url_text":"978-0-674-65223-1"}]},{"reference":"Kimmerling, Baruch; Migdal, Joel S. (2003). The Palestinian People: A History. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01129-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Kimmerling","url_text":"Kimmerling, Baruch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_S._Migdal","url_text":"Migdal, Joel S."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC&q=Hebron+Ibrahim+August+1834","url_text":"The Palestinian People: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01129-8","url_text":"978-0-674-01129-8"}]},{"reference":"Kirk, J Andrew (2011). Civilisations in Conflict?: Islam, the West and Christian Faith. OCMS. ISBN 978-1-870345-87-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ckEzKBFqQPQC&pg=PA46","url_text":"Civilisations in Conflict?: Islam, the West and Christian Faith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870345-87-3","url_text":"978-1-870345-87-3"}]},{"reference":"Kliot, Nurit (1995), The Evolution of the Egypt-Israel Boundary: From Colonial Foundations to Peaceful Borders, vol. 1, International Boundaries Research Unit, ISBN 978-1-897643-17-4","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/download/?id=207","url_text":"The Evolution of the Egypt-Israel Boundary: From Colonial Foundations to Peaceful Borders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897643-17-4","url_text":"978-1-897643-17-4"}]},{"reference":"Köchler, Hans (1981). The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem. Vienna: Braumüller. ISBN 978-3-7003-0278-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler","url_text":"Köchler, Hans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7003-0278-0","url_text":"978-3-7003-0278-0"}]},{"reference":"Krämer, Gudrun (2011). A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15007-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tWrW_CKODdQC","url_text":"A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15007-9","url_text":"978-0-691-15007-9"}]},{"reference":"Kretzmer, David (2012). \"The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel\" (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross. 94 (885): 207–236. doi:10.1017/S1816383112000446. S2CID 32105258.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kretzmer","url_text":"Kretzmer, David"},{"url":"https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/review/2012/irrc-885-kretzmer.pdf","url_text":"\"The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1816383112000446","url_text":"10.1017/S1816383112000446"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32105258","url_text":"32105258"}]},{"reference":"Kurz, Anat N (2005). Fatah and the Politics of Violence: the institutionalization of a popular Struggle. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84519-032-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-032-3","url_text":"978-1-84519-032-3"}]},{"reference":"Lassner, Jacob; Troen, Selwyn Ilan (2007). Jews and Muslims in the Arab world: haunted by pasts real and imagined (Illustrated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5842-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NYNCUXGoFWMC&pg=PA55","url_text":"Jews and Muslims in the Arab world: haunted by pasts real and imagined"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5842-7","url_text":"978-0-7425-5842-7"}]},{"reference":"Lehmann, Clayton Miles (Summer 1998). \"Palestine: History: 135–337: Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy\". The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. University of South Dakota. Archived from the original on 11 August 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2014. In the aftermath of the Bar Cochba Revolt, the Romans excluded Jews from a large area around Aelia Capitolina, which Gentiles only inhabited. The province now hosted two legions and many auxiliary units, two colonies, and--to complete the disassociation with Judaea--a new name, Syria Palaestina.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090811054625/http://www.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Palestine/history.htm","url_text":"\"Palestine: History: 135–337: Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy\""},{"url":"http://www.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Palestine/history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Levin, Yigal (24 September 2020). \"The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism\". Religions. 11 (10): 487. doi:10.3390/rel11100487. ISSN 2077-1444.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11100487","url_text":"\"The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11100487","url_text":"10.3390/rel11100487"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444","url_text":"2077-1444"}]},{"reference":"Lewin, Ariel (2005). The Archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-0-89236-800-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zlToSqE0k_cC","url_text":"The Archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-800-6","url_text":"978-0-89236-800-6"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Bernard (1954). \"Studies in the Ottoman Archives—I\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 16 (3): 469–501. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00086808. S2CID 162304704.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0041977x00086808","url_text":"10.1017/s0041977x00086808"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162304704","url_text":"162304704"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Bernard (1993). Islam in History: ideas, people and events in the Middle East. Chicago: Open Court Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8126-9518-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis","url_text":"Lewis, Bernard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9518-2","url_text":"978-0-8126-9518-2"}]},{"reference":"Loftus, J. P. (1948). \"Features of the demography of Palestine\". Population Studies. 2: 92–114. doi:10.1080/00324728.1948.10416341.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00324728.1948.10416341","url_text":"10.1080/00324728.1948.10416341"}]},{"reference":"Louis, Wm Roger (1969). \"The United Kingdom and the Beginning of the Mandates System, 1919–1922\". International Organization. 23 (1): 73–96. doi:10.1017/S0020818300025534. S2CID 154745632.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_(journal)","url_text":"International Organization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818300025534","url_text":"10.1017/S0020818300025534"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154745632","url_text":"154745632"}]},{"reference":"Macalister, Robert Alexander Stewart; Cook, Stanley Arthur; Hart, John Henry Arthur (1911). \"Palestine\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 600–626.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._Stewart_Macalister","url_text":"Macalister, Robert Alexander Stewart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Arthur_Cook","url_text":"Cook, Stanley Arthur"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Palestine","url_text":"\"Palestine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Makdisi, Saree (2010). Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33844-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saree_Makdisi","url_text":"Makdisi, Saree"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2dBM3Ago2BAC&pg=PA299","url_text":"Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33844-7","url_text":"978-0-393-33844-7"}]},{"reference":"Malamat, Abraham; Tadmor, Hayim (1976). Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel (ed.). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-39731-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC&pg=PA226","url_text":"A History of the Jewish People"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6","url_text":"978-0-674-39731-6"}]},{"reference":"Mandel, Neville J (1976). The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02466-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02466-3","url_text":"978-0-520-02466-3"}]},{"reference":"Maniscalco, Fabio (2005). Protection, conservation and valorisation of Palestinian Cultural Patrimony. Massa Publisher. ISBN 978-88-87835-62-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Maniscalco","url_text":"Maniscalco, Fabio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-87835-62-5","url_text":"978-88-87835-62-5"}]},{"reference":"Martindale, John R.; Jones, A.H.M.; Morris, John (1992). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: AD 527–641. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20160-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fBImqkpzQPsC","url_text":"The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: AD 527–641"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20160-5","url_text":"978-0-521-20160-5"}]},{"reference":"Masalha, Nur (2007). Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine-Israel. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-761-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Masalha","url_text":"Masalha, Nur"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LAUeWo8NDK4C&pg=PA32","url_text":"Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine-Israel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-761-9","url_text":"978-1-84277-761-9"}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Justin (1990). The Population of Palestine. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-07110-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07110-9","url_text":"978-0-231-07110-9"}]},{"reference":"Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. (1989). \"Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan\". Jordan: A Country Study. GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-16-033746-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz","url_text":"Metz, Helen Chapin"},{"url":"http://countrystudies.us/jordan/10.htm","url_text":"Jordan: A Country Study"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-033746-8","url_text":"978-0-16-033746-8"}]},{"reference":"Metzer, Jacob (1998). The Divided Economy of Mandatory Palestine. Cambridge Middle East Studies, Series Number 11. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46550-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46550-2","url_text":"978-0-521-46550-2"}]},{"reference":"Meyers, Eric M.; Chancey, Mark A. (25 September 2012). Alexander to Constantine: Archaeology of the Land of the Bible. Vol. III. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14179-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw-u7j4JxNYC","url_text":"Alexander to Constantine: Archaeology of the Land of the Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14179-5","url_text":"978-0-300-14179-5"}]},{"reference":"Mezzofiore, Gianluca (2 January 2015). \"Will Palestinians outnumber Israeli Jews by 2016?\". International Business Times. Retrieved 18 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/will-palestinians-outnumber-israeli-jews-by-2016-1481628","url_text":"\"Will Palestinians outnumber Israeli Jews by 2016?\""}]},{"reference":"Mills, Watson E (1990). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-373-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7","url_text":"978-0-86554-373-7"}]},{"reference":"Miskin, Maayana (5 December 2012). \"PA Weighs 'State of Palestine' Passport\". Arutz Sheva. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2014. A senior PA official revealed the plans in an interview with Al-Quds newspaper. The change to 'state' status is important because it shows that 'the state of Palestine is occupied,' he said.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162844#.U5TD6vmICm6","url_text":"\"PA Weighs 'State of Palestine' Passport\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121207082503/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162844","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Benny (2001) [First published 1999]. Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–1999. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-74475-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Morris","url_text":"Morris, Benny"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZawVAQAACAAJ","url_text":"Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–1999"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf","url_text":"Alfred A. Knopf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74475-7","url_text":"978-0-679-74475-7"}]},{"reference":"Neusner, J. (1983). \"Jews in Iran\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3 (2); the Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24693-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24693-4","url_text":"978-0-521-24693-4"}]},{"reference":"Noth, Martin (1939). \"Zur Geschichte des Namens Palästina\". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 62 (1/2). Deutscher Verein zur Erforschung Palästinas: 125–144. JSTOR 27930226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Noth","url_text":"Noth, Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27930226","url_text":"27930226"}]},{"reference":"O'Mahony, Anthony (2003). \"The Christian Communities, religion, politics and church-state relations in Jerusalem: an historical survey\". The Christian communities of Jerusalem and the Holy Land: Studies in History, Religion and Politics. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1772-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1772-3","url_text":"978-0-7083-1772-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Palestine\", Jewish Encyclopedia, Funk & Wagnalls, 1906","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=31&letter=P&search=palestine","url_text":"\"Palestine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Jewish Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state\". Reuters. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129","url_text":"\"Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Pappé, Ilan (1994). \"Introduction\". The Making of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-819-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9","url_text":"Pappé, Ilan"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zAJZCKAwtPMC&pg=PR5","url_text":"\"Introduction\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zAJZCKAwtPMC","url_text":"The Making of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.B.Tauris","url_text":"I.B.Tauris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-819-9","url_text":"978-1-85043-819-9"}]},{"reference":"Pappe, Ilan (1999). The Israel/Palestine Question. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-16948-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Pappe","url_text":"Pappe, Ilan"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OjuKhNEmFvoC&pg=PA38","url_text":"The Israel/Palestine Question"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16948-6","url_text":"978-0-415-16948-6"}]},{"reference":"Pastor, Jack (1997). Land and Economy in Ancient Palestine. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15960-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15960-9","url_text":"978-0-415-15960-9"}]},{"reference":"Phillipp, Thomas (2013). Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-50603-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=95I5QVdp4_gC&q=Zahir+Umar&pg=PA242","url_text":"Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50603-8","url_text":"978-0-231-50603-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Population, by Population Group\". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_01&CYear=2016","url_text":"\"Population, by Population Group\""}]},{"reference":"Porath, Yehoshua (1974). The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement, 1918–1929. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-2939-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-2939-1","url_text":"978-0-7146-2939-1"}]},{"reference":"Redmount, Carol A (1999). \"Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt\". In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508707-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508707-9","url_text":"978-0-19-508707-9"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Edward (1865). Physical geography of the Holy Land. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rogan, Eugene L (2002). Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89223-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89223-0","url_text":"978-0-521-89223-0"}]},{"reference":"Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites (2nd, illustrated ed.). McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&pg=PA285","url_text":"Placenames of the World: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2248-7","url_text":"978-0-7864-2248-7"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Steven A (1997). Lithics After the Stone Age: a handbook of stone tools from the Levant. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7619-9124-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9124-3","url_text":"978-0-7619-9124-3"}]},{"reference":"Sachar, Howard M. (2006). A History of Israel: from the rise of Zionism to our time (2nd ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-76563-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Sachar","url_text":"Sachar, Howard M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76563-9","url_text":"978-0-679-76563-9"}]},{"reference":"Said, Edward (2003). Culture and Resistance: Conversations with Edward W. Said. Pluto Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7453-2017-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said","url_text":"Said, Edward"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SUt6EAoH0xgC&pg=PA33","url_text":"Culture and Resistance: Conversations with Edward W. Said"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2017-5","url_text":"978-0-7453-2017-5"}]},{"reference":"Said, Edward; Hitchens, Christopher (2001). Blaming the Victims: spurious scholarship and the Palestinian Question. Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-340-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said","url_text":"Said, Edward"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-340-6","url_text":"978-1-85984-340-6"}]},{"reference":"Saldarini, Anthony (1994). Matthew's Christian-Jewish Community. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73421-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=btSZh4_vzqoC&pg=PA28","url_text":"Matthew's Christian-Jewish Community"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73421-7","url_text":"978-0-226-73421-7"}]},{"reference":"Salibi, Kamal Suleiman (1993). The Modern History of Jordan. I.B.Tauris. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-1-86064-331-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-331-6","url_text":"978-1-86064-331-6"}]},{"reference":"Sanger, Andrew (2011). \"The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla\". In Schmitt, M.N.; Arimatsu, Louise; McCormack, Tim (eds.). Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010. Vol. 13. p. 429. doi:10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14. ISBN 978-90-6704-811-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA429","url_text":"\"The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-6704-811-8_14","url_text":"10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6704-811-8","url_text":"978-90-6704-811-8"}]},{"reference":"Schäfer, Peter (2003). The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-30585-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YBarWAR2qVkC","url_text":"The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30585-3","url_text":"978-0-415-30585-3"}]},{"reference":"Schiller, Jon (2009). Internet View of the Arabic World. PublishAmerica. ISBN 978-1-4392-6326-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ-VAkIdiX0C&pg=PA98","url_text":"Internet View of the Arabic World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-6326-6","url_text":"978-1-4392-6326-6"}]},{"reference":"Schlor, Joachim (1999). Tel Aviv: From Dream to City. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-033-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-033-7","url_text":"978-1-86189-033-7"}]},{"reference":"Schmelz, Uziel O. (1990). \"Population Characteristics of Jerusalem and Hebron Regions According to Ottoman Census of 1905\". In Gilbar, Gar G (ed.). Ottoman Palestine: 1800–1914. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-07785-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07785-0","url_text":"978-90-04-07785-0"}]},{"reference":"Scholch, Alexander (1985). \"The Demographic Development of Palestine 1850–1882\". International Journal of Middle East Studies. XII (4): 485–505. doi:10.1017/S0020743800029445. JSTOR 00207438. S2CID 154921401.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800029445","url_text":"10.1017/S0020743800029445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/00207438","url_text":"00207438"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154921401","url_text":"154921401"}]},{"reference":"Schrader, Eberhard (1878). Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung (\"KGF\", in English \"Cuneiform inscriptions and Historical Research\") (in German). J. Ricker'sche Buchhandlung – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Schrader","url_text":"Schrader, Eberhard"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/keilinschriften00schrgoog#page/n136/mode/1up","url_text":"Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung (\"KGF\", in English \"Cuneiform inscriptions and Historical Research\")"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Scobbie, Iain (2012). Wilmshurst, Elizabeth (ed.). International Law and the Classification of Conflicts. Oxford University Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-19-965775-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Scobbie","url_text":"Scobbie, Iain"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GM90Xp03uuEC&pg=PA295","url_text":"International Law and the Classification of Conflicts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965775-9","url_text":"978-0-19-965775-9"}]},{"reference":"Segev, Tom (2001) [Original in 2000]. \"Nebi Musa, 1920\". One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate. Trans. Haim Watzman. London: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-6587-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Segev","url_text":"Segev, Tom"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XvT8CWv2DakC&pg=PA127","url_text":"\"Nebi Musa, 1920\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XvT8CWv2DakC","url_text":"One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company","url_text":"Henry Holt and Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6587-9","url_text":"978-0-8050-6587-9"}]},{"reference":"Setton, Kenneth, ed. (1969). A History of the Crusades. University of Wisconsin Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shahin, Mariam (2005). Palestine: a Guide. Interlink Books. ISBN 978-1-56656-557-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-557-8","url_text":"978-1-56656-557-8"}]},{"reference":"Shapira, Anita (2014). Israel a history, translated from Hebrew by Anthony Berris. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-61168-352-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-352-3","url_text":"978-1-61168-352-3"}]},{"reference":"Sharon, Moshe (1988). The Holy Land in History and Thought: papers submitted to the International Conference on the Relations between the Holy Land and the World Outside It, Johannesburg, 1986. Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-08855-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP15","url_text":"The Holy Land in History and Thought: papers submitted to the International Conference on the Relations between the Holy Land and the World Outside It, Johannesburg, 1986"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08855-9","url_text":"978-90-04-08855-9"}]},{"reference":"Shiloh, Yigal (1980). \"The Population of Iron Age Palestine in the Light of a Sample Analysis of Urban Plans, Areas, and Population Density\". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 239 (239): 25–35. doi:10.2307/1356754. JSTOR 1356754. S2CID 163824693.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356754","url_text":"10.2307/1356754"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356754","url_text":"1356754"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163824693","url_text":"163824693"}]},{"reference":"Sicker, Martin (1999). Reshaping Palestine: from Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1922. New York: Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-275-96639-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96639-3","url_text":"978-0-275-96639-3"}]},{"reference":"Silverburg, Sanford R. (2009). \"Diplomatic Recognition of States in statu nascendi: The Case of Palestine\". In Silverburg, Sanford R. (ed.). Palestine and International Law: Essays on Politics and Economics. Diplomatic Recognition of States. ISBN 978-0-7864-4248-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4248-5","url_text":"978-0-7864-4248-5"}]},{"reference":"Sivan, Hagith (2008). Palestine in Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-19-160867-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160867-4","url_text":"978-0-19-160867-4"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Morton (1999). \"The Gentiles in Judaism\". Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 3. CUP. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-521-24377-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Smith","url_text":"Smith, Morton"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MA-4VX5gWS4C&pg=PA210","url_text":"\"The Gentiles in Judaism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24377-3","url_text":"978-0-521-24377-3"}]},{"reference":"\"State of Palestine name change shows limitations\". AP. 17 January 2013. Archived from the original on 10 January 2013. Israel remains in charge of territories the world says should one day make up that state.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130110025703/http://news.yahoo.com/state-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html","url_text":"\"State of Palestine name change shows limitations\""},{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/state-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tamari, Salim (2011). \"Shifting Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine-Part 1: Filistin Risalesi and the two Jamals\" (PDF). Jerusalem Quarterly (49): 28–37.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/images/ArticlesPdf/47-%20Shifting%20Ottoman.pdf","url_text":"\"Shifting Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine-Part 1: Filistin Risalesi and the two Jamals\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Joan E. (15 November 2012). The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955448-5. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XWIMFY4VnI4C&q=bar+kokhba%22+genocide%22&pg=PA243","url_text":"The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955448-5","url_text":"978-0-19-955448-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Temple of Jerusalem | Description, History, & Significance | Britannica\". Retrieved 28 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Temple-of-Jerusalem","url_text":"\"Temple of Jerusalem | Description, History, & Significance | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"Tessler, Mark (1994). A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20873-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3kbU4BIAcrQC&pg=PA163","url_text":"A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20873-6","url_text":"978-0-253-20873-6"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla, eds. (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 1553. ISBN 978-1-85109-842-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker","url_text":"Tucker, Spencer C."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-842-2","url_text":"978-1-85109-842-2"}]},{"reference":"UN News Centre (2012). \"Lack of sufficient services in Gaza could get worse without urgent action, UN warns\". UN Publications. Retrieved 22 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42751#.UP35DaF4YZc","url_text":"\"Lack of sufficient services in Gaza could get worse without urgent action, UN warns\""}]},{"reference":"Vermes, Géza (2014). The True Herod. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-567-48841-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes","url_text":"Vermes, Géza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-48841-1","url_text":"978-0-567-48841-1"}]},{"reference":"Walmsley, Alan (2000). \"Production, exchange and regional trade in the Islamic Wast Mediterranean: old structures, new systems?\". In Hansen, Inge Lyse; Wickham, Chris (eds.). The Long Eighth Century: Production, Distribution and Demand. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11723-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11723-5","url_text":"978-90-04-11723-5"}]},{"reference":"Weill, Sharon (2014). The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-968542-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bDnnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22","url_text":"The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968542-4","url_text":"978-0-19-968542-4"}]},{"reference":"Wenning, Robert (2007). \"The Nabataeans in History (Before AD 106)\". In Politis, Konstantinos D (ed.). The World of the Nabataeans: Volume 2 of the International Conference the World of the Herods and the Nabataeans Held at the British Museum, 17-19 April, 2001. Oriens Et Occidens. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-08816-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08816-9","url_text":"978-3-515-08816-9"}]},{"reference":"Whitelam, Keith W. (1996). The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-79916-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sHYeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40","url_text":"The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-79916-0","url_text":"978-1-317-79916-0"}]},{"reference":"Yazbak, Mahmoud (1998). Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, A Muslim Town in Transition, 1864–1914. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN 978-90-04-11051-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Yazbak","url_text":"Yazbak, Mahmoud"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC","url_text":"Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, A Muslim Town in Transition, 1864–1914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11051-9","url_text":"978-90-04-11051-9"}]},{"reference":"Zeevi, Dror (1996), An Ottoman century: the district of Jerusalem in the 1600s, SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-2915-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2915-0","url_text":"978-0-7914-2915-0"}]},{"reference":"Zissu, Boaz (2018). \"Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective\". Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE. Joshua Schwartz, Peter J. Tomson. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_industry
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Water industry
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["1 Organizational structure","1.1 Ownership of water infrastructure and operations","1.2 Operations","1.3 Functions","2 Standards","3 Global companies","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Drinking and wastewater services
"water utility" redirects here. For hot water utilities, see district heating.
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Drinking water
The water industry provides drinking water and wastewater services (including sewage treatment) to residential, commercial, and industrial sectors of the economy. Typically public utilities operate water supply networks. The water industry does not include manufacturers and suppliers of bottled water, which is part of the beverage production and belongs to the food sector.
The water industry includes water engineering, operations, water and wastewater plant construction, equipment supply and specialist water treatment chemicals, among others.
The water industry is at the service of other industries, e.g. of the food sector which produces beverages such as bottled water.
Organizational structure
There are a variety of organizational structures for the water industry, with countries usually having one dominant traditional structure, which usually changes only gradually over time.
Ownership of water infrastructure and operations
local government - the most usual structure worldwide, public utility
national government - in many developing countries, especially smaller ones
private ownership - more common in the developed world, see for example Water privatisation in England and Wales
co-operative ownership and related NGO structures, public utility
Operations
local government operating the system through a municipal department, municipal company, or inter-municipal company
local government outsources operations to private sector, i.e. private water operators
national government operations
private water operators owns the system
BOTs - private sector building parts of a water system (such as a wastewater treatment plant) and operating it for an agreed period before transferring to public sector ownership and operation.
cooperation and NGO operators
Functions
Integrated water system (water supply, sewerage (sanitation) system, and wastewater treatment)
Separation by function (e.g. Dutch system where sewerage run by city, water supply by municipal or provincial companies, and water treatment by water boards), though some Water Supply Companies have merged beyond municipal or provincial borders.
Other separation (e.g. Munich, separated into three companies for bulk water supply, water and wastewater network operations, and retail)
Standards
Water quality standards and environmental standards relating to wastewater are usually set by national bodies.
In England, the Drinking Water Inspectorate and the Environment Agency.
In the United States, drinking water standards for public water systems are set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) pursuant to the Safe Drinking Water Act. EPA issues water pollution control standards in conjunction with state environmental agencies, pursuant to the Clean Water Act.
For countries within the European Union, water-related European Union directives are important for water resource management and environmental and water quality standards. Key directives include the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 1992 requiring most towns and cities to treat their wastewater to specified standards, and the Water Framework Directive 2000, which requires water resource plans based on river basins, including public participation based on Aarhus Convention principles.
International Standards (ISO) on water service management and assessment are under preparation within Technical Committee ISO/TC 224.
Global companies
Using available data only, and during 2009 - 2010, the ten largest water companies active globally were (largest first) : Veolia Environnement (France), Suez Environnement (France), ITT Corporation (US), United Utilities (UK), Severn Trent (UK), Thames Water (UK), American Water Works Company (US), GE Water (US), Kurita Water Industries (Japan), Nalco Water (US).
See also
American Water Works Association - North American industry and standards association for drinking water
Imagine H2O - International accelerator and organization for water technology startups
Millennium Development Goals (one of the MDGs is "Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water")
National Rural Water Association - Industry association supporting small and rural water and wastewater utilities in the United States.
Water Environment Federation - Professional association for ambient water quality research & pollution control
References
^ United States. Safe Drinking Water Act. Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 93–523; 88 Stat. 1660; 42 U.S.C. § 300f et seq. Approved 1974-12-16.
^ United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 92–500 Approved 1972-10-18.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-04-08. Retrieved 2004-12-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Watertime - the international context. Section 2
^ "World's 10 Largest Water Companies". etcgroup.org ETC Group. 2012-01-18. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
External links
Truth from the Tap "Water Industry Facts" http://truthfromthetap.com/water-industry-facts/
Lowi, Alvin Jr. Avoiding the Grid: Technology and the Decentralization of Water
WaterWorld Magazine (see Water & Wastewater Industry Report e-newsletter)
Global Water Intelligence
Industrial WaterWorld
Water & Wastewater International
Water Procurement Portal
National Association of Clean Water Agencies
Industrial Doctorate Centre for the Water Sector
"Water Industry Journal". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Water+industry%22","external_links_name":"\"Water industry\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Water+industry%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Water+industry%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Water+industry%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Water+industry%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Water+industry%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/93/523","external_links_name":"93–523"},{"Link":"https://legislink.org/us/stat-88-1660","external_links_name":"1660"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/300f","external_links_name":"§ 300f"},{"Link":"https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/92/500","external_links_name":"92–500"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050408055840/http://www.watertime.net/Docs/WP1/D7_Int_Context_final-revb.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.watertime.net/Docs/WP1/D7_Int_Context_final-revb.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20210606210451/https://etcgroup.org/content/worlds-10-largest-water-companies","external_links_name":"\"World's 10 Largest Water Companies\""},{"Link":"https://etcgroup.org/content/worlds-10-largest-water-companies#:~:text=World%27s%2010%20Largest%20Water%20Companies%20%20%20,%20%203%2C894%20%206%20more%20rows%20","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://truthfromthetap.com/water-industry-facts/","external_links_name":"http://truthfromthetap.com/water-industry-facts/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031009074755/http://lsb.scu.edu/~dklein/Half_Life/avoiding.pdf","external_links_name":"Avoiding the Grid: Technology and the Decentralization of Water"},{"Link":"http://www.waterworld.com/","external_links_name":"WaterWorld Magazine (see Water & Wastewater Industry Report e-newsletter)"},{"Link":"http://www.globalwaterintel.com/","external_links_name":"Global Water Intelligence"},{"Link":"http://www.pennnet.com/articles/print_toc.cfm?Section=ARTCL&p=64","external_links_name":"Industrial WaterWorld"},{"Link":"http://www.pennnet.com/articles/print_toc.cfm?Section=ARTCL&p=20","external_links_name":"Water & Wastewater International"},{"Link":"http://www.h2bid.com/","external_links_name":"Water Procurement Portal"},{"Link":"http://www.nacwa.org)/","external_links_name":"National Association of Clean Water Agencies"},{"Link":"http://www.stream-idc.net/","external_links_name":"Industrial Doctorate Centre for the Water Sector"},{"Link":"https://www.waterindustryjournal.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Water Industry Journal\""},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551690005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94006572","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Victoria
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List of birds of Victoria
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["1 Ostriches","2 Cassowaries and emu","3 Magpie goose","4 Ducks, geese, and waterfowl","5 Megapodes","6 Guineafowl","7 Pheasants, grouse, and allies","8 Grebes","9 Pigeons and doves","10 Bustards","11 Cuckoos","12 Frogmouths","13 Nightjars and allies","14 Owlet-nightjars","15 Swifts","16 Rails, gallinules, and coots","17 Cranes","18 Thick-knees","19 Stilts and avocets","20 Oystercatchers","21 Plovers and lapwings","22 Plains-wanderer","23 Painted-snipes","24 Sandpipers and allies","25 Buttonquail","26 Pratincoles and coursers","27 Skuas and jaegers","28 Gulls, terns, and skimmers","29 Tropicbirds","30 Penguins","31 Albatrosses","32 Southern storm-petrels","33 Northern storm-petrels","34 Shearwaters and petrels","35 Storks","36 Frigatebirds","37 Boobies and gannets","38 Anhingas","39 Cormorants and shags","40 Pelicans","41 Herons, egrets, and bitterns","42 Ibises and spoonbills","43 Osprey","44 Hawks, eagles, and kites","45 Barn-owls","46 Owls","47 Kingfishers","48 Bee-eaters","49 Rollers","50 Falcons and caracaras","51 Cockatoos","52 Old World parrots","53 Lyrebirds","54 Bowerbirds","55 Australasian treecreepers","56 Fairywrens","57 Honeyeaters","58 Bristlebirds","59 Pardalotes","60 Thornbills and allies","61 Pseudo-babblers","62 Quail-thrushes and jewel-babblers","63 Cuckooshrikes","64 Sittellas","65 Whipbirds and wedgebills","66 Australo-Papuan bellbirds","67 Shrike-tits","68 Whistlers and allies","69 Old World orioles","70 Woodswallows, bellmagpies, and allies","71 Fantails","72 Drongos","73 Monarch flycatchers","74 White-winged chough and apostlebird","75 Crows, jays, and magpies","76 Australasian robins","77 Larks","78 Cisticolas and allies","79 Reed warblers and allies","80 Grassbirds and allies","81 Swallows","82 Bulbuls","83 White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies","84 Starlings","85 Thrushes and allies","86 Flowerpeckers","87 Waxbills and allies","88 Old World sparrows","89 Wagtails and pipits","90 Finches, euphonias, and allies","91 See also","92 References"]
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It has been suggested that this article be merged with List of birds of Victoria (state). (Discuss) Proposed since January 2024.
Victoria is a state in Australia, with 527 species of bird recorded.
This list is based on the 1996 classification by Sibley and Monroe (though there has been a recent (2008) extensive revision of Australian birds by Christidis and Boles), which has resulted in some lumping and splitting. Their system has been developed over nearly two decades and has strong local support, but deviates in important ways from more generally accepted schemes. Supplemental updates follow The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories.
(A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Victoria
(I) Introduced - a species introduced to Victoria as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
Ostriches
Order: Struthioniformes Family: Struthionidae
This order is not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species have become established.
Common ostrich, Struthio camelus (I)
Cassowaries and emu
Order: Casuariiformes Family: Casuariidae
This family of flightless ratite birds is represented by two living species in Australia. Another two species are found in New Guinea. The extinct, geographically isolated King and Kangaroo Island emus were historically considered to be separate species to mainland emus. However, genetic evidence from 2011 suggests that all three are conspecific.
Emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae
Magpie goose
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anseranatidae
The family contains a single species, the magpie goose. It was an early and distinctive offshoot of the anseriform family tree, diverging after the screamers and before all other ducks, geese and swans, sometime in the late Cretaceous. The single species is found across Australia.
Magpie goose, Anseranas semipalmata (I)
Ducks, geese, and waterfowl
Black swan
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These are adapted for an aquatic existence, with webbed feet, bills that are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils.
Plumed whistling-duck, Dendrocygna eytoni
Wandering whistling-duck, Dendrocygna arcuata (A)
Cape Barren goose, Cereopsis novaehollandiae
Freckled duck, Stictonetta naevosa
Mute swan, Cygnus olor
Black swan, Cygnus atratus
Australian shelduck, Tadorna tadornoides
Cotton pygmy-goose, Nettapus coromandelianus (A)
Australian wood duck, Chenonetta jubata
Garganey, Spatula querquedula (A)
Australian shoveler, Spatula rhynchotis
Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata (A)
Pacific black duck, Anas superciliosa
Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos (I)
Gray teal, Anas gracilis
Chestnut teal, Anas castanea
Pink-eared duck, Malacorhynchus membranaceus
Hardhead, Aythya australis
Tufted duck, Aythya fuligula (A)
Blue-billed duck, Oxyura australis
Musk duck, Biziura lobata
Megapodes
Order: Galliformes Family: Megapodiidae
Megapodiidae are represented by various species in the Australasian region. They are commonly referred to as "mound-builders" due to their habit of constructing large mounds to incubate their eggs.
Malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata
Guineafowl
Order: Galliformes Family: Numididae
Numididae are not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species exist in Queensland.
Helmeted guineafowl, Numida meleagris (I)
Pheasants, grouse, and allies
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
Blue-breasted quail
Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump, with broad, relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans.
Brown quail, Synoicus ypsilophora
Blue-breasted quail, Synoicus chinensis
Stubble quail, Coturnix pectoralis
Grebes
Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.
Australasian grebe, Tachybaptus novaehollandiae
Hoary-headed grebe, Poliocephalus poliocephalus
Great crested grebe, Podiceps cristatus
Pigeons and doves
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Male rose-crowned fruit-dove
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I)
White-headed pigeon, Columba leucomela
Spotted dove, Streptopelia chinensis (I)
Brown cuckoo-dove, Macropygia phasianella (A)
Pacific emerald dove, Chalcophaps longirostris (A)
Common bronzewing, Phaps chalcoptera
Brush bronzewing, Phaps elegans
Crested pigeon, Ocyphaps lophotes
Wonga pigeon, Leucosarcia melanoleuca
Diamond dove, Geopelia cuneata
Peaceful dove, Geopelia placida
Bar-shouldered dove, Geopelia humeralis (A)
Superb fruit-dove, Ptilinopus superbus (A)
Rose-crowned fruit-dove, Ptilinopus regina (A)
Topknot pigeon, Lopholaimus antarcticus
Bustards
Order: Otidiformes Family: Otididae
Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays.
Australian bustard, Ardeotis australis
Cuckoos
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
Channel-billed cuckoo
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.
Pacific koel, Eudynamys orientalis (A)
Channel-billed cuckoo, Scythrops novaehollandiae
Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo, Chrysococcyx basalis
Black-eared cuckoo, Chrysococcyx osculans
Shining bronze-cuckoo, Chrysococcyx lucidus
Pallid cuckoo, Cuculus pallidus
Fan-tailed cuckoo, Cacomantis flabelliformis
Brush cuckoo, Cacomantis variolosus
Frogmouths
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Podargidae
The frogmouths are a distinctive group of small nocturnal birds related to swifts found from India across southern Asia to Australia.
Tawny frogmouth, Podargus strigoides
Nightjars and allies
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.
Spotted nightjar, Eurostopodus argus
White-throated nightjar, Eurostopodus mystacalis
Owlet-nightjars
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Aegothelidae
The owlet-nightjars are a distinctive group of small nocturnal birds related to swifts found from the Maluku Islands and New Guinea to Australia and New Caledonia.
Australian owlet-nightjar, Aegotheles cristatus
Swifts
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
White-throated needletail, Hirundapus caudacutus
Pacific swift, Apus pacificus
Rails, gallinules, and coots
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
Lewin's rail, Lewinia pectoralis
Buff-banded rail, Gallirallus philippensis
Black-tailed nativehen, Tribonyx ventralis
Australian crake, Porzana fluminea
Dusky moorhen, Gallinula tenebrosa
Eurasian coot, Fulica atra
Australasian swamphen, Porphyrio melanotus
Baillon's crake, Zapornia pusilla
Spotless crake, Zapornia tabuensis
Cranes
Order: Gruiformes Family: Gruidae
Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances".
Brolga, Antigone rubicunda
Thick-knees
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Burhinidae
The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.
Bush thick-knee, Burhinus grallarius
Beach thick-knee, Esacus magnirostris (A)
Stilts and avocets
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin straight bills.
Pied stilt, Himantopus leucocephalus
Banded stilt, Cladorhynchus leucocephalus
Red-necked avocet, Recurvirostra novaehollandiae
Oystercatchers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.
Pied oystercatcher, Haematopus longirostris
South Island oystercatcher, Haematopus finschi (A)
Sooty oystercatcher, Haematopus fuliginosus
Plovers and lapwings
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola
American golden-plover, Pluvialis dominica (A)
Pacific golden-plover, Pluvialis fulva
Banded lapwing, Vanellus tricolor
Masked lapwing, Vanellus miles
Lesser sand-plover, Charadrius mongolus
Greater sand-plover, Charadrius leschenaultii
Double-banded plover, Charadrius bicinctus
Red-capped plover, Charadrius ruficapillus
Common ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula (A)
Semipalmated plover, Charadrius semipalmatus (A)
Little ringed plover, Charadrius dubius (A)
Oriental plover, Charadrius veredus (A)
Red-kneed dotterel, Erythrogonys cinctus
Hooded plover, Thinornis cucullatus
Black-fronted dotterel, Elseyornis melanops
Inland dotterel, Peltohyas australis
Plains-wanderer
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Pedionomidae
The plains-wanderer is a quail-like ground bird. They are excellent camouflagers, and will first hide at any disturbance. If they're approached too close, they will run as opposed to flying, which they are very poor at.
Plains-wanderer, Pedionomus torquatus
Painted-snipes
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Rostratulidae
Painted-snipes are short-legged, long-billed birds similar in shape to the true snipes, but more brightly coloured.
Australian painted-snipe, Rostratula australis
Sandpipers and allies
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus
Little curlew, Numenius minutus (A)
Far Eastern curlew, Numenius madagascariensis
Bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica
Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa
Hudsonian godwit, Limosa haemastica (A)
Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres
Great knot, Calidris tenuirostris
Red knot, Calidris canutus
Ruff, Calidris pugnax
Broad-billed sandpiper, Calidris falcinellus
Sharp-tailed sandpiper, Calidris acuminata
Stilt sandpiper, Calidris himantopus (A)
Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea
Long-toed stint, Calidris subminuta
Red-necked stint, Calidris ruficollis
Sanderling, Calidris alba
Baird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii (A)
Little stint, Calidris minuta (A)
White-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis (A)
Buff-breasted sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis (A)
Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos
Asian dowitcher, Limnodromus semipalmatus (A)
Short-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus (A)
Long-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus (A)
Latham's snipe, Gallinago hardwickii
Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus
Wilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor (A)
Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus (A)
Red phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius (A)
Common sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos
Gray-tailed tattler, Tringa brevipes
Wandering tattler, Tringa incana
Spotted redshank, Tringa erythropus (A)
Common greenshank, Tringa nebularia
Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes (A)
Marsh sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis
Wood sandpiper, Tringa glareola
Common redshank, Tringa totanus (A)
Buttonquail
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Turnicidae
Male black-breasted buttonquail
The buttonquails are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young.
Red-backed buttonquail, Turnix maculosus (A)
Painted buttonquail, Turnix varius
Red-chested buttonquail, Turnix pyrrhothorax
Little buttonquail, Turnix velox
Pratincoles and coursers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae
Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings, and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings, and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.
Australian pratincole, Stiltia isabella
Oriental pratincole, Glareola maldivarum (A)
Skuas and jaegers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
South polar skua, Stercorarius maccormicki (A)
Brown skua, Stercorarius antarcticus
Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus
Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus
Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus (A)
Gulls, terns, and skimmers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Bridled tern
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. Skimmers are a small family of tropical tern-like birds. They have an elongated lower mandible which they use to feed by flying low over the water surface and skimming the water for small fish.
Sabine's gull, Xema sabini (A)
Silver gull, Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae
Laughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla (A)
Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (A)
Black-tailed gull, Larus crassirostris (A)
Pacific gull, Larus pacificus
Kelp gull, Larus dominicanus
Brown noddy, Anous stolidus (A)
Black noddy, Anous minutus (A)
Gray noddy, Anous albivitta (A)
Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus (A)
Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus (A)
Little tern, Sternula albifrons
Australian fairy tern, Sternula nereis (A)
Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica
Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
Black tern, Chlidonias niger (A)
White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus
Whiskered tern, Chlidonias hybrida
White-fronted tern, Sterna striata
Common tern, Sterna hirundo
Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea (A)
Antarctic tern, Sterna vittata (A)
Great crested tern, Thalasseus bergii
Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their long wings have black markings, as does the head.
White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus (A)
Red-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon rubricauda (A)
Penguins
Order: Sphenisciformes Family: Spheniscidae
Penguins are a group of aquatic, flightless birds living almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere, especially in Antarctica. Only one species, the little penguin, breeds on the Australian coast.
King penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus (A)
Adelie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae (A)
Chinstrap penguin, Pygoscelis antarcticus (A)
Little penguin, Eudyptula minor
Magellanic penguin, Spheniscus magellanicus (A)
Fiordland penguin, Eudyptes pachyrhynchus (A)
Erect-crested penguin, Eudyptes sclateri (A)
Macaroni penguin, Eudyptes chrysolophus (A)
Royal penguin, Eudyptes schlegeli (A)
Southern rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes chrysocome (A)
Snares penguin, Eudyptes robustus (A)
Albatrosses
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae
The albatrosses are a family of large seabird found across the Southern and North Pacific Oceans. The largest are among the largest flying birds in the world.
Yellow-nosed albatross, Thalassarche chlororhynchos
Gray-headed albatross, Thalassarche chrysostoma (A)
Buller's albatross, Thalassarche bulleri
White-capped albatross, Thalassarche cauta
Salvin's albatross, Thalassarche salvini (A)
Black-browed albatross, Thalassarche melanophris
Sooty albatross, Phoebetria fusca
Light-mantled albatross, Phoebetria palpebrata (A)
Royal albatross, Diomedea epomophora
Wandering albatross, Diomedea exulans
Southern storm-petrels
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae
The southern storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, relatives of the petrels, feeding on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. Their flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
Wilson's storm-petrel, Oceanites oceanicus
Gray-backed storm-petrel, Garrodia nereis (A)
White-faced storm-petrel, Pelagodroma marina
New Zealand storm-petrel, Fregetta maoriana (A)
Black-bellied storm-petrel, Fregetta tropica (A)
Northern storm-petrels
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.
Leach's storm-petrel, Hydrobates leucorhous (A)
Shearwaters and petrels
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium nasal septum, and a long outer functional primary flight feather.
Southern giant-petrel, Macronectes giganteus
Northern giant-petrel, Macronectes halli
Southern fulmar, Fulmarus glacialoides (A)
Antarctic petrel, Thalassoica antarctica (A)
Cape petrel, Daption capense
Kerguelen petrel, Aphrodroma brevirostris (A)
Great-winged petrel, Pterodroma macroptera
Gray-faced petrel, Pterodroma gouldi
Providence petrel, Pterodroma solandri (A)
Soft-plumaged petrel, Pterodroma mollis
Barau's petrel, Pterodroma baraui (A)
White-headed petrel, Pterodroma lessonii
Mottled petrel, Pterodroma inexpectata (A)
Atlantic petrel, Pterodroma incerta (A)
Black-winged petrel, Pterodroma nigripennis (A)
Cook's petrel, Pterodroma cookii (A)
Gould's petrel, Pterodroma leucoptera (A)
Blue petrel, Halobaena caerulea (A)
Fairy prion, Pachyptila turtur
Broad-billed prion, Pachyptila vittata (A)
Salvin's prion, Pachyptila salvini
Antarctic prion, Pachyptila desolata
Slender-billed prion, Pachyptila belcheri
Fulmar prion, Pachyptila crassirostris (A)
Bulwer's petrel, Bulweria bulwerii (A)
Gray petrel, Procellaria cinerea (A)
White-chinned petrel, Procellaria aequinoctialis
Parkinson's petrel, Procellaria parkinsoni
Westland petrel, Procellaria westlandica (A)
Streaked shearwater, Calonectris leucomelas
Flesh-footed shearwater, Ardenna carneipes
Great shearwater, Ardenna gravis (A)
Wedge-tailed shearwater, Ardenna pacifica (A)
Buller's shearwater, Ardenna bulleri (A)
Sooty shearwater, Ardenna grisea
Short-tailed shearwater, Ardenna tenuirostris
Hutton's shearwater, Puffinus huttoni
Fluttering shearwater, Puffinus gavia
Little shearwater, Puffinus assimilis
Subantarctic shearwater, Puffinus elegans
Common diving-petrel, Pelecanoides urinatrix
Storks
Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years.
Black-necked stork, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus (A)
Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black, or black-and-white, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
Lesser frigatebird, Fregata ariel (A)
Great frigatebird, Fregata minor (A)
Boobies and gannets
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
Brown booby
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium-large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
Brown booby, Sula leucogaster (A)
Red-footed booby, Sula sula
Cape gannet, Morus capensis (A)
Australasian gannet, Morus serrator
Anhingas
Order: Suliformes Family: Anhingidae
Anhingas or darters are cormorant-like water birds with long necks and long, straight bills. They are fish eaters which often swim with only their neck above the water.
Australasian darter, Anhinga novaehollandiae
Cormorants and shags
Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Cormorants are medium-to-large aquatic birds, usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of coloured skin on the face. The bill is long, thin and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed, a distinguishing feature among the order Pelecaniformes.
Little pied cormorant, Microcarbo melanoleucos
Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo
Little black cormorant, Phalacrocorax sulcirostris
Pied cormorant, Phalacrocorax varius
Black-faced cormorant, Phalacrocorax fuscescens
Pelicans
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are large water birds with distinctive pouches under their bills. Like other birds in the order Pelecaniformes, they have four webbed toes.
Australian pelican, Pelecanus conspicillatus
Herons, egrets, and bitterns
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons, and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills.
Australasian bittern, Botaurus poiciloptilus
Black-backed bittern, Ixobrychus dubius
Black bittern, Ixobrychus flavicollis (A)
Pacific heron, Ardea pacifica
Great egret, Ardea alba
Intermediate egret, Ardea intermedia
White-faced heron, Egretta novaehollandiae
Little egret, Egretta garzetta
Pacific reef-heron, Egretta sacra (A)
Pied heron, Egretta picata (A)
Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis
Striated heron, Butorides striata (A)
Nankeen night-heron, Nycticorax caledonicus
Ibises and spoonbills
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae
Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.
Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus
Australian ibis, Threskiornis moluccus
Straw-necked ibis, Threskiornis spinicollis
Royal spoonbill, Platalea regia
Yellow-billed spoonbill, Platalea flavipes
Osprey
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae
The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.
Osprey, Pandion haliaetus
Hawks, eagles, and kites
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Gray goshawk
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
Black-shouldered kite, Elanus axillaris
Letter-winged kite, Elanus scriptus (A)
Black-breasted kite, Hamirostra melanosternon (A)
Square-tailed kite, Lophoictinia isura
Little eagle, Hieraaetus morphnoides
Wedge-tailed eagle, Aquila audax
Swamp harrier, Circus approximans
Spotted harrier, Circus assimilis
Gray goshawk, Accipiter novaehollandiae
Brown goshawk, Accipiter fasciatus
Collared sparrowhawk, Accipiter cirrocephalus
Black kite, Milvus migrans
Whistling kite, Haliastur sphenurus
Brahminy kite, Haliastur indus (A)
White-bellied sea-eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster
Barn-owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
Sooty owl, Tyto tenebricosa
Australian masked-owl, Tyto novaehollandiae
Australasian grass-owl, Tyto longimembris (A)
Barn owl, Tyto alba
Owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
Powerful owl, Ninox strenua
Barking owl, Ninox connivens
Southern boobook, Ninox boobook
Morepork, Ninox novaeseelandiae
Kingfishers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Red-backed kingfisher
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails.
Azure kingfisher, Ceyx azureus
Laughing kookaburra, Dacelo novaeguineae
Red-backed kingfisher, Todiramphus pyrrhopygius
Forest kingfisher, Todiramphus macleayii (A)
Sacred kingfisher, Todiramphus sanctus
Bee-eaters
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Meropidae
The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia, and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies, and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.
Rainbow bee-eater, Merops ornatus
Rollers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae
Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.
Dollarbird, Eurystomus orientalis
Falcons and caracaras
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
Nankeen kestrel, Falco cenchroides
Australian hobby, Falco longipennis
Brown falcon, Falco berigora
Gray falcon, Falco hypoleucos (A)
Black falcon, Falco subniger
Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus
Cockatoos
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Cacatuidae
Palm cockatoo
The cockatoos share many features with other parrots including the characteristic curved beak shape and a zygodactyl foot, with two forward toes and two backwards toes. They differ, however in a number of characteristics, including the often spectacular movable headcrest.
Red-tailed black-cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus banksii
Glossy black-cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus lathami
Yellow-tailed black-cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus funereus
Gang-gang cockatoo, Callocephalon fimbriatum
Pink cockatoo, Lophochroa leadbeateri
Galah, Eolophus roseicapilla
Long-billed corella, Cacatua tenuirostris
Little corella, Cacatua sanguinea
Sulphur-crested cockatoo, Cacatua galerita
Cockatiel, Nymphicus hollandicus
Old World parrots
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae
Scaly-breasted lorikeet
Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. In size they range from 8 cm (3.1 in) to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.
Superb parrot, Polytelis swainsonii
Regent parrot, Polytelis anthopeplus
Princess parrot, Polytelis alexandrae
Australian king-parrot, Alisterus scapularis
Ground parrot, Pezoporus wallicus
Night parrot, Pezoporus occidentalis
Blue-winged parrot, Neophema chrysostoma
Elegant parrot, Neophema elegans
Orange-bellied parrot, Neophema chrysogaster
Turquoise parrot, Neophema pulchella
Scarlet-chested parrot, Neophema splendida (A)
Swift parrot, Lathamus discolor
Australian ringneck, Barnardius barnardi
Crimson rosella, Platycercus elegans
Eastern rosella, Platycercus eximius
Greater bluebonnet, Northiella haematogaster
Red-rumped parrot, Psephotus haematonotus
Mulga parrot, Psephotus varius
Budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus
Little lorikeet, Parvipsitta pusilla
Purple-crowned lorikeet, Parvipsitta porphyrocephala
Musk lorikeet, Glossopsitta concinna
Scaly-breasted lorikeet, Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus (I)
Rainbow lorikeet, Trichoglossus moluccanus
Red-collared lorikeet, Trichoglossus rubritorquis
Lyrebirds
Order: Passeriformes Family: Menuridae
Lyrebirds are most notable for their superb ability to mimic natural and artificial sounds from their environment, and the striking beauty of the male bird's huge tail when it is fanned out in courtship display.
Superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae
Bowerbirds
Order: Passeriformes Family: Ptilonorhynchidae
Regent bowerbird
The bowerbirds are small to medium-sized passerine birds. The males notably build a bower to attract a mate. Depending on the species, the bower ranges from a circle of cleared earth with a small pile of twigs in the center to a complex and highly decorated structure of sticks and leaves.
Regent bowerbird, Sericulus chrysocephalus
Satin bowerbird, Ptilonorhynchus violaceus
Spotted bowerbird, Chlamydera maculata (A)
Australasian treecreepers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Climacteridae
The Climacteridae are medium-small, mostly brown-coloured birds with patterning on their underparts.
White-throated treecreeper, Cormobates leucophaea
White-browed treecreeper, Climacteris affinis
Red-browed treecreeper, Climacteris erythrops
Brown treecreeper, Climacteris picumnus
Fairywrens
Order: Passeriformes Family: Maluridae
Variegated fairy-wrens
Maluridae is a family of small, insectivorous passerine birds endemic to Australia and New Guinea. They are socially monogamous and sexually promiscuous, meaning that although they form pairs between one male and one female, each partner will mate with other individuals and even assist in raising the young from such pairings.
Striated grasswren, Amytornis striatus
Short-tailed grasswren, Amytornis merrotsyi
Southern emuwren, Stipiturus malachurus
Malle emuwren, Stipiturus mallee
Purple-backed fairywren, Malurus assimilis
Variegated fairywren, Malurus lamberti
Splendid fairywren, Malurus splendens
Superb fairywren, Malurus cyaneus
White-winged fairywren, Malurus leucopterus
Honeyeaters
Order: Passeriformes Family: Meliphagidae
Male crimson chat
The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of small to medium-sized birds most common in Australia and New Guinea. They are nectar feeders and closely resemble other nectar-feeding passerines.
Eastern spinebill, Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris
Pied honeyeater, Certhionyx variegatus (A)
Lewin's honeyeater, Meliphaga lewinii
White-fronted honeyeater, Purnella albifrons
Yellow-faced honeyeater, Caligavis chrysops
Yellow-tufted honeyeater, Lichenostomus melanops
Purple-gaped honeyeater, Lichenostomus cratitius
Bell miner, Manorina melanophrys
Noisy miner, Manorina melanocephala
Yellow-throated miner, Manorina flavigula
Black-eared miner, Manorina melanotis
Spiny-cheeked honeyeater, Acanthagenys rufogularis
Little wattlebird, Anthochaera chrysoptera
Regent honeyeater, Anthochaera phrygia
Red wattlebird, Anthochaera carunculata
Singing honeyeater, Gavicalis virescens
Yellow-plumed honeyeater, Ptilotula ornata
White-plumed honeyeater, Ptilotula penicillata
Fuscous honeyeater, Ptilotula fusca
Gray-fronted honeyeater, Ptilotula plumula (A)
Crimson chat, Epthianura tricolor
Orange chat, Epthianura aurifrons
White-fronted chat, Epthianura albifrons
Black honeyeater, Sugomel niger
Scarlet myzomela, Myzomela sanguinolenta
Tawny-crowned honeyeater, Gliciphila melanops
Brown honeyeater, Lichmera indistincta (A)
Crescent honeyeater, Phylidonyris pyrrhopterus
New Holland honeyeater, Phylidonyris novaehollandiae
White-cheeked honeyeater, Phylidonyris niger (A)
White-eared honeyeater, Nesoptilotis leucotis
Blue-faced honeyeater, Entomyzon cyanotis
White-naped honeyeater, Melithreptus lunatus
Brown-headed honeyeater, Melithreptus brevirostris
Black-chinned honeyeater, Melithreptus gularis
Striped honeyeater, Plectorhyncha lanceolata
Painted honeyeater, Grantiella picta
Little friarbird, Philemon citreogularis
Noisy friarbird, Philemon corniculatus
Bristlebirds
Order: Passeriformes Family: Dasyornithidae
Bristlebirds are long-tailed, sedentary, ground-frequenting birds. The common name of the family is derived from the presence of prominent rictal bristles - three stiff, hair-like feathers curving downwards on either side of the gape.
Eastern bristlebird, Dasyornis brachypterus
Rufous bristlebird, Dasyornis broadbenti
Pardalotes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pardalotidae
Spotted pardalote
Pardalotes spend most of their time high in the outer foliage of trees, feeding on insects, spiders, and above all lerps (a type of sap-sucking insect).
Spotted pardalote, Pardalotus punctatus
Striated pardalote, Pardalotus striatus
Thornbills and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Acanthizidae
Thornbills are small passerine birds, similar in habits to the tits.
Pilotbird, Pycnoptilus floccosus
White-browed scrubwren, Sericornis frontalis
Large-billed scrubwren, Sericornis magnirostra
Redthroat, Pyrrholaemus brunneus
Speckled warbler, Pyrrholaemus sagittatus
Rufous fieldwren, Calamanthus campestris
Striated fieldwren, Calamanthus fuliginosus
Chestnut-rumped heathwren, Hylacola pyrrhopygia
Shy heathwren, Hylacola cauta
Buff-rumped thornbill, Acanthiza reguloides
Slender-billed thornbill, Acanthiza iredalei
Brown thornbill, Acanthiza pusilla
Inland thornbill, Acanthiza apicalis
Yellow-rumped thornbill, Acanthiza chrysorrhoa
Chestnut-rumped thornbill, Acanthiza uropygialis
Yellow thornbill, Acanthiza nana
Striated thornbill, Acanthiza lineata
Weebill, Smicrornis brevirostris
White-throated gerygone, Gerygone olivacea
Brown gerygone, Gerygone mouki
Western gerygone, Gerygone fusca
Southern whiteface, Aphelocephala leucopsis
Pseudo-babblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pomatostomidae
The pseudo-babblers are small to medium-sized birds endemic to Australia and New Guinea. They are ground-feeding omnivores and highly social.
Gray-crowned babbler, Pomatostomus temporalis
White-browed babbler, Pomatostomus superciliosus
Chestnut-crowned babbler, Pomatostomus ruficeps
Quail-thrushes and jewel-babblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cinclosomatidae
The Cinclosomatidae is a family containing jewel-babblers and quail-thrushes.
Spotted quail-thrush, Cinclosoma punctatum
Chestnut quail-thrush, Cinclosoma castanotum
Cuckooshrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Campephagidae
The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.
Ground cuckooshrike, Coracina maxima (A)
Black-faced cuckooshrike, Coracina novaehollandiae
White-bellied cuckooshrike, Coracina papuensis
White-winged triller, Lalage tricolor
Common cicadabird, Edolisoma tenuirostre
Sittellas
Order: Passeriformes Family: Neosittidae
The sittellas are a family of small passerine birds found only in Australasia. They resemble treecreepers, but have soft tails.
Varied sittella, Neositta chrysoptera
Whipbirds and wedgebills
Order: Passeriformes Family: Psophodidae
The Psophodidae is a family containing whipbirds and wedgebills.
Eastern whipbird, Psophodes olivaceus
Western whipbird, Psophodes nigrogularis
Chirruping wedgebill, Psophodes cristatus (A)
Australo-Papuan bellbirds
Order: Passeriformes Family: Oreoicidae
The three species contained in the family have been moved around between different families for fifty years. A series of studies of the DNA of Australian birds between 2006 and 2001 found strong support for treating the three genera as a new family, which was formally named in 2016.
Crested bellbird, Oreoica gutturalis
Shrike-tits
Order: Passeriformes Family: Falcunculidae
The shrike-tits have a parrot-like bill, used for distinctive bark-stripping behaviour, which gains it access to invertebrates
Eastern shrike-tit, Falcunculus frontatus
Whistlers and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pachycephalidae
The family Pachycephalidae includes the whistlers, shrikethrushes, and some of the pitohuis.
Gray shrikethrush, Colluricincla harmonica
Olive whistler, Pachycephala olivacea
Red-lored whistler, Pachycephala rufogularis
Gilbert's whistler, Pachycephala inornata
Golden whistler, Pachycephala pectoralis
Western whistler, Pachycephala fuliginosa
Rufous whistler, Pachycephala rufiventris
Old World orioles
Order: Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae
The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles.
Olive-backed oriole, Oriolus sagittatus
Australasian figbird, Sphecotheres vieilloti
Woodswallows, bellmagpies, and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Artamidae
The woodswallows are soft-plumaged, somber-coloured passerine birds. They are smooth, agile flyers with moderately large, semi-triangular wings. The cracticids: currawongs, bellmagpies and butcherbirds, are similar to the other corvids. They have large, straight bills and mostly black, white or grey plumage. All are omnivorous to some degree.
White-breasted woodswallow, Artamus leucorynchus
Masked woodswallow, Artamus personatus
White-browed woodswallow, Artamus superciliosus
Black-faced woodswallow, Artamus cinereus
Dusky woodswallow, Artamus cyanopterus
Little woodswallow, Artamus minor (A)
Gray butcherbird, Cracticus torquatus
Pied butcherbird, Cracticus nigrogularis
Australian magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen
Pied currawong, Strepera graculina
Gray currawong, Strepera versicolor
Fantails
Order: Passeriformes Family: Rhipiduridae
The fantails are small insectivorous birds which are specialist aerial feeders.
Willie-wagtail, Rhipidura leucophrys
Rufous fantail, Rhipidura rufifrons
Gray fantail, Rhipidura albiscapa
Drongos
Order: Passeriformes Family: Dicruridae
The drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground.
Spangled drongo, Dicrurus bracteatus (A)
Monarch flycatchers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Monarchidae
The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.
White-eared monarch, Carterornis leucotis (A)
Black-faced monarch, Monarcha melanopsis
Spectacled monarch, Symposiachrus trivirgatus (A)
Magpie-lark, Grallina cyanoleuca
Leaden flycatcher, Myiagra rubecula
Satin flycatcher, Myiagra cyanoleuca
Restless flycatcher, Myiagra inquieta
White-winged chough and apostlebird
Order: Passeriformes Family: Corcoracidae
They are found in open habitat in eastern Australia, mostly open eucalypt woodlands and some forest that lacks a closed canopy. They are highly social, spend much of their time foraging through leaf litter with a very distinctive gait, calling to one another almost constantly
White-winged chough, Corcorax melanorhamphos
Apostlebird, Struthidea cinerea
Crows, jays, and magpies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
House crow, Corvus splendens (A)
Little crow, Corvus bennetti
Australian raven, Corvus coronoides
Little raven, Corvus mellori (A)
Forest raven, Corvus tasmanicus
Australasian robins
Order: Passeriformes Family: Petroicidae
Male rose robin
Most species of Petroicidae have a stocky build with a large rounded head, a short straight bill and rounded wingtips. They occupy a wide range of wooded habitats, from subalpine to tropical rainforest, and mangrove swamp to semi-arid scrubland. All are primarily insectivores, although a few supplement their diet with seeds.
Jacky-winter, Microeca fascinans
Scarlet robin, Petroica multicolor
Flame robin, Petroica phoenicea (A)
Rose robin, Petroica rosea
Pink robin, Petroica rodinogaster
Red-capped robin, Petroica goodenovii
Hooded robin, Melanodryas cucullata
Eastern yellow robin, Eopsaltria australis
Southern scrub-robin, Drymodes brunneopygia
Larks
Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.
Horsfield's bushlark, Mirafra javanica
Eurasian skylark, Alauda arvensis (I)
Cisticolas and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cisticolidae
The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub.
Golden-headed cisticola, Cisticola exilis
Reed warblers and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae
The members of this family are usually rather large for "warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.
Australian reed warbler, Acrocephalus australis
Grassbirds and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Locustellidae
Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over.
Little grassbird, Poodytes gramineus
Brown songlark, Cincloramphus cruralis
Rufous songlark, Cincloramphus mathewsi
Tawny grassbird, Cincloramphus timoriensis
Swallows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
Fairy martin
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
Welcome swallow, Hirundo neoxena
Fairy martin, Petrochelidon ariel
Tree martin, Petrochelidon nigricans
White-backed swallow, Cheramoeca leucosterna
Bulbuls
Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae
Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.
Red-whiskered bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus (I)
White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae
The white-eyes are small birds of rather drab appearance, the plumage above being typically greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast, or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As the name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.
Silver-eye, Zosterops lateralis
Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
European starling, Sturnus vulgaris (I)
Common myna, Acridotheres tristis (I)
Thrushes and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
Bassian thrush, Zoothera lunulata
Song thrush, Turdus philomelos (I)
Eurasian blackbird, Turdus merula (I)
Flowerpeckers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Dicaeidae
The flowerpeckers are very small, stout, often brightly coloured birds, with short tails, short thick curved bills, and tubular tongues.
Mistletoebird, Dicaeum hirundinaceum
Waxbills and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae
Plum-headed finch
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.
Diamond firetail, Stagonopleura guttata
Beautiful firetail, Stagonopleura bella
Red-browed firetail, Neochmia temporalis
Plum-headed finch, Aidemosyne modesta
Double-barred finch, Stizoptera bichenovii
Zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata
Chestnut-breasted munia, Lonchura castaneothorax
'
Old World sparrows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds, typically small, plump, brown or grey with short tails and short powerful beaks. They are seed-eaters, but also consume small insects.
House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I)
Eurasian tree sparrow, Passer montanus (I)
Wagtails and pipits
Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails and comprises the wagtails, longclaws, and pipits. These are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country.
Eastern yellow wagtail, Motacilla tschutschensis (A)
White wagtail, Motacilla alba (A)
Australian pipit, Anthus australis
Finches, euphonias, and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae
Finches are small to moderately large seed-eating passerine birds with a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have 12 tail feathers and nine primary flight feathers. Finches have a bouncing flight, alternating bouts of flapping with gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.
European greenfinch, Chloris chloris (I)
European goldfinch, Carduelis carduelis (I)
See also
List of birds
Lists of birds by region
List of birds of Australia
References
^ Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds
^ Christidis, Leslie; Boles, Walter (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne: CSIRO. ISBN 978-0-643-09602-8.
^ Christidis, Leslie; Boles, Walter (1994). The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union. ISBN 978-1-875122-06-6.
Lepage, Denis. "Checklist of Birds of Victoria". Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
Sibley & Monroe, Burt L. & Charles G (1997). A World Checklist of Birds. Yale University Press. p. 416. ISBN 0-300-07083-7.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Sibley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sibley"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Christidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Christidis"},{"link_name":"Boles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_E._Boles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"lumping and splitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpers_and_splitters"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clements_Checklist_of_Birds_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"Accidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrancy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Introduced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"}],"text":"Victoria is a state in Australia, with 527 species of bird recorded.This list is based on the 1996 classification by Sibley and Monroe (though there has been a recent (2008) extensive revision of Australian birds by Christidis and Boles[1]), which has resulted in some lumping and splitting.[2] Their system has been developed over nearly two decades[3] and has strong local support, but deviates in important ways from more generally accepted schemes. Supplemental updates follow The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition.The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories.(A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Victoria\n(I) Introduced - a species introduced to Victoria as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions","title":"List of birds of Victoria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Struthioniformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struthioniformes"},{"link_name":"Struthionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struthionidae"},{"link_name":"Common ostrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ostrich"}],"text":"Order: Struthioniformes Family: StruthionidaeThis order is not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species have become established.Common ostrich, Struthio camelus (I)","title":"Ostriches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casuariiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuariiformes"},{"link_name":"Casuariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuariidae"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Island_emu"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo Island emus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_Island_emu"},{"link_name":"Emu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu"}],"text":"Order: Casuariiformes Family: CasuariidaeThis family of flightless ratite birds is represented by two living species in Australia. Another two species are found in New Guinea. The extinct, geographically isolated King and Kangaroo Island emus were historically considered to be separate species to mainland emus. However, genetic evidence from 2011 suggests that all three are conspecific.Emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae","title":"Cassowaries and emu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anseriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anseriformes"},{"link_name":"Anseranatidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anseranatidae"},{"link_name":"magpie goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magpie_goose"},{"link_name":"anseriform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anseriform"},{"link_name":"screamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screamer"},{"link_name":"late Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Magpie goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magpie_goose"}],"text":"Order: Anseriformes Family: AnseranatidaeThe family contains a single species, the magpie goose. It was an early and distinctive offshoot of the anseriform family tree, diverging after the screamers and before all other ducks, geese and swans, sometime in the late Cretaceous. The single species is found across Australia.Magpie goose, Anseranas semipalmata (I)","title":"Magpie goose"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_swan_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anseriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anseriformes"},{"link_name":"Anatidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatidae"},{"link_name":"ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck"},{"link_name":"geese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose"},{"link_name":"swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan"},{"link_name":"Plumed whistling-duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumed_whistling-duck"},{"link_name":"Wandering whistling-duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering_whistling-duck"},{"link_name":"Cape Barren goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Barren_goose"},{"link_name":"Freckled duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freckled_duck"},{"link_name":"Mute swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_swan"},{"link_name":"Black swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_swan"},{"link_name":"Australian shelduck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_shelduck"},{"link_name":"Cotton pygmy-goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_pygmy-goose"},{"link_name":"Australian wood duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_wood_duck"},{"link_name":"Garganey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garganey"},{"link_name":"Australian shoveler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_shoveler"},{"link_name":"Northern shoveler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_shoveler"},{"link_name":"Pacific black duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_black_duck"},{"link_name":"Mallard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallard"},{"link_name":"Gray teal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_teal"},{"link_name":"Chestnut teal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_teal"},{"link_name":"Pink-eared duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink-eared_duck"},{"link_name":"Hardhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardhead"},{"link_name":"Tufted duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufted_duck"},{"link_name":"Blue-billed duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-billed_duck"},{"link_name":"Musk duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_duck"}],"text":"Black swanOrder: Anseriformes Family: AnatidaeThe family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These are adapted for an aquatic existence, with webbed feet, bills that are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils.Plumed whistling-duck, Dendrocygna eytoni\nWandering whistling-duck, Dendrocygna arcuata (A)\nCape Barren goose, Cereopsis novaehollandiae\nFreckled duck, Stictonetta naevosa\nMute swan, Cygnus olor\nBlack swan, Cygnus atratus\nAustralian shelduck, Tadorna tadornoides\nCotton pygmy-goose, Nettapus coromandelianus (A)\nAustralian wood duck, Chenonetta jubata\nGarganey, Spatula querquedula (A)\nAustralian shoveler, Spatula rhynchotis\nNorthern shoveler, Spatula clypeata (A)\nPacific black duck, Anas superciliosa\nMallard, Anas platyrhynchos (I)\nGray teal, Anas gracilis\nChestnut teal, Anas castanea\nPink-eared duck, Malacorhynchus membranaceus\nHardhead, Aythya australis\nTufted duck, Aythya fuligula (A)\nBlue-billed duck, Oxyura australis\nMusk duck, Biziura lobata","title":"Ducks, geese, and waterfowl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galliformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliformes"},{"link_name":"Megapodiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapodiidae"},{"link_name":"Megapodiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapodiidae"},{"link_name":"Malleefowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleefowl"}],"text":"Order: Galliformes Family: MegapodiidaeMegapodiidae are represented by various species in the Australasian region. They are commonly referred to as \"mound-builders\" due to their habit of constructing large mounds to incubate their eggs.Malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata","title":"Megapodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galliformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliformes"},{"link_name":"Numididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numididae"},{"link_name":"Helmeted guineafowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmeted_guineafowl"}],"text":"Order: Galliformes Family: NumididaeNumididae are not native to Australia, but feral populations of one species exist in Queensland.Helmeted guineafowl, Numida meleagris (I)","title":"Guineafowl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galliformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliformes"},{"link_name":"Phasianidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasianidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue-breasted_Quail_Samcem_oct04.JPG"},{"link_name":"Brown quail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_quail"},{"link_name":"Blue-breasted quail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-breasted_quail"},{"link_name":"Stubble quail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stubble_quail"}],"text":"Order: Galliformes Family: PhasianidaeBlue-breasted quailPhasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump, with broad, relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans.Brown quail, Synoicus ypsilophora\nBlue-breasted quail, Synoicus chinensis\nStubble quail, Coturnix pectoralis","title":"Pheasants, grouse, and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Podicipediformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podicipediformes"},{"link_name":"Podicipedidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podicipedidae"},{"link_name":"Grebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grebe"},{"link_name":"Australasian grebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_grebe"},{"link_name":"Hoary-headed grebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoary-headed_grebe"},{"link_name":"Great crested grebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_crested_grebe"}],"text":"Order: Podicipediformes Family: PodicipedidaeGrebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.Australasian grebe, Tachybaptus novaehollandiae\nHoary-headed grebe, Poliocephalus poliocephalus\nGreat crested grebe, Podiceps cristatus","title":"Grebes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbiformes"},{"link_name":"Columbidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rose-crowned_Fruit-dove_Dayboro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pigeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon"},{"link_name":"doves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove"},{"link_name":"cere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cere"},{"link_name":"Rock pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_pigeon"},{"link_name":"White-headed pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-headed_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Spotted dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_dove"},{"link_name":"Brown cuckoo-dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_cuckoo-dove"},{"link_name":"Pacific emerald dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_emerald_dove"},{"link_name":"Common bronzewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bronzewing"},{"link_name":"Brush bronzewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_bronzewing"},{"link_name":"Crested pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Wonga pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonga_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Diamond dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_dove"},{"link_name":"Peaceful dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_dove"},{"link_name":"Bar-shouldered dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-shouldered_dove"},{"link_name":"Superb fruit-dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superb_fruit-dove"},{"link_name":"Rose-crowned fruit-dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-crowned_fruit-dove"},{"link_name":"Topknot pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topknot_pigeon"}],"text":"Order: Columbiformes Family: ColumbidaeMale rose-crowned fruit-dovePigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I)\nWhite-headed pigeon, Columba leucomela\nSpotted dove, Streptopelia chinensis (I)\nBrown cuckoo-dove, Macropygia phasianella (A)\nPacific emerald dove, Chalcophaps longirostris (A)\nCommon bronzewing, Phaps chalcoptera\nBrush bronzewing, Phaps elegans\nCrested pigeon, Ocyphaps lophotes\nWonga pigeon, Leucosarcia melanoleuca\nDiamond dove, Geopelia cuneata\nPeaceful dove, Geopelia placida\nBar-shouldered dove, Geopelia humeralis (A)\nSuperb fruit-dove, Ptilinopus superbus (A)\nRose-crowned fruit-dove, Ptilinopus regina (A)\nTopknot pigeon, Lopholaimus antarcticus","title":"Pigeons and doves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otidiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otidiformes"},{"link_name":"Otididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otididae"},{"link_name":"Australian bustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_bustard"}],"text":"Order: Otidiformes Family: OtididaeBustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with \"fingered\" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays.Australian bustard, Ardeotis australis","title":"Bustards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuculiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuculiformes"},{"link_name":"Cuculidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuculidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Channel-billed_Cuckoo_Sep07_kobble.jpg"},{"link_name":"cuckoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckoo"},{"link_name":"roadrunners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geococcyx"},{"link_name":"anis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani_(bird)"},{"link_name":"brood parasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_parasite"},{"link_name":"Pacific koel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_koel"},{"link_name":"Channel-billed cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel-billed_cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsfield%27s_bronze-cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Black-eared cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-eared_cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Shining bronze-cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shining_bronze-cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Pallid cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallid_cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Fan-tailed cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan-tailed_cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Brush cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_cuckoo"}],"text":"Order: Cuculiformes Family: CuculidaeChannel-billed cuckooThe family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.Pacific koel, Eudynamys orientalis (A)\nChannel-billed cuckoo, Scythrops novaehollandiae\nHorsfield's bronze-cuckoo, Chrysococcyx basalis\nBlack-eared cuckoo, Chrysococcyx osculans\nShining bronze-cuckoo, Chrysococcyx lucidus\nPallid cuckoo, Cuculus pallidus\nFan-tailed cuckoo, Cacomantis flabelliformis\nBrush cuckoo, Cacomantis variolosus","title":"Cuckoos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caprimulgiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprimulgiformes"},{"link_name":"Podargidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogmouth"},{"link_name":"Tawny frogmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny_frogmouth"}],"text":"Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: PodargidaeThe frogmouths are a distinctive group of small nocturnal birds related to swifts found from India across southern Asia to Australia.Tawny frogmouth, Podargus strigoides","title":"Frogmouths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caprimulgiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprimulgiformes"},{"link_name":"Caprimulgidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprimulgidae"},{"link_name":"Nightjars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightjar"},{"link_name":"Spotted nightjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_nightjar"},{"link_name":"White-throated nightjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-throated_nightjar"}],"text":"Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: CaprimulgidaeNightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.Spotted nightjar, Eurostopodus argus\nWhite-throated nightjar, Eurostopodus mystacalis","title":"Nightjars and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caprimulgiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprimulgiformes"},{"link_name":"Aegothelidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owlet-nightjar"},{"link_name":"Maluku Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands"},{"link_name":"Australian owlet-nightjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_owlet-nightjar"}],"text":"Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: AegothelidaeThe owlet-nightjars are a distinctive group of small nocturnal birds related to swifts found from the Maluku Islands and New Guinea to Australia and New Caledonia.Australian owlet-nightjar, Aegotheles cristatus","title":"Owlet-nightjars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caprimulgiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprimulgiformes"},{"link_name":"Apodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apodidae"},{"link_name":"Swifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_(bird)"},{"link_name":"White-throated needletail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-throated_needletail"},{"link_name":"Pacific swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_swift"}],"text":"Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: ApodidaeSwifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.White-throated needletail, Hirundapus caudacutus\nPacific swift, Apus pacificus","title":"Swifts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gruiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruiformes"},{"link_name":"Rallidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallidae"},{"link_name":"rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_(bird)"},{"link_name":"crakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crake"},{"link_name":"coots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coot"},{"link_name":"gallinules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallinula"},{"link_name":"Lewin's rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewin%27s_rail"},{"link_name":"Buff-banded rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buff-banded_rail"},{"link_name":"Black-tailed nativehen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-tailed_nativehen"},{"link_name":"Australian crake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_crake"},{"link_name":"Dusky moorhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusky_moorhen"},{"link_name":"Eurasian coot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_coot"},{"link_name":"Australasian swamphen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_swamphen"},{"link_name":"Baillon's crake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baillon%27s_crake"},{"link_name":"Spotless crake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotless_crake"}],"text":"Order: Gruiformes Family: RallidaeRallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.Lewin's rail, Lewinia pectoralis\nBuff-banded rail, Gallirallus philippensis\nBlack-tailed nativehen, Tribonyx ventralis\nAustralian crake, Porzana fluminea\nDusky moorhen, Gallinula tenebrosa\nEurasian coot, Fulica atra\nAustralasian swamphen, Porphyrio melanotus\nBaillon's crake, Zapornia pusilla\nSpotless crake, Zapornia tabuensis","title":"Rails, gallinules, and coots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gruiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruiformes"},{"link_name":"Gruidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruidae"},{"link_name":"Brolga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brolga"}],"text":"Order: Gruiformes Family: GruidaeCranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or \"dances\".Brolga, Antigone rubicunda","title":"Cranes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Burhinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhinidae"},{"link_name":"Bush thick-knee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_thick-knee"},{"link_name":"Beach thick-knee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_thick-knee"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: BurhinidaeThe thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.Bush thick-knee, Burhinus grallarius\nBeach thick-knee, Esacus magnirostris (A)","title":"Thick-knees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Recurvirostridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurvirostridae"},{"link_name":"avocets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocet"},{"link_name":"stilts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilt"},{"link_name":"Pied stilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_stilt"},{"link_name":"Banded stilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_stilt"},{"link_name":"Red-necked avocet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-necked_avocet"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: RecurvirostridaeRecurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin straight bills.Pied stilt, Himantopus leucocephalus\nBanded stilt, Cladorhynchus leucocephalus\nRed-necked avocet, Recurvirostra novaehollandiae","title":"Stilts and avocets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Haematopodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopodidae"},{"link_name":"oystercatchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oystercatcher"},{"link_name":"plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plover"},{"link_name":"molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc"},{"link_name":"Pied oystercatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_oystercatcher"},{"link_name":"South Island oystercatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island_oystercatcher"},{"link_name":"Sooty oystercatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooty_oystercatcher"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: HaematopodidaeThe oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.Pied oystercatcher, Haematopus longirostris\nSouth Island oystercatcher, Haematopus finschi (A)\nSooty oystercatcher, Haematopus fuliginosus","title":"Oystercatchers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Charadriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriidae"},{"link_name":"plovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plover"},{"link_name":"dotterels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotterel"},{"link_name":"lapwings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapwing"},{"link_name":"Black-bellied plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-bellied_plover"},{"link_name":"American golden-plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_golden-plover"},{"link_name":"Pacific golden-plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_golden-plover"},{"link_name":"Banded lapwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_lapwing"},{"link_name":"Masked lapwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masked_lapwing"},{"link_name":"Lesser sand-plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_sand-plover"},{"link_name":"Greater sand-plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_sand-plover"},{"link_name":"Double-banded plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-banded_plover"},{"link_name":"Red-capped plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-capped_plover"},{"link_name":"Common ringed plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ringed_plover"},{"link_name":"Semipalmated plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipalmated_plover"},{"link_name":"Little ringed plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_ringed_plover"},{"link_name":"Oriental plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_plover"},{"link_name":"Red-kneed dotterel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-kneed_dotterel"},{"link_name":"Hooded plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooded_plover"},{"link_name":"Black-fronted dotterel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-fronted_dotterel"},{"link_name":"Inland dotterel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_dotterel"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: CharadriidaeThe family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola\nAmerican golden-plover, Pluvialis dominica (A)\nPacific golden-plover, Pluvialis fulva\nBanded lapwing, Vanellus tricolor\nMasked lapwing, Vanellus miles\nLesser sand-plover, Charadrius mongolus\nGreater sand-plover, Charadrius leschenaultii\nDouble-banded plover, Charadrius bicinctus\nRed-capped plover, Charadrius ruficapillus\nCommon ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula (A)\nSemipalmated plover, Charadrius semipalmatus (A)\nLittle ringed plover, Charadrius dubius (A)\nOriental plover, Charadrius veredus (A)\nRed-kneed dotterel, Erythrogonys cinctus\nHooded plover, Thinornis cucullatus\nBlack-fronted dotterel, Elseyornis melanops\nInland dotterel, Peltohyas australis","title":"Plovers and lapwings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Pedionomidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedionomidae"},{"link_name":"quail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quail"},{"link_name":"Plains-wanderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains-wanderer"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: PedionomidaeThe plains-wanderer is a quail-like ground bird. They are excellent camouflagers, and will first hide at any disturbance. If they're approached too close, they will run as opposed to flying, which they are very poor at.Plains-wanderer, Pedionomus torquatus","title":"Plains-wanderer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Rostratulidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostratulidae"},{"link_name":"Australian painted-snipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_painted-snipe"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: RostratulidaePainted-snipes are short-legged, long-billed birds similar in shape to the true snipes, but more brightly coloured.Australian painted-snipe, Rostratula australis","title":"Painted-snipes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Scolopacidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scolopacidae"},{"link_name":"sandpipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandpiper"},{"link_name":"curlews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlew"},{"link_name":"godwits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwit"},{"link_name":"shanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tringa"},{"link_name":"tattlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattler_(bird)"},{"link_name":"woodcocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcock"},{"link_name":"snipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snipe"},{"link_name":"dowitchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowitcher"},{"link_name":"phalaropes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalarope"},{"link_name":"Whimbrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_whimbrel"},{"link_name":"Little curlew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_curlew"},{"link_name":"Far Eastern curlew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_curlew"},{"link_name":"Bar-tailed godwit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-tailed_godwit"},{"link_name":"Black-tailed godwit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-tailed_godwit"},{"link_name":"Hudsonian godwit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudsonian_godwit"},{"link_name":"Ruddy turnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddy_turnstone"},{"link_name":"Great knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_knot"},{"link_name":"Red knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_knot"},{"link_name":"Ruff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruff_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Broad-billed sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-billed_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Sharp-tailed sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp-tailed_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Stilt sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilt_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Curlew sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlew_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Long-toed stint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-toed_stint"},{"link_name":"Red-necked stint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-necked_stint"},{"link_name":"Sanderling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanderling"},{"link_name":"Baird's sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baird%27s_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Little stint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_stint"},{"link_name":"White-rumped sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-rumped_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Buff-breasted sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buff-breasted_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Pectoral sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoral_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Asian dowitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_dowitcher"},{"link_name":"Short-billed dowitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-billed_dowitcher"},{"link_name":"Long-billed dowitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-billed_dowitcher"},{"link_name":"Latham's snipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latham%27s_snipe"},{"link_name":"Terek sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terek_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Wilson's phalarope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%27s_phalarope"},{"link_name":"Red-necked phalarope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-necked_phalarope"},{"link_name":"Red phalarope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_phalarope"},{"link_name":"Common sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Gray-tailed tattler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-tailed_tattler"},{"link_name":"Wandering tattler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering_tattler"},{"link_name":"Spotted redshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_redshank"},{"link_name":"Common greenshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_greenshank"},{"link_name":"Lesser yellowlegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_yellowlegs"},{"link_name":"Marsh sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Wood sandpiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_sandpiper"},{"link_name":"Common redshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_redshank"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: ScolopacidaeScolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus\nLittle curlew, Numenius minutus (A)\nFar Eastern curlew, Numenius madagascariensis\nBar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica\nBlack-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa\nHudsonian godwit, Limosa haemastica (A)\nRuddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres\nGreat knot, Calidris tenuirostris\nRed knot, Calidris canutus\nRuff, Calidris pugnax\nBroad-billed sandpiper, Calidris falcinellus\nSharp-tailed sandpiper, Calidris acuminata\nStilt sandpiper, Calidris himantopus (A)\nCurlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea\nLong-toed stint, Calidris subminuta\nRed-necked stint, Calidris ruficollis\nSanderling, Calidris alba\nBaird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii (A)\nLittle stint, Calidris minuta (A)\nWhite-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis (A)\nBuff-breasted sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis (A)\nPectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos\nAsian dowitcher, Limnodromus semipalmatus (A)\nShort-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus (A)\nLong-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus (A)\nLatham's snipe, Gallinago hardwickii\nTerek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus\nWilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor (A)\nRed-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus (A)\nRed phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius (A)\nCommon sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos\nGray-tailed tattler, Tringa brevipes\nWandering tattler, Tringa incana\nSpotted redshank, Tringa erythropus (A)\nCommon greenshank, Tringa nebularia\nLesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes (A)\nMarsh sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis\nWood sandpiper, Tringa glareola\nCommon redshank, Tringa totanus (A)","title":"Sandpipers and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Turnicidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnicidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black-breasted_Button-quail_male_inskip.JPG"},{"link_name":"Red-backed buttonquail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-backed_buttonquail"},{"link_name":"Painted buttonquail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_buttonquail"},{"link_name":"Red-chested buttonquail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-chested_buttonquail"},{"link_name":"Little buttonquail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_buttonquail"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: TurnicidaeMale black-breasted buttonquailThe buttonquails are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young.Red-backed buttonquail, Turnix maculosus (A)\nPainted buttonquail, Turnix varius\nRed-chested buttonquail, Turnix pyrrhothorax\nLittle buttonquail, Turnix velox","title":"Buttonquail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Glareolidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glareolidae"},{"link_name":"pratincoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratincole"},{"link_name":"coursers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courser"},{"link_name":"Australian pratincole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_pratincole"},{"link_name":"Oriental pratincole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_pratincole"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: GlareolidaeGlareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings, and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings, and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.Australian pratincole, Stiltia isabella\nOriental pratincole, Glareola maldivarum (A)","title":"Pratincoles and coursers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Stercorariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stercorariidae"},{"link_name":"South polar skua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_polar_skua"},{"link_name":"Brown skua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_skua"},{"link_name":"Pomarine jaeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomarine_jaeger"},{"link_name":"Parasitic jaeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_jaeger"},{"link_name":"Long-tailed jaeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-tailed_jaeger"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: StercorariidaeThe family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.South polar skua, Stercorarius maccormicki (A)\nBrown skua, Stercorarius antarcticus\nPomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus\nParasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus\nLong-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus (A)","title":"Skuas and jaegers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charadriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadriiformes"},{"link_name":"Laridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laridae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bridled_Tern_LEI_Nov06.JPG"},{"link_name":"gulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull"},{"link_name":"terns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tern"},{"link_name":"skimmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmer_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Sabine's gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine%27s_gull"},{"link_name":"Silver gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_gull"},{"link_name":"Laughing gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughing_gull"},{"link_name":"Franklin's gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%27s_gull"},{"link_name":"Black-tailed gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-tailed_gull"},{"link_name":"Pacific gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_gull"},{"link_name":"Kelp gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp_gull"},{"link_name":"Brown noddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_noddy"},{"link_name":"Black noddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_noddy"},{"link_name":"Gray noddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_noddy"},{"link_name":"Sooty tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooty_tern"},{"link_name":"Bridled tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridled_tern"},{"link_name":"Little tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_tern"},{"link_name":"Australian fairy tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_fairy_tern"},{"link_name":"Gull-billed tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_tern"},{"link_name":"Caspian tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_tern"},{"link_name":"Black tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_tern"},{"link_name":"White-winged tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-winged_tern"},{"link_name":"Whiskered tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskered_tern"},{"link_name":"White-fronted tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-fronted_tern"},{"link_name":"Common tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_tern"},{"link_name":"Arctic tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_tern"},{"link_name":"Antarctic tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_tern"},{"link_name":"Great crested tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_crested_tern"}],"text":"Order: Charadriiformes Family: LaridaeBridled ternLaridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. Skimmers are a small family of tropical tern-like birds. They have an elongated lower mandible which they use to feed by flying low over the water surface and skimming the water for small fish.Sabine's gull, Xema sabini (A)\nSilver gull, Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae\nLaughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla (A)\nFranklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (A)\nBlack-tailed gull, Larus crassirostris (A)\nPacific gull, Larus pacificus\nKelp gull, Larus dominicanus\nBrown noddy, Anous stolidus (A)\nBlack noddy, Anous minutus (A)\nGray noddy, Anous albivitta (A)\nSooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus (A)\nBridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus (A)\nLittle tern, Sternula albifrons\nAustralian fairy tern, Sternula nereis (A)\nGull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica\nCaspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia\nBlack tern, Chlidonias niger (A)\nWhite-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus\nWhiskered tern, Chlidonias hybrida\nWhite-fronted tern, Sterna striata\nCommon tern, Sterna hirundo\nArctic tern, Sterna paradisaea (A)\nAntarctic tern, Sterna vittata (A)\nGreat crested tern, Thalasseus bergii","title":"Gulls, terns, and skimmers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phaethontiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaethontiformes"},{"link_name":"Phaethontidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicbird"},{"link_name":"Tropicbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicbird"},{"link_name":"White-tailed tropicbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_tropicbird"},{"link_name":"Red-tailed tropicbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-tailed_tropicbird"}],"text":"Order: Phaethontiformes Family: PhaethontidaeTropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their long wings have black markings, as does the head.White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus (A)\nRed-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon rubricauda (A)","title":"Tropicbirds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sphenisciformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin"},{"link_name":"Spheniscidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin"},{"link_name":"little penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_penguin"},{"link_name":"King penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_penguin"},{"link_name":"Adelie penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelie_penguin"},{"link_name":"Chinstrap penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinstrap_penguin"},{"link_name":"Little penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_penguin"},{"link_name":"Magellanic penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellanic_penguin"},{"link_name":"Fiordland penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiordland_penguin"},{"link_name":"Erect-crested penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erect-crested_penguin"},{"link_name":"Macaroni penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_penguin"},{"link_name":"Royal penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_penguin"},{"link_name":"Southern rockhopper penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_rockhopper_penguin"},{"link_name":"Snares penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snares_penguin"}],"text":"Order: Sphenisciformes Family: SpheniscidaePenguins are a group of aquatic, flightless birds living almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere, especially in Antarctica. Only one species, the little penguin, breeds on the Australian coast.King penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus (A)\nAdelie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae (A)\nChinstrap penguin, Pygoscelis antarcticus (A)\nLittle penguin, Eudyptula minor\nMagellanic penguin, Spheniscus magellanicus (A)\nFiordland penguin, Eudyptes pachyrhynchus (A)\nErect-crested penguin, Eudyptes sclateri (A)\nMacaroni penguin, Eudyptes chrysolophus (A)\nRoyal penguin, Eudyptes schlegeli (A)\nSouthern rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes chrysocome (A)\nSnares penguin, Eudyptes robustus (A)","title":"Penguins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Procellariiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procellariiformes"},{"link_name":"Diomedeidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatross"},{"link_name":"Yellow-nosed albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_yellow-nosed_albatross"},{"link_name":"Gray-headed albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-headed_albatross"},{"link_name":"Buller's albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buller%27s_albatross"},{"link_name":"White-capped albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_albatross"},{"link_name":"Salvin's albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvin%27s_albatross"},{"link_name":"Black-browed albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-browed_albatross"},{"link_name":"Sooty albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooty_albatross"},{"link_name":"Light-mantled albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-mantled_albatross"},{"link_name":"Royal albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_royal_albatross"},{"link_name":"Wandering albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering_albatross"}],"text":"Order: Procellariiformes Family: DiomedeidaeThe albatrosses are a family of large seabird found across the Southern and North Pacific Oceans. The largest are among the largest flying birds in the world.Yellow-nosed albatross, Thalassarche chlororhynchos\nGray-headed albatross, Thalassarche chrysostoma (A)\nBuller's albatross, Thalassarche bulleri\nWhite-capped albatross, Thalassarche cauta\nSalvin's albatross, Thalassarche salvini (A)\nBlack-browed albatross, Thalassarche melanophris\nSooty albatross, Phoebetria fusca\nLight-mantled albatross, Phoebetria palpebrata (A)\nRoyal albatross, Diomedea epomophora\nWandering albatross, Diomedea exulans","title":"Albatrosses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Procellariiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procellariiformes"},{"link_name":"Oceanitidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanitidae"},{"link_name":"petrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrel"},{"link_name":"planktonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton"},{"link_name":"bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat"},{"link_name":"Wilson's storm-petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%27s_storm-petrel"},{"link_name":"Gray-backed storm-petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-backed_storm-petrel"},{"link_name":"White-faced storm-petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-faced_storm-petrel"},{"link_name":"New Zealand storm-petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_storm-petrel"},{"link_name":"Black-bellied storm-petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-bellied_storm-petrel"}],"text":"Order: Procellariiformes Family: OceanitidaeThe southern storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, relatives of the petrels, feeding on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. Their flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.Wilson's storm-petrel, Oceanites oceanicus\nGray-backed storm-petrel, Garrodia nereis (A)\nWhite-faced storm-petrel, Pelagodroma marina\nNew Zealand storm-petrel, Fregetta maoriana (A)\nBlack-bellied storm-petrel, Fregetta tropica (A)","title":"Southern storm-petrels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Procellariiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procellariiformes"},{"link_name":"Hydrobatidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrobatidae"},{"link_name":"Leach's storm-petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leach%27s_storm-petrel"}],"text":"Order: Procellariiformes Family: HydrobatidaeThough the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.Leach's storm-petrel, Hydrobates leucorhous (A)","title":"Northern storm-petrels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Procellariiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procellariiformes"},{"link_name":"Procellariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procellariidae"},{"link_name":"nasal septum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum"},{"link_name":"primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_feathers"},{"link_name":"Southern giant-petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_giant-petrel"},{"link_name":"Northern giant-petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_giant-petrel"},{"link_name":"Southern fulmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_fulmar"},{"link_name":"Antarctic petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_petrel"},{"link_name":"Cape petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_petrel"},{"link_name":"Kerguelen petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerguelen_petrel"},{"link_name":"Great-winged petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great-winged_petrel"},{"link_name":"Gray-faced petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-faced_petrel"},{"link_name":"Providence petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_petrel"},{"link_name":"Soft-plumaged petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-plumaged_petrel"},{"link_name":"Barau's petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barau%27s_petrel"},{"link_name":"White-headed petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-headed_petrel"},{"link_name":"Mottled petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mottled_petrel"},{"link_name":"Atlantic petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_petrel"},{"link_name":"Black-winged petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-winged_petrel"},{"link_name":"Cook's petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%27s_petrel"},{"link_name":"Gould's petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gould%27s_petrel"},{"link_name":"Blue petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_petrel"},{"link_name":"Fairy prion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_prion"},{"link_name":"Broad-billed prion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-billed_prion"},{"link_name":"Salvin's prion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvin%27s_prion"},{"link_name":"Antarctic prion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_prion"},{"link_name":"Slender-billed prion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slender-billed_prion"},{"link_name":"Fulmar prion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmar_prion"},{"link_name":"Bulwer's petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulwer%27s_petrel"},{"link_name":"Gray petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_petrel"},{"link_name":"White-chinned petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-chinned_petrel"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_petrel"},{"link_name":"Westland petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_petrel"},{"link_name":"Streaked shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaked_shearwater"},{"link_name":"Flesh-footed shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh-footed_shearwater"},{"link_name":"Great shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_shearwater"},{"link_name":"Wedge-tailed shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge-tailed_shearwater"},{"link_name":"Buller's shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buller%27s_shearwater"},{"link_name":"Sooty shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooty_shearwater"},{"link_name":"Short-tailed shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-tailed_shearwater"},{"link_name":"Hutton's shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutton%27s_shearwater"},{"link_name":"Fluttering shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluttering_shearwater"},{"link_name":"Little shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_shearwater"},{"link_name":"Subantarctic shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarctic_shearwater"},{"link_name":"Common diving-petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_diving-petrel"}],"text":"Order: Procellariiformes Family: ProcellariidaeThe procellariids are the main group of medium-sized \"true petrels\", characterised by united nostrils with medium nasal septum, and a long outer functional primary flight feather.Southern giant-petrel, Macronectes giganteus\nNorthern giant-petrel, Macronectes halli\nSouthern fulmar, Fulmarus glacialoides (A)\nAntarctic petrel, Thalassoica antarctica (A)\nCape petrel, Daption capense\nKerguelen petrel, Aphrodroma brevirostris (A)\nGreat-winged petrel, Pterodroma macroptera\nGray-faced petrel, Pterodroma gouldi\nProvidence petrel, Pterodroma solandri (A)\nSoft-plumaged petrel, Pterodroma mollis\nBarau's petrel, Pterodroma baraui (A)\nWhite-headed petrel, Pterodroma lessonii\nMottled petrel, Pterodroma inexpectata (A)\nAtlantic petrel, Pterodroma incerta (A)\nBlack-winged petrel, Pterodroma nigripennis (A)\nCook's petrel, Pterodroma cookii (A)\nGould's petrel, Pterodroma leucoptera (A)\nBlue petrel, Halobaena caerulea (A)\nFairy prion, Pachyptila turtur\nBroad-billed prion, Pachyptila vittata (A)\nSalvin's prion, Pachyptila salvini\nAntarctic prion, Pachyptila desolata\nSlender-billed prion, Pachyptila belcheri\nFulmar prion, Pachyptila crassirostris (A)\nBulwer's petrel, Bulweria bulwerii (A)\nGray petrel, Procellaria cinerea (A)\nWhite-chinned petrel, Procellaria aequinoctialis\nParkinson's petrel, Procellaria parkinsoni\nWestland petrel, Procellaria westlandica (A)\nStreaked shearwater, Calonectris leucomelas\nFlesh-footed shearwater, Ardenna carneipes\nGreat shearwater, Ardenna gravis (A)\nWedge-tailed shearwater, Ardenna pacifica (A)\nBuller's shearwater, Ardenna bulleri (A)\nSooty shearwater, Ardenna grisea\nShort-tailed shearwater, Ardenna tenuirostris\nHutton's shearwater, Puffinus huttoni\nFluttering shearwater, Puffinus gavia\nLittle shearwater, Puffinus assimilis\nSubantarctic shearwater, Puffinus elegans\nCommon diving-petrel, Pelecanoides urinatrix","title":"Shearwaters and petrels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ciconiiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciconiiformes"},{"link_name":"Ciconiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciconiidae"},{"link_name":"Black-necked stork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-necked_stork"}],"text":"Order: Ciconiiformes Family: CiconiidaeStorks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years.Black-necked stork, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus (A)","title":"Storks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suliformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suliformes"},{"link_name":"Fregatidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fregatidae"},{"link_name":"Lesser frigatebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_frigatebird"},{"link_name":"Great frigatebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_frigatebird"}],"text":"Order: Suliformes Family: FregatidaeFrigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black, or black-and-white, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.Lesser frigatebird, Fregata ariel (A)\nGreat frigatebird, Fregata minor (A)","title":"Frigatebirds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suliformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suliformes"},{"link_name":"Sulidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brown_Booby_LEI_jan08.JPG"},{"link_name":"gannets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannet"},{"link_name":"boobies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booby"},{"link_name":"seabirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird"},{"link_name":"Brown booby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_booby"},{"link_name":"Red-footed booby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-footed_booby"},{"link_name":"Cape gannet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_gannet"},{"link_name":"Australasian gannet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_gannet"}],"text":"Order: Suliformes Family: SulidaeBrown boobyThe sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium-large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.Brown booby, Sula leucogaster (A)\nRed-footed booby, Sula sula\nCape gannet, Morus capensis (A)\nAustralasian gannet, Morus serrator","title":"Boobies and gannets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suliformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suliformes"},{"link_name":"Anhingidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhingidae"},{"link_name":"Australasian darter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_darter"}],"text":"Order: Suliformes Family: AnhingidaeAnhingas or darters are cormorant-like water birds with long necks and long, straight bills. They are fish eaters which often swim with only their neck above the water.Australasian darter, Anhinga novaehollandiae","title":"Anhingas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suliformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suliformes"},{"link_name":"Phalacrocoracidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalacrocoracidae"},{"link_name":"Cormorants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormorant"},{"link_name":"Little pied cormorant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_pied_cormorant"},{"link_name":"Great cormorant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_cormorant"},{"link_name":"Little black cormorant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_black_cormorant"},{"link_name":"Pied cormorant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_cormorant"},{"link_name":"Black-faced cormorant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-faced_cormorant"}],"text":"Order: Suliformes Family: PhalacrocoracidaeCormorants are medium-to-large aquatic birds, usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of coloured skin on the face. The bill is long, thin and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed, a distinguishing feature among the order Pelecaniformes.Little pied cormorant, Microcarbo melanoleucos\nGreat cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo\nLittle black cormorant, Phalacrocorax sulcirostris\nPied cormorant, Phalacrocorax varius\nBlack-faced cormorant, Phalacrocorax fuscescens","title":"Cormorants and shags"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pelecaniformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelecaniformes"},{"link_name":"Pelecanidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelecanidae"},{"link_name":"Pelicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican"},{"link_name":"Australian pelican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_pelican"}],"text":"Order: Pelecaniformes Family: PelecanidaePelicans are large water birds with distinctive pouches under their bills. Like other birds in the order Pelecaniformes, they have four webbed toes.Australian pelican, Pelecanus conspicillatus","title":"Pelicans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pelecaniformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelecaniformes"},{"link_name":"Ardeidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeidae"},{"link_name":"bitterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bittern"},{"link_name":"herons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron"},{"link_name":"egrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret"},{"link_name":"Australasian bittern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_bittern"},{"link_name":"Black-backed bittern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-backed_bittern"},{"link_name":"Black bittern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_bittern"},{"link_name":"Pacific heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_heron"},{"link_name":"Great egret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_egret"},{"link_name":"Intermediate egret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_egret"},{"link_name":"White-faced heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-faced_heron"},{"link_name":"Little egret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_egret"},{"link_name":"Pacific reef-heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_reef-heron"},{"link_name":"Pied heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_heron"},{"link_name":"Cattle egret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_egret"},{"link_name":"Striated heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striated_heron"},{"link_name":"Nankeen night-heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankeen_night-heron"}],"text":"Order: Pelecaniformes Family: ArdeidaeThe family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons, and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills.Australasian bittern, Botaurus poiciloptilus\nBlack-backed bittern, Ixobrychus dubius\nBlack bittern, Ixobrychus flavicollis (A)\nPacific heron, Ardea pacifica\nGreat egret, Ardea alba\nIntermediate egret, Ardea intermedia\nWhite-faced heron, Egretta novaehollandiae\nLittle egret, Egretta garzetta\nPacific reef-heron, Egretta sacra (A)\nPied heron, Egretta picata (A)\nCattle egret, Bubulcus ibis\nStriated heron, Butorides striata (A)\nNankeen night-heron, Nycticorax caledonicus","title":"Herons, egrets, and bitterns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pelecaniformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelecaniformes"},{"link_name":"Threskiornithidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threskiornithidae"},{"link_name":"ibises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibis"},{"link_name":"spoonbills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoonbill"},{"link_name":"Glossy ibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossy_ibis"},{"link_name":"Australian ibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_ibis"},{"link_name":"Straw-necked ibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw-necked_ibis"},{"link_name":"Royal spoonbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_spoonbill"},{"link_name":"Yellow-billed spoonbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-billed_spoonbill"}],"text":"Order: Pelecaniformes Family: ThreskiornithidaeThreskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus\nAustralian ibis, Threskiornis moluccus\nStraw-necked ibis, Threskiornis spinicollis\nRoyal spoonbill, Platalea regia\nYellow-billed spoonbill, Platalea flavipes","title":"Ibises and spoonbills"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accipitriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipitriformes"},{"link_name":"Pandionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandionidae"},{"link_name":"raptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_prey"},{"link_name":"Osprey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey"}],"text":"Order: Accipitriformes Family: PandionidaeThe family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.Osprey, Pandion haliaetus","title":"Osprey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accipitriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipitriformes"},{"link_name":"Accipitridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipitridae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grey_Goshawk_Dayboro_Apr02.JPG"},{"link_name":"hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk"},{"link_name":"eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle"},{"link_name":"kites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_(bird)"},{"link_name":"harriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrier_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Old World vultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_vulture"},{"link_name":"Black-shouldered kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-shouldered_kite"},{"link_name":"Letter-winged kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter-winged_kite"},{"link_name":"Black-breasted kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-breasted_kite"},{"link_name":"Square-tailed kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square-tailed_kite"},{"link_name":"Little eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_eagle"},{"link_name":"Wedge-tailed eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge-tailed_eagle"},{"link_name":"Swamp harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_harrier"},{"link_name":"Spotted harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_harrier"},{"link_name":"Gray goshawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_goshawk"},{"link_name":"Brown goshawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_goshawk"},{"link_name":"Collared sparrowhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collared_sparrowhawk"},{"link_name":"Black kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_kite"},{"link_name":"Whistling kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistling_kite"},{"link_name":"Brahminy kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminy_kite"},{"link_name":"White-bellied sea-eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_sea-eagle"}],"text":"Order: Accipitriformes Family: AccipitridaeGray goshawkAccipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.Black-shouldered kite, Elanus axillaris\nLetter-winged kite, Elanus scriptus (A)\nBlack-breasted kite, Hamirostra melanosternon (A)\nSquare-tailed kite, Lophoictinia isura\nLittle eagle, Hieraaetus morphnoides\nWedge-tailed eagle, Aquila audax\nSwamp harrier, Circus approximans\nSpotted harrier, Circus assimilis\nGray goshawk, Accipiter novaehollandiae\nBrown goshawk, Accipiter fasciatus\nCollared sparrowhawk, Accipiter cirrocephalus\nBlack kite, Milvus migrans\nWhistling kite, Haliastur sphenurus\nBrahminy kite, Haliastur indus (A)\nWhite-bellied sea-eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster","title":"Hawks, eagles, and kites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strigiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigiformes"},{"link_name":"Tytonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tytonidae"},{"link_name":"Barn-owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_owl"},{"link_name":"Sooty owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooty_owl"},{"link_name":"Australian masked-owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_masked-owl"},{"link_name":"Australasian grass-owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_grass-owl"},{"link_name":"Barn owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_owl"}],"text":"Order: Strigiformes Family: TytonidaeBarn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.Sooty owl, Tyto tenebricosa\nAustralian masked-owl, Tyto novaehollandiae\nAustralasian grass-owl, Tyto longimembris (A)\nBarn owl, Tyto alba","title":"Barn-owls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strigiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigiformes"},{"link_name":"Strigidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigidae"},{"link_name":"typical owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_owl"},{"link_name":"Powerful owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerful_owl"},{"link_name":"Barking owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barking_owl"},{"link_name":"Southern boobook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_boobook"},{"link_name":"Morepork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morepork"}],"text":"Order: Strigiformes Family: StrigidaeThe typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.Powerful owl, Ninox strenua\nBarking owl, Ninox connivens\nSouthern boobook, Ninox boobook\nMorepork, Ninox novaeseelandiae","title":"Owls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coraciiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraciiformes"},{"link_name":"Alcedinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedinidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red-backed_Kingfisher_Bowra_apr07.JPG"},{"link_name":"Azure kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_kingfisher"},{"link_name":"Laughing kookaburra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughing_kookaburra"},{"link_name":"Red-backed kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-backed_kingfisher"},{"link_name":"Forest kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_kingfisher"},{"link_name":"Sacred kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_kingfisher"}],"text":"Order: Coraciiformes Family: AlcedinidaeRed-backed kingfisherKingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails.Azure kingfisher, Ceyx azureus\nLaughing kookaburra, Dacelo novaeguineae\nRed-backed kingfisher, Todiramphus pyrrhopygius\nForest kingfisher, Todiramphus macleayii (A)\nSacred kingfisher, Todiramphus sanctus","title":"Kingfishers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coraciiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraciiformes"},{"link_name":"Meropidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meropidae"},{"link_name":"near passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_passerine"},{"link_name":"Rainbow bee-eater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_bee-eater"}],"text":"Order: Coraciiformes Family: MeropidaeThe bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia, and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies, and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.Rainbow bee-eater, Merops ornatus","title":"Bee-eaters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coraciiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraciiformes"},{"link_name":"Coraciidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraciidae"},{"link_name":"crows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow"},{"link_name":"kingfishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingfisher"},{"link_name":"bee-eaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee-eater"},{"link_name":"Dollarbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollarbird"}],"text":"Order: Coraciiformes Family: CoraciidaeRollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.Dollarbird, Eurystomus orientalis","title":"Rollers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falconiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconiformes"},{"link_name":"Falconidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconidae"},{"link_name":"Nankeen kestrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankeen_kestrel"},{"link_name":"Australian hobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_hobby"},{"link_name":"Brown falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_falcon"},{"link_name":"Gray falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_falcon"},{"link_name":"Black falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_falcon"},{"link_name":"Peregrine falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_falcon"}],"text":"Order: Falconiformes Family: FalconidaeFalconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.Nankeen kestrel, Falco cenchroides\nAustralian hobby, Falco longipennis\nBrown falcon, Falco berigora\nGray falcon, Falco hypoleucos (A)\nBlack falcon, Falco subniger\nPeregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus","title":"Falcons and caracaras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Psittaciformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes"},{"link_name":"Cacatuidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacatuidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palm_Cockatoo_RWD.jpg"},{"link_name":"zygodactyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyly#In_birds"},{"link_name":"headcrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_(feathers)"},{"link_name":"Red-tailed black-cockatoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-tailed_black-cockatoo"},{"link_name":"Glossy black-cockatoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossy_black-cockatoo"},{"link_name":"Yellow-tailed black-cockatoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-tailed_black-cockatoo"},{"link_name":"Gang-gang cockatoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang-gang_cockatoo"},{"link_name":"Pink cockatoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_cockatoo"},{"link_name":"Galah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galah"},{"link_name":"Long-billed corella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-billed_corella"},{"link_name":"Little corella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_corella"},{"link_name":"Sulphur-crested cockatoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur-crested_cockatoo"},{"link_name":"Cockatiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockatiel"}],"text":"Order: Psittaciformes Family: CacatuidaePalm cockatooThe cockatoos share many features with other parrots including the characteristic curved beak shape and a zygodactyl foot, with two forward toes and two backwards toes. They differ, however in a number of characteristics, including the often spectacular movable headcrest.Red-tailed black-cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus banksii\nGlossy black-cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus lathami\nYellow-tailed black-cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus funereus\nGang-gang cockatoo, Callocephalon fimbriatum\nPink cockatoo, Lophochroa leadbeateri\nGalah, Eolophus roseicapilla\nLong-billed corella, Cacatua tenuirostris\nLittle corella, Cacatua sanguinea\nSulphur-crested cockatoo, Cacatua galerita\nCockatiel, Nymphicus hollandicus","title":"Cockatoos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Psittaciformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes"},{"link_name":"Psittaculidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaculidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scaly-breasted_Lorikeet_Kobble_Dec06.JPG"},{"link_name":"zygodactyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygodactyl"},{"link_name":"Superb parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superb_parrot"},{"link_name":"Regent parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_parrot"},{"link_name":"Princess parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_parrot"},{"link_name":"Australian king-parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_king-parrot"},{"link_name":"Ground parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_ground_parrot"},{"link_name":"Night parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_parrot"},{"link_name":"Blue-winged parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-winged_parrot"},{"link_name":"Elegant parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegant_parrot"},{"link_name":"Orange-bellied parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange-bellied_parrot"},{"link_name":"Turquoise parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise_parrot"},{"link_name":"Scarlet-chested parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet-chested_parrot"},{"link_name":"Swift parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_parrot"},{"link_name":"Australian ringneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_ringneck"},{"link_name":"Crimson rosella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_rosella"},{"link_name":"Eastern rosella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_rosella"},{"link_name":"Greater bluebonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_bluebonnet"},{"link_name":"Red-rumped parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-rumped_parrot"},{"link_name":"Mulga parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulga_parrot"},{"link_name":"Budgerigar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgerigar"},{"link_name":"Little lorikeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_lorikeet"},{"link_name":"Purple-crowned lorikeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple-crowned_lorikeet"},{"link_name":"Musk lorikeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_lorikeet"},{"link_name":"Scaly-breasted lorikeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaly-breasted_lorikeet"},{"link_name":"Rainbow lorikeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_lorikeet"},{"link_name":"Red-collared lorikeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-collared_lorikeet"}],"text":"Order: Psittaciformes Family: PsittaculidaeScaly-breasted lorikeetCharacteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. In size they range from 8 cm (3.1 in) to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.Superb parrot, Polytelis swainsonii\nRegent parrot, Polytelis anthopeplus\nPrincess parrot, Polytelis alexandrae\nAustralian king-parrot, Alisterus scapularis\nGround parrot, Pezoporus wallicus\nNight parrot, Pezoporus occidentalis\nBlue-winged parrot, Neophema chrysostoma\nElegant parrot, Neophema elegans\nOrange-bellied parrot, Neophema chrysogaster\nTurquoise parrot, Neophema pulchella\nScarlet-chested parrot, Neophema splendida (A)\nSwift parrot, Lathamus discolor\nAustralian ringneck, Barnardius barnardi\nCrimson rosella, Platycercus elegans\nEastern rosella, Platycercus eximius\nGreater bluebonnet, Northiella haematogaster\nRed-rumped parrot, Psephotus haematonotus\nMulga parrot, Psephotus varius\nBudgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus\nLittle lorikeet, Parvipsitta pusilla\nPurple-crowned lorikeet, Parvipsitta porphyrocephala\nMusk lorikeet, Glossopsitta concinna\nScaly-breasted lorikeet, Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus (I)\nRainbow lorikeet, Trichoglossus moluccanus\nRed-collared lorikeet, Trichoglossus rubritorquis","title":"Old World parrots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Menuridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menuridae"},{"link_name":"Superb lyrebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superb_lyrebird"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: MenuridaeLyrebirds are most notable for their superb ability to mimic natural and artificial sounds from their environment, and the striking beauty of the male bird's huge tail when it is fanned out in courtship display.Superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae","title":"Lyrebirds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Ptilonorhynchidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptilonorhynchidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regent_Bowerbird_male_Lamington_0807.JPG"},{"link_name":"Regent bowerbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_bowerbird"},{"link_name":"Satin bowerbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satin_bowerbird"},{"link_name":"Spotted bowerbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_bowerbird"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: PtilonorhynchidaeRegent bowerbirdThe bowerbirds are small to medium-sized passerine birds. The males notably build a bower to attract a mate. Depending on the species, the bower ranges from a circle of cleared earth with a small pile of twigs in the center to a complex and highly decorated structure of sticks and leaves.Regent bowerbird, Sericulus chrysocephalus\nSatin bowerbird, Ptilonorhynchus violaceus\nSpotted bowerbird, Chlamydera maculata (A)","title":"Bowerbirds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Climacteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climacteridae"},{"link_name":"White-throated treecreeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-throated_treecreeper"},{"link_name":"White-browed treecreeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-browed_treecreeper"},{"link_name":"Red-browed treecreeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-browed_treecreeper"},{"link_name":"Brown treecreeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_treecreeper"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: ClimacteridaeThe Climacteridae are medium-small, mostly brown-coloured birds with patterning on their underparts.White-throated treecreeper, Cormobates leucophaea\nWhite-browed treecreeper, Climacteris affinis\nRed-browed treecreeper, Climacteris erythrops\nBrown treecreeper, Climacteris picumnus","title":"Australasian treecreepers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Maluridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluridae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Variegated_Fairywrens_Dayboro_1207.JPG"},{"link_name":"Striated grasswren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striated_grasswren"},{"link_name":"Short-tailed grasswren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-tailed_grasswren"},{"link_name":"Southern emuwren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_emuwren"},{"link_name":"Malle emuwren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malle_emuwren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Purple-backed fairywren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple-backed_fairywren"},{"link_name":"Variegated fairywren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variegated_fairywren"},{"link_name":"Splendid fairywren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splendid_fairywren"},{"link_name":"Superb fairywren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superb_fairywren"},{"link_name":"White-winged fairywren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-winged_fairywren"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: MaluridaeVariegated fairy-wrensMaluridae is a family of small, insectivorous passerine birds endemic to Australia and New Guinea. They are socially monogamous and sexually promiscuous, meaning that although they form pairs between one male and one female, each partner will mate with other individuals and even assist in raising the young from such pairings.Striated grasswren, Amytornis striatus\nShort-tailed grasswren, Amytornis merrotsyi\nSouthern emuwren, Stipiturus malachurus\nMalle emuwren, Stipiturus mallee\nPurple-backed fairywren, Malurus assimilis\nVariegated fairywren, Malurus lamberti\nSplendid fairywren, Malurus splendens\nSuperb fairywren, Malurus cyaneus\nWhite-winged fairywren, Malurus leucopterus","title":"Fairywrens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Meliphagidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meliphagidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crimson_Chat_Newhaven_Sep04.JPG"},{"link_name":"Eastern spinebill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_spinebill"},{"link_name":"Pied honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Lewin's honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewin%27s_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"White-fronted honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-fronted_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Yellow-faced honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-faced_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Yellow-tufted honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-tufted_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Purple-gaped honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple-gaped_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Bell miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_miner"},{"link_name":"Noisy miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisy_miner"},{"link_name":"Yellow-throated miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-throated_miner"},{"link_name":"Black-eared miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-eared_miner"},{"link_name":"Spiny-cheeked honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny-cheeked_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Little wattlebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_wattlebird"},{"link_name":"Regent honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Red wattlebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_wattlebird"},{"link_name":"Singing honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Yellow-plumed honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-plumed_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"White-plumed honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-plumed_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Fuscous honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuscous_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Gray-fronted honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-fronted_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Crimson chat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_chat"},{"link_name":"Orange chat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_chat"},{"link_name":"White-fronted chat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-fronted_chat"},{"link_name":"Black honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Scarlet myzomela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_myzomela"},{"link_name":"Tawny-crowned honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny-crowned_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Brown honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Crescent honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"New Holland honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Holland_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"White-cheeked honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-cheeked_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"White-eared honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-eared_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Blue-faced honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-faced_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"White-naped honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-naped_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Brown-headed honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-headed_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Black-chinned honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-chinned_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Striped honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Painted honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Little friarbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_friarbird"},{"link_name":"Noisy friarbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisy_friarbird"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: MeliphagidaeMale crimson chatThe honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of small to medium-sized birds most common in Australia and New Guinea. They are nectar feeders and closely resemble other nectar-feeding passerines.Eastern spinebill, Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris\nPied honeyeater, Certhionyx variegatus (A)\nLewin's honeyeater, Meliphaga lewinii\nWhite-fronted honeyeater, Purnella albifrons\nYellow-faced honeyeater, Caligavis chrysops\nYellow-tufted honeyeater, Lichenostomus melanops\nPurple-gaped honeyeater, Lichenostomus cratitius\nBell miner, Manorina melanophrys\nNoisy miner, Manorina melanocephala\nYellow-throated miner, Manorina flavigula\nBlack-eared miner, Manorina melanotis\nSpiny-cheeked honeyeater, Acanthagenys rufogularis\nLittle wattlebird, Anthochaera chrysoptera\nRegent honeyeater, Anthochaera phrygia\nRed wattlebird, Anthochaera carunculata\nSinging honeyeater, Gavicalis virescens\nYellow-plumed honeyeater, Ptilotula ornata\nWhite-plumed honeyeater, Ptilotula penicillata\nFuscous honeyeater, Ptilotula fusca\nGray-fronted honeyeater, Ptilotula plumula (A)\nCrimson chat, Epthianura tricolor\nOrange chat, Epthianura aurifrons\nWhite-fronted chat, Epthianura albifrons\nBlack honeyeater, Sugomel niger\nScarlet myzomela, Myzomela sanguinolenta\nTawny-crowned honeyeater, Gliciphila melanops\nBrown honeyeater, Lichmera indistincta (A)\nCrescent honeyeater, Phylidonyris pyrrhopterus\nNew Holland honeyeater, Phylidonyris novaehollandiae\nWhite-cheeked honeyeater, Phylidonyris niger (A)\nWhite-eared honeyeater, Nesoptilotis leucotis\nBlue-faced honeyeater, Entomyzon cyanotis\nWhite-naped honeyeater, Melithreptus lunatus\nBrown-headed honeyeater, Melithreptus brevirostris\nBlack-chinned honeyeater, Melithreptus gularis\nStriped honeyeater, Plectorhyncha lanceolata\nPainted honeyeater, Grantiella picta\nLittle friarbird, Philemon citreogularis\nNoisy friarbird, Philemon corniculatus","title":"Honeyeaters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Dasyornithidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyornithidae"},{"link_name":"rictal bristles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rictal_bristle"},{"link_name":"Eastern bristlebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_bristlebird"},{"link_name":"Rufous bristlebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous_bristlebird"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: DasyornithidaeBristlebirds are long-tailed, sedentary, ground-frequenting birds. The common name of the family is derived from the presence of prominent rictal bristles - three stiff, hair-like feathers curving downwards on either side of the gape.Eastern bristlebird, Dasyornis brachypterus\nRufous bristlebird, Dasyornis broadbenti","title":"Bristlebirds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Pardalotidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardalotidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spotted_Pardalote_Samsonvale_Aug02.JPG"},{"link_name":"lerps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerp_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Spotted pardalote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_pardalote"},{"link_name":"Striated pardalote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striated_pardalote"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: PardalotidaeSpotted pardalotePardalotes spend most of their time high in the outer foliage of trees, feeding on insects, spiders, and above all lerps (a type of sap-sucking insect).Spotted pardalote, Pardalotus punctatus\nStriated pardalote, Pardalotus striatus","title":"Pardalotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Acanthizidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthizidae"},{"link_name":"Pilotbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilotbird"},{"link_name":"White-browed scrubwren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-browed_scrubwren"},{"link_name":"Large-billed scrubwren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-billed_scrubwren"},{"link_name":"Redthroat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redthroat"},{"link_name":"Speckled warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckled_warbler"},{"link_name":"Rufous fieldwren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous_fieldwren"},{"link_name":"Striated fieldwren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striated_fieldwren"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-rumped heathwren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-rumped_heathwren"},{"link_name":"Shy heathwren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_heathwren"},{"link_name":"Buff-rumped thornbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buff-rumped_thornbill"},{"link_name":"Slender-billed thornbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slender-billed_thornbill"},{"link_name":"Brown thornbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_thornbill"},{"link_name":"Inland thornbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_thornbill"},{"link_name":"Yellow-rumped thornbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-rumped_thornbill"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-rumped thornbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-rumped_thornbill"},{"link_name":"Yellow thornbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_thornbill"},{"link_name":"Striated thornbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striated_thornbill"},{"link_name":"Weebill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weebill"},{"link_name":"White-throated gerygone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-throated_gerygone"},{"link_name":"Brown gerygone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_gerygone"},{"link_name":"Western gerygone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_gerygone"},{"link_name":"Southern whiteface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_whiteface"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: AcanthizidaeThornbills are small passerine birds, similar in habits to the tits.Pilotbird, Pycnoptilus floccosus\nWhite-browed scrubwren, Sericornis frontalis\nLarge-billed scrubwren, Sericornis magnirostra\nRedthroat, Pyrrholaemus brunneus\nSpeckled warbler, Pyrrholaemus sagittatus\nRufous fieldwren, Calamanthus campestris\nStriated fieldwren, Calamanthus fuliginosus\nChestnut-rumped heathwren, Hylacola pyrrhopygia\nShy heathwren, Hylacola cauta\nBuff-rumped thornbill, Acanthiza reguloides\nSlender-billed thornbill, Acanthiza iredalei\nBrown thornbill, Acanthiza pusilla\nInland thornbill, Acanthiza apicalis\nYellow-rumped thornbill, Acanthiza chrysorrhoa\nChestnut-rumped thornbill, Acanthiza uropygialis\nYellow thornbill, Acanthiza nana\nStriated thornbill, Acanthiza lineata\nWeebill, Smicrornis brevirostris\nWhite-throated gerygone, Gerygone olivacea\nBrown gerygone, Gerygone mouki\nWestern gerygone, Gerygone fusca\nSouthern whiteface, Aphelocephala leucopsis","title":"Thornbills and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Pomatostomidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomatostomidae"},{"link_name":"Gray-crowned babbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-crowned_babbler"},{"link_name":"White-browed babbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-browed_babbler"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-crowned babbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-crowned_babbler"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: PomatostomidaeThe pseudo-babblers are small to medium-sized birds endemic to Australia and New Guinea. They are ground-feeding omnivores and highly social.Gray-crowned babbler, Pomatostomus temporalis\nWhite-browed babbler, Pomatostomus superciliosus\nChestnut-crowned babbler, Pomatostomus ruficeps","title":"Pseudo-babblers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Cinclosomatidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinclosomatidae"},{"link_name":"Spotted quail-thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_quail-thrush"},{"link_name":"Chestnut quail-thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_quail-thrush"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: CinclosomatidaeThe Cinclosomatidae is a family containing jewel-babblers and quail-thrushes.Spotted quail-thrush, Cinclosoma punctatum\nChestnut quail-thrush, Cinclosoma castanotum","title":"Quail-thrushes and jewel-babblers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Campephagidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campephagidae"},{"link_name":"Ground cuckooshrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_cuckooshrike"},{"link_name":"Black-faced cuckooshrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-faced_cuckooshrike"},{"link_name":"White-bellied cuckooshrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_cuckooshrike"},{"link_name":"White-winged triller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-winged_triller"},{"link_name":"Common cicadabird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cicadabird"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: CampephagidaeThe cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.Ground cuckooshrike, Coracina maxima (A)\nBlack-faced cuckooshrike, Coracina novaehollandiae\nWhite-bellied cuckooshrike, Coracina papuensis\nWhite-winged triller, Lalage tricolor\nCommon cicadabird, Edolisoma tenuirostre","title":"Cuckooshrikes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Neosittidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neosittidae"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"treecreepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treecreeper"},{"link_name":"Varied sittella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varied_sittella"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: NeosittidaeThe sittellas are a family of small passerine birds found only in Australasia. They resemble treecreepers, but have soft tails.Varied sittella, Neositta chrysoptera","title":"Sittellas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Psophodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psophodidae"},{"link_name":"Eastern whipbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_whipbird"},{"link_name":"Western whipbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_whipbird"},{"link_name":"Chirruping wedgebill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirruping_wedgebill"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: PsophodidaeThe Psophodidae is a family containing whipbirds and wedgebills.Eastern whipbird, Psophodes olivaceus\nWestern whipbird, Psophodes nigrogularis\nChirruping wedgebill, Psophodes cristatus (A)","title":"Whipbirds and wedgebills"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Oreoicidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreoicidae"},{"link_name":"families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Crested bellbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_bellbird"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: OreoicidaeThe three species contained in the family have been moved around between different families for fifty years. A series of studies of the DNA of Australian birds between 2006 and 2001 found strong support for treating the three genera as a new family, which was formally named in 2016.Crested bellbird, Oreoica gutturalis","title":"Australo-Papuan bellbirds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Falcunculidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcunculidae"},{"link_name":"Eastern shrike-tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_shrike-tit"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: FalcunculidaeThe shrike-tits have a parrot-like bill, used for distinctive bark-stripping behaviour, which gains it access to invertebratesEastern shrike-tit, Falcunculus frontatus","title":"Shrike-tits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Pachycephalidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachycephalidae"},{"link_name":"Gray shrikethrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_shrikethrush"},{"link_name":"Olive whistler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_whistler"},{"link_name":"Red-lored whistler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-lored_whistler"},{"link_name":"Gilbert's whistler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%27s_whistler"},{"link_name":"Golden whistler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_whistler"},{"link_name":"Western whistler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_whistler"},{"link_name":"Rufous whistler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous_whistler"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: PachycephalidaeThe family Pachycephalidae includes the whistlers, shrikethrushes, and some of the pitohuis.Gray shrikethrush, Colluricincla harmonica\nOlive whistler, Pachycephala olivacea\nRed-lored whistler, Pachycephala rufogularis\nGilbert's whistler, Pachycephala inornata\nGolden whistler, Pachycephala pectoralis\nWestern whistler, Pachycephala fuliginosa\nRufous whistler, Pachycephala rufiventris","title":"Whistlers and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Oriolidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriolidae"},{"link_name":"Olive-backed oriole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive-backed_oriole"},{"link_name":"Australasian figbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_figbird"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: OriolidaeThe Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles.Olive-backed oriole, Oriolus sagittatus\nAustralasian figbird, Sphecotheres vieilloti","title":"Old World orioles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Artamidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artamidae"},{"link_name":"currawongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currawong"},{"link_name":"butcherbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butcherbird"},{"link_name":"White-breasted woodswallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-breasted_woodswallow"},{"link_name":"Masked woodswallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masked_woodswallow"},{"link_name":"White-browed woodswallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-browed_woodswallow"},{"link_name":"Black-faced woodswallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-faced_woodswallow"},{"link_name":"Dusky woodswallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusky_woodswallow"},{"link_name":"Little woodswallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_woodswallow"},{"link_name":"Gray butcherbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_butcherbird"},{"link_name":"Pied butcherbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_butcherbird"},{"link_name":"Australian magpie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_magpie"},{"link_name":"Pied currawong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_currawong"},{"link_name":"Gray currawong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_currawong"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: ArtamidaeThe woodswallows are soft-plumaged, somber-coloured passerine birds. They are smooth, agile flyers with moderately large, semi-triangular wings. The cracticids: currawongs, bellmagpies and butcherbirds, are similar to the other corvids. They have large, straight bills and mostly black, white or grey plumage. All are omnivorous to some degree.White-breasted woodswallow, Artamus leucorynchus\nMasked woodswallow, Artamus personatus\nWhite-browed woodswallow, Artamus superciliosus\nBlack-faced woodswallow, Artamus cinereus\nDusky woodswallow, Artamus cyanopterus\nLittle woodswallow, Artamus minor (A)\nGray butcherbird, Cracticus torquatus\nPied butcherbird, Cracticus nigrogularis\nAustralian magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen\nPied currawong, Strepera graculina\nGray currawong, Strepera versicolor","title":"Woodswallows, bellmagpies, and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Rhipiduridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipiduridae"},{"link_name":"Willie-wagtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie-wagtail"},{"link_name":"Rufous fantail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous_fantail"},{"link_name":"Gray fantail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_fantail"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: RhipiduridaeThe fantails are small insectivorous birds which are specialist aerial feeders.Willie-wagtail, Rhipidura leucophrys\nRufous fantail, Rhipidura rufifrons\nGray fantail, Rhipidura albiscapa","title":"Fantails"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Dicruridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicruridae"},{"link_name":"Spangled drongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spangled_drongo"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: DicruridaeThe drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground.Spangled drongo, Dicrurus bracteatus (A)","title":"Drongos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Monarchidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchidae"},{"link_name":"White-eared monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-eared_monarch"},{"link_name":"Black-faced monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-faced_monarch"},{"link_name":"Spectacled monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacled_monarch"},{"link_name":"Magpie-lark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magpie-lark"},{"link_name":"Leaden flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaden_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Satin flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satin_flycatcher"},{"link_name":"Restless flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restless_flycatcher"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: MonarchidaeThe monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.White-eared monarch, Carterornis leucotis (A)\nBlack-faced monarch, Monarcha melanopsis\nSpectacled monarch, Symposiachrus trivirgatus (A)\nMagpie-lark, Grallina cyanoleuca\nLeaden flycatcher, Myiagra rubecula\nSatin flycatcher, Myiagra cyanoleuca\nRestless flycatcher, Myiagra inquieta","title":"Monarch flycatchers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Corcoracidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcoracidae"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"eucalypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalypt"},{"link_name":"White-winged chough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-winged_chough"},{"link_name":"Apostlebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostlebird"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: CorcoracidaeThey are found in open habitat in eastern Australia, mostly open eucalypt woodlands and some forest that lacks a closed canopy. They are highly social, spend much of their time foraging through leaf litter with a very distinctive gait, calling to one another almost constantlyWhite-winged chough, Corcorax melanorhamphos\nApostlebird, Struthidea cinerea","title":"White-winged chough and apostlebird"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Corvidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvidae"},{"link_name":"crows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow"},{"link_name":"ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven"},{"link_name":"jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay"},{"link_name":"choughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chough"},{"link_name":"magpies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magpie"},{"link_name":"treepies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treepie"},{"link_name":"nutcrackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutcracker_(bird)"},{"link_name":"ground jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_jay"},{"link_name":"House crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_crow"},{"link_name":"Little crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_crow_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Australian raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_raven"},{"link_name":"Little raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_raven"},{"link_name":"Forest raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_raven"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: CorvidaeThe family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.House crow, Corvus splendens (A)\nLittle crow, Corvus bennetti\nAustralian raven, Corvus coronoides\nLittle raven, Corvus mellori (A)\nForest raven, Corvus tasmanicus","title":"Crows, jays, and magpies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Petroicidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroicidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rose_Robin_flinders_peak_jun05.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jacky-winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacky-winter"},{"link_name":"Scarlet robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_robin"},{"link_name":"Flame robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_robin"},{"link_name":"Rose robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_robin"},{"link_name":"Pink robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_robin"},{"link_name":"Red-capped robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-capped_robin"},{"link_name":"Hooded robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooded_robin"},{"link_name":"Eastern yellow robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_yellow_robin"},{"link_name":"Southern scrub-robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_scrub-robin"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: PetroicidaeMale rose robinMost species of Petroicidae have a stocky build with a large rounded head, a short straight bill and rounded wingtips. They occupy a wide range of wooded habitats, from subalpine to tropical rainforest, and mangrove swamp to semi-arid scrubland. All are primarily insectivores, although a few supplement their diet with seeds.Jacky-winter, Microeca fascinans\nScarlet robin, Petroica multicolor\nFlame robin, Petroica phoenicea (A)\nRose robin, Petroica rosea\nPink robin, Petroica rodinogaster\nRed-capped robin, Petroica goodenovii\nHooded robin, Melanodryas cucullata\nEastern yellow robin, Eopsaltria australis\nSouthern scrub-robin, Drymodes brunneopygia","title":"Australasian robins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Alaudidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaudidae"},{"link_name":"Horsfield's bushlark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsfield%27s_bushlark"},{"link_name":"Eurasian skylark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_skylark"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: AlaudidaeLarks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.Horsfield's bushlark, Mirafra javanica\nEurasian skylark, Alauda arvensis (I)","title":"Larks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Cisticolidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisticolidae"},{"link_name":"Golden-headed cisticola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden-headed_cisticola"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: CisticolidaeThe Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub.Golden-headed cisticola, Cisticola exilis","title":"Cisticolas and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Acrocephalidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrocephalidae"},{"link_name":"Australian reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_reed_warbler"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: AcrocephalidaeThe members of this family are usually rather large for \"warblers\". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.Australian reed warbler, Acrocephalus australis","title":"Reed warblers and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Locustellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locustellidae"},{"link_name":"Little grassbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_grassbird"},{"link_name":"Brown songlark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_songlark"},{"link_name":"Rufous songlark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous_songlark"},{"link_name":"Tawny grassbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny_grassbird"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: LocustellidaeLocustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over.Little grassbird, Poodytes gramineus\nBrown songlark, Cincloramphus cruralis\nRufous songlark, Cincloramphus mathewsi\nTawny grassbird, Cincloramphus timoriensis","title":"Grassbirds and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Hirundinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirundinidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fairy_Martin_Samcem_may06.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fairy martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_martin"},{"link_name":"Welcome swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_swallow"},{"link_name":"Fairy martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_martin"},{"link_name":"Tree martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_martin"},{"link_name":"White-backed swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-backed_swallow"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: HirundinidaeFairy martinThe family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.Welcome swallow, Hirundo neoxena\nFairy martin, Petrochelidon ariel\nTree martin, Petrochelidon nigricans\nWhite-backed swallow, Cheramoeca leucosterna","title":"Swallows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Pycnonotidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbul"},{"link_name":"Red-whiskered bulbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-whiskered_bulbul"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: PycnonotidaeBulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.Red-whiskered bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus (I)","title":"Bulbuls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Zosteropidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosteropidae"},{"link_name":"Silver-eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver-eye"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: ZosteropidaeThe white-eyes are small birds of rather drab appearance, the plumage above being typically greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast, or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As the name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.Silver-eye, Zosterops lateralis","title":"White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Sturnidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturnidae"},{"link_name":"European starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_starling"},{"link_name":"Common myna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_myna"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: SturnidaeStarlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.European starling, Sturnus vulgaris (I)\nCommon myna, Acridotheres tristis (I)","title":"Starlings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Turdidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turdidae"},{"link_name":"thrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrush_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Bassian thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassian_thrush"},{"link_name":"Song thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_thrush"},{"link_name":"Eurasian blackbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_blackbird"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: TurdidaeThe thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.Bassian thrush, Zoothera lunulata\nSong thrush, Turdus philomelos (I)\nEurasian blackbird, Turdus merula (I)","title":"Thrushes and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Dicaeidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicaeidae"},{"link_name":"Mistletoebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistletoebird"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: DicaeidaeThe flowerpeckers are very small, stout, often brightly coloured birds, with short tails, short thick curved bills, and tubular tongues.Mistletoebird, Dicaeum hirundinaceum","title":"Flowerpeckers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Estrildidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrildidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plum-headed_Finch_male_Jandowae_oct07.JPG"},{"link_name":"estrildid finches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrildid_finch"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"Diamond firetail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_firetail"},{"link_name":"Beautiful firetail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_firetail"},{"link_name":"Red-browed firetail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-browed_firetail"},{"link_name":"Plum-headed finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum-headed_finch"},{"link_name":"Double-barred finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-barred_finch"},{"link_name":"Zebra finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_finch"},{"link_name":"Chestnut-breasted munia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-breasted_munia"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: EstrildidaePlum-headed finchThe estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.Diamond firetail, Stagonopleura guttata\nBeautiful firetail, Stagonopleura bella\nRed-browed firetail, Neochmia temporalis\nPlum-headed finch, Aidemosyne modesta\nDouble-barred finch, Stizoptera bichenovii\nZebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata\nChestnut-breasted munia, Lonchura castaneothorax'","title":"Waxbills and allies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Passeridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeridae"},{"link_name":"House sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_sparrow"},{"link_name":"Eurasian tree sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_tree_sparrow"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: PasseridaeOld World sparrows are small passerine birds, typically small, plump, brown or grey with short tails and short powerful beaks. They are seed-eaters, but also consume small insects.House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I)\nEurasian tree sparrow, Passer montanus (I)","title":"Old World sparrows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Motacillidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motacillidae"},{"link_name":"Eastern yellow wagtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_yellow_wagtail"},{"link_name":"White wagtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_wagtail"},{"link_name":"Australian pipit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_pipit"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: MotacillidaeMotacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails and comprises the wagtails, longclaws, and pipits. These are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country.Eastern yellow wagtail, Motacilla tschutschensis (A)\nWhite wagtail, Motacilla alba (A)\nAustralian pipit, Anthus australis","title":"Wagtails and pipits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes"},{"link_name":"Fringillidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringillidae"},{"link_name":"Finches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finch"},{"link_name":"flight feathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_feathers"},{"link_name":"European greenfinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_greenfinch"},{"link_name":"European goldfinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_goldfinch"}],"text":"Order: Passeriformes Family: FringillidaeFinches are small to moderately large seed-eating passerine birds with a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have 12 tail feathers and nine primary flight feathers. Finches have a bouncing flight, alternating bouts of flapping with gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.European greenfinch, Chloris chloris (I)\nEuropean goldfinch, Carduelis carduelis (I)","title":"Finches, euphonias, and allies"}]
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[{"image_text":"Black swan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Black_swan_1.jpg/220px-Black_swan_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Blue-breasted quail","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Blue-breasted_Quail_Samcem_oct04.JPG/250px-Blue-breasted_Quail_Samcem_oct04.JPG"},{"image_text":"Male rose-crowned fruit-dove","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rose-crowned_Fruit-dove_Dayboro.jpg/250px-Rose-crowned_Fruit-dove_Dayboro.jpg"},{"image_text":"Channel-billed cuckoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Channel-billed_Cuckoo_Sep07_kobble.jpg/250px-Channel-billed_Cuckoo_Sep07_kobble.jpg"},{"image_text":"Male black-breasted buttonquail","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black-breasted_Button-quail_male_inskip.JPG/150px-Black-breasted_Button-quail_male_inskip.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bridled tern","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bridled_Tern_LEI_Nov06.JPG/250px-Bridled_Tern_LEI_Nov06.JPG"},{"image_text":"Brown booby","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Brown_Booby_LEI_jan08.JPG/250px-Brown_Booby_LEI_jan08.JPG"},{"image_text":"Gray goshawk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Grey_Goshawk_Dayboro_Apr02.JPG/250px-Grey_Goshawk_Dayboro_Apr02.JPG"},{"image_text":"Red-backed kingfisher","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Red-backed_Kingfisher_Bowra_apr07.JPG/250px-Red-backed_Kingfisher_Bowra_apr07.JPG"},{"image_text":"Palm cockatoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Palm_Cockatoo_RWD.jpg/220px-Palm_Cockatoo_RWD.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scaly-breasted lorikeet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Scaly-breasted_Lorikeet_Kobble_Dec06.JPG/250px-Scaly-breasted_Lorikeet_Kobble_Dec06.JPG"},{"image_text":"Regent bowerbird","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Regent_Bowerbird_male_Lamington_0807.JPG/250px-Regent_Bowerbird_male_Lamington_0807.JPG"},{"image_text":"Variegated fairy-wrens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Variegated_Fairywrens_Dayboro_1207.JPG/250px-Variegated_Fairywrens_Dayboro_1207.JPG"},{"image_text":"Male crimson chat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Crimson_Chat_Newhaven_Sep04.JPG/250px-Crimson_Chat_Newhaven_Sep04.JPG"},{"image_text":"Spotted pardalote","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Spotted_Pardalote_Samsonvale_Aug02.JPG/250px-Spotted_Pardalote_Samsonvale_Aug02.JPG"},{"image_text":"Male rose robin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rose_Robin_flinders_peak_jun05.JPG/250px-Rose_Robin_flinders_peak_jun05.JPG"},{"image_text":"Fairy martin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fairy_Martin_Samcem_may06.JPG/220px-Fairy_Martin_Samcem_may06.JPG"},{"image_text":"Plum-headed finch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Plum-headed_Finch_male_Jandowae_oct07.JPG/250px-Plum-headed_Finch_male_Jandowae_oct07.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"List of birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds"},{"title":"Lists of birds by region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_birds_by_region"},{"title":"List of birds of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Australia"}]
|
[{"reference":"Christidis, Leslie; Boles, Walter (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne: CSIRO. ISBN 978-0-643-09602-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christidis","url_text":"Christidis, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSIRO","url_text":"CSIRO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09602-8","url_text":"978-0-643-09602-8"}]},{"reference":"Christidis, Leslie; Boles, Walter (1994). The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union. ISBN 978-1-875122-06-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christidis","url_text":"Christidis, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australasian_Ornithologists_Union","url_text":"Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-875122-06-6","url_text":"978-1-875122-06-6"}]},{"reference":"Lepage, Denis. \"Checklist of Birds of Victoria\". Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. Retrieved 27 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=AUvi","url_text":"\"Checklist of Birds of Victoria\""}]},{"reference":"Sibley & Monroe, Burt L. & Charles G (1997). A World Checklist of Birds. Yale University Press. p. 416. ISBN 0-300-07083-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07083-7","url_text":"0-300-07083-7"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/5702.htm","external_links_name":"Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=AUvi","external_links_name":"\"Checklist of Birds of Victoria\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OKR
|
Objectives and key results
|
["1 Overview","2 History","3 Best practices","4 Criticism","5 Similar frameworks","6 See also","7 References"]
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Framework used to define measurable goals and their outcomes
For other uses, see OKR (disambiguation).
Objectives and key results (OKR, alternatively OKRs) is a goal-setting framework used by individuals, teams, and organizations to define measurable goals and track their outcomes. The development of OKR is generally attributed to Andrew Grove who introduced the approach to Intel in the 1970s and documented the framework in his 1983 book High Output Management.
Overview
OKRs comprise an objective (a significant, concrete, clearly defined goal) and 3–5 key results (measurable success criteria used to track the achievement of that goal).
Not only should objectives be significant, concrete, and clearly defined, they should also be inspirational for the individual, team, or organization that is working towards them. Objectives can also be supported by initiatives, which are the plans and activities that help to move forward the key results and achieve the objective.
Key results should be measurable, either on a 0–100% scale or with any numerical value (e.g. count, dollar amount, or percentage) that can be used by planners and decision makers to determine whether those involved in working towards the key result have been successful. There should be no opportunity for "grey area" when defining a key result.
History
Andrew Grove popularised the concept of OKR during his tenure at Intel in the 1970s. He later documented OKR in his 1983 book High Output Management.
In 1975, John Doerr, at the time a salesperson working for Intel, attended a course within Intel taught by Grove where he was introduced to the theory of OKRs, then called "iMBOs" ("Intel Management by Objectives").
Doerr, who by 1999 was working for venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins, introduced the idea of OKRs to Google. The idea took hold and OKRs quickly became central to Google's culture as a "management methodology that helps to ensure that the company focuses efforts on the same important issues throughout the organization".
Christina Wodtke's 2016 book Radical Focus popularised the concept of OKRs through a fable about a young startup.
Doerr published a book about the OKR framework titled Measure What Matters in 2018. Grove's simple but effective concept is explained by John Doerr in his book:
The key result has to be measurable. But at the end you can look, and without any arguments: Did I do that or did I not do it? Yes? No? Simple. No judgments in it.
Larry Page, former CEO of Alphabet and co-founder of Google, credited OKRs within the foreword to Doerr's book:
OKRs have helped lead us to 10× growth, many times over. They’ve helped make our crazily bold mission of 'organizing the world’s information' perhaps even achievable. They've kept me and the rest of the company on time and on track when it mattered the most.
Since becoming popular at Google, OKRs have found favor with several other similar large tech organizations including LinkedIn, Twitter, Uber, Microsoft and GitLab.
Best practices
Doerr recommends that an organization's target success rate for key results be 70%. A 70% success rate encourages competitive goal-making that is meant to stretch workers at low risk. If 100% of the key results are consistently being met, the key results should be reevaluated.
Organizations should be careful in crafting their OKRs such that they don't represent business as usual since those objectives are, by definition, not action-oriented and inspirational. Words like "help" and "consult" should also be avoided as they tend to be used to describe vague activities rather than concrete, measurable outcomes.
When coming up with key results, it is also recommended to measure leading indicators instead of lagging indicators. Leading indicators are readily measurable and provide organizations with an early warning when something isn't going right so they can course-correct. Conversely, lagging indicators are those metrics which can't be attributed to particular changes and so prevent organizations from course-correcting in time.
Ben Lamorte, author of The OKRs Field Book, suggests 5 best practices for OKRs coaches:
"Less is more" - define a small set of OKRs
"Crawl-walk-run" - Deploy OKRs piecemeal. Begin with pilot teams rather than a full-scale deployment across an entire organization. In the first cycle, emphasize learning about OKRs. Reserve the second cycle to explore how best to scale the program,
"Outcomes, not output" - Write key results that mostly reflect outcomes (results) rather than output (amount of work delivered)
"OKRs are not everything" - Write OKRs that reflect the most important areas to make measurable progress rather than attempting to reflect everything you do. Distinguish OKRs from tasks and health metrics. Health metrics are monitored and important to track, but, unlike key results, they are not the focus for near-term improvement
The only way to learn OKRs is to do OKRs
Once planning and crafting OKRs is done, teams have the crucial task of managing their work effectively throughout the OKR cycle. Businessperson and author Christina Wodtke recommends setting a weekly cadence to ensure progress toward the goals is achieved.
In her framework, Wodtke suggests answering the following questions every Monday:
What is the team's confidence in achieving the OKRs?
Are the team's Health Metrics in a good place?
What are the most important things to get done this week?
What should the team prepare for in the coming four weeks?
Criticism
OKRs were once typically set at the individual, team, and organization levels; however, most organizations no longer define OKRs for individual contributors as these OKRs tend to look like a task list and lead to conflating OKRs with performance reviews. The motivation for starting OKRs at the company, team, and individual levels was inspired by the 2014 Google Ventures Workshop Recording in which Rick Klau explains that OKRs exist at 3 levels. Subsequently, in November 2017, Klau clarified via twitter: “6- Skip individual OKRs altogether. Especially for younger, smaller companies. They’re redundant. Focus on company- and team-level OKRs.” Additionally, there is criticism that creating OKRs at multiple levels may cause too much of a waterfall approach, something that OKRs in many ways intend to avoid.
Similar frameworks
There is an overlap with other strategic planning frameworks like Objectives, goals, strategies and measures (OGSM) and Hoshin Kanri's X-Matrix. OGSM however explicitly includes "Strategy" as one of its components.
In addition, OKRs overlap with other performance management frameworks, sitting somewhere between performance indicator (KPI) and balanced scorecard.
See also
Management by objectives
Objectives, goals, strategies and measures (OGSM)
Key performance indicator (KPI)
Balanced scorecard
SMART criteria
Goal Question Metric (GQM)
References
^ Bas, Andriy. "A History of Objectives and Key Results (OKRs)". Plai. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
^ Wodtke, Christina (2016). Introduction to OKRs. O’Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 9781491960271.
^ a b "What is an OKR? Definition and examples". What Matters. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
^ Maasik, Alexander. Step by Step Guide to OKRs. Amazon Digital Services LLC.
^ Bas, Andriy. "A History of Objectives and Key Results (OKRs)". Plai. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
^ Grove, Andrew (1983). High Output Management. Random House. ISBN 0394532341.
^ a b c d e Doerr, John (2018). Measure What Matters: How Google, Bono, and the Gates Foundation Rock the World with OKRs. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 31. ISBN 9780525536239.
^ Levy, Steven (2011). In The Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives. Simon & Schuster. pp. 162–3. ISBN 978-1-4165-9658-5.
^ "OKR Cycle". Enterprise Gamification. 18 October 2017. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
^ "OKR Case Studies & Stories - Learn from the best who have had success". ZOKRI. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
^ Wagner, Kurt (27 July 2015). "Following Frat Party, Twitter's Jack Dorsey Vows to Make Diversity a Company Goal". recode. Vox Media, Inc. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
^ Fowler, Susan. "Reflecting On One Very, Very Strange Year At Uber". Susan Fowler Blog. Susan Fowler. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
^ Chadda, Sandeep. "6 things I learnt about OKRs @ Microsoft". Medium. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
^ "GitLab: Objectives and Key Results (OKRs)". GitLab. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
^ "OKRs are not "BAU"". What Matters. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
^ "re:Work - Guide: Set goals with OKRs". rework.withgoogle.com. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
^ "Going from Good to Better Part 2". What Matters. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
^ Lamorte, Ben (29 October 2020). "5 mantras for OKRs coaches". The OKRs Blog. Ben Lamorte. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
^ Wodtke, Christina (16 February 2014). "Monday Commitments and Friday Wins". Elegant Hack. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
^ Formgren, Johan (15 October 2018). "Power of making a difference at work – Blog Article". Its in the Node. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ Davies, Rob (9 October 2018). "OKR vs Balanced Scorecard – Paul Niven Explains the Difference". Perdoo GmbH. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OKR (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OKR_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"goal-setting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_setting"},{"link_name":"Andrew Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Grove"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"High Output Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Output_Management"}],"text":"For other uses, see OKR (disambiguation).Objectives and key results (OKR, alternatively OKRs) is a goal-setting framework used by individuals, teams, and organizations to define measurable goals and track their outcomes. The development of OKR is generally attributed to Andrew Grove who introduced the approach to Intel in the 1970s[1] and documented the framework in his 1983 book High Output Management.","title":"Objectives and key results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wodtke_book-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whatmatters_what_is_okr-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whatmatters_what_is_okr-3"}],"text":"OKRs comprise an objective (a significant, concrete, clearly defined goal) and 3–5 key results (measurable success criteria used to track the achievement of that goal).[2]Not only should objectives be significant, concrete, and clearly defined, they should also be inspirational for the individual, team, or organization that is working towards them.[3] Objectives can also be supported by initiatives, which are the plans and activities that help to move forward the key results and achieve the objective.[4]Key results should be measurable, either on a 0–100% scale or with any numerical value (e.g. count, dollar amount, or percentage) that can be used by planners and decision makers to determine whether those involved in working towards the key result have been successful. There should be no opportunity for \"grey area\" when defining a key result.[3]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Grove"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"High Output Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Output_Management"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grove_book-6"},{"link_name":"John Doerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doerr"},{"link_name":"salesperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesperson"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"Management by Objectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_by_Objectives"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doerr_book-7"},{"link_name":"venture capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital"},{"link_name":"Kleiner Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiner_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levy_book-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doerr_book-7"},{"link_name":"Christina Wodtke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Wodtke"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Doerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doerr"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doerr_book-7"},{"link_name":"Larry Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page"},{"link_name":"Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc."},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doerr_book-7"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"tech organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tech"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enterprise_gamification-9"},{"link_name":"LinkedIn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linkedin-10"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twitter-11"},{"link_name":"Uber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uber-12"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microsoft-13"},{"link_name":"GitLab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitLab"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GitLab-14"}],"text":"Andrew Grove popularised the concept of OKR during his tenure at Intel in the 1970s.[5] He later documented OKR in his 1983 book High Output Management.[6]In 1975, John Doerr, at the time a salesperson working for Intel, attended a course within Intel taught by Grove where he was introduced to the theory of OKRs, then called \"iMBOs\" (\"Intel Management by Objectives\").[7]Doerr, who by 1999 was working for venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins, introduced the idea of OKRs to Google.[8] The idea took hold and OKRs quickly became central to Google's culture as a \"management methodology that helps to ensure that the company focuses efforts on the same important issues throughout the organization\".[7]Christina Wodtke's 2016 book Radical Focus popularised the concept of OKRs through a fable about a young startup.[citation needed]Doerr published a book about the OKR framework titled Measure What Matters in 2018. Grove's simple but effective concept is explained by John Doerr in his book:[7]The key result has to be measurable. But at the end you can look, and without any arguments: Did I do that or did I not do it? Yes? No? Simple. No judgments in it.Larry Page, former CEO of Alphabet and co-founder of Google, credited OKRs within the foreword to Doerr's book:[7]OKRs have helped lead us to 10× growth, many times over. They’ve helped make our crazily bold mission of 'organizing the world’s information' perhaps even achievable. They've kept me and the rest of the company on time and on track when it mattered the most.Since becoming popular at Google, OKRs have found favor with several other similar large tech organizations[9] including LinkedIn,[10] Twitter,[11] Uber,[12] Microsoft[13] and GitLab.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doerr_book-7"},{"link_name":"business as usual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_as_usual_(business)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rework_set_okrs-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whatmatters_leading-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Christina Wodtke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Wodtke"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Doerr recommends that an organization's target success rate for key results be 70%. A 70% success rate encourages competitive goal-making that is meant to stretch workers at low risk. If 100% of the key results are consistently being met, the key results should be reevaluated.[7]Organizations should be careful in crafting their OKRs such that they don't represent business as usual since those objectives are, by definition, not action-oriented and inspirational.[15] Words like \"help\" and \"consult\" should also be avoided as they tend to be used to describe vague activities rather than concrete, measurable outcomes.[16]When coming up with key results, it is also recommended to measure leading indicators instead of lagging indicators. Leading indicators are readily measurable and provide organizations with an early warning when something isn't going right so they can course-correct. Conversely, lagging indicators are those metrics which can't be attributed to particular changes and so prevent organizations from course-correcting in time.[17]Ben Lamorte, author of The OKRs Field Book, suggests 5 best practices for OKRs coaches:[18]\"Less is more\" - define a small set of OKRs\n\"Crawl-walk-run\" - Deploy OKRs piecemeal. Begin with pilot teams rather than a full-scale deployment across an entire organization. In the first cycle, emphasize learning about OKRs. Reserve the second cycle to explore how best to scale the program,\n\"Outcomes, not output\" - Write key results that mostly reflect outcomes (results) rather than output (amount of work delivered)\n\"OKRs are not everything\" - Write OKRs that reflect the most important areas to make measurable progress rather than attempting to reflect everything you do. Distinguish OKRs from tasks and health metrics. Health metrics are monitored and important to track, but, unlike key results, they are not the focus for near-term improvement\nThe only way to learn OKRs is to do OKRsOnce planning and crafting OKRs is done, teams have the crucial task of managing their work effectively throughout the OKR cycle. Businessperson and author Christina Wodtke recommends setting a weekly cadence to ensure progress toward the goals is achieved.In her framework,[19] Wodtke suggests answering the following questions every Monday:What is the team's confidence in achieving the OKRs?\nAre the team's Health Metrics in a good place?\nWhat are the most important things to get done this week?\nWhat should the team prepare for in the coming four weeks?","title":"Best practices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"waterfall approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_model"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-okr_waterfall_criticism-20"}],"text":"OKRs were once typically set at the individual, team, and organization levels; however, most organizations no longer define OKRs for individual contributors as these OKRs tend to look like a task list and lead to conflating OKRs with performance reviews. The motivation for starting OKRs at the company, team, and individual levels was inspired by the 2014 Google Ventures Workshop Recording in which Rick Klau explains that OKRs exist at 3 levels. Subsequently, in November 2017, Klau clarified via twitter: “6- Skip individual OKRs altogether. Especially for younger, smaller companies. They’re redundant. Focus on company- and team-level OKRs.” Additionally, there is criticism that creating OKRs at multiple levels may cause too much of a waterfall approach, something that OKRs in many ways intend to avoid.[20]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"strategic planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_planning"},{"link_name":"Objectives, goals, strategies and measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGSM"},{"link_name":"Hoshin Kanri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshin_Kanri"},{"link_name":"performance management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_management"},{"link_name":"performance indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_indicator"},{"link_name":"balanced scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_scorecard"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davies_interview-21"}],"text":"There is an overlap with other strategic planning frameworks like Objectives, goals, strategies and measures (OGSM) and Hoshin Kanri's X-Matrix. OGSM however explicitly includes \"Strategy\" as one of its components.In addition, OKRs overlap with other performance management frameworks, sitting somewhere between performance indicator (KPI) and balanced scorecard.[21]","title":"Similar frameworks"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Management by objectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_by_objectives"},{"title":"Objectives, goals, strategies and measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectives,_goals,_strategies_and_measures"},{"title":"Key performance indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_performance_indicator"},{"title":"Balanced scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_scorecard"},{"title":"SMART criteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMART_criteria"},{"title":"GQM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQM"}]
|
[{"reference":"Bas, Andriy. \"A History of Objectives and Key Results (OKRs)\". Plai. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.plai.team/blog/history-of-objectives-and-key-results","url_text":"\"A History of Objectives and Key Results (OKRs)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220829155549/https://www.plai.team/blog/history-of-objectives-and-key-results","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wodtke, Christina (2016). Introduction to OKRs. O’Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 9781491960271.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781491960271","url_text":"9781491960271"}]},{"reference":"\"What is an OKR? Definition and examples\". What Matters. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whatmatters.com/faqs/okr-meaning-definition-example/","url_text":"\"What is an OKR? Definition and examples\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210824173635/https://www.whatmatters.com/faqs/okr-meaning-definition-example/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Maasik, Alexander. Step by Step Guide to OKRs. Amazon Digital Services LLC.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bas, Andriy. \"A History of Objectives and Key Results (OKRs)\". Plai. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.plai.team/blog/history-of-objectives-and-key-results","url_text":"\"A History of Objectives and Key Results (OKRs)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220829155549/https://www.plai.team/blog/history-of-objectives-and-key-results","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grove, Andrew (1983). High Output Management. Random House. ISBN 0394532341.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/highoutputmanage00grov","url_text":"High Output Management"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394532341","url_text":"0394532341"}]},{"reference":"Doerr, John (2018). Measure What Matters: How Google, Bono, and the Gates Foundation Rock the World with OKRs. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 31. ISBN 9780525536239.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525536239","url_text":"9780525536239"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Steven (2011). In The Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives. Simon & Schuster. pp. 162–3. ISBN 978-1-4165-9658-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Levy","url_text":"Levy, Steven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_The_Plex:_How_Google_Thinks,_Works,_and_Shapes_Our_Lives","url_text":"In The Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-9658-5","url_text":"978-1-4165-9658-5"}]},{"reference":"\"OKR Cycle\". Enterprise Gamification. 18 October 2017. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://felipecastro.com/en/okr-cycle/","url_text":"\"OKR Cycle\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210208202846/https://felipecastro.com/en/okr-cycle/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"OKR Case Studies & Stories - Learn from the best who have had success\". ZOKRI. Retrieved 13 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://zokri.com/okr-objectives-key-results/okr-case-studies/","url_text":"\"OKR Case Studies & Stories - Learn from the best who have had success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZOKRI&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"ZOKRI"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, Kurt (27 July 2015). \"Following Frat Party, Twitter's Jack Dorsey Vows to Make Diversity a Company Goal\". recode. Vox Media, Inc. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://recode.net/2015/07/27/following-frat-party-twitters-jack-dorsey-vows-to-make-diversity-a-company-goal/","url_text":"\"Following Frat Party, Twitter's Jack Dorsey Vows to Make Diversity a Company Goal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media,_Inc","url_text":"Vox Media, Inc"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210208202850/https://www.vox.com/2015/7/27/11615058/following-frat-party-twitters-jack-dorsey-vows-to-make-diversity-a","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fowler, Susan. \"Reflecting On One Very, Very Strange Year At Uber\". Susan Fowler Blog. Susan Fowler. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Fowler","url_text":"Fowler, Susan"},{"url":"https://www.susanjfowler.com/blog/2017/2/19/reflecting-on-one-very-strange-year-at-uber","url_text":"\"Reflecting On One Very, Very Strange Year At Uber\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180420163321/https://www.susanjfowler.com/blog/2017/2/19/reflecting-on-one-very-strange-year-at-uber","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chadda, Sandeep. \"6 things I learnt about OKRs @ Microsoft\". Medium. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/@sandeepchads/6-things-i-learnt-about-okrs-microsoft-f9a43a422b0d","url_text":"\"6 things I learnt about OKRs @ Microsoft\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210208202849/https://geekintraining.medium.com/6-things-i-learnt-about-okrs-microsoft-f9a43a422b0d","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GitLab: Objectives and Key Results (OKRs)\". GitLab. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://about.gitlab.com/company/okrs","url_text":"\"GitLab: Objectives and Key Results (OKRs)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220225064728/https://about.gitlab.com/company/okrs/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"OKRs are not \"BAU\"\". What Matters. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whatmatters.com/series_entries/s2-3-okrs-bau-business-as-usual/","url_text":"\"OKRs are not \"BAU\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210813191400/https://www.whatmatters.com/series_entries/s2-3-okrs-bau-business-as-usual/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"re:Work - Guide: Set goals with OKRs\". rework.withgoogle.com. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://rework.withgoogle.com/guides/set-goals-with-okrs/steps/set-objectives-and-develop-key-results/","url_text":"\"re:Work - Guide: Set goals with OKRs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211119141606/https://rework.withgoogle.com/guides/set-goals-with-okrs/steps/set-objectives-and-develop-key-results/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Going from Good to Better Part 2\". What Matters. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whatmatters.com/series_entries/s3-4-okr-key-results-examples/","url_text":"\"Going from Good to Better Part 2\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210813125231/https://www.whatmatters.com/series_entries/s3-4-okr-key-results-examples/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lamorte, Ben (29 October 2020). \"5 mantras for OKRs coaches\". The OKRs Blog. Ben Lamorte. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://okrs.com/2020/10/five-mantras-for-the-okrs-coach/#:~:text=%20Five%20Mantras%20for%20the%20OKRs%20Coach%20,reflect%20outcomes%20%28results%29%20rather%20than%20output...%20More%20","url_text":"\"5 mantras for OKRs coaches\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220908210326/https://okrs.com/2020/10/five-mantras-for-the-okrs-coach/#:~:text=%20Five%20Mantras%20for%20the%20OKRs%20Coach%20,reflect%20outcomes%20%28results%29%20rather%20than%20output...%20More%20","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wodtke, Christina (16 February 2014). \"Monday Commitments and Friday Wins\". Elegant Hack. Retrieved 6 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://eleganthack.com/monday-commitments-and-friday-wins/","url_text":"\"Monday Commitments and Friday Wins\""}]},{"reference":"Formgren, Johan (15 October 2018). \"Power of making a difference at work – Blog Article\". Its in the Node. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itsinthenode.com/en/blog/the-power-of-making-a-difference-at-work","url_text":"\"Power of making a difference at work – Blog Article\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210208202848/https://www.itsinthenode.com/en/blog/the-power-of-making-a-difference-at-work","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Rob (9 October 2018). \"OKR vs Balanced Scorecard – Paul Niven Explains the Difference\". Perdoo GmbH. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perdoo.com/blog/okr-vs-balanced-scorecard/","url_text":"\"OKR vs Balanced Scorecard – Paul Niven Explains the Difference\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210208202853/https://www.perdoo.com/resources/okr-vs-balanced-scorecard/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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Definition and examples\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210824173635/https://www.whatmatters.com/faqs/okr-meaning-definition-example/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.plai.team/blog/history-of-objectives-and-key-results","external_links_name":"\"A History of Objectives and Key Results (OKRs)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220829155549/https://www.plai.team/blog/history-of-objectives-and-key-results","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/highoutputmanage00grov","external_links_name":"High Output Management"},{"Link":"https://felipecastro.com/en/okr-cycle/","external_links_name":"\"OKR Cycle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210208202846/https://felipecastro.com/en/okr-cycle/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://zokri.com/okr-objectives-key-results/okr-case-studies/","external_links_name":"\"OKR Case Studies & Stories - Learn from the best who have had success\""},{"Link":"http://recode.net/2015/07/27/following-frat-party-twitters-jack-dorsey-vows-to-make-diversity-a-company-goal/","external_links_name":"\"Following Frat Party, Twitter's Jack Dorsey Vows to Make Diversity a Company Goal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210208202850/https://www.vox.com/2015/7/27/11615058/following-frat-party-twitters-jack-dorsey-vows-to-make-diversity-a","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.susanjfowler.com/blog/2017/2/19/reflecting-on-one-very-strange-year-at-uber","external_links_name":"\"Reflecting On One Very, Very Strange Year At Uber\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180420163321/https://www.susanjfowler.com/blog/2017/2/19/reflecting-on-one-very-strange-year-at-uber","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://medium.com/@sandeepchads/6-things-i-learnt-about-okrs-microsoft-f9a43a422b0d","external_links_name":"\"6 things I learnt about OKRs @ Microsoft\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210208202849/https://geekintraining.medium.com/6-things-i-learnt-about-okrs-microsoft-f9a43a422b0d","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://about.gitlab.com/company/okrs","external_links_name":"\"GitLab: Objectives and Key Results (OKRs)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220225064728/https://about.gitlab.com/company/okrs/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.whatmatters.com/series_entries/s2-3-okrs-bau-business-as-usual/","external_links_name":"\"OKRs are not \"BAU\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210813191400/https://www.whatmatters.com/series_entries/s2-3-okrs-bau-business-as-usual/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://rework.withgoogle.com/guides/set-goals-with-okrs/steps/set-objectives-and-develop-key-results/","external_links_name":"\"re:Work - Guide: Set goals with OKRs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211119141606/https://rework.withgoogle.com/guides/set-goals-with-okrs/steps/set-objectives-and-develop-key-results/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.whatmatters.com/series_entries/s3-4-okr-key-results-examples/","external_links_name":"\"Going from Good to Better Part 2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210813125231/https://www.whatmatters.com/series_entries/s3-4-okr-key-results-examples/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://okrs.com/2020/10/five-mantras-for-the-okrs-coach/#:~:text=%20Five%20Mantras%20for%20the%20OKRs%20Coach%20,reflect%20outcomes%20%28results%29%20rather%20than%20output...%20More%20","external_links_name":"\"5 mantras for OKRs coaches\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220908210326/https://okrs.com/2020/10/five-mantras-for-the-okrs-coach/#:~:text=%20Five%20Mantras%20for%20the%20OKRs%20Coach%20,reflect%20outcomes%20%28results%29%20rather%20than%20output...%20More%20","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://eleganthack.com/monday-commitments-and-friday-wins/","external_links_name":"\"Monday Commitments and Friday Wins\""},{"Link":"https://www.itsinthenode.com/en/blog/the-power-of-making-a-difference-at-work","external_links_name":"\"Power of making a difference at work – Blog Article\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210208202848/https://www.itsinthenode.com/en/blog/the-power-of-making-a-difference-at-work","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.perdoo.com/blog/okr-vs-balanced-scorecard/","external_links_name":"\"OKR vs Balanced Scorecard – Paul Niven Explains the Difference\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210208202853/https://www.perdoo.com/resources/okr-vs-balanced-scorecard/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC-PLUS
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BASIC-PLUS
|
["1 Operation","2 Syntax and features","2.1 Editing","2.2 Standard statements","2.3 Statement modifiers","2.4 Variables, expressions and matrixes","2.5 File processing","3 Virtual machine","4 BASIC Plus 2","5 Comparison to MS BASIC","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","8.1 Citations","8.2 Bibliography"]
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Dialect of the BASIC Programming Language used on the RSTS/E Operating System on PDP-11 computers
BASIC-PLUSParadigmimperativeFirst appeared1970; 54 years ago (1970)OSRSTS/EInfluenced byDartmouth BASIC, Tymshare SUPER BASICInfluencedMicrosoft BASIC
BASIC-PLUS is an extended dialect of the BASIC programming language that was developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for use on its RSTS/E time-sharing operating system for the PDP-11 series of 16-bit minicomputers in the early 1970s through the 1980s.
BASIC-PLUS was based on BASIC-8 for the TSS/8, itself based very closely on the original Dartmouth BASIC. BASIC-PLUS added a number of new structures, as well as features from JOSS concerning conditional statements and formatting. In turn, BASIC-PLUS was the version on which the original Microsoft BASIC was patterned.
Notable among the additions made to BASIC-PLUS was the introduction of string functions like MID$ and LEFT$, in addition to Dartmouth's original all-purpose CHANGE command. In future versions of the language, notably Microsoft's, CHANGE was removed and BASIC-PLUS's string functions became the only ways to perform these sorts of operations. Most BASICs to this day follow this convention.
The language was later rewritten as a true compiler as BASIC-Plus-2, and was ported to the VAX-11 platform as that machine's native BASIC implementation. This version survived several platform changes, and is today known as VSI BASIC for OpenVMS.
Operation
Users would sit at a terminal and type in programming language statements. The statements could either be entered into the system's command interpreter directly, or entered into a text editor, saved to a file, and loaded into the command interpreter from the file. Errors in source code were reported to the user immediately after the line was typed.
As a smart terminal with cursor control could not be guaranteed, BASIC-PLUS used the common system of prefixing all source code with a line number. The code was edited by typing in the number and then changing the contents of the following code. A line of code could be removed by typing in its line number and nothing else, thereby setting it to an empty line.
The virtual address space of an RSTS/E user was limited to a little less than 64KB of space. Using BASIC-PLUS, about half of this virtual address space was used by the combined command interpreter and run-time library (named the Run Time System on RSTS/E). This limited user programs to about 32 kB of memory.
Large programs were broken into separate executable pieces by use of the CHAIN statement, and programs could chain to specific line numbers in a secondary program to indicate that a program should begin execution at a different point from its first line. This feature of chaining to a certain line number allowed programs to signal to each other that they were being called from another program. The use of a shared memory section called core common also allowed programs to pass data to each other as needed. Disk files could also be used but were slower.
To conserve memory, the system included a garbage collecting memory manager, used for both string data and byte-code.
A running program could be interrupted, have variables examined and modified, and then be resumed.
Syntax and features
BASIC-PLUS is patterned closely on later versions of Dartmouth BASIC, including its powerful MAT commands. On top of this, DEC added a number of unique flow-control structures.
Editing
Line numbers were positive integers from 1 to 32767. Logical lines of code could be continued on multiple physical lines by using a line feed at the end of a line instead of the normal carriage return character. For ease of external editing of the source file, later versions of BASIC-PLUS also allowed the & character as a line continuation character.
Multiple statements could be placed on a single line using : as the statement separator. The system allowed tabs to be used as inline whitespace, and was used to make loops more clear, as in modern languages. Comments used either the REM keyword or the ! character, as opposed to MS BASICs, which used REM and '.
Standard statements
The PRINT command divided the screen into regions 14 spaces wide, and the comma was used to move between these locations; PRINT 1,2,3 would output 1, 2 and 3 in a spaced-out fashion, while PRINT 1;2;3 would leave a single space and produce "1 2 3". INPUT allowed a prompt string to be specified, but used the semicolon to separate it rather than the comma; INPUT "WHAT IS THE VALUE";A.
Strings could be delimited by single or double quotes. In addition to the CHR and ASCII functions that converted single characters to and from string format, BASIC-PLUS also supported Dartmouth's CHANGE command. CHANGE iterated the string and returned each character's ASCII value as a slot in a numeric array. For instance, CHANGE 'HELLO' TO X would return an array with the five ASCII codes, 110, 105, 114, 114, 105, in elements 1 through 5, and the number 5, the length of the string, in element 0. One could reverse the operation as well, CHANGE X TO A$ would read the individual numbers in the X array and convert it to a string.
Statement modifiers
BASIC-PLUS added the concept of "statement modifiers", JOSS-like conditions that could be applied to any statement. For instance, PRINT I IF I <> 10 is the equivalent of IF I <> 10 THEN PRINT I The opposite was also provided, PRINT I UNLESS I = 10 was the equivalent of IF I <> 10 THEN PRINT I.
FOR loops worked as in other versions of BASIC, and the NEXT command could not be used in an expression to exit early. Instead, the UNTIL and WHILE keywords could be used to control early exits. For instance, FOR I=1 UNTIL I=10 continue looping until I=10, with the assumption that following code would set the value of I, meaning it might not exit after 10 iterations but as soon as the code set I to 10. Modifiers could also be used to build compact one-line loops, for instance, X=X+1 WHILE X<100 would loop until X was 100.
Variables, expressions and matrixes
Variable names in the early versions of BASIC-PLUS could be a single letter or a single letter followed by a single digit. With the inclusion of "Extend mode" in later versions, variable names could be up to 29 characters long, and dot (.) was added as a permitted character. Every variable name still had to begin with a letter. As in most versions of BASIC, the LET keyword, for variable assignment, was optional. It could set multiple variables to a single value, like LET A,B,C=10.
The language supported three data types; floating-point numbers, integers, and strings. Variables with no suffix were floating point (8 bytes, range 0.29×10−38 to 1.7×1038, up to 16 digits of precision). Integer variables (16-bit, range −32768 to +32767) were indicated with a % suffix, string variables (variable length) were indicated with a $ suffix.
The list of mathematical and logical operators was typical of most BASICs, with some extensions. For math, +, -, *, / and ^ were supported, along with ** as an alternate form of ^ for computer terminals that might not have that character. Standard logical comparisons were =, <, >, <=, >=, and <>. One interesting addition was the == operator, for "approximately equal". This would return true if the two numbers would be printed the same, that is, their six most significant digits were the same. Logical operators included the typical NOT A, A AND B and A OR B, along with A XOR B, A EQV B which return true if both A and B are true or both are false, and A IMP B which is false if A is true and B is false and otherwise always true.
The DIM statement could allocate one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays of any of the three data types. The range of subscripts always began with 0 (but MAT statements did not set elements in row 0 or column 0).
The language also included a number of MAT commands to work with the entire array (or MATrix). The MAT READ command would fill the matrix with values in a DATA statement, MAT INPUT would fill the array with user-typed values, and MAT PRINT would print out the elements in a 1D or 2D format. MAT could also be used to set default values in a matrix using associated keywords, for instance, MAT A=ZER would fill the A array with zeros. TRN would transpose an entire matrix, and INV would invert it. Additionally, +, -, and * could be used on matrixes, performing the associated matrix operation.
File processing
The DIM# "virtual DIM" statement could map "virtual data array(s)" or "virtual array(s)" to a disk file, which allowed arrays larger than the computer's available memory (or even its address space), and allowed use of array elements to read, write, and extend disk files (persistent storage). They called this arrangement "virtual data storage" and "virtual core", but it did not use the modern approach of allocating the arrays and a memory-mapped file. Instead, a single buffer was used to store 512 bytes of data at a time, and when an entry in the virtual array was accessed, the corresponding data was read, and old data written, as required. The CLOSE statement caused the buffer to be written back (if necessary) before closing the file. Because no additional sectors were cached, accessing data in the "wrong" order could multiply the number of disk accesses. Additional rules were imposed on virtual arrays, such that one datum could never span a record boundary: Each data type was aligned to a multiple of its size. Virtual strings were stored as fixed-length ASCIIZ data, with sizes restricted to 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, or 512 bytes, and were accessed using LSET and RSET.
Virtual machine
BASIC-PLUS was not an interpreter but a compile and go system: each line of BASIC was translated into "PPCODE" (Push-Pop Code) as it was entered, for subsequent fast execution on its virtual machine. These translations did not tokenize the BASIC lines but rewrote them for use on a stack machine; you could not translate these representations back to BASIC statements. This avoided the need to repeatedly decode the keywords as strings: once converted to PPCODE the keywords were numbers that pointed to routines to run that function. BASIC-PLUS included a COMPILE command, but this was not a true compiler; this simply saved the program's PPCODE representation so that it did not have to be recompiled when the BASIC program was next loaded into memory. The system stored a user's program in two formats. One was the editable source code in text format, created using the SAVE command and normally placed in a .BAS file. The other was the PPCODE version of the program created by the COMPILE command and saved to a .BAC file; .BAC files were smaller and loaded and ran faster, but could not be edited.
BASIC Plus 2
Main article: VSI BASIC for OpenVMS
A related product called Basic Plus 2 ("BP2" or BASIC-Plus-2), was later developed by DEC to add additional features and increased performance.
It used true compilation into threaded code and wrote its output to object files compatible with the machine code object files produced by the assembler and other language systems. These object files could be kept in libraries. A linker (the TKB, also known as the taskbuilder) then created executable files from object files and the libraries. TKB also supported overlays; this allowed individual routines to be swapped into the virtual address space as needed, overlaying routines not currently being used.
Additionally, BP2 programs ran under the RSX Run Time System; this RTS only occupied 8KB of the user's virtual address space, leaving 56KB for the user's program. (RSTS/E version 9 introduced separate Instruction and Data space, and the "disappearing" RSX Run Time System, permitting up to 64KB of each of instruction code and data.) These two factors allowed individual BP2 programs to be much larger than BASIC-PLUS programs, often reducing the need for CHAINing among multiple programs.
Unlike BASIC-PLUS (which was only available on RSTS/E), BP2 was also available for the RSX-11 operating system. BP2 programs were also more compatible with the later VAX BASIC.
Comparison to MS BASIC
Microsoft BASIC was patterned very closely on BASIC-PLUS. Earlier versions of MS BASIC, the 1.x series, lacked integer variables, but these were added in the 2.x series that was found on many machines, including the later models of the Commodore PET and Commodore 64. The ability to place logical and loop commands in-line, like I = I + 1 UNTIL I = 10 was not copied over and does not appear on any common version of microcomputer BASIC. MS BASIC also lacked the matrix commands.
See also
Comparison of command shells
Notes
^ The space in front of the numbers was left for a possible minus sign, this was the standard in almost all BASICs
^ Before the introduction of Extend mode, white space was not required between variables and other language elements: FOR I=STOP would be interpreted as FOR I = S TO P.
References
Citations
^ Bell, C. Gordon; Mudge, J. Craig; McNamara, John N. (1978). Computer Engineering: A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design (PDF). Digital Press. ISBN 0-932376-00-2.
^ a b Manes, Stephen (1993). Gates. Doubleday. p. 61. ISBN 9780385420754.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 2-1.
^ a b PLUS 1972, p. 2-3.
^ a b PLUS 1972, p. 2-6.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 3-1.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 3-7.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 3-8.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 3-10.
^ a b PLUS 1972, p. 5-2.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 5-12.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 5-5.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 5-7.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 8-17.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 8-18.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 3-19.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 8-14.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 8-15.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 8-20.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 3-3.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 6-1, 6-2.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 2-9.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 2-10.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 3-21.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 5-3.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 7-2.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 7-3.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 7-5.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 7-7.
^ PLUS 1972, p. A-1.
^ PLUS 1972, p. 9-17.
^ "BASIC-PLUS inline operators, do they actually make sense?". Retrieved 2020-08-05.
^ BASIC V2 Reference Manual (PDF). Maynard, Massachusetts: Digital Equipment Corporation. 1991.
Bibliography
BASIC-PLUS Language Manual (PDF). Maynard, Massachusetts: Digital Equipment Corporation. 1972.
vteDialects of the BASIC programming language (list)ClassicMicrosoft
Microsoft BASIC
TRS-80 BASICs (Level I, Level II/III)
Thomson BASIC 1.0
Texas Instruments
TI-BASIC (calculators)
TI Extended BASIC (aka XBasic)
TI-BASIC 83
Hewlett-Packard
HP Time-Shared BASIC
Rocky Mountain BASIC
HP Basic
Locomotive Software
Locomotive BASIC
Mallard BASIC
Microcomputers
Atom BASIC
Integer BASIC
North Star BASIC
SCELBAL
Minicomputers
BASIC-11
Business Basic (B32, Data General)
Data General Extended BASIC
Southampton BASIC System
Wang BASIC
Time-sharing computers
BASIC-PLUS
VSI BASIC for OpenVMS
SUPER BASIC
CALL/360:BASIC
Other
AlphaBasic
Astro BASIC
BASICODE
BAL
Casio BASIC
CBASIC
PBASIC
SDS BASIC
Tiny BASIC
UBASIC
ZBasic
ETBASIC
Extenders
BASIC 8
Graphics BASIC
Simons' BASIC
Super Expander
Super Expander 64
YS MegaBasic
Procedure-orientedProprietary
AmigaBASIC
AMOS BASIC
ASIC
BasicX
Beta BASIC
FutureBASIC
GRASS
Liberty BASIC
LSE
MapBasic
Mobile BASIC
OWBasic
PowerBASIC
PureBasic
SmileBASIC
ThinBasic
Tiger-BASIC
True BASIC
Turbo Basic
WordBASIC
Free andopen source
Basic-256
Basic4GL
DarkBASIC
Euphoria
Indic BASIC
Open Programming Language
SdlBasic
SmallBASIC
QB64
wxBasic
XBasic
Xblite
Yabasic
With objectextensionsProprietary
AutoIt
Chipmunk Basic
GLBasic
LotusScript
Morfik
PowerBASIC
ProvideX
Run BASIC
VBA
VBScript
VB 5 for Microsoft Excel 5.0
VSTO
VSTA
Embedded Visual Basic
WinWrap Basic
Free andopen source
BlitzMax
FreeBASIC
Microsoft Small Basic
Mono-Basic
OpenOffice Basic
ScriptBasic
Roslyn
RADdesignersProprietary
CA-Realizer
Visual Basic (classic)
NS Basic
RapidQ
Visual Basic .NET (Mercury)
Xojo
Free andopen source
B4X (Basic4android, Basic4ppc)
Gambas
WinFBE, Visual FB Editor
Defunct
Altair BASIC
Applesoft BASIC
Atari BASIC
Atari Microsoft BASIC
Atari ST BASIC
BASIC A+
BASIC XE
BASIC XL
BASIC Programming (Atari 2600)
BBC BASIC
Benton Harbor BASIC
Chinese BASIC
Commodore BASIC
Color BASIC
Dartmouth BASIC
Disk Extended Color BASIC
Extended Color BASIC
Family BASIC
GFA BASIC
GW-BASIC
IBM BASIC
JR-BASIC
MacBASIC
MBASIC
MSX BASIC
MS BASIC for Macintosh
QBasic
QuickBASIC
Phoenix Object Basic
S-BASIC
Sinclair BASIC
STOS BASIC
SuperBASIC
TI BASIC (TI 99/4A)
Turbo-BASIC XL
Vilnius BASIC
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC"},{"link_name":"programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"Digital Equipment Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"RSTS/E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSTS/E"},{"link_name":"PDP-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11"},{"link_name":"minicomputers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer"},{"link_name":"TSS/8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSS/8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-computer-engineering-1"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_BASIC"},{"link_name":"JOSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOSS"},{"link_name":"Microsoft BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_BASIC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manes-2"},{"link_name":"compiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler"},{"link_name":"VAX-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX-11"},{"link_name":"VSI BASIC for OpenVMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSI_BASIC_for_OpenVMS"}],"text":"BASIC-PLUS is an extended dialect of the BASIC programming language that was developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for use on its RSTS/E time-sharing operating system for the PDP-11 series of 16-bit minicomputers in the early 1970s through the 1980s.BASIC-PLUS was based on BASIC-8 for the TSS/8,[1] itself based very closely on the original Dartmouth BASIC. BASIC-PLUS added a number of new structures, as well as features from JOSS concerning conditional statements and formatting. In turn, BASIC-PLUS was the version on which the original Microsoft BASIC was patterned.[2]Notable among the additions made to BASIC-PLUS was the introduction of string functions like MID$ and LEFT$, in addition to Dartmouth's original all-purpose CHANGE command. In future versions of the language, notably Microsoft's, CHANGE was removed and BASIC-PLUS's string functions became the only ways to perform these sorts of operations. Most BASICs to this day follow this convention.The language was later rewritten as a true compiler as BASIC-Plus-2, and was ported to the VAX-11 platform as that machine's native BASIC implementation. This version survived several platform changes, and is today known as VSI BASIC for OpenVMS.","title":"BASIC-PLUS"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"command interpreter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface#Command-line_interpreter"},{"link_name":"text editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor"},{"link_name":"Run Time System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runtime_system"},{"link_name":"kB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte"},{"link_name":"chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_loading"},{"link_name":"core common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_common_area"},{"link_name":"Disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk"}],"text":"Users would sit at a terminal and type in programming language statements. The statements could either be entered into the system's command interpreter directly, or entered into a text editor, saved to a file, and loaded into the command interpreter from the file. Errors in source code were reported to the user immediately after the line was typed.As a smart terminal with cursor control could not be guaranteed, BASIC-PLUS used the common system of prefixing all source code with a line number. The code was edited by typing in the number and then changing the contents of the following code. A line of code could be removed by typing in its line number and nothing else, thereby setting it to an empty line.The virtual address space of an RSTS/E user was limited to a little less than 64KB of space. Using BASIC-PLUS, about half of this virtual address space was used by the combined command interpreter and run-time library (named the Run Time System on RSTS/E). This limited user programs to about 32 kB of memory.Large programs were broken into separate executable pieces by use of the CHAIN statement, and programs could chain to specific line numbers in a secondary program to indicate that a program should begin execution at a different point from its first line. This feature of chaining to a certain line number allowed programs to signal to each other that they were being called from another program. The use of a shared memory section called core common also allowed programs to pass data to each other as needed. Disk files could also be used but were slower.To conserve memory, the system included a garbage collecting memory manager, used for both string data and byte-code.A running program could be interrupted, have variables examined and modified, and then be resumed.","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dartmouth BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_BASIC"}],"text":"BASIC-PLUS is patterned closely on later versions of Dartmouth BASIC, including its powerful MAT commands. On top of this, DEC added a number of unique flow-control structures.","title":"Syntax and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19722-1-3"},{"link_name":"line feed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_feed"},{"link_name":"carriage return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriage_return"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19722-3-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19722-3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19722-6-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19723-1-6"}],"sub_title":"Editing","text":"Line numbers were positive integers from 1 to 32767.[3] Logical lines of code could be continued on multiple physical lines by using a line feed at the end of a line instead of the normal carriage return character.[4] For ease of external editing of the source file, later versions of BASIC-PLUS also allowed the & character as a line continuation character.Multiple statements could be placed on a single line using : as the statement separator.[4] The system allowed tabs to be used as inline whitespace, and was used to make loops more clear, as in modern languages.[5] Comments used either the REM keyword or the ! character,[6] as opposed to MS BASICs, which used REM and '.","title":"Syntax and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19723-7-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19723-8-8"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19723-10-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19725-2-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19725-12-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19725-5-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19725-7-14"}],"sub_title":"Standard statements","text":"The PRINT command divided the screen into regions 14 spaces wide, and the comma was used to move between these locations; PRINT 1,2,3 would output 1, 2 and 3 in a spaced-out fashion,[7] while PRINT 1;2;3 would leave a single space and produce \"1 2 3\".[8][a] INPUT allowed a prompt string to be specified, but used the semicolon to separate it rather than the comma; INPUT \"WHAT IS THE VALUE\";A.[9]Strings could be delimited by single or double quotes.[10] In addition to the CHR and ASCII functions that converted single characters to and from string format,[11] BASIC-PLUS also supported Dartmouth's CHANGE command. CHANGE iterated the string and returned each character's ASCII value as a slot in a numeric array. For instance, CHANGE 'HELLO' TO X would return an array with the five ASCII codes, 110, 105, 114, 114, 105, in elements 1 through 5, and the number 5, the length of the string, in element 0.[12] One could reverse the operation as well, CHANGE X TO A$ would read the individual numbers in the X array and convert it to a string.[13]","title":"Syntax and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JOSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOSS"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19728-17-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19728-18-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19723-19-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19728-14-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19728-15-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19728-20-20"}],"sub_title":"Statement modifiers","text":"BASIC-PLUS added the concept of \"statement modifiers\", JOSS-like conditions that could be applied to any statement. For instance, PRINT I IF I <> 10 is the equivalent of IF I <> 10 THEN PRINT I[14] The opposite was also provided, PRINT I UNLESS I = 10 was the equivalent of IF I <> 10 THEN PRINT I.[15]FOR loops worked as in other versions of BASIC, and the NEXT command could not be used in an expression to exit early.[16] Instead, the UNTIL and WHILE keywords could be used to control early exits. For instance, FOR I=1 UNTIL I=10 continue looping until I=10, with the assumption that following code would set the value of I,[17] meaning it might not exit after 10 iterations but as soon as the code set I to 10.[18] Modifiers could also be used to build compact one-line loops, for instance, X=X+1 WHILE X<100 would loop until X was 100.[19]","title":"Syntax and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19722-6-5"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19723-3-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19726-1,_6-2-23"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19725-2-11"},{"link_name":"computer terminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19722-9-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19722-10-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19723-21-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19725-3-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19727-2-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19727-3-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19727-5-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19727-7-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS1972A-1-32"}],"sub_title":"Variables, expressions and matrixes","text":"Variable names in the early versions of BASIC-PLUS could be a single letter or a single letter followed by a single digit.[5] With the inclusion of \"Extend mode\" in later versions, variable names could be up to 29 characters long, and dot (.) was added as a permitted character. Every variable name still had to begin with a letter.[b] As in most versions of BASIC, the LET keyword, for variable assignment, was optional. It could set multiple variables to a single value, like LET A,B,C=10.[20]The language supported three data types; floating-point numbers, integers, and strings. Variables with no suffix were floating point (8 bytes, range 0.29×10−38 to 1.7×1038, up to 16 digits of precision). Integer variables (16-bit, range −32768 to +32767) were indicated with a % suffix,[21] string variables (variable length) were indicated with a $ suffix.[10]The list of mathematical and logical operators was typical of most BASICs, with some extensions. For math, +, -, *, / and ^ were supported, along with ** as an alternate form of ^ for computer terminals that might not have that character. Standard logical comparisons were =, <, >, <=, >=, and <>. One interesting addition was the == operator, for \"approximately equal\". This would return true if the two numbers would be printed the same, that is, their six most significant digits were the same.[22] Logical operators included the typical NOT A, A AND B and A OR B, along with A XOR B, A EQV B which return true if both A and B are true or both are false, and A IMP B which is false if A is true and B is false and otherwise always true.[23]The DIM statement could allocate one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays of any of the three data types. The range of subscripts always began with 0 (but MAT statements did not set elements in row 0 or column 0).[24][25]The language also included a number of MAT commands to work with the entire array (or MATrix). The MAT READ command would fill the matrix with values in a DATA statement,[26] MAT INPUT would fill the array with user-typed values, and MAT PRINT would print out the elements in a 1D or 2D format.[27] MAT could also be used to set default values in a matrix using associated keywords, for instance, MAT A=ZER would fill the A array with zeros.[28] TRN would transpose an entire matrix, and INV would invert it.[29] Additionally, +, -, and * could be used on matrixes, performing the associated matrix operation.[30]","title":"Syntax and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"memory-mapped file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory-mapped_file"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLUS19729-17-33"}],"sub_title":"File processing","text":"The DIM# \"virtual DIM\" statement could map \"virtual data array(s)\" or \"virtual array(s)\" to a disk file, which allowed arrays larger than the computer's available memory (or even its address space), and allowed use of array elements to read, write, and extend disk files (persistent storage). They called this arrangement \"virtual data storage\" and \"virtual core\", but it did not use the modern approach of allocating the arrays and a memory-mapped file. Instead, a single buffer was used to store 512 bytes of data at a time, and when an entry in the virtual array was accessed, the corresponding data was read, and old data written, as required. The CLOSE statement caused the buffer to be written back (if necessary) before closing the file. Because no additional sectors were cached, accessing data in the \"wrong\" order could multiply the number of disk accesses. Additional rules were imposed on virtual arrays, such that one datum could never span a record boundary: Each data type was aligned to a multiple of its size. Virtual strings were stored as fixed-length ASCIIZ data, with sizes restricted to 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, or 512 bytes, and were accessed using LSET and RSET.[31]","title":"Syntax and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compile and go system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compile_and_go_system"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"BASIC-PLUS was not an interpreter but a compile and go system: each line of BASIC was translated into \"PPCODE\" (Push-Pop Code) as it was entered, for subsequent fast execution on its virtual machine. These translations did not tokenize the BASIC lines but rewrote them for use on a stack machine; you could not translate these representations back to BASIC statements. This avoided the need to repeatedly decode the keywords as strings: once converted to PPCODE the keywords were numbers that pointed to routines to run that function. BASIC-PLUS included a COMPILE command, but this was not a true compiler; this simply saved the program's PPCODE representation so that it did not have to be recompiled when the BASIC program was next loaded into memory. The system stored a user's program in two formats. One was the editable source code in text format, created using the SAVE command and normally placed in a .BAS file. The other was the PPCODE version of the program created by the COMPILE command and saved to a .BAC file; .BAC files were smaller and loaded and ran faster, but could not be edited.[32]","title":"Virtual machine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"threaded code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threaded_code"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"RSX-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSX-11"},{"link_name":"VAX BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSI_BASIC_for_OpenVMS"}],"text":"A related product called Basic Plus 2 (\"BP2\" or BASIC-Plus-2), was later developed by DEC to add additional features and increased performance.It used true compilation into threaded code and wrote its output to object files compatible with the machine code object files produced by the assembler and other language systems. These object files could be kept in libraries. A linker (the TKB, also known as the taskbuilder) then created executable files from object files and the libraries. TKB also supported overlays; this allowed individual routines to be swapped into the virtual address space as needed, overlaying routines not currently being used.Additionally, BP2 programs ran under the RSX Run Time System; this RTS only occupied 8KB of the user's virtual address space, leaving 56KB for the user's program.[33] (RSTS/E version 9 introduced separate Instruction and Data space, and the \"disappearing\" RSX Run Time System, permitting up to 64KB of each of instruction code and data.) These two factors allowed individual BP2 programs to be much larger than BASIC-PLUS programs, often reducing the need for CHAINing among multiple programs.Unlike BASIC-PLUS (which was only available on RSTS/E), BP2 was also available for the RSX-11 operating system. BP2 programs were also more compatible with the later VAX BASIC.","title":"BASIC Plus 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manes-2"},{"link_name":"Commodore PET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"}],"text":"Microsoft BASIC was patterned very closely on BASIC-PLUS.[2] Earlier versions of MS BASIC, the 1.x series, lacked integer variables, but these were added in the 2.x series that was found on many machines, including the later models of the Commodore PET and Commodore 64. The ability to place logical and loop commands in-line, like I = I + 1 UNTIL I = 10 was not copied over and does not appear on any common version of microcomputer BASIC. MS BASIC also lacked the matrix commands.","title":"Comparison to MS BASIC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"}],"text":"^ The space in front of the numbers was left for a possible minus sign, this was the standard in almost all BASICs\n\n^ Before the introduction of Extend mode, white space was not required between variables and other language elements: FOR I=STOP would be interpreted as FOR I = S TO P.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Comparison of command shells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_command_shells"}]
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[{"reference":"Bell, C. Gordon; Mudge, J. Craig; McNamara, John N. (1978). Computer Engineering: A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design (PDF). Digital Press. ISBN 0-932376-00-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Bell","url_text":"Bell, C. Gordon"},{"url":"http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/_Books/Bell-ComputerEngineering.pdf","url_text":"Computer Engineering: A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Press","url_text":"Digital Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932376-00-2","url_text":"0-932376-00-2"}]},{"reference":"Manes, Stephen (1993). Gates. Doubleday. p. 61. ISBN 9780385420754.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KBtPAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Gates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385420754","url_text":"9780385420754"}]},{"reference":"\"BASIC-PLUS inline operators, do they actually make sense?\". Retrieved 2020-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/6468/basic-plus-inline-operators-do-they-actually-make-sense","url_text":"\"BASIC-PLUS inline operators, do they actually make sense?\""}]},{"reference":"BASIC V2 Reference Manual (PDF). Maynard, Massachusetts: Digital Equipment Corporation. 1991.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dmv.net/dec/pdf/bp2v27rm.pdf","url_text":"BASIC V2 Reference Manual"}]},{"reference":"BASIC-PLUS Language Manual (PDF). Maynard, Massachusetts: Digital Equipment Corporation. 1972.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_decpdp11rsSICPLUSLangManOct72_10455777","url_text":"BASIC-PLUS Language Manual"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/_Books/Bell-ComputerEngineering.pdf","external_links_name":"Computer Engineering: A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KBtPAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Gates"},{"Link":"https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/6468/basic-plus-inline-operators-do-they-actually-make-sense","external_links_name":"\"BASIC-PLUS inline operators, do they actually make sense?\""},{"Link":"http://www.dmv.net/dec/pdf/bp2v27rm.pdf","external_links_name":"BASIC V2 Reference Manual"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_decpdp11rsSICPLUSLangManOct72_10455777","external_links_name":"BASIC-PLUS Language Manual"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11990343t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11990343t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284638705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85012082","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Devolver_Digital_games
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List of Devolver Digital games
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["1 Games","2 References","3 External links"]
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Devolver Digital is an American video game publisher based in Austin, Texas. The company was founded in June 2009 by Harry Miller, Rick Stults, and Mike Wilson, who had co-founded publishing companies Gathering of Developers and Gamecock Media Group. Devolver Digital began by publishing high-definition remakes of games in the Serious Sam series, their first game being Serious Sam HD: The First Encounter. After success with these remakes and spin-off games based on the series, Devolver Digital began publishing games from other, smaller independent studios, one of the first being their breakout title Hotline Miami (2012).
Devolver continued to expand its operations by publishing titles from smaller indie developers, such as Genital Jousting. During this time, it published financially successful video games including Shadow Warrior (2013), The Talos Principle (2014), Enter the Gungeon (2016), and Scum (2020). By 2018, Devolver Digital had quickly grown to sixteen staff members and had published over a hundred games. In August 2020, Devolver Digital published Mediatonic's Fall Guys, which generated $185 million within a month after release. In March 2021, Epic Games acquired Mediatonic, and as a result, Devolver Digital sold all its publishing rights to Fall Guys. Later that year, Devolver Digital became a public company while publishing titles such as Death's Door and Loop Hero. By then, it had wholly acquired several developers, including Croteam, developer of Serious Sam series, Dodge Roll, developer of Enter the Gungeon, Firefly Studios, developer of Stronghold series and Nerial, developer of Reigns.
Games
Year
Title
Developer(s)
Platform(s)
2009
Serious Sam HD: The First Encounter
Croteam
Windows, Xbox 360
2010
Serious Sam HD: The Second Encounter
Croteam
Windows, Xbox 360
2011
Serious Sam Double D
Mommy's Best Games
Windows
Serious Sam: Kamikaze Attack!
Be-Rad Entertainment
Android, iOS, Windows
Serious Sam: The Random Encounter
Vlambeer
Windows
Serious Sam 3: BFE
Croteam
Linux, macOS, Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
2012
Serious Sam: The Greek Encounter
Eric Ruth Games
Windows
To-Fu: The Trials of Chi
HotGen
Android, Windows
Spacelings
HotGen
Android, Windows
Hotline Miami
Dennaton Games
Android, Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Windows, Xbox One
To-Fu 2
HotGen
Windows
2013
Serious Sam Double D XXL
Mommy's Best Games
Windows, Xbox 360
Duke Nukem 3D: Megaton Edition
3D RealmsGeneral Arcade
Linux, macOS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Windows
Dungeon Hearts
Cube Roots
iOS, Linux, macOS, Windows
Shadow Warrior Classic Redux
3D RealmsGeneral Arcade
Android, Linux, macOS, Windows
Foul Play
Mediatonic
Linux, macOS, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Windows, Xbox 360
Shadow Warrior
Flying Wild Hog
Linux, macOS, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
Viscera Cleanup Detail: Shadow Warrior
RuneStorm
Windows
Defense Technica
Kuno Interactive
macOS, Windows, Xbox 360
2014
Cosmic DJ
GL33k
iOS, macOS, Windows
Luftrausers
Vlambeer
Android, Linux, macOS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Windows
Always Sometimes Monsters
Vagabond Dog
Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows
Dungeon Hearts Blitz
Tangent
Android, iOS
OlliOlli
Roll7
Android, Linux, macOS, Windows
Gods Will Be Watching
Deconstructeam
Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Windows
The Expendabros
Free Lives
macOS, Windows
Hatoful Boyfriend
PigeoNation Inc.Mediatonic
Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Windows
Heavy Bullets
Terri Vellmann
Linux, macOS, Windows
Sigils of Elohim
Croteam
Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Windows
The Talos Principle
Croteam
Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
Fork Parker's Holiday Profit Hike
Dodge Roll
macOS, Windows
2015
Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number
Dennaton GamesAbstraction Games
Android, Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Windows, Xbox One
Titan Souls
Acid Nerve
Android, macOS, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Windows
Not a Hero
Roll7
Android, Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
Ronin
Tomasz Wacławek
Linux, macOS, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Windows
Breach & Clear: Deadline
Mighty Rabbit StudiosGun Media
Linux, macOS, Windows
OlliOlli2: Welcome to Olliwood
Roll7
Android, Linux, macOS, Windows
Dropsy
TendershootA Jolly Corpse
Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Windows
A Fistful of Gun
FarmerGnome
Windows
Broforce
Free Lives
Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
Downwell
Moppin
Android, iOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Windows
Pathologic Classic HD
Ice-Pick LodgeGeneral Arcade
Windows
Noct (early access)
C3SK
Linux, macOS, Windows
Hatoful Boyfriend: Holiday Star
PigeoNation Inc.Mediatonic
Linux, macOS, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Windows
2016
#SelfieTennis
VRUnicorns
Windows
Enter the Gungeon
Dodge Roll
Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
OmniBus
Buddy Cops, LLC
Linux, macOS, Windows
Reigns
Nerial
Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, Windows
Okhlos
Coffee Powered Machine
Linux, macOS, Windows
Mother Russia Bleeds
Le Cartel Studio
Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows
Shadow Warrior 2
Flying Wild Hog
PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
2017
Stories Untold
No Code
macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
Sub Rosa (early access)
Cryptic Sea
Linux, macOS, Windows
Serious Sam VR: The First Encounter
Croteam
Linux, Windows
Serious Sam VR: The Second Encounter
Croteam
Linux, Windows
Golf for Workgroups (early access)
Cryptic Sea
Linux, macOS, Windows
Spaceplan
Jake Hollands
Android, iOS, macOS, Windows
Strafe
Pixel Titans
Linux, macOS, PlayStation 4, Windows
Block'hood
Plethora Project
Linux, macOS, Windows
Serious Sam's Bogus Detour
Crackshell
Linux, Windows
Absolver
Sloclap
PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
Serious Sam VR: The Last Hope
Croteam
Windows
Ruiner
Reikon Games
Linux, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
The Talos Principle VR
Croteam
Linux, Windows
Serious Sam 3 VR: BFE
Croteam
Linux, Windows
High Hell
Terri VellmannDoseone
macOS, Windows
Reigns: Her Majesty
Nerial
Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, Windows
2018
Genital Jousting
Free Lives
Windows
The Red Strings Club
Deconstructeam
Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, Windows
Crossing Souls
Fourattic
Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Windows
Umiro
Diceroll Studios
Android, iOS, macOS, Windows
Minit
Jan Willem NijmanKitty CalisJukio KallioDominik Johann
Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
Block'hood VR
Plethora ProjectGeneral Arcade
Windows
The Swords of Ditto
Onebitbeyond
iOS, Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows
I Hate Running Backwards
Binx Interactive
Linux, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Windows, Xbox One
The Messenger
Sabotage Studio
Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Reigns: Game of Thrones
Nerial
Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, Windows
Gris
Nomada Studio
Android, iOS, macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
2019
Pikuniku
Sectordub
Nintendo Switch, Windows, Xbox One
Fork Parker's Crunch Out
Mega Cat Studios
Super Nintendo Entertainment System
Ape Out
Gabe Cuzzillo
Nintendo Switch, Windows
Weedcraft Inc
Vile Monarch
Windows
Katana Zero
Askiisoft
macOS, Nintendo Switch, Windows, Xbox One
Observation
No Code
PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
Gato Roboto
Doinksoft
Nintendo Switch, Windows, Xbox One
Devolver Bootleg
Doinksoft
Windows
My Friend Pedro
DeadToast Entertainment
Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
Gorn
Free Lives
Windows
Metal Wolf Chaos XD
FromSoftwareGeneral Arcade
PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
Witcheye
Moon Kid
Android, iOS, macOS, Nintendo Switch, Windows
Heave Ho
Le Cartel Studio
Nintendo Switch, Windows
Serious Sam Classics: Revolution
CroteamAlligator Pit
Windows
Exit the Gungeon
Dodge RollSinglecore Games
iOS, Nintendo Switch, tvOS, Windows
Cricket Through the Ages
Free Lives
iOS, tvOS
Bleak Sword
More8Bit
iOS, tvOS
Painty Mob
Flee Punk
iOS, tvOS
2020
Sludge Life
Terri VellmannDoseone
Nintendo Switch, Windows
Devolverland Expo
Flying Wild Hog
Windows
Carrion
Phobia Game Studio
Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One
Fall Guys: Ultimate Knockout
Mediatonic
PlayStation 4, Windows
Game of Thrones: Tale of Crows
That Silly Studio
iOS, macOS, tvOS
Serious Sam 4
Croteam
PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Stadia, Windows, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
Disc Room
Terri VellmannDoseoneKitty CalisJan Willem Nijman
macOS, Nintendo Switch, Windows, Xbox One
Reigns: Beyond
Nerial
iOS, macOS, tvOS
Enter the Gungeon: House of the Gundead
Dodge RollGriffin Aerotech
Arcade
2021
Olija
Skeleton Crew Studio
Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
Minit Fun Racer
Jan Willem NijmanKitty CalisJukio KallioDominik Johann
Windows
Loop Hero
Four Quarters
Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, Windows, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
Essays on Empathy
Deconstructeam
Windows
Boomerang X
Dang!
Nintendo Switch, Windows
Death's Door
Acid Nerve
Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
Blightbound
Ronimo Games
PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
My Friend Pedro: Ripe for Revenge
DeadToast Entertainment
Android, iOS
Inscryption
Daniel Mullins Games
Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
2022
Serious Sam: Siberian Mayhem
Timelock Studio, Croteam
PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox Series X/S
Shadow Warrior 3
Flying Wild Hog
PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
Tentacular
Firepunchd Games
Meta Quest 2, Windows
Weird West
WolfEye Studios
PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
Serious Sam: Tormental
Gungrounds
Windows
Ragnorium
Vitali Kirpu
Windows
Trek to Yomi
Flying Wild Hog
PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
Card Shark
Nerial
Nintendo Switch, Windows
Demon Throttle
Doinksoft
Nintendo Switch
Cult of the Lamb
Massive Monster
macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
Return to Monkey Island
Terrible Toybox
Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox Series X/S
McPixel 3
Sos Sosowski
Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
2023
Devolver Tumble Time
Nopopo
Android, iOS
Terra Nil
Free Lives
Linux, macOS, Windows
Bleak Sword DX
more8bit
Nintendo Switch, Windows
Sludge Life 2
Terri VellmannDoseone
Windows
Karmazoo
Pastagames
Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox Series X/S
The Cosmic Wheel Sisterhood
Deconstructeam
Nintendo Switch, Windows
Gunbrella
Doinksoft
Nintendo Switch, Windows
Wizard with a Gun
Galvanic Games
Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox Series X/S
The Talos Principle 2
Croteam
PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox Series X/S
2024
Reigns: Three Kingdoms
Nerial
Nintendo Switch, Windows
Phantom Abyss
Team WIBY
Windows, Xbox Series X/S
The Plucky Squire
All Possible Futures
Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox Series X/S
Skate Story
Sam Eng
macOS, Windows
Pepper Grinder
Ahr Ech
Nintendo Switch, Windows
Neva
Nomada Studio
Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox Series X/S
Anger Foot
Free Lives
Linux, macOS, Windows
Stick It to the Stickman
Free Lives
macOS, Windows
Baby Steps
Gabe Cuzzillo
macOS, PlayStation 5, Windows
Children of the Sun
René Rother
Windows
Sumerian Six
Artificer
Windows
2025
Possessor(s)
Heart Machine
Windows, consoles
TBA
Eitr
Eneme Entertainment
Linux, macOS, Windows, PlayStation 4
Paradise Never
Kitty Lambda
Linux, macOS, Windows
Human: Fall Flat 2
No Brakes Games
Windows, consoles
References
^ Grant, Christopher (June 25, 2009). "Gamecock, Gathering of Developers founders re-emerge as Devolver Digital". Engadget. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
^ Zacny, Rob (June 30, 2014). "If at first you don't succeed: Mike Wilson on five years of Devolver, and a lifetime of publishing struggles". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
^ Brice, Kath (June 26, 2009). "Gamecock co-founders start new publishing company". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
^ Webster, Andrew (June 5, 2019). "Why gaming's most influential indie label has stayed small for a decade". The Verge. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2019.
^ Roberts, David (April 29, 2015). "Digital humanity: how Devolver is the Sub Pop of gaming". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2019.
^ Takahashi, Dean (2019-06-28). "How Devolver Digital pursues the indie fringe and brings it to mainstream gamers". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ a b Calvin, Alex (September 6, 2019). "The digital shift and treating developers right: Devolver's Struthers looks back on the label's first decade". pcgamesinsider.biz. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ Takahashi, Dean (June 28, 2019). "How Devolver Digital pursues the indie fringe and brings it to mainstream gamers". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on June 30, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
^ "Fall Guys had the highest-earning PC launch since Overwatch in digital revenue". GamesIndustry.biz. 2020-09-23. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ Machkovech, Sam (2021-03-02). "Epic continues its studio-acquisition spree, buys Fall Guys devs". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ "PlayStation has reportedly made a 5% investment in Devolver Digital". VGC. 2021-11-04. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
^ "Solving the marketing mystery of Loop Hero". GamesIndustry.biz. 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
^ "Devolver Digital acquires Dodge Roll, Nerial and Firefly Studios". GamesIndustry.biz. 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ LeBlanc, Wesley (2020-10-21). "Devolver Digital Buys Serious Sam Developer Croteam". IGN. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ "Report: Serious Sam HD: Gold Edition shoots up Steam on Thursday". Engadget. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ "Serious Sam HD: The Second Encounter". GamesIndustry.biz. 2011-02-28. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ a b "Serious Sam 3 gets Xbox Live Arcade release". Eurogamer.net. 2012-05-16. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ "Indie devs hijack Serious Sam franchise". Eurogamer.net. 2011-03-09. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ "Serious Sam: The Random Encounter takes its turn in October". Engadget. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ "Serious Sam: The Greek Encounter вся информация об игре, читы, дата выхода, системные требования, купить игру Serious Sam: The Greek Encounter". ag.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ Devolver Digital (May 18, 2012). "Devolver Digital Launches "To-Fu: The Trials of Chi" on Android". Tumblr. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
^ a b c Devolver Digital (November 14, 2012). "To-Fu and Spacelings Bounce Onto PC". Tumblr. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
^ Devolver Digital (August 8, 2012). "Spacelings Beaming to Android". Tumblr. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
^ "Watch the story of how 'Hotline Miami' came to be". Engadget. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ Orry, James (2012-05-16). "Serious Sam 3: BFE and Serious Sam Double D XXL coming to XBLA this autumn". VideoGamer.com. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ Corriea, Alexa Ray (2013-03-20). "Duke Nukem 3D: Megaton Edition goes live on Steam today, includes three expansion packs". Polygon. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ "Dungeon Hearts was made in the back of Devolver Digital's bus, out early 2013". Engadget. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ Albert, Brian. "Shadow Warrior Classic Redux Preview - This Classic 3D Realms Shooter Got A New Coat Of Paint". Game Informer. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ Futter, Mike. "Foul Play Preview - Vaudevillian Brawler Gets Release Trailer". Game Informer. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ Futter, Mike. "Shadow Warrior Preview - Devolver Digital's Reboot Slices And Dices In The Best Ways". Game Informer. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ "Viscera Cleanup Detail: Shadow Warrior is a real thing". Eurogamer.net. 2013-10-11. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ "Defense Technica Overview". Polygon. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ Futter, Mike. "Defense Technica Preview - Devolver Digital Releasing Hardcore Tower Defense Title Defense Technica In October". Game Informer. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ Farokhmanesh, Megan (2014-05-16). "Cosmic DJ launches via Steam Early Access". Polygon. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ McWhertor, Michael (2014-04-11). "Cosmic DJ is a quirky music sequencer more than it is a rhythm game". Polygon. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ "Luftrausers taxiing for March 18 launch". Shacknews. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ Ian Birnbaum (2013-08-30). "Always Sometimes Monsters explores the most terrifying setting—the real world". PC Gamer. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ Futter, Mike. "Always Sometimes Monsters Preview - Our Choices In Always Sometimes Monsters: Murder And Defecation". Game Informer. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ "Dungeon Hearts Blitz". www.pocketgamer.com. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ Priestman, Chris. "Dungeon Hearts Blitz is a F2P version of Devolver Digital's match-3 RPG for iOS and Android". www.pocketgamer.com. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ "Dungeon Hearts Blitz вся информация об игре, читы, дата выхода, системные требования, купить игру Dungeon Hearts Blitz". ag.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ Corriea, Alexa Ray (2014-02-28). "OlliOlli coming to PC, devs debuting new game at Rezzed". Polygon. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ "Devolver signs Gods Will Be Watching". Eurogamer.net. 2013-08-13. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ McWhertor, Michael (2014-08-05). "'The Expendables 3' meets Broforce in free game The Expendabros". Polygon. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ "'Hatoful Boyfriend' Is Getting Delisted at the End of the Month on iOS and Android – TouchArcade". Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ "Hatoful Boyfriend migrates to PS4 and Vita this month". Eurogamer.net. 2015-07-10. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ "Fork Parker's Holiday Profit Hike - Hardcore Gamer". hardcoregamer.com. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ Romano, Sal (2024-01-04). "Phantom Abyss launches January 25". Gematsu. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
^ "Devolver Digital and Ahr Ech announce side-scrolling action platformer Pepper Grinder for Switch, PC". Gematsu. 2022-11-09. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
^ Human: Fall Flat (June 8, 2023). "Human Fall Flat FAQ". Human: Fall Flat. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
^ Game Press (June 8, 2023). "Human Fall Flat 2 Is Under Construction!". Game Press. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
^ IGN (June 8, 2023). "Human Fall Flat 2 - Official Reveal Teaser Trailer Devolver Digital Showcase 2023". IGN. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
^ Dompier, Miles (June 8, 2023). "Human Fall Flat 2 is real, and we're here for it". Windows Central. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
External links
Official website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indie developers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_developers"},{"link_name":"Genital Jousting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_Jousting"},{"link_name":"Shadow Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Warrior_(2013_video_game)"},{"link_name":"The Talos Principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Talos_Principle"},{"link_name":"Enter the Gungeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_the_Gungeon"},{"link_name":"Scum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scum_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VentureBeat:_Mainstream2-8"},{"link_name":"Mediatonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediatonic"},{"link_name":"Fall Guys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Guys"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Epic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Games"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Death's Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%27s_Door_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Loop Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_Hero"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Croteam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croteam"},{"link_name":"Firefly Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_Studios"},{"link_name":"Stronghold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stronghold_(series)"},{"link_name":"Reigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reigns_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Devolver continued to expand its operations by publishing titles from smaller indie developers, such as Genital Jousting. During this time, it published financially successful video games including Shadow Warrior (2013), The Talos Principle (2014), Enter the Gungeon (2016), and Scum (2020).[6][7] By 2018, Devolver Digital had quickly grown to sixteen staff members and had published over a hundred games.[7][8] In August 2020, Devolver Digital published Mediatonic's Fall Guys, which generated $185 million within a month after release.[9] In March 2021, Epic Games acquired Mediatonic, and as a result, Devolver Digital sold all its publishing rights to Fall Guys.[10] Later that year, Devolver Digital became a public company while publishing titles such as Death's Door and Loop Hero.[11][12] By then, it had wholly acquired several developers, including Croteam, developer of Serious Sam series, Dodge Roll, developer of Enter the Gungeon, Firefly Studios, developer of Stronghold series and Nerial, developer of Reigns.[13][14]","title":"List of Devolver Digital games"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Grant, Christopher (June 25, 2009). \"Gamecock, Gathering of Developers founders re-emerge as Devolver Digital\". Engadget. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2009/06/25/gamecock-gathering-of-developers-founders-re-emerge-as-devolver/","url_text":"\"Gamecock, Gathering of Developers founders re-emerge as Devolver Digital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget","url_text":"Engadget"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170729181511/https://www.engadget.com/2009/06/25/gamecock-gathering-of-developers-founders-re-emerge-as-devolver/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zacny, Rob (June 30, 2014). \"If at first you don't succeed: Mike Wilson on five years of Devolver, and a lifetime of publishing struggles\". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcgamesn.com/if-first-you-dont-succeed-mike-wilson-five-years-devolver-and-lifetime-publishing-struggles","url_text":"\"If at first you don't succeed: Mike Wilson on five years of Devolver, and a lifetime of publishing struggles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCGamesN","url_text":"PCGamesN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181127200548/https://www.pcgamesn.com/if-first-you-dont-succeed-mike-wilson-five-years-devolver-and-lifetime-publishing-struggles","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brice, Kath (June 26, 2009). \"Gamecock co-founders start new publishing company\". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/gamecock-co-founders-start-new-publishing-company","url_text":"\"Gamecock co-founders start new publishing company\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesIndustry.biz","url_text":"GamesIndustry.biz"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164908/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/gamecock-co-founders-start-new-publishing-company","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Webster, Andrew (June 5, 2019). \"Why gaming's most influential indie label has stayed small for a decade\". The Verge. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/5/18652878/devolver-digital-anniversary-hotline-miami-serious-sam-indie-gaming","url_text":"\"Why gaming's most influential indie label has stayed small for a decade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge","url_text":"The Verge"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190608034955/https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/5/18652878/devolver-digital-anniversary-hotline-miami-serious-sam-indie-gaming","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (April 29, 2015). \"Digital humanity: how Devolver is the Sub Pop of gaming\". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/digital-humanity-how-devolver-sub-pop-gaming/","url_text":"\"Digital humanity: how Devolver is the Sub Pop of gaming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B","url_text":"GamesRadar+"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190608084550/https://www.gamesradar.com/digital-humanity-how-devolver-sub-pop-gaming/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi, Dean (2019-06-28). \"How Devolver Digital pursues the indie fringe and brings it to mainstream gamers\". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2022-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/business/how-devolver-digital-pursues-the-indie-fringe-and-brings-it-to-mainstream-gamers/","url_text":"\"How Devolver Digital pursues the indie fringe and brings it to mainstream gamers\""}]},{"reference":"Calvin, Alex (September 6, 2019). \"The digital shift and treating developers right: Devolver's Struthers looks back on the label's first decade\". pcgamesinsider.biz. Retrieved 2022-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcgamesinsider.biz/success-story/69610/the-digital-shift-and-treating-developers-right-devolvers-struthers-looks-back-on-the-labels-first-decade/","url_text":"\"The digital shift and treating developers right: Devolver's Struthers looks back on the label's first decade\""}]},{"reference":"Takahashi, Dean (June 28, 2019). \"How Devolver Digital pursues the indie fringe and brings it to mainstream gamers\". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on June 30, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/28/how-devolver-digital-pursues-the-indie-fringe-and-brings-it-to-mainstream-gamers/","url_text":"\"How Devolver Digital pursues the indie fringe and brings it to mainstream gamers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190630222741/https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/28/how-devolver-digital-pursues-the-indie-fringe-and-brings-it-to-mainstream-gamers/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fall Guys had the highest-earning PC launch since Overwatch in digital revenue\". GamesIndustry.biz. 2020-09-23. Retrieved 2022-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/fall-guys-saw-highest-earning-pc-launch-since-overwatch-in-digital-revenue","url_text":"\"Fall Guys had the highest-earning PC launch since Overwatch in digital revenue\""}]},{"reference":"Machkovech, Sam (2021-03-02). \"Epic continues its studio-acquisition spree, buys Fall Guys devs\". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2022-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2021/03/epic-continues-its-studio-acquisition-spree-buys-fall-guys-devs/","url_text":"\"Epic continues its studio-acquisition spree, buys Fall Guys devs\""}]},{"reference":"\"PlayStation has reportedly made a 5% investment in Devolver Digital\". VGC. 2021-11-04. Retrieved 2022-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/playstation-has-reportedly-made-a-5-investment-in-devolver-digital/","url_text":"\"PlayStation has reportedly made a 5% investment in Devolver Digital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Solving the marketing mystery of Loop Hero\". GamesIndustry.biz. 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2022-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/solving-the-marketing-mystery-of-loop-hero","url_text":"\"Solving the marketing mystery of Loop Hero\""}]},{"reference":"\"Devolver Digital acquires Dodge Roll, Nerial and Firefly Studios\". GamesIndustry.biz. 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2022-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/devolver-digital-acquires-dodge-roll-nerial-and-firefly-studios","url_text":"\"Devolver Digital acquires Dodge Roll, Nerial and Firefly Studios\""}]},{"reference":"LeBlanc, Wesley (2020-10-21). \"Devolver Digital Buys Serious Sam Developer Croteam\". IGN. 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|
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struggles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181127200548/https://www.pcgamesn.com/if-first-you-dont-succeed-mike-wilson-five-years-devolver-and-lifetime-publishing-struggles","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/gamecock-co-founders-start-new-publishing-company","external_links_name":"\"Gamecock co-founders start new publishing company\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164908/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/gamecock-co-founders-start-new-publishing-company","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/5/18652878/devolver-digital-anniversary-hotline-miami-serious-sam-indie-gaming","external_links_name":"\"Why gaming's most influential indie label has stayed small for a decade\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190608034955/https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/5/18652878/devolver-digital-anniversary-hotline-miami-serious-sam-indie-gaming","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamesradar.com/digital-humanity-how-devolver-sub-pop-gaming/","external_links_name":"\"Digital humanity: how Devolver is the Sub Pop of gaming\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190608084550/https://www.gamesradar.com/digital-humanity-how-devolver-sub-pop-gaming/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/business/how-devolver-digital-pursues-the-indie-fringe-and-brings-it-to-mainstream-gamers/","external_links_name":"\"How Devolver Digital pursues the indie fringe and brings it to mainstream gamers\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcgamesinsider.biz/success-story/69610/the-digital-shift-and-treating-developers-right-devolvers-struthers-looks-back-on-the-labels-first-decade/","external_links_name":"\"The digital shift and treating developers right: Devolver's Struthers looks back on the label's first decade\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/28/how-devolver-digital-pursues-the-indie-fringe-and-brings-it-to-mainstream-gamers/","external_links_name":"\"How Devolver Digital pursues the indie fringe and brings it to mainstream gamers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190630222741/https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/28/how-devolver-digital-pursues-the-indie-fringe-and-brings-it-to-mainstream-gamers/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/fall-guys-saw-highest-earning-pc-launch-since-overwatch-in-digital-revenue","external_links_name":"\"Fall Guys had the highest-earning PC launch since Overwatch in digital revenue\""},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2021/03/epic-continues-its-studio-acquisition-spree-buys-fall-guys-devs/","external_links_name":"\"Epic continues its studio-acquisition spree, buys Fall Guys devs\""},{"Link":"https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/playstation-has-reportedly-made-a-5-investment-in-devolver-digital/","external_links_name":"\"PlayStation has reportedly made a 5% investment in Devolver Digital\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/solving-the-marketing-mystery-of-loop-hero","external_links_name":"\"Solving the marketing mystery of Loop Hero\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/devolver-digital-acquires-dodge-roll-nerial-and-firefly-studios","external_links_name":"\"Devolver Digital acquires Dodge Roll, Nerial and Firefly Studios\""},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/devolver-digital-buys-serious-sam-developer-croteam","external_links_name":"\"Devolver Digital Buys Serious Sam Developer Croteam\""},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2010-09-21-report-serious-sam-hd-gold-edition-shoots-up-steam-on-thursday.html","external_links_name":"\"Report: Serious Sam HD: Gold Edition shoots up Steam on 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Encounter\""},{"Link":"https://devolverdigital.tumblr.com/post/23288681084","external_links_name":"\"Devolver Digital Launches \"To-Fu: The Trials of Chi\" on Android\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190806204200/https://devolverdigital.tumblr.com/post/23288681084","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://devolverdigital.tumblr.com/post/35703700379","external_links_name":"\"To-Fu and Spacelings Bounce Onto PC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190806204202/https://devolverdigital.tumblr.com/post/35703700379","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://devolverdigital.tumblr.com/post/28996211452","external_links_name":"\"Spacelings Beaming to Android\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190806204205/https://devolverdigital.tumblr.com/post/28996211452","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2015-05-08-hotline-miami-making-of-documentary.html","external_links_name":"\"Watch the story of how 'Hotline Miami' came to 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal
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Fractal
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["1 Etymology","2 Introduction","3 History","4 Definition and characteristics","5 Common techniques for generating fractals","6 Applications","6.1 Simulated fractals","6.2 Natural phenomena with fractal features","6.3 Fractals in cell biology","6.4 In creative works","6.5 Physiological responses","6.6 Applications in technology","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
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Infinitely detailed mathematical structure
For other uses, see Fractal (disambiguation).
Sierpinski Carpet - Infinite surface area and zero volume
Mandelbrot set at islands
The Mandelbrot set: its boundary is a fractal curve with Hausdorff dimension 2. (Note that the colored sections of the image are not actually part of the Mandelbrot Set, but rather they are based on how quickly the function that produces it diverges.)
Mandelbrot set with 12 encirclements
Zooming into the boundary of the Mandelbrot set
In mathematics, a fractal is a geometric shape containing detailed structure at arbitrarily small scales, usually having a fractal dimension strictly exceeding the topological dimension. Many fractals appear similar at various scales, as illustrated in successive magnifications of the Mandelbrot set. This exhibition of similar patterns at increasingly smaller scales is called self-similarity, also known as expanding symmetry or unfolding symmetry; if this replication is exactly the same at every scale, as in the Menger sponge, the shape is called affine self-similar. Fractal geometry lies within the mathematical branch of measure theory.
One way that fractals are different from finite geometric figures is how they scale. Doubling the edge lengths of a filled polygon multiplies its area by four, which is two (the ratio of the new to the old side length) raised to the power of two (the conventional dimension of the filled polygon). Likewise, if the radius of a filled sphere is doubled, its volume scales by eight, which is two (the ratio of the new to the old radius) to the power of three (the conventional dimension of the filled sphere). However, if a fractal's one-dimensional lengths are all doubled, the spatial content of the fractal scales by a power that is not necessarily an integer and is in general greater than its conventional dimension. This power is called the fractal dimension of the geometric object, to distinguish it from the conventional dimension (which is formally called the topological dimension).
Analytically, many fractals are nowhere differentiable. An infinite fractal curve can be conceived of as winding through space differently from an ordinary line – although it is still topologically 1-dimensional, its fractal dimension indicates that it locally fills space more efficiently than an ordinary line.
Sierpinski carpet (to level 6), a fractal with a topological dimension of 1 and a Hausdorff dimension of 1.893
A line segment is similar to a proper part of itself, but hardly a fractal.
Starting in the 17th century with notions of recursion, fractals have moved through increasingly rigorous mathematical treatment to the study of continuous but not differentiable functions in the 19th century by the seminal work of Bernard Bolzano, Bernhard Riemann, and Karl Weierstrass, and on to the coining of the word fractal in the 20th century with a subsequent burgeoning of interest in fractals and computer-based modelling in the 20th century.
There is some disagreement among mathematicians about how the concept of a fractal should be formally defined. Mandelbrot himself summarized it as "beautiful, damn hard, increasingly useful. That's fractals." More formally, in 1982 Mandelbrot defined fractal as follows: "A fractal is by definition a set for which the Hausdorff–Besicovitch dimension strictly exceeds the topological dimension." Later, seeing this as too restrictive, he simplified and expanded the definition to this: "A fractal is a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be split into parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole." Still later, Mandelbrot proposed "to use fractal without a pedantic definition, to use fractal dimension as a generic term applicable to all the variants".
The consensus among mathematicians is that theoretical fractals are infinitely self-similar iterated and detailed mathematical constructs, of which many examples have been formulated and studied. Fractals are not limited to geometric patterns, but can also describe processes in time. Fractal patterns with various degrees of self-similarity have been rendered or studied in visual, physical, and aural media and found in nature, technology, art, and architecture. Fractals are of particular relevance in the field of chaos theory because they show up in the geometric depictions of most chaotic processes (typically either as attractors or as boundaries between basins of attraction).
Etymology
The term "fractal" was coined by the mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot in 1975. Mandelbrot based it on the Latin frāctus, meaning "broken" or "fractured", and used it to extend the concept of theoretical fractional dimensions to geometric patterns in nature.
Introduction
A simple fractal tree
A fractal "tree" to eleven iterations
The word "fractal" often has different connotations for the lay public as opposed to mathematicians, where the public is more likely to be familiar with fractal art than the mathematical concept. The mathematical concept is difficult to define formally, even for mathematicians, but key features can be understood with a little mathematical background.
The feature of "self-similarity", for instance, is easily understood by analogy to zooming in with a lens or other device that zooms in on digital images to uncover finer, previously invisible, new structure. If this is done on fractals, however, no new detail appears; nothing changes and the same pattern repeats over and over, or for some fractals, nearly the same pattern reappears over and over. Self-similarity itself is not necessarily counter-intuitive (e.g., people have pondered self-similarity informally such as in the infinite regress in parallel mirrors or the homunculus, the little man inside the head of the little man inside the head ...). The difference for fractals is that the pattern reproduced must be detailed.: 166, 18
This idea of being detailed relates to another feature that can be understood without much mathematical background: Having a fractal dimension greater than its topological dimension, for instance, refers to how a fractal scales compared to how geometric shapes are usually perceived. A straight line, for instance, is conventionally understood to be one-dimensional; if such a figure is rep-tiled into pieces each 1/3 the length of the original, then there are always three equal pieces. A solid square is understood to be two-dimensional; if such a figure is rep-tiled into pieces each scaled down by a factor of 1/3 in both dimensions, there are a total of 32 = 9 pieces.
We see that for ordinary self-similar objects, being n-dimensional means that when it is rep-tiled into pieces each scaled down by a scale-factor of 1/r, there are a total of rn pieces. Now, consider the Koch curve. It can be rep-tiled into four sub-copies, each scaled down by a scale-factor of 1/3. So, strictly by analogy, we can consider the "dimension" of the Koch curve as being the unique real number D that satisfies 3D = 4. This number is called the fractal dimension of the Koch curve; it is not the conventionally perceived dimension of a curve. In general, a key property of fractals is that the fractal dimension differs from the conventionally understood dimension (formally called the topological dimension).
3D computer-generated fractal
This also leads to understanding a third feature, that fractals as mathematical equations are "nowhere differentiable". In a concrete sense, this means fractals cannot be measured in traditional ways. To elaborate, in trying to find the length of a wavy non-fractal curve, one could find straight segments of some measuring tool small enough to lay end to end over the waves, where the pieces could get small enough to be considered to conform to the curve in the normal manner of measuring with a tape measure. But in measuring an infinitely "wiggly" fractal curve such as the Koch snowflake, one would never find a small enough straight segment to conform to the curve, because the jagged pattern would always re-appear, at arbitrarily small scales, essentially pulling a little more of the tape measure into the total length measured each time one attempted to fit it tighter and tighter to the curve. The result is that one must need infinite tape to perfectly cover the entire curve, i.e. the snowflake has an infinite perimeter.
History
A Koch snowflake is a fractal that begins with an equilateral triangle and then replaces the middle third of every line segment with a pair of line segments that form an equilateral bump
Cantor (ternary) set
The history of fractals traces a path from chiefly theoretical studies to modern applications in computer graphics, with several notable people contributing canonical fractal forms along the way.
A common theme in traditional African architecture is the use of fractal scaling, whereby small parts of the structure tend to look similar to larger parts, such as a circular village made of circular houses.
According to Pickover, the mathematics behind fractals began to take shape in the 17th century when the mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Leibniz pondered recursive self-similarity (although he made the mistake of thinking that only the straight line was self-similar in this sense).
In his writings, Leibniz used the term "fractional exponents", but lamented that "Geometry" did not yet know of them.: 405 Indeed, according to various historical accounts, after that point few mathematicians tackled the issues and the work of those who did remained obscured largely because of resistance to such unfamiliar emerging concepts, which were sometimes referred to as mathematical "monsters". Thus, it was not until two centuries had passed that on July 18, 1872 Karl Weierstrass presented the first definition of a function with a graph that would today be considered a fractal, having the non-intuitive property of being everywhere continuous but nowhere differentiable at the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences.: 7
In addition, the quotient difference becomes arbitrarily large as the summation index increases. Not long after that, in 1883, Georg Cantor, who attended lectures by Weierstrass, published examples of subsets of the real line known as Cantor sets, which had unusual properties and are now recognized as fractals.: 11–24 Also in the last part of that century, Felix Klein and Henri Poincaré introduced a category of fractal that has come to be called "self-inverse" fractals.: 166
A Julia set, a fractal related to the Mandelbrot set
A Sierpinski gasket can be generated by a fractal tree.
One of the next milestones came in 1904, when Helge von Koch, extending ideas of Poincaré and dissatisfied with Weierstrass's abstract and analytic definition, gave a more geometric definition including hand-drawn images of a similar function, which is now called the Koch snowflake.: 25 Another milestone came a decade later in 1915, when Wacław Sierpiński constructed his famous triangle then, one year later, his carpet. By 1918, two French mathematicians, Pierre Fatou and Gaston Julia, though working independently, arrived essentially simultaneously at results describing what is now seen as fractal behaviour associated with mapping complex numbers and iterative functions and leading to further ideas about attractors and repellors (i.e., points that attract or repel other points), which have become very important in the study of fractals.
Very shortly after that work was submitted, by March 1918, Felix Hausdorff expanded the definition of "dimension", significantly for the evolution of the definition of fractals, to allow for sets to have non-integer dimensions. The idea of self-similar curves was taken further by Paul Lévy, who, in his 1938 paper Plane or Space Curves and Surfaces Consisting of Parts Similar to the Whole, described a new fractal curve, the Lévy C curve.
A strange attractor that exhibits multifractal scaling
Uniform mass center triangle fractal
2x 120 degrees recursive IFS
Different researchers have postulated that without the aid of modern computer graphics, early investigators were limited to what they could depict in manual drawings, so lacked the means to visualize the beauty and appreciate some of the implications of many of the patterns they had discovered (the Julia set, for instance, could only be visualized through a few iterations as very simple drawings).: 179 That changed, however, in the 1960s, when Benoit Mandelbrot started writing about self-similarity in papers such as How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension, which built on earlier work by Lewis Fry Richardson.
In 1975, Mandelbrot solidified hundreds of years of thought and mathematical development in coining the word "fractal" and illustrated his mathematical definition with striking computer-constructed visualizations. These images, such as of his canonical Mandelbrot set, captured the popular imagination; many of them were based on recursion, leading to the popular meaning of the term "fractal".
In 1980, Loren Carpenter gave a presentation at the SIGGRAPH where he introduced his software for generating and rendering fractally generated landscapes.
Definition and characteristics
One often cited description that Mandelbrot published to describe geometric fractals is "a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be split into parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole"; this is generally helpful but limited. Authors disagree on the exact definition of fractal, but most usually elaborate on the basic ideas of self-similarity and the unusual relationship fractals have with the space they are embedded in.
One point agreed on is that fractal patterns are characterized by fractal dimensions, but whereas these numbers quantify complexity (i.e., changing detail with changing scale), they neither uniquely describe nor specify details of how to construct particular fractal patterns. In 1975 when Mandelbrot coined the word "fractal", he did so to denote an object whose Hausdorff–Besicovitch dimension is greater than its topological dimension. However, this requirement is not met by space-filling curves such as the Hilbert curve.
Because of the trouble involved in finding one definition for fractals, some argue that fractals should not be strictly defined at all. According to Falconer, fractals should be only generally characterized by a gestalt of the following features;
Self-similarity, which may include:
Exact self-similarity: identical at all scales, such as the Koch snowflake
Quasi self-similarity: approximates the same pattern at different scales; may contain small copies of the entire fractal in distorted and degenerate forms; e.g., the Mandelbrot set's satellites are approximations of the entire set, but not exact copies.
Statistical self-similarity: repeats a pattern stochastically so numerical or statistical measures are preserved across scales; e.g., randomly generated fractals like the well-known example of the coastline of Britain for which one would not expect to find a segment scaled and repeated as neatly as the repeated unit that defines fractals like the Koch snowflake.
Qualitative self-similarity: as in a time series
Multifractal scaling: characterized by more than one fractal dimension or scaling rule
Fine or detailed structure at arbitrarily small scales. A consequence of this structure is fractals may have emergent properties (related to the next criterion in this list).
Irregularity locally and globally that cannot easily be described in the language of traditional Euclidean geometry other than as the limit of a recursively defined sequence of stages. For images of fractal patterns, this has been expressed by phrases such as "smoothly piling up surfaces" and "swirls upon swirls";see Common techniques for generating fractals.
As a group, these criteria form guidelines for excluding certain cases, such as those that may be self-similar without having other typically fractal features. A straight line, for instance, is self-similar but not fractal because it lacks detail, and is easily described in Euclidean language without a need for recursion.
Common techniques for generating fractals
See also: Fractal-generating software
Self-similar branching pattern modeled in silico using L-systems principles
Images of fractals can be created by fractal generating programs. Because of the butterfly effect, a small change in a single variable can have an unpredictable outcome.
Iterated function systems (IFS) – use fixed geometric replacement rules; may be stochastic or deterministic; e.g., Koch snowflake, Cantor set, Haferman carpet, Sierpinski carpet, Sierpinski gasket, Peano curve, Harter-Heighway dragon curve, T-square, Menger sponge
Strange attractors – use iterations of a map or solutions of a system of initial-value differential or difference equations that exhibit chaos (e.g., see multifractal image, or the logistic map)
L-systems – use string rewriting; may resemble branching patterns, such as in plants, biological cells (e.g., neurons and immune system cells), blood vessels, pulmonary structure, etc. or turtle graphics patterns such as space-filling curves and tilings
Escape-time fractals – use a formula or recurrence relation at each point in a space (such as the complex plane); usually quasi-self-similar; also known as "orbit" fractals; e.g., the Mandelbrot set, Julia set, Burning Ship fractal, Nova fractal and Lyapunov fractal. The 2d vector fields that are generated by one or two iterations of escape-time formulae also give rise to a fractal form when points (or pixel data) are passed through this field repeatedly.
Random fractals – use stochastic rules; e.g., Lévy flight, percolation clusters, self avoiding walks, fractal landscapes, trajectories of Brownian motion and the Brownian tree (i.e., dendritic fractals generated by modeling diffusion-limited aggregation or reaction-limited aggregation clusters).
A fractal generated by a finite subdivision rule for an alternating link
Finite subdivision rules – use a recursive topological algorithm for refining tilings and they are similar to the process of cell division. The iterative processes used in creating the Cantor set and the Sierpinski carpet are examples of finite subdivision rules, as is barycentric subdivision.
Applications
Simulated fractals
Fractal patterns have been modeled extensively, albeit within a range of scales rather than infinitely, owing to the practical limits of physical time and space. Models may simulate theoretical fractals or natural phenomena with fractal features. The outputs of the modelling process may be highly artistic renderings, outputs for investigation, or benchmarks for fractal analysis. Some specific applications of fractals to technology are listed elsewhere. Images and other outputs of modelling are normally referred to as being "fractals" even if they do not have strictly fractal characteristics, such as when it is possible to zoom into a region of the fractal image that does not exhibit any fractal properties. Also, these may include calculation or display artifacts which are not characteristics of true fractals.
Modeled fractals may be sounds, digital images, electrochemical patterns, circadian rhythms, etc.
Fractal patterns have been reconstructed in physical 3-dimensional space: 10 and virtually, often called "in silico" modeling. Models of fractals are generally created using fractal-generating software that implements techniques such as those outlined above. As one illustration, trees, ferns, cells of the nervous system, blood and lung vasculature, and other branching patterns in nature can be modeled on a computer by using recursive algorithms and L-systems techniques.
The recursive nature of some patterns is obvious in certain examples—a branch from a tree or a frond from a fern is a miniature replica of the whole: not identical, but similar in nature. Similarly, random fractals have been used to describe/create many highly irregular real-world objects, such as coastlines and mountains. A limitation of modeling fractals is that resemblance of a fractal model to a natural phenomenon does not prove that the phenomenon being modeled is formed by a process similar to the modeling algorithms.
Natural phenomena with fractal features
Further information: Patterns in nature
Approximate fractals found in nature display self-similarity over extended, but finite, scale ranges. The connection between fractals and leaves, for instance, is currently being used to determine how much carbon is contained in trees. Phenomena known to have fractal features include:
Actin cytoskeleton
Algae
Animal coloration patterns
Blood vessels and pulmonary vessels
Brownian motion (generated by a one-dimensional Wiener process).
Clouds and rainfall areas
Coastlines
Craters
Crystals
DNA
Dust grains
Earthquakes
Fault lines
Geometrical optics
Heart rates
Heart sounds
Lake shorelines and areas
Lightning bolts
Mountain-goat horns
Neurons
Polymers
Percolation
Mountain ranges
Ocean waves
Pineapple
Proteins
Psychedelic Experience
Purkinje cells
Rings of Saturn
River networks
Romanesco broccoli
Snowflakes
Soil pores
Surfaces in turbulent flows
Trees
Frost crystals occurring naturally on cold glass form fractal patterns
Fractal basin boundary in a geometrical optical system
A fractal is formed when pulling apart two glue-covered acrylic sheets
High-voltage breakdown within a 4 in (100 mm) block of acrylic glass creates a fractal Lichtenberg figure
Romanesco broccoli, showing self-similar form approximating a natural fractal
Fractal defrosting patterns, polar Mars. The patterns are formed by sublimation of frozen CO2. Width of image is about a kilometer.
Slime mold Brefeldia maxima growing fractally on wood
Psilomelane dendrites in the Solnhofen Limestone
Fractals in cell biology
Fractals often appear in the realm of living organisms where they arise through branching processes and other complex pattern formation. Ian Wong and co-workers have shown that migrating cells can form fractals by clustering and branching. Nerve cells function through processes at the cell surface, with phenomena that are enhanced by largely increasing the surface to volume ratio. As a consequence nerve cells often are found to form into fractal patterns. These processes are crucial in cell physiology and different pathologies.
Multiple subcellular structures also are found to assemble into fractals. Diego Krapf has shown that through branching processes the actin filaments in human cells assemble into fractal patterns. Similarly Matthias Weiss showed that the endoplasmic reticulum displays fractal features. The current understanding is that fractals are ubiquitous in cell biology, from proteins, to organelles, to whole cells.
In creative works
Further information: Fractal art and Mathematics and art
Since 1999 numerous scientific groups have performed fractal analysis on over 50 paintings created by Jackson Pollock by pouring paint directly onto horizontal canvasses.
Recently, fractal analysis has been used to achieve a 93% success rate in distinguishing real from imitation Pollocks. Cognitive neuroscientists have shown that Pollock's fractals induce the same stress-reduction in observers as computer-generated fractals and Nature's fractals.
Decalcomania, a technique used by artists such as Max Ernst, can produce fractal-like patterns. It involves pressing paint between two surfaces and pulling them apart.
Cyberneticist Ron Eglash has suggested that fractal geometry and mathematics are prevalent in African art, games, divination, trade, and architecture. Circular houses appear in circles of circles, rectangular houses in rectangles of rectangles, and so on. Such scaling patterns can also be found in African textiles, sculpture, and even cornrow hairstyles. Hokky Situngkir also suggested the similar properties in Indonesian traditional art, batik, and ornaments found in traditional houses.
Ethnomathematician Ron Eglash has discussed the planned layout of Benin city using fractals as the basis, not only in the city itself and the villages but even in the rooms of houses. He commented that "When Europeans first came to Africa, they considered the architecture very disorganised and thus primitive. It never occurred to them that the Africans might have been using a form of mathematics that they hadn't even discovered yet."
In a 1996 interview with Michael Silverblatt, David Foster Wallace explained that the structure of the first draft of Infinite Jest he gave to his editor Michael Pietsch was inspired by fractals, specifically the Sierpinski triangle (a.k.a. Sierpinski gasket), but that the edited novel is "more like a lopsided Sierpinsky Gasket".
Some works by the Dutch artist M. C. Escher, such as Circle Limit III, contain shapes repeated to infinity that become smaller and smaller as they get near to the edges, in a pattern that would always look the same if zoomed in.
Aesthetics and Psychological Effects of Fractal Based Design: Highly prevalent in nature, fractal patterns possess self-similar components that repeat at varying size scales. The perceptual experience of human-made environments can be impacted with inclusion of these natural patterns. Previous work has demonstrated consistent trends in preference for and complexity estimates of fractal patterns. However, limited information has been gathered on the impact of other visual judgments. Here we examine the aesthetic and perceptual experience of fractal ‘global-forest’ designs already installed in humanmade spaces and demonstrate how fractal pattern components are associated with positive psychological experiences that can be utilized to promote occupant well-being. These designs are composite fractal patterns consisting of individual fractal ‘tree-seeds’ which combine to create a ‘global fractal forest.’ The local ‘tree-seed’ patterns, global configuration of tree-seed locations, and overall resulting ‘global-forest’ patterns have fractal qualities. These designs span multiple mediums yet are all intended to lower occupant stress without detracting from the function and overall design of the space. In this series of studies, we first establish divergent relationships between various visual attributes, with pattern complexity, preference, and engagement ratings increasing with fractal complexity compared to ratings of refreshment and relaxation which stay the same or decrease with complexity. Subsequently, we determine that the local constituent fractal (‘tree-seed’) patterns contribute to the perception of the overall fractal design, and address how to balance aesthetic and psychological effects (such as individual experiences of perceived engagement and relaxation) in fractal design installations. This set of studies demonstrates that fractal preference is driven by a balance between increased arousal (desire for engagement and complexity) and decreased tension (desire for relaxation or refreshment). Installations of these composite mid-high complexity ‘global-forest’ patterns consisting of ‘tree-seed’ components balance these contrasting needs, and can serve as a practical implementation of biophilic patterns in human-made environments to promote occupant well-being.
A fractal that models the surface of a mountain (animation)
3D recursive image
Recursive fractal butterfly image
A fractal flame
Physiological responses
Humans appear to be especially well-adapted to processing fractal patterns with fractal dimension between 1.3 and 1.5. When humans view fractal patterns with fractal dimension between 1.3 and 1.5, this tends to reduce physiological stress.
Applications in technology
Main article: Fractal analysis
Fractal antennas
Fractal transistor
Fractal heat exchangers
Digital imaging
Architecture
Urban growth
Classification of histopathology slides
Fractal landscape or Coastline complexity
Detecting 'life as we don't know it' by fractal analysis
Enzymes (Michaelis–Menten kinetics)
Generation of new music
Signal and image compression
Creation of digital photographic enlargements
Fractal in soil mechanics
Computer and video game design
Computer Graphics
Organic environments
Procedural generation
Fractography and fracture mechanics
Small angle scattering theory of fractally rough systems
T-shirts and other fashion
Generation of patterns for camouflage, such as MARPAT
Digital sundial
Technical analysis of price series
Fractals in networks
Medicine
Neuroscience
Diagnostic Imaging
Pathology
Geology
Geography
Archaeology
Soil mechanics
Seismology
Search and rescue
Morton order space filling curves for GPU cache coherency in texture mapping, rasterisation and indexing of turbulence data.
See also
Mathematics portalSystems science portal
Banach fixed point theorem – Theorem about metric spacesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Bifurcation theory – Study of sudden qualitative behavior changes caused by small parameter changes
Box counting – Fractal analysis technique
Cymatics – Creation of visible patterns on a vibrated plate
Determinism – Philosophical view that events are determined by prior events
Diamond-square algorithm – Method for generating heightmaps for computer graphics
Droste effect – Recursive visual effect
Feigenbaum function
Form constant – Recurringly observed geometric pattern
Fractal cosmology – Absolute Infinite Everything
Fractal derivative – Generalization of derivative to fractals
Fractalgrid
Fractal sequence – Sequence that contains itself as a subsequence
Fractal string
Fracton – Synonym of phonon
Graftal – Rewriting system and type of formal grammarPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Greeble – Fine relief detailing added to a surface to make it appear more complex
Infinite regress – Philosophical problem
Lacunarity – Term in geometry and fractal analysis
List of fractals by Hausdorff dimension
Mandelbulb – Three-dimensional fractal
Mandelbox – Fractal with a boxlike shape
Macrocosm and microcosm – Analogy between man and cosmosPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Matryoshka doll – Russian nested wooden toy created in 1890
Menger Sponge – Three-dimensional fractalPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Multifractal system – System with multiple fractal dimensions
Newton fractal – Boundary set in the complex plane
Percolation – Filtration of fluids through porous materials
Power law – Functional relationship between two quantities
Publications in fractal geometry
Random walk – Mathematical formalization of a path that consists of a succession of random steps
Self-reference – Sentence, idea or formula that refers to itself
Self-similarity – Whole of an object being mathematically similar to part of itself
Systems theory – Interdisciplinary study of systems
Strange loop – Cyclic structure that goes through several levels in a hierarchical system
Turbulence – Motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity
Wiener process – Stochastic process generalizing Brownian motion
Notes
^ The original paper, Lévy, Paul (1938). "Les Courbes planes ou gauches et les surfaces composées de parties semblables au tout". Journal de l'École Polytechnique: 227–247, 249–291., is translated in Edgar, pages 181–239.
^ The Hilbert curve map is not a homeomorphism, so it does not preserve topological dimension. The topological dimension and Hausdorff dimension of the image of the Hilbert map in R2 are both 2. Note, however, that the topological dimension of the graph of the Hilbert map (a set in R3) is 1.
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Further reading
Barnsley, Michael F.; and Rising, Hawley; Fractals Everywhere. Boston: Academic Press Professional, 1993. ISBN 0-12-079061-0
Duarte, German A.; Fractal Narrative. About the Relationship Between Geometries and Technology and Its Impact on Narrative Spaces. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2014. ISBN 978-3-8376-2829-6
Falconer, Kenneth; Techniques in Fractal Geometry. John Wiley and Sons, 1997. ISBN 0-471-92287-0
Jürgens, Hartmut; Peitgen, Heinz-Otto; and Saupe, Dietmar; Chaos and Fractals: New Frontiers of Science. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992. ISBN 0-387-97903-4
Mandelbrot, Benoit B.; The Fractal Geometry of Nature. New York: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1982. ISBN 0-7167-1186-9
Peitgen, Heinz-Otto; and Saupe, Dietmar; eds.; The Science of Fractal Images. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988. ISBN 0-387-96608-0
Pickover, Clifford A.; ed.; Chaos and Fractals: A Computer Graphical Journey – A 10 Year Compilation of Advanced Research. Elsevier, 1998. ISBN 0-444-50002-2
Jones, Jesse; Fractals for the Macintosh, Waite Group Press, Corte Madera, CA, 1993. ISBN 1-878739-46-8.
Lauwerier, Hans; Fractals: Endlessly Repeated Geometrical Figures, Translated by Sophia Gill-Hoffstadt, Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1991. ISBN 0-691-08551-X, cloth. ISBN 0-691-02445-6 paperback. "This book has been written for a wide audience..." Includes sample BASIC programs in an appendix.
Sprott, Julien Clinton (2003). Chaos and Time-Series Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850839-7.
Wahl, Bernt; Van Roy, Peter; Larsen, Michael; and Kampman, Eric; Exploring Fractals on the Macintosh, Addison Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-62630-6
Lesmoir-Gordon, Nigel; The Colours of Infinity: The Beauty, The Power and the Sense of Fractals. 2004. ISBN 1-904555-05-5 (The book comes with a related DVD of the Arthur C. Clarke documentary introduction to the fractal concept and the Mandelbrot set.)
Liu, Huajie; Fractal Art, Changsha: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 1997, ISBN 9787535722348.
Gouyet, Jean-François; Physics and Fractal Structures (Foreword by B. Mandelbrot); Masson, 1996. ISBN 2-225-85130-1, and New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996. ISBN 978-0-387-94153-0. Out-of-print. Available in PDF version at."Physics and Fractal Structures" (in French). Jfgouyet.fr. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
Falconer, Kenneth (2013). Fractals, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fractal.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Fractals
Fractals at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived November 16, 2001)
"Hunting the Hidden Dimension", PBS NOVA, first aired August 24, 2011
Benoit Mandelbrot: Fractals and the Art of Roughness (Archived February 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine), TED, February 2010
Technical Library on Fractals for controlling fluid
Equations of self-similar fractal measure based on the fractional-order calculus（2007）
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theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"For other uses, see Fractal (disambiguation).Sierpinski Carpet - Infinite surface area and zero volumeMandelbrot set at islandsThe Mandelbrot set: its boundary is a fractal curve with Hausdorff dimension 2. (Note that the colored sections of the image are not actually part of the Mandelbrot Set, but rather they are based on how quickly the function that produces it diverges.)Mandelbrot set with 12 encirclementsZooming into the boundary of the Mandelbrot setIn mathematics, a fractal is a geometric shape containing detailed structure at arbitrarily small scales, usually having a fractal dimension strictly exceeding the topological dimension. Many fractals appear similar at various scales, as illustrated in successive magnifications of the Mandelbrot set.[1][2][3][4] This exhibition of similar patterns at increasingly smaller scales is called self-similarity, also known as expanding symmetry or unfolding symmetry; if this replication is exactly the same at every scale, as in the Menger sponge, the shape is called affine self-similar.[5] Fractal geometry lies within the mathematical branch of measure theory.One way that fractals are different from finite geometric figures is how they scale. Doubling the edge lengths of a filled polygon multiplies its area by four, which is two (the ratio of the new to the old side length) raised to the power of two (the conventional dimension of the filled polygon). Likewise, if the radius of a filled sphere is doubled, its volume scales by eight, which is two (the ratio of the new to the old radius) to the power of three (the conventional dimension of the filled sphere). However, if a fractal's one-dimensional lengths are all doubled, the spatial content of the fractal scales by a power that is not necessarily an integer and is in general greater than its conventional dimension.[1] This power is called the fractal dimension of the geometric object, to distinguish it from the conventional dimension (which is formally called the topological dimension).[6]Analytically, many fractals are nowhere differentiable.[1][4] An infinite fractal curve can be conceived of as winding through space differently from an ordinary line – although it is still topologically 1-dimensional, its fractal dimension indicates that it locally fills space more efficiently than an ordinary line.[1][6]Sierpinski carpet (to level 6), a fractal with a topological dimension of 1 and a Hausdorff dimension of 1.893A line segment is similar to a proper part of itself, but hardly a fractal.Starting in the 17th century with notions of recursion, fractals have moved through increasingly rigorous mathematical treatment to the study of continuous but not differentiable functions in the 19th century by the seminal work of Bernard Bolzano, Bernhard Riemann, and Karl Weierstrass,[7] and on to the coining of the word fractal in the 20th century with a subsequent burgeoning of interest in fractals and computer-based modelling in the 20th century.[8][9]There is some disagreement among mathematicians about how the concept of a fractal should be formally defined. Mandelbrot himself summarized it as \"beautiful, damn hard, increasingly useful. That's fractals.\"[10] More formally, in 1982 Mandelbrot defined fractal as follows: \"A fractal is by definition a set for which the Hausdorff–Besicovitch dimension strictly exceeds the topological dimension.\"[11] Later, seeing this as too restrictive, he simplified and expanded the definition to this: \"A fractal is a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be split into parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole.\"[1] Still later, Mandelbrot proposed \"to use fractal without a pedantic definition, to use fractal dimension as a generic term applicable to all the variants\".[12]The consensus among mathematicians is that theoretical fractals are infinitely self-similar iterated and detailed mathematical constructs, of which many examples have been formulated and studied.[1][2][3] Fractals are not limited to geometric patterns, but can also describe processes in time.[5][4][13][14][15][16] Fractal patterns with various degrees of self-similarity have been rendered or studied in visual, physical, and aural media[17] and found in nature,[18][19][20][21] technology,[22][23][24][25] art,[26][27] and architecture.[28] Fractals are of particular relevance in the field of chaos theory because they show up in the geometric depictions of most chaotic processes (typically either as attractors or as boundaries between basins of attraction).[29]","title":"Fractal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benoît Mandelbrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Mandelbrot"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"frāctus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fractus#Latin"},{"link_name":"dimensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_dimension"},{"link_name":"patterns in nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandelbrot1983-1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandelbrot_quote-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"The term \"fractal\" was coined by the mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot in 1975.[30] Mandelbrot based it on the Latin frāctus, meaning \"broken\" or \"fractured\", and used it to extend the concept of theoretical fractional dimensions to geometric patterns in nature.[1][31][32]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_Fractals.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FractalTree.gif"},{"link_name":"fractal art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_art"},{"link_name":"infinite regress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_regress"},{"link_name":"homunculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandelbrot1983-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falconer-2"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandelbrot_quote-31"},{"link_name":"fractal dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_dimension"},{"link_name":"shapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapes"},{"link_name":"rep-tiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep-tile"},{"link_name":"Koch curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_curve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3D_Computer_Generated_Fractal.png"},{"link_name":"differentiable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_function"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandelbrot1983-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicsek-4"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon-33"},{"link_name":"measuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifiable_curve"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandelbrot1983-1"}],"text":"A simple fractal treeA fractal \"tree\" to eleven iterationsThe word \"fractal\" often has different connotations for the lay public as opposed to mathematicians, where the public is more likely to be familiar with fractal art than the mathematical concept. The mathematical concept is difficult to define formally, even for mathematicians, but key features can be understood with a little mathematical background.The feature of \"self-similarity\", for instance, is easily understood by analogy to zooming in with a lens or other device that zooms in on digital images to uncover finer, previously invisible, new structure. If this is done on fractals, however, no new detail appears; nothing changes and the same pattern repeats over and over, or for some fractals, nearly the same pattern reappears over and over. Self-similarity itself is not necessarily counter-intuitive (e.g., people have pondered self-similarity informally such as in the infinite regress in parallel mirrors or the homunculus, the little man inside the head of the little man inside the head ...). The difference for fractals is that the pattern reproduced must be detailed.[1]: 166, 18 [2][31]This idea of being detailed relates to another feature that can be understood without much mathematical background: Having a fractal dimension greater than its topological dimension, for instance, refers to how a fractal scales compared to how geometric shapes are usually perceived. A straight line, for instance, is conventionally understood to be one-dimensional; if such a figure is rep-tiled into pieces each 1/3 the length of the original, then there are always three equal pieces. A solid square is understood to be two-dimensional; if such a figure is rep-tiled into pieces each scaled down by a factor of 1/3 in both dimensions, there are a total of 32 = 9 pieces.We see that for ordinary self-similar objects, being n-dimensional means that when it is rep-tiled into pieces each scaled down by a scale-factor of 1/r, there are a total of rn pieces. Now, consider the Koch curve. It can be rep-tiled into four sub-copies, each scaled down by a scale-factor of 1/3. So, strictly by analogy, we can consider the \"dimension\" of the Koch curve as being the unique real number D that satisfies 3D = 4. This number is called the fractal dimension of the Koch curve; it is not the conventionally perceived dimension of a curve. In general, a key property of fractals is that the fractal dimension differs from the conventionally understood dimension (formally called the topological dimension).3D computer-generated fractalThis also leads to understanding a third feature, that fractals as mathematical equations are \"nowhere differentiable\". In a concrete sense, this means fractals cannot be measured in traditional ways.[1][4][33] To elaborate, in trying to find the length of a wavy non-fractal curve, one could find straight segments of some measuring tool small enough to lay end to end over the waves, where the pieces could get small enough to be considered to conform to the curve in the normal manner of measuring with a tape measure. But in measuring an infinitely \"wiggly\" fractal curve such as the Koch snowflake, one would never find a small enough straight segment to conform to the curve, because the jagged pattern would always re-appear, at arbitrarily small scales, essentially pulling a little more of the tape measure into the total length measured each time one attempted to fit it tighter and tighter to the curve. The result is that one must need infinite tape to perfectly cover the entire curve, i.e. the snowflake has an infinite perimeter.[1]","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Von_Koch_curve.gif"},{"link_name":"Koch snowflake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_snowflake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cantor_set_in_seven_iterations.svg"},{"link_name":"computer graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-classics-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacTutor-9"},{"link_name":"African architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Pickover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_A._Pickover"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Leibniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz"},{"link_name":"recursive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion"},{"link_name":"self-similarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-similarity"},{"link_name":"straight line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_line"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pickover-35"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandelbrot1983-1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon-33"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-classics-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacTutor-9"},{"link_name":"Karl Weierstrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass"},{"link_name":"function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass_function"},{"link_name":"graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"intuitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)"},{"link_name":"continuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function"},{"link_name":"nowhere differentiable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowhere_differentiable"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-classics-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacTutor-9"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Georg Cantor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Cantor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacTutor-9"},{"link_name":"subsets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset"},{"link_name":"Cantor sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor_set"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-classics-8"},{"link_name":"Felix Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Klein"},{"link_name":"Henri Poincaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandelbrot1983-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Julia_set_(indigo).png"},{"link_name":"Julia set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_set"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fractal_tree.gif"},{"link_name":"Sierpinski gasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_gasket"},{"link_name":"Helge von Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helge_von_Koch"},{"link_name":"Koch snowflake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_snowflake"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-classics-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacTutor-9"},{"link_name":"Wacław Sierpiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Sierpi%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_triangle"},{"link_name":"carpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_carpet"},{"link_name":"Pierre Fatou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fatou"},{"link_name":"Gaston Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Julia"},{"link_name":"complex numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_numbers"},{"link_name":"attractors and repellors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_attractors"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicsek-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-classics-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacTutor-9"},{"link_name":"Felix Hausdorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Hausdorff"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacTutor-9"},{"link_name":"Paul Lévy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L%C3%A9vy_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Lévy C curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy_C_curve"},{"link_name":"[notes 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levy_note-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karperien_Strange_Attractor_200.gif"},{"link_name":"strange attractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_attractor"},{"link_name":"multifractal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multifractal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uniform_Triangle_Mass_Center_grade_5_fractal.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60_degrees_2x_recursive_IFS.jpg"},{"link_name":"IFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterated_function_systems"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandelbrot1983-1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon-33"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacTutor-9"},{"link_name":"Benoit Mandelbrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot"},{"link_name":"How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Long_Is_the_Coast_of_Britain%3F_Statistical_Self-Similarity_and_Fractional_Dimension"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Lewis Fry Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandelbrot_quote-31"},{"link_name":"Mandelbrot set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon-33"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-classics-8"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pickover-35"},{"link_name":"Loren Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loren_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"SIGGRAPH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGGRAPH"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"A Koch snowflake is a fractal that begins with an equilateral triangle and then replaces the middle third of every line segment with a pair of line segments that form an equilateral bumpCantor (ternary) setThe history of fractals traces a path from chiefly theoretical studies to modern applications in computer graphics, with several notable people contributing canonical fractal forms along the way.[8][9] \nA common theme in traditional African architecture is the use of fractal scaling, whereby small parts of the structure tend to look similar to larger parts, such as a circular village made of circular houses.[34]\nAccording to Pickover, the mathematics behind fractals began to take shape in the 17th century when the mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Leibniz pondered recursive self-similarity (although he made the mistake of thinking that only the straight line was self-similar in this sense).[35]In his writings, Leibniz used the term \"fractional exponents\", but lamented that \"Geometry\" did not yet know of them.[1]: 405 Indeed, according to various historical accounts, after that point few mathematicians tackled the issues and the work of those who did remained obscured largely because of resistance to such unfamiliar emerging concepts, which were sometimes referred to as mathematical \"monsters\".[33][8][9] Thus, it was not until two centuries had passed that on July 18, 1872 Karl Weierstrass presented the first definition of a function with a graph that would today be considered a fractal, having the non-intuitive property of being everywhere continuous but nowhere differentiable at the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences.[8]: 7 [9]In addition, the quotient difference becomes arbitrarily large as the summation index increases.[36] Not long after that, in 1883, Georg Cantor, who attended lectures by Weierstrass,[9] published examples of subsets of the real line known as Cantor sets, which had unusual properties and are now recognized as fractals.[8]: 11–24 Also in the last part of that century, Felix Klein and Henri Poincaré introduced a category of fractal that has come to be called \"self-inverse\" fractals.[1]: 166A Julia set, a fractal related to the Mandelbrot setA Sierpinski gasket can be generated by a fractal tree.One of the next milestones came in 1904, when Helge von Koch, extending ideas of Poincaré and dissatisfied with Weierstrass's abstract and analytic definition, gave a more geometric definition including hand-drawn images of a similar function, which is now called the Koch snowflake.[8]: 25 [9] Another milestone came a decade later in 1915, when Wacław Sierpiński constructed his famous triangle then, one year later, his carpet. By 1918, two French mathematicians, Pierre Fatou and Gaston Julia, though working independently, arrived essentially simultaneously at results describing what is now seen as fractal behaviour associated with mapping complex numbers and iterative functions and leading to further ideas about attractors and repellors (i.e., points that attract or repel other points), which have become very important in the study of fractals.[4][8][9]Very shortly after that work was submitted, by March 1918, Felix Hausdorff expanded the definition of \"dimension\", significantly for the evolution of the definition of fractals, to allow for sets to have non-integer dimensions.[9] The idea of self-similar curves was taken further by Paul Lévy, who, in his 1938 paper Plane or Space Curves and Surfaces Consisting of Parts Similar to the Whole, described a new fractal curve, the Lévy C curve.[notes 1]A strange attractor that exhibits multifractal scalingUniform mass center triangle fractal2x 120 degrees recursive IFSDifferent researchers have postulated that without the aid of modern computer graphics, early investigators were limited to what they could depict in manual drawings, so lacked the means to visualize the beauty and appreciate some of the implications of many of the patterns they had discovered (the Julia set, for instance, could only be visualized through a few iterations as very simple drawings).[1]: 179 [33][9] That changed, however, in the 1960s, when Benoit Mandelbrot started writing about self-similarity in papers such as How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension,[37][38] which built on earlier work by Lewis Fry Richardson.In 1975,[31] Mandelbrot solidified hundreds of years of thought and mathematical development in coining the word \"fractal\" and illustrated his mathematical definition with striking computer-constructed visualizations. These images, such as of his canonical Mandelbrot set, captured the popular imagination; many of them were based on recursion, leading to the popular meaning of the term \"fractal\".[39][33][8][35]In 1980, Loren Carpenter gave a presentation at the SIGGRAPH where he introduced his software for generating and rendering fractally generated landscapes.[40]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geometric shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandelbrot1983-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandelbrot1983-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gouyet-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falconer-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicsek-4"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"fractal dimensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_dimension"},{"link_name":"complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Hausdorff–Besicovitch dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff%E2%80%93Besicovitch_dimension"},{"link_name":"topological dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue_covering_dimension"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandelbrot_quote-31"},{"link_name":"space-filling curves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-filling_curve"},{"link_name":"Hilbert curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_curve"},{"link_name":"[notes 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-space_filling_note-44"},{"link_name":"Falconer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Falconer_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"gestalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gestalt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falconer-2"},{"link_name":"Koch snowflake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#koch"},{"link_name":"Mandelbrot set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set"},{"link_name":"stochastically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic"},{"link_name":"randomly generated fractals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#random"},{"link_name":"coastline of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Long_Is_the_Coast_of_Britain%3F_Statistical_Self-Similarity_and_Fractional_Dimension"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicsek-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time_series-13"},{"link_name":"Multifractal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multifractal"},{"link_name":"emergent properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_properties"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Euclidean geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_geometry"},{"link_name":"recursively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandelbrot_Chaos-6"},{"link_name":"Common techniques for generating fractals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#algorithms"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandelbrot1983-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicsek-4"}],"text":"One often cited description that Mandelbrot published to describe geometric fractals is \"a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be split into parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole\";[1] this is generally helpful but limited. Authors disagree on the exact definition of fractal, but most usually elaborate on the basic ideas of self-similarity and the unusual relationship fractals have with the space they are embedded in.[1][5][2][4][41]One point agreed on is that fractal patterns are characterized by fractal dimensions, but whereas these numbers quantify complexity (i.e., changing detail with changing scale), they neither uniquely describe nor specify details of how to construct particular fractal patterns.[42] In 1975 when Mandelbrot coined the word \"fractal\", he did so to denote an object whose Hausdorff–Besicovitch dimension is greater than its topological dimension.[31] However, this requirement is not met by space-filling curves such as the Hilbert curve.[notes 2]Because of the trouble involved in finding one definition for fractals, some argue that fractals should not be strictly defined at all. According to Falconer, fractals should be only generally characterized by a gestalt of the following features;[2]Self-similarity, which may include:Exact self-similarity: identical at all scales, such as the Koch snowflake\nQuasi self-similarity: approximates the same pattern at different scales; may contain small copies of the entire fractal in distorted and degenerate forms; e.g., the Mandelbrot set's satellites are approximations of the entire set, but not exact copies.\nStatistical self-similarity: repeats a pattern stochastically so numerical or statistical measures are preserved across scales; e.g., randomly generated fractals like the well-known example of the coastline of Britain for which one would not expect to find a segment scaled and repeated as neatly as the repeated unit that defines fractals like the Koch snowflake.[4]\nQualitative self-similarity: as in a time series[13]\nMultifractal scaling: characterized by more than one fractal dimension or scaling ruleFine or detailed structure at arbitrarily small scales. A consequence of this structure is fractals may have emergent properties[43] (related to the next criterion in this list).\nIrregularity locally and globally that cannot easily be described in the language of traditional Euclidean geometry other than as the limit of a recursively defined sequence of stages. For images of fractal patterns, this has been expressed by phrases such as \"smoothly piling up surfaces\" and \"swirls upon swirls\";[6]see Common techniques for generating fractals.As a group, these criteria form guidelines for excluding certain cases, such as those that may be self-similar without having other typically fractal features. A straight line, for instance, is self-similar but not fractal because it lacks detail, and is easily described in Euclidean language without a need for recursion.[1][4]","title":"Definition and characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fractal-generating software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal-generating_software"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KarperienFractalBranch.jpg"},{"link_name":"in silico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_silico"},{"link_name":"L-systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-systems"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-branching-21"},{"link_name":"fractal generating programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal-generating_software"},{"link_name":"butterfly effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_effect"},{"link_name":"unpredictable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictability"},{"link_name":"Iterated function systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterated_function_systems"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFS-46"},{"link_name":"Koch snowflake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_snowflake"},{"link_name":"Cantor set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor_set"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Sierpinski carpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_carpet"},{"link_name":"Sierpinski gasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_gasket"},{"link_name":"Peano curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peano_curve"},{"link_name":"Harter-Heighway dragon curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_curve"},{"link_name":"T-square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-square_(fractal)"},{"link_name":"Menger sponge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menger_sponge"},{"link_name":"Strange attractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_attractor"},{"link_name":"multifractal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#multifractal"},{"link_name":"logistic map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_map"},{"link_name":"L-systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-system"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-branching-21"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modeling_vasculature-48"},{"link_name":"turtle graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_graphics"},{"link_name":"space-filling curves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-filling_curves"},{"link_name":"formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula"},{"link_name":"recurrence relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrence_relation"},{"link_name":"complex plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_plane"},{"link_name":"Mandelbrot set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set"},{"link_name":"Julia set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_set"},{"link_name":"Burning Ship fractal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Ship_fractal"},{"link_name":"Nova fractal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_fractal"},{"link_name":"Lyapunov fractal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyapunov_fractal"},{"link_name":"Lévy flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy_flight"},{"link_name":"percolation clusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation_theory"},{"link_name":"self avoiding walks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-avoiding_walk"},{"link_name":"fractal landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_landscapes"},{"link_name":"Brownian motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion"},{"link_name":"Brownian tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_tree"},{"link_name":"diffusion-limited aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion-limited_aggregation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicsek-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finite_subdivision_of_a_radial_link.png"},{"link_name":"finite subdivision rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_subdivision_rule"},{"link_name":"alternating link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_link"},{"link_name":"Finite subdivision rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_subdivision_rule"},{"link_name":"topological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finite-49"},{"link_name":"cell division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biol-50"},{"link_name":"Cantor set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor_set"},{"link_name":"Sierpinski carpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_carpet"},{"link_name":"barycentric subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycentric_subdivision"}],"text":"See also: Fractal-generating softwareSelf-similar branching pattern modeled in silico using L-systems principles[21]Images of fractals can be created by fractal generating programs. Because of the butterfly effect, a small change in a single variable can have an unpredictable outcome.Iterated function systems (IFS) – use fixed geometric replacement rules; may be stochastic or deterministic;[44] e.g., Koch snowflake, Cantor set, Haferman carpet,[45] Sierpinski carpet, Sierpinski gasket, Peano curve, Harter-Heighway dragon curve, T-square, Menger sponge\nStrange attractors – use iterations of a map or solutions of a system of initial-value differential or difference equations that exhibit chaos (e.g., see multifractal image, or the logistic map)\nL-systems – use string rewriting; may resemble branching patterns, such as in plants, biological cells (e.g., neurons and immune system cells[21]), blood vessels, pulmonary structure,[46] etc. or turtle graphics patterns such as space-filling curves and tilings\nEscape-time fractals – use a formula or recurrence relation at each point in a space (such as the complex plane); usually quasi-self-similar; also known as \"orbit\" fractals; e.g., the Mandelbrot set, Julia set, Burning Ship fractal, Nova fractal and Lyapunov fractal. The 2d vector fields that are generated by one or two iterations of escape-time formulae also give rise to a fractal form when points (or pixel data) are passed through this field repeatedly.\nRandom fractals – use stochastic rules; e.g., Lévy flight, percolation clusters, self avoiding walks, fractal landscapes, trajectories of Brownian motion and the Brownian tree (i.e., dendritic fractals generated by modeling diffusion-limited aggregation or reaction-limited aggregation clusters).[4]A fractal generated by a finite subdivision rule for an alternating linkFinite subdivision rules – use a recursive topological algorithm for refining tilings[47] and they are similar to the process of cell division.[48] The iterative processes used in creating the Cantor set and the Sierpinski carpet are examples of finite subdivision rules, as is barycentric subdivision.","title":"Common techniques for generating fractals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural phenomena with fractal features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fractals_in_nature"},{"link_name":"fractal analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_analysis"},{"link_name":"elsewhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fractals_in_technology"},{"link_name":"artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(error)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-music-17"},{"link_name":"circadian rhythms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medicine-24"},{"link_name":"in silico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_silico"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modeling_vasculature-48"},{"link_name":"fractal-generating software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal-generating_software"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicsek-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time_series-13"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medicine-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-branching-21"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modeling_vasculature-48"},{"link_name":"patterns in nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature"},{"link_name":"algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"L-systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-systems"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-branching-21"},{"link_name":"frond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frond"},{"link_name":"fern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"}],"sub_title":"Simulated fractals","text":"Fractal patterns have been modeled extensively, albeit within a range of scales rather than infinitely, owing to the practical limits of physical time and space. Models may simulate theoretical fractals or natural phenomena with fractal features. The outputs of the modelling process may be highly artistic renderings, outputs for investigation, or benchmarks for fractal analysis. Some specific applications of fractals to technology are listed elsewhere. Images and other outputs of modelling are normally referred to as being \"fractals\" even if they do not have strictly fractal characteristics, such as when it is possible to zoom into a region of the fractal image that does not exhibit any fractal properties. Also, these may include calculation or display artifacts which are not characteristics of true fractals.Modeled fractals may be sounds,[17] digital images, electrochemical patterns, circadian rhythms,[49] etc.\nFractal patterns have been reconstructed in physical 3-dimensional space[24]: 10 and virtually, often called \"in silico\" modeling.[46] Models of fractals are generally created using fractal-generating software that implements techniques such as those outlined above.[4][13][24] As one illustration, trees, ferns, cells of the nervous system,[21] blood and lung vasculature,[46] and other branching patterns in nature can be modeled on a computer by using recursive algorithms and L-systems techniques.[21]The recursive nature of some patterns is obvious in certain examples—a branch from a tree or a frond from a fern is a miniature replica of the whole: not identical, but similar in nature. Similarly, random fractals have been used to describe/create many highly irregular real-world objects, such as coastlines and mountains. A limitation of modeling fractals is that resemblance of a fractal model to a natural phenomenon does not prove that the phenomenon being modeled is formed by a process similar to the modeling algorithms.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patterns in nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Actin cytoskeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin_cytoskeleton"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"Animal coloration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_coloration"},{"link_name":"Blood vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel"},{"link_name":"pulmonary vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_vessels"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modeling_vasculature-48"},{"link_name":"Wiener process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_process"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Craters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crystal-56"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakes"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seismology-25"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Fault lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_line"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geomopt-59"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heart-18"},{"link_name":"Heart sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_sounds"},{"link_name":"Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning"},{"link_name":"Neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron"},{"link_name":"Mountain ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"Ocean waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_wave"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-63"},{"link_name":"Proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Psychedelic Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_Experience"},{"link_name":"Purkinje cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkinje_cell"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Rings of Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"River networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"Romanesco broccoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesco_broccoli"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snowflake-68"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"turbulent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frost_patterns_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Optical_Billiard_Spheres_dsweet.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geomopt-59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glue1_800x600.jpg"},{"link_name":"acrylic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acryloyl_group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lichtenberg_figure_in_block_of_Plexiglas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lichtenberg figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtenberg_figure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romanesco_broccoli_(Brassica_oleracea).jpg"},{"link_name":"Romanesco broccoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesco_broccoli"},{"link_name":"self-similar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-similar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fractal_defrosting_patterns_on_Mars.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brefeldia_maxima_plasmodium_on_wood.jpg"},{"link_name":"Slime mold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slime_mold"},{"link_name":"Brefeldia maxima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brefeldia_maxima"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dendrit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Psilomelane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilomelane"},{"link_name":"dendrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite_(crystal)"},{"link_name":"Solnhofen Limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solnhofen_Limestone"}],"sub_title":"Natural phenomena with fractal features","text":"Further information: Patterns in natureApproximate fractals found in nature display self-similarity over extended, but finite, scale ranges. The connection between fractals and leaves, for instance, is currently being used to determine how much carbon is contained in trees.[50] Phenomena known to have fractal features include:Actin cytoskeleton[51]\nAlgae\nAnimal coloration patterns\nBlood vessels and pulmonary vessels[46]\nBrownian motion (generated by a one-dimensional Wiener process).[52]\nClouds and rainfall areas[53]\nCoastlines\nCraters\nCrystals[54]\nDNA\nDust grains[55]\nEarthquakes[25][56]\nFault lines\nGeometrical optics[57]\nHeart rates[18]\nHeart sounds\nLake shorelines and areas[58][59][60]\nLightning bolts\nMountain-goat horns\nNeurons\nPolymers\nPercolation\nMountain ranges\nOcean waves[61]\nPineapple\nProteins[62]\nPsychedelic Experience\nPurkinje cells[63]\nRings of Saturn[64][65]\nRiver networks\nRomanesco broccoli\nSnowflakes[66]\nSoil pores[67]\nSurfaces in turbulent flows[68][69]\nTreesFrost crystals occurring naturally on cold glass form fractal patterns\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFractal basin boundary in a geometrical optical system[57]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA fractal is formed when pulling apart two glue-covered acrylic sheets\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHigh-voltage breakdown within a 4 in (100 mm) block of acrylic glass creates a fractal Lichtenberg figure\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRomanesco broccoli, showing self-similar form approximating a natural fractal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFractal defrosting patterns, polar Mars. The patterns are formed by sublimation of frozen CO2. Width of image is about a kilometer.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSlime mold Brefeldia maxima growing fractally on wood\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPsilomelane dendrites in the Solnhofen Limestone","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"branching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_process"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Nerve cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology"},{"link_name":"pathologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Diego Krapf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Krapf"},{"link_name":"actin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geomopt-59"},{"link_name":"endoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"organelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle"}],"sub_title":"Fractals in cell biology","text":"Fractals often appear in the realm of living organisms where they arise through branching processes and other complex pattern formation. Ian Wong and co-workers have shown that migrating cells can form fractals by clustering and branching.[70] Nerve cells function through processes at the cell surface, with phenomena that are enhanced by largely increasing the surface to volume ratio. As a consequence nerve cells often are found to form into fractal patterns.[71] These processes are crucial in cell physiology and different pathologies.[72]Multiple subcellular structures also are found to assemble into fractals. Diego Krapf has shown that through branching processes the actin filaments in human cells assemble into fractal patterns.[57] Similarly Matthias Weiss showed that the endoplasmic reticulum displays fractal features.[73] The current understanding is that fractals are ubiquitous in cell biology, from proteins, to organelles, to whole cells.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fractal art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_art"},{"link_name":"Mathematics and art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_art"},{"link_name":"Jackson Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Pollock"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Decalcomania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decalcomania"},{"link_name":"Max Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Ernst"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Ron Eglash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Eglash"},{"link_name":"African art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_art"},{"link_name":"divination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divination"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-African_art-27"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Hokky Situngkir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokky_Situngkir"},{"link_name":"batik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik"},{"link_name":"ornaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament_(art)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Benin city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_city"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Michael Silverblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Silverblatt"},{"link_name":"David Foster Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Infinite Jest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Jest"},{"link_name":"Sierpinski triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_triangle"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-novel-26"},{"link_name":"M. C. Escher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._C._Escher"},{"link_name":"Circle Limit III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Limit_III"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animated_fractal_mountain.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FRACTAL-3d-FLOWER.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fractal-BUTTERFLY.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apophysis-100303-104.jpg"},{"link_name":"fractal flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_flame"}],"sub_title":"In creative works","text":"Further information: Fractal art and Mathematics and artSince 1999 numerous scientific groups have performed fractal analysis on over 50 paintings created by Jackson Pollock by pouring paint directly onto horizontal canvasses.[74][75]\n[76]Recently, fractal analysis has been used to achieve a 93% success rate in distinguishing real from imitation Pollocks.[77] Cognitive neuroscientists have shown that Pollock's fractals induce the same stress-reduction in observers as computer-generated fractals and Nature's fractals.[78]Decalcomania, a technique used by artists such as Max Ernst, can produce fractal-like patterns.[79] It involves pressing paint between two surfaces and pulling them apart.Cyberneticist Ron Eglash has suggested that fractal geometry and mathematics are prevalent in African art, games, divination, trade, and architecture. Circular houses appear in circles of circles, rectangular houses in rectangles of rectangles, and so on. Such scaling patterns can also be found in African textiles, sculpture, and even cornrow hairstyles.[27][80] Hokky Situngkir also suggested the similar properties in Indonesian traditional art, batik, and ornaments found in traditional houses.[81][82]Ethnomathematician Ron Eglash has discussed the planned layout of Benin city using fractals as the basis, not only in the city itself and the villages but even in the rooms of houses. He commented that \"When Europeans first came to Africa, they considered the architecture very disorganised and thus primitive. It never occurred to them that the Africans might have been using a form of mathematics that they hadn't even discovered yet.\"[83]In a 1996 interview with Michael Silverblatt, David Foster Wallace explained that the structure of the first draft of Infinite Jest he gave to his editor Michael Pietsch was inspired by fractals, specifically the Sierpinski triangle (a.k.a. Sierpinski gasket), but that the edited novel is \"more like a lopsided Sierpinsky Gasket\".[26]Some works by the Dutch artist M. C. Escher, such as Circle Limit III, contain shapes repeated to infinity that become smaller and smaller as they get near to the edges, in a pattern that would always look the same if zoomed in.Aesthetics and Psychological Effects of Fractal Based Design:[84] Highly prevalent in nature, fractal patterns possess self-similar components that repeat at varying size scales. The perceptual experience of human-made environments can be impacted with inclusion of these natural patterns. Previous work has demonstrated consistent trends in preference for and complexity estimates of fractal patterns. However, limited information has been gathered on the impact of other visual judgments. Here we examine the aesthetic and perceptual experience of fractal ‘global-forest’ designs already installed in humanmade spaces and demonstrate how fractal pattern components are associated with positive psychological experiences that can be utilized to promote occupant well-being. These designs are composite fractal patterns consisting of individual fractal ‘tree-seeds’ which combine to create a ‘global fractal forest.’ The local ‘tree-seed’ patterns, global configuration of tree-seed locations, and overall resulting ‘global-forest’ patterns have fractal qualities. These designs span multiple mediums yet are all intended to lower occupant stress without detracting from the function and overall design of the space. In this series of studies, we first establish divergent relationships between various visual attributes, with pattern complexity, preference, and engagement ratings increasing with fractal complexity compared to ratings of refreshment and relaxation which stay the same or decrease with complexity. Subsequently, we determine that the local constituent fractal (‘tree-seed’) patterns contribute to the perception of the overall fractal design, and address how to balance aesthetic and psychological effects (such as individual experiences of perceived engagement and relaxation) in fractal design installations. This set of studies demonstrates that fractal preference is driven by a balance between increased arousal (desire for engagement and complexity) and decreased tension (desire for relaxation or refreshment). Installations of these composite mid-high complexity ‘global-forest’ patterns consisting of ‘tree-seed’ components balance these contrasting needs, and can serve as a practical implementation of biophilic patterns in human-made environments to promote occupant well-being.A fractal that models the surface of a mountain (animation)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t3D recursive image\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRecursive fractal butterfly image\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA fractal flame","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fractal dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_dimension"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor_2006-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Physiological responses","text":"Humans appear to be especially well-adapted to processing fractal patterns with fractal dimension between 1.3 and 1.5.[85] When humans view fractal patterns with fractal dimension between 1.3 and 1.5, this tends to reduce physiological stress.[86][87]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fractal antennas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_antenna"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-antenna-90"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fractal_transistor-91"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-springer.com_9783319324241-28"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorisation"},{"link_name":"histopathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histopathology"},{"link_name":"Fractal landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_landscape"},{"link_name":"Coastline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast"},{"link_name":"complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Michaelis–Menten kinetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelis%E2%80%93Menten_kinetics"},{"link_name":"Generation of new music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_composition"},{"link_name":"Signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(information_theory)"},{"link_name":"image compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_compression"},{"link_name":"Fractal in soil mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_in_soil_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Computer and video game design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Design"},{"link_name":"Computer Graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Graphics"},{"link_name":"Organic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life"},{"link_name":"Procedural generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_generation"},{"link_name":"Fractography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractography"},{"link_name":"fracture mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Small angle scattering theory of fractally rough systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAXS"},{"link_name":"T-shirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-shirt"},{"link_name":"MARPAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARPAT"},{"link_name":"Digital sundial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_sundial"},{"link_name":"Fractals in networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_dimension_on_networks"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medicine-24"},{"link_name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cerebellum-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neuroscience-20"},{"link_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_Imaging"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diagnostic_imaging-23"},{"link_name":"Pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pathology-96"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archaeology-100"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Soil mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_mechanics"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soil-22"},{"link_name":"Seismology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismology"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seismology-25"},{"link_name":"Search and rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-search_and_rescue-102"},{"link_name":"Morton order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_order#Applications"},{"link_name":"GPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPU"},{"link_name":"cache coherency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_coherency"},{"link_name":"texture mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_mapping"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"rasterisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasterisation"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"Applications in technology","text":"Fractal antennas[88]\nFractal transistor[89]\nFractal heat exchangers[90]\nDigital imaging\nArchitecture[28]\nUrban growth[91][92]\nClassification of histopathology slides\nFractal landscape or Coastline complexity\nDetecting 'life as we don't know it' by fractal analysis[93]\nEnzymes (Michaelis–Menten kinetics)\nGeneration of new music\nSignal and image compression\nCreation of digital photographic enlargements\nFractal in soil mechanics\nComputer and video game design\nComputer Graphics\nOrganic environments\nProcedural generation\nFractography and fracture mechanics\nSmall angle scattering theory of fractally rough systems\nT-shirts and other fashion\nGeneration of patterns for camouflage, such as MARPAT\nDigital sundial\nTechnical analysis of price series\nFractals in networks\nMedicine[24]\nNeuroscience[19][20]\nDiagnostic Imaging[23]\nPathology[94][95]\nGeology[96]\nGeography[97]\nArchaeology[98][99]\nSoil mechanics[22]\nSeismology[25]\nSearch and rescue[100]\nMorton order space filling curves for GPU cache coherency in texture mapping,[101][102][103] rasterisation[104][105] and indexing of turbulence data.[106][107]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-levy_note_37-0"},{"link_name":"Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#classics"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-space_filling_note_44-0"},{"link_name":"homeomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism"}],"text":"^ The original paper, Lévy, Paul (1938). \"Les Courbes planes ou gauches et les surfaces composées de parties semblables au tout\". Journal de l'École Polytechnique: 227–247, 249–291., is translated in Edgar, pages 181–239.\n\n^ The Hilbert curve map is not a homeomorphism, so it does not preserve topological dimension. The topological dimension and Hausdorff dimension of the image of the Hilbert map in R2 are both 2. Note, however, that the topological dimension of the graph of the Hilbert map (a set in R3) is 1.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-12-079061-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-079061-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8376-2829-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-2829-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-471-92287-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-92287-0"},{"link_name":"Peitgen, Heinz-Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz-Otto_Peitgen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-387-97903-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-97903-4"},{"link_name":"Mandelbrot, Benoit B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot"},{"link_name":"The Fractal Geometry of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fractal_Geometry_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7167-1186-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-1186-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-387-96608-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-96608-0"},{"link_name":"Pickover, Clifford A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_A._Pickover"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-444-50002-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-50002-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-878739-46-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-878739-46-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-08551-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08551-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-02445-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02445-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-850839-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850839-7"},{"link_name":"Exploring Fractals on the Macintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fractalexplorer.com"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-201-62630-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-62630-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-904555-05-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904555-05-5"},{"link_name":"Arthur C. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke"},{"link_name":"Mandelbrot set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9787535722348","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787535722348"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-225-85130-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-225-85130-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-387-94153-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-94153-0"},{"link_name":"\"Physics and Fractal Structures\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jfgouyet.fr/fractal/fractauk.html"}],"text":"Barnsley, Michael F.; and Rising, Hawley; Fractals Everywhere. Boston: Academic Press Professional, 1993. ISBN 0-12-079061-0\nDuarte, German A.; Fractal Narrative. About the Relationship Between Geometries and Technology and Its Impact on Narrative Spaces. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2014. ISBN 978-3-8376-2829-6\nFalconer, Kenneth; Techniques in Fractal Geometry. John Wiley and Sons, 1997. ISBN 0-471-92287-0\nJürgens, Hartmut; Peitgen, Heinz-Otto; and Saupe, Dietmar; Chaos and Fractals: New Frontiers of Science. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992. ISBN 0-387-97903-4\nMandelbrot, Benoit B.; The Fractal Geometry of Nature. New York: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1982. ISBN 0-7167-1186-9\nPeitgen, Heinz-Otto; and Saupe, Dietmar; eds.; The Science of Fractal Images. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988. ISBN 0-387-96608-0\nPickover, Clifford A.; ed.; Chaos and Fractals: A Computer Graphical Journey – A 10 Year Compilation of Advanced Research. Elsevier, 1998. ISBN 0-444-50002-2\nJones, Jesse; Fractals for the Macintosh, Waite Group Press, Corte Madera, CA, 1993. ISBN 1-878739-46-8.\nLauwerier, Hans; Fractals: Endlessly Repeated Geometrical Figures, Translated by Sophia Gill-Hoffstadt, Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1991. ISBN 0-691-08551-X, cloth. ISBN 0-691-02445-6 paperback. \"This book has been written for a wide audience...\" Includes sample BASIC programs in an appendix.\nSprott, Julien Clinton (2003). Chaos and Time-Series Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850839-7.\nWahl, Bernt; Van Roy, Peter; Larsen, Michael; and Kampman, Eric; Exploring Fractals on the Macintosh, Addison Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-62630-6\nLesmoir-Gordon, Nigel; The Colours of Infinity: The Beauty, The Power and the Sense of Fractals. 2004. ISBN 1-904555-05-5 (The book comes with a related DVD of the Arthur C. Clarke documentary introduction to the fractal concept and the Mandelbrot set.)\nLiu, Huajie; Fractal Art, Changsha: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 1997, ISBN 9787535722348.\nGouyet, Jean-François; Physics and Fractal Structures (Foreword by B. Mandelbrot); Masson, 1996. ISBN 2-225-85130-1, and New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996. ISBN 978-0-387-94153-0. Out-of-print. Available in PDF version at.\"Physics and Fractal Structures\" (in French). Jfgouyet.fr. Retrieved October 17, 2010.\nFalconer, Kenneth (2013). Fractals, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Sierpinski Carpet - Infinite surface area and zero volume","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f8/Sierpinski-carpet.gif"},{"image_text":"Mandelbrot set at islands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mandel_zoom_14_satellite_julia_island.jpg/220px-Mandel_zoom_14_satellite_julia_island.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mandelbrot set: its boundary is a fractal curve with Hausdorff dimension 2. (Note that the colored sections of the image are not actually part of the Mandelbrot Set, but rather they are based on how quickly the function that produces it diverges.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mandel_zoom_00_mandelbrot_set.jpg/200px-Mandel_zoom_00_mandelbrot_set.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mandelbrot set with 12 encirclements","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mandelbrot_12_Encirclements.jpg/220px-Mandelbrot_12_Encirclements.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zooming into the boundary of the Mandelbrot set","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mandelbrot_sequence_new.gif/200px-Mandelbrot_sequence_new.gif"},{"image_text":"Sierpinski carpet (to level 6), a fractal with a topological dimension of 1 and a Hausdorff dimension of 1.893","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sierpinski_carpet_6.svg/200px-Sierpinski_carpet_6.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A line segment is similar to a proper part of itself, but hardly a fractal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/LineSegment_selfSimilar_svg.svg/200px-LineSegment_selfSimilar_svg.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A simple fractal tree","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simple_Fractals.png/200px-Simple_Fractals.png"},{"image_text":"A fractal \"tree\" to eleven iterations","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FractalTree.gif/220px-FractalTree.gif"},{"image_text":"3D computer-generated fractal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/3D_Computer_Generated_Fractal.png/220px-3D_Computer_Generated_Fractal.png"},{"image_text":"A Koch snowflake is a fractal that begins with an equilateral triangle and then replaces the middle third of every line segment with a pair of line segments that form an equilateral bump","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Von_Koch_curve.gif/200px-Von_Koch_curve.gif"},{"image_text":"Cantor (ternary) set","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cantor_set_in_seven_iterations.svg/220px-Cantor_set_in_seven_iterations.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A Julia set, a fractal related to the Mandelbrot set","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Julia_set_%28indigo%29.png/200px-Julia_set_%28indigo%29.png"},{"image_text":"A Sierpinski gasket can be generated by a fractal tree.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Fractal_tree.gif/200px-Fractal_tree.gif"},{"image_text":"A strange attractor that exhibits multifractal scaling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Karperien_Strange_Attractor_200.gif"},{"image_text":"Uniform mass center triangle fractal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Uniform_Triangle_Mass_Center_grade_5_fractal.gif/200px-Uniform_Triangle_Mass_Center_grade_5_fractal.gif"},{"image_text":"2x 120 degrees recursive IFS","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/60_degrees_2x_recursive_IFS.jpg/200px-60_degrees_2x_recursive_IFS.jpg"},{"image_text":"Self-similar branching pattern modeled in silico using L-systems principles[21]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/KarperienFractalBranch.jpg/200px-KarperienFractalBranch.jpg"},{"image_text":"A fractal generated by a finite subdivision rule for an alternating link","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Finite_subdivision_of_a_radial_link.png/200px-Finite_subdivision_of_a_radial_link.png"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg"},{"title":"Mathematics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mathematics"},{"title":"Systems science portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Systems_science"},{"title":"Banach fixed point theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_fixed_point_theorem"},{"title":"Bifurcation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifurcation_theory"},{"title":"Box counting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_counting"},{"title":"Cymatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymatics"},{"title":"Determinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism"},{"title":"Diamond-square algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond-square_algorithm"},{"title":"Droste effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droste_effect"},{"title":"Feigenbaum function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feigenbaum_function"},{"title":"Form constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_constant"},{"title":"Fractal cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_cosmology"},{"title":"Fractal derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_derivative"},{"title":"Fractalgrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractalgrid"},{"title":"Fractal sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_sequence"},{"title":"Fractal string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_string"},{"title":"Fracton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracton"},{"title":"Graftal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graftal"},{"title":"Greeble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeble"},{"title":"Infinite regress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_regress"},{"title":"Lacunarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacunarity"},{"title":"List of fractals by Hausdorff dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fractals_by_Hausdorff_dimension"},{"title":"Mandelbulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbulb"},{"title":"Mandelbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbox"},{"title":"Macrocosm and microcosm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocosm_and_microcosm"},{"title":"Matryoshka doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matryoshka_doll"},{"title":"Menger Sponge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menger_Sponge"},{"title":"Multifractal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multifractal_system"},{"title":"Newton fractal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_fractal"},{"title":"Percolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation"},{"title":"Power law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_law"},{"title":"Publications in fractal geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_mathematics#Geometry"},{"title":"Random walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_walk"},{"title":"Self-reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-reference"},{"title":"Self-similarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-similarity"},{"title":"Systems theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory"},{"title":"Strange loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_loop"},{"title":"Turbulence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence"},{"title":"Wiener process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_process"}]
|
[{"reference":"Lévy, Paul (1938). \"Les Courbes planes ou gauches et les surfaces composées de parties semblables au tout\". Journal de l'École Polytechnique: 227–247, 249–291.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mandelbrot, Benoît B. (1983). The fractal geometry of nature. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7167-1186-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0R2LkE3N7-oC","url_text":"The fractal geometry of nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1186-5","url_text":"978-0-7167-1186-5"}]},{"reference":"Falconer, Kenneth (2003). Fractal Geometry: Mathematical Foundations and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. xxv. ISBN 978-0-470-84862-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-84862-3","url_text":"978-0-470-84862-3"}]},{"reference":"Briggs, John (1992). Fractals:The Patterns of Chaos. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-500-27693-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27693-8","url_text":"978-0-500-27693-8"}]},{"reference":"Vicsek, Tamás (1992). Fractal growth phenomena. Singapore/New Jersey: World Scientific. pp. 31, 139–146. ISBN 978-981-02-0668-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-0668-0","url_text":"978-981-02-0668-0"}]},{"reference":"Gouyet, Jean-François (1996). Physics and fractal structures. Paris/New York: Masson Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-94153-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-94153-0","url_text":"978-0-387-94153-0"}]},{"reference":"Mandelbrot, Benoît B. (2004). 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S2CID 14494072.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.0249","url_text":"1401.0249"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014CSF....60...31H","url_text":"2014CSF....60...31H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chaos.2013.12.010","url_text":"10.1016/j.chaos.2013.12.010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14494072","url_text":"14494072"}]},{"reference":"Brothers, Harlan J. (2007). \"Structural Scaling in Bach's Cello Suite No. 3\". Fractals. 15 (1): 89–95. doi:10.1142/S0218348X0700337X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0218348X0700337X","url_text":"10.1142/S0218348X0700337X"}]},{"reference":"Tan, Can Ozan; Cohen, Michael A.; Eckberg, Dwain L.; Taylor, J. Andrew (2009). \"Fractal properties of human heart period variability: Physiological and methodological implications\". The Journal of Physiology. 587 (15): 3929–41. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.169219. PMC 2746620. PMID 19528254.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2746620","url_text":"\"Fractal properties of human heart period variability: Physiological and methodological implications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.2009.169219","url_text":"10.1113/jphysiol.2009.169219"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2746620","url_text":"2746620"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19528254","url_text":"19528254"}]},{"reference":"Liu, Jing Z.; Zhang, Lu D.; Yue, Guang H. (2003). \"Fractal Dimension in Human Cerebellum Measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging\". Biophysical Journal. 85 (6): 4041–4046. Bibcode:2003BpJ....85.4041L. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74817-6. PMC 1303704. 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(2008). \"Box-Counting Analysis of Microglia Form in Schizophrenia, Alzheimer's Disease and Affective Disorder\". Fractals. 16 (2): 103. doi:10.1142/S0218348X08003880.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0218348X08003880","url_text":"10.1142/S0218348X08003880"}]},{"reference":"Jelinek, Herbert F.; Karperien, Audrey; Cornforth, David; Cesar, Roberto; Leandro, Jorge de Jesus Gomes (2002). \"MicroMod-an L-systems approach to neural modelling\". In Sarker, Ruhul (ed.). Workshop proceedings: the Sixth Australia-Japan Joint Workshop on Intelligent and Evolutionary Systems, University House, ANU. University of New South Wales. ISBN 978-0-7317-0505-4. OCLC 224846454. Retrieved February 3, 2012. Event location: Canberra, Australia","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FFSUGQAACAAJ","url_text":"Workshop proceedings: the Sixth Australia-Japan Joint Workshop on Intelligent and Evolutionary Systems, University House, ANU"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7317-0505-4","url_text":"978-0-7317-0505-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/224846454","url_text":"224846454"}]},{"reference":"Hu, Shougeng; Cheng, Qiuming; Wang, Le; Xie, Shuyun (2012). \"Multifractal characterization of urban residential land price in space and time\". Applied Geography. 34: 161–170. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Medal
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Royal Medal
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["1 Background","2 Recent winners","3 Full list of recipients","4 References"]
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Award of the Royal Society
AwardRoyal MedalsKing George IV of the United Kingdom (pictured) initiated the Royal Medals during 1825.Awarded forOutstanding achievements in biological, physical and applied sciences.Sponsored byThe Royal Society of London, UKDateSince 1826Country United KingdomWebsiteroyalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/royal-medal/PrecedenceNext (higher)Bakerian Medal (physical sciences)Croonian Medal (biological sciences)Next (lower)All other society awards/medals in the biological or physical sciences(restricted to Commonwealth or Irish citizens or residents only)
The Royal Medal, also known as The Queen's Medal and The King's Medal (depending on the gender of the monarch at the time of the award), is a silver-gilt medal, of which three are awarded each year by the Royal Society, two for "the most important contributions to the advancement of natural knowledge" and one for "distinguished contributions in the applied sciences", done within the Commonwealth of Nations.
Background
The award was created by George IV and awarded first during 1826. Initially there were two medals awarded, both for the most important discovery within the year previous, a time period which was lengthened to five years and then shortened to three. The format was endorsed by William IV and Victoria, who had the conditions changed during 1837 so that mathematics was a subject for which a Royal Medal could be awarded, albeit only every third year. The conditions were changed again during 1850 so that:
... the Royal Medals in each year should be awarded for the two most important contributions to the advancement of Natural Knowledge, published originally in Her Majesty's dominions within a period of not more than ten years and not less than one year of the date of the award, subject, of course, to Her Majesty's approval. ... in the award of the Royal Medals, one should be given in each of the two great divisions of Natural Knowledge.
During 1965, the system was changed to its current format, in which three medals are awarded annually by the monarch on the recommendation of the Royal Society Council. Because of its dual nature (for both physical and biological science) the award winners are chosen by both the A- and B-side Award Committees. Since its establishment during 1826 the medal has been awarded 405 times.
Recent winners
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2024)
Professor Ann Dowling: Cambridge University, 2019.
Professor Lewis Wolpert: University College London, UK, 2018.
Professor Tony Hunter: Salk Institute, US, 2014.
Professor Tom Kibble: Imperial College, UK, 2012.
Full list of recipients
Year
Name
Field
Rationale
1826
James Ivory
Mathematics
"For his Paper on Astronomical Refractions, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1823; and his other valuable Papers on Mathematical Subjects."
John Dalton
Physics
"For his development of the Atomic Theory and his other important labours and discoveries in Physical Science."
1827
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve
Astronomy
"For his Work, entitled, Catalogus Novus Stellarum Duplicium."
Humphry Davy
Physics
"For his Bakerian Lecture, On the Relations of Electrical Changes, considered as the last link, in the order of time, of the splendid chain of Discoveries in Chemical Electricity, which has been continued for so many years of his valuable life."
1828
Johann Franz Encke
Astronomy
"For his Accurate Determination of the Orbit of a Comet of short period, as confirmed by observation."
William Hyde Wollaston
Chemistry
"For his communication, entitled, On a method of rendering Platina malleable, being the conclusion of a series of researches on the properties of the Metallic Bodies contained in the Ores of Platina."
1829
Charles Bell
Anatomy
"For his Discoveries relating to the Nervous System."
Eilhard Mitscherlich
Chemistry
"For his Discoveries relating to the Laws of Crystallization, and the Properties of Crystals."
1830
Antoine Jerome Balard
Chemistry
"For his Discovery of Brome."
David Brewster
Physics
"For his Communications to the Royal Society on the Polarization and other Properties of Light."
1831
No award
1832
No award
1833
Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
Botany
"For his Researches and Investigations in Vegetable Physiology, as detailed in his Work, entitled, Physiologie Vegetale."
John Herschel
Astronomy
"For his Paper "on the Investigation of the Orbits of Revolving Double Stars," inserted in the Fifth Volume of the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society."
1834
Charles Lyell
Geology
"For his Work, entitled, Principles of Geology."
John William Lubbock
Physics
"For his Papers on the Tides published in the Philosophical Transactions."
1835
Michael Faraday
Chemistry
"For his investigations and discoveries contained in the series of experimental researches in electricity published in the Philosophical Transactions, and more particularly for the seventh series, relating to the definite nature of electrochemical action."
William Rowan Hamilton
Physics
"For the papers published by him in the 16th and 17th volumes of the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, entitled Supplement to an Essay on the Theory of Systems of Rays, and more particularly for those investigations at the conclusion of the third and last supplement, which relate to the discovery of conic refraction."
1836
George Newport
Anatomy
"For his series of investigations on the anatomy and physiology of insects, contained in his two papers published in the Philosophical Transactions within the last three years."
John Herschel
Astronomy
"For his paper on nebulae and clusters of stars, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833."
1837
William Whewell
Physics
"For his researches connected with the theory of the tides, communicated to the Royal Society and published in its Transactions within the last three years."
1838
William Fox Talbot
Mathematics
"For his papers entitled Researches in the Integral Calculus, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836 and 1837."
Thomas Graham
Chemistry
"For his paper entitled "Inquiries respecting the Constitution of salts, of oxalates, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates and chlorides," published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836."
1839
James Ivory
Mathematics
"For his paper on the theory of the astronomical refractions published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1838. Part II."
Martin Barry
Embryology
"For his papers on embryology, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1838 and 1839."
1840
Charles Wheatstone
Physiology
"For his paper entitled Contributions to the physiology of vision, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1838."
John Herschel
Astronomy
"For his paper entitled On the chemical action of the rays of the solar spectrum on preparations of silver, and other substances, both metallic and non-metallic, and on some photogenic processes, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1840."
1841
Eaton Hodgkinson
Engineering
"For his paper entitled Experimental researches on the strength of pillars of cast iron, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1840."
Robert Kane
Chemistry
"For his memoir entitled the Chemical History of archil and litmus, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1840."
1842
John Frederic Daniell
Chemistry
"For his letters on the electrolysis of secondary compounds and on voltaic combinations published in the Transactions for 1840 and 1842."
William Bowman
Anatomy
"For his paper on the structure and use of the Malpighian bodies of the kidney, with observations on the circulation through that gland, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the present year."
1843
Charles Wheatstone
Physics
"For his paper entitled, an account of several new instruments and processes for determining the constants of a voltaic circuit, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year."
James David Forbes
Physics
"For his researches on the law of extinction of the solar rays in passing through the atmosphere, contained in a paper published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1842."
1844
George Boole
Mathematics
"For his paper on a general method in analysis, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the present year."
Thomas Andrews
Chemistry
"For his paper on the thermal changes accompanying basic substitutions, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the present year."
1845
George Biddell Airy
Astronomy
"For his paper on the laws of the tides on the coast of Ireland, as inferred from an extensive series of observations made in connection with the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year."
Thomas Snow Beck
Medicine
"For his paper entitled On the nerves of the uterus, which has been ordered for publication in the Philosophical Transactions."
1846
Michael Faraday
Physics
"For his experimental researches in electricity, twentieth and twenty first series, on new magnetic actions, and on the magnetic conditions of all matter, inserted in the Philosophical Transactions part I. for 1845."
Richard Owen
Biology
"For his paper entitled A description of certain Belemnites preserved with a great proportion of their soft parts in the Oxford clay at Christian-Malford, Wilts, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1844."
1847
George Fownes
Chemistry
"For his papers published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1845, on the artificial formation of a vegeto-alkali, and on benzoline, published in the same volume of the Transactions"
William Robert Grove
Physics
"For his papers published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1845 and 1847, on the gas voltaic battery, and on certain phenomena of voltaic ignition"
1848
Charles James Hargreave
Mathematics
"For his paper on the solution of linear differential equations, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1848."
Thomas Galloway
Mathematics
"For his paper on the proper motion of the Solar System, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1847"
1849
Edward Sabine
Astronomy
"For his contributions to terrestrial magnetism, published in the Philosophical Transactions parts VII and VIII, and his memoir on the diurnal variation of the magnetic declination at Saint Helena, part I."
Gideon Mantell
Geology
"For his paper on the Iguanodon, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1848, being a continuation of a series of papers by him on the same fossil reptile, by which he has rendered eminent services to geology."
1850
Benjamin Brodie
Chemistry
"For his investigations on the chemical nature of wax, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1848 and 1849."
Thomas Graham
Chemistry
"For his paper on the motion of gases, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1849."
1851
William Parsons
Astronomy
"For his observations on the nebulae published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1850."
George Newport
Entomology
"For his paper on the impregnation of the ovum in the amphibia (first series), published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1851."
1852
James Prescott Joule
Physics
"For his paper on the mechanical equivalent of heat, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850."
Thomas Henry Huxley
Biology
"For his papers on the anatomy and the affinities of the family of the Medusae, printed in the Philosophical Transactions."
1853
Charles Darwin
Natural history
"For his work entitled Geological Observations on Coral Reefs, Volcanic Islands, and on South America, and his work, Fossil Circhipeda of Great Britain, Section Lepadidae, Monograph of the Circhipeda."
John Tyndall
Physics
"For his paper on diamagnetism and magne-crystallic action, published in the Philosophical Magazine in 1851. (the award of this medal was declined by Dr Tyndall)"
1854
August Wilhelm von Hofmann
Chemistry
"For his researches in organic chemistry published in the Transactions of the Royal and Chemical Societies."
Joseph Dalton Hooker
Botany
"For his researches in various branches of science, especially in botany, as naturalist of the Antarctic expedition of Sir James Ross, and in an expedition to the eastern part of the Himalayan range; of which researches part has been published in works entitled The Antarctic Flora, and the Flora of New Zealand, and in various other communications, and part is now in course of publication."
1855
John Obadiah Westwood
Entomology
"For his various monographs and papers on entomology."
John Russell Hind
Astronomy
"For the discovery of ten planetoids, the computation of their orbits, and various other astronomical discoveries."
1856
John Richardson
Natural history
"For his contributions to natural history and physical geography."
William Thomson
Physics
"For his various chemical researches relating to electricity, to the motive power of heat, and to other subjects."
1857
Edward Frankland
Chemistry
"For the isolation of the organic radicals of the alcohols, and for his researches on the metallic derivatives of alcohol."
John Lindley
Botany
"For his numerous researches and works on all branches of scientific botany, and especially for his vegetable kingdom, and his genera & species of Orchideae."
1858
Albany Hancock
Biology
"For his various researches on the anatomy of the mollusca."
William Lassell
Astronomy
"For his various astronomical discoveries and researches."
1859
Arthur Cayley
Mathematics
"For his mathematical papers published in the Philosophical Transactions, and in various English and foreign journals."
George Bentham
Botany
"For his important contributions to the advancement of systematic and descriptive botany."
1860
Augustus Volney Waller
Neurophysiology
"For his investigations into the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, and for the introduction of a valuable method of conducting such investigations."
William Fairbairn
Structural engineering
"For his various experimental inquiries on the properties of the materials employed in mechanical construction, contained in the Philosophical transactions, and in the publications of other scientific societies."
1861
James Joseph Sylvester
Mathematics
"For his various memoirs and researches in mathematical science."
William Benjamin Carpenter
Physiology
"For his researches on the Foraminifera, contained in four memoirs in the Philosophical Transactions, his investigations into the structure of shell, his observations on the embryonic development of Purpura, and his various other writings in physiology and comparative anatomy"
1862
Alexander William Williamson
Chemistry
"For his researches on the compound ethers, and his subsequent communications in organic chemistry."
John Thomas Romney Robinson
Astronomy
"For the Armagh catalogue of 5345 stars, deduced from observations made at the Armagh Observatory, from the years 1820 up to 1854; for his papers on the construction of astronomical instruments in the memoirs of the Astronomical Society, and his paper on electromagnets in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy."
1863
John Peter Gassiot
Physics
"For his researches on the voltaic battery and current, and on the discharge of electricity through attenuated media."
Miles Berkeley
Botany
"For his researches in cryptogamic botany, especially mycology."
1864
Jacob Lockhart Clarke
Anatomy
"For his researches on the intimate structure of the spinal cord and brain, and on the development of the spinal cord, published in five memoirs in the Philosophical Transactions and in other writings."
Warren De La Rue
Astronomy
"For his observations on the total eclipse of the Sun of 1860, and for his improvements in astronomical photography."
1865
Archibald Smith
Mathematics
"For his papers in the Philosophical Transactions and elsewhere, on the magnetism of ships."
Joseph Prestwich
Geology
"For his numerous & valuable contributions to geological science and more especially for his papers published in the Philosophical Transactions on the general question of the excavation of river valleys, and on the superficial deposits in France and England in which the works of man are associated with the remains of extinct animals."
1866
William Huggins
Astronomy
"For his researches on the spectra of some of the chemical elements and on the spectra of certain of the heavenly bodies; and especially for his researches on the spectra of the nebulae, published in the Philosophical Transactions."
William Kitchen Parker
Anatomy
"For his researches in comparative osteology, and more especially on the anatomy of the skull, as contained in papers published in the Transactions of the Zoological Society and the Philosophical Transactions."
1867
John Bennet Lawes and Joseph Henry Gilbert
Chemistry
"For their researches in agricultural chemistry."
William Edmond Logan
Geology
"For his geological researches in Canada, and the construction of a geological map of that colony."
1868
Alfred Russel Wallace
Zoology
"For his labours in practical and theoretical zoology."
George Salmon
Mathematics
"For his researches in analytical geometry and the theory of surfaces, published in the Philosophical Transactions, the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, and the Quarterly Journal of Mathematics."
1869
Augustus Matthiessen
Chemistry
"For his researches on the electrical and other physical properties of metals and their alloys."
Thomas Maclear
Astronomy
"For his measurement of an arc of the meridian at the Cape of Good Hope."
1870
Thomas Davidson
Paleontology
"For his works on the recent and fossil Brachiopoda, more especially his series of monographs in the publications of the Palaeontographical Society."
William Hallowes Miller
Mineralogy
"For his researches and writings on mineralogy and crystallography, and his scientific labours in the restoration of the National Standard of Weight."
1871
George Busk
Zoology
"For his researches in zoology, physiology, and comparative anatomy."
John Stenhouse
Chemistry
"For his researches on the lichens & their proximate constituents and derivatives, including Erythrite; and for his researches on the action of charcoal in purifying air."
1872
Henry John Carter
Zoology
"For his long continued and valuable researches in zoology, and more especially for his inquiries into the natural history of the Spongiadae."
Thomas Anderson
Chemistry
"For his investigations on the organic bases of Dippells animal oil; on codeine; on the crystallized constituents of opium; on piperin and on papaverin; and for his researches in physiological and animal chemistry."
1873
George James Allman
Zoology
"For his researches in zoology, and especially for his memoirs on the structure, development, and physiology of the gymnoblastic hydroids."
Henry Enfield Roscoe
Chemistry
"For his various chemical investigations, especially fot those on the chemical action of light, and upon the element Vanadium and its combinations."
1874
Henry Clifton Sorby
Geology
"For his researches on Slaty cleavage and on the minute structure of minerals and rocks; for the construction of the microspectroscope, and for his researches on colouring matters."
William Crawford Williamson
Paleontology
"For his contributions to zoology & palaeontology, & especially for his investigations into the structure of the fossil plants of the coal measures."
1875
Thomas Oldham
Geology
"For his long & important services in the science of geology, first as Professor of Geology, Trin. Col. Dub. And Director of the Geol. Survey of Ireland & chiefly for the great work which he has long conducted as superintendent of the Geol. Survey of India, also for the series of volumes of geological reports and memoirs, including the Palaeontographica Indica published under his direction."
William Crookes
Chemistry
"For his various chemical and physical researches, more especially for his discovery of thallium, his investigation of its compounds and determination of its atomic weight; and for his discovery of the repulsion referable to radiation."
1876
Charles Wyville Thomson
Zoology
"For his successful direction of the scientific investigations carried on by HMS Challenger."
William Froude
Hydrodynamics
"For his researches both theoretical and experimental on the behaviour of ships, their oscillations, their resistance, & propulsion."
1877
Frederick Augustus Abel
Chemistry
"For his physico-chemical researches on gun cotton & explosive agents."
Oswald Heer
Natural History
"For his numerous researches & writings on the tertiary plants of Europe, of the North Atlantic, North Asia, and North America, and for his able generalizations respecting their affinities, and their geological & climatic relations."
1878
Albert Gunther
Zoology
"For his numerous & valuable contributions to the zoology & anatomy of fishes & reptiles."
John Allan Broun
Meteorology
"For his investigations during thirty five years in magnetism and meteorology & for his improvements in methods of observation."
1879
Andrew Crombie Ramsay
Geology
"For his long continued & successful labours in geology and physical geography."
William Henry Perkin
Chemistry
"For his synthetical & other researches in organic chemistry."
1880
Andrew Noble
Physics
"For his researches into the action of explosives; his invention of the chronoscope; and other mathematical & physical inquiries."
Joseph Lister
Surgery
"For his contributions on various physiological & biological subjects published in the Philosophical Transactions & Proceedings of the Royal Society & elsewhere; and for his labours practical and theoretical, on questions relating to the antiseptic system of treatment in surgery."
1881
John Hewitt Jellett
Mathematics
"For his various mathematical & physical papers, more especially for his researches in chemical optics, & his invention of the new and delicate analyser by which they were carried out."
Francis Maitland Balfour
Biology
"For his numerous and important contributions to animal morphology; and more especially for his investigations respecting the origin of the urogenital organs and the cerebrospinal nerves of the Vertebrata; and for his work on the development of the Elasmobranch fishes."
1882
John Strutt
Physics
"For his various papers in mathematical and experimental physics."
William Henry Flower
Biology
"For his valuable contributions to the morphology and classification of the Mammalia and to anthropology."
1883
Thomas Archer Hirst
Mathematics
"For his researches in pure mathematics."
John Scott Burdon-Sanderson
Physiology
"For the eminent services which he has rendered to physiology and pathology, especially for his investigation of the relations of micro-organisms to disease, and his researches on the electric phenomena of plants."
1884
George Darwin
Mathematics
"For his mathematical investigations on the rigidity of the Earth, and on tides."
Daniel Oliver
Botany
"For his investigations in the classification of plants, and for the great services which he has rendered to taxonomic botany."
1885
David Edward Hughes
Electrical engineering
"For his electric and magnetic researches, and his invention of the microphone & the induction balance."
Ray Lankester
Zoology
"For his discoveries concerning the embryology and morphology of the mollusca and his services to embryology & animal morphology in general."
1886
Peter Guthrie Tait
Physics
"For his various mathematical and physical researches."
Francis Galton
Biology
"For his statistical inquiries into biological phenomena."
1887
Alexander Ross Clarke
Geodesy
"For his comparison of standards of length and determination of the figure of the Earth."
Henry Nottidge Moseley
Natural history
"For his numerous researches in animal morphology, and especially his investigations."
1888
Osborne Reynolds
Physics
"For his investigations in mathematical & experimental physics, and on the application of scientific theory to engineering."
Ferdinand von Mueller
Geography
"For his long services in Australian exploration and for his investigations of the flora of the Australian continent."
1889
Thomas Edward Thorpe
Chemistry
"For his researches on fluorine compounds, and his determination of the atomic weights of titanium and gold."
Walter Holbrook Gaskell
Physiology
"For his researches in cardiac physiology and his important discoveries in the anatomy and physiology of the sympathetic nervous system."
1890
John Hopkinson
Physics
"For his researches in magnetism and electricity."
David Ferrier
Neurology
"For his researches on the localisation of cerebral functions."
1891
Arthur William Rucker
Physics
"For his researches on liquid films, and his contributions to our knowledge of terrestrial magnetism."
Charles Lapworth
Geology
"For his researches among the older rocks of Britain."
1892
Charles Pritchard
Astronomy
"For his work on photometry and stellar parallax."
John Newport Langley
Physiology
"For his work on secreting glands, and on the nervous system."
1893
Harry Marshall Ward
Botany
"For his researches into the life-history of fungi and schizomycetes."
Arthur Schuster
Physics
"For his spectroscopic inquiries, and his researches on disruptive discharge through gases and on terrestrial magnetism."
1894
Joseph John Thomson
Physics
"For his contributions to mathematical and experimental physics especially to electrical theory."
Victor Horsley
Physiology
"For his investigations relating to the physiology of the nervous system, and of the thyroid gland, and to their applications to the treatment of disease."
1895
John Murray
Oceanography
"For his services to biological science and oceanography in connection with the "Challenger" reports, and for his original contributions to the same."
James Alfred Ewing
Physics
"For his investigations on magnetic induction in iron and other metals.
1896
Archibald Geikie
Geology
"For his many original contributions to geology especially those upon the Old Red Sandstone of Western Europe."
Charles Vernon Boys
Physics
"For his invention of Quartz Fibres and investigation of their properties, his improvement of the radio-micrometer and investigations with it, for developments in the art of instantaneous photography, and for his determination of the value of the constant of attraction."
1897
Richard Strachey
Geology
"For his researches in geographical, meteorological, and botanical science."
Andrew Forsyth
Mathematics
"For his contributions to the progress of pure mathematics, and especially for his work in differential equations and the theory of functions."
1898
John Kerr
Physics
"For his researches on the optical effect of electrical stress and on the reflection of light at the surface of a magnetised body."
Walter Gardiner
Botany
"For his researches on the protoplasmic connection of the cells of vegetable tissues and on the minute histology of plants."
1899
William Carmichael McIntosh
Marine biology
"For his important monographs on British marine zoology and on the fishing industries."
George Francis Fitzgerald
Physics
"For his contributions to physical science, especially in the domains of optics and electricity."
1900
Alfred Newton
Ornithology
"For his eminent contributions to the science of ornithology and the geographical distribution of animals."
Percy Alexander MacMahon
Mathematics
"For the number and range of his contributions to mathematical science"
1901
William Edward Ayrton
Electrical engineering
"For his contributions to electrical science."
William Thomas Blanford
Geology
"For his work in connection with the geographical distribution of animals"
1902
Edward Albert Schafer
Neurology
"For his researches into the functions and minute structure of the Central Nervous System, especially with regard to the motor and sensory functions of the cortex of the brain."
Horace Lamb
Applied mathematics
"For his investigations in mathematical physics."
1903
David Gill
Astronomy
"For his researches in solar and stellar parallax, and his energetic direction of the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope."
Horace Tabberer Brown
Chemistry
"For his work on the chemistry of the carbohydrates and on the assimilation of carbonic acid by green plants."
1904
David Bruce
Microbiology
"For his valuable researches in the pathology of Malta fever, nagana, and sleeping sickness, and especially for his discoveries as regards the exact causes of these diseases."
William Burnside
Mathematics
"For his researches in mathematics, particularly in the theory of groups."
1905
Charles Scott Sherrington
Neurophysiology
"For his researches on the Central Nervous System especially in relation to reflex action."
John Henry Poynting
Physics
"For his researches in physical science, especially in connection with the constant of gravitation and the theories of electrodynamics and radiation."
1906
Alfred George Greenhill
Mathematics
"For his contributions to mathematics, especially the elliptic functions and their applications."
Dukinfield Henry Scott
Botany
"For his investigations and discoveries in connection with the structure and relationship of fossil plants."
1907
Ernest William Hobson
Mathematics
"On the ground of his investigations in mathematics."
Ramsay Heatley Traquair
Natural history
"On the ground of his discoveries relating to fossil fishes."
1908
Henry Head
Neurology
"On the ground of his researches on the relations between the visceral & somatic nerves and on the functions of the different nerves."
John Milne
Geology
"On the ground of his work in seismology."
1909
Augustus Love
Mathematics
"On the ground of his researches in the theory of elasticity and cognate subjects."
Ronald Ross
Medicine
"On the ground of his researches in connection with malaria."
1910
Frederick Orpen Bower
Botany
"On the ground of his treatise on the origin of a land flora."
John Joly
Geology
"On the ground of researches in physics and geology."
1911
George Chrystal
Mathematics
"On the ground of his work in mathematics and physics."
William Maddock Bayliss
Physiology
"On the ground of his researches in physiology."
1912
Grafton Elliot Smith
Anatomy
no rationale given
William Mitchinson Hicks
Physics
"On the ground of his researches in mathematical physics."
1913
Ernest Henry Starling
Physiology
"On the ground of his contributions to the advancement of physiology."
Harold Baily Dixon
Chemistry
"On the ground of his eminence in physical chemistry, especially in connexion with explosions in gases."
1914
Ernest William Brown
Astronomy
"For investigations in astronomy, chiefly in the lunar theory."
William Johnson Sollas
Geology
"For researches in palaeontology."
1915
Joseph Larmor
Mathematics
"On the ground of his numerous and important contributions to mathematical and physical science."
William Halse Rivers Rivers
Ethnology
"On the ground of his important contributions to ethnography and ethnology."
1916
Hector Munro Macdonald
Mathematics
"For his contributions to mathematical physics."
John Scott Haldane
Physiology
"For his distinguished services to chemical physiology, more especially in reference to the chemical changes in respiration."
1917
Arthur Smith Woodward
Palaeontology
"On the ground of his researches in vertebrate palaeontology."
John Aitken
Meteorology
"On the ground of his work on cloudy condensations."
1918
Alfred Fowler
Astronomy
"For his distinguished researches in physical astronomy and spectroscopy."
Frederick Gowland Hopkins
Biochemistry
"On the ground of his researches in chemical physiology."
1919
James Hopwood Jeans
Mathematics
"On the ground of his researches in applied mathematics."
John Bretland Farmer
Botany
"On the ground of his notable work on plant and animal cytology."
1920
Godfrey Harold Hardy
Mathematics
"On the ground of his researches in pure mathematics."
William Bateson
Genetics
"On the ground of his contributions to biological science, and especially his studies in genetics."
1921
Frank Watson Dyson
Astronomy
"For his researches on the distribution and movement of the stars."
Frederick Blackman
Botany
"For his researches on the gaseous exchange in plants & on the operation of limiting factors."
1922
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
Meteorology
"For his researches on condensation nuclei and atmospheric electricity."
Joseph Barcroft
Physiology
"For his researches in physiology and especially for his work in connection with respiration."
1923
Charles James Martin
Physiology
"For his researches on animal metabolism"
Napier Shaw
Meteorology
"For his researches in meteorological science"
1924
Dugald Clerk
Engineering
"For his application of scientific principles to engineering problems."
Henry Hallett Dale
Pharmacology
"For his researches in pharmacology and physiology."
1925
Albert Seward
Botany
"For his researches on the palaeobotany of Gondwanaland."
William Henry Perkin Jr.
Organic chemistry
"For his work on the constitution of the alkaloids carried out during the past few years."
1926
Archibald Hill
Physiology
"For his distinguished work on the physical and chemical aspects of muscular contraction."
William Bate Hardy
Biochemistry
"For his pioneer work on colloidal chemistry and the theory of lubrication."
1927
John Cunningham McLennan
Physics
"For his researches in spectroscopy and atomic physics."
Thomas Lewis
Cardiology
"For his researches on the vascular system, following upon his earlier work on the mammalian heart-beat."
1928
Arthur Eddington
Astrophysics
"For his contributions to astrophysics."
Robert Broom
Palaeontology
"For his discoveries which have shed new light on the problem of the origin of mammals."
1929
John Edensor Littlewood
Mathematics
"For his work on mathematical analysis and the theory of prime numbers."
Robert Muir
Pathology
"For his contributions to the science of immunology."
1930
John Edward Marr
Geology
"For his pioneer work in the accurate zoning of the palaeozoic rocks."
Owen Willans Richardson
Physics
"For his work on thermionics and spectroscopy."
1931
Richard Glazebrook
Physics
"For his distinguished work in experimental physics."
William Henry Lang
Botany
"For his work on the anatomy and morphology of the fern-like fossils of the Old Red Sandstone."
1932
Edward Mellanby
Pharmacology
"For his important researches on dietary factors, particularly in connexion with rickets."
Robert Robinson
Chemistry
"For his work in many branches of organic chemistry, especially on the structure of plant products and their phytochemical synthesis."
1933
Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
Physics
"For his mathematical work in physics, geophysics and aerodynamics."
Patrick Playfair Laidlaw
Virology
"For his work on diseases due to viruses, including that on the cause and prevention of distemper in dogs."
1934
Edgar Douglas Adrian
Electrophysiology
"For his work on the physiology of nerve and its application to the problems of sensation."
Sydney Chapman
Geophysics
"For his researches in the kinetic theory of gases, in terrestrial magnetism and in the phenomena of the upper atmosphere."
1935
Alfred Harker
Petrology
"In recognition of his distinguished work and influence as a petrologist."
Charles Galton Darwin
Physics
"For his researches in mathematical physics, especially in the quantum mechanics of the electron and in optics."
1936
Edwin Stephen Goodrich
Zoology
"For his work on the morphology of the excretory organs of the invertebrate and for his work on the comparative anatomy and embryology of the vertebrata."
Ralph Howard Fowler
Physics
"For his work on statistical mechanics and allied departments of modern mathematical physics."
1937
Arthur Henry Reginald Buller
Biology
"In recognition of his researches on the general biology and sexuality of the fungi."
Nevil Vincent Sidgwick
Chemistry
"In recognition of his distinguished work on valency and on molecular structure."
1938
Francis William Aston
Physics
"For his discovery of the isotopes of non-radioactive elements."
Ronald Aylmer Fisher
Statistics
"For his important contributions to the theory and practice of statistical methods."
1939
David Keilin
Entomology
"For his contributions to biochemistry and entomology; in particular for his demonstration of the part played by cytochrome in the oxidation-reduction mechanisms of the living cell; and for his studies of the higher diptera."
Paul Dirac
Physics
"For the leading part he had taken in the development of the new quantum mechanics."
1940
Francis Hugh Adam Marshall
Physiology
"For his contributions to the physiology of animal reproduction."
Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett
Physics
"For his studies of cosmic rays and the showers of particles which they produce, for his share in the discovery of the positive electron, for his work on mesons and many other experimental achievements."
1941
Ernest Kennaway
Pathology
"For his discovery of the nature of the carcinogenic substances in coal tar and for his investigations on production of cancer by synthetic substances."
Edward Arthur Milne
Astrophysics
"For his researches on the atmospheres of the earth and the sun, on the internal constitution of the stars, and on the theory of relativity."
1942
William Whiteman Carlton Topley
Bacteriology
"For his outstanding work on experimental epidemiology and immunology."
Walter Norman Haworth
Chemistry
"For his fundamental contributions to organic chemistry, particularly to the constitution of the sugars and the structure of complex polysaccharides."
1943
Edward Battersby Bailey
Geology
"For his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of mountain structure and his studies on the tectonics of vulcanism."
Harold Spencer Jones
Astronomy
"For his determination of the solar parallax and of other fundamental astronomical constants."
1944
Charles Robert Harington
Chemistry
"For his work in the analysis and synthesis of thyroxine, and in immunological chemistry."
David Brunt
Meteorology
"For his fundamental contributions to meteorology."
1945
Edward James Salisbury
Botany
"For his notable contributions to plant ecology and to the study of the British flora generally."
John Desmond Bernal
Crystallography
"For his work on the structure of proteins and other substances by X-ray methods and for the solution of many other problems requiring a physical approach."
1946
Cyril Dean Darlington
Biology
"For his distinguished researches in cytology and genetics."
Lawrence Bragg
Physics
"For his distinguished researches in the sciences of X-ray structure analysis and X-ray spectroscopy."
1947
Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Virology
"For his distinguished work on bacteriophages, viruses and immunity; and for his contributions to the study of infectious disease as an ecological phenomenon."
Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
Chemistry
"For his distinguished work on the mechanism of chemical reactions from the simplest gas phase processes to the complexities of cell division."
1948
James Gray
Zoology
"For his distinguished researches in cytology, ciliary movement, and particularly his anatomical and experimental studies of animal posture and locomotion."
Harold Jeffreys
Geophysics
"For his distinguished work in geophysics and his important contributions to the astronomy of the solar system.
1949
Rudolph Albert Peters
Biochemistry
"For his distinguished biochemical researches, in particular his investigations of (i) the biochemical role of vitamin B1 in tissue metabolism; and (ii) the mechanism of the toxic action of lewisite and other arsenical compounds."
George Paget Thomson
Physics
"For his distinguished contributions to many branches of atomic physics, and especially for his work in establishing the wave properties of the electron."
1950
Carl Frederick Abel Pantin
Zoology
"For his contributions to the comparative physiology of the Invertebrata, particularly his work on nerve conduction in Crustacea and Actinozoa."
Edward Appleton
Physics
"For his work on the ele transmission of electromagnetic waves round the earth and for his investigations of the ionic state of the upper atmosphere."
1951
Howard Florey
Pharmacology
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to pathology by his studies of the functions of mucin and by his work on penicillin and other antibiotics."
Ian Heilbron
Chemistry
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to organic chemistry, notably in the field of vitamin A and polyene synthesis."
1952
Frederic Bartlett
Experimental psychology
"In recognition of his creation of an experimental school of psychology which has established under his leadership an outstanding position recognized internationally as without superior."
Christopher Kelk Ingold
Chemistry
"In recognition of his extensive theoretical and practical studies of the mechanism of organic chemical reactions and the factors influencing them; and for his analysis of the structure of benzene."
1953
Paul Fildes
Microbiology
"In recognition of his classical researches on growth factors for bacteria and for laying the foundation of work leading to a rational approach to chemotherapy."
Nevill Francis Mott
Physics
"In recognition of his eminent work in the field of quantum theory and particularly in the theory of metals."
1954
Hans Adolf Krebs
Biochemistry
"In recognition of his discovery of two key reactions in animal metabolism and for his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of cell energetics."
John Cockcroft
Physics
"In recognition of his distinguished work on nuclear and atomic physics."
1955
Vincent Wigglesworth
Entomology
"In recognition of his distinguished experimental contributions of outstanding value to many aspects of insect physiology."
Alexander Todd
Biochemistry
"In recognition of his distinguished work in organic chemistry."
1956
Owen Thomas Jones
Geology
"In recognition of his distinguished studies in the Palaeozoic rocks, particularly in Wales, his work on sediments, his palaeontological researches and the application of geological knowledge to practical problems."
Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin
Chemistry
"In recognition of her distinguished work in the elucidation of structures of penicillin, vitamin B12 and other important compounds by the methods of X-ray crystallography."
1957
Frederick Gugenheim Gregory
Botany
"In recognition of his distinguished studies in plant physiology."
William Vallance Douglas Hodge
Mathematics
"In recognition of his distinguished work on algebraic geometry."
1958
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
Physiology
"In recognition of his distinguished work on the mechanism of excitation and conduction in nerve and muscle."
Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey
Physics
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to physics, and particularly for his experimental and theoretical studies of collision phenomena in gases."
1959
Peter Brian Medawar
Physiology
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions in the field of tissue transplantation immunity and acquired tolerance."
Rudolf Peierls
Physics
"In recognition of his distinguished work on the theoretical foundations of high energy and nuclear physics."
1960
Roy Cameron
Pathology
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions in the field of cellular pathology"
Bernard Lovell
Physics
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to radio astronomy."
1961
Wilfrid Le Gros Clark
Physiology
"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to neuroanatomy and primate morphology, which he has combined to provide new knowledge of human evolution."
Cecil Frank Powell
Physics
"In recognition of his pioneering work on the development of the photographic emulsion technique in the investigation of cosmic rays and the outstanding results derived therefrom on the elementary particles in cosmic radiation."
1962
John Carew Eccles
Neurophysiology
"In recognition of his distinguished investigations of the function of the spinal cord, particularly of the mechanisms of excitation and inhibition."
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Astrophysics
"In recognition of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics, particularly those related to the stability of convective motions in fluids with and without magnetic fields."
1963
Herbert Harold Read
Geology
"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the understanding of the processes of rock metamorphism and the origins of granite."
Robert Hill
Biochemistry
"In recognition of his distinguished work in biochemistry of plants, especially for his contributions to knowledge of photosynthesis."
1964
Francis Brambell
Medicine
"In recognition of his important contribution to our understanding of the passage of protein from maternal to foetal circulations."
Michael James Lighthill
Aeroacoustics
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the flow of compressible gases, and the mathematical theory of distributions."
1965
Henry Charles Husband
Engineering
"In recognition of his distinguished work in many aspects of engineering, particularly for his design studies of large structures such as those exemplified in the radio telescopes at Jodrell Bank and Goonhilly Downs."
John Cowdery Kendrew
Crystallography
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the complete structural analysis of a protein molecule (myoglobin), particularly the biological aspects of this study."
Raymond Arthur Lyttleton
Astronomy
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to astronomy, particularly for his work on the dynamical stability of galaxies."
1966
Christopher Cockerell
Engineering
"In recognition of his pioneering invention, and major contributions to the subsequent development of hovercraft."
Frank Yates
Statistical biology
"In recognition of his profound and far-reaching contributions to the statistical methods of experimental biology."
John Ashworth Ratcliffe
Physics
"In recognition of his distinguished studies in the ionosphere and on the propagation of radio waves."
1967
Joseph Hutchinson
Biology
"In recognition of his distinguished work on the genetics and evolution of crop-plants with particular reference to cotton."
John Zachary Young
Neurophysiology
"In recognition of his outstanding researches correlating neural structure with function."
Cecil Edgar Tilley
Petrology
"In recognition of his many distinguished contributions in all branches of retrology."
1968
Gilbert Roberts
Engineering
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to civil engineering, and in particular to the design and construction of long-span suspension bridges."
Walter Thomas James Morgan
Biochemistry
"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to knowledge of the chemistry of blood-group substances, with special reference to genetical as well as immunological considerations."
Michael Francis Atiyah
Mathematics
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to algebraic geometry and to the study of differential equations by the methods of algebraic topology."
1969
Charles William Oatley
Electrical engineering
"In recognition of his distinguished work in the wartime development of radar and latterly for the design and development of a highly successful scanning electron microscope."
Frederick Sanger
Biochemistry
"In recognition of his pioneer work on the sequence of amino acids in proteins and of nucleotides of ribonucleic acids."
George Edward Raven Deacon
Oceanography
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to physical oceanography and for his leadership as director of the National Institute of Oceanography."
1970
John Fleetwood Baker
Engineering
"In recognition of his fundamental and applied work on the plastic behaviour and design of framed structures which is now being used throughout the world."
William Albert Hugh Rushton
Physiology
"In recognition of his distinguished work on the visual pigments in the living eye and on chemical and nervous adaptation in the retina."
Kingsley Charles Dunham
Geology
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to pure and applied geology, and especially in the field of metallic ore deposits."
1971
Percy Edward Kent
Geology
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to oil and gas exploration and the geology of oil and gas fields."
Max Perutz
Biology
"In recognition of his pioneering work on the molecular biology and structure of proteins."
Gerhard Herzberg
Physics
"In recognition of his distinguished experimental researches in atomic and molecular spectroscopy and its applications in chemistry, physics and astronomy."
1972
Wilfrid Bennett Lewis
Nuclear physics
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the science and technology of heavy water reactors for power generation."
Francis Crick
Biology
"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology."
Derek Barton
Chemistry
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to organic chemistry, especially his theories on the conformation of organic molecules and his syntheses of natural products."
1973
Edward Penley Abraham
Biology
"In recognition of his outstanding work on the isolation, characterization and development of the cephalosporin group of antibiotics."
Rodney Robert Porter
Biology
"In recognition of his penetrating investigations on the structure of immunoglobulins."
Martin Ryle
Astronomy
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to radioastronomy."
1974
Sydney Brenner
Biology
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology concerning the nature of the genetic code and its expression during development."
George Edwards
Engineering
"In recognition of his many contributions to aeronautical engineering, particularly in the realization of supersonic aircraft."
Fred Hoyle
Physics
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to theoretical physics and cosmology."
1975
Barnes Wallis
Engineering
"In recognition of the originality of his ideas and the determination with which he has pursued them."
David Chilton Phillips
Biology
"In recognition of his solution of the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme and his outstanding contributions to the techniques of x-ray crystallography."
Edward Bullard
Geophysics
"In recognition of his distinction as a world leader in geophysics, especially the generation of the earths magnetic field, the origin of the oceans and continental drift."
1976
Alan Walsh
Physics
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to emission and infra-red spectroscopy and his origination of the atomic absorption method of quantitative analysis."
James Learmonth Gowans
Medicine
"In recognition of his distinguished research in the field of immunology, especially as regards the recirculation and immunological role of lymphocytes"
John Warcup Cornforth
Chemistry
"In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the stereochemical unravelling of the biosynthesis of squalene and cholesterol from acetate and mevalonate."
1977
John Bertram Adams
Physics
"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the design and operation of high-energy particle accelerators."
Hugh Esmor Huxley
Biology
"In recognition of his distinguished research on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of contraction."
Peter Hirsch
Materials science
"In recognition of his distinguished studies of defects in crystals and especially of his elucidation of the process of work hardening."
1978
Tom Kilburn
Engineering
"In recognition of his outstanding individual and continuing contribution to the development of computer hardware in the United Kingdom over the last thirty years."
Roderic Alfred Gregory
Biology
"In recognition of his distinguished studies of the biological activity of peptide hormones in relation to their structure."
Abdus Salam
Physics
"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the physics of elementary particles with special reference to the unification of the electromagnetic and weak interactions."
1979
Vernon Ellis Cosslett
Physics
"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the design and development of the X-ray microscope, the scanning electron microprobe analyser, the high voltage and ultrahigh resolution (2.5A) electron microscopes and their applications in many disciplines."
Hans Walter Kosterlitz
Biology
"In recognition of his distinguished work on narcotics leading to the discovery in 1975 of the enkephalins."
Charles Frank
Physics
"In recognition of his outstanding original contributions to the theory of crystal growth, dislocations, phase transformations and polymers, with wide applications in physics, chemistry and geology."
1980
John Paul Wild
Astronomy
"In recognition of his conception of the basic principles of the Interscan aircraft instrument landing system and the guidance of its development to a successful conclusion."
Henry Harris
Medicine
"In recognition of his development of cell fusion for the study of somatic-cell genetics and differentiation including the genetic control of malignancy."
Denys Wilkinson
Physics
"In recognition of his highly original research in nuclear physics and of his outstanding contributions on giant resonances, radiative widths, second-class beta decay and the fundamental symmetries of nuclear interactions and also on instrumentation."
1981
Ralph Riley
Genetics
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to understanding the genetics of wheat and the development of new methods of producing improved varieties."
Marthe Louise Vogt
Neuroscience
"In recognition of her important contributions to synaptic biochemistry and pharmacology which are fundamental to modern neuropharmacology."
Geoffrey Wilkinson
Chemistry
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to preparative inorganic chemistry and in particular to the synthesis and application of organometallic compounds."
1982
César Milstein
Biochemistry
"In recognition of his fundamental contribution to understanding the structure and genetic control of immunoglobulins; his hybridoma technique for producing monoclonal antibodies has revolutionized the potential practical applications of immunology."
William Hawthorne
Engineering
"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to engineering thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, and particularly the internal aerodynamics of turbomachines."
Richard Henry Dalitz
Physics
"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to particle physics, particularly in relation to the properties of strange particles."
1983
Daniel Joseph Bradley
Physics
"In recognition of his development of the techniques of generating ultra-short light pulses from lasers, and of picosecond streak cameras."
Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg
Biology
"In recognition of his contributions to elucidating the nature of chemical synaptic transmission in nervous systems and the regulating effects of hormones in peripheral systems."
John Kingman
Mathematics
"In recognition of his distinguished researches on queuing theory, on regenerative phenomena, and on mathematical genetics."
1984
Alexander Lamb Cullen
Electrical engineering
"In recognition of his many distinguished contributions to microwave engineering, both theoretical and experimental, and in particular for research on microwave antennae."
Mary Lyon
Genetics
"In recognition of her distinguished contributions to the discovery of X-chromosome inactivation as a mechanism of gene dosage compensation."
Alan Battersby
Chemistry
"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the elucidation of the pathway for the biosynthesis of complex natural products."
1985
John Argyris
Engineering
"For his great contribution to the development of finite element analysis and its application to the solution of engineering problems."
John Bertrand Gurdon
Biology
"For his outstanding contributions to the techniques of nuclear transplantation and the use of the amphibian egg for investigations on replication, transcription and translation of genes."
Roger Penrose
Physics
"For his fundamental contributions to the theory of gravitational collapse and to other geometric aspects of theoretical physics."
1986
Eric Ash
Electrical engineering
"In recognition of his outstanding researches on acoustic microscopy leading to wholly new techniques and substantial improvements in resolution of acoustic microscopes."
Richard Doll
Physiology
"In recognition of his pioneering use of statistical and epidemiological techniques to evaluate environmental factors in disease, notably that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease and bronchitis."
Rex Richards
Chemistry
"In recognition of his many contributions, both theoretical and instrumental, to nuclear magnetic resonance."
1987
Gustav Victor Rudolf Born
Pharmacology
"In recognition of his major contributions to the physiology, pathology and pharmacology of platelets and of his widely used methods for studying platelet function in haemostasis and thrombosis."
Eric James Denton
Marine biology
"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the physiology of marine animals, to marine biology generally, and his leadership of U.K. marine science."
Francis Graham-Smith
Astronomy
"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to radio- and optical-astronomy."
1988
Harold Barlow
Engineering
"In recognition of his distinguished research, particularly on microwaves and waveguides, and of his lasting influence as the founder of an unusually productive research school."
Winifred Watkins
Biochemistry
"In recognition of her fundamental contributions towards an understanding of the biochemical genetics of carbohydrate antigens on cell surfaces and in secreted glycoproteins."
George Batchelor
Mathematics
"In recognition of his distinguished work on the theory of turbulence and turbulent diffusion, and the theory of microhydrodynamics and colloidal suspensions."
1989
John Vane
Pharmacology
"In recognition of his development of techniques to detect and monitor substances in the blood that regulate the circulation, and their application to the treatment of vascular and ischaemic conditions."
David Weatherall
Medicine
"In recognition of his pioneering work on the clinical and molecular basis of the thalassaemias, and fundamental contributions to the unravelling of their heterogeneity."
John Charles Polanyi
Chemistry
"In recognition of his pioneering work on the electromagnetic radiation emitted from chemical charges, leading to the basis of the chemical laser process."
1990
Olgierd Cecil Zienkiewicz
Engineering
"In recognition of his pioneering development of the finite element method as a general procedure of solving problems of engineering physics and for demonstrating its success in applications to stress analysis, fluid mechanics, electromagnetics and many other situations."
Anne McLaren
Developmental biology
"In recognition of her distinguished research on mammalian embryology, particularly for providing much of the scientific basis for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, and for analysing sex determination in mammals."
Michael Berry
Physics
"In recognition of his deep and innovatory researches in classical and quantum physics, especially the discovery of the "Berry phase"."
1991
John Mason
Physics
"In recognition of his distinguished research on cloud physics and, as Director-General of the Meteorological Office, his broadening and strengthening of research in meteorology in the UK."
Michael Berridge
Biology
"In recognition of his discovery that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate functions as a second messenger to mobilize calcium."
Dan McKenzie
Geophysics
"In recognition of his seminal role in developing a quantitative understanding of a wide range of geophysical and geological processes, including plate tectonics, mantle convection, continental deformation and melt segregation."
1992
David Tabor
Physics
"for his seminal contributions to the basic study of friction and wear between solids, of considerable relevance to the design of machines."
Anthony Epstein
Medicine
"distinguished for the isolation of the Epstein-Barr virus which is closely associated with Burkitts lymphoma."
Simon Donaldson
Mathematics
"distinguished for his work which has revolutionized our understanding of four-dimensional geometry."
1993
Rodney Hill
Applied mathematics
"for his outstanding contribution to the theoretical mechanics of solids, and especially the plasticity of solids."
Horace Barlow
Neuroscience
"for his outstanding and original contributions to electrophysiological, computational and psychophysical study of visual sensation and perception."
Volker Heine
Physics
"In recognition of his contributions to solid state theory, in particular the bonding and structure of solids."
1994
Salvador Moncada
Pharmacology
"for his contributions to pharmacology and the discovery of basic mechanisms of signal transmission relevant to drug action."
Eric Mansfield
Aeronautics
"for his many fundamental and analytical contributions to our knowledge of advanced aeronautical structures, and more recently to the biological sciences."
Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar
Physics
"his many new discoveries in the understanding of liquid crystals, for a synthesis of the subject of his seminal book, "The invention of discotic liquid crystals", and for elucidating their remarkable properties."
1995
Donald Metcalf
Medicine
"In recognition of his discovery of colony stimulating factors which regulate the growth and differentiation of normal hematopoietic and leukemic cells."
Paul Nurse
Biochemistry
"In recognition of his work on the control of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells by his discovery of the identity and function of genes that regulate the key control points in the process of cell proliferation."
Robert J P Williams
Chemistry
"In recognition of his contributions in clearly presenting the role of inorganic elements in biological systems."
1996
Robert Hinde
Zoology
"In recognition of his contributions to the field of animal behaviour and the dominant influence it achieved on the emerging field of ethology."
Jack Heslop-Harrison
Botany
"In recognition of his pioneering work in plant reproductive biology, in particular the areas of taxonomy and ecology, whole plant physiology, development of sub-cellular systems in somatic and reproductive cells, pollen/stigma interactions and acto/myosin transport systems within the pollen tube."
Andrew Wiles
Mathematics
"In recognition of his achievements in number theory, in particular Fermats Last Theorem and his achievements in algebraic number theory particularly the celebrated main conjecture on cyclotomic fields."
1997
Geoffrey Eglinton
Chemistry
"In recognition of his contribution to our understanding of the way in which chemicals move from the living biosphere to the fossil geosphere, in particular the origin, genesis, maturation and migration of oil which has had great repercussions on the petroleum industry."
John Maynard Smith
Biology
"In recognition of his theoretical contributions to evolutionary biology, combining mathematics and biology to develop a sound understanding in such fields as population dynamics, paleobiology, ethology, behavioural ecology, bacteriology and genetics."
Donald Hill Perkins
Physics
"In recognition of his contributions to experimental particle physics, in particular the elucidation of the structure of the nucleon on the basis of observations of neutrino interactions, the quark substructure of the nucleon, and production of the first quantitative evidence for the validity of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)."
1998
Edwin Southern
Biochemistry
"In recognition of his development of the method of transferring spatial patterns of DNA fragments from the electrophoretic separation medium to membranes on which the hybridisation could occur known as southern blotting, now a fundamental technique in molecular biology."
Ricardo Miledi
Neuroscience
"In recognition of his many important discoveries in cellular and molecular physiology which have greatly advanced our knowledge of synaptic transmission in the nervous system and of long-term effects of trophic interaction between neurones and effector cells."
Donald Charlton Bradley
Chemistry
"In recognition of his pioneering work on the molecular chemistry of metal-alkoxides and metal-amides, their synthesis, structure and bonding, and for his studies of their conversions to metal-oxides and metal-nitrides, processes which now find common place applications in materials science, especially in the fields of microelectronics and chemical vapour deposition."
1999
John Frank Davidson
Chemistry
"In recognition of his distinguished work over many years in chemical engineering, including fluid flow, process dynamics, gas absorption and fluidization technology which has been concerned with real problems of industrial significance."
Patrick David Wall
Neuroscience
"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the somatosensory system and, in particular, pain mechanisms, where his insights led to the therapeutic use of electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves, dorsal columns of the spinal cord, and brain stem for the control of pain, methods that are now in widespread use."
Archibald Howie
Physics
"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the development and application of electron microscopy of materials, and to the underlying theories of electron scattering, in particular his extensive contributions to inelastic scattering theory, his systematic high resolution microscope studies of amorphous materials, his introduction of the concept of coherence volume for hollow cone dark field imaging and his pioneering use of a high angle annular dark field detector to image small catalyst particles."
2000
Timothy Berners-Lee
Computer science
"In recognition of his invention and subsequent development of the World Wide Web, designing the universal resource locator (URL), an addressing system to give each Web page a unique location and the two protocols HTTP and HTML."
Geoffrey Burnstock
Neuroscience
"In recognition of his development of new hypotheses challenging the accepted views on autonomic neurotransmission, leading to new advances in the understanding of purinergic neurotransmission."
Keith Usherwood Ingold
Chemistry
"In recognition of his work in elucidating the mechanism of reactions involving free radicals."
2001
Richard Gardner
Biology
"In recognition of his pioneering work on microsurgery of the mouse blastocyst which laid the foundation for major advances in biological knowledge, both in developmental biology and in understanding of gene function."
Gabriel Horn
Biology
"In recognition of his work on the neurobiological mechanisms of behavioural imprinting, embracing molecular, cellular, anatomical, electrophysiological and ethological approaches to learning and memory."
Sam Edwards
Physics
"In recognition of his enormous influence across a wide spectrum of physical sciences, particularly theoretical condensed matter physics."
2002
Richard Peto
Mathematics
"In recognition of his outstanding work on the epidemiology of smoking and chronic disease."
Suzanne Cory
Genetics
"In recognition of her distinguished work on the molecular basis of cancer. She pioneered the use of transgenic mice to elucidate the role of various oncogenes in lymphoid malignancies."
Ray Freeman
Chemistry
"In recognition of his seminal contributions to the development and understanding of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods"
2003
John Skehel
Virology
"In recognition of his pioneering research into virology. His studies and discoveries in the mechanisms by which influenza virus binds to the host cell, and in virus-cell membrane fusion have had a fundamental impact on the field."
Kenneth Johnson
Engineering
"In recognition of his outstanding work in the field of contact mechanics. His work his characterised by elegant experiments, skilful analyses and insightful explanations of observed phenomena."
Nicholas Shackleton
Geology
"in recognition of his seminal contributions to the fields of paleoceanography and geochemistry."
2004
James Black
Chemistry
"In recognition of his work in both academia and industry, pioneering a new era of rational drug discovery."
Alec Jeffreys
Genetics
"In recognition of his outstanding discoveries and inventions which have had major impacts on large areas of genetics. "
Jack Lewis
Chemistry
"In recognition of his distinguished career in the field of inorganic chemistry over the last 50 years, mainly in the area of the transition elements."
2005
Michael Pepper
Physics
"In recognition of his work which has had the highest level of influence in condensed matter physics and has resulted in the creation of the modern field of semiconductor nanostructures."
Anthony Pawson
Biology
"In recognition of his discoveries which have revealed the principles underlying cell signalling, and have been pivotal in understanding pathological states such as cancer."
Michael Fisher
Physics
"In recognition of his seminal contributions to wetting transitions, dislocation melting and criticality of ionic solutions and many other topics in Statistical Mechanics."
2006
David Baulcombe
Botany
"In recognition of his profoundly significant recent discoveries for not only plants but for all of biology and for medicine."
Tim Hunt
Biochemistry
"discovering a key aspect of cell cycle control, the protein cyclin which is a component of cyclin dependent kinases, demonstrating his ability to grasp the significance of the result outside his immediate sphere of interest."
John Pendry
Physics
"In recognition of his seminal contributions in surface sciences, disordered systems, photonics and most recently in metamaterials and the concept of the perfect lens."
2007
Tomas Lindahl
Medicine
"making fundamental contributions to our understanding of DNA repair. His achievements stand out for their great originality, breadth and lasting influence."
Cyril Hilsum
Physics
"In recognition of his many outstanding contributions and for continuing to use his prodigious talents on behalf of industry, government and academy to this day."
James Feast
Chemistry
"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to chemical synthesis with far reaching implications, particularly for the field of functional polymeric materials."
2008
Robert Hedges
Archaeology
"In recognition of his contribution to the rapid development of accelerator mass spectrometry and radiocarbon dating techniques."
Philip Cohen
Biochemistry
"In recognition of his major contribution to our understanding of the role of protein phosphorylation in cell regulation."
Alan Fersht
Chemistry
"In recognition of his seminal work in protein engineering, which he has developed into a fundamental tool in enzyme analysis and the problem of protein folding."
2009
Chintamani Rao
Chemistry
"For his highly innovative and diverse contributions to solid-state and materials chemistry."
Ronald Laskey
Molecular Biology
"For his pivotal contributions to our understanding of the control of DNA replication and nuclear protein transport, which has led to a novel screening method for cancer diagnosis."
Chris Dobson
Biophysics
"For his outstanding contributions to the understanding of the mechanisms of protein folding and mis-folding, and the implications for disease."
2010
Peter Knight
Quantum optics
"for his pioneering research and international leadership in the field of quantum optics and quantum information science."
Azim Surani
Biology
"for his pivotal contributions to the understanding of early mammalian development."
Allen Hill
Chemistry
"for his pioneering work on protein electrochemistry, which revolutionised the diagnostic testing of glucose and many other bioelectrochemical assays."
2011
Steven Ley
Chemistry
"for his pioneering research in organic chemistry and outstanding contributions to the methodology of synthesis."
Robin Holliday
Molecular Biology
"for his highly influential discoveries of the 'Holliday junction' structure in meiotic recombination and the function of DNA methylation at CG base pairs."
Gregory Winter
Biophysics
"for his pioneering work in protein engineering and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, and his contributions as an inventor and entrepreneur."
2012
Tom Kibble
Physics
"for his theories of symmetry-breaking in quantum field theory, with diverse applications to elementary particle masses, vortex formation in Helium 3 and structure formation in the early universe."
Kenneth Murray
Biology
"for his crucial contributions to the development of genetic engineering, to biotechnology and to the study of hepatitis viruses."
Andrew Holmes
Chemistry
"for his outstanding contributions to chemical synthesis at the interface between materials and biology and pioneering the field of organic electronic materials."
2013
Rodney Baxter
Physics
"for his remarkable exact solutions of fundamental models in statistical mechanics."
Walter Bodmer
Genetics
"for seminal contributions to population genetics, gene mapping and understanding of familial genetic disease."
Peter Wells
Medical Physics
"for pioneering the application of the physical and engineering sciences to the development of ultrasonics as a diagnostic and surgical tool which has revolutionised clinical practice."
2014
Terence Tao
Mathematics
"for his many deep and varied contributions to mathematics, including harmonic analysis, prime number theory, partial differential equations, combinatorics, computer science, statistics, representation theory, and much more."
Tony Hunter
Biochemistry
"for his discovery of tyrosine phosphorylation by src protein kinase that revolutionised our understanding of cellular signal transduction."
Howard Morris
Biophysics
"for his pioneering work in biomolecular mass spectrometry including strategy and instrument design and for outstanding entrepreneurship in biopharmaceutical characterisation."
2015
Jocelyn Bell Burnell
Astronomy
"for her pivotal contribution in observing, analysing & understanding pulsars, one of the most important astronomical discoveries of the 20th century."
Elizabeth Blackburn
Biology
"for her work on the prediction and discovery of telomerase and the role of telomeres in protecting and maintaining the genome."
Christopher Llewellyn Smith
Physics
"for his major contributions to the development of the Standard Model, particularly his success in making the case for the building the LHC."
2016
John Meurig Thomas
Chemistry
"for his pioneering work within catalytic chemistry, in particular on single-site heterogeneous catalysts, which have had a major impact on green chemistry, clean technology and sustainability."
Elizabeth Robertson
Biology
"for her innovative work within the field of mouse embryology and development, establishing the pathways involved in early body planning of the mammalian embryo."
John Goodby
Material Sciences
"for his major advances and discoveries of new forms of matter and materials, in particular the development of chiral liquid crystals."
2017
Paul Corkum
Physics
"for his major contributions to laser physics and the development of the field of attosecond science."
Peter Raymond Grant Rosemary Grant
Biology
"for their research on the ecology and evolution of Darwin's finches on the Galapagos, demonstrating that natural selection occurs frequently and that evolution is rapid as a result."
Melvyn Greaves
Medicine
"for his research on surface antigens of normal and leukaemic cells that defined the cellular lineage of different leukaemias and led to procedures now in routine clinical use."
2018
Stephen Sparks
Geology
"for his contributions to our understanding of volcanoes, including evaluating their risks and mitigating their hazards."
Lewis Wolpert
Biology
"for his research on morphogenesis and pattern formation that led to the concept of positional information in embryonic development."
Shankar Balasubramanian David Klenerman
Medicine
"for their co-development of DNA sequencing techniques transforming biology and genomic medicine."
2019
Carol Robinson
Biology
"for her pioneering work on structural biology improving the understanding of proteins their interactions and functional regulation."
Michel Goedert
Biology
"for identifying and characterising assembled tau protein and alpha-synuclein and showing that they form the inclusions of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases."
Ann Dowling
Physics
"for her leading research on the reduction of combustion, aerodynamic noise and the design of aircraft, and her distinguished services to engineering."
2020
Herbert Huppert
Geophysics
"for his research in fluid mechanics. As an applied mathematician he has consistently developed highly original analysis of key natural and industrial processes."
Caroline Dean
Biology
"for elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying seasonal timing in plants, thus discovering fundamental processes of plant developmental timing and the epigenetic basis of vernalization.
Ian Shanks
Engineering
"for extending knowledge of liquid crystals and applying this successfully to invent novel LCDs. He developed commercial diabetes test strips, which have revolutionised the control and therefore the lives of diabetics worldwide.."
2021
Colin Humphreys
Materials Science
"for excelling in basic and applied science, university-industry collaboration, technology development and transfer, academic leadership, promotion of public understanding of science, and advising on science to public bodies."
Dennis Lo
Biology
"for the discovery of foetal DNA in maternal plasma, developing non-invasive prenatal testing, and making foundational contributions for other types of liquid biopsies. He has made a major impact on pre-natal diagnosis.
Michael Green
String Theory
"for crucial and influential contributions to the development of string theory over a long period, including the discovery of anomaly cancellation."
2022
Richard Ellis
Astronomy
"for motivating numerous advances in telescopes and instrumentation, and exploited these facilities to revolutionise the understanding of cosmological evolution."
Stephen C. West
Biology
"for discovering and determining the function of the key enzymes that are essential for recombination, repair and the maintenance of genomes.
Geoffrey Hinton
Computer Sciences
"for pioneering work on algorithms that learn distributed representations in artificial neural networks and their application to speech and vision, leading to a transformation of the international information technology industry."
2023
Antony Hoare
Computer Sciences
"for groundbreaking contributions that have revolutionised the computer programming field, the development of "Hoare logic" that has paved the way for provably correct code, providing a robust framework for ensuring software reliability."
Herman Waldmann
Immunology
"for pioneering monoclonal antibodies for human therapy."
Patrick Vallance Christopher Whitty
Pharmacology Epidemiology
"for their pivotal role in ensuring that the UK's response to the covid-19 pandemic has benefitted from the very best science and evidence."
References
^ a b c d "Royal Medals". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015.
^ a b c "The Royal Society Medals and Awards: Nomination guidance" (PDF). The Royal Society. 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
^ "Professor Dame Ann Dowling awarded Royal Medal, 2019". 19 July 2019.
^ "Professor Lewis Wolpert recognised with Royal Society Medal". 19 July 2018.
^ "Royal Society Presents 2014 Royal Medal to Tony Hunter, PhD, FRS, Salk Professor, 2014".
^ "Five Imperial scientists bag top awards from Royal Society, 2012". 25 July 2012.
^ Jackson, R. (2013). "John Tyndall and the Royal Medal that was never struck". Notes and Records. 68 (2): 151–164. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2013.0063. ISSN 0035-9149. PMC 4006161. PMID 24921107.
^ Royal Medals 2017
^ Royal Medals 2018
^ Royal Medals 2019
^ Royal Medals 2020
^ Royal Medals 2020
^ Royal Medals 2022
^ Royal Medals 2023
vteAwards, lectures and medals of the Royal SocietyAwards
Armourers and Brasiers' Company Prize
GlaxoSmithKline Prize
Michael Faraday Prize
Milner Award
Mullard Award
Royal Society Africa Prize
Royal Society Prizes for Science Books
Prize lectures
Crick Lecture
Ferrier Lecture
Leeuwenhoek Lecture
Paterson Lecture
Rosalind Franklin Award
Rutherford Memorial Lecture
Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture
Fellowships
Fellow of the Royal Society
Royal Society University Research Fellowship
Royal Society Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellowships
Newton Advanced Fellowships
Royal Society Research Professorship
Industry Fellowships
Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowships
Premier Medals
Copley Medal (highest award of the Royal Society)
Bakerian Medal
Croonian Medal
Royal Medal
Medals
Darwin Medal
Davy Medal
Buchanan Medal
Gabor Medal
Hughes Medal
Kavli Medal
Leverhulme Medal
Rumford Medal
Sylvester Medal
Previous awards
Bernal Lecture
Esso Energy Award
Florey Lecture
Kohn Award
Medawar Lecture
Pfizer Award
Philips Lecture
Pilgrim Trust Lecture
Tercentenary Lectures
Wilkins Lecture
Microsoft Award
UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture
Blackett Memorial Lecture
Humphry Davy Lecture
Claude Bernard Lecture
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silver-gilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver-gilt"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-1"}],"text":"AwardThe Royal Medal, also known as The Queen's Medal and The King's Medal (depending on the gender of the monarch at the time of the award), is a silver-gilt medal, of which three are awarded each year by the Royal Society, two for \"the most important contributions to the advancement of natural knowledge\" and one for \"distinguished contributions in the applied sciences\", done within the Commonwealth of Nations.[1]","title":"Royal Medal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"William IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-1"}],"text":"The award was created by George IV and awarded first during 1826. Initially there were two medals awarded, both for the most important discovery within the year previous, a time period which was lengthened to five years and then shortened to three. The format was endorsed by William IV and Victoria, who had the conditions changed during 1837 so that mathematics was a subject for which a Royal Medal could be awarded, albeit only every third year. The conditions were changed again during 1850 so that:... the Royal Medals in each year should be awarded for the two most important contributions to the advancement of Natural Knowledge, published originally in Her Majesty's dominions within a period of not more than ten years and not less than one year of the date of the award, subject, of course, to Her Majesty's approval. ... in the award of the Royal Medals, one should be given in each of the two great divisions of Natural Knowledge.During 1965, the system was changed to its current format, in which three medals are awarded annually by the monarch on the recommendation of the Royal Society Council. Because of its dual nature (for both physical and biological science) the award winners are chosen by both the A- and B-side Award Committees. Since its establishment during 1826 the medal has been awarded 405 times.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ann_Dowling_in_Cambridge_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ann Dowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Dowling"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lewis_Wolpert.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lewis Wolpert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Wolpert"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tony_Hunter.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tony Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_R._Hunter"},{"link_name":"Salk Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salk_Institute"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TH-Head-Sakurai.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom Kibble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kibble"},{"link_name":"Imperial College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Professor Ann Dowling: Cambridge University, 2019.[3]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProfessor Lewis Wolpert: University College London, UK, 2018.[4]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProfessor Tony Hunter: Salk Institute, US, 2014.[5]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProfessor Tom Kibble: Imperial College, UK, 2012.[6]","title":"Recent winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Full list of recipients"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Royal Medals\". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925080312/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/royal-medal/","url_text":"\"Royal Medals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society","url_text":"Royal Society"},{"url":"https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/royal-medal/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Royal Society Medals and Awards: Nomination guidance\" (PDF). The Royal Society. 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalsociety.org/-/media/awards/guidance-documents/the-royal-society-medals-and-awards---guidance-document-2024.pdf","url_text":"\"The Royal Society Medals and Awards: Nomination guidance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Dame Ann Dowling awarded Royal Medal, 2019\". 19 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/news/professor-dame-ann-dowling-awarded-royal-medal-0","url_text":"\"Professor Dame Ann Dowling awarded Royal Medal, 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Lewis Wolpert recognised with Royal Society Medal\". 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2018/jul/professor-lewis-wolpert-recognised-royal-society-medal","url_text":"\"Professor Lewis Wolpert recognised with Royal Society Medal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Society Presents 2014 Royal Medal to Tony Hunter, PhD, FRS, Salk Professor, 2014\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ascopost.com/issues/september-1-2014/royal-society-presents-2014-royal-medal-to-tony-hunter-phd-frs-salk-professor/","url_text":"\"Royal Society Presents 2014 Royal Medal to Tony Hunter, PhD, FRS, Salk Professor, 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five Imperial scientists bag top awards from Royal Society, 2012\". 25 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/112306/five-imperial-scientists-awards-from-royal/","url_text":"\"Five Imperial scientists bag top awards from Royal Society, 2012\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, R. (2013). \"John Tyndall and the Royal Medal that was never struck\". Notes and Records. 68 (2): 151–164. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2013.0063. ISSN 0035-9149. PMC 4006161. PMID 24921107.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4006161","url_text":"\"John Tyndall and the Royal Medal that was never struck\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2013.0063","url_text":"10.1098/rsnr.2013.0063"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-9149","url_text":"0035-9149"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4006161","url_text":"4006161"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24921107","url_text":"24921107"}]}]
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