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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_safety_officer
Diving safety officer
["1 See also","2 References"]
Administrator of a US university's research diving safety program This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Diving safety officer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Diving safety officer (DSO) is the title held by the person who administers a United States university's research diving safety program. They serve as a member of the institution's diving control board (DCB), and need broad technical and scientific expertise in research-related diving. Typical qualification includes training and experience as a scientific diver, regular membership in the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS), and qualification as a diving instructor from an internationally recognized certifying agency. The diving safety officer typically reports to a senior administrative officer (president, vice president, dean, or director), and is responsible for the conduct of the scientific diving program of the institution. They have routine operational authority for this program, including the conduct of training and certification, approval of dive plans, maintenance of diving records, and ensuring compliance with this standard and all relevant regulations of the membership organization. This organizational structure goes back to the model developed at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in the early 1950s. The model spread from there to the other campuses of the University of California, then to other California institutions, and then nationwide. It served as the model accepted by the AAUS and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. See also Diving supervisor – Professional diving team leader responsible for safety Diving team – Group of people working together to enhance dive safety and achieve a task Scientific diving – Use of diving techniques in the pursuit of scientific knowledge American Academy of Underwater Sciences – American diving standards organisation References ^ "Diving Safety Officer". Human Resources Office. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 1994-05-01. Retrieved 2011-04-22. ^ "The Diving Safety Officer". SanDiegoDiving. 2003-03-26. Retrieved 2009-09-23. vteUnderwater diving Diving activities Diving modes Atmospheric pressure diving Freediving Saturation diving Scuba diving Snorkeling Surface oriented diving Surface-supplied diving Unmanned diving Diving equipment Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment Human factors in diving equipment design Basic equipment Diving mask Snorkel Swimfin Breathing gas Bailout gas Bottom gas Breathing air Decompression gas Emergency gas supply Heliox Hydreliox Hydrox Nitrox Oxygen Travel gas Trimix Buoyancy andtrim equipment Buoyancy compensator Power inflator Dump valve Variable buoyancy pressure vessel Diving weighting system Ankle weights Integrated weights Trim weights Weight belt Decompressionequipment Decompression buoy Decompression chamber Decompression cylinder Decompression trapeze Dive computer Diving bell Diving shot Diving stage Jersey upline Jonline Diving suit Atmospheric diving suit JIM suit Newtsuit Dry suit Sladen suit Standard diving suit Rash vest Wetsuit Dive skins Hot-water suit Helmetsand masks Anti-fog Diving helmet Free-flow helmet Lightweight demand helmet Orinasal mask Reclaim helmet Shallow water helmet Standard diving helmet Diving mask Band mask Full-face mask Half mask Instrumentation Bottom timer Depth gauge Dive computer Dive timer Diving watch Helium release valve Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Pneumofathometer Submersible pressure gauge Mobilityequipment Diver propulsion vehicle Diving bell Closed bell Wet bell Diving stage Swimfin Monofin PowerSwim Towboard Wet sub Safetyequipment Alternative air source Octopus regulator Pony bottle Bolt snap Buddy line Dive light Diver's cutting tool Diver's knife Diver's telephone Through-water communications Underwater acoustic communication Diving bell Diving safety harness Emergency gas supply Bailout block Bailout bottle Lifeline Screw gate carabiner Emergency locator beacon Rescue tether Safety helmet Shark-proof cage Snoopy loop Navigation equipment Distance line Diving compass Dive reel Line marker Surface marker buoy Silt screw Underwaterbreathingapparatus Atmospheric diving suit Diving cylinder Burst disc Scuba cylinder valve Diving helmet Reclaim helmet Diving regulator Mechanism of diving regulators Regulator malfunction Regulator freeze Single-hose regulator Twin-hose regulator Full-face diving mask Open-circuitscuba Scuba set Bailout bottle Decompression cylinder Independent doubles Manifolded twin set Scuba manifold Pony bottle Scuba configuration Sidemount Sling cylinder Diving rebreathers Carbon dioxide scrubber Carleton CDBA Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment Cryogenic rebreather CUMA DSEA Dolphin Halcyon PVR-BASC Halcyon RB80 IDA71 Interspiro DCSC LAR-5 LAR-6 LAR-V LARU Mark IV Amphibian Porpoise Ray Siebe Gorman CDBA Salvus Siva Surface-supplieddiving equipment Air line Diver's umbilical Diving air compressor Gas panel Hookah Scuba replacement Snuba Standard diving dress Divingequipmentmanufacturers AP Diving Apeks Aqua Lung America Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique Beuchat René Cavalero Cis-Lunar Cressi-Sub Dacor DESCO Dive Xtras Divex Diving Unlimited International Drägerwerk Fenzy Maurice Fernez Technisub Oscar Gugen Heinke HeinrichsWeikamp Johnson Outdoors Mares Morse Diving Nemrod Oceanic Worldwide Porpoise Shearwater Research Siebe Gorman Submarine Products Suunto Diving support equipmentAccess equipment Boarding stirrup Diver lift Diving bell Diving ladder Diving platform (scuba) Diving stage Downline Jackstay Launch and recovery system Messenger line Moon pool Breathing gashandling Air filtration Activated carbon Hopcalite Molecular sieve Silica gel Booster pump Carbon dioxide scrubber Cascade filling system Diver's pump Diving air compressor Diving air filter Water separator High pressure breathing air compressor Low pressure breathing air compressor Gas blending Gas blending for scuba diving Gas panel Gas reclaim system Gas storage bank Gas storage quad Gas storage tube Helium analyzer Nitrox production Membrane gas separation Pressure swing adsorption Oxygen analyser Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Oxygen compatibility Decompressionequipment Air-lock Built-in breathing system Decompression tables Diving bell Bell cursor Closed bell Clump weight Launch and recovery system Wet bell Diving chamber Diving stage Recreational Dive Planner Saturation system Platforms Dive boat Canoe and kayak diving Combat Rubber Raiding Craft Liveaboard Subskimmer Diving support vessel HMS Challenger (K07) Underwaterhabitat Aquarius Reef Base Continental Shelf Station Two Helgoland Habitat Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station SEALAB Tektite habitat Remotely operatedunderwater vehicles 8A4-class ROUV ABISMO Atlantis ROV Team CURV Deep Drone Épaulard Global Explorer ROV Goldfish-class ROUV Kaikō ROV Kaşif ROUV Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System Mini Rover ROV OpenROV ROV KIEL 6000 ROV PHOCA Scorpio ROV Sea Dragon-class ROV Seabed tractor Seafox drone SeaPerch SJT-class ROUV T1200 Trenching Unit VideoRay UROVs Safety equipment Diver down flag Diving shot ENOS Rescue-System Hyperbaric lifeboat Hyperbaric stretcher Jackstay Jonline Reserve gas supply General Diving spread Air spread Saturation spread Hot water system Sonar Underwater acoustic positioning system Underwater acoustic communication FreedivingActivities Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Haenyeo Pearl hunting Ama Snorkeling Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Underwater target shooting Competitions Nordic Deep Vertical Blue Disciplines Constant weight (CWT) Constant weight bi-fins (CWTB) Constant weight without fins (CNF) Dynamic apnea (DYN) Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF) Free immersion (FIM) No-limits apnea (NLT) Static apnea (STA) Skandalopetra diving Variable weight apnea (VWT) Variable weight apnea without fins Equipment Diving mask Diving suit Hawaiian sling Polespear Snorkel (swimming) Speargun Swimfins Monofin Water polo cap Freedivers Deborah Andollo Simone Arrigoni Peppo Biscarini Michael Board Sara Campbell Derya Can Göçen Goran Čolak Carlos Coste Robert Croft Mandy-Rae Cruickshank Yasemin Dalkılıç Leonardo D'Imporzano Flavia Eberhard Şahika Ercümen Emma Farrell Francisco Ferreras Pierre Frolla Flavia Eberhard Mehgan Heaney-Grier Elisabeth Kristoffersen Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych Loïc Leferme Enzo Maiorca Jacques Mayol Audrey Mestre Karol Meyer Kate Middleton Stéphane Mifsud Alexey Molchanov Natalia Molchanova Dave Mullins Patrick Musimu Guillaume Néry Herbert Nitsch Umberto Pelizzari Liv Philip Annelie Pompe Stig Severinsen Tom Sietas Aharon Solomons Martin Štěpánek Walter Steyn Tanya Streeter William Trubridge Devrim Cenk Ulusoy Fatma Uruk Danai Varveri Alessia Zecchini Nataliia Zharkova Hazards Barotrauma Drowning Freediving blackout Deep-water blackout Shallow-water blackout Hypercapnia Hypothermia Historical Ama Octopus wrestling Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming Organisations AIDA International Scuba Schools International Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins Performance Freediving International Professional divingOccupations Ama Commercial diver Commercial offshore diver Hazmat diver Divemaster Diving instructor Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Haenyeo Media diver Police diver Public safety diver Scientific diver Underwater archaeologist Militarydiving Army engineer diver Canadian Armed Forces Divers Clearance diver Frogman Minentaucher Royal Navy ships diver United States military divers U.S. Navy diver U.S.Navy master diver Militarydivingunits Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) Commando Hubert Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei Decima Flottiglia MAS Frogman Corps (Denmark) Fuerzas Especiales Fukuryu GRUMEC Grup Gerak Khas Jagdkommando JW Formoza JW GROM JW Komandosów Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine KOPASKA MARCOS Marine Commandos Marinejegerkommandoen Marine Raider Regiment Minedykkerkommandoen Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) Naval Service Diving Section Naval Special Operations Command Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) Royal Engineers Russian commando frogmen Sappers Divers Group Shayetet 13 Special Air Service Special Air Service Regiment Special Actions Detachment Special Boat Service Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) Special Forces Command (Turkey) Special Forces Group (Belgium) Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) Special Service Group (Navy) Special Warfare Diving and Salvage Tactical Divers Group US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions US Navy SEALs Underwater Construction Teams Underwater Demolition Command Underwater Demolition Team Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) UNGERIN Underwaterwork Commercial offshore diving Dive leader Diver training Recreational diver training Hazmat diving Hyperbaric welding Marine construction Offshore construction Underwater construction Media diving Nondestructive testing Pearl hunting Police diving Potable water diving Public safety diving Scientific diving Ships husbandry Sponge diving Submarine pipeline Underwater archaeology Archaeology of shipwrecks Underwater cutting and welding Underwater demolition Underwater inspection Underwater logging Underwater photography Underwater search and recovery Underwater searches Underwater videography Underwater survey Salvage diving SS Egypt Kronan La Belle SS Laurentic RMS Lusitania Mars Mary Rose USS Monitor HMS Royal George Vasa Divingcontractors COMEX Helix Energy Solutions Group International Marine Contractors Association Tools andequipment Abrasive waterjet Airlift Baited remote underwater video In-water surface cleaning Brush cart Cavitation cleaning Pressure washing Pigging Lifting bag Remotely operated underwater vehicle Thermal lance Tremie Water jetting Underwaterweapons Limpet mine Speargun Hawaiian sling Polespear Underwaterfirearm Gyrojet Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun Powerhead Underwater pistols Heckler & Koch P11 SPP-1 underwater pistol Underwater revolvers AAI underwater revolver Underwater rifles ADS amphibious rifle APS underwater rifle ASM-DT amphibious rifle QBS-06 Recreational diving Recreational dive sites Index of recreational dive sites List of wreck diving sites Outline of recreational dive sites Specialties Altitude diving Cave diving Deep diving Ice diving Muck diving Open-water diving Rebreather diving Sidemount diving Solo diving Technical diving Underwater photography Wreck diving Diverorganisations British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS) Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP) Diving tourismindustry Dive center Diving in East Timor Diving in the Maldives Environmental impact of recreational diving Scuba diving tourism Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands Shark tourism Sinking ships for wreck diving sites Underwater diving on Guam Diving eventsand festivals Diversnight Underwater Bike Race Diving safety Human factors in diving equipment design Human factors in diving safety Life-support system Safety-critical system Scuba diving fatalities Underwater diving emergency Water safety Water surface searches Divinghazards List of diving hazards and precautions Environmental Current Delta-P Entanglement hazard Overhead Silt out Wave action Equipment Freeflow Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus Single point of failure Physiological Cold shock response Decompression Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen toxicity Seasickness Uncontrolled decompression Diver behaviour and competence Lack of competence Overconfidence effect Panic Task loading Trait anxiety Willful violation Consequences Barotrauma Decompression sickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Non-freezing cold injury Divingprocedures Ascending and descending Emergency ascent Boat diving Canoe and kayak diving Buddy diving buddy check Decompression Decompression practice Pyle stop Ratio decompression Dive briefing Dive log Dive planning Rule of thirds Scuba gas planning Diver communications Diver rescue Diver training Doing It Right Drift diving Gas blending for scuba diving Night diving Rebreather diving Scuba gas management Solo diving Riskmanagement Checklist Hazard identification and risk assessment Hazard analysis Job safety analysis Risk assessment Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue Risk control Hierarchy of hazard controls Incident pit Lockout–tagout Permit To Work Redundancy Safety data sheet Situation awareness Diving team Bellman Chamber operator Diver medical technician Diver's attendant Diving supervisor Diving systems technician Gas man Life support technician Stand-by diver Equipmentsafety Breathing gas quality Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Diving regulator Breathing performance of regulators Occupationalsafety andhealth Association of Diving Contractors International International Marine Contractors Association Code of practice Contingency plan Diving regulations Emergency response plan Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Operations manual Standard operating procedure Diving medicineDivingdisorders List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramp Motion sickness Surfer's ear Pressurerelated Alternobaric vertigo Barostriction Barotrauma Air embolism Aerosinusitis Barodontalgia Dental barotrauma Middle ear barotrauma Pulmonary barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dysbarism Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis Inner ear decompression sickness Isobaric counterdiffusion Taravana High-pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Nitrogen narcosis Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Breathing gascontaminants Carbon monoxide poisoning Immersionrelated Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming-induced pulmonary edema Treatment Demand valve oxygen therapy First aid Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In-water recompression Oxygen therapy Therapeutic recompression Personnel Diving Medical Examiner Diving Medical Practitioner Diving Medical Technician Hyperbaric nursing Screening Atrial septal defect Effects of drugs on fitness to dive Fitness to dive Psychological fitness to dive ResearchResearchers indiving physiologyand medicine Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Peter B. Bennett Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Alf O. Brubakk Albert A. Bühlmann John R. Clarke Guybon Chesney Castell Damant Kenneth William Donald William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr. Henry Valence Hempleman Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe-Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen Neal W. Pollock John Rawlins Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jacques Triger Diving medicalresearchorganisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network (DAN) Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC) Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC) European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC) European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS) Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) Law Civil liability in recreational diving Diving regulations Duty of care List of legislation regulating underwater diving Investigation of diving accidents Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage History of underwater diving History of decompression research and development History of Diving Museum History of scuba diving List of researchers in underwater diving Lyons Maritime Museum Man in the Sea Museum Timeline of diving technology Pearling in Western Australia US Navy decompression models and tables Archeologicalsites SS Commodore USS Monitor Queen Anne's Revenge Whydah Gally Underwater artand artists The Diver Jason deCaires Taylor Engineersand inventors Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont William Beebe Georges Beuchat Giovanni Alfonso Borelli Joseph-Martin Cabirol John R. Clarke Jacques Cousteau Charles Anthony Deane John Deane Louis de Corlieu Auguste Denayrouze Ted Eldred Henry Fleuss Émile Gagnan Karl Heinrich Klingert Peter Kreeft Christian J. Lambertsen Yves Le Prieur John Lethbridge Ernest William Moir Joseph Salim Peress Auguste Piccard Joe Savoie Willard Franklyn Searle Gordon Smith Augustus Siebe Pierre-Marie Touboulic Jacques Triger Historicalequipment Aqua-Lung RV Calypso SP-350 Denise Magnesium torch Nikonos Porpoise regulator Standard diving dress Sub Marine Explorer Vintage scuba Diverpropulsionvehicles Advanced SEAL Delivery System Cosmos CE2F series Dry Combat Submersible Human torpedo Motorised Submersible Canoe Necker Nymph R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle SEAL Delivery Vehicle Shallow Water Combat Submersible Siluro San Bartolomeo Welfreighter Wet Nellie Military andcovert operations Raid on Alexandria (1941) Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior Scientific projects 1992 cageless shark-diving expedition Mission 31 Awards and events Hans Hass Award International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures NOGI Awards Women Divers Hall of Fame IncidentsDive boat incidents Sinking of MV Conception Diver rescues Alpazat cave rescue Tham Luang cave rescue Early diving John Day (carpenter) Charles Spalding Ebenezer Watson Freediving fatalities Loïc Leferme Audrey Mestre Nicholas Mevoli Natalia Molchanova Offshorediving incidents Byford Dolphin diving bell accident Drill Master diving accident Star Canopus diving accident Stena Seaspread diving accident Venture One diving accident Waage Drill II diving accident Wildrake diving accident Professionaldiving fatalities Roger Baldwin John Bennett Victor F. Guiel Jr. Francis P. Hammerberg Craig M. Hoffman Peter Henry Michael Holmes Johnson Sea Link accident Edwin Clayton Link Gerard Anthony Prangley Per Skipnes Robert John Smyth Albert D. Stover Richard A. Walker Lothar Michael Ward Joachim Wendler Bradley Westell Arne Zetterström Scuba divingfatalities 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident Ricardo Armbruster Allan Bridge David Bright Berry L. Cannon Cotton Coulson Cláudio Coutinho E. Yale Dawson Deon Dreyer Milan Dufek Sheck Exley Maurice Fargues Fernando Garfella Palmer Guy Garman Steve Irwin death Jim Jones Henry Way Kendall Artur Kozłowski Yuri Lipski Kirsty MacColl Agnes Milowka François de Roubaix Chris and Chrissy Rouse Dave Shaw Wesley C. Skiles Dewey Smith Rob Stewart Esbjörn Svensson Josef Velek PublicationsManuals NOAA Diving Manual U.S. Navy Diving Manual Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival Underwater Handbook Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving The new science of skin and scuba diving Professional Diver's Handbook Basic Scuba Standards andCodes of Practice Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) DIN 7876 IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers General non-fiction The Darkness Beckons Goldfinder The Last Dive Shadow Divers The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure Research List of Divers Alert Network publications Dive guides Training and registrationDivertraining Competence and assessment Competency-based learning Refresher training Skill assessment Diver training standard Diving instructor Diving school Occupational diver training Commercial diver training Military diver training Public safety diver training Scientific diver training Recreational diver training Introductory diving Teaching method Muscle memory Overlearning Stress exposure training Skills Combat sidestroke Diver navigation Diver trim Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Finning techniques Scuba skills Buddy breathing Low impact diving Diamond Reef System Surface-supplied diving skills Underwater searches RecreationalscubacertificationlevelsCore diving skills Advanced Open Water Diver Autonomous diver CMAS* scuba diver CMAS** scuba diver Introductory diving Low Impact Diver Master Scuba Diver Open Water Diver Supervised diver Leadership skills Dive leader Divemaster Diving instructor Master Instructor Specialist skills Rescue Diver Solo diver Diver trainingcertificationand registrationorganisations European Underwater Federation (EUF) International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF) International Diving Schools Association (IDSA) International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) List of diver certification organizations National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nautical Archaeology Society Universal Referral Program World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC) Commercial divercertificationauthorities Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS) Commercial diver registration in South Africa Divers Institute of Technology Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Department of Employment and Labour Commercial divingschools Divers Academy International Norwegian diver school Free-divingcertificationagencies AIDA International (AIDA) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Performance Freediving International (PI) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Recreationalscubacertificationagencies American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC) American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) International Life Saving Federation (ILS) Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF) National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Sub-Aqua Association (SAA) Scuba Diving International (SDI) Scuba Educators International (SEI) Scottish Sub Aqua Club (ScotSAC) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF) United Diving Instructors (UDI) YMCA SCUBA Program Scientific divercertificationauthorities American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) CMAS Scientific Committee Technical divercertificationagencies American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Diving Science and Technology (DSAT) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Trimix Scuba Association (TSA) Technical Extended Range (TXR) Cavediving Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Technical Diving International (TDI) Military divertraining centres Defence Diving School Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center Underwater Escape Training Unit Military divertraining courses United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course Underwater sportsSurface snorkeling Finswimming Snorkeling/breath-hold Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Australia Turkey Underwater rugby Colombia United States Underwater target shooting Breath-hold Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Open Circuit Scuba Immersion finswimming Sport diving Underwater cycling Underwater orienteering Underwater photography Rebreather Underwater photography Sports governingorganisations and federations International AIDA International Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques) National AIDA Hellas Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association British Octopush Association British Underwater Sports Association Comhairle Fo-Thuinn Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins South African Underwater Sports Federation Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Underwater Society of America) Competitions 14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship Underwater Hockey World Championships Underwater Orienteering World Championships Underwater Rugby World Championships Underwater diversPioneersof diving Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro Aquanaut Mary Bonnin Amelia Behrens-Furniss James F. Cahill Jacques Cousteau Billy Deans Dottie Frazier Trevor Hampton Hans Hass Dick Rutkowski Teseo Tesei Arne Zetterström Underwaterscientistsarchaeologists andenvironmentalists Michael Arbuthnot Robert Ballard George Bass Mensun Bound Louis Boutan Hugh Bradner Cathy Church Eugenie Clark James P. Delgado Sylvia Earle John Christopher Fine George R. Fischer Anders Franzén Honor Frost Fernando Garfella Palmer David Gibbins Graham Jessop Swietenia Puspa Lestari Pilar Luna Robert F. Marx Anna Marguerite McCann Innes McCartney Charles T. Meide Mark M. Newell Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova John Peter Oleson Mendel L. Peterson Richard Pyle Andreas Rechnitzer William R. Royal Margaret Rule Gunter Schöbel Stephanie Schwabe Myriam Seco E. Lee Spence Robert Sténuit Peter Throckmorton Cristina Zenato Scuba recordholders Pascal Bernabé Jim Bowden Mark Ellyatt Sheck Exley Nuno Gomes Claudia Serpieri Krzysztof Starnawski Underwaterfilmmakersand presenters Samir Alhafith David Attenborough Ramón Bravo Jean-Michel Cousteau Richie Kohler Paul Rose Andy Torbet Ivan Tors Andrew Wight Underwaterphotographers Doug Allan Tamara Benitez Georges Beuchat Adrian Biddle Jonathan Bird Eric Cheng Neville Coleman Jacques Cousteau John D. Craig Ben Cropp Bernard Delemotte David Doubilet Candice Farmer John Christopher Fine Rodney Fox Ric Frazier Stephen Frink Peter Gimbel Monty Halls Hans Hass Henry Way Kendall Rudie Kuiter Joseph B. MacInnis Luis Marden Agnes Milowka Noel Monkman Pete Oxford Steve Parish Zale Parry Pierre Petit Leni Riefenstahl Peter Scoones Brian Skerry Wesley C. Skiles E. Lee Spence Philippe Tailliez Ron Taylor Valerie Taylor Albert Tillman John Veltri Stan Waterman Michele Westmorland John Ernest Williamson J. 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_fiction
Mystery fiction
["1 Beginnings","1.1 21st century","2 Classifications","2.1 Detective fiction","2.2 True crime","2.3 Cozy mystery","2.4 Legal thriller","2.5 Police procedural","2.6 Howcatchem","2.7 Hardboiled fiction","2.8 Historical mystery","2.9 Locked-room mystery","3 References","4 External links"]
Fiction genre involving characters investigating and solving a mystery This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mystery fiction" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cover of the pulp mystery-fiction magazine Mystery (January 1934) Mystery is a fiction genre where the nature of an event, usually a murder or other crime, remains mysterious until the end of the story. Often within a closed circle of suspects, each suspect is usually provided with a credible motive and a reasonable opportunity for committing the crime. The central character is often a detective (such as Sherlock Holmes), who eventually solves the mystery by logical deduction from facts presented to the reader. Some mystery books are non-fiction. Mystery fiction can be detective stories in which the emphasis is on the puzzle or suspense element and its logical solution such as a whodunit. Mystery fiction can be contrasted with hardboiled detective stories, which focus on action and gritty realism. Mystery fiction can involve a supernatural mystery in which the solution does not have to be logical and even in which there is no crime involved. This usage was common in the pulp magazines of the 1930s and 1940s, whose titles such as Dime Mystery, Thrilling Mystery, and Spicy Mystery offered what were then described as complicated to solve and weird stories: supernatural horror in the vein of Grand Guignol. That contrasted with parallel titles of the same names which contained conventional hardboiled crime fiction. The first use of "mystery" in that sense was by Dime Mystery, which started out as an ordinary crime fiction magazine but switched to "weird menace" during the later part of 1933. Beginnings The genre of mystery novels is a young form of literature that has developed since the early 19th century. The rise of literacy began in the years of the English Renaissance and, as people began to read over time, they became more individualistic in their thinking. As people became more individualistic in their thinking, they developed a respect for human reason and the ability to solve problems. Perhaps a reason that mystery fiction was unheard of before the 19th century was due in part to the lack of true police forces. Before the Industrial Revolution, many towns would have constables and a night watchman at best. Naturally, the constable would be aware of every individual in the town, and crimes were either solved quickly or left unsolved entirely. As people began to crowd into cities, police forces became institutionalized, and the need for detectives was realized – thus the mystery novel arose. Novels by Agatha Christie An early work of modern mystery fiction, Das Fräulein von Scuderi by E. T. A. Hoffmann (1819), was an influence on The Murders in the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allan Poe (1841) as may have been Voltaire's Zadig (1747). Wilkie Collins' novel The Woman in White was published in 1860, while The Moonstone (1868) is often thought to be his masterpiece. In 1887 Arthur Conan Doyle introduced Sherlock Holmes, whose mysteries are said to have been singularly responsible for the huge popularity in this genre. In 1901 Maurice Leblanc created gentleman burglar, Arsène Lupin, whose creative imagination rivaled the "deduction" of Sherlock Holmes, who was disparagingly included in some Lupin stories under obvious pseudonyms. The genre began to expand near the turn of the century with the development of dime novels and pulp magazines. Books were especially helpful to the genre, with many authors writing in the genre in the 1920s. An important contribution to mystery fiction in the 1920s was the development of the juvenile mystery by Edward Stratemeyer. Stratemeyer originally developed and wrote the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries written under the Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene pseudonyms respectively (and were later written by his daughter, Harriet Adams, and other authors). The 1920s also gave rise to one of the most popular mystery authors of all time, Agatha Christie, whose works include Murder on the Orient Express (1934), Death on the Nile (1937), and the world's best-selling mystery And Then There Were None (1939). The massive popularity of pulp magazines in the 1930s and 1940s increased interest in mystery fiction. Pulp magazines decreased in popularity in the 1950s with the rise of television, so much that the numerous titles available then are reduced to two today: Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine and Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine—both now published by Dell Magazines, a division of Crosstown Publications. The detective fiction author Ellery Queen (pseudonym of Frederic Dannay and Manfred B. Lee) is also credited with continuing interest in mystery fiction. 21st century Interest in mystery fiction continues to this day partly because of various television shows which have used mystery themes and the many juvenile and adult novels which continue to be published. There is some overlap with "thriller" or "suspense" novels and authors in those genres may consider themselves mystery novelists. Comic books and graphic novels have carried on the tradition, and film adaptations or the even-more-recent web-based detective series, have helped to re-popularize the genre in recent times. Classifications Detective fiction Main article: Detective fiction Though the origins of the genre date back to ancient literature and One Thousand and One Nights, the modern detective story as it is konwn today was invented by Edgar Allan Poe in the mid-19th century through his short story, "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", which featured arguably the world's first fictional detective, C. Auguste Dupin. However, detective fiction was popularized only later, in the late 19th century, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories, considered milestones in crime fiction. The detective story shares some similarities with mystery fiction in that it also has a mystery to be solved, clues, red herrings, some plot twists along the way and a detective denouement, but differs on several points. Most of the Sherlock Holmes stories feature no suspects at all, while mystery fiction, in contrast, features a large number of them. As noted, detective stories feature professional and retired detectives, while mystery fiction almost exclusively features amateur detectives. Finally, detective stories focus on the detective and how the crime was solved, while mystery fiction concentrates on the identity of the culprit and how the crime was committed, a distinction that separated And Then There Were None from other works of Agatha Christie. A common subgenre of detective fiction is the Whodunit. Whodunits experienced an increase in popularity during the Golden Age of Detective Fiction of the 1920s-1940s, when it was the primary style of detective fiction. This subgenre is classified as a detective story where the reader is given clues throughout as to who the culprit is, giving the reader the opportunity to solve the crime before it is revealed. During the Golden Age, whodunits were written primarily by women, however Wilkie Collins' The Moonstone is often recognized as one of the first examples of the genre. True crime Main article: True crime True crime is a literary genre that recounts real crimes committed by real people, almost half focusing on serial killers. Criticized by many as being insensitive to those personally acquainted with the incidents, it is often categorized as trash culture. Having basis on reality, it shares more similarities with docufiction than the mystery genre. Unlike fiction of the kind, it does not focus much on the identity of the culprit and has no red herrings or clues, but often emphasizes how the culprit was caught and their motivations behind their actions. Cozy mystery Main article: Cozy mystery Cozy mysteries began in the late 20th century as a reinvention of the Golden Age whodunit; these novels generally shy away from violence and suspense and frequently feature female amateur detectives. Modern cozy mysteries are frequently, though not necessarily in either case, humorous and thematic. This genre features minimal violence, sex and social relevance, a solution achieved by intellect or intuition rather than police procedure, with order restored in the end, honorable characters, and a setting in a closed community. The murders are often committed by less violent tools such as poison and the wounds inflicted are rarely if ever used as clues. The writers who innovated and popularized the genre include Agatha Christie, Dorothy L. Sayers and Elizabeth Daly. Legal thriller Main article: Legal thriller The legal thriller or courtroom novel is also related to detective fiction. The system of justice itself is always a major part of these works, at times almost functioning as one of the characters. In this way, the legal system provides the framework for the legal thriller as much as the system of modern police work does for the police procedural. The legal thriller usually starts its business with the court proceedings following the closure of an investigation, often resulting in a new angle on the investigation, so as to bring about a final outcome different from the one originally devised by the investigators. In the legal thriller, court proceedings play a very active, if not to say decisive part in a case reaching its ultimate solution. Erle Stanley Gardner popularized the courtroom novel in the 20th century with his Perry Mason series. Contemporary authors of legal thrillers include Michael Connelly, Linda Fairstein, John Grisham, John Lescroart, Paul Levine, Lisa Scottoline and Scott Turow. Police procedural Main article: Police procedural Many detective stories have police officers as the main characters. These stories may take a variety of forms, but many authors try to realistically depict the routine activities of a group of police officers who are frequently working on more than one case simultaneously, providing a stark contrast to the detective-as-superhero archetype of Sherlock Holmes. Some of these stories are whodunits; in others, the criminal is known, and the police must gather enough evidence to charge them with the crime. In the 1940s the police procedural evolved as a new style of detective fiction. Unlike the heroes of Christie, Chandler, and Spillane, the police detective was subject to error and was constrained by rules and regulations. As Gary Huasladen says in his book Places for Dead Bodies, "not all the clients were insatiable bombshells, and invariably there was life outside the job." The detective in the police procedural does the things police officers do to catch a criminal. Writers of the genre include Ed McBain, P. D. James and Bartholomew Gill. Howcatchem Main article: Howcatchem An inverted detective story, also known as a "howcatchem", is a plot structure of murder mystery fiction in which the commission of the crime is shown or described at the beginning, usually including the identity of the perpetrator. The story then describes the detective's attempt to solve the mystery. There may also be subsidiary puzzles, such as why the crime was committed, and they are explained or resolved during the story. This format is the inversion of the more typical "whodunit", where all of the details of the perpetrator of the crime are not revealed until the story's climax. Hardboiled fiction Main article: Hardboiled fiction Martin Hewitt, created by British author Arthur Morrison in 1894, is one of the first examples of the modern style of fictional private detective. This character is described as an "'Everyman' detective meant to challenge the detective-as-superman that Holmes represented." By the late 1920s, Al Capone and the Mob were inspiring not only fear, but piquing mainstream curiosity about the American crime underworld. Popular pulp fiction magazines like Black Mask capitalized on this, as authors such as Carrol John Daly published violent stories that focused on the mayhem and injustice surrounding the criminals, not the circumstances behind the crime. Very often, no actual mystery even existed: the books simply revolved around justice being served to those who deserved harsh treatment, which was described in explicit detail." The overall theme these writers portrayed reflected "the changing face of America itself." In the 1930s, the private eye genre was adopted wholeheartedly by American writers. One of the primary contributors to this style was Dashiell Hammett with his famous private investigator character, Sam Spade. His style of crime fiction came to be known as "hardboiled", which is described as a genre that "usually deals with criminal activity in a modern urban environment, a world of disconnected signs and anonymous strangers." "Told in stark and sometimes elegant language through the unemotional eyes of new hero-detectives, these stories were an American phenomenon." According to the best-selling author Michael Connelly,"Chandler credited Hammett with taking the mystery out of the drawing-room and putting it out on the street where it belongs." In the late 1930s, Raymond Chandler updated the form with his private detective Philip Marlowe, who brought a more intimate voice to the detective than the more distanced "operative's report" style of Hammett's Continental Op stories. Despite struggling through the task of plotting a story, his cadenced dialogue and cryptic narrations were musical, evoking the dark alleys and tough thugs, rich women and powerful men about whom he wrote. Several feature and television movies have been made about the Philip Marlowe character. James Hadley Chase wrote a few novels with private eyes as the main heroes, including Blonde's Requiem (1945), Lay Her Among the Lilies (1950), and Figure It Out for Yourself (1950). The heroes of these novels are typical private eyes, very similar to or plagiarizing Raymond Chandler's work. Ross Macdonald, pseudonym of Kenneth Millar, updated the form again with his detective Lew Archer. Archer, like Hammett's fictional heroes, was a camera eye, with hardly any known past. "Turn Archer sideways, and he disappears," one reviewer wrote. Two of Macdonald's strengths were his use of psychology and his beautiful prose, which was full of imagery. Like other 'hardboiled' writers, Macdonald aimed to give an impression of realism in his work through violence, sex and confrontation. The 1966 movie Harper starring Paul Newman was based on the first Lew Archer story The Moving Target (1949). Newman reprised the role in The Drowning Pool in 1976. Michael Collins, pseudonym of Dennis Lynds, is generally considered the author who led the form into the Modern Age. His private investigator, Dan Fortune, was consistently involved in the same sort of David-and-Goliath stories that Hammett, Chandler, and Macdonald wrote, but Collins took a sociological bent, exploring the meaning of his characters' places in society and the impact society had on people. Full of commentary and clipped prose, his books were more intimate than those of his predecessors, dramatizing that crime can happen in one's own living room. The PI novel was a male-dominated field in which female authors seldom found publication until Marcia Muller, Sara Paretsky and Sue Grafton were finally published in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Each author's detective, also female, was brainy and physical and could hold her own. Their acceptance, and success, caused publishers to seek out other female authors. Historical mystery Main article: Historical mystery These works are set in a time period considered historical from the author's perspective, and the central plot involves the solving of a mystery or crime (usually murder). Though works combining these genres have existed since at least the early 20th century, many credit Ellis Peters's The Cadfael Chronicles (1977–1994) for popularizing what would become known as the historical mystery. Locked-room mystery Main article: Locked-room mystery The locked-room mystery is a subgenre of detective fiction. The crime—almost always murder—is committed in circumstances under which it was seemingly impossible for the perpetrator to commit the crime and/or evade detection in the course of getting in and out of the crime scene. The genre was established in the 19th century. Poe's The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841) is considered the first locked-room mystery; since then, other authors have used the scheme. John Dickson Carr was recognized as a master of the genre and his The Hollow Man was recognized by a panel of 17 mystery authors and reviewers as the best locked-room mystery of all time in 1981. The crime in question typically involves a crime scene with no indication as to how the intruder could have entered or left, i.e., a locked room. Following other conventions of classic detective fiction, the reader is normally presented with the puzzle and all of the clues, and is encouraged to solve the mystery before the solution is revealed in a dramatic climax. References ^ "mystery". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 10 April 2021. ^ "Genre Characteristics Sheet" (PDF). Improving Comprehension with Think-Aloud Strategies. Scholastic Professional Books. pp. 142–145. ^ Haining, Peter (2000). The Classic Era of American Pulp Magazines. Prion Books. ISBN 1-85375-388-2. ^ "A Short History of the Mystery". Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. ^ "Mystery Time Line". ^ Gilber, Elliot (1983). The World of Mystery Fiction. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. ISBN 0-87972-225-8. ^ Davies, Helen; Marjorie Dorfman; Mary Fons; Deborah Hawkins; Martin Hintz; Linnea Lundgren; David Priess; Julia Clark Robinson; Paul Seaburn; Heidi Stevens; Steve Theunissen (14 September 2007). "21 Best-Selling Books of All Time". Editors of Publications International, Ltd. Retrieved 25 March 2009. ^ J. Madison Davis: "How graphic can a mystery be?", World Literature Today, July–August 2007 Archived 25 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ Konay, O. O. (2009). The Peculiarities of Whodunit as a Detective Subgenre. ^ "'Maltese Falcon' gave flight to the detective story". Chicago Tribune. Chicago Tribnune. 16 February 2005. ^ "Why are locked room mysteries so popular?". BBC News. BBC. 21 May 2012. External links Stop, You're Killing Me! is an Anthony Award-winning website that compiles resources for lovers of mystery, crime, thriller, spy, and suspense books. Mystery Weekly Magazine presents crime and mystery short stories by some of the world's best established and emerging mystery writers. German Mystery Blog with daily news. vteNarrativeCharacter Antagonist Archenemy Character arc Character flaw Characterization Confidant Deuteragonist False protagonist Focal character Foil Gothic double Hamartia Hero Anti Byronic Tragic Narrator Protagonist Stock character Straight man Supporting character Title character Tritagonist Villain Plot Ab ovo Action Backstory Origin story Chekhov's gun Cliché Cliffhanger Conflict Deus ex machina Dialogue Dramatic structure Eucatastrophe Foreshadowing Flashback Flashforward Frame story In medias res Kishōtenketsu MacGuffin Pace Plot device Plot twist Poetic justice Red herring Reveal Self-insertion Shaggy dog story Stereotype Story arc Story within a story Subplot Suspense Trope Setting Alternate history Backstory Crossover Dreamworld Dystopia Fictional location city country universe parallel Utopia Worldbuilding Theme Irony Leitmotif Metaphor Moral Moral development Motif Deal with the Devil Conflict between good and evil Self-fulfilling prophecy Time travel Style Allegory Bathos Comic relief Diction Figure of speech Imagery Mode Mood Narration Narrative techniques Hook Show, don't tell Stylistic device Suspension of disbelief Symbolism Tone Structure Act Act structure Three-act structure Freytag's Pyramid Exposition/Protasis Rising action/Epitasis Climax/Peripeteia Falling action/Catastasis Denouement/Catastrophe Linear narrative Nonlinear narrative films television series Premise Types of fiction with multiple endings Form Drama Fabliau Flash fiction Folklore Fable Fairy tale Legend Myth Tall tale Gamebook Narrative art Narrative poetry Epic poetry Novel Novella Parable Short story Vignette Genre(List) Autobiography Biography Fiction Action fiction Adventure Comic Crime Docu Epistolary Ergodic Erotic Historical Mystery Nautical Paranoid Philosophical Picaresque Political Pop culture Psychological Religious Rogue Romance Chivalric Prose Saga Satire Speculative fiction Fantasy Gothic Southern Horror Magic realism Science Hard Utopian and dystopian Underwater Superhero Theological Thriller Urban Western Nonfiction Novel Creative Narration Diegesis First-person Second-person Third-person Third-person omniscient narrative Subjectivity Unreliable narrator Multiple narrators Stream of consciousness Stream of unconsciousness Tense Past Present Future Related Dominant narrative Fiction writing Continuity Canon Reboot Retcon Parallel novel Prequel / Sequel Genre List Literary science Literary theory Narrative identity Narrative paradigm Narrative therapy Narratology Metafiction Political narrative Rhetoric Glossary Screenwriting Storytelling Tellability Verisimilitude vteDetective, mystery, and crime fictionGeneral info History of crime fiction Crime writers SubgenresTheme Caper Detective Closed circle girl occult Weird menace Giallo Gong'an Hardboiled Inverted detective story Legal drama thriller Mystery cozy locked room Noir Nordic Spy Spy-Fi Tartan Noir Tart Noir Thriller Whodunit historical mystery Film and television Police procedural Procedural drama Heist Mystery Noir Neo-noir Trial Character Fictional detectives male female police private historical teams science fiction and fantasy
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mystery_January_1934.jpg"},{"link_name":"fiction genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_fiction"},{"link_name":"mysterious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mysterious"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"non-fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fiction"},{"link_name":"whodunit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whodunit"},{"link_name":"hardboiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardboiled"},{"link_name":"supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural"},{"link_name":"pulp magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazine"},{"link_name":"Grand Guignol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Guignol"},{"link_name":"weird menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_menace"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haining-3"}],"text":"Cover of the pulp mystery-fiction magazine Mystery (January 1934)Mystery is a fiction genre where the nature of an event, usually a murder or other crime, remains mysterious until the end of the story.[1] Often within a closed circle of suspects, each suspect is usually provided with a credible motive and a reasonable opportunity for committing the crime. The central character is often a detective (such as Sherlock Holmes), who eventually solves the mystery by logical deduction from facts presented to the reader.[2] Some mystery books are non-fiction. Mystery fiction can be detective stories in which the emphasis is on the puzzle or suspense element and its logical solution such as a whodunit. Mystery fiction can be contrasted with hardboiled detective stories, which focus on action and gritty realism.Mystery fiction can involve a supernatural mystery in which the solution does not have to be logical and even in which there is no crime involved. This usage was common in the pulp magazines of the 1930s and 1940s, whose titles such as Dime Mystery, Thrilling Mystery, and Spicy Mystery offered what were then described as complicated to solve and weird stories: supernatural horror in the vein of Grand Guignol. That contrasted with parallel titles of the same names which contained conventional hardboiled crime fiction. The first use of \"mystery\" in that sense was by Dime Mystery, which started out as an ordinary crime fiction magazine but switched to \"weird menace\" during the later part of 1933.[3]","title":"Mystery fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mystery_collection_(3219160455).jpg"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"Das Fräulein von Scuderi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mademoiselle_de_Scuderi"},{"link_name":"E. T. A. Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"The Murders in the Rue Morgue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue"},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"Zadig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadig"},{"link_name":"Wilkie Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkie_Collins"},{"link_name":"The Woman in White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Woman_in_White_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Moonstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moonstone"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Maurice Leblanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Leblanc"},{"link_name":"Arsène Lupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Lupin"},{"link_name":"dime novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dime_novel"},{"link_name":"pulp magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazine"},{"link_name":"Edward Stratemeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stratemeyer"},{"link_name":"Hardy Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_Boys"},{"link_name":"Nancy Drew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Drew"},{"link_name":"Franklin W. Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_W._Dixon"},{"link_name":"Carolyn Keene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Keene"},{"link_name":"Harriet Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Adams"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"Murder on the Orient Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_on_the_Orient_Express"},{"link_name":"Death on the Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_on_the_Nile"},{"link_name":"And Then There Were None","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_Then_There_Were_None"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"pulp magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazine"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock%27s_Mystery_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellery_Queen%27s_Mystery_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Dell Magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Magazines"},{"link_name":"detective fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_fiction"},{"link_name":"author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author"},{"link_name":"Ellery Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellery_Queen"},{"link_name":"pseudonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"Frederic Dannay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Dannay"},{"link_name":"Manfred B. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_B._Lee"}],"text":"The genre of mystery novels is a young form of literature that has developed since the early 19th century. The rise of literacy began in the years of the English Renaissance and, as people began to read over time, they became more individualistic in their thinking. As people became more individualistic in their thinking, they developed a respect for human reason and the ability to solve problems.[4][5]Perhaps a reason that mystery fiction was unheard of before the 19th century was due in part to the lack of true police forces. Before the Industrial Revolution, many towns would have constables and a night watchman at best. Naturally, the constable would be aware of every individual in the town, and crimes were either solved quickly or left unsolved entirely. As people began to crowd into cities, police forces became institutionalized, and the need for detectives was realized – thus the mystery novel arose.[6]Novels by Agatha ChristieAn early work of modern mystery fiction, Das Fräulein von Scuderi by E. T. A. Hoffmann (1819), was an influence on The Murders in the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allan Poe (1841) as may have been Voltaire's Zadig (1747). Wilkie Collins' novel The Woman in White was published in 1860, while The Moonstone (1868) is often thought to be his masterpiece. In 1887 Arthur Conan Doyle introduced Sherlock Holmes, whose mysteries are said to have been singularly responsible for the huge popularity in this genre. In 1901 Maurice Leblanc created gentleman burglar, Arsène Lupin, whose creative imagination rivaled the \"deduction\" of Sherlock Holmes, who was disparagingly included in some Lupin stories under obvious pseudonyms.The genre began to expand near the turn of the century with the development of dime novels and pulp magazines. Books were especially helpful to the genre, with many authors writing in the genre in the 1920s. An important contribution to mystery fiction in the 1920s was the development of the juvenile mystery by Edward Stratemeyer. Stratemeyer originally developed and wrote the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries written under the Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene pseudonyms respectively (and were later written by his daughter, Harriet Adams, and other authors). The 1920s also gave rise to one of the most popular mystery authors of all time, Agatha Christie, whose works include Murder on the Orient Express (1934), Death on the Nile (1937), and the world's best-selling mystery And Then There Were None (1939).[7]The massive popularity of pulp magazines in the 1930s and 1940s increased interest in mystery fiction. Pulp magazines decreased in popularity in the 1950s with the rise of television, so much that the numerous titles available then are reduced to two today: Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine and Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine—both now published by Dell Magazines, a division of Crosstown Publications. The detective fiction author Ellery Queen (pseudonym of Frederic Dannay and Manfred B. Lee) is also credited with continuing interest in mystery fiction.","title":"Beginnings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"graphic novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel"},{"link_name":"film adaptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"Interest in mystery fiction continues to this day partly because of various television shows which have used mystery themes and the many juvenile and adult novels which continue to be published. There is some overlap with \"thriller\" or \"suspense\" novels and authors in those genres may consider themselves mystery novelists. Comic books and graphic novels have carried on the tradition, and film adaptations or the even-more-recent web-based detective series, have helped to re-popularize the genre in recent times.[8]","title":"Beginnings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Thousand and One Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights"},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"The Murders in the Rue Morgue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue"},{"link_name":"C. Auguste Dupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Auguste_Dupin"},{"link_name":"Sir Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"crime fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_fiction"},{"link_name":"clues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clue"},{"link_name":"red herrings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_herrings"},{"link_name":"plot twists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_twists"},{"link_name":"detective denouement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_denouement"},{"link_name":"And Then There Were None","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_Then_There_Were_None"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"Whodunit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whodunit"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of Detective Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Detective_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Wilkie Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkie_Collins"},{"link_name":"The Moonstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moonstone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Detective fiction","text":"Though the origins of the genre date back to ancient literature and One Thousand and One Nights, the modern detective story as it is konwn today was invented by Edgar Allan Poe in the mid-19th century through his short story, \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\", which featured arguably the world's first fictional detective, C. Auguste Dupin. However, detective fiction was popularized only later, in the late 19th century, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories, considered milestones in crime fiction.The detective story shares some similarities with mystery fiction in that it also has a mystery to be solved, clues, red herrings, some plot twists along the way and a detective denouement, but differs on several points. Most of the Sherlock Holmes stories feature no suspects at all, while mystery fiction, in contrast, features a large number of them. As noted, detective stories feature professional and retired detectives, while mystery fiction almost exclusively features amateur detectives. Finally, detective stories focus on the detective and how the crime was solved, while mystery fiction concentrates on the identity of the culprit and how the crime was committed, a distinction that separated And Then There Were None from other works of Agatha Christie.A common subgenre of detective fiction is the Whodunit. Whodunits experienced an increase in popularity during the Golden Age of Detective Fiction of the 1920s-1940s, when it was the primary style of detective fiction. This subgenre is classified as a detective story where the reader is given clues throughout as to who the culprit is, giving the reader the opportunity to solve the crime before it is revealed. During the Golden Age, whodunits were written primarily by women, however Wilkie Collins' The Moonstone is often recognized as one of the first examples of the genre.[9]","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"serial killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer"},{"link_name":"trash culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trash_culture"},{"link_name":"docufiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docufiction"}],"sub_title":"True crime","text":"True crime is a literary genre that recounts real crimes committed by real people, almost half focusing on serial killers. Criticized by many as being insensitive to those personally acquainted with the incidents, it is often categorized as trash culture. Having basis on reality, it shares more similarities with docufiction than the mystery genre. Unlike fiction of the kind, it does not focus much on the identity of the culprit and has no red herrings or clues, but often emphasizes how the culprit was caught and their motivations behind their actions.","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"Dorothy L. Sayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Daly"}],"sub_title":"Cozy mystery","text":"Cozy mysteries began in the late 20th century as a reinvention of the Golden Age whodunit; these novels generally shy away from violence and suspense and frequently feature female amateur detectives. Modern cozy mysteries are frequently, though not necessarily in either case, humorous and thematic. This genre features minimal violence, sex and social relevance, a solution achieved by intellect or intuition rather than police procedure, with order restored in the end, honorable characters, and a setting in a closed community. The murders are often committed by less violent tools such as poison and the wounds inflicted are rarely if ever used as clues. The writers who innovated and popularized the genre include Agatha Christie, Dorothy L. Sayers and Elizabeth Daly.","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erle Stanley Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erle_Stanley_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Perry Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Mason"},{"link_name":"Michael Connelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Connelly"},{"link_name":"Linda Fairstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Fairstein"},{"link_name":"John Grisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grisham"},{"link_name":"John Lescroart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lescroart"},{"link_name":"Paul Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Levine"},{"link_name":"Lisa Scottoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Scottoline"},{"link_name":"Scott Turow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Turow"}],"sub_title":"Legal thriller","text":"The legal thriller or courtroom novel is also related to detective fiction. The system of justice itself is always a major part of these works, at times almost functioning as one of the characters. In this way, the legal system provides the framework for the legal thriller as much as the system of modern police work does for the police procedural. The legal thriller usually starts its business with the court proceedings following the closure of an investigation, often resulting in a new angle on the investigation, so as to bring about a final outcome different from the one originally devised by the investigators. In the legal thriller, court proceedings play a very active, if not to say decisive part in a case reaching its ultimate solution. Erle Stanley Gardner popularized the courtroom novel in the 20th century with his Perry Mason series. Contemporary authors of legal thrillers include Michael Connelly, Linda Fairstein, John Grisham, John Lescroart, Paul Levine, Lisa Scottoline and Scott Turow.","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"police officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officer"},{"link_name":"Ed McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_McBain"},{"link_name":"P. D. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._D._James"},{"link_name":"Bartholomew Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_Gill"}],"sub_title":"Police procedural","text":"Many detective stories have police officers as the main characters. These stories may take a variety of forms, but many authors try to realistically depict the routine activities of a group of police officers who are frequently working on more than one case simultaneously, providing a stark contrast to the detective-as-superhero archetype of Sherlock Holmes. Some of these stories are whodunits; in others, the criminal is known, and the police must gather enough evidence to charge them with the crime.In the 1940s the police procedural evolved as a new style of detective fiction. Unlike the heroes of Christie, Chandler, and Spillane, the police detective was subject to error and was constrained by rules and regulations. As Gary Huasladen says in his book Places for Dead Bodies, \"not all the clients were insatiable bombshells, and invariably there was life outside the job.\" The detective in the police procedural does the things police officers do to catch a criminal. Writers of the genre include Ed McBain, P. D. James and Bartholomew Gill.","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Howcatchem","text":"An inverted detective story, also known as a \"howcatchem\", is a plot structure of murder mystery fiction in which the commission of the crime is shown or described at the beginning, usually including the identity of the perpetrator. The story then describes the detective's attempt to solve the mystery. There may also be subsidiary puzzles, such as why the crime was committed, and they are explained or resolved during the story. This format is the inversion of the more typical \"whodunit\", where all of the details of the perpetrator of the crime are not revealed until the story's climax.","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Hewitt,_Investigator&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arthur Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Al Capone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Capone"},{"link_name":"Dashiell Hammett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett"},{"link_name":"Sam Spade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Spade"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Raymond Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Philip Marlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Marlowe"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Millar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Millar"},{"link_name":"Lew Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Archer"},{"link_name":"Dennis Lynds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Lynds"},{"link_name":"Marcia Muller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Muller"},{"link_name":"Sara Paretsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Paretsky"},{"link_name":"Sue Grafton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Grafton"}],"sub_title":"Hardboiled fiction","text":"Martin Hewitt, created by British author Arthur Morrison in 1894, is one of the first examples of the modern style of fictional private detective. This character is described as an \"'Everyman' detective meant to challenge the detective-as-superman that Holmes represented.\"By the late 1920s, Al Capone and the Mob were inspiring not only fear, but piquing mainstream curiosity about the American crime underworld. Popular pulp fiction magazines like Black Mask capitalized on this, as authors such as Carrol John Daly published violent stories that focused on the mayhem and injustice surrounding the criminals, not the circumstances behind the crime. Very often, no actual mystery even existed: the books simply revolved around justice being served to those who deserved harsh treatment, which was described in explicit detail.\" The overall theme these writers portrayed reflected \"the changing face of America itself.\"In the 1930s, the private eye genre was adopted wholeheartedly by American writers. One of the primary contributors to this style was Dashiell Hammett with his famous private investigator character, Sam Spade. His style of crime fiction came to be known as \"hardboiled\", which is described as a genre that \"usually deals with criminal activity in a modern urban environment, a world of disconnected signs and anonymous strangers.\" \"Told in stark and sometimes elegant language through the unemotional eyes of new hero-detectives, these stories were an American phenomenon.\" According to the best-selling author Michael Connelly,\"Chandler credited Hammett with taking the mystery out of the drawing-room and putting it out on the street where it belongs.\"[10]In the late 1930s, Raymond Chandler updated the form with his private detective Philip Marlowe, who brought a more intimate voice to the detective than the more distanced \"operative's report\" style of Hammett's Continental Op stories. Despite struggling through the task of plotting a story, his cadenced dialogue and cryptic narrations were musical, evoking the dark alleys and tough thugs, rich women and powerful men about whom he wrote. Several feature and television movies have been made about the Philip Marlowe character. James Hadley Chase wrote a few novels with private eyes as the main heroes, including Blonde's Requiem (1945), Lay Her Among the Lilies (1950), and Figure It Out for Yourself (1950). The heroes of these novels are typical private eyes, very similar to or plagiarizing Raymond Chandler's work.Ross Macdonald, pseudonym of Kenneth Millar, updated the form again with his detective Lew Archer. Archer, like Hammett's fictional heroes, was a camera eye, with hardly any known past. \"Turn Archer sideways, and he disappears,\" one reviewer wrote. Two of Macdonald's strengths were his use of psychology and his beautiful prose, which was full of imagery. Like other 'hardboiled' writers, Macdonald aimed to give an impression of realism in his work through violence, sex and confrontation. The 1966 movie Harper starring Paul Newman was based on the first Lew Archer story The Moving Target (1949). Newman reprised the role in The Drowning Pool in 1976.Michael Collins, pseudonym of Dennis Lynds, is generally considered the author who led the form into the Modern Age. His private investigator, Dan Fortune, was consistently involved in the same sort of David-and-Goliath stories that Hammett, Chandler, and Macdonald wrote, but Collins took a sociological bent, exploring the meaning of his characters' places in society and the impact society had on people. Full of commentary and clipped prose, his books were more intimate than those of his predecessors, dramatizing that crime can happen in one's own living room.The PI novel was a male-dominated field in which female authors seldom found publication until Marcia Muller, Sara Paretsky and Sue Grafton were finally published in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Each author's detective, also female, was brainy and physical and could hold her own. Their acceptance, and success, caused publishers to seek out other female authors.","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellis Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Pargeter"},{"link_name":"The Cadfael Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cadfael_Chronicles"}],"sub_title":"Historical mystery","text":"These works are set in a time period considered historical from the author's perspective, and the central plot involves the solving of a mystery or crime (usually murder). Though works combining these genres have existed since at least the early 20th century, many credit Ellis Peters's The Cadfael Chronicles (1977–1994) for popularizing what would become known as the historical mystery.","title":"Classifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Dickson Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dickson_Carr"},{"link_name":"The Hollow Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollow_Man_(Carr_novel)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Locked-room mystery","text":"The locked-room mystery is a subgenre of detective fiction. The crime—almost always murder—is committed in circumstances under which it was seemingly impossible for the perpetrator to commit the crime and/or evade detection in the course of getting in and out of the crime scene. The genre was established in the 19th century. Poe's The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841) is considered the first locked-room mystery; since then, other authors have used the scheme. John Dickson Carr was recognized as a master of the genre and his The Hollow Man was recognized by a panel of 17 mystery authors and reviewers as the best locked-room mystery of all time in 1981.[11] The crime in question typically involves a crime scene with no indication as to how the intruder could have entered or left, i.e., a locked room. Following other conventions of classic detective fiction, the reader is normally presented with the puzzle and all of the clues, and is encouraged to solve the mystery before the solution is revealed in a dramatic climax.","title":"Classifications"}]
[{"image_text":"Cover of the pulp mystery-fiction magazine Mystery (January 1934)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mystery_January_1934.jpg/220px-Mystery_January_1934.jpg"},{"image_text":"Novels by Agatha Christie","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mystery_collection_%283219160455%29.jpg/220px-Mystery_collection_%283219160455%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"mystery\". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 10 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dictionary.com/browse/mystery","url_text":"\"mystery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Genre Characteristics Sheet\" (PDF). Improving Comprehension with Think-Aloud Strategies. Scholastic Professional Books. pp. 142–145.","urls":[{"url":"http://teacher.scholastic.com/reading/bestpractices/comprehension/genrechart.pdf","url_text":"\"Genre Characteristics Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"Haining, Peter (2000). The Classic Era of American Pulp Magazines. Prion Books. ISBN 1-85375-388-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Haining_(author)","url_text":"Haining, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prion_Books&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Prion Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85375-388-2","url_text":"1-85375-388-2"}]},{"reference":"\"A Short History of the Mystery\". Archived from the original on 19 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090719004017/http://www.historyofthemystery.com/short_history.php?page=33","url_text":"\"A Short History of the Mystery\""},{"url":"http://www.historyofthemystery.com/short_history.php?page=33","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mystery Time Line\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mysterynet.com/timeline/history-of-mystery/","url_text":"\"Mystery Time Line\""}]},{"reference":"Gilber, Elliot (1983). The World of Mystery Fiction. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. ISBN 0-87972-225-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-225-8","url_text":"0-87972-225-8"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Helen; Marjorie Dorfman; Mary Fons; Deborah Hawkins; Martin Hintz; Linnea Lundgren; David Priess; Julia Clark Robinson; Paul Seaburn; Heidi Stevens; Steve Theunissen (14 September 2007). \"21 Best-Selling Books of All Time\". Editors of Publications International, Ltd. Retrieved 25 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/21-best-selling-books-of-all-time.htm","url_text":"\"21 Best-Selling Books of All Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Maltese Falcon' gave flight to the detective story\". Chicago Tribune. Chicago Tribnune. 16 February 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2005-02-16-0502160041-story.html","url_text":"\"'Maltese Falcon' gave flight to the detective story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why are locked room mysteries so popular?\". BBC News. BBC. 21 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18108498","url_text":"\"Why are locked room mysteries so popular?\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velodyne_LiDAR
Velodyne Lidar
["1 History","2 Technology","3 Partners and customers","4 References","5 External links"]
American technology company Velodyne LidarHeadquarters in the Edenvale districtof San Jose, California in 2021Company typePublicTraded asNasdaq: VLDRIndustryLidarFounded2016; 8 years ago (2016) as Velodyne Acoustics spin-offFounderDavid HallDefunctFebruary 2023FateMerged with OusterHeadquartersSan Jose, California, United StatesKey peopleTed Tewksbury (CEO)ProductsLidarRevenue $61.92 million (2021)Number of employees407 (Dec 2021)Websitevelodynelidar.com Velodyne Lidar is a Silicon Valley-based lidar technology company, headquartered in San Jose, California. It was spun off from Velodyne Acoustics in 2016. As of July 2020, the company has had about 300 customers. Velodyne Lidar ships sensors to mobility industry customers for testing and commercial use in autonomous vehicles, advanced driver assistance systems, mapping, robotics, infrastructure and smart city applications. In February 2023, the company merged with Ouster. History David Hall founded Velodyne in 1983 as an audio company specializing in subwoofer technology. Velodyne's experience with laser distance measurement started in 2005, when David Hall and his brother Bruce (then president of Velodyne) entered a vehicle in a driverless car race called DARPA Grand Challenge sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The experience led them to realize shortcomings both in camera-centric approaches and in existing lidar technology, which only scanned a single, fixed line of sight. Velodyne developed new sensors for the 2007 race. The brothers sold their perception detection system as a steering input to five of the six teams that finished the 2007 race. The system rotated 64 lasers and measured the time of flight to calculate distances to surrounding objects. This created a 360-degree 3D map of the environment. The new system produced one million data points per second, while earlier systems produced 5,000 data points per second. A Velodyne HDL-64E, an HDL-32E, a Puck, and an Ultra Puck Velodyne donated one of its early prototype sensors to the Robotics Collection at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History in 2011. In 2016, Velodyne's Lidar department was spun off from Velodyne Acoustics as Velodyne Lidar, Inc. On August 16, 2016, Velodyne announced a $150M investment from Ford and Baidu. In 2017, Velodyne opened a factory in San Jose, California. The company also has an R&D center in Alameda, California. The same year, Velodyne also provided their sensors as a sponsor of the SAE GM AutoDrive Challenge, a three-year competition in which eight university teams develop an automated vehicle. Since 2018, Velodyne has partnered with Mothers Against Drunk Driving in a campaign to promote the use of autonomous vehicles for improving roadway safety and preventing impaired driving deaths. Since October 2018, Velodyne has organized an annual World Safety Summit on Autonomous Technology. In the same year, the company also signed agreements to collaborate with Nikon and Veoneer for manufacturing and mass production. In July 2019, the company acquired mapping and localization software as well as intellectual property assets from Mapper.ai. In January 2020, Hall stepped down as CEO and was replaced by Anand Gopalan, who was previously CTO, although Hall initially remained chairman of the company's board of directors and continued to be the company's largest shareholder. On July 2, 2020, Velodyne Lidar merged with Graf Industrial Corp. to become a publicly-traded company. In September 2020, the company began trading stocks and warrants on NASDAQ under the ticker symbols VLDR and VLDRW. In January 2021, Hall was censured by the company and removed as chairman of the board, and Hall's wife's employment at the company was terminated, as the relationship between the company and Hall together with Hall's wife Marta Thoma Hall became highly antagonistic, with the Halls and the company accusing each other of serious misconduct. However, Hall has retained a large stake in the company and his wife has remained on its board of directors. In November 2021, Gopalan was replaced as CEO with Theodore Tewksbury, a former chief executive at a low-power AI vision systems company, Eta Compute. On February 7, 2022, the company's stock price surged over 50 percent when the internet retailer Amazon agreed to invest in the company with the purchase of 40 million of its shares. In November 2022, Ouster and Velodyne agreed to merge in an all-share transaction in which the combined business will be split evenly between the two companies' existing shareholders. The merger completed in February 2023, with the combined company retaining the Ouster name. On February 10, 2023, Ouster and Velodyne successfully completed a merger of equals. The combined company will keep the name Ouster and continue to trade on New York Stock Exchange under the ticker “OUST.” Technology An Alpha Puck, Velarray, and VelaDome Applications for Velodyne Lidar's technology include autonomous vehicles, advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs), mapping, security, and unmanned aerial vehicles. Velodyne's sensors have a range of up to 300 meters and can be used for immediate object detection without additional sensor fusion. When in use on a moving vehicle, a Velodyne sensor can create a precise image of the road ahead, including detailed street signs and foliage. In April 2017, Velodyne introduced its Velarray, a compact fixed-laser solid-state sensor that produces a directional image rather than the surround view provided by Velodyne's previous sensors. The range, resolution, and directional field of view of the Velarray enable improved object detection and longer braking distances than the company's prior 360° products. The initial Velarray model was announced as having a 120° horizontal and 35° vertical field of view, and a range of 200 metres (660 ft). The initial Velarray was designed for vehicle integration and could be concealed in roof lines and bumpers and behind windshields. Also in 2017, the company introduced the Alpha Puck (previously known as VLS-128) sensor with a range of up to 300 meters. This sensor is made for autonomous driving and advanced vehicle safety at highway speeds. In 2019, Velodyne introduced the VelaDome, a compact embeddable lidar that provides a 180° x 180° field of view and supports near-object detection. The company also introduced Vella software for integration of the Velarray into ADAS applications, supporting features such as lane keeping assist, automatic emergency braking, and adaptive cruise control. In November 2019, Velodyne introduced a lidar sensor for improving vehicle safety and enabling precise mapping. In 2020, Velodyne introduced the Velabit, the company's smallest sensor, the Velarray H800, a solid-state sensor built using a micro-lidar array architecture. and the Velarray M1600, a solid state sensor for mobile robots and last-mile delivery systems. Partners and customers Velodyne Lidar Alpha Puck on a Voyage vehicle In 2010, Google (now Alphabet) began testing self-driving cars on the streets in the San Francisco Bay Area using Velodyne's Lidar technology. Alphabet's first self-driving car prototype (built on Toyota's Prius model) used Velodyne's HDL-64E lidar sensor. Since then, Alphabet has stopped using Velodyne sensors in its vehicles. In 2012, Velodyne Lidar signed a contract with Caterpillar for a supply of lidar sensors to be used for off-road vehicles. These sensors help Caterpillar map quarries, farms and work sites during construction. From 2012 to 2015, Velodyne's spinning HDL-32E sensors were used on mobile mapping vehicles by Nokia Here, Microsoft Bing Maps, Tencent, Baidu, and TomTom. Mapping providers including Topcon and Leica Geosystems use Velodyne's scanners for their mobile services. In 2016, Ford Motor Company announced that it will expand its fleet of self-driving R&D vehicles and use Velodyne Lidar's Ultra Puck sensors. As of December 31, 2020, Ford Motor Company liquidated its 7.6% stake in Velodyne Lidar. In 2017, Velodyne partnered with Renovo as Reference Lidar provider for the AWare automated mobility operating system and with Mercedes-Benz for a perception system contract. In 2018, the company partnered with Embark, Geodetics, Voyage, Exyn Technologies, Yellowscan, Phoenix Lidar, NAVYA, ThorDrive and Postmates. Velodyne Lidar also partnered with Nikon, receiving an investment of $25M. In 2019, Velodyne partnered with Clearpath Robotics, Holomatic, Kaarta and Hyundai Mobis. In 2020, the company announced agreements with TLD, EasyMile, Emesent, Baidu and Local Motors. References ^ a b "Velodyne's Management". velodynelidar.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2019. ^ a b "U.S. SEC: Velodyne Lidar, Inc. 2021 Form 10-K Annual Report". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. March 1, 2022. ^ Snavely, Brent (August 28, 2016). "Tech firm Velodyne moves from audio to self-driving cars". Detroit Free Press. USA Today. Retrieved March 29, 2017. ^ Lee, Timothy B. "Lidar Is Finally Becoming a Real Business". Ars Technica. Retrieved September 11, 2020 – via Wired. ^ a b Brooke, Lindsay. "LiDAR Giant". Autonomous Vehicle Engineering. Retrieved October 6, 2018. ^ Cuneo, Liz; Jost, Kevin. "Sensory inputs". Assembly. Retrieved September 14, 2020. ^ "Velodyne joins Qualcomm Smart Cities Accelerator Program". Geospatial World. December 22, 2020. ^ "Stunning 3D maps now with Velodyne Lidar". Geospatial World. August 20, 2020. ^ "Management". Velodyne Lidar. Archived from the original on April 7, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017. ^ Snavely, Brent (August 16, 2016). "Ford to double Silicon Valley presence; invests $75M". Detroit Free Press. USA Today. Retrieved March 24, 2017. ^ Loughlin, Ryan. "How a Bunch of Geeks and Dreamers Jump-Started the Self-Driving Car". Wired. Retrieved November 10, 2017. ^ a b "Engines of change". Government Computer News. 2007. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2013. ^ "Robots, start your engines". San Francisco Chronicle. November 4, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2016. ^ Williams, Martyn (July 8, 2013). "Driverless cars yield to reality: It's a long road ahead". PC World. Retrieved May 1, 2017. ^ Wiley, Kate (April 5, 2011). "Smithsonian Adds to Robotics Collection and Invites Public to National Robotics Week Activities in Spark!Lab". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved May 1, 2017. ^ "Business Search". California Secretary of State. Retrieved May 1, 2017. ^ "Ford, Baidu bet $150M on Velodyne laser radar". USA Today. Retrieved August 16, 2016. ^ "High-tech 'megafactory' in San Jose to create hundreds of jobs". Silicon Valley Business Journal. January 19, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2022. ^ Ohnsman, Alan. "How A 34-Year-Old Audio Equipment Company Is Leading The Self-Driving Car Revolution". Forbes. Retrieved September 5, 2017. ^ Nguyen, Johnny. "David Hall: A Driving Force in the Industry". Medium. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ Madd (February 20, 2018). "Partner Spotlight: Velodyne LiDAR and the Future of Automated Cars". Mothers Against Drunk Driving. Retrieved February 20, 2018. ^ News Desk. "MADD partners with Velodyne LiDAR for advanced understanding of autonomous vehicle". Geospatial World. Retrieved July 31, 2019. ^ Do, Kiet. "World Safety Summit On Self Driving Car Tech Kicks Off At Levi's Stadium". CBS San Francisco. Retrieved October 2, 2019. ^ News Desk. "Velodyne Lidar announces agenda for World Safety Summit on autonomous technology". Geospatial World. Retrieved October 15, 2020. ^ Niedermeyer, Edward. "Velodyne-Veoneer Deal Shows Lidar Is Getting Serious". The Drive. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ Mills, Keith. "Nikon Invests In 3D Lidar". Metrology News. Archived from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019. ^ Yvkoff, Liane. "With Acquisition Of Mapper.ai, Velodyne Hastens Its Move Beyond Hardware". Forbes. Retrieved July 26, 2019. ^ Ohnsman, Alan. "Lidar Pioneer Velodyne Debuts $100 Auto Safety Sensor As Self-Driving Cars' Pace To Market Slows". Forbes. Retrieved January 8, 2020. ^ "GRAF and Velodyne Lidar Announcement". July 2, 2020. ^ "David Hall". Forbes. Retrieved February 9, 2022. ^ "Velodyne Lidar Responds to Baseless Assertions from David Hall, Marta Thoma Hall and Eric Singer (press release)". Velodyne Lidar. May 26, 2021. ^ "Velodyne Lidar Responds to David Hall's Latest False Statements (press release)". Velodyne Lidar. August 24, 2021. ^ "Velodyne Lidar Responds to Latest Falsehoods from David and Marta Thoma Hall (press release)". Velodyne Lidar. October 27, 2021. ^ "Board of Directors". Velodyne Lidar. October 27, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2022. ^ Alamalhodaei, Aria (November 4, 2021). "Theodore Tewksbury to take over as Velodyne CEO". TechCrunch. ^ "Sensor Maker Velodyne Lidar's Shares Surge After Amazon Investment". The Wall Street Journal. February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022. ^ White, Joseph; Malik, Yuvraj (November 7, 2022). "Lidar duo Ouster and Velodyne to merge in all-stock deal". Reuters. ^ Rosevear, John (February 13, 2023). "Lidar makers Ouster and Velodyne complete their merger, creating a sector powerhouse". CNBC. ^ "Ouster and Velodyne Complete Merger of Equals to Accelerate Lidar Adoption". Businesswire. February 13, 2023. ^ Yan, Zhi; Duckett, Tom; Bellotto, Nicola. "Online Learning for Human Classification in 3D LiDAR-based Tracking" (PDF). Retrieved April 4, 2019. ^ Cunningham, Wayne (December 19, 2016). "How lasers map the world for self-driving cars". CNET. Retrieved June 26, 2017. ^ a b Velodyne Lidar (April 19, 2017). "Velodyne LiDAR Announces New 'Velarray' LiDAR Sensor" (Press release). Retrieved March 10, 2022 – via Businesswire. ^ "Velodyne Lidar to showcase a wide array of products at CES 2019". Safe Car News. Archived from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019. ^ "Velodyne Lidar to introduce new sensor technology at CES in Las Vegas". Business Recorder. Retrieved January 7, 2019. ^ Popper, Ben. "Velodyne's latest LIDAR lets driverless cars handle high-speed situations". The Verge. Retrieved November 29, 2017. ^ Trego, Linda. "Renovo brings LiDAR sensor from Velodyne to AWare automated mobility ecosystem". Autonomous Vehicle Technology. No. September 2018. ^ "Velodyne Lidar to showcase a wide array of products at CES 2019". Safe Car News. Archived from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019. ^ "Velodyne LiDAR to present breakthrough technology for autonomy and driver assistance at consumer electronics show". i-Micronews. January 6, 2019. ^ "CES 2019: Velodyne Lidar technology for autonomy and driver assistance". Novus Light Technologies Today. Retrieved January 9, 2019. ^ "Velodyne Lidar introduces Alpha Prime lidar sensor". Green Car Congress. Retrieved November 16, 2019. ^ "Velodyne Lidar introduces its smallest lidar sensor at CES: the Velabit". Green Car Congress. Retrieved January 8, 2020. ^ Butcher, Lawrence (November 17, 2020). "Velodyne Lidar introduces solid-state sensor for automotive applications". Autonomous Vehicle International. ^ "Velodyne Lidar Introduces Solid State Sensor for Autonomous Mobile Robotics and Last-Mile Delivery". NASDAQ. Retrieved December 10, 2020. ^ Guizzo, Erico (October 18, 2011). "How Google's Self-Driving Car Works". spectrum.ieee.org. Retrieved April 29, 2016. ^ a b "Google's Waymo invests in LIDAR technology, cuts costs by 90 percent". Ars Technica. Retrieved January 12, 2017. ^ Amadeo, Ron (January 9, 2017). "Google's Waymo invests in LIDAR technology, cuts costs by 90 percent". Ars Technica. Retrieved June 26, 2017. ^ Morra, James (August 22, 2016). "Velodyne Funding Highlights Lidar's Role in Driverless Cars". Electronic Design. Retrieved March 29, 2017. ^ "Photo galleries and videos from the Mercury News". May 18, 2024. ^ "Velodyne LiDAR to Provide HDL-32E Sensor for Bing Maps Imagery". SPAR 3D. October 28, 2014. Archived from the original on November 14, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2016. ^ "Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem". www.techinasia.com. Retrieved April 29, 2016. ^ Kastrenakes, Jacob (July 27, 2015). "TomTom is now making maps for autonomous vehicles". The Verge. Retrieved April 29, 2016. ^ "Topcon announces next generation 3-D mobile mapping system | Topcon Positioning Systems, Inc". www.topconpositioning.com. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. ^ "Pegasus:Backpack, Leica's Wearable Scanner". SPAR 3D. June 3, 2015. Archived from the original on November 6, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2016. ^ "Ford Tripling Autonomous Vehicle Development Fleet, Accelerating On-Road Testing of Sensors and Software". Ford Media Center. Retrieved April 29, 2016. ^ "A breakthrough in miniaturising lidars for autonomous driving". The Economist. December 24, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2017. ^ "Ford dissolves its 7.6% stake in Velodyne Lidar". Reuters. February 15, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2021. ^ Velodyne Lidar, Inc. (February 12, 2021). "Schedule 13G Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Amendment No. 1) – Velodyne Lidar, Inc". Retrieved April 14, 2021 – via United States Securities and Exchange Commission. ^ "Renovo selects Velodyne as Reference LiDAR provider for AWare automated mobility operating system". Medium. Retrieved November 14, 2017. ^ "Velodyne LiDAR awarded Perception System Contract from Mercedes-Benz". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ Ohnsman, Alan. "Robot Truck Upstart Embark Hauls In $30 Million To Take On Waymo And Uber". Forbes. Retrieved July 19, 2018. ^ Newsdesk team, Geospatial Media. "San Diego researchers track changes in San Andreas fault with Geodetics mobile mapping and Velodyne LiDAR Technology". Geospatial World. Retrieved June 21, 2018. ^ Shieh, Joseph. "Voyage Partners With Velodyne for Self-Driving Sensors". Silicon Valley Daily. Archived from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2018. ^ "Exyn Technologies and Velodyne Lidar Partner to Develop Fully Autonomous Indoor UAS". AUVSI News. April 19, 2018. ^ Cozzens, Tracy. "Latest YellowScan lidar system designed for UAV surveys". GPS World. Retrieved April 3, 2018. ^ Dirjish, Mathew. "Wild Idea Transforms Aerial Mapping Industry". Sensors Magazine. Retrieved February 1, 2018. ^ Dennehy, Kevin. "LiDAR Presence Growing at CES". Inside Unmanned Systems. Retrieved January 23, 2018. ^ Lekach, Sasha. "Another self-driving car service arrives to deliver hardware store supplies". Mashable. Retrieved November 30, 2018. ^ Constine, Josh. "Postmates unveils Serve, a friendlier autonomous delivery robot". Techcrunch. ^ Rees, Mike. "Velodyne Lidar Partners with Nikon for Autonomous Vision". Unmanned Systems Technology. Retrieved December 31, 2018. ^ "Clearpath Teams With Velodyne to Add Lidar to its Robot Platform". Robotics Business Review. March 27, 2019. ^ "China smart valet parking solution uses Velodyne lidar". Green Car Congress. February 1, 2019. ^ Chin, Spencer (July 17, 2019). "Ground mapping solution uses Velodyne Lidar's sensors". FierceElectronics. ^ Slovick, Murray (November 14, 2019). "Velodyne and Hyundai Mobis to develop LiDAR-based ADAS system". www.electronicdesign.com. ^ Happich, Julien (April 24, 2020). "Velodyne Lidar strikes deal with provider of autonomous baggage tractors". eeNews Europe. ^ "EasyMile and Velodyne Lidar Announce Three-Year Agreement". Inside Unmanned Systems. May 1, 2020. ^ "Velodyne Lidar Sensors Power Emesent's Hovermap". sUAS News. July 31, 2020. ^ "Velodyne Lidar Announces 3-Year Sales Agreement With Baidu". aftermarketNews. October 13, 2020. ^ "Velodyne Lidar announces multi-year sales agreement with Local Motors". Automotive World. November 19, 2020. External links Official website Historical business data for Velodyne Lidar, Inc.: SEC filings
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Driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_Against_Drunk_Driving"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Nikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon"},{"link_name":"Veoneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veoneer"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman"},{"link_name":"board of directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"NASDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Ouster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouster_(company)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Ouster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouster_(company)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"David Hall founded Velodyne in 1983 as an audio company specializing in subwoofer technology.[9][10]Velodyne's experience with laser distance measurement started in 2005, when David Hall and his brother Bruce (then president of Velodyne) entered a vehicle in a driverless car race called DARPA Grand Challenge sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).[11] The experience led them to realize shortcomings both in camera-centric approaches and in existing lidar technology, which only scanned a single, fixed line of sight.[12] Velodyne developed new sensors for the 2007 race. The brothers sold their perception detection system as a steering input to five of the six teams that finished the 2007 race. The system rotated 64 lasers and measured the time of flight to calculate distances to surrounding objects. This created a 360-degree 3D map of the environment.[13] The new system produced one million data points per second, while earlier systems produced 5,000 data points per second.[12]A Velodyne HDL-64E, an HDL-32E, a Puck, and an Ultra PuckVelodyne donated one of its early prototype sensors to the Robotics Collection at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History in 2011.[14][15]In 2016, Velodyne's Lidar department was spun off from Velodyne Acoustics as Velodyne Lidar, Inc.[16] On August 16, 2016, Velodyne announced a $150M investment from Ford and Baidu.[17]In 2017, Velodyne opened a factory in San Jose, California.[18] The company also has an R&D center in Alameda, California.[19] The same year, Velodyne also provided their sensors as a sponsor of the SAE GM AutoDrive Challenge, a three-year competition in which eight university teams develop an automated vehicle.[20]Since 2018, Velodyne has partnered with Mothers Against Drunk Driving in a campaign to promote the use of autonomous vehicles for improving roadway safety and preventing impaired driving deaths.[21][22] Since October 2018, Velodyne has organized an annual World Safety Summit on Autonomous Technology.[23][24] In the same year, the company also signed agreements to collaborate with Nikon and Veoneer for manufacturing and mass production.[25][26]In July 2019, the company acquired mapping and localization software as well as intellectual property assets from Mapper.ai.[27]In January 2020, Hall stepped down as CEO and was replaced by Anand Gopalan, who was previously CTO, although Hall initially remained chairman of the company's board of directors and continued to be the company's largest shareholder.[28] On July 2, 2020, Velodyne Lidar merged with Graf Industrial Corp. to become a publicly-traded company. In September 2020, the company began trading stocks and warrants on NASDAQ under the ticker symbols VLDR and VLDRW.[29]In January 2021, Hall was censured by the company and removed as chairman of the board, and Hall's wife's employment at the company was terminated, as the relationship between the company and Hall together with Hall's wife Marta Thoma Hall became highly antagonistic, with the Halls and the company accusing each other of serious misconduct.[30][31][32][33] However, Hall has retained a large stake in the company and his wife has remained on its board of directors.[34]In November 2021, Gopalan was replaced as CEO with Theodore Tewksbury, a former chief executive at a low-power AI vision systems company, Eta Compute.[35]On February 7, 2022, the company's stock price surged over 50 percent when the internet retailer Amazon agreed to invest in the company with the purchase of 40 million of its shares.[36]In November 2022, Ouster and Velodyne agreed to merge in an all-share transaction in which the combined business will be split evenly between the two companies' existing shareholders.[37] The merger completed in February 2023, with the combined company retaining the Ouster name.[38]On February 10, 2023, Ouster and Velodyne successfully completed a merger of equals. The combined company will keep the name Ouster and continue to trade on New York Stock Exchange under the ticker “OUST.”[39]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Velodyne_AlphaPuck_W_Velarray_VelaDome_Family_BlueLens.png"},{"link_name":"advanced driver assistance systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_driver_assistance_systems"},{"link_name":"unmanned aerial vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LiDAR_Giant1-5"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yan-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"solid-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_electronics"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VelarrayPR-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VelarrayPR-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"lane keeping assist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_keeping_assist"},{"link_name":"automatic emergency braking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_emergency_braking"},{"link_name":"adaptive cruise control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_cruise_control"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"last-mile delivery systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_mile_(transportation)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"An Alpha Puck, Velarray, and VelaDomeApplications for Velodyne Lidar's technology include autonomous vehicles, advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs), mapping, security, and unmanned aerial vehicles. Velodyne's sensors have a range of up to 300 meters and can be used for immediate object detection without additional sensor fusion.[5][40] When in use on a moving vehicle, a Velodyne sensor can create a precise image of the road ahead, including detailed street signs and foliage.[41]In April 2017, Velodyne introduced its Velarray, a compact fixed-laser solid-state sensor that produces a directional image rather than the surround view provided by Velodyne's previous sensors.[42] The range, resolution, and directional field of view of the Velarray enable improved object detection and longer braking distances than the company's prior 360° products. The initial Velarray model was announced as having a 120° horizontal and 35° vertical field of view, and a range of 200 metres (660 ft).[42] The initial Velarray was designed for vehicle integration and could be concealed in roof lines and bumpers and behind windshields.[43][44]Also in 2017, the company introduced the Alpha Puck (previously known as VLS-128) sensor with a range of up to 300 meters.[45][46] This sensor is made for autonomous driving and advanced vehicle safety at highway speeds.[47]In 2019, Velodyne introduced the VelaDome, a compact embeddable lidar that provides a 180° x 180° field of view and supports near-object detection.[48] The company also introduced Vella software for integration of the Velarray into ADAS applications, supporting features such as lane keeping assist, automatic emergency braking, and adaptive cruise control.[49] In November 2019, Velodyne introduced a lidar sensor for improving vehicle safety and enabling precise mapping.[50]In 2020, Velodyne introduced the Velabit, the company's smallest sensor,[51] the Velarray H800, a solid-state sensor built using a micro-lidar array architecture.[52] and the Velarray M1600, a solid state sensor for mobile robots and last-mile delivery systems.[53]","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LBP_5030.jpg"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc."},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Toyota's Prius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Caterpillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc."},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morra-57"},{"link_name":"Nokia Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Here"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Bing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Bing"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Tencent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"TomTom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TomTom"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Topcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topcon"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Leica Geosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_Geosystems"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-55"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Renovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renovo.auto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AWare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AWare&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Embark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embark_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Geodetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetics"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyage_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Postmates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmates"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Nikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"text":"Velodyne Lidar Alpha Puck on a Voyage vehicleIn 2010, Google (now Alphabet) began testing self-driving cars on the streets in the San Francisco Bay Area using Velodyne's Lidar technology.[54] Alphabet's first self-driving car prototype (built on Toyota's Prius model) used Velodyne's HDL-64E lidar sensor.[55] Since then, Alphabet has stopped using Velodyne sensors in its vehicles.[56]In 2012, Velodyne Lidar signed a contract with Caterpillar for a supply of lidar sensors to be used for off-road vehicles. These sensors help Caterpillar map quarries, farms and work sites during construction.[57]From 2012 to 2015, Velodyne's spinning HDL-32E sensors were used on mobile mapping vehicles by Nokia Here,[58] Microsoft Bing Maps,[59] Tencent,[60] Baidu, and TomTom.[61] Mapping providers including Topcon[62] and Leica Geosystems[63] use Velodyne's scanners for their mobile services.In 2016, Ford Motor Company announced that it will expand its fleet of self-driving R&D vehicles and use Velodyne Lidar's Ultra Puck sensors.[55][64][65] As of December 31, 2020, Ford Motor Company liquidated its 7.6% stake in Velodyne Lidar.[66][67]In 2017, Velodyne partnered with Renovo as Reference Lidar provider for the AWare automated mobility operating system[68][better source needed] and with Mercedes-Benz for a perception system contract.[69]In 2018, the company partnered with Embark,[70] Geodetics,[71] Voyage,[72] Exyn Technologies,[73] Yellowscan,[74] Phoenix Lidar,[75] NAVYA,[76] ThorDrive[77] and Postmates.[78] Velodyne Lidar also partnered with Nikon, receiving an investment of $25M.[79]In 2019, Velodyne partnered with Clearpath Robotics,[80] Holomatic,[81] Kaarta[82] and Hyundai Mobis.[83]In 2020, the company announced agreements with TLD,[84] EasyMile,[85] Emesent,[86] Baidu[87] and Local Motors.[88]","title":"Partners and customers"}]
[{"image_text":"A Velodyne HDL-64E, an HDL-32E, a Puck, and an Ultra Puck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Velodyne_ProductFamily_BlueLens_32GreenLens.png/220px-Velodyne_ProductFamily_BlueLens_32GreenLens.png"},{"image_text":"An Alpha Puck, Velarray, and VelaDome","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Velodyne_AlphaPuck_W_Velarray_VelaDome_Family_BlueLens.png/220px-Velodyne_AlphaPuck_W_Velarray_VelaDome_Family_BlueLens.png"},{"image_text":"Velodyne Lidar Alpha Puck on a Voyage vehicle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/LBP_5030.jpg/220px-LBP_5030.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Velodyne's Management\". velodynelidar.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231233/https://velodynelidar.com/management.html","url_text":"\"Velodyne's Management\""},{"url":"https://velodynelidar.com/management.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. SEC: Velodyne Lidar, Inc. 2021 Form 10-K Annual Report\". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. March 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1745317/000162828022004461/vldr-20211231.htm","url_text":"\"U.S. SEC: Velodyne Lidar, Inc. 2021 Form 10-K Annual Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission","url_text":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"}]},{"reference":"Snavely, Brent (August 28, 2016). \"Tech firm Velodyne moves from audio to self-driving cars\". Detroit Free Press. USA Today. 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tractors\""},{"Link":"https://insideunmannedsystems.com/easymile-and-velodyne-lidar-announce-three-year-agreement/","external_links_name":"\"EasyMile and Velodyne Lidar Announce Three-Year Agreement\""},{"Link":"https://www.suasnews.com/2020/07/velodyne-lidar-sensors-power-emesents-hovermap/","external_links_name":"\"Velodyne Lidar Sensors Power Emesent's Hovermap\""},{"Link":"https://www.aftermarketnews.com/velodyne-lidar-announces-3-year-sales-agreement-with-baidu/","external_links_name":"\"Velodyne Lidar Announces 3-Year Sales Agreement With Baidu\""},{"Link":"https://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/velodyne-lidar-announces-multi-year-sales-agreement-with-local-motors/","external_links_name":"\"Velodyne Lidar announces multi-year sales agreement with Local Motors\""},{"Link":"http://www.velodynelidar.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1745317","external_links_name":"SEC filings"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_glass
Carnival glass
["1 History","2 Variations","2.1 Colours","2.2 Shapes","2.3 Patterns","3 Collectibles market","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Type of glass A carnival glass vase. Carnival glass is moulded or pressed glass to which an iridescent surface shimmer has been applied. It has previously been referred to as aurora glass, dope glass, rainbow glass, taffeta glass, and disparagingly as 'poor man's Tiffany'. The name Carnival glass was adopted by collectors in the 1950s as items of it were sometimes given as prizes at carnivals, fetes, and fairgrounds. However, evidence suggests that the vast majority of it was purchased by households to brighten homes at a time when only the well-off could afford bright electric lighting, as its finish catches the light even in dark corners. From the beginning of the 20th century, carnival glass was mass-produced around the world, but largely and initially in the U.S. It reached the height of its popularity in the 1920s, though it is still produced in small quantities today. Carnival glass gets its iridescent sheen from the application of metallic salts while the glass is still hot from the pressing. It was designed to look like the much finer and much more expensive blown iridescent glass by makers such as Tiffany. Both functional and ornamental objects were produced in the carnival finish and patterns ranged from simple through geometric and 'cut' styles to pictorial and figurative. A wide range of colours and colour combinations were produced; scarcely used colours can command very high prices on the collector market. History Carnival glass originated as a glass called 'Iridill', produced beginning in 1908 by the Fenton Art Glass Company (founded in 1905). Iridill was inspired by the fine blown art glass of such makers as Tiffany and Steuben, but did not sell at the anticipated premium prices and was subsequently discounted. After these markdowns, Iridill pieces were used as carnival prizes. Iridill became popular and very profitable for Fenton, which produced many different types of items in this finish, in over 150 patterns. Fenton maintained their position as the largest manufacturer and were one of very few makers to use a red coloured glass base for their carnival glass. After interest waned in the late 1920s, Fenton stopped producing carnival glass for many years. In more recent years, due to a resurgence in interest, Fenton restarted production of carnival glass until its closure in 2007. Most U.S. carnival glass was made before 1925, with production in clear decline after 1931. Some important production continued outside the US through the depression years of the early 1930s, tapering off to very little by the 1940s. Often the same moulds were used to produce clear and transparent coloured glass as well as carnival versions, so producers could switch production between these finishes easily according to demand. Variations Colours Carnival glass was made in a wide array of colours, shades, colour combinations and variants. More than fifty have been formally classified. These classifications do not go by the surface colours showing, which can be even more varied, but by the 'base' colours of the glass before application of the iridizing mineral salts. In order to establish the base colour, one finds an area of the item which had no mineral salts applied (often the base) and holds the item up to the light in such a way that the area in question can be seen through. This is usually easy enough to do, but it can still be difficult for the inexperienced to differentiate the exact base colour between the many possibilities, as there are often only subtle differences and variations. The final (post doping) surface shades also vary according to the depth of base colour, as well as any special treatments and the type and amount of salts used. This last variable caused significant variation to occur, even between batches of what should have been essentially the same colour or colour-way. This happened most frequently in early production but to such an extent that collectors now differentiate between these items, describing the degree of iridescence showing. The most popular colour for carnival glass is now known by collectors as 'marigold' although that name was not in use at the time. Marigold has a clear glass base and is the most easily recognizable carnival colour. The final surface colours of marigold are mostly a bright orange-gold turning perhaps to copper with small areas showing rainbow or 'oil-slick' highlights. The highlights appear mostly on ridges in the pattern and vary in strength according to the light. Marigold carnival glass is the most frequently found colour and in general commands lower prices in the collector market. However, variants of marigold such as those based on 'moonstone', a translucent white, and 'milk glass', an opaque white base, can be more sought after. Other base colours include; amethyst, a reddish purple; blue, green, red and amber. These basic colours are then further delineated by shade; depth of colour; colour combinations such as 'amberina'; colour pattern such as 'slag'; special treatments such as 'opalescent' and finally luminescence such as that given off by 'vaseline glass' or 'uranium glass' under ultra violet light (blacklight). Shapes Carnival glass was produced in a wide variety of items, from utilitarian to the purely decorative. Even within groups of items a variety of shapes can be found with further variation in edging and bases as well as different treatments of the basic shape while still malleable fresh from the mould. For example, of three items coming from the same mould, one could be left as is, another folded inwards and the third splayed outwards. Edge styles varied from plain to include frilled after moulding, or pie crust, furrowed or bullet, as a part of the mould pattern. The basic items produced included bowls, plates, vases, jugs or pitchers and tumblers but many other more specialised items of tableware were made also. These included large centre piece items such as jardinières and float bowls as well as smaller useful items such as butter dishes, celery vases and cruet sets. In smaller numbers and less often found are items to do with lighting or associated with smoking and those designed solely for show as ornaments such as figural sculptures or statuettes. Patterns Example of a green Northwood Wishbone bowl. Carnival glass was produced in large quantities in the US by the Fenton, Northwood, Imperial, Millersburg, Westmoreland (also began producing in 1908), Dugan/Diamond, Cambridge, and U.S. Glass companies as well as many smaller manufacturers. Competition became so fierce that new patterns were continually being developed, so each company ended up making a wide range of patterns of most types adding up to a panoply of choice. By selling sample pieces to carnival fair operators, it was hoped that a winner would then go on to purchase further items in the same or a similar pattern. Pressed glass 'blancs' were brought in and iridized by third parties as well. Different and in many cases highly distinctive carnival glass patterns were designed and made by non-US makers, most notably by Crown Crystal of Australia, now famed for their depiction of that continent's distinctive fauna and flora in their glass. Sowerby (England) are notable for their use of swan, hen and dolphin figural pieces in carnival finish as well as pieces which have figural parts such as bird figured legs. There is even a figural boat. Of their non-figural production, the strong, bold and easily recognizable 'African Shield', 'King James' and 'Drape' patterns provided a good canvas for shimmering carnival colours. German production of carnival was dominated by the Brockwitz glassworks, with mainly geometric patterns which take their cues from cut glass. Other major European makers included Inwald (Czechoslovakia), Eda glasbruk (Sweden) and Riihimäki (Finland). These again produced cut glass styles and simple geometrics with a few floral patterns. However, the most distinctive continental European patterns are probably the similarly styled 'Classic Arts' & 'Egyptian Queen', produced by the Czech Rindskopf works, sporting stained bands of figures over a very simple geometric form in a very even marigold. In other parts of the world most notable are the Argentinian Cristalerias Rigolleau for their innovative and highly distinctive ash trays and Cristalerias Piccardo for their highly desirable 'Jewelled Peacock Tail' vase. Finally, the Indian Jain company should not go unmentioned, notable for their distinctive elephant, fish and hand figural sections incorporated into the body of trumpet shaped vases and for their desirable and highly complex goddess vases. Collectibles market Carnival glass is highly collectible. Prices vary widely, with some pieces worth very little, while other, rare items command thousands of dollars. Examples of carnival glass can be easily found in antique stores and eBay. Identification of carnival glass is frequently difficult. Many manufacturers did not include a maker's mark on their product, and some did for only part of the time they produced the glass. Identifying carnival glass involves matching patterns, colours, sheen, edges, thickness, and other factors from old manufacturer's trade catalogs, other known examples, or other reference material. Since many manufacturers produced close copies of their rivals' popular patterns, carnival glass identification can be challenging even for an expert. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carnival glass. Pressed glass Uranium glass Goofus glass References ^ Carnival Glass, The Magic and The Mystery. Glen & Stephen Thistlewood, Schiffer Publishing, 2008 ISBN 978-0-7643-2989-0 ^ The Art of Carnival Glass. Glen & Stephen Thistlewood, Schiffer Publishing, 2008 ISBN 978-0-7643-1963-1 ^ The Art of Carnival Glass. Glen & Stephen Thistlewood, Schiffer Publishing, 2008, ISBN 978-0-7643-1963-1 ^ a b A Century of Carnival Glass. Glen & Stephen Thistlewood, Schiffer Publishing, 2001 ISBN 978-0-7643-1209-0 ^ "David Doty's Carnival Glass Website" http://www.ddoty.com External links Look up carnival glass in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The Carnival Glass Society UK Carnival Glass Collectors Association of Australia Woodsland World Wide Carnival Glass Association David Doty's Carnival Glass web site contains an index of patterns and manufacturers Glen and Stephen Thistlewood's Carnival Glass website Webpage with basic summary on Carnival Glass
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnival_glass_vase.jpg"},{"link_name":"pressed glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressed_glass"},{"link_name":"iridescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridescent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tiffany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_glass"}],"text":"A carnival glass vase.Carnival glass is moulded or pressed glass to which an iridescent surface shimmer has been applied. It has previously been referred to as aurora glass, dope glass, rainbow glass, taffeta glass, and disparagingly as 'poor man's Tiffany'. The name Carnival glass was adopted by collectors in the 1950s as items of it were sometimes given as prizes at carnivals, fetes, and fairgrounds. However, evidence suggests that the vast majority of it was purchased[1] by households to brighten homes at a time when only the well-off could afford bright electric lighting, as its finish catches the light even in dark corners. From the beginning of the 20th century, carnival glass was mass-produced around the world, but largely and initially in the U.S. It reached the height of its popularity in the 1920s, though it is still produced in small quantities today.Carnival glass gets its iridescent sheen from the application of metallic salts while the glass is still hot from the pressing. It was designed to look like the much finer and much more expensive blown iridescent glass by makers such as Tiffany. Both functional and ornamental objects were produced in the carnival finish and patterns ranged from simple through geometric and 'cut' styles to pictorial and figurative. A wide range of colours and colour combinations were produced; scarcely used colours can command very high prices on the collector market.","title":"Carnival glass"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fenton Art Glass Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton_Art_Glass_Company"},{"link_name":"Tiffany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Steuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steuben_(glass)"},{"link_name":"carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"depression years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_depression"}],"text":"Carnival glass originated as a glass called 'Iridill', produced beginning in 1908 by the Fenton Art Glass Company (founded in 1905). Iridill was inspired by the fine blown art glass of such makers as Tiffany and Steuben, but did not sell at the anticipated premium prices and was subsequently discounted. After these markdowns, Iridill pieces were used as carnival prizes.Iridill became popular and very profitable for Fenton, which produced many different types of items in this finish, in over 150 patterns. Fenton maintained their position as the largest manufacturer and were one of very few makers to use a red coloured glass base for their carnival glass. After interest waned in the late 1920s, Fenton stopped producing carnival glass for many years. In more recent years, due to a resurgence in interest, Fenton restarted production of carnival glass until its closure in 2007.Most U.S. carnival glass was made before 1925, with production in clear decline after 1931. Some important production continued outside the US through the depression years of the early 1930s, tapering off to very little by the 1940s.Often the same moulds were used to produce clear and transparent coloured glass as well as carnival versions, so producers could switch production between these finishes easily according to demand.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amberina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberina"},{"link_name":"blacklight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight"}],"sub_title":"Colours","text":"Carnival glass was made in a wide array of colours, shades, colour combinations and variants. More than fifty have been formally classified. These classifications do not go by the surface colours showing, which can be even more varied, but by the 'base' colours of the glass before application of the iridizing mineral salts.In order to establish the base colour, one finds an area of the item which had no mineral salts applied (often the base) and holds the item up to the light in such a way that the area in question can be seen through. This is usually easy enough to do, but it can still be difficult for the inexperienced to differentiate the exact base colour between the many possibilities, as there are often only subtle differences and variations.The final (post doping) surface shades also vary according to the depth of base colour, as well as any special treatments and the type and amount of salts used. This last variable caused significant variation to occur, even between batches of what should have been essentially the same colour or colour-way. This happened most frequently in early production but to such an extent that collectors now differentiate between these items, describing the degree of iridescence showing.The most popular colour for carnival glass is now known by collectors as 'marigold' although that name was not in use at the time. Marigold has a clear glass base and is the most easily recognizable carnival colour. The final surface colours of marigold are mostly a bright orange-gold turning perhaps to copper with small areas showing rainbow or 'oil-slick' highlights. The highlights appear mostly on ridges in the pattern and vary in strength according to the light.Marigold carnival glass is the most frequently found colour and in general commands lower prices in the collector market. However, variants of marigold such as those based on 'moonstone', a translucent white, and 'milk glass', an opaque white base, can be more sought after. Other base colours include; amethyst, a reddish purple; blue, green, red and amber. These basic colours are then further delineated by shade; depth of colour; colour combinations such as 'amberina'; colour pattern such as 'slag'; special treatments such as 'opalescent' and finally luminescence such as that given off by 'vaseline glass' or 'uranium glass' under ultra violet light (blacklight).","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Shapes","text":"Carnival glass was produced in a wide variety of items, from utilitarian to the purely decorative. Even within groups of items a variety of shapes can be found with further variation in edging and bases as well as different treatments of the basic shape while still malleable fresh from the mould.\nFor example, of three items coming from the same mould, one could be left as is, another folded inwards and the third splayed outwards. Edge styles varied from plain to include frilled after moulding, or pie crust, furrowed or bullet,[2] as a part of the mould pattern.The basic items produced included bowls, plates, vases, jugs or pitchers and tumblers but many other more specialised items of tableware were made also. These included large centre piece items such as jardinières and float bowls[3] as well as smaller useful items such as butter dishes, celery vases and cruet sets. In smaller numbers and less often found are items to do with lighting or associated with smoking and those designed solely for show as ornaments such as figural sculptures or statuettes.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northwood_wishbone_bowl.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"Eda glasbruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eda_glasbruk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Patterns","text":"Example of a green Northwood Wishbone bowl.Carnival glass was produced in large quantities in the US by the Fenton, Northwood, Imperial, Millersburg, Westmoreland (also began producing in 1908), Dugan/Diamond, Cambridge, and U.S. Glass companies as well as many smaller manufacturers. Competition became so fierce that new patterns were continually being developed, so each company ended up making a wide range of patterns of most types adding up to a panoply of choice. By selling sample pieces to carnival fair operators, it was hoped that a winner would then go on to purchase further items in the same or a similar pattern. Pressed glass 'blancs' were brought in and iridized by third parties as well.Different and in many cases highly distinctive carnival glass patterns were designed and made by non-US makers, most notably by Crown Crystal of Australia, now famed for their depiction of that continent's distinctive fauna and flora in their glass. Sowerby (England) are notable for their use of swan, hen and dolphin figural pieces in carnival finish as well as pieces which have figural parts such as bird figured legs. There is even a figural boat. Of their non-figural production, the strong, bold and easily recognizable 'African Shield', 'King James' and 'Drape' patterns provided a good canvas for shimmering carnival colours.German production of carnival was dominated by the Brockwitz glassworks, with mainly geometric patterns which take their cues from cut glass. Other major European makers included Inwald (Czechoslovakia),[4] Eda glasbruk (Sweden) and Riihimäki (Finland). These again produced cut glass styles and simple geometrics with a few floral patterns. However, the most distinctive continental European patterns are probably the similarly styled 'Classic Arts' & 'Egyptian Queen', produced by the Czech Rindskopf works, sporting stained bands of figures over a very simple geometric form in a very even marigold.In other parts of the world most notable are the Argentinian Cristalerias Rigolleau for their innovative and highly distinctive ash trays[4] and Cristalerias Piccardo for their highly desirable 'Jewelled Peacock Tail' vase.[5] Finally, the Indian Jain company should not go unmentioned, notable for their distinctive elephant, fish and hand figural sections incorporated into the body of trumpet shaped vases and for their desirable and highly complex goddess vases.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"maker's mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"}],"text":"Carnival glass is highly collectible. Prices vary widely, with some pieces worth very little, while other, rare items command thousands of dollars. Examples of carnival glass can be easily found in antique stores and eBay.Identification of carnival glass is frequently difficult. Many manufacturers did not include a maker's mark on their product, and some did for only part of the time they produced the glass. Identifying carnival glass involves matching patterns, colours, sheen, edges, thickness, and other factors from old manufacturer's trade catalogs, other known examples, or other reference material. Since many manufacturers produced close copies of their rivals' popular patterns, carnival glass identification can be challenging even for an expert.","title":"Collectibles market"}]
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[{"title":"Carnival glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carnival_glass"},{"title":"Pressed glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressed_glass"},{"title":"Uranium glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_glass"},{"title":"Goofus glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goofus_glass"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.ddoty.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.ddoty.com"},{"Link":"https://www.thecgs.co.uk/","external_links_name":"The Carnival Glass Society UK"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101005212623/http://carnivalglass.org.au/","external_links_name":"Carnival Glass Collectors Association of Australia"},{"Link":"http://www.carnivalglass.org/","external_links_name":"Woodsland World Wide Carnival Glass Association"},{"Link":"http://ddoty.com/","external_links_name":"David Doty's Carnival Glass web site"},{"Link":"http://www.carnivalglassworldwide.com/","external_links_name":"Glen and Stephen Thistlewood's Carnival Glass website"},{"Link":"https://glassbottlemarks.com/carnival-glass/","external_links_name":"Webpage with basic summary on Carnival Glass"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HHCode
HHCode
["1 References"]
Computer data storage format This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "HHCode" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A Helical Hyperspatial Code, also known as an HHCode, is a data storage format for very large spatio-temporal datasets. The development of HHCode can be traced to efforts by scientists working for the Canadian Hydrographic Service's Atlantic regional offices at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. CHS was facing a problem with storing very large spatial datasets acquired during hydrographic surveys (thus having a temporal element) and was seeking a method to store the datasets in a relational database structure. CHS scientists reportedly conceptualized a spatio-temporal indexing system during a hydrographic survey onboard CCGS Hudson on Georges Bank during the summer of 1989. The indexing system involved an adaptation of a Riemannian hypercube data structure, invoking a helical spiral through 3-dimensional space, which allowed for n-size of features. The actual implementation of the proposed indexing system was termed a helical hyperspatial code and it was first used by modifying an installation of the Oracle database version 4. The HHCode indexing system permitted a highly efficient compression of not only spatial data but other data types as well, while improving search and retrieval times. The HHCode comprises a form of space filling curve and the concept was published by the CHS scientists in the International Hydrographic Review. Oracle Corporation subsequently learned of the innovation which led to an agreement with the Government of Canada which saw the CHS scientists working with a team of Oracle programmers at an office in Hull, Quebec during the early 1990s to redevelop the Oracle database kernel. The resulting software was the Oracle database version 7, with the Spatial Data Option (SDO). Subsequent development of the SDO has resulted in the Oracle Spatial extension to current Oracle databases. With the HHCode being an open-source data format, several spatial data and software companies have adopted it in various products targeted at very large corporate data users, namely Helical Systems Inc. and CubeWerx. References Varma, H. et al. A Data Structure for Spatio-Temporal Databases (1990). International Hydrographic Review, Monaco, LXVII(1), January.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esher_College
Esher Sixth Form College
["1 Location","2 History","2.1 Grammar school","2.2 Sixth form college","2.3 16-19 Academy","3 Former pupils","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°23′16″N 0°20′34″W / 51.387787°N 0.342735°W / 51.387787; -0.342735 16-19 academy in Thames Ditton, Surrey, EnglandEsher Sixth Form CollegeAddressWeston Green RoadThames Ditton, Surrey, KT7 0JBEnglandCoordinates51°23′16″N 0°20′34″W / 51.387787°N 0.342735°W / 51.387787; -0.342735InformationType16-19 AcademyEstablished1974Department for Education URN145006 TablesOfstedReportsPrincipalDan Hards GenderMixedAge16 to 18Enrolment2100 (approx.)Former nameEsher CollegePrevious URN130830Former nameEsher County Grammar SchoolWebsitehttps://www.esher.ac.uk Esher Sixth Form College is an open access, non-selective 16-19 Academy located in Thames Ditton, Surrey, England. Rated as "outstanding" in September 2022 by Ofsted, it now has around 2100 students enrolled, with a catchment drawn from north Surrey and southwest London. They offer over 40 A Level and BTEC National courses, with the opportunity to combine both. Location Esher Sixth Form College is very close to Thames Ditton railway station on the northern edge of Surrey. It is situated just south of the roundabout of the A309 and B364. History Grammar school The site was formerly Esher County Grammar School which moved there in 1965, having been established as Surbiton County Grammar in the 1920s. The original Surbiton site is now occupied by the Hollyfield School. Sixth form college The transformation into a sixth form college began in 1974 with the last intake of grammar school pupils. It became a wholly sixth form college in 1979, by which time it was known as Esher College and had approximately 1000 students. It has since expanded, and the 2021 prospectus describes the college as 'a community of over 1900 full-time students'. 16-19 Academy It became a 16-19 Academy in September 2019 and changed its name to 'Esher Sixth Form College' Former pupils This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (July 2021) India de Beaufort, actress Finn Cole, actor Josh Franceschi, (You Me at Six lead singer) Mike Galsworthy, science researcher and pro-EU advocate Camilla Kerslake, singer Keira Knightley, actress Ray Lewington, Watford F.C. assistant manager Rhea Norwood, actor Jamie T, musician Ruth Wilson, actress References ^ a b "Esher Sixth Form College - GOV.UK". get-information-schools.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 January 2023. ^ a b c "Ofsted - Esher Sixth Form College". reports.ofsted.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 January 2023. ^ "Visit from former student, Finn Cole". Esher Sixth Form College. 23 June 2022. ^ Robertson, Louise (25 November 2009). "Former Esher College and Hollyfield School pupil Camilla Kerslake launches first album". Sutton & Croydon Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2023. ^ Cohen, Louise (6 September 2007). "Keira Knightley's road to fame". The Times. No. 69110. London. p. 5. ^ "Students attend International Women's Day". Retrieved 27 January 2024. ^ Nichol, Patricia (27 May 2007). "Something in the Eyre". The Times. External links Esher Sixth Form College official website Esher Sixth Form College Ofsted Report - September 2022 Esher College OFSTED Report EduBase vte Schools in SurreyPrimary Cobham Free School Royal Alexandra and Albert School South Farnham School Secondary All Hallows Catholic School Ash Manor School The Ashcombe School The Beacon School Bishop David Brown School The Bishop Wand CE School Blenheim High School Broadwater School Carrington School Chertsey High School Christ's College Cobham Free School Collingwood College de Stafford School Epsom and Ewell High School Esher CE High School Farnham Heath End School Fullbrook School George Abbot School Glebelands School Glyn School Gordon's School Guildford County School Heathside School Hinchley Wood School Hoe Valley School Howard of Effingham School Jubilee High School King's College Kings International College The Magna Carta School Matthew Arnold School Oakwood School Oxted School The Priory School Reigate School Rodborough School Rosebery School for Girls The Royal Alexandra and Albert School St Andrew's Catholic School St Bede's School St John the Baptist School St Paul's College St Peter's School Salesian School Sunbury Manor School Thamesmead School Therfield School Thomas Knyvett College Three Rivers Academy Tomlinscote School Warlingham School Weydon School The Winston Churchill School Woking High School Woolmer Hill School IndependentPreparatory Aberdour School Amesbury School Chinthurst School Edgeborough School Feltonfleet School The Hawthorns School Hazelwood School Hoe Bridge School Milbourne Lodge School Parkside School Reigate St Mary's School St John's Beaumont School ACS International School The American School In England Belmont School Box Hill School Caterham School Charterhouse School City of London Freemen's School Claremont Fan Court School Cranleigh School Downsend School Duke of Kent School Dunottar School Epsom College Ewell Castle School Frensham Heights School Guildford High School Halliford School Hurtwood House King Edward's School Kingswood House School Lingfield College Manor House School Notre Dame School Prior's Field School Reed's School Reigate Grammar School Royal Grammar School Royal School Haslemere St Catherine's School St Edmund's School St George's College St James Independent Schools St John's School St Teresa's School Sir William Perkins's School Tormead School Woldingham School Yehudi Menuhin School Special Knowl Hill School Moon Hall School Pond Meadow School St Dominic's School Sunnydown School Further education Esher College Farnham College Godalming College Reigate College RES Sixth Form College Strode's College Woking College Former Beechholme Falconbury School Farnham Grammar School Godalming Grammar School Greenacre School for Girls Nower Lodge School Ottershaw School Parsons Mead School Pierrepont School Priory Preparatory School St David's School Scaitcliffe Stoatley Rough School Wispers School   Category   Commons   List vteUniversities and colleges in South East EnglandUniversities BPP Brighton Buckingham Buckinghamshire New Canterbury Chichester Creative Arts Kent Law Open Oxford Oxford Brookes Portsmouth Reading Solent Southampton Surrey Sussex Winchester Further education colleges Abingdon & Witney Andover Ashford Aylesbury Banbury & Bicester Basingstoke Berkshire Bracknell & Wokingham Brockenhurst Brooklands Canterbury Crawley College Chichester East Kent Eastleigh East Surrey East Sussex College (Lewes, Newhaven, Eastbourne and Hastings) Fareham Farnborough Guildford Hadlow Havant and South Downs Haywards Heath College Henley Highbury Isle of Wight Brighton MET College MidKent Milton Keynes Newbury Northbrook College North East Surrey North Kent Oxford (City) Plumpton Reading Ruskin Southampton Sparsholt Totton West Kent Windsor Forest Sixth form colleges Alton Barton Peveril Bexhill Brighton (BHASVIC) Esher Farnborough Farnham Godalming Itchen Peter Symonds Portsmouth Queen Mary's Reigate Richard Collyer St Vincent Strode's Taunton's Varndean Woking Worthing vteBorough of ElmbridgeTowns, villages and neighbourhoodsCobham Cobham Downside Stoke d'Abernon Little Heath Esher Claygate Esher Hinchley Wood West End Surbiton Long Ditton Thames Ditton Thames Ditton Weston Green MoleseyMolesey (in traditional parish, East Molesey and West Molesey)LeatherheadLeatherhead, OxshottWalton on Thames Ashley Park Burwood Park Hersham Walton-on-Thames Weybridge Oatlands St George's Hill Weybridge Notable parks Cigarette Island Park Esher Commons Giggs Hill Green Hurst Park Molesey Heath Oxshott Heath and Woods Painshill Weybridge Heath Places of worship St George's Church, Esher St Mary's Church, Stoke d'Abernon Church of St Nicholas, Thames Ditton Weybridge United Reformed Church Education ACS International Schools Brooklands College Danes Hill School Esher Church of England High School Esher Sixth Form College Feltonfleet School Heathside School Hinchley Wood School Milbourne Lodge School Notre Dame School Reed's School Three Rivers Academy St George's College (part) TransportRailway stations Claygate Cobham & Stoke d'Abernon Esher Hampton Court Hersham Hinchley Wood Oxshott Thames Ditton Walton-on-Thames Weybridge Roads M25 A3 A244 A307 A3050 Notable other Thames Path London Outer Orbital Path Wey Navigation Buildings and structures Bessborough Reservoir Brooklands Brooklands Museum Claremont Estate Cobham Park Cobham Training Centre Esher Place Hurst Park Racecourse Knight Reservoir Island Barn Reservoir London Bus Museum Molesey Lock Molesey Reservoirs Queen Elizabeth II Reservoir Sandown Park Racecourse Sunbury Lock Wayneflete Tower Sport Dittons Skiff and Punting Club East Molesey Cricket Club Esher RFC Metropolitan Police F.C. Molesey Boat Club Molesey F.C. Surbiton Hockey Club Thames Ditton Lawn Tennis Club Thames Valley Skiff Club Walton Casuals F.C. Walton & Hersham F.C. Walton Rowing Club Weybridge Rowing Club Places listed are articles notable as settlements, arranged by post town The M25 motorway follows approximately a boundary and is included for its regional importance. Authority control databases ISNI
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thames Ditton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Ditton"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ofsted-2"},{"link_name":"Ofsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofsted"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ofsted-2"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ofsted-2"}],"text":"16-19 academy in Thames Ditton, Surrey, EnglandEsher Sixth Form College is an open access, non-selective 16-19 Academy located in Thames Ditton, Surrey, England.Rated as \"outstanding\" in September 2022[2] by Ofsted, it now has around 2100[2] students enrolled, with a catchment drawn from north Surrey and southwest London.[2] They offer over 40 A Level and BTEC National courses, with the opportunity to combine both.","title":"Esher Sixth Form College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thames Ditton railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Ditton_railway_station"}],"text":"Esher Sixth Form College is very close to Thames Ditton railway station on the northern edge of Surrey. It is situated just south of the roundabout of the A309 and B364.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surbiton County Grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surbiton_County_Grammar"},{"link_name":"Hollyfield School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollyfield_School"}],"sub_title":"Grammar school","text":"The site was formerly Esher County Grammar School which moved there in 1965, having been established as Surbiton County Grammar in the 1920s. The original Surbiton site is now occupied by the Hollyfield School.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sixth form college","text":"The transformation into a sixth form college began in 1974 with the last intake of grammar school pupils. It became a wholly sixth form college in 1979, by which time it was known as Esher College and had approximately 1000 students. It has since expanded, and the 2021 prospectus describes the college as 'a community of over 1900 full-time students'.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gis-1"}],"sub_title":"16-19 Academy","text":"It became a 16-19 Academy in September 2019 and changed its name to 'Esher Sixth Form College' [1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India de Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_de_Beaufort"},{"link_name":"Finn Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Cole"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Josh Franceschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Franceschi"},{"link_name":"You Me at Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Me_at_Six"},{"link_name":"Mike Galsworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Galsworthy"},{"link_name":"Camilla Kerslake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla_Kerslake"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Keira Knightley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keira_Knightley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ray Lewington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Lewington"},{"link_name":"Watford F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rhea Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_Norwood"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jamie T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_T"},{"link_name":"Ruth Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"India de Beaufort, actress\nFinn Cole, actor[3]\nJosh Franceschi, (You Me at Six lead singer)\nMike Galsworthy, science researcher and pro-EU advocate\nCamilla Kerslake, singer[4]\nKeira Knightley, actress[5]\nRay Lewington, Watford F.C. assistant manager\nRhea Norwood, actor [6]\nJamie T, musician\nRuth Wilson, actress[7]","title":"Former pupils"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_August
John August
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Awards","4 Other work","4.1 johnaugust.com","4.2 Quote-Unquote Apps","4.3 Scriptnotes","4.4 Writer Emergency Pack","4.5 One Hit Kill","4.6 Launch","5 Personal life","6 Filmography","7 References","8 External links"]
American film director and screenwriter John AugustAugust in 2019BornJohn Tilton Meise (1970-08-04) August 4, 1970 (age 53)Boulder, Colorado, U.S.Alma materDrake University (BA)University of Southern California (MFA)OccupationsScreenwriterdirectorproducernovelistYears active1998–presentNotable workGo Big Fish Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Arlo Finch in the Valley of FireSpouse Michael August ​(m. 2008)​Children1 John August (born August 4, 1970) is an American screenwriter, director, producer, and novelist. He is known for writing the films Go (1999), Charlie's Angels (2000), Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003), Big Fish (2003), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), Corpse Bride (2005), Frankenweenie (2012), the Disney live-action adaptation of Aladdin (2019), the novels Arlo Finch in the Valley of Fire (2018), Arlo Finch in the Lake of the Moon (2019) and Arlo Finch in the Kingdom of Shadows (2020). He hosts the popular screenwriting podcast Scriptnotes with Craig Mazin, maintains an eponymous screenwriting blog and develops screenwriter-targeted software through his company, Quote-Unquote Apps. August is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, voting in the Writers branch. In 2016, he was awarded the WGAw's Valentine Davies Award for his dignified contributions to the entertainment industry and the community-at-large, and has been nominated for a BAFTA and a Grammy. Early life August was born John Tilton Meise in Boulder, Colorado, in 1970. Meise is a German-language surname he found was difficult to pronounce and wished to change; he eventually settled on August, coincidentally both his father's middle name and the month he was born. He earned a degree in journalism from Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa; while there, he participated in a summer film program at Stanford and decided to pursue screenwriting. He went on to earn an MFA in film from The Peter Stark Producing Program at the University of Southern California. As part of his course at USC, August wrote a romantic tragedy called Here and Now. Though the script never sold, it resulted in August finding agent representation and helped launch his screenwriting career. Career August's debut film was 1999's critically acclaimed crime-comedy Go, directed by Doug Liman, for which he also served as co-producer and second unit director. The film performed moderately at the box office, but was well received, and has since become a cult classic. After Go finished filming, August and Melissa McCarthy, who had a small role in the film, ran into each other in a coffee shop, and August told McCarthy that he had written a short film with her in mind. The short film, God, was shot after Go, but finished and released before. It has been credited as one of the early showcases of McCarthy's comedic talent. August created his first television show, D.C., in 2000 for The WB. The series was produced by Law & Order creator Dick Wolf, with August serving as co-executive producer. Seven episodes were produced, though only four aired. In the same year, August also wrote the animated science fiction feature Titan A.E., and the McG-directed Charlie's Angels. In the fall of 1998, while Go was still in post-production, August had acquired the film rights to Daniel Wallace's novel Big Fish after reading it as a not-yet published manuscript. His adaptation became the 2003 Tim Burton film of the same name and earned August a 2003 BAFTA Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay. He returned to the world of Charlie's Angels to write its sequel, 2003's Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle. August has spoken about the difficult production process for the film. He reunited with Big Fish director Burton in 2005 for Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, an adaptation of Roald Dahl's classic children's book. August had written to Dahl as part of a third grade class project, and received a postcard reply. Though the reply was a form letter, August still had it, decades later, when he adapted the book. He earned a 2006 Grammy nomination for his lyrics for “Wonka's Welcome Song” from the film. He collaborated for a third time with Burton on the stop-motion animated fantasy Corpse Bride, also released in 2005. The two films were in production simultaneously, with actors including Johnny Depp, Helena Bonham Carter and Christopher Lee appearing in both. The film marked the third of five produced collaborations to date between August and Burton. August made his feature directorial debut in 2007 with science fiction psychological thriller The Nines, starring Ryan Reynolds, Melissa McCarthy, Hope Davis and Elle Fanning. The film, which August also wrote, premiered at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival and Venice Film Festival's Critics' Week. One of McCarthy's characters in the film, Margaret, is the same one she played in August's 1998 short film God. In 2010, he partnered with game designer Jordan Mechner to pitch an adaptation of Mechner's Prince of Persia. August served as an executive producer on the resulting film, Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time, directed by Mike Newell and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. He reunited with Burton again in 2012 for the stop-motion fantasy horror comedy Frankenweenie, a remake of Burton's 1984 short film of the same name. August also received story credit on Burton's Dark Shadows adaptation. August returned to Big Fish for a 2013 Broadway musical adaptation, with music and lyrics by Andrew Lippa, directed and choreographed by Susan Stroman. The musical has subsequently been adapted all over the world, including a 2017 run on London's West End starring Kelsey Grammer. August co-wrote the screenplay for Walt Disney Pictures' live action musical fantasy film Aladdin (2019), alongside director Guy Ritchie. In July 2016, August signed a deal to write a three-book series aimed at middle-grade children, inspired by his experience as a Boy Scout. The first book in the series, Arlo Finch in the Valley of Fire, was published on February 6, 2018 by Roaring Brook Press, an imprint of the Macmillan Children's Publishing Group. Its origins and creation were documented in August's podcast Launch. Arlo Finch in the Lake of the Moon published in 2019, and the final book in the series followed in 2020. Awards August was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in 2003 for Big Fish. He earned a 2006 Grammy nomination for his lyrics for "Wonka's Welcome Song" from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. In 2016, he was awarded the WGAw's Valentine Davies Award for his dignified contributions to the entertainment industry and the community-at-large. Other work johnaugust.com In 2003, August established johnaugust.com as a repository for the 100+ screenwriting advice columns he had written for IMDb. The site now has over 1,500 posts. August established a complementary site, screenwriting.io, to provide concise answers to a wide range of screenwriting craft-related questions. Quote-Unquote Apps He founded Quote-Unquote Apps in 2010, which develops software related to film and the film industry. Their releases include FDX Reader Archived November 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, an iOS application that displays Final Draft files; Less IMDb Archived December 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, a browser extension for Safari, Chrome, and Firefox that reorganizes the layout of IMDb pages; and Bronson Watermarker, an OS X watermarking application that supports multiple outputs. He also commissioned the typeface Courier Prime from Alan Dague-Greene, intended to be a more readable alternative to Courier New. In 2012, the Quote-Unquote team, along with Stu Maschwitz, developed Fountain, a simple markup syntax for screenplays. Later that year, Quote-Unquote released the first public beta of Highland, an OS X utility that converts screenplays between PDF, FDX, and Fountain formats, and works as a Fountain text editor. In 2014, the company released Weekend Read, a freemium iOS app for reading screenplays. The app can open PDF, Final Draft, Fountain, Markdown and text files. iPad support was added in 2015. The app features a 'For Your Consideration' section featuring awards season screenplays, as well as August's own scripts. In 2015, they released Assembler, a Mac app for instantly combining text files. Scriptnotes Since the summer of 2011, August and fellow screenwriter Craig Mazin have hosted the Scriptnotes podcast, a weekly podcast on the craft of screenwriting and the film industry. It consistently ranks among iTunes's top TV & Film podcasts. Writer Emergency Pack August launched a 2014 Kickstarter for Writer Emergency Pack, a deck of cards designed to help writers when they're stuck. The Kickstarter raised $158,104 from 5,714 backers, and the pack is now for sale to the public. August worked with NaNoWriMo to distribute Writer Emergency Pack to more than 2,000 classrooms worldwide. One Hit Kill In May 2015, August launched a second Kickstarter for a card game called One Hit Kill. The Kickstarter raised $76,038 from 1,951 backers. Launch August debuted a second podcast in January 2018. Titled Launch, the six-episode series is produced by Wondery, and chronicles August's experience writing, selling and releasing his debut novel, Arlo Finch in the Valley of Fire. On its first day of release, Launch reached the top 10 on the iTunes podcast chart. Personal life August lives in Los Angeles with his husband, Michael August, and their daughter. From 2016 to 2017, he spent a year living in Paris. Filmography Film writer Year Title Director Notes 1998 God Himself Short film 1999 Go Doug Liman Also 2nd unit director and co-producer 2000 Titan A.E. Don BluthGary Goldman Charlie's Angels McG 2003 Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle Nominated- Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay Big Fish Tim Burton Nominated- BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay 2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Also wrote the lyrics to "Wonka's Welcome Song" Corpse Bride Tim BurtonMike Johnson Also wrote the lyrics to "Remains of the Day","Tears to Shed" and "According to Plan" 2007 The Nines Himself 2012 Dark Shadows Tim Burton Story only Frankenweenie 2019 Aladdin Guy Ritchie TBA Toto: The Dog-Gone Amazing Story of the Wizard of Oz Alex Timbers In-production Executive producer Prince of Persia: Sands of Time (2010) Television Year Title Writer ExecutiveProducer Notes 2000 D.C. Yes Co-executive Also creator 2003 Alaska Yes Yes TV movie References ^ a b "Read Final Draft files on the iPad with FDX Reader". Macworld. May 25, 2011. ^ "FDX Reader on CNET". Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2011. ^ "Latest Academy News". Oscars.org – Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. September 10, 2014. ^ a b c "Screenwriter John August to Receive WGAW's 2016 Valentine Davies Award". Retrieved December 8, 2017. ^ "John August". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved May 2, 2023. ^ Taylor, Drew (October 3, 2012). "'Frankenweenie' Writer John August Talks Working With Tim Burton, Apps & The 'Big Fish' Musical". IndieWire. Retrieved December 11, 2017. ^ "Scriptnotes, Ep 307: Teaching Your Heroes to Drive — Transcript". Scriptnotes. July 10, 2017. So, for people who don't know the backstory, my original last name is German and it looks pronounceable, but we pronounced it weird. It was a challenging last name. And so I was deciding as I went through high school, like I think I'm going to use a different name for my career I picked my dad's middle name, August, and it's worked out for me very, very well. ^ "John August, from Drake to Broadway". Newsroom | Drake University. August 16, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2017. ^ a b Academy, The. "LESSONS LEARNED: John August on Screenwriting". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved December 11, 2017. ^ "Go (1999)" – via www.rottentomatoes.com. ^ "Go (1999) – IMDb" – via www.imdb.com. ^ "Looking Back On 'Go,' 15 Years Later". HuffPost UK. April 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ a b "The 1998 Short Film That Showcased Melissa McCarthy's Early Comic Genius". Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ "Lessons from God". johnaugust.com. December 2, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ a b McNary, Dave (January 7, 2016). "'Big Fish' Writer John August Honored by Writers Guild". Variety. Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ "Daniel Wallace website". Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2011. ^ a b "BAFTA Awards". awards.bafta.org. ^ "Interview | John August on Screenwriting, Interviewing and 'Scary Stories' – CraveOnline". CraveOnline. November 12, 2015. Archived from the original on January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ Baker, Bob (May 22, 2005). "Advanced Screenwriting According to Me". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ a b "The 48th Annual GRAMMY Awards Roundup: Film/TV/Visual Media". GRAMMY.com. January 24, 2006. ^ "12 Lively Facts About Corpse Bride". December 19, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ "2007 SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL ANNOUNCES FILMS IN THE PREMIERES, SPECTRUM, NEW FRONTIER, PARK CITY AT MIDNIGHT AND FROM THE SUNDANCE COLLECTION SECTIONS" (PDF). Sundance Film Festival. November 30, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 17, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2021. ^ Levy, Emanuel (July 23, 2007). "Venice Film Fest 2007: Critics Week Selection". EmanuelLevy. Retrieved March 21, 2021. ^ "#TBT: A Look Back At Melissa McCarthy's First Acting Role". Fast Company. April 7, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ "Prince of Persia announced". johnaugust.com. March 4, 2004. Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ Taylor, Drew (October 3, 2012). "'Frankenweenie' Writer John August Talks Working With Tim Burton, Apps & The 'Big Fish' Musical". IndieWire. Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ Gioia, Michael (September 5, 2013). "Andrew Lippa and John August's Big Fish Swims Onto Broadway Beginning Sept. 5". Playbill. Archived from the original on September 7, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013. ^ "Big Fish". London Theatre. Retrieved March 21, 2021. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (October 10, 2016). "Guy Ritchie To Direct Live Action 'Aladdin' For Disney". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 10, 2016. ^ Busch, Anita (July 19, 2016). "'Big Fish' & 'Charlie And The Chocolate Factory' Scribe John August Signs 3-Book Deal". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 24, 2017. ^ a b "Introducing Launch, A New Podcast from Wondery". Quick and Dirty Tips. Retrieved January 24, 2018. ^ "About John August - johnaugust.com". johnaugust.com. ^ August, John. "About John August". Retrieved November 17, 2014. ^ Weber, Harrison (February 9, 2012). "Fountain is a Markup Language for Screenplays". The Next Web. ^ "With Public Beta, 'Highland' Screenwriting Software Steps Up from Converter to Editor". No Film School. May 25, 2012. ^ Macaulay, Scott. "John August Launches iPhone Screenplay Reader, Weekend Read | Filmmaker Magazine". Filmmaker Magazine. Retrieved December 11, 2017. ^ "Need to Read a Screenplay on Your iPhone? Try Weekend Read (It's Free)". No Film School. February 19, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2017. ^ "Assembler on the Mac App Store". Mac App Store. Retrieved December 11, 2017. ^ "Scriptnotes Podcast on Apple Podcasts". Apple Podcasts. March 12, 2024. ^ "podbay.fm". podbay. ^ "Writer Emergency Pack – helping writers get unstuck". Kickstarter. ^ "Is Your Script Stuck? John August's Writer Emergency Pack Is On Sale Now". No Film School. April 8, 2015. ^ "Arlo Finch in the Valley of Fire | John August | Macmillan". US Macmillan. Archived from the original on December 5, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017. ^ "One Hit Kill". Kickstarter. ^ "iTunesCharts.net: 'Launch' by Wondery (American Podcasts iTunes Chart)". www.itunescharts.net. Retrieved January 24, 2018. ^ "I got married". johnaugust.com. June 30, 2008. ^ "Two big debuts". johnaugust.com. July 21, 2005. ^ August, John (September 3, 2016). "I moved to Paris". JohnAugust.com. Retrieved March 14, 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to John August. John August Interview Archived September 23, 2020, at the Wayback Machine johnaugust.com Quote-Unquote Apps John August at IMDb Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz Other SNAC IdRef vteWorks by John AugustFilms written Go (1999) Titan A.E. (2000) Charlie's Angels (2000) Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) The Nines (2007, also directed) Dark Shadows (2012, story) Frankenweenie (2012) Aladdin (2019) TV series created D.C. (2000) Novels Arlo Finch (series) vteValentine Davies Award1960s Mary C. McCall Jr. (1962) Allen Rivkin (1963) Morgan Cox (1964) James R. Webb (1965) Leonard Spigelgass (1966) Edmund H. North (1967) George Seaton (1968) Dore Schary (1969) 1970s Richard Murphy (1970) Dan Taradash (1971) Michael Blankfort & Norman Corwin (1972) William Ludwig (1973) Ray Bradbury & Philip Dunne (1974) Fay Kanin (1975) Winston Miller (1976) Carl Foreman (1977) Norman Lear (1978) Melville Shavelson (1979) 1980s David W. Rintels (1980) Arthur Orloff (1981) Mort R. Lewis (1982) Hal Kanter (1983) Jerome Lawrence & Robert E. Lee (1984) Charles Champlin (1985) Ronald Austin (1986) William Froug (1987) Lois Peyser (1988) Michael Kanin & Garson Kanin (1989) 1990s John Furia Jr. (1990) Frank Pierson (1991) Allan Burns (1992) True Boardman (1993) Phil Alden Robinson (1994) Garry Marshall (1995) Mike Farrell (1996) Jonathan Estrin & Shelley List (1997) Gary David Goldberg (1998) Barry Kemp (1999) 2000s Alan Alda (2000) Paul Haggis (2001) David Angell (2002) Aaron Ruben (2003) Neal Baer (2004) Irma Kalish (2005) Not presented (2006) Larry Gelbart (2007) Tom Schulman (2008) Carl Reiner & Victoria Riskin (2009) 2010s Not presented (2010) Seth Freeman & Susannah Grant (2011) Philip Rosenthal (2012) Sam Simon (2013) Ben Affleck (2014) Not presented (2015) John August (2016) Richard Curtis (2017) Dustin Lance Black (2018) Not presented (2019) 2020s Brad Falchuk (2020)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Charlie's Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels:_Full_Throttle"},{"link_name":"Big Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Fish"},{"link_name":"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_(film)"},{"link_name":"Corpse Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpse_Bride"},{"link_name":"Frankenweenie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Aladdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Arlo Finch in the Valley of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlo_Finch_in_the_Valley_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"Scriptnotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptnotes"},{"link_name":"Craig Mazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Mazin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macworld.com-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Valentine Davies Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Davies_Award"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"American film director and screenwriterJohn August (born August 4, 1970) is an American screenwriter, director, producer, and novelist. He is known for writing the films Go (1999), Charlie's Angels (2000), Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003), Big Fish (2003), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), Corpse Bride (2005), Frankenweenie (2012), the Disney live-action adaptation of Aladdin (2019), the novels Arlo Finch in the Valley of Fire (2018), Arlo Finch in the Lake of the Moon (2019) and Arlo Finch in the Kingdom of Shadows (2020).He hosts the popular screenwriting podcast Scriptnotes with Craig Mazin, maintains an eponymous screenwriting blog and develops screenwriter-targeted software through his company, Quote-Unquote Apps.[1][2]August is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, voting in the Writers branch.[3] In 2016, he was awarded the WGAw's Valentine Davies Award for his dignified contributions to the entertainment industry and the community-at-large, and has been nominated for a BAFTA and a Grammy.[4]","title":"John August"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boulder, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Drake University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_University"},{"link_name":"Des Moines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"MFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"The Peter Stark Producing Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peter_Stark_Producing_Program"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"}],"text":"August was born John Tilton Meise in Boulder, Colorado, in 1970.[5][6] Meise is a German-language surname he found was difficult to pronounce and wished to change; he eventually settled on August, coincidentally both his father's middle name and the month he was born.[7] He earned a degree in journalism from Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa; while there, he participated in a summer film program at Stanford and decided to pursue screenwriting.[8] He went on to earn an MFA in film from The Peter Stark Producing Program at the University of Southern California.[9]As part of his course at USC, August wrote a romantic tragedy called Here and Now. Though the script never sold, it resulted in August finding agent representation and helped launch his screenwriting career.[9]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"second unit director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_unit_director"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"cult classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_classic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Melissa McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The WB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_WB"},{"link_name":"Law & Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"Dick Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Wolf"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-15"},{"link_name":"Titan A.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_A.E."},{"link_name":"McG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McG"},{"link_name":"Charlie's Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-15"},{"link_name":"Daniel Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Wallace_(author)"},{"link_name":"Big Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Fish:_A_Novel_of_Mythic_Proportions"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Tim Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Burton"},{"link_name":"film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Fish"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Adapted Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels:_Full_Throttle"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_(film)"},{"link_name":"Roald Dahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Dahl"},{"link_name":"classic children's book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"},{"link_name":"stop-motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_motion"},{"link_name":"Corpse Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpse_Bride"},{"link_name":"Johnny Depp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Depp"},{"link_name":"Helena Bonham Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter"},{"link_name":"Christopher Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lee"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"psychological thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_thriller"},{"link_name":"The Nines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nines"},{"link_name":"Ryan Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Melissa McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"Hope Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Davis"},{"link_name":"Elle Fanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_Fanning"},{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Venice Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Jordan Mechner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Mechner"},{"link_name":"Prince of Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Persia:_The_Sands_of_Time_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mike Newell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Newell_(director)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Bruckheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Bruckheimer"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"horror comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_comedy"},{"link_name":"Frankenweenie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remake"},{"link_name":"1984 short film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Dark Shadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Shadows_(film)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"2013 Broadway musical adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Fish_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lippa"},{"link_name":"Susan Stroman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Stroman"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"Kelsey Grammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsey_Grammer"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Aladdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Guy Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Ritchie"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Boy Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_(Scouting)"},{"link_name":"Arlo Finch in the Valley of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlo_Finch_in_the_Valley_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"Macmillan Children's Publishing Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-31"}],"text":"August's debut film was 1999's critically acclaimed crime-comedy Go,[10] directed by Doug Liman, for which he also served as co-producer and second unit director.[11] The film performed moderately at the box office, but was well received, and has since become a cult classic.[12]After Go finished filming, August and Melissa McCarthy, who had a small role in the film, ran into each other in a coffee shop, and August told McCarthy that he had written a short film with her in mind.[13] The short film, God, was shot after Go, but finished and released before.[14] It has been credited as one of the early showcases of McCarthy's comedic talent.[13]August created his first television show, D.C., in 2000 for The WB. The series was produced by Law & Order creator Dick Wolf, with August serving as co-executive producer.[15] Seven episodes were produced, though only four aired. In the same year, August also wrote the animated science fiction feature Titan A.E., and the McG-directed Charlie's Angels.[15]In the fall of 1998, while Go was still in post-production, August had acquired the film rights to Daniel Wallace's novel Big Fish after reading it as a not-yet published manuscript.[16] His adaptation became the 2003 Tim Burton film of the same name and earned August a 2003 BAFTA Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay.[17]He returned to the world of Charlie's Angels to write its sequel, 2003's Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle. August has spoken about the difficult production process for the film.[18]He reunited with Big Fish director Burton in 2005 for Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, an adaptation of Roald Dahl's classic children's book. August had written to Dahl as part of a third grade class project, and received a postcard reply. Though the reply was a form letter, August still had it, decades later, when he adapted the book.[19] He earned a 2006 Grammy nomination for his lyrics for “Wonka's Welcome Song” from the film.[20]He collaborated for a third time with Burton on the stop-motion animated fantasy Corpse Bride, also released in 2005. The two films were in production simultaneously, with actors including Johnny Depp, Helena Bonham Carter and Christopher Lee appearing in both.[21] The film marked the third of five produced collaborations to date between August and Burton.August made his feature directorial debut in 2007 with science fiction psychological thriller The Nines, starring Ryan Reynolds, Melissa McCarthy, Hope Davis and Elle Fanning. The film, which August also wrote, premiered at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival[22] and Venice Film Festival's Critics' Week.[23] One of McCarthy's characters in the film, Margaret, is the same one she played in August's 1998 short film God.[24]In 2010, he partnered with game designer Jordan Mechner to pitch an adaptation of Mechner's Prince of Persia. August served as an executive producer on the resulting film, Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time, directed by Mike Newell and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer.[25]He reunited with Burton again in 2012 for the stop-motion fantasy horror comedy Frankenweenie, a remake of Burton's 1984 short film of the same name. August also received story credit on Burton's Dark Shadows adaptation.[26]August returned to Big Fish for a 2013 Broadway musical adaptation, with music and lyrics by Andrew Lippa, directed and choreographed by Susan Stroman.[27] The musical has subsequently been adapted all over the world, including a 2017 run on London's West End starring Kelsey Grammer.[28]August co-wrote the screenplay for Walt Disney Pictures' live action musical fantasy film Aladdin (2019), alongside director Guy Ritchie.[29]In July 2016, August signed a deal to write a three-book series aimed at middle-grade children, inspired by his experience as a Boy Scout. The first book in the series, Arlo Finch in the Valley of Fire, was published on February 6, 2018 by Roaring Brook Press, an imprint of the Macmillan Children's Publishing Group.[30] Its origins and creation were documented in August's podcast Launch.[31] Arlo Finch in the Lake of the Moon published in 2019, and the final book in the series followed in 2020.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BAFTA Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Adapted Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"},{"link_name":"Valentine Davies Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Davies_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"August was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in 2003 for Big Fish.[17]He earned a 2006 Grammy nomination for his lyrics for \"Wonka's Welcome Song\" from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.[20]In 2016, he was awarded the WGAw's Valentine Davies Award for his dignified contributions to the entertainment industry and the community-at-large.[4]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"johnaugust.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.johnaugust.com/"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"screenwriting.io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//screenwriting.io/"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"sub_title":"johnaugust.com","text":"In 2003, August established johnaugust.com as a repository for the 100+ screenwriting advice columns he had written for IMDb. The site now has over 1,500 posts.[32]August established a complementary site, screenwriting.io, to provide concise answers to a wide range of screenwriting craft-related questions.[4]","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quote-Unquote Apps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.quoteunquoteapps.com"},{"link_name":"FDX Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//quoteunquoteapps.com/fdxreader"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111126142810/http://quoteunquoteapps.com/fdxreader"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Final Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Draft_(software)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macworld.com-1"},{"link_name":"Less IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//quoteunquoteapps.com/less-imdb"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111205024635/http://www.quoteunquoteapps.com/less-imdb"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Safari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)"},{"link_name":"Chrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome"},{"link_name":"Firefox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox"},{"link_name":"Bronson Watermarker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//quoteunquoteapps.com/bronson/"},{"link_name":"OS X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X"},{"link_name":"Courier Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_Prime"},{"link_name":"Courier New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_New"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Stu Maschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stu_Maschwitz"},{"link_name":"Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_(markup_language)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Highland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//quoteunquoteapps.com/highland/"},{"link_name":"OS X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Weekend Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quoteunquoteapps.com/weekendread/"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format"},{"link_name":"Final Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Draft_(software)"},{"link_name":"Markdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Assembler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quoteunquoteapps.com/assembler/"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Quote-Unquote Apps","text":"He founded Quote-Unquote Apps in 2010, which develops software related to film and the film industry. Their releases include FDX Reader Archived November 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, an iOS application that displays Final Draft files;[1] Less IMDb Archived December 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, a browser extension for Safari, Chrome, and Firefox that reorganizes the layout of IMDb pages; and Bronson Watermarker, an OS X watermarking application that supports multiple outputs. He also commissioned the typeface Courier Prime from Alan Dague-Greene, intended to be a more readable alternative to Courier New.[33]In 2012, the Quote-Unquote team, along with Stu Maschwitz, developed Fountain, a simple markup syntax for screenplays.[34] Later that year, Quote-Unquote released the first public beta of Highland, an OS X utility that converts screenplays between PDF, FDX, and Fountain formats, and works as a Fountain text editor.[35]In 2014, the company released Weekend Read, a freemium iOS app for reading screenplays. The app can open PDF, Final Draft, Fountain, Markdown and text files.[36] iPad support was added in 2015. The app features a 'For Your Consideration' section featuring awards season screenplays, as well as August's own scripts.[37]In 2015, they released Assembler, a Mac app for instantly combining text files.[38]","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Craig Mazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Mazin"},{"link_name":"Scriptnotes podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptnotes"},{"link_name":"podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"the craft of screenwriting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriting"},{"link_name":"the film industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Scriptnotes","text":"Since the summer of 2011, August and fellow screenwriter Craig Mazin have hosted the Scriptnotes podcast, a weekly podcast on the craft of screenwriting and the film industry.[39] It consistently ranks among iTunes's top TV & Film podcasts.[40]","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"Writer Emergency Pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//writeremergency.com/"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"NaNoWriMo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Novel_Writing_Month"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Writer Emergency Pack","text":"August launched a 2014 Kickstarter for Writer Emergency Pack, a deck of cards designed to help writers when they're stuck. The Kickstarter raised $158,104 from 5,714 backers,[41] and the pack is now for sale to the public.[42] August worked with NaNoWriMo to distribute Writer Emergency Pack to more than 2,000 classrooms worldwide.[43]","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"One Hit Kill","text":"In May 2015, August launched a second Kickstarter for a card game called One Hit Kill. The Kickstarter raised $76,038 from 1,951 backers.[44]","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wondery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wondery"},{"link_name":"Arlo Finch in the Valley of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlo_Finch_in_the_Valley_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-31"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Launch","text":"August debuted a second podcast in January 2018. Titled Launch, the six-episode series is produced by Wondery, and chronicles August's experience writing, selling and releasing his debut novel, Arlo Finch in the Valley of Fire.[31] On its first day of release, Launch reached the top 10 on the iTunes podcast chart.[45]","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"August lives in Los Angeles with his husband, Michael August, and their daughter.[46][47] From 2016 to 2017, he spent a year living in Paris.[48]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince of Persia: Sands of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Persia:_The_Sands_of_Time_(film)"}],"text":"Film writerExecutive producerPrince of Persia: Sands of Time (2010)Television","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Read Final Draft files on the iPad with FDX Reader\". Macworld. May 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macworld.com/article/1160074/final_draft_reader_ipad.html","url_text":"\"Read Final Draft files on the iPad with FDX Reader\""}]},{"reference":"\"FDX Reader on CNET\". Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130524235351/http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-31747_7-20066477-243.html","url_text":"\"FDX Reader on CNET\""},{"url":"http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-31747_7-20066477-243.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Latest Academy News\". Oscars.org – Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. September 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oscars.org/press/latest-academy-news","url_text":"\"Latest Academy News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Screenwriter John August to Receive WGAW's 2016 Valentine Davies Award\". Retrieved December 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wga.org/news-events/news/press/2016/john-august-to-receive-valentine-davies-award","url_text":"\"Screenwriter John August to Receive WGAW's 2016 Valentine Davies Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"John August\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved May 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/360486%7C0/John-August#overview","url_text":"\"John August\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies","url_text":"Turner Classic Movies"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Drew (October 3, 2012). \"'Frankenweenie' Writer John August Talks Working With Tim Burton, Apps & The 'Big Fish' Musical\". IndieWire. Retrieved December 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2012/10/frankenweenie-writer-john-august-talks-working-with-tim-burton-apps-the-big-fish-musical-105285/","url_text":"\"'Frankenweenie' Writer John August Talks Working With Tim Burton, Apps & The 'Big Fish' Musical\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scriptnotes, Ep 307: Teaching Your Heroes to Drive — Transcript\". Scriptnotes. July 10, 2017. So, for people who don't know the backstory, my original last name is German and it looks pronounceable, but we pronounced it weird. It was a challenging last name. And so I was deciding as I went through high school, like I think I'm going to use a different name for my career [...] I picked my dad's middle name, August, and it's worked out for me very, very well.","urls":[{"url":"https://johnaugust.com/2017/scriptnotes-ep-307-teaching-your-heroes-to-drive-transcript","url_text":"\"Scriptnotes, Ep 307: Teaching Your Heroes to Drive — Transcript\""}]},{"reference":"\"John August, from Drake to Broadway\". Newsroom | Drake University. August 16, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.drake.edu/2013/08/16/john-august-from-drake-to-broadway/","url_text":"\"John August, from Drake to Broadway\""}]},{"reference":"Academy, The. \"LESSONS LEARNED: John August on Screenwriting\". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved December 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/microsites/johnaugustlessons/","url_text":"\"LESSONS LEARNED: John August on Screenwriting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Go (1999)\" – via www.rottentomatoes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1087053_go","url_text":"\"Go (1999)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Go (1999) – IMDb\" – via www.imdb.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0139239/fullcredits","url_text":"\"Go (1999) – IMDb\""}]},{"reference":"\"Looking Back On 'Go,' 15 Years Later\". HuffPost UK. April 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/go-15th-anniversary_n_5107394","url_text":"\"Looking Back On 'Go,' 15 Years Later\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 1998 Short Film That Showcased Melissa McCarthy's Early Comic Genius\". Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/melissa-mccarthy-god-first-movie-melissa-mccarthy-90174151347.html","url_text":"\"The 1998 Short Film That Showcased Melissa McCarthy's Early Comic Genius\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lessons from God\". johnaugust.com. December 2, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://johnaugust.com/2013/lessons-from-god-1998-melissa-mccarthy","url_text":"\"Lessons from God\""}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (January 7, 2016). \"'Big Fish' Writer John August Honored by Writers Guild\". Variety. Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/film/news/big-fish-john-august-honored-writers-guild-1201674421/","url_text":"\"'Big Fish' Writer John August Honored by Writers Guild\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daniel Wallace website\". Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425232142/http://danielwallace.org/wordpress/?p=285","url_text":"\"Daniel Wallace website\""},{"url":"http://danielwallace.org/wordpress/?p=285","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BAFTA Awards\". awards.bafta.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://awards.bafta.org/explore?year=2003&category=Film&award=Screenplay%20%28Adapted%29","url_text":"\"BAFTA Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview | John August on Screenwriting, Interviewing and 'Scary Stories' – CraveOnline\". CraveOnline. November 12, 2015. Archived from the original on January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174251/http://www.craveonline.co.uk/entertainment/923247-interview-john-august-screenwriting-interviewing-scary-stories","url_text":"\"Interview | John August on Screenwriting, Interviewing and 'Scary Stories' – CraveOnline\""},{"url":"http://www.craveonline.co.uk/entertainment/923247-interview-john-august-screenwriting-interviewing-scary-stories","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Bob (May 22, 2005). \"Advanced Screenwriting According to Me\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/22/movies/advanced-screenwriting-according-to-me.html","url_text":"\"Advanced Screenwriting According to Me\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"The 48th Annual GRAMMY Awards Roundup: Film/TV/Visual Media\". GRAMMY.com. January 24, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/recording-academy/news/48th-annual-grammy-awards-roundup-filmtvvisual-media-field","url_text":"\"The 48th Annual GRAMMY Awards Roundup: Film/TV/Visual Media\""}]},{"reference":"\"12 Lively Facts About Corpse Bride\". December 19, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://mentalfloss.com/article/89345/12-lively-facts-about-corpse-bride","url_text":"\"12 Lively Facts About Corpse Bride\""}]},{"reference":"\"2007 SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL ANNOUNCES FILMS IN THE PREMIERES, SPECTRUM, NEW FRONTIER, PARK CITY AT MIDNIGHT AND FROM THE SUNDANCE COLLECTION SECTIONS\" (PDF). Sundance Film Festival. November 30, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 17, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210817214118/http://www.sundance.org/pdf/press-releases/07_SFF_PROGRAMANNOUNCEMENT120106.pdf","url_text":"\"2007 SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL ANNOUNCES FILMS IN THE PREMIERES, SPECTRUM, NEW FRONTIER, PARK CITY AT MIDNIGHT AND FROM THE SUNDANCE COLLECTION SECTIONS\""},{"url":"http://www.sundance.org/pdf/press-releases/07_SFF_PROGRAMANNOUNCEMENT120106.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Emanuel (July 23, 2007). \"Venice Film Fest 2007: Critics Week Selection\". EmanuelLevy. Retrieved March 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://emanuellevy.com/festival/venice-film-fest-2007-critics-week-selection-9/","url_text":"\"Venice Film Fest 2007: Critics Week Selection\""}]},{"reference":"\"#TBT: A Look Back At Melissa McCarthy's First Acting Role\". Fast Company. April 7, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fastcompany.com/3058676/tbt-a-look-back-at-melissa-mccarthys-first-acting-role","url_text":"\"#TBT: A Look Back At Melissa McCarthy's First Acting Role\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prince of Persia announced\". johnaugust.com. March 4, 2004. Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://johnaugust.com/2004/prince-of-persia-announced","url_text":"\"Prince of Persia announced\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Drew (October 3, 2012). \"'Frankenweenie' Writer John August Talks Working With Tim Burton, Apps & The 'Big Fish' Musical\". IndieWire. Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2012/10/frankenweenie-writer-john-august-talks-working-with-tim-burton-apps-the-big-fish-musical-105285/","url_text":"\"'Frankenweenie' Writer John August Talks Working With Tim Burton, Apps & The 'Big Fish' Musical\""}]},{"reference":"Gioia, Michael (September 5, 2013). \"Andrew Lippa and John August's Big Fish Swims Onto Broadway Beginning Sept. 5\". Playbill. Archived from the original on September 7, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130907215649/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/181740-Andrew-Lippa-and-John-Augusts-Big-Fish-Swims-Onto-Broadway-Beginning-Sept-5","url_text":"\"Andrew Lippa and John August's Big Fish Swims Onto Broadway Beginning Sept. 5\""},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/181740-Andrew-Lippa-and-John-Augusts-Big-Fish-Swims-Onto-Broadway-Beginning-Sept-5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Big Fish\". London Theatre. Retrieved March 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/show/big-fish","url_text":"\"Big Fish\""}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Mike Jr. (October 10, 2016). \"Guy Ritchie To Direct Live Action 'Aladdin' For Disney\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2016/10/aladdin-guy-ritchie-disney-live-action-film-sherlock-holmes-1201834102/","url_text":"\"Guy Ritchie To Direct Live Action 'Aladdin' For Disney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Busch, Anita (July 19, 2016). \"'Big Fish' & 'Charlie And The Chocolate Factory' Scribe John August Signs 3-Book Deal\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2016/07/big-fish-screenwriter-john-august-signs-three-book-deal-roaring-book-press-1201788962/","url_text":"\"'Big Fish' & 'Charlie And The Chocolate Factory' Scribe John August Signs 3-Book Deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introducing Launch, A New Podcast from Wondery\". Quick and Dirty Tips. Retrieved January 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/writing/introducing-launch-a-new-podcast-from-wondery","url_text":"\"Introducing Launch, A New Podcast from Wondery\""}]},{"reference":"\"About John August - johnaugust.com\". johnaugust.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://johnaugust.com/about","url_text":"\"About John August - johnaugust.com\""}]},{"reference":"August, John. \"About John August\". Retrieved November 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://johnaugust.com/about","url_text":"\"About John August\""}]},{"reference":"Weber, Harrison (February 9, 2012). \"Fountain is a Markup Language for Screenplays\". The Next Web.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenextweb.com/dd/2012/02/09/fountain-is-a-new-markup-language-for-writing-screenplays/","url_text":"\"Fountain is a Markup Language for Screenplays\""}]},{"reference":"\"With Public Beta, 'Highland' Screenwriting Software Steps Up from Converter to Editor\". No Film School. May 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://nofilmschool.com/2012/05/highland-screenplay-software-converting","url_text":"\"With Public Beta, 'Highland' Screenwriting Software Steps Up from Converter to Editor\""}]},{"reference":"Macaulay, Scott. \"John August Launches iPhone Screenplay Reader, Weekend Read | Filmmaker Magazine\". Filmmaker Magazine. Retrieved December 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://filmmakermagazine.com/84404-john-august-launches-iphone-screenplay-reader-weekend-read/#.Wi5YX0tpGL4","url_text":"\"John August Launches iPhone Screenplay Reader, Weekend Read | Filmmaker Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Need to Read a Screenplay on Your iPhone? Try Weekend Read (It's Free)\". No Film School. February 19, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://nofilmschool.com/2014/02/read-screenplay-on-iphone-weekend-read-free","url_text":"\"Need to Read a Screenplay on Your iPhone? Try Weekend Read (It's Free)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Assembler on the Mac App Store\". Mac App Store. Retrieved December 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/assembler/id967037844","url_text":"\"Assembler on the Mac App Store\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scriptnotes Podcast on Apple Podcasts\". Apple Podcasts. March 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/scriptnotes-podcast/id462495496","url_text":"\"Scriptnotes Podcast on Apple Podcasts\""}]},{"reference":"\"podbay.fm\". podbay.","urls":[{"url":"http://podbay.fm/","url_text":"\"podbay.fm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Writer Emergency Pack – helping writers get unstuck\". Kickstarter.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/913409803/writer-emergency-pack-helping-writers-get-unstuck","url_text":"\"Writer Emergency Pack – helping writers get unstuck\""}]},{"reference":"\"Is Your Script Stuck? John August's Writer Emergency Pack Is On Sale Now\". No Film School. April 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://nofilmschool.com/2015/04/writer-emergency-pack-john-august-now-on-sale","url_text":"\"Is Your Script Stuck? John August's Writer Emergency Pack Is On Sale Now\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arlo Finch in the Valley of Fire | John August | Macmillan\". US Macmillan. Archived from the original on December 5, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171205194723/https://us.macmillan.com/arlofinchinthevalleyoffire/johnaugust/9781626728141/","url_text":"\"Arlo Finch in the Valley of Fire | John August | Macmillan\""},{"url":"https://us.macmillan.com/arlofinchinthevalleyoffire/johnaugust/9781626728141/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"One Hit Kill\". Kickstarter.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/913409803/one-hit-kill","url_text":"\"One Hit Kill\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunesCharts.net: 'Launch' by Wondery (American Podcasts iTunes Chart)\". www.itunescharts.net. Retrieved January 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itunescharts.net/us/artists/podcast/wondery/podcasts/launch/","url_text":"\"iTunesCharts.net: 'Launch' by Wondery (American Podcasts iTunes Chart)\""}]},{"reference":"\"I got married\". johnaugust.com. June 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://johnaugust.com/2008/i-got-married","url_text":"\"I got married\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two big debuts\". johnaugust.com. July 21, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://johnaugust.com/2005/two-big-debuts","url_text":"\"Two big debuts\""}]},{"reference":"August, John (September 3, 2016). \"I moved to Paris\". JohnAugust.com. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://johnaugust.com/2016/i-live-in-paris-now","url_text":"\"I moved to Paris\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_of_worship
Church service
["1 History","1.1 Contemporary church services","1.2 Quaker meeting for worship","2 Common features","2.1 Types of church service","3 Places of worship","4 Attire","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Citations","7 External links"]
Period of formal public worship "Sunday service" redirects here. For the song, see Sunday Service (song). For the Gospel-rap group, see Sunday Service Choir. A Lutheran Divine Service in the United States A Catholic Mass at St. Maria Church, Sehnde, Germany, 2009 A church service (or a service of worship) is a formalized period of Christian communal worship, often held in a church building. Most Christian denominations hold church services on the Lord's Day (offering Sunday morning and Sunday evening services); a number of traditions have mid-week services, while some traditions worship on a Saturday. In some Christian denominations, church services are held daily, with these including those in which the seven canonical hours are prayed, as well as the offering of the Mass, among other forms of worship. In addition to this, many Christians attend services on holy days such as Christmas, Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, Ascension Thursday, among others depending on the Christian denomination. The church service is the gathering together of Christians to be taught the "Word of God" (the Christian Bible) and encouraged in their faith. Technically, the church in "church service" refers to the gathering of the faithful rather than to the physical place in which it takes place. In most Christian traditions services are presided over by clergy wherever possible, but some traditions utilize lay preachers. Styles of service vary greatly, from the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Reformed (Continental Reformed, Presbyterian), Roman Catholic, and Lutheran traditions of liturgical worship to informal worship characterized by certain free church traditions, common among Methodists and Baptists, that often combine worship with teaching for the believers, which may also have an evangelistic component appealing to backsliders and the non-Christians in the congregation (cf. altar call). Quakers and some other groups have no formal outline to their services, but allow the worship to develop as the participants present feel moved. History See also: Early Christianity Depiction of early Christian worship in the Catacomb of Callixtus The worship service is a practice of Christian life that has its origins in Jewish worship. Jesus Christ and Paul of Tarsus taught a new form of worship of God. As recorded in the gospels, Jesus met together with his disciples to share teachings, discuss topics, pray, and sing hymns. The holding of church services pertains to the observance of the Lord's Day in Christianity. The Bible has a precedent for a pattern of morning and evening worship that has given rise to Sunday morning and Sunday evening services of worship held in the churches of many Christian denominations today, a "structure to help families sanctify the Lord's Day." In Numbers 28:1–10 and Exodus 29:38–39, "God commanded the daily offerings in the tabernacle to be made once in the morning and then again at twilight". In Psalm 92, which is a prayer concerning the observance of the Sabbath, the author writes that "It is good to give thanks to the Lord, to sing praises to your name, O Most High; to declare your steadfast love in the morning, and your faithfulness by night" (cf. Psalm 134:1). Church father Eusebius of Caesarea thus declared: "For it is surely no small sign of God's power that throughout the whole world in the churches of God at the morning rising of the sun and at the evening hours, hymns, praises, and truly divine delights are offered to God. God's delights are indeed the hymns sent up everywhere on earth in his Church at the times of morning and evening." The first miracle of the Apostles, the healing of the crippled man on the temple steps, occurred because Peter and John went to the Temple to pray (Acts 3:1). Since the Apostles were originally Jews, the concept of fixed prayer times, as well as services therefore which differed from weekday to Sabbath to holy day, were familiar to them. Pliny the Younger (63 – c. 113), who was not a Christian himself, mentions not only fixed prayer times by believers, but also specific services—other than the Eucharist—assigned to those times: "They met on a stated day before it was light, and addressed a form of prayer to Christ, as to a divinity  after which it was their custom to separate, and then reassemble, to eat in common a harmless meal." The real evolution of the Christian service in the first century is shrouded in mystery. By the second and third centuries, such Church Fathers as Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Tertullian wrote of formalised, regular services: the practice of Morning and Evening Prayer, and prayers at the third hour of the day (terce), the sixth hour of the day (sext), and the ninth hour of the day (none). The concept of major hours of prayer corresponding to the first and last hour of the day likely correspond to Jewish practices; that Sunday services (corresponding to the Sabbath in Christianity) are more complex and longer (involving twice as many services if one counts the Eucharist and the afternoon service) also likely have root in Jewish practices. Similarly, the liturgical year from Christmas via Easter to Pentecost covers roughly five months, the other seven having no major services linked to the work of Christ. Though worship services had their origins in Jewish services, it is unlikely that Jewish services were copied or deliberately substituted (see Supersessionism). Contemporary church services A Pentecostal worship service at Dream City Church, affiliated with the Assemblies of God USA, in 2007, in Phoenix, United States Worship service at Igreja da Cidade, affiliated to the Brazilian Baptist Convention, in São José dos Campos, Brazil, 2017 Contemporary worship services have their origins in the Jesus Movement of the 1960s. In the 1980s and 1990s, contemporary Christian music, comprising a variety of musical styles, such as Christian rock and Christian hip-hop was adopted by evangelical churches. Over the years, the organs have been replaced by pianos, electric guitars and drums. These contemporary worship services feature a sermon based on the Bible. Worship service in Evangelical churches is seen as an act of God's worship. It is usually run by a Christian pastor. It usually contains two main parts, the praise (Christian music) and the sermon, with periodically the Lord's Supper. During worship there is usually a nursery for babies. Prior to the worship service, adults, children and young people receive an adapted education, Sunday school, in a separate room. With the 1960s' charismatic movement, a new conception of praise in worship, such as clapping and raising hands as a sign of worship, took place in many evangelical denominations. In the 1980s and 1990s, contemporary Christian music, including a wide variety of musical styles, such as Christian Rock and Christian Hip hop, appeared in the praise. In the 2000s and 2010s, digital technologies were integrated into worship services, such as the video projectors for broadcasting praise lyrics or video, on big screens. The use of social media such as YouTube and Facebook to retransmit live or delayed worship services, by Internet, has also spread. The offering via Internet has become a common practice in several churches. In some churches, a special moment is reserved for faith healing with laying on of hands during worship services. Faith healing or divine healing is considered a legacy of Jesus acquired by his death and resurrection. The taking up of tithes and offerings (gifts made beyond the tithe) is a normative part of the worship services. The main Christian feasts celebrated by the Evangelicals are Christmas, Pentecost, and Easter for all believers, among others depending on Christian denominations (cf. evangelical feasts). Quaker meeting for worship Main articles: Meeting for worship and Quakers § Worship Quakers (the Religious Society of Friends), like other Nonconformist Protestant denominations, distinguish between a church, which is a body of people who believe in Christ, and a 'meeting house' or 'chapel', which is a building where the church meets. Quakers have both unprogrammed and programmed meetings for worship. Unprogrammed worship is based on waiting in silence and inward listening to the Spirit, from which any participant may share a message. In unprogrammed meetings for worship, someone speaks when that person feels that God/Spirit/the universe has given them a message for others. Programmed worship includes many elements similar to Protestant services, such as a sermon and hymns. Many programmed meetings also include a time during the service for silent, expectant waiting and messages from the participants. Common features Church choir singing at a service, Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos, Nigeria Vocal music is traditionally sung by a choir or the congregation (or a mixture of the two), usually accompanied by an organ. Sometimes other instruments such as piano, classical instruments, or modern band instruments may be part of the service, especially in churches influenced by the contemporary worship movement. Some churches are equipped with state-of-the-art multi-media equipment to add to the worship experience. The congregation may sing along in hymnals or words to hymns and worship songs may be displayed on a screen. More liturgical denominations may have the words to specific prayers written in a missalette or prayer book, which the congregation follows. Though most of the services are still conducted in church buildings designed specifically for that purpose, some services take place in "store front" or temporary settings. For those unable to attend a service in a church building a burgeoning televangelism and radio ministry provides broadcasts of services. A number of websites have been set up as "cyber-churches" to provide a virtual worship space free to anyone on the internet. Church services are often planned and led by a single minister (pastor) or a small group of elders or may follow a format laid out by the dictates of the denomination. Some churches are "lay led" with members of the congregation taking turns guiding the service or simply following format that has evolved over time between the active members. More commonly, an ordained minister will preach a sermon (which may cover a specific topic, or as part of a book of the Bible which is being covered over a period of time). Depending on the church, a public invitation follows whereby people are encouraged to become Christians, present themselves as candidates for baptism or to join the congregation (if members elsewhere), or for other purposes. Many congregations begin their church services with the ringing of a bell (or a number of bells); a current trend is to have an introductory video which serves as a "countdown" to the beginning of the service. The service usually involves the singing of hymns, reading of scripture verses and possibly a psalm. If the church follows a lectionary, the sermon will often be about the scripture lections assigned to that day. Eucharistic churches have usually Holy Communion either every Sunday or several Sundays a month. Less liturgical congregations tend to place a greater emphasis on the sermon. Many churches will take up a collection of money (offertory) during the service. The rationale for this is taken from 1 Corinthians 16:1–2, 1 Corinthians 9:9–11, and 1 Timothy 5:16–18. But some churches eschew this practice in favor of voluntary anonymous donations for which a box or plate may be set up by the entrance, or return-address envelopes may be provided that worshippers may take with them. Offering through the Internet has become a common practice in many evangelical churches. On occasion, some churches will also arrange a second collection, typically occurring after Communion, for a specific good cause or purpose. Some churches offer Sunday school classes. These will often be for younger children, and may take place during the whole of the service (while the adults are in church), or the children may be present for the beginning of the service and at a prearranged point leave the service to go to Sunday school. Some churches have adult Sunday school either before or after the main worship service. Following the service, there will often be an opportunity for fellowship in the church hall or other convenient place. This provides the members of the congregation a chance to socialize with each other and to greet visitors or new members. Coffee or other refreshments may be served. Types of church service Church services take many forms, and set liturgies may have different names. Services typically include: Regular Sunday services. These are a part of most traditions. Holy Communion may be celebrated at some or all of these; often it is included either once a month or once a quarter. A few denominations have their main weekly services on Saturday rather than Sunday. Larger churches often tend to have several services each Sunday; often two or three in the morning and one or two in the late afternoon or evening, as well as on Saturdays. Some churches have begun to provide religious services conducted through internet technology, for the benefit of those who cannot attend for health or other reasons, or who may want to preview the church before attending in person. Midweek services. Again, Holy Communion can be part of these, either on every occasion or on a regular basis. Holiday services. Treated like a regular Sunday service, but made more specific for the day. Weddings. These are normally separate services, rather than being incorporated into a regular service, but may be either. Funerals. These are always separate services. Baptisms. These may be incorporated into a regular service, or separate. Confirmation. This is normally incorporated into a regular Sunday service, which will also include communion. It was traditionally the first Communion of the confirmee, but more recently, children are invited to communion in some denominations, whether confirmed or not. Ordination of clergy. New bishops, elders, priests and deacons are usually ordained or installed generally in a solemn but celebratory ceremony on Saturday or Sunday, generally open to the public, either by their own superior or by another approved senior minister with ordination powers. The service is held either at the area headquarters church or cathedral or at another church agreed upon by those to be ordained and the ordaining ministers. Ordination of bishops or elders may require consecration by more than one individual and have a more limited audience. First Communion. Children may celebrate Communion for the first time. Opening of new churches or church buildings. Dedication of new missionaries or those about to be sent on new missions. Places of worship Further information: Church (building) Places of worship are usually called "churches" or "chapels". Some services take place in theaters, schools or multipurpose rooms, rented for Sunday only. Attire Russian worshippers during the Divine Liturgy in Moscow. Women are wearing headcoverings, while men worship with their heads uncovered. Christians have historically tended to wear modest clothes at church services (cf. 1 Timothy 2:9–10). Men have traditionally removed their caps while praying and worshipping, while women have traditionally worn a headcovering while praying and worshipping (cf. 1 Corinthians 11:1–11). These practices continue to be normative in certain churches, congregations, and denominations, as well as in particular parts of the world, such as in Eastern Europe and in the Indian subcontinent, while in the West, attention to these observances has waned generally (apart from those denominations that continue to require them, such as Conservative Anabaptist churches). In many nondenominational Christian churches, it may be customary, depending on the locality, for people to be dressed casually. See also Cafe church Canonical hours Compline Carol service Christian liturgy Christian worship Church attendance Church membership Evening Prayer (Anglican) Morning Prayer (Anglican) Divine Liturgy Divine Service (Lutheran) Easter Vigil Mass (liturgy) References Notes ^ The majority of Christian denominations teach that Sunday is the Lord's Day on which all the faithful must assemble to offer worship to God (cf. first-day Sabbatarianism). A minority of Christian denominations that follow seventh-day Sabbatarianism organize worship on Saturdays. Citations ^ Hughes, James R. (2006). "The Sabbath: A Universal and Enduring Ordinance of God". Reformed Presbyterian Church. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ The Korean Repository, Volume 3. Trilingual Press. 21 August 1896. p. 361. The Sunday morning service has been well attended, as have also the Sunday evening and Wednesday evening services. ^ "Times of Worship". Saint Paul's Free Methodist Church. Retrieved 5 August 2021. ^ Morgan, Bonnie (19 December 2019). Ordinary Saints: Women, Work, and Faith in Newfoundland. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 978-0-2280-0028-0. Starting with Shroe Tuesday (locall known as Pancake Day), and proceeding through Ash Wednesday to Good Friday, families increased their church attendance and, especially, engaged in the embodies practices of fasting and/or "giving up something for Lent." ^ BBC, Christian worship, bbc.co.uk, UK, June 23, 2009 ^ Harry Klassens, "The Reformed Tradition in the Netherlands". In Geoffrey Wainwright & Karen B. Westerfield Tucker (eds.), The Oxford History of Christian Worship, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 465 ^ Amy-Jill Levine, Dale C. Allison Jr., John Dominic Crossan, The Historical Jesus in Context, Princeton University Press, USA, 2009, p. 2 ^ Mark 14.26, Matthew 26.30; see John J. Pilch, "A Cultural Handbook to the Bible", Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 2012, p. 263 ^ a b c d e "Why an Evening Worship Service?". Christ United Reformed Church. 8 December 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ Psalm 134:1 ^ Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, Book X, Letter xcvii. ^ Don Cusic, Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music: Pop, Rock, and Worship: Pop, Rock, and Worship, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2009, p. 79 ^ a b Suzel Ana Reily, Jonathan M. Dueck, The Oxford Handbook of Music and World Christianities, Oxford University Press, USA, 2016, p. 443 ^ a b Mathew Guest, Evangelical Identity and Contemporary Culture: A Congregational Study in Innovation, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2007, p. 42 ^ a b Don Cusic, Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music: Pop, Rock, and Worship: Pop, Rock, and Worship, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2009, p. 85–86 ^ Monique M. Ingalls, Singing the Congregation: How Contemporary Worship Music Forms Evangelical Community, Oxford University Press, USA, 2018, p. 7 ^ William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 403 ^ Gerald R. McDermott, The Oxford Handbook of Evangelical Theology, Oxford University Press, UK, 2013, p. 311 ^ Roger E. Olson, The Westminster Handbook to Evangelical Theology, Westminster John Knox Press, UK, 2004, p. 284 ^ Bruce E. Shields, David Alan Butzu, Generations of Praise: The History of Worship, College Press, USA, 2006, p. 307–308 ^ Robert Dusek, Facing the Music, Xulon Press, USA, 2008, p. 65 ^ Gaspard Dhellemmes, Spectaculaire poussée des évangéliques en Île-de-France, lejdd.fr, France, June 7, 2015 ^ Michael Lee, The Diffusion and Influence of Contemporary Worship, christianitytoday.com, USA, March 18, 2017 ^ a b Greg Dickinson, Suburban Dreams: Imagining and Building the Good Life, University of Alabama Press, USA, 2015, p. 144 ^ a b Jeanne Halgren Kilde, When Church Became Theatre: The Transformation of Evangelical Architecture and Worship in Nineteenth-century America, Oxford University Press, USA, 2005, p. 159, 170, 188 ^ Robert H. Krapohl, Charles H. Lippy, The Evangelicals: A Historical, Thematic, and Biographical Guide, Greenwood Publishing Group, USA, 1999, p. 171 ^ Christina L. Baade, James Andrew Deaville, Music and the Broadcast Experience: Performance, Production, and Audience, Oxford University Press, USA, 2016, p. 300 ^ AARON RANDLE, Bucking a trend, these churches figured out how to bring millennials back to worship, kansascity.com, USA, December 10, 2017 ^ Mark Ward Sr., The Electronic Church in the Digital Age: Cultural Impacts of Evangelical Mass, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2015, p. 78 ^ a b Michael Gryboski, Millennial-Majority Churches Detail Challenges, Success Stories in Growth and Finances, christianpost.com, USA, June 18, 2018 ^ a b Ghana News Agency, Asoriba launches church management software, businessghana.com, Ghana, February 3, 2017 ^ Cecil M. Robeck, Jr, Amos Yong, The Cambridge Companion to Pentecostalism, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2014, p. 138 ^ Randall Herbert Balmer, Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and expanded edition, Baylor University Press, USA, 2004, p. 212 ^ "Are 'Offerings' Above and Beyond My Tithe?". Saint Peter Lutheran Church. Retrieved 4 December 2022. Historically, at least in our country, tithing is the practice of giving 10% of one's income to one's church. Offerings are gifts given above and beyond the tithe, either to the church or to other Christian ministries. ^ William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 402 ^ Daniel E. Albrecht, Rites in the Spirit: A Ritual Approach to Pentecostal/Charismatic Spirituality, Sheffield Academic Press, UK, 1999, p. 124 ^ Walter A. Elwell, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Baker Academic, USA, 2001, p. 236–239 ^ Wakeling, Christopher (August 2016). "Nonconformist Places of Worship: Introductions to Heritage Assets". Historic England. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017. ^ Jones, Anthony (1996). Welsh Chapels. National Museum Wales. ISBN 9780750911627. Retrieved 28 March 2017. ^ William J. Collinge, Historical Dictionary of Catholicism, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2012, p. 280 ^ J. Gordon Melton, Encyclopedia of Protestantism, Infobase Publishing, USA, 2005, p. 345 ^ a b Helmuth Berking, Silke Steets, Jochen Schwenk, Religious Pluralism and the City: Inquiries into Postsecular Urbanism, Bloomsbury Publishing, UK, 2018, p. 78 ^ a b George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2016, p. 1359 ^ George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2016, p. 2275–2276 ^ Zech, C., The Problem of the Second Collection, America Magazine, published 5 November 2001, accessed 29 May 2021 ^ George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christian Education, Volume 3, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2015, p. 229 ^ United Parish in Brookline, After worship we offer coffee, tea and some kind of snacks in the Chapel, unitedparishbrookline.org MA, USA, Dec 3, 2023 ^ D. A. Carson, Worship: Adoration and Action: Adoration and Action, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2002, p. 161 ^ Jeanne Halgren Kilde, Sacred Power, Sacred Space: An Introduction to Christian Architecture and Worship, Oxford University Press, USA, 2008, p. 193 ^ Harold W. Turner, From Temple to Meeting House: The Phenomenology and Theology of Places of Worship, Walter de Gruyter, Germany, 1979, p. 258 ^ Annabelle Caillou, Vivre grâce aux dons et au bénévolat, ledevoir.com, Canada, November 10, 2018 ^ a b c Yegorov, Oleg (11 December 2019). "Why do women cover their heads in Orthodox churches?". Russia Beyond. In the Orthodox tradition, this is a big no-no. Of course, no one would kick a bareheaded woman out of an Orthodox church, should she walk in, but she is very likely to face some disapproving and judging looks, especially from the local babushkas (you'll always find a few babushkas inside an Orthodox church in Russia). The reason is simple: in an Orthodox church, a woman should wear a headscarf. ^ 1 Timothy 2:9–10 ^ Wilke, Richard B. (1 September 2010). Disciple III Remember Who You Are: Study Manual: The Prophets – The Letters of Paul. Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-1-4267-2788-7. ^ 1 Corinthians 11:1–11 ^ Gordon, Greg (31 August 2015). "Are Head Coverings Really for Today?". Evangelical Focus. Retrieved 2 May 2022. Hippolytus an early Church Father wrote, "Let all the women have their heads covered." Others who taught this practice in the Church were, John Calvin , Martin Luther , Early Church Fathers, John Wesley , Matthew Henry to name just a few. We must remind ourselves that until the twentieth century, virtually all Christian women wore head coverings. ^ a b Anderson, Cory; Anderson, Jennifer (2019). Fitted to Holiness: How Modesty is Achieved and Compromised among the Plain People. Millersburg: Acorn Publishing. p. 129. ^ Gordon, Greg (31 August 2015). "Are Head Coverings Really for Today?". Evangelical Focus. Retrieved 2 May 2022. One of the most questioned practices in the New Testament in the modern day Western Church is the practice of Head Coverings for women. Yet to get perspective we need to look over the panoply of God's Church for 2000 years and see that this is not something new but old—and has been practiced diligently over the ages. It is hard to imagine but since the 1960s the Church almost entirely practiced this tradition. The influence of secular reasoning, feminism and liberal theology have led to the questioning and, ultimately, the casting aside of this practice in the Church at large in the evangelical world. ^ Gorny, Nicki (30 January 2022). "Sunday style: Churches go for a more relaxed dress code". The Blade. Retrieved 4 December 2022. At Five Lakes Church in Sylvania, where a non-denominational and multi-generational congregation sports everything from that suit and tie to summertime shorts and flip-flops, Pastor Micah Sutton offered a similar take. He hopes the casual-to-formal range signals to visitors that they're welcome in the congregation, and that they belong there, regardless of how they style themselves. External links Justin Taylor (29 August 2010). "What Was a Church Service Like in the Second Century?". TGC. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022. "Liturgy Archive". Archived from the original on April 10, 2004. Retrieved July 3, 2019. "Liturgy, in the "Catholic Encyclopedia"". Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. "Orthodox Tradition and the Liturgy". Archived from the original on 2011-01-19. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunday Service (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Service_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sunday Service Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Service_Choir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Worship_at_St._Paul_Lutheran_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Divine Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Maria_Sehnde_Gottesdienst.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Sehnde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehnde"},{"link_name":"worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_worship"},{"link_name":"church building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"Christian denominations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denominations"},{"link_name":"Lord's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[A]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"canonical hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_hour"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPFMC2021-4"},{"link_name":"attend services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_attendance"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Ash Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"Good Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday"},{"link_name":"Ascension Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgan2019-5"},{"link_name":"Christian Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Bible"},{"link_name":"faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"gathering of the faithful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(congregation)"},{"link_name":"clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"lay preachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_preacher"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Oriental Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Continental Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Reformed"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"liturgical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"free church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_church"},{"link_name":"Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"backsliders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backsliding"},{"link_name":"altar call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar_call"},{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"}],"text":"\"Sunday service\" redirects here. For the song, see Sunday Service (song). For the Gospel-rap group, see Sunday Service Choir.A Lutheran Divine Service in the United StatesA Catholic Mass at St. Maria Church, Sehnde, Germany, 2009A church service (or a service of worship) is a formalized period of Christian communal worship, often held in a church building. Most Christian denominations hold church services on the Lord's Day (offering Sunday morning and Sunday evening services); a number of traditions have mid-week services, while some traditions worship on a Saturday.[A][2] In some Christian denominations, church services are held daily, with these including those in which the seven canonical hours are prayed, as well as the offering of the Mass, among other forms of worship.[3] In addition to this, many Christians attend services on holy days such as Christmas, Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, Ascension Thursday, among others depending on the Christian denomination.[4]The church service is the gathering together of Christians to be taught the \"Word of God\" (the Christian Bible) and encouraged in their faith. Technically, the church in \"church service\" refers to the gathering of the faithful rather than to the physical place in which it takes place. In most Christian traditions services are presided over by clergy wherever possible, but some traditions utilize lay preachers. Styles of service vary greatly, from the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Reformed (Continental Reformed, Presbyterian), Roman Catholic, and Lutheran traditions of liturgical worship to informal worship characterized by certain free church traditions, common among Methodists and Baptists, that often combine worship with teaching for the believers, which may also have an evangelistic component appealing to backsliders and the non-Christians in the congregation (cf. altar call). Quakers and some other groups have no formal outline to their services, but allow the worship to develop as the participants present feel moved.","title":"Church service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Early Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early-Christians-Worship-in-the-Catacombs-of-Saint-Calixtus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catacomb of Callixtus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacomb_of_Callixtus"},{"link_name":"Jewish worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_worship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Paul of Tarsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lord's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CURC2010-10"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CURC2010-10"},{"link_name":"Numbers 28:1–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#28:1"},{"link_name":"Exodus 29:38–39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#29:38"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CURC2010-10"},{"link_name":"Psalm 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_92"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CURC2010-10"},{"link_name":"Eusebius of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CURC2010-10"},{"link_name":"Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament"},{"link_name":"temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"originally Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Christians"},{"link_name":"fixed prayer times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_prayer_times"},{"link_name":"Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"fixed prayer times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_prayer_times"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"first century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century"},{"link_name":"third centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_3rd_century"},{"link_name":"Church Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Clement of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Origen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen"},{"link_name":"Tertullian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian"},{"link_name":"Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matins"},{"link_name":"Evening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespers"},{"link_name":"terce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terce"},{"link_name":"sext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sext"},{"link_name":"none","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/None_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Sabbath in Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Pentecost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost"},{"link_name":"Supersessionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersessionism"}],"text":"See also: Early ChristianityDepiction of early Christian worship in the Catacomb of CallixtusThe worship service is a practice of Christian life that has its origins in Jewish worship.[5] Jesus Christ and Paul of Tarsus taught a new form of worship of God.[6] As recorded in the gospels, Jesus met together with his disciples to share teachings, discuss topics,[7] pray, and sing hymns.[8] The holding of church services pertains to the observance of the Lord's Day in Christianity.[9]The Bible has a precedent for a pattern of morning and evening worship that has given rise to Sunday morning and Sunday evening services of worship held in the churches of many Christian denominations today, a \"structure to help families sanctify the Lord's Day.\"[9] In Numbers 28:1–10 and Exodus 29:38–39, \"God commanded the daily offerings in the tabernacle to be made once in the morning and then again at twilight\".[9] In Psalm 92, which is a prayer concerning the observance of the Sabbath, the author writes that \"It is good to give thanks to the Lord, to sing praises to your name, O Most High; to declare your steadfast love in the morning, and your faithfulness by night\" (cf. Psalm 134:1).[10][9] Church father Eusebius of Caesarea thus declared: \"For it is surely no small sign of God's power that throughout the whole world in the churches of God at the morning rising of the sun and at the evening hours, hymns, praises, and truly divine delights are offered to God. God's delights are indeed the hymns sent up everywhere on earth in his Church at the times of morning and evening.\"[9]The first miracle of the Apostles, the healing of the crippled man on the temple steps, occurred because Peter and John went to the Temple to pray (Acts 3:1). Since the Apostles were originally Jews, the concept of fixed prayer times, as well as services therefore which differed from weekday to Sabbath to holy day, were familiar to them. Pliny the Younger (63 – c. 113), who was not a Christian himself, mentions not only fixed prayer times by believers, but also specific services—other than the Eucharist—assigned to those times: \"They met on a stated day before it was light, and addressed a form of prayer to Christ, as to a divinity [...] after which it was their custom to separate, and then reassemble, to eat in common a harmless meal.\"[11]The real evolution of the Christian service in the first century is shrouded in mystery. By the second and third centuries, such Church Fathers as Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Tertullian wrote of formalised, regular services: the practice of Morning and Evening Prayer, and prayers at the third hour of the day (terce), the sixth hour of the day (sext), and the ninth hour of the day (none). The concept of major hours of prayer corresponding to the first and last hour of the day likely correspond to Jewish practices; that Sunday services (corresponding to the Sabbath in Christianity) are more complex and longer (involving twice as many services if one counts the Eucharist and the afternoon service) also likely have root in Jewish practices. Similarly, the liturgical year from Christmas via Easter to Pentecost covers roughly five months, the other seven having no major services linked to the work of Christ. Though worship services had their origins in Jewish services, it is unlikely that Jewish services were copied or deliberately substituted (see Supersessionism).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dream_City_Church_worship2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pentecostal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal"},{"link_name":"Dream City Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_City_Church"},{"link_name":"Assemblies of God USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_(crop).jpg"},{"link_name":"Igreja da Cidade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_da_Cidade"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Baptist Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Baptist_Convention"},{"link_name":"São José dos Campos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_dos_Campos"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Contemporary worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_worship"},{"link_name":"Jesus Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Movement"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"contemporary Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music"},{"link_name":"Christian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_rock"},{"link_name":"Christian hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_hip-hop"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suzel_Ana_Reily_2016,_p._443-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathew_Guest_2007,_p._42-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Don_Cusic_2009,_p._85-86-16"},{"link_name":"organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(music)"},{"link_name":"pianos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"electric guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"sermon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"pastor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor"},{"link_name":"praise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praise"},{"link_name":"Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_music"},{"link_name":"sermon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon"},{"link_name":"Lord's Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"nursery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursery_school"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greg_Dickinson_2015,_p._144-25"},{"link_name":"Sunday school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_school"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeanne_Halgren_Kilde_2005,_p._159,_170-26"},{"link_name":"charismatic movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_movement"},{"link_name":"praise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praise"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"contemporary Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music"},{"link_name":"Christian Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Rock"},{"link_name":"Christian Hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Hip_hop"},{"link_name":"praise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praise"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suzel_Ana_Reily_2016,_p._443-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathew_Guest_2007,_p._42-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Don_Cusic_2009,_p._85-86-16"},{"link_name":"video projectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_projector"},{"link_name":"praise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praise"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offering_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christianpost.com-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessghana.com-32"},{"link_name":"faith healing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_healing"},{"link_name":"laying on of hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"tithes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithe"},{"link_name":"offerings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offering_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Pentecost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Christian denominations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denomination"},{"link_name":"evangelical feasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_feasts"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Contemporary church services","text":"A Pentecostal worship service at Dream City Church, affiliated with the Assemblies of God USA, in 2007, in Phoenix, United StatesWorship service at Igreja da Cidade, affiliated to the Brazilian Baptist Convention, in São José dos Campos, Brazil, 2017Contemporary worship services have their origins in the Jesus Movement of the 1960s.[12] In the 1980s and 1990s, contemporary Christian music, comprising a variety of musical styles, such as Christian rock and Christian hip-hop was adopted by evangelical churches.[13][14][15] Over the years, the organs have been replaced by pianos, electric guitars and drums.[16][17] These contemporary worship services feature a sermon based on the Bible. Worship service in Evangelical churches is seen as an act of God's worship.[18][19] It is usually run by a Christian pastor. It usually contains two main parts, the praise (Christian music) and the sermon, with periodically the Lord's Supper.[20]\n[21][22][23] During worship there is usually a nursery for babies.[24] Prior to the worship service, adults, children and young people receive an adapted education, Sunday school, in a separate room.[25] With the 1960s' charismatic movement, a new conception of praise in worship, such as clapping and raising hands as a sign of worship, took place in many evangelical denominations.[26] In the 1980s and 1990s, contemporary Christian music, including a wide variety of musical styles, such as Christian Rock and Christian Hip hop, appeared in the praise.[13][14][15] In the 2000s and 2010s, digital technologies were integrated into worship services, such as the video projectors for broadcasting praise lyrics or video, on big screens.[27][28] The use of social media such as YouTube and Facebook to retransmit live or delayed worship services, by Internet, has also spread.[29] The offering via Internet has become a common practice in several churches.[30][31] In some churches, a special moment is reserved for faith healing with laying on of hands during worship services.[32] Faith healing or divine healing is considered a legacy of Jesus acquired by his death and resurrection.[33] The taking up of tithes and offerings (gifts made beyond the tithe) is a normative part of the worship services.[34] The main Christian feasts celebrated by the Evangelicals are Christmas, Pentecost, and Easter for all believers, among others depending on Christian denominations (cf. evangelical feasts).[35]\n[36][37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"Nonconformist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(congregation)"},{"link_name":"meeting house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting_house"},{"link_name":"chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Quaker meeting for worship","text":"Quakers (the Religious Society of Friends), like other Nonconformist Protestant denominations, distinguish between a church, which is a body of people who believe in Christ, and a 'meeting house' or 'chapel', which is a building where the church meets.[38][39] Quakers have both unprogrammed and programmed meetings for worship. Unprogrammed worship is based on waiting in silence and inward listening to the Spirit, from which any participant may share a message. In unprogrammed meetings for worship, someone speaks when that person feels that God/Spirit/the universe has given them a message for others. Programmed worship includes many elements similar to Protestant services, such as a sermon and hymns. Many programmed meetings also include a time during the service for silent, expectant waiting and messages from the participants.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christchurch_Cathedral_Choir_Lagos.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_Christ,_Lagos"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"},{"link_name":"congregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_singing"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(music)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"contemporary worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_worship"},{"link_name":"multi-media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-media"},{"link_name":"hymnals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymnal"},{"link_name":"missalette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missal"},{"link_name":"prayer book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_book"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helmuth_Berking_2018,_p._78-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-George_Thomas_Kurian_2016-44"},{"link_name":"televangelism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televangelism"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"elders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"lay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordained"},{"link_name":"sermon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon"},{"link_name":"bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_bell"},{"link_name":"number of bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_bells"},{"link_name":"hymns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn#Christian_hymnody"},{"link_name":"scripture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"psalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm"},{"link_name":"lectionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectionary"},{"link_name":"lections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lection"},{"link_name":"Eucharistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"Holy Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Communion"},{"link_name":"offertory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offertory"},{"link_name":"1 Corinthians 16:1–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#16:1"},{"link_name":"1 Corinthians 9:9–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#9:9"},{"link_name":"1 Timothy 5:16–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#5:16"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christianpost.com-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessghana.com-32"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Sunday school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_school"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeanne_Halgren_Kilde_2005,_p._159,_170-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greg_Dickinson_2015,_p._144-25"},{"link_name":"church hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship_hall"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Church choir singing at a service, Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos, NigeriaVocal music is traditionally sung by a choir or the congregation (or a mixture of the two), usually accompanied by an organ.[40][41] Sometimes other instruments such as piano, classical instruments, or modern band instruments may be part of the service, especially in churches influenced by the contemporary worship movement. Some churches are equipped with state-of-the-art multi-media equipment to add to the worship experience. The congregation may sing along in hymnals or words to hymns and worship songs may be displayed on a screen. More liturgical denominations may have the words to specific prayers written in a missalette or prayer book, which the congregation follows. Though most of the services are still conducted in church buildings designed specifically for that purpose, some services take place in \"store front\" or temporary settings.[42][43]For those unable to attend a service in a church building a burgeoning televangelism and radio ministry provides broadcasts of services.[44] A number of websites have been set up as \"cyber-churches\" to provide a virtual worship space free to anyone on the internet. Church services are often planned and led by a single minister (pastor) or a small group of elders or may follow a format laid out by the dictates of the denomination.Some churches are \"lay led\" with members of the congregation taking turns guiding the service or simply following format that has evolved over time between the active members. More commonly, an ordained minister will preach a sermon (which may cover a specific topic, or as part of a book of the Bible which is being covered over a period of time). Depending on the church, a public invitation follows whereby people are encouraged to become Christians, present themselves as candidates for baptism or to join the congregation (if members elsewhere), or for other purposes. Many congregations begin their church services with the ringing of a bell (or a number of bells); a current trend is to have an introductory video which serves as a \"countdown\" to the beginning of the service. The service usually involves the singing of hymns, reading of scripture verses and possibly a psalm. If the church follows a lectionary, the sermon will often be about the scripture lections assigned to that day. Eucharistic churches have usually Holy Communion either every Sunday or several Sundays a month. Less liturgical congregations tend to place a greater emphasis on the sermon. Many churches will take up a collection of money (offertory) during the service. The rationale for this is taken from 1 Corinthians 16:1–2, 1 Corinthians 9:9–11, and 1 Timothy 5:16–18. But some churches eschew this practice in favor of voluntary anonymous donations for which a box or plate may be set up by the entrance, or return-address envelopes may be provided that worshippers may take with them. Offering through the Internet has become a common practice in many evangelical churches.[30][31] On occasion, some churches will also arrange a second collection, typically occurring after Communion, for a specific good cause or purpose.[45]Some churches offer Sunday school classes.[46][25][24] These will often be for younger children, and may take place during the whole of the service (while the adults are in church), or the children may be present for the beginning of the service and at a prearranged point leave the service to go to Sunday school. Some churches have adult Sunday school either before or after the main worship service.Following the service, there will often be an opportunity for fellowship in the church hall or other convenient place. This provides the members of the congregation a chance to socialize with each other and to greet visitors or new members. Coffee or other refreshments may be served.[47]","title":"Common features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holy Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Communion"},{"link_name":"Weddings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding"},{"link_name":"Funerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral"},{"link_name":"Baptisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"Confirmation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation"},{"link_name":"first Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Communion"},{"link_name":"Ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination"},{"link_name":"First Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Communion"},{"link_name":"missionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"}],"sub_title":"Types of church service","text":"Church services take many forms, and set liturgies may have different names. Services typically include:Regular Sunday services. These are a part of most traditions. Holy Communion may be celebrated at some or all of these; often it is included either once a month or once a quarter. A few denominations have their main weekly services on Saturday rather than Sunday. Larger churches often tend to have several services each Sunday; often two or three in the morning and one or two in the late afternoon or evening, as well as on Saturdays. Some churches have begun to provide religious services conducted through internet technology, for the benefit of those who cannot attend for health or other reasons, or who may want to preview the church before attending in person.\nMidweek services. Again, Holy Communion can be part of these, either on every occasion or on a regular basis.\nHoliday services. Treated like a regular Sunday service, but made more specific for the day.\nWeddings. These are normally separate services, rather than being incorporated into a regular service, but may be either.\nFunerals. These are always separate services.\nBaptisms. These may be incorporated into a regular service, or separate.\nConfirmation. This is normally incorporated into a regular Sunday service, which will also include communion. It was traditionally the first Communion of the confirmee, but more recently, children are invited to communion in some denominations, whether confirmed or not.\nOrdination of clergy. New bishops, elders, priests and deacons are usually ordained or installed generally in a solemn but celebratory ceremony on Saturday or Sunday, generally open to the public, either by their own superior or by another approved senior minister with ordination powers. The service is held either at the area headquarters church or cathedral or at another church agreed upon by those to be ordained and the ordaining ministers. Ordination of bishops or elders may require consecration by more than one individual and have a more limited audience.\nFirst Communion. Children may celebrate Communion for the first time.\nOpening of new churches or church buildings.\nDedication of new missionaries or those about to be sent on new missions.","title":"Common features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church (building)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"chapels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caillou-52"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helmuth_Berking_2018,_p._78-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-George_Thomas_Kurian_2016-44"}],"text":"Further information: Church (building)Places of worship are usually called \"churches\" or \"chapels\".[48][49][50] Some services take place in theaters, schools or multipurpose rooms, rented for Sunday only.[51][42][43]","title":"Places of worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Divine Liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Liturgy"},{"link_name":"headcoverings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_head_covering"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yegorov2019-53"},{"link_name":"modest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesty"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilke2010-55"},{"link_name":"headcovering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_head_covering"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon2015-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson2019-58"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yegorov2019-53"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Conservative Anabaptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Anabaptist"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson2019-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greg2015-59"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yegorov2019-53"},{"link_name":"nondenominational Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondenominational_Christian"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Russian worshippers during the Divine Liturgy in Moscow. Women are wearing headcoverings, while men worship with their heads uncovered.[52]Christians have historically tended to wear modest clothes at church services (cf. 1 Timothy 2:9–10).[53][54] Men have traditionally removed their caps while praying and worshipping, while women have traditionally worn a headcovering while praying and worshipping (cf. 1 Corinthians 11:1–11).[55][56][57][52] These practices continue to be normative in certain churches, congregations, and denominations, as well as in particular parts of the world, such as in Eastern Europe and in the Indian subcontinent, while in the West, attention to these observances has waned generally (apart from those denominations that continue to require them, such as Conservative Anabaptist churches).[57][58][52] In many nondenominational Christian churches, it may be customary, depending on the locality, for people to be dressed casually.[59]","title":"Attire"}]
[{"image_text":"A Lutheran Divine Service in the United States","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Worship_at_St._Paul_Lutheran_Church.jpg/220px-Worship_at_St._Paul_Lutheran_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Catholic Mass at St. Maria Church, Sehnde, Germany, 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/St_Maria_Sehnde_Gottesdienst.jpg/220px-St_Maria_Sehnde_Gottesdienst.jpg"},{"image_text":"Depiction of early Christian worship in the Catacomb of Callixtus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Early-Christians-Worship-in-the-Catacombs-of-Saint-Calixtus.jpg/220px-Early-Christians-Worship-in-the-Catacombs-of-Saint-Calixtus.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Pentecostal worship service at Dream City Church, affiliated with the Assemblies of God USA, in 2007, in Phoenix, United States","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Dream_City_Church_worship2.jpg/260px-Dream_City_Church_worship2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Worship service at Igreja da Cidade, affiliated to the Brazilian Baptist Convention, in São José dos Campos, Brazil, 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg/260px-Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Church choir singing at a service, Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos, Nigeria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Christchurch_Cathedral_Choir_Lagos.JPG/220px-Christchurch_Cathedral_Choir_Lagos.JPG"},{"image_text":"Russian worshippers during the Divine Liturgy in Moscow. Women are wearing headcoverings, while men worship with their heads uncovered.[52]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/170px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Cafe church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafe_church"},{"title":"Canonical hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_hours"},{"title":"Compline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compline"},{"title":"Carol service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_service"},{"title":"Christian liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_liturgy"},{"title":"Christian worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_worship"},{"title":"Church attendance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_attendance"},{"title":"Church membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_membership"},{"title":"Evening Prayer (Anglican)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Office_(Anglican)"},{"title":"Morning Prayer (Anglican)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Office_(Anglican)"},{"title":"Divine Liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Liturgy"},{"title":"Divine Service (Lutheran)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)"},{"title":"Easter Vigil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Vigil"},{"title":"Mass (liturgy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"}]
[{"reference":"Hughes, James R. (2006). \"The Sabbath: A Universal and Enduring Ordinance of God\". Reformed Presbyterian Church. Retrieved 6 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://versefortheday.com/the_sabbath-a_universal_and_enduring_ordinance_of_god/","url_text":"\"The Sabbath: A Universal and Enduring Ordinance of God\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_North_America","url_text":"Reformed Presbyterian Church"}]},{"reference":"The Korean Repository, Volume 3. Trilingual Press. 21 August 1896. p. 361. The Sunday morning service has been well attended, as have also the Sunday evening and Wednesday evening services.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Times of Worship\". Saint Paul's Free Methodist Church. Retrieved 5 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stpaulsfmc.org/worship.html","url_text":"\"Times of Worship\""}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Bonnie (19 December 2019). Ordinary Saints: Women, Work, and Faith in Newfoundland. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 978-0-2280-0028-0. Starting with Shroe Tuesday (locall known as Pancake Day), and proceeding through Ash Wednesday to Good Friday, families increased their church attendance and, especially, engaged in the embodies practices of fasting and/or \"giving up something for Lent.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2280-0028-0","url_text":"978-0-2280-0028-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Why an Evening Worship Service?\". Christ United Reformed Church. 8 December 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.christurc.org/blog/2010/12/08/why-an-evening-worship-service","url_text":"\"Why an Evening Worship Service?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Are 'Offerings' Above and Beyond My Tithe?\". Saint Peter Lutheran Church. Retrieved 4 December 2022. Historically, at least in our country, tithing is the practice of giving 10% of one's income to one's church. Offerings are gifts given above and beyond the tithe, either to the church or to other Christian ministries.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stplc.org/our-life-together/2018/3/7/ask-pastor-dave-is-kyrie-eleison-greek-or-latin-sestr#:~:text=Historically%2C%20at%20least%20in%20our,or%20to%20other%20Christian%20ministries.","url_text":"\"Are 'Offerings' Above and Beyond My Tithe?\""}]},{"reference":"Wakeling, Christopher (August 2016). \"Nonconformist Places of Worship: Introductions to Heritage Assets\". Historic England. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170328195437/https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/iha-nonconformist-places-of-worship/heag139-nonconformist-places-of-worshipi-iha.pdf/","url_text":"\"Nonconformist Places of Worship: Introductions to Heritage Assets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/iha-nonconformist-places-of-worship/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Anthony (1996). Welsh Chapels. National Museum Wales. ISBN 9780750911627. Retrieved 28 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k6zjuTAnuzcC","url_text":"Welsh Chapels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750911627","url_text":"9780750911627"}]},{"reference":"Yegorov, Oleg (11 December 2019). \"Why do women cover their heads in Orthodox churches?\". Russia Beyond. In the Orthodox tradition, this is a big no-no. Of course, no one would kick a bareheaded woman out of an Orthodox church, should she walk in, but she is very likely to face some disapproving and judging looks, especially from the local babushkas (you'll always find a few babushkas inside an Orthodox church in Russia). The reason is simple: in an Orthodox church, a woman should wear a headscarf.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/331402-women-russican-church-head-cover","url_text":"\"Why do women cover their heads in Orthodox churches?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_Beyond","url_text":"Russia Beyond"}]},{"reference":"Wilke, Richard B. (1 September 2010). Disciple III Remember Who You Are: Study Manual: The Prophets – The Letters of Paul. Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-1-4267-2788-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-2788-7","url_text":"978-1-4267-2788-7"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Greg (31 August 2015). \"Are Head Coverings Really for Today?\". Evangelical Focus. Retrieved 2 May 2022. Hippolytus an early Church Father wrote, \"Let all the women have their heads covered.\" Others who taught this practice in the Church were, John Calvin [father of the Reformed tradition], Martin Luther [father of the Lutheran tradition], Early Church Fathers, John Wesley [father of the Methodist tradition], Matthew Henry [Presbyterian theologian] to name just a few. We must remind ourselves that until the twentieth century, virtually all Christian women wore head coverings.","urls":[{"url":"https://evangelicalfocus.com/yourblog/929/Are-Head-Coverings-Really-for-Today-","url_text":"\"Are Head Coverings Really for Today?\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Cory; Anderson, Jennifer (2019). Fitted to Holiness: How Modesty is Achieved and Compromised among the Plain People. Millersburg: Acorn Publishing. p. 129.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millersburg,_Ohio","url_text":"Millersburg"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Greg (31 August 2015). \"Are Head Coverings Really for Today?\". Evangelical Focus. Retrieved 2 May 2022. One of the most questioned practices in the New Testament in the modern day Western Church is the practice of Head Coverings for women. Yet to get perspective we need to look over the panoply of God's Church for 2000 years and see that this is not something new but old—and has been practiced diligently over the ages. It is hard to imagine but since the 1960s the Church almost entirely practiced this tradition. The influence of secular reasoning, feminism and liberal theology have led to the questioning and, ultimately, the casting aside of this practice in the Church at large in the evangelical world.","urls":[{"url":"https://evangelicalfocus.com/yourblog/929/Are-Head-Coverings-Really-for-Today-","url_text":"\"Are Head Coverings Really for Today?\""}]},{"reference":"Gorny, Nicki (30 January 2022). \"Sunday style: Churches go for a more relaxed dress code\". The Blade. Retrieved 4 December 2022. At Five Lakes Church in Sylvania, where a non-denominational and multi-generational congregation sports everything from that suit and tie to summertime shorts and flip-flops, Pastor Micah Sutton offered a similar take. He hopes the casual-to-formal range signals to visitors that they're welcome in the congregation, and that they belong there, regardless of how they style themselves.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toledoblade.com/news/religion/2022/01/30/sunday-style-churches-go-for-a-more-relaxed-dress-code/stories/20220130042","url_text":"\"Sunday style: Churches go for a more relaxed dress code\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blade_(Toledo,_Ohio)","url_text":"The Blade"}]},{"reference":"Justin Taylor (29 August 2010). \"What Was a Church Service Like in the Second Century?\". TGC. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/justin-taylor/what-was-a-church-service-like-in-the-second-century/","url_text":"\"What Was a Church Service Like in the Second Century?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220810044131/https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/justin-taylor/what-was-a-church-service-like-in-the-second-century/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Liturgy Archive\". Archived from the original on April 10, 2004. Retrieved July 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liturgies.net/","url_text":"\"Liturgy Archive\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040410124949/http://www.liturgies.net/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Liturgy, in the \"Catholic Encyclopedia\"\". Archived from the original on August 16, 2000.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09306a.htm","url_text":"\"Liturgy, in the \"Catholic Encyclopedia\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000816192606/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09306a.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Orthodox Tradition and the Liturgy\". Archived from the original on 2011-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110119105305/http://www.saintsconstantineandelena.org/Liturgy/liturgy1.htm","url_text":"\"Orthodox Tradition and the Liturgy\""},{"url":"http://www.saintsconstantineandelena.org/Liturgy/liturgy1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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Île-de-France"},{"Link":"https://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2017/march/diffusion-and-influence-of-contemporary-worship.html","external_links_name":"The Diffusion and Influence of Contemporary Worship"},{"Link":"https://www.kansascity.com/living/religion/article188544194.html","external_links_name":"Bucking a trend, these churches figured out how to bring millennials back to worship"},{"Link":"https://www.christianpost.com/news/millennial-majority-churches-detail-challenges-success-stories-in-growth-and-finances-224528/","external_links_name":"Millennial-Majority Churches Detail Challenges, Success Stories in Growth and Finances"},{"Link":"https://www.businessghana.com/site/news/general/141054/Asoriba-launches-church-management-software","external_links_name":"Asoriba launches church management software"},{"Link":"https://www.stplc.org/our-life-together/2018/3/7/ask-pastor-dave-is-kyrie-eleison-greek-or-latin-sestr#:~:text=Historically%2C%20at%20least%20in%20our,or%20to%20other%20Christian%20ministries.","external_links_name":"\"Are 'Offerings' Above and Beyond My Tithe?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170328195437/https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/iha-nonconformist-places-of-worship/heag139-nonconformist-places-of-worshipi-iha.pdf/","external_links_name":"\"Nonconformist Places of Worship: Introductions to Heritage Assets\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/iha-nonconformist-places-of-worship/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k6zjuTAnuzcC","external_links_name":"Welsh Chapels"},{"Link":"https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/349/article/problem-second-collection","external_links_name":"The Problem of the Second 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions
Director of Public Prosecutions
["1 Australia","2 Belize","3 Canada","4 Hong Kong","5 India","6 Ireland","7 Mauritius","8 Norway","9 South Africa","10 United Kingdom","10.1 England and Wales","10.2 Scotland","10.3 Northern Ireland","10.4 British Overseas Territories","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]
Office charged with prosecuting criminal offences This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) is the office or official charged with the prosecution of criminal offences in several criminal jurisdictions around the world. The title is used mainly in jurisdictions that are or have been members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Australia See also: Director of Public Prosecutions (Australia) See also: Director of Public Prosecutions (New South Wales) See also: Director of Public Prosecutions (Victoria) Australia has a Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions, which was set up by the Director of Public Prosecutions Act 1983 and started operations in 1984. The eight states and territories of Australia also have their own DPPs. The Office of DPP operates independently of Government. Ultimate authority for authorising prosecutions lies with the Attorney General. However, since that is a political post, and it is desired to have a non-political (public service) post carry out this function in most circumstances, the prosecutorial powers of the AG are normally delegated to the DPP. It is common for those who hold the office of Commonwealth or State DPP later to be appointed to a high judicial office. Examples include Mark Weinberg, now a justice of the Court of Appeal in the Supreme Court of Victoria; Michael Rozenes, Chief Judge of the County Court of Victoria from 2002 to 2015; Brian Martin, now Chief Justice of the Northern Territory; John McKechnie, now a justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia; and Paul Coghlan, now a justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria. Belize Main article: Director of Public Prosecutions (Belize) The Director of Public Prosecutions of Belize is the official responsible for the prosecution of criminal offences. The director heads the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions. Canada In Canada, each province's Crown Attorney Office is responsible for the conduct of criminal prosecutions. In Ontario, the local Crown Attorney's Office in the Criminal Law Division is in charge of criminal cases. Only British Columbia, Nova Scotia, and Quebec (a civil code jurisdiction) have a Director of Public Prosecutions office per se. The Public Prosecution Service of Canada (PPSC) is a federal government organisation, created on 12 December 2006, when the Director of Public Prosecutions Act, enacted as part of the Federal Accountability Act, came into force. The Act split the conduct of federal prosecutions from the Department of Justice and created the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions (officially called the Public Prosecution Service of Canada). The PPSC fulfills the responsibilities of the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada in the discharge of the Attorney General's criminal law mandate by prosecuting criminal offences under federal jurisdiction. In this regard, the PPSC assumes the role played within the Department of Justice by the former Federal Prosecution Service (FPS). The PPSC takes on additional responsibilities for prosecuting new fraud offences under the Financial Administration Act, as well as offences under the Canada Elections Act. Unlike the FPS, which was part of the Department of Justice, the PPSC is an independent organisation, reporting to Parliament through the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada. The PPSC is responsible for prosecuting offences under more than 50 federal statutes and for providing prosecution-related legal advice to law enforcement agencies. Cases prosecuted by the PPSC include those involving drugs, organised crime, terrorism, tax law, money laundering and proceeds of crime, crimes against humanity and war crimes, Criminal Code offences in the territories, and a large number of federal regulatory offences. The creation of the PPSC reflects the decision to make transparent the principle of prosecutorial independence, free from any improper influence. The mandate of the PPSC is set out in the Director of Public Prosecutions Act. The act calls on the PPSC to provide prosecutorial advice to law enforcement agencies, and to act as prosecutor in matters prosecuted by the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada on behalf of the Crown. In addition, the mandate includes initiating and conducting prosecutions on behalf of the Crown with respect to offences under the Canada Elections Act. The PPSC reports to Parliament through the Attorney General of Canada. The Director of Public Prosecutions Act states that the Director of Public Prosecutions acts "under and on behalf of the Attorney General of Canada." The relationship between the attorney general and the director is premised on the principles of respect for the independence of the prosecution function and the need to consult on important matters of general interest. Safeguarding the director's independence is the requirement that all instructions from the attorney general be in writing and published in the Canada Gazette. In turn, the director must inform the attorney general of any prosecution or planned intervention that may raise important questions of general interest, allowing the attorney general the opportunity to intervene in, or assume conduct of, a case. Additionally, the PPSC must provide the attorney general with an annual report for tabling in Parliament. The first director of the PPSC was Brian J. Saunders. The current director of the PPSC is Kathleen Roussel. Hong Kong Main article: Director of Public Prosecutions (Hong Kong) The Director of Public Prosecutions (Chinese: 刑事檢控專員) of Hong Kong heads the Prosecutions Division of the Department of Justice, which is responsible for prosecuting trials and appeals on behalf of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, providing legal advice to law enforcement agencies on investigations, acting on behalf of the Secretary for Justice in the institution of criminal proceedings, and providing advice to bureaux and departments on measures to reform the criminal law. The DPP is superintended by the Secretary for Justice, a political appointee, who is also accountable for the decisions of the DPP. The position title was until the handover of Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997 Crown Prosecutor. The Secretary for Justice and the Department of Justice were, until 1997, named the Attorney General and the Legal Department, respectively. India Main article: Directorate of Prosecution (Kerala) State of Kerala Directorate of Prosecution, Kerala Director General of Prosecution of Kerala heads the Prosecution Directorate of Department of Home, which is responsible for prosecuting trials and appeals on behalf of the state, providing legal advice to law enforcement agencies on investigations, supervision and control of prosecution machinery in the state, and providing advice to bureaux and departments on measures to reform the criminal law. The DGP is assisted by a Director of Prosecution at headquarters, Deputy Directors of Prosecution in districts and Assistant Public Prosecutors in various courts of the state. Ireland Main article: Director of Public Prosecutions (Ireland) The Director of Public Prosecutions has been responsible for prosecution of all indictable criminal offences in Ireland since the enactment of the Prosecution of Offences Act 1974. Before 1974 all crimes and offences were prosecuted at the suit of (after action taken by) the attorney general. The DPP may also issue a certificate that a case should be referred to the Special Criminal Court, a juryless trial court usually reserved for terrorists and organised criminals. The current director is Catherine Pierse. James Hamilton, who had served as DPP for 12 years, announced in July 2011 that he would be taking early retirement and stepped down in November 2011. List of DPPs since 1974: 1974–1999 Eamonn Barnes 1999–2011 James Hamilton 2011–2021 Claire Loftus 2021–present Catherine Pierse The agency's headquarters is located on the southern edge of Phoenix Park, Dublin; in a group of historic buildings that used to be the Royal Military Infirmary before independence. Mauritius The current DPP is Rashid Ahmine who was promoted in 2022 to this role after the retirement of Satyajit Boolell S.C, who occupied the post since 2009. Norway In Norway the Director of Public Prosecutions (Riksadvokaten) is the head of the Norwegian Prosecuting Authority. The director has the coordinative leadership as well as the highest authority to prosecute criminal offences. The director is directly involved only in certain cases, such as crimes for which the maximum penalty is 21 years in prison. The director is subordinate to the Government Cabinet, however, the cabinet has never reversed a decision of the Director of Public Prosecutions. Jørn Sigurd Maurud is the current director and has been in that position since November 2019. South Africa In South Africa public prosecutions are conducted by the National Director of Public Prosecutions (NDPP), the head of the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA). The NDPP is supported by a Chief Executive Officer, Deputies, Provincial Directors of Public Prosecutions, and several Special Directors. United Kingdom England and Wales Main article: Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales) In England and Wales, the office of Director of Public Prosecutions was first created in 1880 as part of the Home Office, and had its own department from 1908. The DPP was responsible for the prosecution of only a small number of major cases until 1986 when responsibility for prosecutions was transferred to a new Crown Prosecution Service with the DPP as its head. The Director is appointed by the Attorney General for England and Wales. The current DPP, since November 2023, is Stephen Parkinson. Scotland Under Scots law the public prosecutor is the Lord Advocate who heads up the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service. All investigations by the police are nominally under the direction of the Lord Advocate and local procurators fiscal, and all prosecutions are carried out in the name of the Lord Advocate. The current Lord Advocate is Dorothy Bain KC. Northern Ireland In Northern Ireland a similar situation existed, and the Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland now heads the Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland. The current DPP is Stephen Herron, who was appointed in 2017. British Overseas Territories In the Turks and Caicos Islands, the position of Director of Public Prosecutions was newly created by the 2011 Constitution. Prior to this, the Attorney-General had control over criminal prosecutions. The current Director of Public Prosecutions is Jillian Williams. See also Government portalLaw portal Attorney General – Commonwealth and United States District Attorney – United States Crown Attorney – Canada, excluding Alberta Crown Prosecutor – Australia and England & Wales, Alberta Public prosecutor's office — Western and Central Europe, Asia, South America References ^ "DPP quits to protect pension". The Irish Independent. 13 July 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2014. ^ Source: Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions ^ "Home Page". Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions. Retrieved 26 June 2020. ^ "The Irish Army Headquarters, Phoenix Park. Dublin City 1786". Curious Ireland. Retrieved 26 June 2020. ^ Lefort, Ariane. "Satyajit Boolell : un homme de convictions". Defimedia. Retrieved 10 April 2017. ^ Ramdin, Alkhizr; Jaddoo, Shehzad. "Rashid Ahmine est le nouveau DPP". Defimedia. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ "New Director of Public Prosecutions announced". gov.uk. Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2 November 2023. ^ Edwards, Mark (2 December 2017). "New DPP Stephen Herron tells of his pride at being appointed to role". The Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 26 May 2018. ^ "Final recommendations for changes to constitutional and electoral arrangements in the Turks and Caicos Islands" (PDF). Turks and Caicos Islands: Constitutional and Electoral Reform Project. February 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2012. ^ "The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2011", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 2011/1681 ^ "New DPP appointed". Turks and Caicos Weekly News. 7 November 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2018. External links www.eatoncounty.org/prosecutor/pa-world.htm — indexes DPP web sites throughout the world The National Prosecuting Authority of South Africa (NPA) The Crown Prosecution Service — website of public prosecution in England and Wales Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions — website of the Irish Director of Public Prosecutions Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions — website of the Australian federal Director of Public Prosecutions — website of the Public Prosecution Service of Canada
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The eight states and territories of Australia also have their own DPPs.The Office of DPP operates independently of Government. Ultimate authority for authorising prosecutions lies with the Attorney General. However, since that is a political post, and it is desired to have a non-political (public service) post carry out this function in most circumstances, the prosecutorial powers of the AG are normally delegated to the DPP.It is common for those who hold the office of Commonwealth or State DPP later to be appointed to a high judicial office. Examples include Mark Weinberg, now a justice of the Court of Appeal in the Supreme Court of Victoria; Michael Rozenes, Chief Judge of the County Court of Victoria from 2002 to 2015; Brian Martin, now Chief Justice of the Northern Territory; John McKechnie, now a justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia; and Paul Coghlan, now a justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria.","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"}],"text":"The Director of Public Prosecutions of Belize is the official responsible for the prosecution of criminal offences. The director heads the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions.","title":"Belize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crown Attorney Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Attorney_Office_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Crown Attorney's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Attorney%27s_Office_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Public Prosecution Service of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Prosecution_Service_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Federal Accountability Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Accountability_Act"},{"link_name":"Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Public Prosecution Service of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Prosecution_Service_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Federal Prosecution Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Prosecution_Service"},{"link_name":"Financial Administration Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Administration_Act"},{"link_name":"Canada Elections Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Elections_Act"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Criminal Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Canada Elections Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Elections_Act"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Gazette"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Brian J. Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_J._Saunders&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Roussel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_Roussel&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"In Canada, each province's Crown Attorney Office is responsible for the conduct of criminal prosecutions. In Ontario, the local Crown Attorney's Office in the Criminal Law Division is in charge of criminal cases. Only British Columbia, Nova Scotia, and Quebec (a civil code jurisdiction) have a Director of Public Prosecutions office per se.The Public Prosecution Service of Canada (PPSC) is a federal government organisation, created on 12 December 2006, when the Director of Public Prosecutions Act, enacted as part of the Federal Accountability Act, came into force. The Act split the conduct of federal prosecutions from the Department of Justice and created the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions (officially called the Public Prosecution Service of Canada).The PPSC fulfills the responsibilities of the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada in the discharge of the Attorney General's criminal law mandate by prosecuting criminal offences under federal jurisdiction. In this regard, the PPSC assumes the role played within the Department of Justice by the former Federal Prosecution Service (FPS). The PPSC takes on additional responsibilities for prosecuting new fraud offences under the Financial Administration Act, as well as offences under the Canada Elections Act. Unlike the FPS, which was part of the Department of Justice, the PPSC is an independent organisation, reporting to Parliament through the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada.The PPSC is responsible for prosecuting offences under more than 50 federal statutes and for providing prosecution-related legal advice to law enforcement agencies. Cases prosecuted by the PPSC include those involving drugs, organised crime, terrorism, tax law, money laundering and proceeds of crime, crimes against humanity and war crimes, Criminal Code offences in the territories, and a large number of federal regulatory offences.[citation needed]The creation of the PPSC reflects the decision to make transparent the principle of prosecutorial independence, free from any improper influence. The mandate of the PPSC is set out in the Director of Public Prosecutions Act. The act calls on the PPSC to provide prosecutorial advice to law enforcement agencies, and to act as prosecutor in matters prosecuted by the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada on behalf of the Crown. In addition, the mandate includes initiating and conducting prosecutions on behalf of the Crown with respect to offences under the Canada Elections Act.The PPSC reports to Parliament through the Attorney General of Canada. The Director of Public Prosecutions Act states that the Director of Public Prosecutions acts \"under and on behalf of the Attorney General of Canada.\" The relationship between the attorney general and the director is premised on the principles of respect for the independence of the prosecution function and the need to consult on important matters of general interest.Safeguarding the director's independence is the requirement that all instructions from the attorney general be in writing and published in the Canada Gazette. In turn, the director must inform the attorney general of any prosecution or planned intervention that may raise important questions of general interest, allowing the attorney general the opportunity to intervene in, or assume conduct of, a case. Additionally, the PPSC must provide the attorney general with an annual report for tabling in Parliament.The first director of the PPSC was Brian J. Saunders. The current director of the PPSC is Kathleen Roussel.","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Prosecutions Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutions_Division_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Secretary for Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_for_Justice"},{"link_name":"Legal Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Department"}],"text":"The Director of Public Prosecutions (Chinese: 刑事檢控專員) of Hong Kong heads the Prosecutions Division of the Department of Justice, which is responsible for prosecuting trials and appeals on behalf of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, providing legal advice to law enforcement agencies on investigations, acting on behalf of the Secretary for Justice in the institution of criminal proceedings, and providing advice to bureaux and departments on measures to reform the criminal law.The DPP is superintended by the Secretary for Justice, a political appointee, who is also accountable for the decisions of the DPP. The position title was until the handover of Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997 Crown Prosecutor. The Secretary for Justice and the Department of Justice were, until 1997, named the Attorney General and the Legal Department, respectively.","title":"Hong Kong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State of Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Prosecution Directorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Prosecution_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"Department of Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Home_(Kerala)"}],"text":"State of Kerala\nDirectorate of Prosecution, Kerala Director General of Prosecution of Kerala heads the Prosecution Directorate of Department of Home, which is responsible for prosecuting trials and appeals on behalf of the state, providing legal advice to law enforcement agencies on investigations, supervision and control of prosecution machinery in the state, and providing advice to bureaux and departments on measures to reform the criminal law. The DGP is assisted by a Director of Prosecution at headquarters, Deputy Directors of Prosecution in districts and Assistant Public Prosecutors in various courts of the state.","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"attorney general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Special Criminal Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Criminal_Court"},{"link_name":"James Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hamilton_(Director_of_Public_Prosecutions)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Eamonn Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eamonn_Barnes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hamilton_(Director_of_Public_Prosecutions)"},{"link_name":"Claire Loftus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Loftus"},{"link_name":"Catherine Pierse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Pierse"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Park"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Infirmary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Infirmary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Director of Public Prosecutions has been responsible for prosecution of all indictable criminal offences in Ireland since the enactment of the Prosecution of Offences Act 1974. Before 1974 all crimes and offences were prosecuted at the suit of (after action taken by) the attorney general. The DPP may also issue a certificate that a case should be referred to the Special Criminal Court, a juryless trial court usually reserved for terrorists and organised criminals.The current director is Catherine Pierse. James Hamilton, who had served as DPP for 12 years, announced in July 2011 that he would be taking early retirement and stepped down in November 2011.[1]List of DPPs since 1974:[2]1974–1999 Eamonn Barnes\n1999–2011 James Hamilton\n2011–2021 Claire Loftus\n2021–present Catherine PierseThe agency's headquarters is located on the southern edge of Phoenix Park, Dublin; in a group of historic buildings that used to be the Royal Military Infirmary before independence.[3][4]","title":"Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Satyajit Boolell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyajit_Boolell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The current DPP is Rashid Ahmine who was promoted in 2022 to this role after the retirement of Satyajit Boolell S.C, who occupied the post since 2009.[5][6]","title":"Mauritius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Prosecuting Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Prosecuting_Authority"},{"link_name":"Government Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Jørn Sigurd Maurud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Sigurd_Maurud"}],"text":"In Norway the Director of Public Prosecutions (Riksadvokaten) is the head of the Norwegian Prosecuting Authority. The director has the coordinative leadership as well as the highest authority to prosecute criminal offences. The director is directly involved only in certain cases, such as crimes for which the maximum penalty is 21 years in prison. The director is subordinate to the Government Cabinet, however, the cabinet has never reversed a decision of the Director of Public Prosecutions. Jørn Sigurd Maurud is the current director and has been in that position since November 2019.","title":"Norway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Prosecuting Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Prosecuting_Authority"}],"text":"In South Africa public prosecutions are conducted by the National Director of Public Prosecutions (NDPP), the head of the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA). The NDPP is supported by a Chief Executive Officer, Deputies, Provincial Directors of Public Prosecutions, and several Special Directors.","title":"South Africa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Home Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Office"},{"link_name":"Crown Prosecution Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service"},{"link_name":"Attorney General for England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"England and Wales","text":"In England and Wales, the office of Director of Public Prosecutions was first created in 1880 as part of the Home Office, and had its own department from 1908. The DPP was responsible for the prosecution of only a small number of major cases until 1986 when responsibility for prosecutions was transferred to a new Crown Prosecution Service with the DPP as its head. The Director is appointed by the Attorney General for England and Wales.The current DPP, since November 2023, is Stephen Parkinson.[7]","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scots law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_law"},{"link_name":"public prosecutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_prosecutor"},{"link_name":"Lord Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Advocate"},{"link_name":"Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Office_and_Procurator_Fiscal_Service"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_police"},{"link_name":"Lord Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Advocate"},{"link_name":"procurators fiscal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurator_fiscal"},{"link_name":"Lord Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Advocate"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Bain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Bain"}],"sub_title":"Scotland","text":"Under Scots law the public prosecutor is the Lord Advocate who heads up the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service. All investigations by the police are nominally under the direction of the Lord Advocate and local procurators fiscal, and all prosecutions are carried out in the name of the Lord Advocate.The current Lord Advocate is Dorothy Bain KC.","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_for_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Prosecution_Service_for_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Northern Ireland","text":"In Northern Ireland a similar situation existed, and the Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland now heads the Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland.The current DPP is Stephen Herron, who was appointed in 2017.\n[8]","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turks and Caicos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands"},{"link_name":"Director of Public Prosecutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_(Turks_and_Caicos_Islands)"},{"link_name":"Attorney-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney-General_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCConstitution-10"},{"link_name":"Jillian Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jillian_Williams_(lawyer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"British Overseas Territories","text":"In the Turks and Caicos Islands, the position of Director of Public Prosecutions was newly created by the 2011 Constitution. Prior to this, the Attorney-General had control over criminal prosecutions.[9][10] The current Director of Public Prosecutions is Jillian Williams.[11]","title":"United Kingdom"}]
[]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Government portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Government"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"title":"Law portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"title":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General"},{"title":"District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Attorney"},{"title":"Crown Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Attorney"},{"title":"Crown Prosecutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prosecutor"},{"title":"Public prosecutor's office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_prosecutor%27s_office"}]
[{"reference":"\"DPP quits to protect pension\". The Irish Independent. 13 July 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/dpp-quits-to-protect-pension-2819909.html","url_text":"\"DPP quits to protect pension\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home Page\". Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions. Retrieved 26 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dppireland.ie/","url_text":"\"Home Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Irish Army Headquarters, Phoenix Park. Dublin City 1786\". Curious Ireland. Retrieved 26 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://curiousireland.ie/the-irish-army-headquarters/","url_text":"\"The Irish Army Headquarters, Phoenix Park. Dublin City 1786\""}]},{"reference":"Lefort, Ariane. \"Satyajit Boolell : un homme de convictions\". Defimedia. Retrieved 10 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://defimedia.info/satyajit-boolell-un-homme-de-convictions","url_text":"\"Satyajit Boolell : un homme de convictions\""}]},{"reference":"Ramdin, Alkhizr; Jaddoo, Shehzad. \"Rashid Ahmine est le nouveau DPP\". Defimedia. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://defimedia.info/rashid-ahmine-est-le-nouveau-dpp","url_text":"\"Rashid Ahmine est le nouveau DPP\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Director of Public Prosecutions announced\". gov.uk. Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-director-of-public-prosecutions-announced","url_text":"\"New Director of Public Prosecutions announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom","url_text":"Government of the United Kingdom"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Mark (2 December 2017). \"New DPP Stephen Herron tells of his pride at being appointed to role\". The Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 26 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/new-dpp-stephen-herron-tells-of-his-pride-at-being-appointed-to-role-36371526.html","url_text":"\"New DPP Stephen Herron tells of his pride at being appointed to role\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Belfast_Telegraph","url_text":"The Belfast Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Final recommendations for changes to constitutional and electoral arrangements in the Turks and Caicos Islands\" (PDF). Turks and Caicos Islands: Constitutional and Electoral Reform Project. February 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180527035430/http://tcipost.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/CER-final-recommendations-Feb-2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Final recommendations for changes to constitutional and electoral arrangements in the Turks and Caicos Islands\""},{"url":"http://tcipost.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/CER-final-recommendations-Feb-2011.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2011\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 2011/1681","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/1681/made","url_text":"\"The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"New DPP appointed\". Turks and Caicos Weekly News. 7 November 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://tcweeklynews.com/new-dpp-appointed-p7481-127.htm","url_text":"\"New DPP appointed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Weekly_News","url_text":"Turks and Caicos Weekly News"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/dpp-quits-to-protect-pension-2819909.html","external_links_name":"\"DPP quits to protect pension\""},{"Link":"https://www.dppireland.ie/","external_links_name":"\"Home Page\""},{"Link":"https://curiousireland.ie/the-irish-army-headquarters/","external_links_name":"\"The Irish Army Headquarters, Phoenix Park. Dublin City 1786\""},{"Link":"https://defimedia.info/satyajit-boolell-un-homme-de-convictions","external_links_name":"\"Satyajit Boolell : un homme de convictions\""},{"Link":"https://defimedia.info/rashid-ahmine-est-le-nouveau-dpp","external_links_name":"\"Rashid Ahmine est le nouveau DPP\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-director-of-public-prosecutions-announced","external_links_name":"\"New Director of Public Prosecutions announced\""},{"Link":"https://m.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/new-dpp-stephen-herron-tells-of-his-pride-at-being-appointed-to-role-36371526.html","external_links_name":"\"New DPP Stephen Herron tells of his pride at being appointed to role\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180527035430/http://tcipost.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/CER-final-recommendations-Feb-2011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Final recommendations for changes to constitutional and electoral arrangements in the Turks and Caicos Islands\""},{"Link":"http://tcipost.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/CER-final-recommendations-Feb-2011.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/1681/made","external_links_name":"\"The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2011\""},{"Link":"http://tcweeklynews.com/new-dpp-appointed-p7481-127.htm","external_links_name":"\"New DPP appointed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051226015226/http://www.eatoncounty.org/prosecutor/pa-world.htm","external_links_name":"www.eatoncounty.org/prosecutor/pa-world.htm"},{"Link":"http://www.npa.gov.za/","external_links_name":"The National Prosecuting Authority of South Africa (NPA)"},{"Link":"http://www.cps.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"The Crown Prosecution Service"},{"Link":"http://www.dppireland.ie/","external_links_name":"Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions"},{"Link":"http://www.cdpp.gov.au/","external_links_name":"Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions"},{"Link":"http://www.ppsc-sppc.gc.ca/eng/bas/index.html#intro","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_bonded_explosive
Polymer-bonded explosive
["1 Potential advantages","2 Binders","2.1 Fluoropolymers","2.2 Elastomers","2.3 Energetic polymers","3 Insults (potential explosive inhibitors)","3.1 Thermomechanical","3.2 Thermochemical","4 Some example PBXs","5 References"]
Explosive materials where powder is bound together in a matrix with synthetic polymer Not to be confused with plastic explosive. Polymer-bonded explosives, also called PBX or plastic-bonded explosives, are explosive materials in which explosive powder is bound together in a matrix using small quantities (typically 5–10% by weight) of a synthetic polymer. PBXs are normally used for explosive materials that are not easily melted into a casting, or are otherwise difficult to form. PBX was first developed in 1952 at Los Alamos National Laboratory, as RDX embedded in polystyrene with dioctyl phthalate plasticizer. HMX compositions with teflon-based binders were developed in 1960s and 1970s for gun shells and for Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) seismic experiments, although the latter experiments are usually cited as using hexanitrostilbene (HNS). Potential advantages Polymer-bonded explosives have several potential advantages: If the polymer matrix is an elastomer (rubbery material), it tends to absorb shocks, making the PBX very insensitive to accidental detonation, and thus ideal for insensitive munitions. Hard polymers can produce PBX that is very rigid and maintains a precise engineering shape even under severe stress. PBX powders can be pressed into a desired shape at room temperature; casting normally requires hazardous melting of the explosive. High pressure pressing can achieve density for the material very close to the theoretical crystal density of the base explosive material. Many PBXes are safe to machine; turning solid blocks into complex three-dimensional shapes. For example, a billet of PBX can be precisely shaped on a lathe or CNC machine. This technique is used to machine explosive lenses necessary for modern nuclear weapons. Binders Fluoropolymers Main article: Fluoropolymer Fluoropolymers are advantageous as binders due to their high density (yielding high detonation velocity) and inert chemical behavior (yielding long shelf stability and low aging). They are somewhat brittle, as their glass transition temperature is at room temperature or above. This limits their use to insensitive explosives (e.g. TATB) where the brittleness does not have detrimental effects on safety. They are also difficult to process. Elastomers Main article: Elastomer Elastomers have to be used with more mechanically sensitive explosives like HMX. The elasticity of the matrix lowers sensitivity of the bulk material to shock and friction; their glass transition temperature is chosen to be below the lower boundary of the temperature working range (typically below -55 °C). Crosslinked rubber polymers are however sensitive to aging, mostly by action of free radicals and by hydrolysis of the bonds by traces of water vapor. Rubbers like Estane or hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) are used for these applications extensively. Silicone rubbers and thermoplastic polyurethanes are also in use. Fluoroelastomers, e.g. Viton, combine the advantages of both. Energetic polymers Energetic polymers (e.g. nitro or azido derivates of polymers) can be used as a binder to increase the explosive power in comparison with inert binders. Energetic plasticizers can be also used. The addition of a plasticizer lowers the sensitivity of the explosive and improves its processibility. Insults (potential explosive inhibitors) Explosive yields can be affected by the introduction of mechanical loads or the application of temperature; such damages are called insults. The mechanism of a thermal insult at low temperatures on an explosive is primarily thermomechanical, at higher temperatures it is primarily thermochemical. Thermomechanical Thermomechanical mechanisms involve stresses by thermal expansion (namely differential thermal expansions, as thermal gradients tend to be involved), melting/freezing or sublimation/condensation of components, and phase transitions of crystals (e.g. transition of HMX from beta phase to delta phase at 175 °C involves a large change in volume and causes extensive cracking of its crystals). Thermochemical Thermochemical changes involve decomposition of the explosives and binders, loss of strength of binder as it softens or melts, or stiffening of the binder if the increased temperature causes crosslinking of the polymer chains. The changes can also significantly alter the porosity of the material, whether by increasing it (fracturing of crystals, vaporization of components) or decreasing it (melting of components). The size distribution of the crystals can be also altered, e.g. by Ostwald ripening. Thermochemical decomposition starts to occur at the crystal nonhomogeneities, e.g. intragranular interfaces between crystal growth zones, on damaged parts of the crystals, or on interfaces of different materials (e.g. crystal/binder). Presence of defects in crystals (cracks, voids, solvent inclusions...) may increase the explosive's sensitivity to mechanical shocks. Some example PBXs Some example PBXs Name Explosive ingredients Inert ingredients Usage AFX-757 RDX 25%, ammonium perchlorate 30%, aluminium 33% HTPB 4.44%, dioctyl adipate 6.56% Used in warheads for JASSM, GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb and similar weapons. Has high air blast equivalent, 1.39 times more than Composition B, but low brisance due to low high explosive content. EDC-8 PETN 76% RTV silicone 24% EDC-28 RDX 94% FPC 461 6% EDC-29 β-HMX 95% HTPB 5% UK composition EDC-32 HMX 85% 15% Viton A 15% EDC-37 HMX 91%, NC 1% K-10 liquid 8% LX-04 HMX 85% Viton-A 15% High-velocity; nuclear weapons (W62, W70) LX-07 HMX 90% Viton-A 10% High-velocity; nuclear weapons (W71) LX-08 PETN 63.7% Sylgard 182 (silicone rubber) 34.3%, 2% Cab-O-Sil LX-09-0 HMX 93% 2,2-dinitropropyl acrylate (pDNPA) 4.6%; FEFO 2.4% High-velocity; nuclear weapons (W68). Prone to deterioration and separation of the plasticizer and binder. Caused serious safety problems. FEFO is 1,1--bis-, liquid explosive. LX-09-1 HMX 93.3% pDNPA 4.4%; FEFO 2.3% LX-10-0 HMX 95% Viton-A 5% High-velocity; nuclear weapons (W68 (replaced LX-09), W70, W79, W82) LX-10-1 HMX 94.5% Viton-A 5.5% LX-11-0 HMX 80% Viton-A 20% High-velocity; nuclear weapons (W71) LX-14-0 HMX 95.5% Estane & 5702-Fl 4.5% LX-15 HNS 95% Kel-F 800 5% LX-16 PETN 96% FPC461 4% FPC461 is a vinyl chloride:chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer and its response to gamma rays has been studied. LX-17-0 TATB 92.5% Kel-F 800 7.5% High-velocity, insensitive; nuclear weapons (B83, W84, W87, W89) PBX 9007 RDX 90% Polystyrene 9.1%; DOP 0.5%; rosin 0.4% PBX 9010 RDX 90% Kel-F 3700 10% High-velocity; nuclear weapons (W50, B43) PBX 9011 HMX 90% Estane and 5703-Fl 10% High-velocity; nuclear weapons (B57 mods 1 and 2) PBX 9205 RDX 92% Polystyrene 6%; DOP 2% Created in 1947 at Los Alamos, later given the PBX 9205 designation. PBX 9404 HMX 94%, NC 3% Tris(b-chloroethyl)phosphate (CEF) 3% High-velocity; nuclear weapons, widely used (B43, W48, W50, W55, W56, B57 mod 2, B61 mods 0, 1, 2, 5, W69). Serious safety problems related to aging and decomposition of the nitrocellulose binder. PBX 9407 RDX 94% FPC461 6% PBX 9501 HMX 95%, BDNPA-F 2.5% Estane 2.5% High-velocity; nuclear weapons (W76, W78, W88). One of the most extensively studied high explosive formulations. BDNPA-F is 1:1 mixture of bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal and bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) formal. PBS 9501 - Estane 2.5%; BDNPA-F 2.5%; sieved white sugar 95% Inert simulant of mechanical properties of PBX 9501 PBX 9502 TATB 95% Kel-F 800 5% High-velocity, insensitive; principal in recent US nuclear weapons (B61 mods 3, 4, 6–10, W80, W85, B90, W91), backfitted to earlier warheads to replace less safe explosives. PBX 9503 TATB 80%; HMX 15% Kel-F 800 5% Also known as X-0351. PBX 9604 RDX 96% Kel-F 800 4% PBXN-101 HMX 82% PBXN-102 HMX 59%, Aluminum 23% PBXN-103 Ammonium perchlorate (AP) 40%, Aluminum 27%, TMETN 23% TEGDN 2.5% Mk 48 torpedoes PBXN-104 HMX 70% PBXN-105 RDX 7%, AP 49.8%, Aluminum 25.8% PBXN-106 RDX 75% polyethylene glycol/BDNPA-F binder Naval shells PBXN-107 RDX 86% polyacrylate binder BGM-109 Tomahawk missiles PBXN-109 RDX 64%, Aluminum 20% HTPB, DOA (dioctyladipate), and IPDI (isophorone diisocyanate) Used in some versions of the Mark 82, Mark 83 and Mark 84 general-purpose bombs. PBXN-110 HMX 88% 5.4% Polybutadiene, 5% Isodecylpelargonate PBXN-111 RDX 20%, AP 43%, Aluminum 25% PBXW-114 HMX 78%, Aluminum 10% PBXW-115 RDX 20%, AP 43%, Aluminum 25% PBXN-1 RDX 68%, Aluminum 20% PBXN-3 RDX 85% Nylon AIM-9X Sidewinder Missile PBXN-4 Diaminotrinitrobenzene (DATB) 94% PBXN-5 HMX 95% fluoroelastomer 5% Naval shells PBXN-6 RDX 95% PBXN-7 RDX 35%, TATB 60% PBXN-9 HMX 92% HYTEMP 4454 2%, Diisooctyl adipate (DOA) 6% XTX 8003 PETN 80% Sylgard 182 (silicone rubber) 20% High-velocity, extrudable; nuclear weapons (W68, W76) XTX 8004 RDX 80% Sylgard 182 (silicone rubber) 20% References ^ a b Akhavan, Jacqueline (2004-01-01). The Chemistry of Explosives (2nd ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-0-85404-640-9. Archived from the original on 2023-02-15. Retrieved 2021-12-13. ^ James R.Bates; W.W.Lauderdale; Harold Kernaghan (April 1979). "ALSEP (Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package) Termination Report" (pdf-8.81 mb). NASA-Scientific and Technical Information Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-01-13. Retrieved 2014-06-29. ^ a b c Carey Sublette (1999-02-20). "4.1.6.2.2.5 Explosives". 4. Engineering and Design of Nuclear Weapons: 4.1 Elements of Fission Weapon Design. Retrieved 2010-02-08. ^ a b c d e f Blaine Asay, ed. (2009). Non-Shock Initiation of Explosives. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-88089-9. ^ . S2CID 115831591. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ Kolev, Stefan K.; Tsonev, Tsvetomir T. (2022). "Aluminized Enhanced Blast Explosive Based on Polysiloxane Binder". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. 47 (2). doi:10.1002/prep.202100195. S2CID 244902961. ^ US patent 6523477B1, George W. Brooks & Eric E. Roach, "Enhanced Performance Insensitive Penetrator Warhead", issued 2003-02-25, assigned to Lockheed Martin Corporation  ^ Technical Area 36 Open Detonation Unit — SUPPLEMENT 2-1 Waste Explosives Detonated at Technical Area 36 (PDF) (Report). September 1999. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-01. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Technical Area 36 Open Detonation Unit — SUPPLEMENT 2-1 Waste Explosives Detonated at Technical Area 36, p. 2. ^ H K Otsuki; E Eagan-McNeill (May 1997). A Blue Print for Building a Risk Assessment (Report). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. p. 6. UCRL-JC-127467. Archived from the original on 2022-09-29. ^ Sarah C. Chinn; Thomas S. Wilson; Robert S. Maxwell (March 2006). "Analysis of radiation induced degradation in FPC-461 fluoropolymers by variable temperature multinuclear NMR". Polymer Degradation and Stability. 91 (3): 541–547. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.058. Archived from the original on 2022-04-17. Retrieved 2019-09-09. ^ Anders W. Lundberg. "High Explosives in Stockpile Surveillance Indicate Constancy" (PDF). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2014-03-02. ^ Kinetics of PBX 9404 Aging Archived 2017-02-11 at the Wayback Machine Alan K. Burnhamn; Laurence E. Fried. LLNL, Unclassified, 2007-04-24 (pdf) ^ Janes (26 July 2022), "Mk 80 general‐purpose bombs (BLU‐110/111/117/126/129)", Janes Weapons: Air Launched, Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Group UK Limited., retrieved 29 May 2023 ^ a b c Technical Area 36 Open Detonation Unit — SUPPLEMENT 2-1 Waste Explosives Detonated at Technical Area 36, p. 3. Cooper, Paul W. Explosives Engineering. New York: Wiley-VCH, 1996. ISBN 0-471-18636-8. Norris, Robert S., Hans M. Kristensen, and Joshua Handler. "The B61 family of bombs", http://thebulletin.org, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Jan/Feb 2003.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plastic explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_explosive"},{"link_name":"explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive"},{"link_name":"polymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer"},{"link_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"RDX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDX"},{"link_name":"polystyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene"},{"link_name":"dioctyl phthalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioctyl_phthalate"},{"link_name":"plasticizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticizer"},{"link_name":"HMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMX"},{"link_name":"teflon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflon"},{"link_name":"gun shells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(projectile)"},{"link_name":"Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package"},{"link_name":"seismic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chemexpl-1"},{"link_name":"hexanitrostilbene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexanitrostilbene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa-alsep-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with plastic explosive.Polymer-bonded explosives, also called PBX or plastic-bonded explosives, are explosive materials in which explosive powder is bound together in a matrix using small quantities (typically 5–10% by weight) of a synthetic polymer. PBXs are normally used for explosive materials that are not easily melted into a casting, or are otherwise difficult to form.PBX was first developed in 1952 at Los Alamos National Laboratory, as RDX embedded in polystyrene with dioctyl phthalate plasticizer. HMX compositions with teflon-based binders were developed in 1960s and 1970s for gun shells and for Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) seismic experiments,[1] although the latter experiments are usually cited as using hexanitrostilbene (HNS).[2]","title":"Polymer-bonded explosive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elastomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer"},{"link_name":"insensitive munitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insensitive_munitions"},{"link_name":"billet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billet_(manufacturing)"},{"link_name":"lathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe"},{"link_name":"CNC machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNC_machine"},{"link_name":"explosive lenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_lens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nuke-arch-explo-3"}],"text":"Polymer-bonded explosives have several potential advantages:If the polymer matrix is an elastomer (rubbery material), it tends to absorb shocks, making the PBX very insensitive to accidental detonation, and thus ideal for insensitive munitions.\nHard polymers can produce PBX that is very rigid and maintains a precise engineering shape even under severe stress.\nPBX powders can be pressed into a desired shape at room temperature; casting normally requires hazardous melting of the explosive. High pressure pressing can achieve density for the material very close to the theoretical crystal density of the base explosive material.\nMany PBXes are safe to machine; turning solid blocks into complex three-dimensional shapes. For example, a billet of PBX can be precisely shaped on a lathe or CNC machine. This technique is used to machine explosive lenses necessary for modern nuclear weapons.[3]","title":"Potential advantages"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Binders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density"},{"link_name":"detonation velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detonation_velocity"},{"link_name":"aging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_(material_science)"},{"link_name":"glass transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_transition"},{"link_name":"TATB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATB"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nonshockinit-4"}],"sub_title":"Fluoropolymers","text":"Fluoropolymers are advantageous as binders due to their high density (yielding high detonation velocity) and inert chemical behavior (yielding long shelf stability and low aging). They are somewhat brittle, as their glass transition temperature is at room temperature or above. This limits their use to insensitive explosives (e.g. TATB) where the brittleness does not have detrimental effects on safety. They are also difficult to process.[4]","title":"Binders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMX"},{"link_name":"Crosslinked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosslinked"},{"link_name":"rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_rubber"},{"link_name":"free radicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radical"},{"link_name":"hydrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis"},{"link_name":"Estane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastic_polyurethanes"},{"link_name":"hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl-terminated_polybutadiene"},{"link_name":"Silicone rubbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicone_rubber"},{"link_name":"thermoplastic polyurethanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastic_polyurethanes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nonshockinit-4"},{"link_name":"Fluoroelastomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroelastomer"},{"link_name":"Viton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viton"}],"sub_title":"Elastomers","text":"Elastomers have to be used with more mechanically sensitive explosives like HMX. The elasticity of the matrix lowers sensitivity of the bulk material to shock and friction; their glass transition temperature is chosen to be below the lower boundary of the temperature working range (typically below -55 °C). Crosslinked rubber polymers are however sensitive to aging, mostly by action of free radicals and by hydrolysis of the bonds by traces of water vapor. Rubbers like Estane or hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) are used for these applications extensively. Silicone rubbers and thermoplastic polyurethanes are also in use.[4]Fluoroelastomers, e.g. Viton, combine the advantages of both.","title":"Binders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Energetic plasticizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticizer#Plasticizers_for_energetic_materials"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chemexpl-1"}],"sub_title":"Energetic polymers","text":"Energetic polymers (e.g. nitro or azido derivates of polymers) can be used as a binder to increase the explosive power in comparison with inert binders. Energetic plasticizers can be also used. The addition of a plasticizer lowers the sensitivity of the explosive and improves its processibility.[1]","title":"Binders"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Explosive yields can be affected by the introduction of mechanical loads or the application of temperature; such damages are called insults. The mechanism of a thermal insult at low temperatures on an explosive is primarily thermomechanical, at higher temperatures it is primarily thermochemical.","title":"Insults (potential explosive inhibitors)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phase transitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition"}],"sub_title":"Thermomechanical","text":"Thermomechanical mechanisms involve stresses by thermal expansion (namely differential thermal expansions, as thermal gradients tend to be involved), melting/freezing or sublimation/condensation of components, and phase transitions of crystals (e.g. transition of HMX from beta phase to delta phase at 175 °C involves a large change in volume and causes extensive cracking of its crystals).","title":"Insults (potential explosive inhibitors)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ostwald ripening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostwald_ripening"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nonshockinit-4"}],"sub_title":"Thermochemical","text":"Thermochemical changes involve decomposition of the explosives and binders, loss of strength of binder as it softens or melts, or stiffening of the binder if the increased temperature causes crosslinking of the polymer chains. The changes can also significantly alter the porosity of the material, whether by increasing it (fracturing of crystals, vaporization of components) or decreasing it (melting of components). The size distribution of the crystals can be also altered, e.g. by Ostwald ripening. Thermochemical decomposition starts to occur at the crystal nonhomogeneities, e.g. intragranular interfaces between crystal growth zones, on damaged parts of the crystals, or on interfaces of different materials (e.g. crystal/binder). Presence of defects in crystals (cracks, voids, solvent inclusions...) may increase the explosive's sensitivity to mechanical shocks.[4]","title":"Insults (potential explosive inhibitors)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Some example PBXs"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Akhavan, Jacqueline (2004-01-01). The Chemistry of Explosives (2nd ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-0-85404-640-9. Archived from the original on 2023-02-15. Retrieved 2021-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9tIQDn2uZz4C&dq=polymer+bonded+explosives&pg=PA11","url_text":"The Chemistry of Explosives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-640-9","url_text":"978-0-85404-640-9"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230215095557/https://books.google.com/books?id=9tIQDn2uZz4C&dq=polymer+bonded+explosives&pg=PA11","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"James R.Bates; W.W.Lauderdale; Harold Kernaghan (April 1979). \"ALSEP (Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package) Termination Report\" (pdf-8.81 mb). NASA-Scientific and Technical Information Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-01-13. Retrieved 2014-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/documents/NASA%20RP-1036.pdf","url_text":"\"ALSEP (Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package) Termination Report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100113132421/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/documents/NASA%20RP-1036.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carey Sublette (1999-02-20). \"4.1.6.2.2.5 Explosives\". 4. Engineering and Design of Nuclear Weapons: 4.1 Elements of Fission Weapon Design. Retrieved 2010-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq4-1.html#4.1.6.2.2.5","url_text":"\"4.1.6.2.2.5 Explosives\""}]},{"reference":"Blaine Asay, ed. (2009). Non-Shock Initiation of Explosives. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-88089-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qIQETUT9r-QC&dq=%22reactive+materials%22+energetic&pg=PA394","url_text":"Non-Shock Initiation of Explosives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-88089-9","url_text":"978-3-540-88089-9"}]},{"reference":". S2CID 115831591.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:115831591","url_text":"115831591"}]},{"reference":"Kolev, Stefan K.; Tsonev, Tsvetomir T. (2022). \"Aluminized Enhanced Blast Explosive Based on Polysiloxane Binder\". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. 47 (2). doi:10.1002/prep.202100195. S2CID 244902961.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fprep.202100195","url_text":"10.1002/prep.202100195"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244902961","url_text":"244902961"}]},{"reference":"Technical Area 36 Open Detonation Unit — SUPPLEMENT 2-1 Waste Explosives Detonated at Technical Area 36 (PDF) (Report). September 1999. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://hwbdocuments.env.nm.gov/Los%20Alamos%20National%20Labs/TA%2036/2351.pdf","url_text":"Technical Area 36 Open Detonation Unit — SUPPLEMENT 2-1 Waste Explosives Detonated at Technical Area 36"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221001143545/https://hwbdocuments.env.nm.gov/Los%20Alamos%20National%20Labs/TA%2036/2351.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"H K Otsuki; E Eagan-McNeill (May 1997). A Blue Print for Building a Risk Assessment (Report). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. p. 6. UCRL-JC-127467. Archived from the original on 2022-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults/titleDetail/DE98050731.xhtml","url_text":"A Blue Print for Building a Risk Assessment"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220929015059/https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults/titleDetail/DE98050731.xhtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sarah C. Chinn; Thomas S. Wilson; Robert S. Maxwell (March 2006). \"Analysis of radiation induced degradation in FPC-461 fluoropolymers by variable temperature multinuclear NMR\". Polymer Degradation and Stability. 91 (3): 541–547. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.058. Archived from the original on 2022-04-17. Retrieved 2019-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1259321","url_text":"\"Analysis of radiation induced degradation in FPC-461 fluoropolymers by variable temperature multinuclear NMR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polymdegradstab.2005.01.058","url_text":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.058"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220417080910/https://zenodo.org/record/1259321","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Anders W. Lundberg. \"High Explosives in Stockpile Surveillance Indicate Constancy\" (PDF). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2014-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.llnl.gov/str/pdfs/12_96.2.pdf","url_text":"\"High Explosives in Stockpile Surveillance Indicate Constancy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121010220252/https://www.llnl.gov/str//pdfs/12_96.2.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Janes (26 July 2022), \"Mk 80 general‐purpose bombs (BLU‐110/111/117/126/129)\", Janes Weapons: Air Launched, Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Group UK Limited., retrieved 29 May 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janes_Information_Services","url_text":"Janes"},{"url":"https://customer.janes.com/display/JALW2717-JALW","url_text":"\"Mk 80 general‐purpose bombs (BLU‐110/111/117/126/129)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulsdon","url_text":"Coulsdon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey","url_text":"Surrey"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalarna_County
Dalarna County
["1 History","2 Administration","3 Politics","4 Riksdag elections","5 Governors","6 Municipalities","7 Locations by population","7.1 Foreign background","8 Heraldry","9 See also","10 Notes and references","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 60°40′43″N 15°36′02″E / 60.678559°N 15.600586°E / 60.678559; 15.600586County (län) of Sweden This article is about the administrative county. For the historical province, see Dalarna. For the Riksdag constituency, see Dalarna County (Riksdag constituency). County of SwedenDalarna County Dalarnas län (Swedish)County of SwedenKorpimäcki Reserve in July 2008 FlagCoat of armsDalarna County in SwedenLocation map of Dalarna County in SwedenCoordinates: 60°40′43″N 15°36′02″E / 60.67861°N 15.60056°E / 60.67861; 15.60056CountrySwedenFounded1634CapitalFalunLargest cityBorlängeMunicipalities 15 ÄlvdalenAvestaBorlängeFalunGagnefHedemoraLeksandLudvikaMalung-SälenMora, SwedenOrsaRättvikSäterSmedjebackenVansbro Government • GovernorMaria Norrfalk • CouncilLandstinget DalarnaArea • Total28,188.8 km2 (10,883.8 sq mi)Population (31 December 2023) • Total287,253 • Density10/km2 (26/sq mi)GDP • TotalSEK 99 billion€10.595 billion (2015)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)ISO 3166 codeSE-WNUTS RegionSE312Websitewww.w.lst.se Dalarna County (Swedish: Dalarnas län) is a county or län in central Sweden (Svealand). It borders on the counties of Uppsala, Jämtland, Gävleborg, Västmanland, Örebro and Värmland. It also borders on the Norwegian counties of Hedmark and Trøndelag to the west. It was formerly known as Kopparberg County (Swedish: Kopparbergs län) until the name was changed to that of the provincial region on 1 January 1997. The province of Dalarna is slightly larger than the county, as the westernmost part of Ljusdal Municipality belongs to it. Prince Gabriel, the son of Prince Carl Philip, is Duke of Dalarna. The term Dalarna County is mainly used for administrative purposes; it is further divided into municipalities (kommuner). Dalarna County encompasses nearly all of the cultural and historical province of Dalarna (literally, "the valleys"). For the most part sparsely populated and with extensive tracts of wilderness, Dalarna County is almost as large as Belgium in terms of land area. History See also: Dalarna § History In older times, Dalarna was periodically part of the territory ruled by the governor of Västerås Castle. The 1634 Instrument of Government led to the creation of a county covering Dalarna with its own County Governor. The Kopparbergs län (literally Copper Mountain County) was finally created by royal decree in 1647. On 1 January 1997, the name of the county was changed to Dalarna County. The small town of Kopparberg is not to be confused with the old county name, since it is located in Örebro County just to the south. Administration See also: List of governors of Dalarna County The main aim of the County Administrative Board is to fulfil the goals set in national politics by the Riksdag and the Government, to coordinate the interests and promote the development of the county, to establish regional goals and safeguard the due process of law in the handling of each case. The County Administrative Board is a Government Agency headed by a Governor. Politics The county council of Dalarna or Region Dalarna primarily handles health care and public transportation. After the Swedish county council election in September 2018, the following political parties were represented in the Dalarna county council: Party Seats Votes % Social Democrats 24 53,466 28.61% Moderate Party 16 35,291 18.89% Sweden Democrats 10 22,586 12.09% Centre Party 9 21,243 11.37% Left Party 6 14,248 7.62% Dalarna Health Care Party 6 13,170 7.05% Christian Democrats 6 13,169 7.05% Liberals 3 6,816 3.65% Green Party 3 5,780 3.09% Others - 1,102 0.59% Total 83 186,871 100% Turnout 191,068 84.95% Riksdag elections The table details all Riksdag election results of the Kopparberg and Dalarna counties since the unicameral era began in 1970. The blocs denote which party would support the Prime Minister or the lead opposition party towards the end of the elected parliament. Year Turnout Votes V S MP C L KD M SD NyD Left Right 1970 87.2 173,240 4.9 49.0 26.7 10.8 1.8 6.6 53.8 44.1 1973 89.8 178,106 4.9 47.0 31.5 6.5 1.8 7.9 51.9 45.9 1976 90.9 189,286 4.2 46.3 30.2 8.1 1.4 9.3 50.6 47.7 1979 89.7 189,904 5.1 47.6 24.0 7.4 1.5 13.7 52.8 45.1 1982 90.7 194,260 4.9 50.1 1.9 19.9 4.4 1.7 17.0 55.0 41.2 1985 88.7 191,359 5.2 48.5 1.9 16.3 11.8 16.0 53.7 44.1 1988 84.0 180,125 6.0 47.0 5.7 15.0 10.5 3.1 12.4 58.7 37.8 1991 84.8 183,087 7.2 41.8 3.3 11.6 7.4 6.8 16.0 7.2 46.5 41.8 1994 85.2 184,056 7.0 49.5 6.0 10.1 5.8 3.7 16.2 1.0 62.4 35.8 1998 80.3 169,773 14.8 39.3 5.1 6.4 3.4 11.4 16.9 59.2 38.1 2002 77.7 163,012 9.5 43.8 4.7 9.9 9.7 7.7 11.6 1.1 57.9 38.9 2006 80.5 169,110 6.7 40.3 4.4 10.8 5.1 5.4 21.1 2.8 51.3 42.4 2010 83.8 179,168 5.9 37.5 6.0 7.9 4.9 4.4 25.1 7.0 49.3 42.3 2014 86.2 184,911 5.8 35.4 5.1 7.8 3.4 3.5 19.0 16.8 46.3 33.7 2018 87.6 188,027 7.3 30.7 3.3 10.0 3.6 6.1 16.7 20.8 51.3 47.2 2022 85.4 188,980 5.3 31.7 3.8 6.5 3.1 6.0 16.4 25.7 47.3 51.2 Governors Main article: List of governors of Dalarna County Municipalities Municipalities of Dalarna County. Main page: Municipalities of Dalarna County In Dalarna Province: Avesta Borlänge Falun Gagnef Hedemora Leksand Ludvika Malung-Sälen Mora Orsa Rättvik Säter Smedjebacken Vansbro Älvdalen Locations by population Pos Locality Population 1 Borlänge 41,734 2 Falun 37,291 3 Avesta 14,506 4 Ludvika 14,498 5 Mora 10,896 6 Hedemora 7,273 7 Leksand 5,934 8 Orsa 5,308 9 Malung 5,126 10 Smedjebacken 5,100 11 Rättvik 4,686 12 Säter 4,429 13 Grängesberg 3,481 14 Insjön 2,149 15 Vansbro 2,026 16 Mockfjärd 1,937 17 Bjursås 1,839 18 Grycksbo 1,825 19 Älvdalen 1,810 20 Långshyttan 1,671 21 Dala-Järna 1,413 22 Djurås 1,278 23 Siljansnäs 1,268 24 Svärdsjö 1,251 25 Vikarbyn 1,171 26 Horndal 1,114 27 Ornäs 1,068 28 Gagnef 1,049 Foreign background SCB have collected statistics on backgrounds of residents since 2002. These tables consist of all who have two foreign-born parents or are born abroad themselves. The chart lists election years and the last year on record alone. Location 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2019 Avesta 10.8 11.7 12.7 16.7 22.5 22.9 Borlänge 11.4 13.5 17.2 20.4 24.2 24.9 Falun 7.6 8.5 9.8 11.0 13.3 13.6 Gagnef 7.6 7.9 8.3 8.7 10.0 10.1 Hedemora 9.3 10.3 11.1 13.8 17.9 18.2 Leksand 5.1 5.6 6.7 8.3 10.9 11.0 Ludvika 10.4 11.0 14.0 17.1 22.9 23.3 Malung-Sälen 5.8 7.4 9.0 10.1 12.9 13.5 Mora 4.4 5.3 6.5 7.6 9.7 10.1 Orsa 4.7 6.4 8.4 10.3 14.3 14.6 Rättvik 4.0 4.8 5.4 6.1 7.9 8.0 Smedjebacken 9.9 10.5 12.0 13.3 15.0 14.8 Säter 5.2 5.6 6.4 7.5 8.7 9.2 Vansbro 4.2 4.8 5.5 6.8 9.8 9.8 Älvdalen 3.3 4.1 5.8 7.1 9.6 9.8 Total 8.0 9.0 10.9 12.9 16.2 16.6 Source: SCB Heraldry The Dalarna County inherited its coat of arms from the province of Dalarna. When it is shown with a royal crown it represents the County Administrative Board. See also Duke of Dalarna, a title for members of the royal family (see Duchies in Sweden) University College of Dalarna Dalecarlian horse Ecomuseum Bergslagen Scandinavian Mountains Airport Notes and references ^ "Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 31 december 2023 och befolkningsförändringar 2023". Statistics Sweden. 31 December 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2024. ^ Regions and Cities > Regional Statistics > Regional Economy > Regional GDP per Capita, OECD.Stats. Accessed on 16 November 2018. ^ Dalarna in Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish) ^ Mikael Forslund (23 June 2014). "Inledning samt Storfjäten" (in Swedish). Dalademokraten. Retrieved 29 December 2022. ^ "Val till landstingsfullmäktige i Dalarnas län - Valda 2018" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 2019-07-08. Retrieved 2019-07-08. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1970" (PDF). SCB. Retrieved 21 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1973" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1976" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1979" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1982" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1985" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1988" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1991" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1994" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Riksdagsvalet 1998" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Valresultat Riksdag 2002" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Allmänna val 17 september 2006" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Röster - Val 2010" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Röster - Val 2014" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Röster - Val 2018" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Valpresentation". resultat.val.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-01-26. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2013-02-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b "PxWeb - välj variabler och värden" (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 11 August 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dalarna County. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dalarna County. County Administrative Board of Dalarna County Council of Dalarna Regional Association of Dalarna vteCounties (län) of Sweden Blekinge Dalarna Gävleborg Gotland Halland Jämtland Jönköping Kalmar Kronoberg Norrbotten Örebro Östergötland Scania (Skåne) Södermanland Stockholm Uppsala Värmland Västerbotten Västernorrland Västmanland Västra Götaland vteMunicipalities and seats of Dalarna CountyMunicipalities Älvdalen Avesta Borlänge Falun Gagnef Hedemora Leksand Ludvika Malung-Sälen Mora Orsa Rättvik Säter Smedjebacken Vansbro Municipal seats Älvdalen Avesta Borlänge Djurås Falun Hedemora Leksand Ludvika Malung Mora Orsa Rättvik Säter Smedjebacken Vansbro Counties of Sweden Sweden vteRegions of Sweden Region Blekinge Region Dalarna Region Gotland Region Gävleborg Region Halland Region Jämtland Härjedalen Region Jönköpings län Region Kalmar län Region Kronoberg Region Norrbotten Region Skåne Region Stockholm Region Sörmland Region Uppsala Region Värmland Region Västerbotten Region Västernorrland Region Västmanland Region Västra Götaland Region Örebro Region Östergötland 60°40′43″N 15°36′02″E / 60.678559°N 15.600586°E / 60.678559; 15.600586 Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dalarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalarna"},{"link_name":"Dalarna County (Riksdag constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalarna_County_(Riksdag_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"län","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4n"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Svealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svealand"},{"link_name":"Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_County"},{"link_name":"Jämtland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland_County"},{"link_name":"Gävleborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4vleborg_County"},{"link_name":"Västmanland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stmanland_County"},{"link_name":"Örebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_County"},{"link_name":"Värmland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland_County"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Hedmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedmark"},{"link_name":"Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"The province of Dalarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalarna"},{"link_name":"Ljusdal Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljusdal_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Prince Carl Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Carl_Philip,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4rmland"},{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities"},{"link_name":"Dalarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalarna"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"}],"text":"County (län) of SwedenThis article is about the administrative county. For the historical province, see Dalarna. For the Riksdag constituency, see Dalarna County (Riksdag constituency).County of SwedenDalarna County (Swedish: Dalarnas län) is a county or län in central Sweden (Svealand). It borders on the counties of Uppsala, Jämtland, Gävleborg, Västmanland, Örebro and Värmland. It also borders on the Norwegian counties of Hedmark and Trøndelag to the west. It was formerly known as Kopparberg County (Swedish: Kopparbergs län) until the name was changed to that of the provincial region on 1 January 1997. The province of Dalarna is slightly larger than the county, as the westernmost part of Ljusdal Municipality belongs to it. Prince Gabriel, the son of Prince Carl Philip, is Duke of Dalarna.The term Dalarna County is mainly used for administrative purposes; it is further divided into municipalities (kommuner). Dalarna County encompasses nearly all of the cultural and historical province of Dalarna (literally, \"the valleys\"). For the most part sparsely populated and with extensive tracts of wilderness, Dalarna County is almost as large as Belgium in terms of land area.","title":"Dalarna County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dalarna § History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalarna#History"},{"link_name":"Västerås Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s_Castle"},{"link_name":"1634 Instrument of Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_of_Government_(1634)"},{"link_name":"County Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_governor_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kopparberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopparberg"},{"link_name":"Örebro County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_County"}],"text":"See also: Dalarna § HistoryIn older times, Dalarna was periodically part of the territory ruled by the governor of Västerås Castle. The 1634 Instrument of Government led to the creation of a county covering Dalarna with its own County Governor. The Kopparbergs län (literally Copper Mountain County) was finally created by royal decree in 1647.[3] On 1 January 1997, the name of the county was changed to Dalarna County.[4] The small town of Kopparberg is not to be confused with the old county name, since it is located in Örebro County just to the south.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of governors of Dalarna County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Dalarna_County"},{"link_name":"County Administrative Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Administrative_Boards_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Riksdag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksdag"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Government Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Agencies_in_Sweden"}],"text":"See also: List of governors of Dalarna CountyThe main aim of the County Administrative Board is to fulfil the goals set in national politics by the Riksdag and the Government, to coordinate the interests and promote the development of the county, to establish regional goals and safeguard the due process of law in the handling of each case. The County Administrative Board is a Government Agency headed by a Governor.","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_councils_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"political parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The county council of Dalarna or Region Dalarna primarily handles health care and public transportation.After the Swedish county council election in September 2018, the following political parties were represented in the Dalarna county council:[5]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riksdag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksdag"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Swedish_general_election"}],"text":"The table details all Riksdag election results of the Kopparberg and Dalarna counties since the unicameral era began in 1970. The blocs denote which party would support the Prime Minister or the lead opposition party towards the end of the elected parliament.","title":"Riksdag elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Governors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dalarna_County.png"},{"link_name":"Municipalities of Dalarna County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Municipalities_of_Dalarna_County"},{"link_name":"Dalarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalarna"},{"link_name":"Avesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avesta_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Borlänge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borl%C3%A4nge_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Falun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falun_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Gagnef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagnef_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Hedemora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedemora_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Leksand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksand_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Ludvika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvika_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Malung-Sälen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malung-S%C3%A4len_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Mora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_Municipality,_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Orsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsa_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Rättvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4ttvik_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Säter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ter_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Smedjebacken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smedjebacken_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Vansbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vansbro_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Älvdalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84lvdalen_Municipality"}],"text":"Municipalities of Dalarna County.Main page: Municipalities of Dalarna CountyIn Dalarna Province:Avesta\nBorlänge\nFalun\nGagnef\nHedemora\nLeksand\nLudvika\nMalung-Sälen\nMora\nOrsa\nRättvik\nSäter\nSmedjebacken\nVansbro\nÄlvdalen","title":"Municipalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"[22]","title":"Locations by population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiska_Centralbyr%C3%A5n"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-befolkning-23"}],"sub_title":"Foreign background","text":"SCB have collected statistics on backgrounds of residents since 2002. These tables consist of all who have two foreign-born parents or are born abroad themselves.[23] The chart lists election years and the last year on record alone.","title":"Locations by population"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Dalarna County inherited its coat of arms from the province of Dalarna. When it is shown with a royal crown it represents the County Administrative Board.","title":"Heraldry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-scb_population_and_population_changes_2023_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 31 december 2023 och befolkningsförändringar 2023\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/folkmangd-och-befolkningsforandringar---helarsstatistik/folkmangd-i-riket-lan-och-kommuner-31-december-2023-och-befolkningsforandringar-2023/"},{"link_name":"Statistics Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Sweden"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-0"},{"link_name":"Regions and Cities > Regional Statistics > Regional Economy > Regional GDP per Capita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//stats.oecd.org/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Dalarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//runeberg.org/nfbe/0615.html"},{"link_name":"Nordisk familjebok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Inledning samt Storfjäten\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dalademokraten.se/2014-06-23/inledning-samt-storfjaten"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Val till landstingsfullmäktige i Dalarnas län - Valda 2018\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190708154148/https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/L/lan/20/valda.html"},{"link_name":"Valmyndigheten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Authority_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/L/lan/20/valda.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1970\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1970-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1973\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1973-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1976\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1976-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1979\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1979-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1982\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1982-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1985\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1985-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1988\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1988-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1991\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1991-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1994\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1994-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1998\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1998-Del-1-Riksdagen.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Valresultat Riksdag 2002\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210907132650/https://data.val.se/val/val_02/slutresultat/00R/00.html"},{"link_name":"Valmyndigheten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmyndigheten"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.val.se/val/val_02/slutresultat/00R/00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Allmänna val 17 september 2006\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210928124857/https://data.val.se/val/val2006/slutlig/R/rike/roster.html"},{"link_name":"Valmyndigheten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmyndigheten"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.val.se/val/val2006/slutlig/R/rike/roster.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Röster - Val 2010\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181217125738/https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Röster - Val 2014\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201111211028/https://data.val.se/val/val2014/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.val.se/val/val2014/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Röster - Val 2018\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181217125738/https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html"},{"link_name":"Valmyndigheten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmyndigheten"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Valpresentation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resultat.val.se/val2022/slutlig/RD/riksdagsvalkrets/28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Archived copy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131014063857/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01Z/05_Tatorter2010_befolkning_1960_2010.xls"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01Z/05_Tatorter2010_befolkning_1960_2010.xls"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-befolkning_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-befolkning_23-1"},{"link_name":"\"PxWeb - välj variabler och värden\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101Q/UtlSvBakgGrov/"},{"link_name":"SCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiska_Centralbyr%C3%A5n"}],"text":"^ \"Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 31 december 2023 och befolkningsförändringar 2023\". Statistics Sweden. 31 December 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2024.\n\n^ Regions and Cities > Regional Statistics > Regional Economy > Regional GDP per Capita, OECD.Stats. Accessed on 16 November 2018.\n\n^ Dalarna in Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish)\n\n^ Mikael Forslund (23 June 2014). \"Inledning samt Storfjäten\" (in Swedish). Dalademokraten. Retrieved 29 December 2022.\n\n^ \"Val till landstingsfullmäktige i Dalarnas län - Valda 2018\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 2019-07-08. Retrieved 2019-07-08.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1970\" (PDF). SCB. Retrieved 21 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1973\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1976\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1979\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1982\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1985\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1988\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1991\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1994\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Riksdagsvalet 1998\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Valresultat Riksdag 2002\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Allmänna val 17 september 2006\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Röster - Val 2010\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Röster - Val 2014\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Röster - Val 2018\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Valpresentation\". resultat.val.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-01-26.\n\n^ \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2013-02-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n\n^ a b \"PxWeb - välj variabler och värden\" (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 11 August 2020.","title":"Notes and references"}]
[{"image_text":"Municipalities of Dalarna County.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Dalarna_County.png/260px-Dalarna_County.png"}]
[{"title":"Duke of Dalarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Dalecarlia"},{"title":"Duchies in Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchies_in_Sweden"},{"title":"University College of Dalarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_of_Dalarna"},{"title":"Dalecarlian horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalecarlian_horse"},{"title":"Ecomuseum Bergslagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecomuseum_Bergslagen"},{"title":"Scandinavian Mountains Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains_Airport"}]
[{"reference":"\"Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 31 december 2023 och befolkningsförändringar 2023\". Statistics Sweden. 31 December 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/folkmangd-och-befolkningsforandringar---helarsstatistik/folkmangd-i-riket-lan-och-kommuner-31-december-2023-och-befolkningsforandringar-2023/","url_text":"\"Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 31 december 2023 och befolkningsförändringar 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Sweden","url_text":"Statistics Sweden"}]},{"reference":"Mikael Forslund (23 June 2014). \"Inledning samt Storfjäten\" (in Swedish). Dalademokraten. Retrieved 29 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dalademokraten.se/2014-06-23/inledning-samt-storfjaten","url_text":"\"Inledning samt Storfjäten\""}]},{"reference":"\"Val till landstingsfullmäktige i Dalarnas län - Valda 2018\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 2019-07-08. Retrieved 2019-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190708154148/https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/L/lan/20/valda.html","url_text":"\"Val till landstingsfullmäktige i Dalarnas län - Valda 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Authority_(Sweden)","url_text":"Valmyndigheten"},{"url":"https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/L/lan/20/valda.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1970\" (PDF). SCB. Retrieved 21 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1970-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1970\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1973\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1973-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1973\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1976\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1976-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1976\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1979\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1979-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1979\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1982\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1982-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1982\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1985\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1985-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1985\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1988\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1988-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1988\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1991\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1991-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1991\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1994\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1994-Del-1-Riksdagsvalet.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1994\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1998\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://share.scb.se/ov9993/data/historisk%20statistik/SOS%201911-%2FValstatistiken%2FAllm%C3%A4nna%20valen%20(SOS)%201970-1998%2FValstatistik-Allmanna-valen-1998-Del-1-Riksdagen.pdf","url_text":"\"Riksdagsvalet 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valresultat Riksdag 2002\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210907132650/https://data.val.se/val/val_02/slutresultat/00R/00.html","url_text":"\"Valresultat Riksdag 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmyndigheten","url_text":"Valmyndigheten"},{"url":"https://data.val.se/val/val_02/slutresultat/00R/00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Allmänna val 17 september 2006\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210928124857/https://data.val.se/val/val2006/slutlig/R/rike/roster.html","url_text":"\"Allmänna val 17 september 2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmyndigheten","url_text":"Valmyndigheten"},{"url":"https://data.val.se/val/val2006/slutlig/R/rike/roster.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Röster - Val 2010\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181217125738/https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html","url_text":"\"Röster - Val 2010\""},{"url":"https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Röster - Val 2014\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201111211028/https://data.val.se/val/val2014/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html","url_text":"\"Röster - Val 2014\""},{"url":"https://data.val.se/val/val2014/slutresultat/R/rike/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Röster - Val 2018\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_dependence
Physical dependence
["1 Symptoms","2 Treatment","3 Drugs that cause physical dependence","4 Rebound syndrome","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Physical condition caused by chronic use of a tolerance-forming drug Addiction and dependence glossary addiction – a biopsychosocial disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including alcohol) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences addictive drug – psychoactive substances that with repeated use are associated with significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, due in large part to the drug's effect on brain reward systems dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake) drug sensitization or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose drug withdrawal – symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use physical dependence – dependence that involves persistent physical–somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and delirium tremens) psychological dependence – dependence socially seen as being extremely mild compared to physical dependence (e.g., with enough willpower it could be overcome) reinforcing stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them rewarding stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach sensitization – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it substance use disorder – a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress tolerance – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose vte Physical dependence is a physical condition caused by chronic use of a tolerance-forming drug, in which abrupt or gradual drug withdrawal causes unpleasant physical symptoms. Physical dependence can develop from low-dose therapeutic use of certain medications such as benzodiazepines, opioids, stimulants, antiepileptics and antidepressants, as well as the recreational misuse of drugs such as alcohol, opioids and benzodiazepines. The higher the dose used, the greater the duration of use, and the earlier age use began are predictive of worsened physical dependence and thus more severe withdrawal syndromes. Acute withdrawal syndromes can last days, weeks or months. Protracted withdrawal syndrome, also known as post-acute-withdrawal syndrome or "PAWS", is a low-grade continuation of some of the symptoms of acute withdrawal, typically in a remitting-relapsing pattern, often resulting in relapse and prolonged disability of a degree to preclude the possibility of lawful employment. Protracted withdrawal syndrome can last for months, years, or depending on individual factors, indefinitely. Protracted withdrawal syndrome is noted to be most often caused by benzodiazepines. To dispel the popular misassociation with addiction, physical dependence to medications is sometimes compared to dependence on insulin by persons with diabetes. Symptoms Physical dependence can manifest itself in the appearance of both physical and psychological symptoms which are caused by physiological adaptions in the central nervous system and the brain due to chronic exposure to a substance. Symptoms which may be experienced during withdrawal or reduction in dosage include increased heart rate and/or blood pressure, sweating, and tremors. More serious withdrawal symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and visual hallucinations indicate a serious emergency and the need for immediate medical care. Sedative hypnotic drugs such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates are the only commonly available substances that can be fatal in withdrawal due to their propensity to induce withdrawal convulsions. Abrupt withdrawal from other drugs, such as opioids can cause an extremely painful withdrawal that is very rarely fatal in patients of general good health and with medical treatment, but is more often fatal in patients with weakened cardiovascular systems; toxicity is generally caused by the often-extreme increases in heart rate and blood pressure (which can be treated with clonidine), or due to arrhythmia due to electrolyte imbalance caused by the inability to eat, and constant diarrhea and vomiting (which can be treated with loperamide and ondansetron respectively) associated with acute opioid withdrawal, especially in longer-acting substances where the diarrhea and emesis can continue unabated for weeks, although life-threatening complications are extremely rare, and nearly non-existent with proper medical management. Treatment Treatment for physical dependence depends upon the drug being withdrawn and often includes administration of another drug, especially for substances that can be dangerous when abruptly discontinued or when previous attempts have failed. Physical dependence is usually managed by a slow dose reduction over a period of weeks, months or sometimes longer depending on the drug, dose and the individual. A physical dependence on alcohol is often managed with a cross tolerant drug, such as long acting benzodiazepines to manage the alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Drugs that cause physical dependence All μ-opioids with any (even slight) agonist effect, such as (partial list) morphine, heroin, codeine, oxycodone, buprenorphine, nalbuphine, methadone, and fentanyl, but not agonists specific to non-μ opioid receptors, such as salvinorin A (a k-opioid agonist), nor opioid antagonists or inverse agonists, such as naltrexone (a universal opioid inverse agonist) All GABA agonists and positive allosteric modulators of both the GABA-A ionotropic receptor and GABA-B metabotropic receptor subunits, including (partial list): alcohol (alcoholic beverage) (cf. alcohol dependence, alcohol withdrawal, delirium tremens) barbiturates such as phenobarbital, sodium thiopental and secobarbital benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), and alprazolam (Xanax) (see benzodiazepine dependence and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome) nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics (z-drugs) such as zopiclone and zolpidem. gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and 1,4-butanediol carisoprodol (Soma) and related carbamates (tybamate and meprobamate) baclofen (Lioresal) and its non-chlorinated analogue phenibut chloral hydrate glutethimide clomethiazole methaqualone (Quaalude) nicotine (tobacco) (cf. nicotine withdrawal) gabapentinoids such as gabapentin (Neurontin), pregabalin (Lyrica), and phenibut (Noofen), which are inhibitors of α2δ subunit-containing VDCCsTooltip voltage-dependent calcium channels antiepileptic drugs such as valproate, lamotrigine, tiagabine, vigabatrin, carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, and topiramate antipsychotic drugs such as clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, haloperidol, thioridazine, etc. commonly prescribed antidepressants such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (cf. SSRI/SNRI withdrawal syndrome) blood pressure medications, including beta blockers such as propanolol and alpha-adrenergic agonists such as clonidine androgenic-anabolic steroids glucocorticoids Rebound syndrome Main article: Rebound effect A wide range of drugs whilst not causing a true physical dependence can still cause withdrawal symptoms or rebound effects during dosage reduction or especially abrupt or rapid withdrawal. These can include caffeine, stimulants, steroidal drugs and antiparkinsonian drugs. It is debated whether the entire antipsychotic drug class causes true physical dependency, a subset, or if none do. But, if discontinued too rapidly, it could cause an acute withdrawal syndrome. When talking about illicit drugs rebound withdrawal, especially with stimulants, it is sometimes referred to as "coming down" or "crashing". Some drugs, like anticonvulsants and antidepressants, describe the drug category and not the mechanism. The individual agents and drug classes in the anticonvulsant drug category act at many different receptors and it is not possible to generalize their potential for physical dependence or incidence or severity of rebound syndrome as a group so they must be looked at individually. Anticonvulsants as a group however are known to cause tolerance to the anti-seizure effect. SSRI drugs, which have an important use as antidepressants, engender a discontinuation syndrome that manifests with physical side effects; e.g., there have been case reports of a discontinuation syndrome with venlafaxine (Effexor). See also Drug tolerance Psychological dependence Rebound insomnia Substance dependence References ^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375. ISBN 9780071481274. ^ Nestler EJ (December 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681. PMID 24459410. Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.41. ... 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External links National Institutes of Health MedlinePlus Encyclopedia vtePsychoactive substance-related disordersGeneral SID Substance intoxication / Drug overdose Substance-induced psychosis Withdrawal: Neonatal withdrawal Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) SUD Substance abuse / Substance-related disorders Physical dependence / Psychological dependence / Substance dependence Combinedsubstance use SUD Polysubstance dependence SID Combined drug intoxication (CDI) AlcoholSIDCardiovascular diseases Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Alcohol flush reaction (AFR) Gastrointestinal diseases Alcoholic liver disease (ALD): Alcoholic hepatitis Zieve's syndrome Auto-brewery syndrome (ABS) Endocrine diseases Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) Nervous system diseases Alcohol-related dementia (ARD) Alcohol intoxication Hangover Neurological disorders Alcoholic hallucinosis Alcoholic polyneuropathy Alcohol-related brain damage Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS): Alcoholic hallucinosis Delirium tremens (DTs) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) Korsakoff syndrome Positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN) Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS, Korsakoff psychosis) Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) Respiratory tract diseases Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions Alcoholic lung disease SUD Alcoholism (alcohol use disorder (AUD)) Binge drinking Caffeine SID Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder Caffeine-induced sleep disorder Caffeinism SUD Caffeine dependence Cannabis SID Cannabis arteritis Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) Intravenous marijuana syndrome SUD Amotivational syndrome Cannabis use disorder (CUD) Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder Cocaine SID Cocaine intoxication Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) SUD Cocaine dependence Hallucinogen SID Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip) Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) Nicotine SID Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS) Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal SUD Nicotine dependence Opioids SID Opioid overdose Opioid withdrawal Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) Opioid-induced endocrinopathy (OIE) Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) SUD Opioid use disorder (OUD) Sedative /hypnotic SID Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal) benzodiazepine: SID Benzodiazepine overdose Benzodiazepine withdrawal SUD Benzodiazepine use disorder (BUD) Benzodiazepine dependence barbiturate: SID Barbiturate overdose SUD Barbiturate dependence Stimulants SID Stimulant psychosis amphetamine: SUD Amphetamine dependence Volatile solvent SID Sudden sniffing death syndrome (SSDS) Toluene toxicity SUD Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy Inhalant abuse Related Anabolic-androgenic steroids: SUD Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse Chocolate
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_tolerance"},{"link_name":"drug withdrawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_withdrawal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Definition_of_physical_dependence_-_NCI_Dictionary_of_Cancer_Terms-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"recreational misuse of drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)"},{"link_name":"post-acute-withdrawal syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-acute-withdrawal_syndrome"},{"link_name":"relapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relapse"},{"link_name":"benzodiazepines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepines"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1575069-6"},{"link_name":"addiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Physical dependence is a physical condition caused by chronic use of a tolerance-forming drug, in which abrupt or gradual drug withdrawal causes unpleasant physical symptoms.[4][5] Physical dependence can develop from low-dose therapeutic use of certain medications such as benzodiazepines, opioids, stimulants, antiepileptics and antidepressants, as well as the recreational misuse of drugs such as alcohol, opioids and benzodiazepines. The higher the dose used, the greater the duration of use, and the earlier age use began are predictive of worsened physical dependence and thus more severe withdrawal syndromes. Acute withdrawal syndromes can last days, weeks or months. Protracted withdrawal syndrome, also known as post-acute-withdrawal syndrome or \"PAWS\", is a low-grade continuation of some of the symptoms of acute withdrawal, typically in a remitting-relapsing pattern, often resulting in relapse and prolonged disability of a degree to preclude the possibility of lawful employment. Protracted withdrawal syndrome can last for months, years, or depending on individual factors, indefinitely. Protracted withdrawal syndrome is noted to be most often caused by benzodiazepines.[6] To dispel the popular misassociation with addiction, physical dependence to medications is sometimes compared to dependence on insulin by persons with diabetes.[7]","title":"Physical dependence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"withdrawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_withdrawal"},{"link_name":"confusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion"},{"link_name":"seizures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizures"},{"link_name":"visual hallucinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_hallucinations"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"benzodiazepines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepines"},{"link_name":"barbiturates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturates"},{"link_name":"opioids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid"},{"link_name":"clonidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidine"},{"link_name":"loperamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loperamide"},{"link_name":"ondansetron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondansetron"}],"text":"Physical dependence can manifest itself in the appearance of both physical and psychological symptoms which are caused by physiological adaptions in the central nervous system and the brain due to chronic exposure to a substance. Symptoms which may be experienced during withdrawal or reduction in dosage include increased heart rate and/or blood pressure, sweating, and tremors.[8] More serious withdrawal symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and visual hallucinations indicate a serious emergency and the need for immediate medical care. Sedative hypnotic drugs such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates are the only commonly available substances that can be fatal in withdrawal due to their propensity to induce withdrawal convulsions. Abrupt withdrawal from other drugs, such as opioids can cause an extremely painful withdrawal that is very rarely fatal in patients of general good health and with medical treatment, but is more often fatal in patients with weakened cardiovascular systems; toxicity is generally caused by the often-extreme increases in heart rate and blood pressure (which can be treated with clonidine), or due to arrhythmia due to electrolyte imbalance caused by the inability to eat, and constant diarrhea and vomiting (which can be treated with loperamide and ondansetron respectively) associated with acute opioid withdrawal, especially in longer-acting substances where the diarrhea and emesis can continue unabated for weeks, although life-threatening complications are extremely rare, and nearly non-existent with proper medical management.","title":"Symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1575069-6"},{"link_name":"benzodiazepines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepines"},{"link_name":"alcohol withdrawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal"}],"text":"Treatment for physical dependence depends upon the drug being withdrawn and often includes administration of another drug, especially for substances that can be dangerous when abruptly discontinued or when previous attempts have failed.[9] Physical dependence is usually managed by a slow dose reduction over a period of weeks, months or sometimes longer depending on the drug, dose and the individual.[6] A physical dependence on alcohol is often managed with a cross tolerant drug, such as long acting benzodiazepines to manage the alcohol withdrawal symptoms.","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"μ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu-opioid_receptor"},{"link_name":"opioids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid"},{"link_name":"agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist"},{"link_name":"morphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine"},{"link_name":"heroin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin"},{"link_name":"codeine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeine"},{"link_name":"oxycodone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycodone"},{"link_name":"buprenorphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buprenorphine"},{"link_name":"nalbuphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalbuphine"},{"link_name":"methadone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methadone"},{"link_name":"fentanyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanil"},{"link_name":"salvinorin A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinorin_A"},{"link_name":"k-opioid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_opioid_receptor"},{"link_name":"opioid antagonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_antagonist"},{"link_name":"inverse agonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_agonist"},{"link_name":"naltrexone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexone"},{"link_name":"inverse agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_agonist"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11976266-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"GABA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA"},{"link_name":"agonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonists"},{"link_name":"positive allosteric modulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulator"},{"link_name":"GABA-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA-A"},{"link_name":"ionotropic receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionotropic_receptor"},{"link_name":"GABA-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA-B"},{"link_name":"metabotropic receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_receptor"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"alcoholic beverage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage"},{"link_name":"alcohol dependence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_dependence"},{"link_name":"alcohol withdrawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal"},{"link_name":"delirium tremens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirium_tremens"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18363856-11"},{"link_name":"barbiturates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturate"},{"link_name":"phenobarbital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenobarbital"},{"link_name":"sodium thiopental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_thiopental"},{"link_name":"secobarbital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secobarbital"},{"link_name":"benzodiazepines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine"},{"link_name":"diazepam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepam"},{"link_name":"lorazepam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorazepam"},{"link_name":"alprazolam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam"},{"link_name":"benzodiazepine dependence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence"},{"link_name":"benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome"},{"link_name":"nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepines"},{"link_name":"z-drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-drugs"},{"link_name":"zopiclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zopiclone"},{"link_name":"zolpidem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolpidem"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9657802-12"},{"link_name":"gamma-hydroxybutyric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-hydroxybutyric_acid"},{"link_name":"1,4-butanediol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,4-butanediol"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9060200-13"},{"link_name":"carisoprodol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carisoprodol"},{"link_name":"carbamates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamates"},{"link_name":"tybamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tybamate"},{"link_name":"meprobamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meprobamate"},{"link_name":"baclofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baclofen"},{"link_name":"phenibut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenibut"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"chloral hydrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloral_hydrate"},{"link_name":"glutethimide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutethimide"},{"link_name":"clomethiazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomethiazole"},{"link_name":"methaqualone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methaqualone"},{"link_name":"nicotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"nicotine withdrawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_withdrawal"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"gabapentinoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentinoids"},{"link_name":"gabapentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin"},{"link_name":"pregabalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregabalin"},{"link_name":"phenibut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenibut"},{"link_name":"α2δ subunit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#.CE.B12.CE.B4_Subunit"},{"link_name":"VDCCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tran_KT,_Hranicky_D,_Lark_T,_Jacob_Nj_2005_302%E2%80%934-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"antiepileptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiepileptic"},{"link_name":"valproate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproate"},{"link_name":"lamotrigine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine"},{"link_name":"tiagabine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiagabine"},{"link_name":"vigabatrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigabatrin"},{"link_name":"carbamazepine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamazepine"},{"link_name":"oxcarbazepine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxcarbazepine"},{"link_name":"topiramate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiramate"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tran_KT,_Hranicky_D,_Lark_T,_Jacob_Nj_2005_302%E2%80%934-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"antipsychotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic"},{"link_name":"clozapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine"},{"link_name":"risperidone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone"},{"link_name":"olanzapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine"},{"link_name":"haloperidol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol"},{"link_name":"thioridazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"antidepressants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressants"},{"link_name":"selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"SSRI/SNRI withdrawal syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRI_discontinuation_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quaglio_G,_Schifano_F,_Lugoboni_F_2008_1572%E2%80%934-24"},{"link_name":"beta blockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blockers"},{"link_name":"propanolol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanolol"},{"link_name":"alpha-adrenergic agonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist"},{"link_name":"clonidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidine"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlMedlinePlus_Medical_Encyclopedia:_Drug_abuse_and_dependence-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"androgenic-anabolic steroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgenic-anabolic_steroids"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15984895-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15248788-28"},{"link_name":"glucocorticoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoids"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"All μ-opioids with any (even slight) agonist effect, such as (partial list) morphine, heroin, codeine, oxycodone, buprenorphine, nalbuphine, methadone, and fentanyl, but not agonists specific to non-μ opioid receptors, such as salvinorin A (a k-opioid agonist), nor opioid antagonists or inverse agonists, such as naltrexone (a universal opioid inverse agonist)[10]\nAll[citation needed] GABA agonists and positive allosteric modulators of both the GABA-A ionotropic receptor and GABA-B metabotropic receptor subunits, including (partial list):\nalcohol (alcoholic beverage) (cf. alcohol dependence, alcohol withdrawal, delirium tremens)[11]\nbarbiturates such as phenobarbital, sodium thiopental and secobarbital\nbenzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), and alprazolam (Xanax) (see benzodiazepine dependence and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome)\nnonbenzodiazepine hypnotics (z-drugs) such as zopiclone and zolpidem.[12]\ngamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and 1,4-butanediol[13]\ncarisoprodol (Soma) and related carbamates (tybamate and meprobamate)\nbaclofen (Lioresal) and its non-chlorinated analogue phenibut[14]\nchloral hydrate\nglutethimide\nclomethiazole\nmethaqualone (Quaalude)\nnicotine (tobacco) (cf. nicotine withdrawal)[15][16]\ngabapentinoids such as gabapentin (Neurontin), pregabalin (Lyrica), and phenibut (Noofen), which are inhibitors of α2δ subunit-containing VDCCsTooltip voltage-dependent calcium channels[17][18]\nantiepileptic drugs such as valproate, lamotrigine, tiagabine, vigabatrin, carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, and topiramate[17][19][20]\nantipsychotic drugs such as clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, haloperidol, thioridazine, etc.[21]\ncommonly prescribed antidepressants such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (cf. SSRI/SNRI withdrawal syndrome)[22][23][24]\nblood pressure medications, including beta blockers such as propanolol and alpha-adrenergic agonists such as clonidine[25][26]\nandrogenic-anabolic steroids[27][28]\nglucocorticoids[29]","title":"Drugs that cause physical dependence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"withdrawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_withdrawal"},{"link_name":"rebound effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_effects"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"caffeine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid2262896-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"steroidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroidal"},{"link_name":"antiparkinsonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_Parkinson%27s_disease#Medication"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"antipsychotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isbn0-07-149430-8-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"anticonvulsants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticonvulsants"},{"link_name":"antidepressants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressants"},{"link_name":"rebound syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Anticonvulsants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticonvulsants"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"SSRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRI"},{"link_name":"discontinuation syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRI_discontinuation_syndrome"},{"link_name":"venlafaxine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effexor"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quaglio_G,_Schifano_F,_Lugoboni_F_2008_1572%E2%80%934-24"}],"text":"A wide range of drugs whilst not causing a true physical dependence can still cause withdrawal symptoms or rebound effects during dosage reduction or especially abrupt or rapid withdrawal.[30][31] These can include caffeine,[32] stimulants,[33][34][35][36] steroidal drugs and antiparkinsonian drugs.[37] It is debated whether the entire antipsychotic drug class causes true physical dependency, a subset, or if none do.[38] But, if discontinued too rapidly, it could cause an acute withdrawal syndrome.[39] When talking about illicit drugs rebound withdrawal, especially with stimulants, it is sometimes referred to as \"coming down\" or \"crashing\".Some drugs, like anticonvulsants and antidepressants, describe the drug category and not the mechanism. The individual agents and drug classes in the anticonvulsant drug category act at many different receptors and it is not possible to generalize their potential for physical dependence or incidence or severity of rebound syndrome as a group so they must be looked at individually. Anticonvulsants as a group however are known to cause tolerance to the anti-seizure effect.[40] SSRI drugs, which have an important use as antidepressants, engender a discontinuation syndrome that manifests with physical side effects; e.g., there have been case reports of a discontinuation syndrome with venlafaxine (Effexor).[24]","title":"Rebound syndrome"}]
[]
[{"title":"Drug tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_tolerance"},{"title":"Psychological dependence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_dependence"},{"title":"Rebound insomnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_insomnia"},{"title":"Substance dependence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dependence"}]
[{"reference":"Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). \"Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders\". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375. ISBN 9780071481274.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071481274","url_text":"9780071481274"}]},{"reference":"Nestler EJ (December 2013). \"Cellular basis of memory for addiction\". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681. PMID 24459410. Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.41. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898681","url_text":"\"Cellular basis of memory for addiction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898681","url_text":"3898681"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24459410","url_text":"24459410"}]},{"reference":"Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). \"Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction\". New England Journal of Medicine. 374 (4): 363–371. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. PMC 6135257. PMID 26816013. Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. 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Unlike drug withdrawal, antidepressant discontinuation effects are not related to addiction but can reflect physiological consequences of stopping a drug, just as when someone with diabetes stops insulin.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/withdrawal-from-antidepressants","url_text":"\"Withdrawal From Antidepressants: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drug addiction (substance use disorder)\". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 4 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/symptoms-causes/syc-20365112","url_text":"\"Drug addiction (substance use disorder)\""}]},{"reference":"Jain, Raka; Majumder, Pradipta; Gupta, Tina (January 2013). \"Pharmacological Intervention of Nicotine Dependence\". BioMed Research International. 2013: 278392. doi:10.1155/2013/278392. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 3891736. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean_University
Eastern Mediterranean University
["1 History and status","2 Campus","2.1 Library","2.2 Sports","2.3 Social activities","3 Controversies","4 Affiliations","5 Notable people","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°08′45″N 33°54′25″E / 35.145716°N 33.907079°E / 35.145716; 33.907079Public university in Northern Cyprus Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU)Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi (DAÜ)Other nameEMU or DAÜMotto"Virtue, Knowledge, Advancement"TypeStateEstablished1979RectorHasan KILIÇStudents18,000LocationFamagusta, (Turkish: Gazimağusa), Northern CyprusWebsitewww.emu.edu.tr University rankingsRegional – OverallQS Emerging Europe and Central Asia175 (2022) The Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU; Turkish: Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi) is a public university in Northern Cyprus. It was established in 1979 under the leadership of Onay Fadıl Demirciler (then Undersecretary of the Ministry of Education) as a higher-education institution of technology for Turkish Cypriots. In 1986, it was converted to a state university. The campus is located within the city of Famagusta. Faculty of Arts and Sciences' main entrance The university has 141 programs (12 Faculties and 4 Schools) offering undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, as well as a research infrastructure. The languages of instructions are Turkish and English. However, an English Preparatory School is available for students who need to improve their English. History and status Mechanical Engineering, one of the oldest buildings in the campus University is a full member of the European University Association and the International Association of Universities. The university established its accreditation for Turkish students under the Council of Higher Education and Turkish Cypriot higher education organisation, but retains its independent structure via its non-profit foundation. ==Rankings and reputation== According to the Times Higher Education Impact Rankings 2024 list on Wednesday, 12 June 2024, EMU appears in the 301-400 band, featuring 2,152 universities from 125 different countries. EMU is the only University listed in North Cyprus in the Field of Business and Economics. Also QS World University Rankings evaluated EMU within the 611-620 band among 1,500 universities from 105 countries University rankingsEastern Mediterranean UniversityGlobal – OverallTHE World501–600 (2023)USNWR Global782 (2023) Campus View of the library in fall 2007 Library Library's main entrance. The building was finished in 1994. Inside view of the library from 3rd floor Library's EU Corner A pathway from the library towards central campus Aerial view of the indoor facility Sports The campus includes tennis and basketball courts as well as AstroTurf football pitches, next to an outdoor athletics stadium. Another main sports facility is the Lala Mustafa Pasha indoor sports centre, which serves as the venue for major sporting and cultural events. Social activities University owns a radio station on 106.5 FM called Radio EMU broadcasting to whole island. Controversies This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains unsourced predictions, speculative material, or accounts of events that might not occur. Information must be verifiable and based on reliable published sources. Please help improve it by removing unsourced speculative content. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A North Cypriot Newspaper, Cyprus Today, published two articles in 2008, featuring allegations of mobbing and bullying at the school, particularly against foreign faculty. In the first article, the newspaper quoted the allegations of an ex-faculty member who claimed that he was forced to resign after he was harassed, professionally sabotaged, and the victim of false allegations (of which he was later exonerated after appealing to international organizations). The School administration denied the allegations and stated that the allegations were "Utterly false and that no such thing has occurred and nothing can be substantiated". A spokesman for the Worker's union said they were not aware of that particular faculty member's situation, but had experienced similar problems concerning other faculty members. In the second article, the newspaper reported about the penalizing of a British Faculty member, who was removed from the position of department chair for undisclosed reasons. The faculty member declined to comment, as did the university administration. On 9 September 2009, Eastern Mediterranean University's rector was dismissed by the University Senate. The university's board of trusties unanimously ratified the decision on 11 September. No reason was ever given publicly for the dismissal, as the rector was replaced by Abdullah Y. Öztoprak. The rector's dismissal was finally declared illegal by the Supreme Administrative Court on 14 July 2010. On 13 March 2011, The Upper Supreme Administrative Court rejected the decision of the lower Supreme Administrative Court and decided that the rector of Eastern Mediterranean University is Abdullah Y. Öztoprak. Affiliations The university is a member of the Caucasus University Association. Notable people Plestia Alaqad - Palestinian journalist Arran Fernandez- British mathematician Buğra Gülsoy - Actor Ebru Polat - Singer Mehmet Muş - MP in Turkey Bülent Turan - MP in Turkey Skip Norman - Black American filmmaker, visual anthropologist, and educator References ^ "About Rector". ^ "QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia". Retrieved 15 January 2023. ^ ONAY FADIL DEMİRCİLER. DOĞU AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ’NİN, BİR DÖNEMİN VE BİR YAŞAMIN ÖYKÜSÜ by Ahmet Tolgay and Filiz Besim ^ "Turkish Universities – Bilgi University, Eastern Mediterranean University, Marmara University, Yeditepe University – Directory of International and English Schools in Turkey". Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2008. ^ Archived 6 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Universitler". Archived from the original on 6 July 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2008. ^ Vakıf Yöneticiler Kurulu Çalışma Esasları ve Sekreteryasının Kuruluş Tüzüğü(in Turkish) ^ https://www.emu.edu.tr/en/news/news/emu-ranked-in-601-800-band-of-times-higher-education-world-university-rankings/1206/pid/4586 ^ https://www.emu.edu.tr/en/news/news/the-first-and-only-university-to-be-included-in-the-qs-world-university-rankings-from-northern-cyprus/1206/pid/4843 ^ World University Rankings 2021, THE Education Ltd, retrieved 24 September 2021 ^ Best Global Universities in Turkey, U.S. News & World Report, retrieved 24 September 2021 ^ "EMU Wrestling Team". Retrieved 30 March 2010. ^ "RadioStationWorld – Cyprus – Radio Station Websites". Retrieved 7 August 2008. ^ Dan Gibson, "EMU 'rife with bullying' by senior staff, claims ex-lecturer," Cyprus Today 31 May 2008, (p. 11) ^ Dan Gibson, "EMU demotes distinguished UK academic," Cyprus Today 21 June 2008, (page 3) ^ "Eastern Mediterranean University Prof. Taneri has been dismissed!". 11 September 2009. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2009. ^ ""Horizon of the Supreme Administrative Court of Taner won its lawsuit" Kibris Portasi July 14, 2010". Retrieved 18 July 2010. ^ "Yüksek İdare Mahkemesi DAÜ'de rektörlük tartışmasına nokta koydu". Haber Kıbrıs. 13 March 2011. ^ Tüm Uyeler. kunib.com External links EMU Blog vteUniversities in Northern CyprusNorth Nicosia Near East University University of Mediterranean Karpasia Rauf Denktas University Cyprus Social Sciences University Bahcesehir Cyprus University Cyprus International University Onbes Kasim Kibris University Mesarya Technical University Kyrenia Girne American University University of Kyrenia Cyprus Science University Arkin University of Creative Arts and Design (ARUCAD) Famagusta Cyprus West University Eastern Mediterranean University Istanbul Technical University-TRNC European Leadership University Morphou Middle East Technical University-Northern Cyprus Campus Cyprus Health and Social Sciences University (CHSSU) Lefka European University of Lefke (EUL) Related List by date of foundation List by endowment List by enrolment Colleges within universities Degree abbreviations National Union of Students Rankings Undergraduate degree classification UCAS Higher Education Funding Council for Northern Cyprus Category Commons List vteUniversities and colleges in CyprusUniversities Cyprus West University American University of Cyprus Atatürk Teacher Training Academy University of Cyprus Cyprus International University Cyprus Science University Cyprus University of Technology Eastern Mediterranean University European University Cyprus European University of Lefke Frederick University Girne American University University of Mediterranean Karpasia University of Kyrenia Near East University Neapolis University Paphos British University of Nicosia University of Nicosia Open University of Cyprus Foreign campuses Anadolu University University of Central Lancashire Istanbul Technical University Middle East Technical University University of the West of England Colleges Cyprus Institute of Marketing Cyprus International Institute of Management KES College 35°08′45″N 33°54′25″E / 35.145716°N 33.907079°E / 35.145716; 33.907079 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"public university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Famagusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famagusta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arts_Science_emu_cy.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Public university in Northern CyprusThe Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU; Turkish: Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi) is a public university in Northern Cyprus. It was established in 1979 under the leadership of Onay Fadıl Demirciler (then Undersecretary of the Ministry of Education)[3] as a higher-education institution of technology for Turkish Cypriots. In 1986, it was converted to a state university. The campus is located within the city of Famagusta.Faculty of Arts and Sciences' main entranceThe university has 141 programs (12 Faculties and 4 Schools) offering undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, as well as a research infrastructure. The languages of instructions are Turkish and English. However, an English Preparatory School is available for students who need to improve their English.[4]","title":"Eastern Mediterranean University"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emu_cy_mecheng_main.jpg"},{"link_name":"European University Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_University_Association"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"International Association of Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Universities"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Mechanical Engineering, one of the oldest buildings in the campusUniversity is a full member of the European University Association[5] and the International Association of Universities. The university established its accreditation for Turkish students under the Council of Higher Education[6] and Turkish Cypriot higher education organisation, but retains its independent structure via its non-profit foundation.[7][8]==Rankings and reputation== According to the Times Higher Education Impact Rankings 2024 list on Wednesday, 12 June 2024, EMU appears in the 301-400 band, featuring 2,152 universities from 125 different countries. EMU is the only University listed in North Cyprus in the Field of Business and Economics. \nAlso QS World University Rankings evaluated EMU within the 611-620 band among 1,500 universities from 105 countries[9]","title":"History and status"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emu_cy_library_arial.jpg"}],"text":"View of the library in fall 2007","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emu_cy_library._entrance.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emu_cy_library_inside.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emu_cy_library_eu_corner.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emu_cy_pathway_fromlibrary.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emu_cy_sports_hall.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Library","text":"Library's main entrance. The building was finished in 1994.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside view of the library from 3rd floor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLibrary's EU Corner\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA pathway from the library towards central campusAerial view of the indoor facility","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"The campus includes tennis and basketball courts as well as AstroTurf football pitches, next to an outdoor athletics stadium. Another main sports facility is the Lala Mustafa Pasha indoor sports centre, which serves as the venue for major sporting and cultural events.[12]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Social activities","text":"University owns a radio station on 106.5 FM called Radio EMU broadcasting to whole island.[13]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyprus Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_Today"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"A North Cypriot Newspaper, Cyprus Today, published two articles in 2008, featuring allegations of mobbing and bullying at the school, particularly against foreign faculty.In the first article, the newspaper quoted the allegations of an ex-faculty member who claimed that he was forced to resign after he was harassed, professionally sabotaged, and the victim of false allegations (of which he was later exonerated after appealing to international organizations). The School administration denied the allegations and stated that the allegations were \"Utterly false and that no such thing has occurred and nothing can be substantiated\". A spokesman for the Worker's union said they were not aware of that particular faculty member's situation, but had experienced similar problems concerning other faculty members.[14]In the second article, the newspaper reported about the penalizing of a British Faculty member, who was removed from the position of department chair for undisclosed reasons. The faculty member declined to comment, as did the university administration.[15]On 9 September 2009, Eastern Mediterranean University's rector was dismissed by the University Senate. The university's board of trusties unanimously ratified the decision on 11 September.[16] No reason was ever given publicly for the dismissal, as the rector was replaced by Abdullah Y. Öztoprak. The rector's dismissal was finally declared illegal by the Supreme Administrative Court on 14 July 2010.[17] On 13 March 2011, The Upper Supreme Administrative Court rejected the decision of the lower Supreme Administrative Court and decided that the rector of Eastern Mediterranean University is Abdullah Y. Öztoprak.[18]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caucasus University Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_University_Association"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T%C3%BCm_Uyeler-19"}],"text":"The university is a member of the Caucasus University Association.[19]","title":"Affiliations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plestia Alaqad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plestia_Alaqad"},{"link_name":"Arran Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arran_Fernandez"},{"link_name":"Buğra Gülsoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C4%9Fra_G%C3%BClsoy"},{"link_name":"Ebru Polat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebru_Polat"},{"link_name":"Mehmet Muş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Mu%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Bülent Turan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Turan"},{"link_name":"Skip Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_Norman"}],"text":"Plestia Alaqad - Palestinian journalist\nArran Fernandez- British mathematician\nBuğra Gülsoy - Actor\nEbru Polat - Singer\nMehmet Muş - MP in Turkey\nBülent Turan - MP in Turkey\nSkip Norman - Black American filmmaker, visual anthropologist, and educator","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Faculty of Arts and Sciences' main entrance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Arts_Science_emu_cy.jpg/220px-Arts_Science_emu_cy.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mechanical Engineering, one of the oldest buildings in the campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Emu_cy_mecheng_main.jpg/220px-Emu_cy_mecheng_main.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the library in fall 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Emu_cy_library_arial.jpg/220px-Emu_cy_library_arial.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of the indoor facility","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/Emu_cy_sports_hall.jpg/220px-Emu_cy_sports_hall.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"About Rector\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emu.edu.tr/en/about-emu/rector/about-rector/599","url_text":"\"About Rector\""}]},{"reference":"\"QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia\". Retrieved 15 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/eeca-rankings/2022","url_text":"\"QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish Universities – Bilgi University, Eastern Mediterranean University, Marmara University, Yeditepe University – Directory of International and English Schools in Turkey\". Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230331184106/http://www.english-schools.org/turkey/turkish-universities.htm","url_text":"\"Turkish Universities – Bilgi University, Eastern Mediterranean University, Marmara University, Yeditepe University – Directory of International and English Schools in Turkey\""},{"url":"http://www.english-schools.org/turkey/turkish-universities.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Universitler\". Archived from the original on 6 July 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130706150326/http://www.yok.gov.tr/web/guest/diger-yuksekogretim-kurumlari1","url_text":"\"Universitler\""},{"url":"http://yok.gov.tr/web/guest/diger-yuksekogretim-kurumlari1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"World University Rankings 2021, THE Education Ltd, retrieved 24 September 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/eastern-mediterranean-university","url_text":"World University Rankings 2021"}]},{"reference":"Best Global Universities in Turkey, U.S. News & World Report, retrieved 24 September 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/turkey","url_text":"Best Global Universities in Turkey"}]},{"reference":"\"EMU Wrestling Team\". Retrieved 30 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://spor.emu.edu.tr/takimlar/gures.html","url_text":"\"EMU Wrestling Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"RadioStationWorld – Cyprus – Radio Station Websites\". Retrieved 7 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://radiostationworld.com/locations/cyprus/radio_websites.asp","url_text":"\"RadioStationWorld – Cyprus – Radio Station Websites\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eastern Mediterranean University Prof. Taneri has been dismissed!\". 11 September 2009. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091021113359/http://abbasguclu.com.tr/english/eastern_mediterranean_university_prof_taneri_has_been_dismissed.html","url_text":"\"Eastern Mediterranean University Prof. Taneri has been dismissed!\""},{"url":"http://abbasguclu.com.tr/english/eastern_mediterranean_university_prof_taneri_has_been_dismissed.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Horizon of the Supreme Administrative Court of Taner won its lawsuit\" Kibris Portasi July 14, 2010\". Retrieved 18 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://translate.google.co.il/translate?hl=en&sl=tr&u=http://www.kibrispostasi.com/index.php/cat/35/news/37532/PageName/KIBRIS_HABERLERI&ei=5bRCTIu1DozLOI7U7NcM&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ7gEwAQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dufuk%2Btaneri%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26tbo%3D1%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7GGLL_en%26tbs%3Dqdr:w%26prmd%3Do","url_text":"\"\"Horizon of the Supreme Administrative Court of Taner won its lawsuit\" Kibris Portasi July 14, 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yüksek İdare Mahkemesi DAÜ'de rektörlük tartışmasına nokta koydu\". Haber Kıbrıs. 13 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://haberkibris.com/0a69b606-2011_03_18.html","url_text":"\"Yüksek İdare Mahkemesi DAÜ'de rektörlük tartışmasına nokta koydu\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Children
Save the Children
["1 Origins","1.1 Russian famine","1.2 Second World War","1.3 Continuing crises","2 Contribution to UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child","2.1 Convention on the Rights of the Child","3 Structure and accountability","3.1 Connections with other organizations","3.2 Collaboration with banks","4 Controversies","4.1 The Save the Children Fund film","4.2 Expulsion from Pakistan","4.3 Complaints of inappropriate behaviour","4.4 Logo font by Eric Gill","5 Jalalabad terror attack","6 Archives","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
Non-government organization founded 1919 For other uses, see Save the Children (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Save Our Children, Save the Children USA, or Save the Kids token. This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Save the ChildrenFounded15 April 1919; 105 years ago (1919-04-15)FoundersEglantyne JebbDorothy BuxtonTypeInternational NGORegistration no.England & Wales 213890 SC039570 EIN: 06-0726487Legal statusRegistered company limited by guaranteeLocationInternational HQ: London, WC2, England, U.K.OriginsLondon, England, U.K.Area served WorldwideWebsitewww.savethechildren.net The Save the Children Fund, commonly known as Save the Children, is an international, non-governmental organization. It was founded in the UK in 1919, with the goal of helping improve the lives of children worldwide. The organization helps to raise money to improve children's lives by creating better educational opportunities, better health care, and improved economic opportunities. The organization has general consultative status in the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Origins The Save the Children Fund was founded in London, England, on 15 April 1919 by Eglantyne Jebb and her sister Dorothy Buxton as an effort to alleviate starvation of children in Germany and Austria-Hungary during the Allied blockade of Germany of World War I which continued after the Armistice. At the end of World War I, images of malnourished and sick children ran throughout Europe. The Fight the Famine Council was initially started earlier in 1919 to put political pressure on the British government to end the blockade, the first meeting having been held at the home of Catherine Courtney, at 15 Cheyne Walk. On 15 April 1919, the sisters separated from the council and created the "Save the Children Fund". In May 1919, the Fund was publicly established at a meeting in London's Royal Albert Hall to "provide relief to children suffering the effects of war" and raise money for emergency aid to children suffering from wartime shortages of food and supplies. Jebb and her sister, Buxton, worked to gain exposure to elicit aid. In December 1919, Pope Benedict XV publicly announced his support for Save the Children and declared 28 December 'Innocents Day' to collect donations. The first branch was opened in Fife, Scotland in 1919. A counterpart, Rädda Barnen (which means "Save the Children"), was founded later that year (on 19 November 1919) in Sweden with Anna Kleman on the board. Along with a number of other organizations, they founded the International Save the Children Union in Geneva on 6 January 1920. Jebb built relationships with other Geneva-based organizations, including the Red Cross, who supported Save's International Foundation. Jebb used fund-raising techniques to gain exposure, for example, making Save the Children the first charity in the United Kingdom to use page-length advertisements in newspapers. Jebb contracted doctors, lawyers, and other professionals to devise mass advertisement campaigns. In 1920, Save the Children started individual child sponsorship as a way to engage more donors. By the end of the year, Save the Children raised the equivalent of about £8,000,000 in today's money. Russian famine By August 1921, the UK Save the Children had raised over £1,000,000, and conditions for children in Central Europe were improving due to their efforts. However, the Russian famine of 1921 made Jebb realize that Save the Children must be a permanent organization and that children's rights constantly need to be protected. Their mission was thus changed to "an international effort to preserve child life wherever it is menaced by conditions of economic hardship and distress". From 1921 to 1923, Save the Children created press campaigns, propaganda movies, and feeding centers in Russia and in Turkey to accommodate and educate thousands of refugees. They began to work with several other organizations such as the Russian Famine Relief Fund and Nansen which resulted in recognition by the League of Nations. Although Russia was largely closed off to international relief and aid, Save the Children persuaded Soviet authorities to let them have a ground presence. At home, the Daily Express criticized the Fund's work, denying the severity of the situation and arguing they should be helping their own people before helping Russia. The charity responded with increased publicity about the famine, showing images of starving children and mass graves. The campaign gained national appeal, eventually allowing the organization to charter the SS Torcello to Russia with 600 tons of relief supplies. Over 157 million rations were given out, saving nearly 300,000 children. Improved conditions meant Save the Children's Russian feeding program was able to be closed in the summer of 1923, after having won international acclaim. Second World War Save the Children staff were among the first into the liberated areas after World War II, working with refugee children and displaced persons in former occupied Europe, including Nazi concentration camps survivors. During this same time, work in the United Kingdom focused on improving conditions for children growing up in cities devastated by bombing and facing huge disruptions in family life. Continuing crises The 1950s saw a continuation of this type of crisis-driven work, with additional demands for help following the Korean War and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, and the opening of new work in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East in response to the decline of the British empire. Like other aid agencies, Save the Children was active in the major disasters of the era—especially the Vietnam War and the Biafra secession in Nigeria. The latter brought shocking images of child starvation onto the television screens of the West for the first time in a major way. The sort of mass-marketing campaigns first used by Save the Children in the 1920s was repeated, with great success in fundraising. Disasters in Ethiopia, Sudan, and many other world hotspots led to appeals that brought public donations on a huge scale, and a consequent expansion of the organization's work. However, the children's rights-based approach to development originated by Jebb continues to be an important factor. It was used in a major campaign in the late 1990s against the use of child soldiers in Africa. During the 2014 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone, new cases outnumbered the available hospital beds in the country. Save the Children worked with the UK government's Department for International Development and Ministry of Defence to build and run a 100-bed treatment center in Sierra Leone, as well as support an Interim Care Center in Kailahun for children who had lost their families to Ebola. Contribution to UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child In 1923, Save the Children founder Jebb voiced her support for an international declaration that establishes universal rights for children by remarking that "I believe we should claim certain rights for the children and labor for their universal recognition, so that everybody—not merely the small number of people who are in a position to contribute to relief funds, but everybody who in any way comes into contact with children, that is to say, the vast majority of mankind—may be in a position to help forward the movement." Jebb created an initial draft for what would become the UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child in 1923. It contained the following five criteria: The child must be given the means requisite for its normal, materially and spiritually development. The child that is hungry must be fed, the child that is sick must be nursed, the child that is backward must be helped, the delinquent child must be reclaimed, and the orphan and the waif must be sheltered and succored. The child must be the first to receive relief in times of distress. The child must not be put in a position to earn a livelihood and must be protected against every form of exploitation. The child must be brought up in the consciousness that its talents must be devoted to the service of its fellow men. The League of Nations adopted these five points as Declaration of Geneva in 1924. This was the first important assertion of children's rights as separate from adults and began the process that would lead to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted by the United Nations in 1989. Convention on the Rights of the Child Following the atrocities of World War II, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. However, many individuals felt the rights of children needed to be addressed in further detail with a separate document. The Convention consists of 54 articles that address the basic human rights to which all children are entitled: the right to survival; development to the fullest; protection from harmful influences, abuse, and exploitation; and full participation in family, cultural, and social life. The four core principles of the convention are non-discrimination; devotion to the best interests of the child; the right to life, survival, and development; and respect for the views of the child. Today, the Convention serves as the basis for all of Save the Children's work. It has been ratified in every country and around the world, with the exception of the United States. Structure and accountability Save the Children is an international umbrella organization, with 30 national member organizations serving over 120 countries. Members lead on activities within their home territory and work with donors to develop programs abroad, which are coordinated and delivered by a central body – Save the Children International – via teams on the ground in each country. Save the Children International also oversees humanitarian responses. All members of the association are bound by the International to Save the Children Alliance Bylaws which include The Child Protection Protocol and Code of Conduct. These set a standard for common values, principles, and beliefs. The Save the Children International website states that the member organizations work towards achieving four key initiatives: Secure quality education for 8 million children affected by armed conflict. Expand and improve their presence in countries of strategic importance. Create a stronger voice for children where more than one member has programs by integrating country operations. Become the emergency response agency for children worldwide by improving disaster preparedness and response capacity so that they can best deliver immediate and lasting improvements to children. Connections with other organizations Save the Children helps to fund, and is aided with funds raised by, the British will-making scheme Will Aid, in which participating solicitors waive their usual fee to write a basic will and in exchange invite the client to donate to charity. Save the Children collaborates with other NGOs in Family Tracing and Reunification. Collaboration with banks Save the Children teamed up with Barclays and Standard Chartered in 2021 to create Fintech for International Development (F4ID), a social enterprise that "uses digital solutions to help deliver rising amounts of humanitarian assistance to hard-to-reach communities, ensuring it reaches those most in need". Controversies This article's "criticism" or "controversy" section may compromise the article's neutrality. Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections through discussion on the talk page. (October 2022) The Save the Children Fund film Main article: The Save the Children Fund Film In 1969, Save the Children UK commissioned film director Ken Loach and producer Tony Garnett to make The Save the Children Fund Film. The resulting film was unacceptable to the organization because they felt it presented their work in an unfavorable light. Eventually a legal agreement was arrived at which involved the material being deposited in the National Film Archive. In 2011, roughly 42 years later, it was shown to the public for the first time. Expulsion from Pakistan See also: CIA transnational health and economic activities In July 2011, the Guardian uncovered a fake vaccination program by the CIA. It then emerged that Dr. Shakil Afridi, the person organizing the CIA's "vaccinations", had claimed that he was a Save the Children employee. In May 2012, Save the Children's country director for Pakistan, David Wright, revealed that the organization's work had been badly disrupted ever since Afridi had made his claim, with medicines held up for long periods at airports, staff unable to get visas, and so forth. Wright also charged that the CIA had breached international humanitarian law and risked the safety of aid groups worldwide. "It was a setback, no doubt," said Dr. Elias Durry, the World Health Organization's polio coordinator for Pakistan, a few months later. Later that year, in September, it was reported that the Pakistani government had requested Save the Children's foreign staff to leave the country, In January 2013, the Deans of twelve top US schools of public health sent a letter to President Obama protesting against the entanglement of intelligence operations in public health campaigns. The letter describes the negative and lasting impacts of the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) use of a fake vaccination campaign in Pakistan during the hunt for Osama bin Laden in 2011, which exacerbated the already persistent public mistrust of vaccines in the country. The CIA's "vaccination program" sparked a series of deadly attacks in Pakistan against dozens of aid and health workers associated with various aid and health campaigns, with the UN-backed polio-vaccination drive repeatedly halted as a result. Up to eight polio vaccination workers were assassinated in the country during this backlash. In May 2014, the Obama administration announced that they would no longer use vaccination programs as a cover for CIA activities. Pakistani investigators said in a July 2012 report that Shakil Afridi met 25 times with "foreign secret agents, received instructions and provided sensitive information to them." According to an early draft of a Pakistan Government report, which has not been publicly released, Afridi told investigators that the charity Save the Children helped facilitate his meeting with US intelligence agents although the charity denies the charge. The report alleges that Save the Children's Pakistan director at the time of the incident introduced Afridi to a Western woman in Islamabad and that Afridi and the woman met regularly afterward. On 11 June 2015, Pakistani authorities ordered all Save the Children workers to leave Pakistan within 15 days, and the organisation's office in Islamabad was closed and padlocked. This saga has led to a high degree of distrust and scepticism against the validity of COVID-19 vaccines in Pakistan. Complaints of inappropriate behaviour Chief strategist of Save the Children UK Brendan Cox resigned in September 2015 over allegations of "inappropriate behaviour". The charity, Oxfam, temporarily suspended bids for government funds due to the scandal. Cox had previously denied any wrongdoing but finally admitted to inappropriate behaviour on 18 February 2018 and quit working for his two other charities. On 5 March 2020, the Charity Commission published an investigation report that found there had been serious weaknesses in Save the Children's workplace culture, following a probe into the charity's response to allegations of misconduct and harassment against staff between 2012 and 2015. There were five complaints of sexual harassment and thirteen of bullying between 2016 and June 2018. Save the Children UK chief executive Justin Forsyth had three complaints of misconduct directed towards him by female staff, while Brendan Cox was publicly accused of sexual assault. The charity trustees had not been sent copies of an external report on corporate culture. Since then the charity has strengthened reporting and whistle-blowing policies that now permit anonymous staff complaints. On 22 February 2018 Forsyth resigned from UNICEF to avoid "damage" to the charities. On 11 September 2020, it was announced the charity could resume bids for government funding. Logo font by Eric Gill Save the Children's logo prior to the 2022 change On 15 January 2022, it was announced that Save the Children would change the typeface in its logo, Gill Sans, due to its authorship in the 1920s by British artist Eric Gill, who was posthumously revealed to have documented the sexual abuse of his young daughters, an incestuous relationship with his sister and sexual experiments with his dog. An anonymous source told The Times that the organization had been previously warned of the typeface's origin before its adoption, and that the decision to change it was made one year prior. The organization effectively changed its logo that same year. Jalalabad terror attack Main article: Save the Children Jalalabad attack On 24 January 2018, militants affiliated with Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province launched a bomb and gun attack on a Save the Children office in Jalalabad, a city in the eastern Afghan province of Nangarhar, killing six people and injuring 27. Archives Archives of Save the Children are held at the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham. See also Think of the children Child Development Index Save the Children International Save the Children Australia Save the Children USA Save the Children State of the World's Mothers report Street Kids International International Save the Children Union UNICEF NetHope Christmas Jumper Day Odisha State Child Protection Society Children in emergencies and conflicts Gopali Youth Welfare Society Refugee children References ^ Save the Children website ^ "Register Home Page". Retrieved 11 June 2015. ^ a b c d e f g Yates, Mick. "Eglantyne Jebb". LeaderValues. Retrieved 9 October 2018. ^ Nault, pg. 6 2003 ^ "CalmView: Overview". catalogue.royalalberthall.com. Retrieved 27 June 2017. ^ Hyder, pg. 2 2005 ^ a b c d e f History Archived 15 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine. Save the Children. ^ " Anna Kleman – med engagemang i kvinnofrågor och fredsarbete" Archived 7 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Läst 15 januari 2018. ^ Nault, pg. 7 2003 ^ Breen, Rodney (1994). "Saving Enemy Children: Save the Children's Russian Relief Organisation, 1921–1923". Disasters 18 (3), 221–237. ^ Uenuma, Francine. "Desperate Demand for Ebola Treatment in Sierra Leone; Five People Infected Every Hour". savethechildren.org. Retrieved 1 October 2014. ^ Hyder, pg. 3 2005 ^ UNICEF 2008 ^ "There's Only One Country That Hasn't Ratified the Convention on Children's Rights: US". 20 November 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2016. ^ "Where we work". Save the Children International. Retrieved 11 June 2015. ^ Our Structure Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Save the Children. ^ "Will Aid". Archived from the original on 20 April 2009. ^ "Inter-agency Guiding Principles on UNACCOMPANIED and SEPARATED CHILDREN" (PDF). International Committee of the Red Cross. January 2004. ^ "NEW FINTECH COMPANY CREATES TOOLS TO HELP COMMUNITIES THRIVE". Save the Children International. 22 November 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2022. ^ "The Fintech Times -Edition 45". issuu. 11 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022. ^ "Fintech | Fintech for International Development | London". F4ID. Retrieved 28 July 2022. ^ Rose, Sarah; Michael Pisa (21 January 2022). "Aid Alone Will Not Solve the Humanitarian Crisis in Afghanistan: Exploring 'All Options Available'". Center for Global Development | Ideas to Action. Retrieved 28 July 2022. ^ a b c "BFI launches Ken Loach Project with the world premiere of his Save The Children film...42 years after it was made" (PDF). FOCAL International. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2014. ^ Bradshaw, Peter (1 September 2011). "Ken Loach's Save the Children: the film that bit the hand that fed it". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 January 2014. ^ Smith, Neil (23 August 2011). "Banned Ken Loach charity film gets rare airing". BBC News. Retrieved 7 January 2014. ^ Shah, Saeed (11 July 2011). "CIA organized fake vaccination drive to get Osama bin Laden's family DNA". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 November 2014. ^ Crilly, Rob (3 May 2012). "Save the Children Pakistan chief under pressure after 'fake CIA vaccination' campaign". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 November 2014. ^ McNeil, Donald G. (9 July 2012). "C.I.A. Vaccine Ruse May Have Harmed the War on Polio". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 November 2014. ^ "Save the Children foreign staff ordered out of Pakistan". BBC News. 6 September 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2014. ^ "CIA Vaccination Cover in Pakistan". jhsph.edu. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2014. ^ Khan, Jamal (19 December 2012). "UN suspends polio drive in Pakistan after killings". Associated Press. Retrieved 25 November 2014. ^ Khan, Riaz; Toosi, Nahal (28 May 2013). "Pakistan polio vaccination suspended after killing". Associated Press. Retrieved 25 November 2014. ^ a b "U.S. Cites End to C.I.A. Ruses Using Vaccines". The New York Times. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014. ^ "CIA Vaccination Cover in Pakistan | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health". publichealth.jhu.edu. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2022. ^ Leiby, Richard (26 July 2012). "Pakistan recounts in a new report how doctor helped U.S. in bin Laden operation". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 July 2012. ^ Boone, Jon (5 September 2012). "Pakistan orders Save the Children foreign workers to leave". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 September 2012. ^ "Save the Children foreign staff ordered out of Pakistan". BBC News. 6 September 2012. ^ Boone, Jon (12 June 2015). "Pakistan shuts down Save the Children offices in Islamabad". The Guardian. Islamabad. Retrieved 12 June 2015. ^ "Hoe de vaccinatiezwendel van de CIA Pakistan nog steeds traumatiseert: 'Covid bestaat niet'". Business AM (in Flemish). 5 February 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2022. ^ a b Dalton, Jane (5 March 2020). "Save The Children misled public while failing to deal with sexual harassment allegations against top bosses, report reveals". The Independent. Retrieved 5 March 2020. ^ "Murdered MP's widower Brendan Cox quits charities". BBC News. 18 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018. ^ Cooney, Rebecca (19 February 2018). "Brendan Cox resigns as trustee of the Jo Cox Foundation". Third Sector. Retrieved 19 February 2018. ^ "Reporting #AidToo: how social media spaces empowered women in the 2018 charity scandals". The Conversation. 6 March 2020. ^ "Charity boss Justin Forsyth resigns from Unicef". BBC News. 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018. ^ McVeigh, Karen (11 September 2020). "Save the Children can resume funding bids following sexual abuse scandal". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 September 2020. ^ Kanter, Jake (15 January 2022). "Eric Gill: Save the Children chiefs stop using font designed by paedophile artist". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 25 March 2022. ^ Kingsley, Thomas (15 January 2022). "Save the Children stops using font designed by paedophile artist". The Independent. Retrieved 25 March 2022. ^ Quadri, Sami (15 January 2022). "Save the Children to ditch font designed by paedophile artist Eric Gill". Evening Standard. Retrieved 25 March 2022. ^ "Gunmen Storm Save the Children Aid Group Office in Afghanistan". The New York Times. Reuters. 24 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018. ^ "Militants Attack Afghan Offices of Children's NGO, Killing 4". The New York Times. Associated Press. 24 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018. ^ "UoB Calmview5: Search results". calmview.bham.ac.uk. Further reading Lynda Mahood, Vic Satzewich, "The Save the Children Fund and the Russian Famine of 1921–23: Claims and Counter-Claims about Feeding 'Bolshevik' Children," Journal of Historical Sociology, 22,1 (2009), 55–83. Clare Mulley, "The Woman Who Saved the Children: A biography of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of Save the Children" (Oneworld Publications, 2009) ISBN 9781851686575 Rory O'Keeffe The Toss of a Coin: 'voices from a modern crisis'. Hygge Media. 22 September 2015. ISBN 9780993272905. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Save the Children (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Children_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Save Our Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_Our_Children"},{"link_name":"Save the Children USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Children_USA"},{"link_name":"Save the Kids token","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Kids_token"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"non-governmental organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"general consultative status in the United Nations Economic and Social Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organizations_with_consultative_status_to_the_United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council"}],"text":"For other uses, see Save the Children (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Save Our Children, Save the Children USA, or Save the Kids token.The Save the Children Fund,[2] commonly known as Save the Children, is an international, non-governmental organization. It was founded in the UK in 1919, with the goal of helping improve the lives of children worldwide.The organization helps to raise money to improve children's lives by creating better educational opportunities, better health care, and improved economic opportunities.The organization has general consultative status in the United Nations Economic and Social Council.","title":"Save the Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eglantyne Jebb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglantyne_Jebb"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Buxton"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"blockade of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yates_2011-3"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Fight the Famine Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight_the_Famine_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Catherine Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Courtney,_Baroness_Courtney_of_Penwith"},{"link_name":"15 Cheyne Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Cheyne_Walk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yates_2011-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV"},{"link_name":"Innocents Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocents_Day"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Rädda Barnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4dda_Barnen"},{"link_name":"Anna Kleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Kleman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blekinge-8"},{"link_name":"International Save the Children Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Save_the_Children_Union"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yates_2011-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"}],"text":"The Save the Children Fund was founded in London, England, on 15 April 1919 by Eglantyne Jebb and her sister Dorothy Buxton as an effort to alleviate starvation of children in Germany and Austria-Hungary during the Allied blockade of Germany of World War I which continued after the Armistice.[3]At the end of World War I, images of malnourished and sick children ran throughout Europe. The Fight the Famine Council was initially started earlier in 1919 to put political pressure on the British government to end the blockade, the first meeting having been held at the home of Catherine Courtney, at 15 Cheyne Walk. On 15 April 1919, the sisters separated from the council and created the \"Save the Children Fund\".[3]In May 1919, the Fund was publicly established at a meeting in London's Royal Albert Hall to \"provide relief to children suffering the effects of war\" and raise money for emergency aid to children suffering from wartime shortages of food and supplies.[4][5]Jebb and her sister, Buxton, worked to gain exposure to elicit aid.[6] In December 1919, Pope Benedict XV publicly announced his support for Save the Children and declared 28 December 'Innocents Day' to collect donations.[7]The first branch was opened in Fife, Scotland in 1919.[when?] A counterpart, Rädda Barnen (which means \"Save the Children\"), was founded later that year (on 19 November 1919) in Sweden with Anna Kleman on the board.[8] Along with a number of other organizations, they founded the International Save the Children Union in Geneva on 6 January 1920. Jebb built relationships with other Geneva-based organizations, including the Red Cross, who supported Save's International Foundation.[3]Jebb used fund-raising techniques to gain exposure, for example, making Save the Children the first charity in the United Kingdom to use page-length advertisements in newspapers. Jebb contracted doctors, lawyers, and other professionals to devise mass advertisement campaigns. In 1920, Save the Children started individual child sponsorship as a way to engage more donors. By the end of the year, Save the Children raised the equivalent of about £8,000,000 in today's money.[7]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian famine of 1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"},{"link_name":"Famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yates_2011-3"},{"link_name":"Daily Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yates_2011-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Russian famine","text":"By August 1921, the UK Save the Children had raised over £1,000,000, and conditions for children in Central Europe were improving due to their efforts. However, the Russian famine of 1921 made Jebb realize that Save the Children must be a permanent organization and that children's rights constantly need to be protected.[9] Their mission was thus changed to \"an international effort to preserve child life wherever it is menaced by conditions of economic hardship and distress\".[7]From 1921 to 1923, Save the Children created press campaigns, propaganda movies, and feeding centers in Russia and in Turkey to accommodate and educate thousands of refugees. They began to work with several other organizations such as the Russian Famine Relief Fund and Nansen which resulted in recognition by the League of Nations. Although Russia was largely closed off to international relief and aid, Save the Children persuaded Soviet authorities to let them have a ground presence.[3]At home, the Daily Express criticized the Fund's work, denying the severity of the situation and arguing they should be helping their own people before helping Russia. The charity responded with increased publicity about the famine, showing images of starving children and mass graves. The campaign gained national appeal, eventually allowing the organization to charter the SS Torcello to Russia with 600 tons of relief supplies. Over 157 million rations were given out, saving nearly 300,000 children. Improved conditions meant Save the Children's Russian feeding program was able to be closed in the summer of 1923, after having won international acclaim.[3][10]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazi concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"}],"sub_title":"Second World War","text":"Save the Children staff were among the first into the liberated areas after World War II, working with refugee children and displaced persons in former occupied Europe, including Nazi concentration camps survivors. During this same time, work in the United Kingdom focused on improving conditions for children growing up in cities devastated by bombing and facing huge disruptions in family life.[7]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"1956 Hungarian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Hungarian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"},{"link_name":"aid agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_agency"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Biafra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra"},{"link_name":"rights-based approach to development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights-based_approach_to_development"},{"link_name":"child soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_soldier"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"},{"link_name":"2014 Ebola outbreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Kailahun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailahun"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Continuing crises","text":"The 1950s saw a continuation of this type of crisis-driven work, with additional demands for help following the Korean War and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, and the opening of new work in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East in response to the decline of the British empire.[7]Like other aid agencies, Save the Children was active in the major disasters of the era—especially the Vietnam War and the Biafra secession in Nigeria. The latter brought shocking images of child starvation onto the television screens of the West for the first time in a major way. The sort of mass-marketing campaigns first used by Save the Children in the 1920s was repeated, with great success in fundraising.Disasters in Ethiopia, Sudan, and many other world hotspots led to appeals that brought public donations on a huge scale, and a consequent expansion of the organization's work. However, the children's rights-based approach to development originated by Jebb continues to be an important factor. It was used in a major campaign in the late 1990s against the use of child soldiers in Africa.[7]During the 2014 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone, new cases outnumbered the available hospital beds in the country. Save the Children worked with the UK government's Department for International Development and Ministry of Defence to build and run a 100-bed treatment center in Sierra Leone, as well as support an Interim Care Center in Kailahun for children who had lost their families to Ebola.[11]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Declaration of the Rights of the Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Child"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yates_2011-3"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Geneva"},{"link_name":"Convention on the Rights of the Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yates_2011-3"}],"text":"In 1923, Save the Children founder Jebb voiced her support for an international declaration that establishes universal rights for children by remarking that \"I believe we should claim certain rights for the children and labor for their universal recognition, so that everybody—not merely the small number of people who are in a position to contribute to relief funds, but everybody who in any way comes into contact with children, that is to say, the vast majority of mankind—may be in a position to help forward the movement.\"[12]Jebb created an initial draft for what would become the UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child in 1923. It contained the following five criteria:The child must be given the means requisite for its normal, materially and spiritually development.\nThe child that is hungry must be fed, the child that is sick must be nursed, the child that is backward must be helped, the delinquent child must be reclaimed, and the orphan and the waif must be sheltered and succored.\nThe child must be the first to receive relief in times of distress.\nThe child must not be put in a position to earn a livelihood and must be protected against every form of exploitation.\nThe child must be brought up in the consciousness that its talents must be devoted to the service of its fellow men.[3]The League of Nations adopted these five points as Declaration of Geneva in 1924. This was the first important assertion of children's rights as separate from adults and began the process that would lead to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted by the United Nations in 1989.[3]","title":"Contribution to UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNICEF_2008-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Convention on the Rights of the Child","text":"Following the atrocities of World War II, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. However, many individuals felt the rights of children needed to be addressed in further detail with a separate document.The Convention consists of 54 articles that address the basic human rights to which all children are entitled: the right to survival; development to the fullest; protection from harmful influences, abuse, and exploitation; and full participation in family, cultural, and social life.[13] The four core principles of the convention are non-discrimination; devotion to the best interests of the child; the right to life, survival, and development; and respect for the views of the child.Today, the Convention serves as the basis for all of Save the Children's work. It has been ratified in every country and around the world, with the exception of the United States.[14]","title":"Contribution to UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Save the Children International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Children_International"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-16"}],"text":"Save the Children is an international umbrella organization, with 30 national member organizations serving over 120 countries.[15] Members lead on activities within their home territory and work with donors to develop programs abroad, which are coordinated and delivered by a central body – Save the Children International – via teams on the ground in each country. Save the Children International also oversees humanitarian responses.All members of the association are bound by the International to Save the Children Alliance Bylaws which include The Child Protection Protocol and Code of Conduct. These set a standard for common values, principles, and beliefs.[16]The Save the Children International website states that the member organizations work towards achieving four key initiatives:Secure quality education for 8 million children affected by armed conflict.\nExpand and improve their presence in countries of strategic importance.\nCreate a stronger voice for children where more than one member has programs by integrating country operations.\nBecome the emergency response agency for children worldwide by improving disaster preparedness and response capacity so that they can best deliver immediate and lasting improvements to children.","title":"Structure and accountability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Will Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Aid"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Will_Aid-17"},{"link_name":"Family Tracing and Reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Tracing_and_Reunification"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icrc2004-18"}],"sub_title":"Connections with other organizations","text":"Save the Children helps to fund, and is aided with funds raised by, the British will-making scheme Will Aid, in which participating solicitors waive their usual fee to write a basic will and in exchange invite the client to donate to charity.[17] Save the Children collaborates with other NGOs in Family Tracing and Reunification.[18]","title":"Structure and accountability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barclays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays"},{"link_name":"Standard Chartered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chartered"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Collaboration with banks","text":"Save the Children teamed up with Barclays and Standard Chartered in 2021 to create Fintech for International Development (F4ID), a social enterprise that \"uses digital solutions to help deliver rising amounts of humanitarian assistance to hard-to-reach communities, ensuring it reaches those most in need\".[19][20][21][22]","title":"Structure and accountability"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ken Loach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Loach"},{"link_name":"The Save the Children Fund Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Save_the_Children_Fund_Film"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pr-23"},{"link_name":"National Film Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFI_National_Archive"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pr-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pr-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"The Save the Children Fund film","text":"In 1969, Save the Children UK commissioned film director Ken Loach and producer Tony Garnett to make The Save the Children Fund Film. The resulting film was unacceptable to the organization because they felt it presented their work in an unfavorable light.[23] Eventually a legal agreement was arrived at which involved the material being deposited in the National Film Archive.[23][24] In 2011, roughly 42 years later, it was shown to the public for the first time.[23][25]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CIA transnational health and economic activities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_transnational_health_and_economic_activities"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_expos%C3%A9-26"},{"link_name":"Shakil Afridi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakil_Afridi"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STC_pressure-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIA_setback-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STC_leave-29"},{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Health_letter-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suspend_1-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suspend_2-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_end-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_end-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo20120726-35"},{"link_name":"Islamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian20120905-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Expulsion from Pakistan","text":"See also: CIA transnational health and economic activitiesIn July 2011, the Guardian uncovered a fake vaccination program by the CIA.[26] It then emerged that Dr. Shakil Afridi, the person organizing the CIA's \"vaccinations\", had claimed that he was a Save the Children employee. In May 2012, Save the Children's country director for Pakistan, David Wright, revealed that the organization's work had been badly disrupted ever since Afridi had made his claim, with medicines held up for long periods at airports, staff unable to get visas, and so forth. Wright also charged that the CIA had breached international humanitarian law and risked the safety of aid groups worldwide.[27] \"It was a setback, no doubt,\" said Dr. Elias Durry, the World Health Organization's polio coordinator for Pakistan, a few months later.[28] Later that year, in September, it was reported that the Pakistani government had requested Save the Children's foreign staff to leave the country,[29] In January 2013, the Deans of twelve top US schools of public health sent a letter to President Obama protesting against the entanglement of intelligence operations in public health campaigns. The letter describes the negative and lasting impacts of the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) use of a fake vaccination campaign in Pakistan during the hunt for Osama bin Laden in 2011, which exacerbated the already persistent public mistrust of vaccines in the country.[30]The CIA's \"vaccination program\" sparked a series of deadly attacks in Pakistan against dozens of aid and health workers associated with various aid and health campaigns, with the UN-backed polio-vaccination drive repeatedly halted as a result.[31][32][33] Up to eight polio vaccination workers were assassinated in the country during this backlash.[34] In May 2014, the Obama administration announced that they would no longer use vaccination programs as a cover for CIA activities.[33]Pakistani investigators said in a July 2012 report that Shakil Afridi met 25 times with \"foreign secret agents, received instructions and provided sensitive information to them.\"[35] According to an early draft of a Pakistan Government report, which has not been publicly released, Afridi told investigators that the charity Save the Children helped facilitate his meeting with US intelligence agents although the charity denies the charge. The report alleges that Save the Children's Pakistan director at the time of the incident introduced Afridi to a Western woman in Islamabad and that Afridi and the woman met regularly afterward.[36][37]On 11 June 2015, Pakistani authorities ordered all Save the Children workers to leave Pakistan within 15 days, and the organisation's office in Islamabad was closed and padlocked.[38] This saga has led to a high degree of distrust and scepticism against the validity of COVID-19 vaccines in Pakistan.[39]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxfam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfam"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-20200305-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-20180218-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thirdsector-20180219-42"},{"link_name":"Charity Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Justin Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Forsyth"},{"link_name":"whistle-blowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle-blowing"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-20200305-40"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justin_Forsyth_resigns-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Complaints of inappropriate behaviour","text":"Chief strategist of Save the Children UK Brendan Cox resigned in September 2015 over allegations of \"inappropriate behaviour\". The charity, Oxfam, temporarily suspended bids for government funds due to the scandal.[40] Cox had previously denied any wrongdoing but finally admitted to inappropriate behaviour on 18 February 2018 and quit working for his two other charities.[41][42]On 5 March 2020, the Charity Commission published an investigation report that found there had been serious weaknesses in Save the Children's workplace culture, following a probe into the charity's response to allegations of misconduct and harassment against staff between 2012 and 2015. There were five complaints of sexual harassment and thirteen of bullying between 2016 and June 2018. Save the Children UK chief executive Justin Forsyth had three complaints of misconduct directed towards him by female staff, while Brendan Cox was publicly accused of sexual assault. The charity trustees had not been sent copies of an external report on corporate culture. Since then the charity has strengthened reporting and whistle-blowing policies that now permit anonymous staff complaints.[40][43]On 22 February 2018 Forsyth resigned from UNICEF to avoid \"damage\" to the charities.[44]On 11 September 2020, it was announced the charity could resume bids for government funding.[45]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Save_the_Children_logo_(2016).svg"},{"link_name":"typeface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface"},{"link_name":"Gill Sans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_Sans"},{"link_name":"Eric Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Gill"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Logo font by Eric Gill","text":"Save the Children's logo prior to the 2022 changeOn 15 January 2022, it was announced that Save the Children would change the typeface in its logo, Gill Sans, due to its authorship in the 1920s by British artist Eric Gill, who was posthumously revealed to have documented the sexual abuse of his young daughters, an incestuous relationship with his sister and sexual experiments with his dog. An anonymous source told The Times that the organization had been previously warned of the typeface's origin before its adoption, and that the decision to change it was made one year prior. The organization effectively changed its logo that same year.[46][47][48]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Jalalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad"},{"link_name":"Nangarhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangarhar"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters_2018-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Associated_Press_2018-50"}],"text":"On 24 January 2018, militants affiliated with Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province launched a bomb and gun attack on a Save the Children office in Jalalabad, a city in the eastern Afghan province of Nangarhar, killing six people and injuring 27.[49][50]","title":"Jalalabad terror attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cadbury Research Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadbury_Research_Library"},{"link_name":"University of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Archives of Save the Children are held at the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham.[51]","title":"Archives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clare Mulley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Mulley"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781851686575","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851686575"},{"link_name":"The Toss of a Coin: 'voices from a modern crisis'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.co.uk/Toss-Coin-voices-modern-ebook/dp/B015QGEO9K?ie=UTF8&keywords=the%2520toss%2520of%2520a%2520coin&qid=1461352338&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780993272905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780993272905"}],"text":"Lynda Mahood, Vic Satzewich, \"The Save the Children Fund and the Russian Famine of 1921–23: Claims and Counter-Claims about Feeding 'Bolshevik' Children,\" Journal of Historical Sociology, 22,1 (2009), 55–83.\nClare Mulley, \"The Woman Who Saved the Children: A biography of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of Save the Children\" (Oneworld Publications, 2009) ISBN 9781851686575\nRory O'Keeffe The Toss of a Coin: 'voices from a modern crisis'. Hygge Media. 22 September 2015. ISBN 9780993272905.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Save the Children's logo prior to the 2022 change","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Save_the_Children_logo_%282016%29.svg/318px-Save_the_Children_logo_%282016%29.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Think of the children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_of_the_children"},{"title":"Child Development Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Development_Index"},{"title":"Save the Children International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Children_International"},{"title":"Save the Children Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Children_Australia"},{"title":"Save the Children USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Children_USA"},{"title":"Save the Children State of the World's Mothers report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Children_State_of_the_World%27s_Mothers_report"},{"title":"Street Kids International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Kids_International"},{"title":"International Save the Children Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Save_the_Children_Union"},{"title":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"title":"NetHope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetHope"},{"title":"Christmas Jumper Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Jumper_Day"},{"title":"Odisha State Child Protection Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha_State_Child_Protection_Society"},{"title":"Children in emergencies and conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_in_emergencies_and_conflicts"},{"title":"Gopali Youth Welfare Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopali_Youth_Welfare_Society"},{"title":"Refugee children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_children"}]
[{"reference":"\"Register Home Page\". Retrieved 11 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=213890&SubsidiaryNumber=0","url_text":"\"Register Home Page\""}]},{"reference":"Yates, Mick. \"Eglantyne Jebb\". LeaderValues. Retrieved 9 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leader-values.com/leader.php?lid=1","url_text":"\"Eglantyne Jebb\""}]},{"reference":"\"CalmView: Overview\". catalogue.royalalberthall.com. Retrieved 27 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://catalogue.royalalberthall.com/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Performance&id=Olomootoxidiot&pos=1","url_text":"\"CalmView: Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Uenuma, Francine. \"Desperate Demand for Ebola Treatment in Sierra Leone; Five People Infected Every Hour\". savethechildren.org. Retrieved 1 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=8rKLIXMGIpI4E&b=8943305&ct=14223797&notoc=1","url_text":"\"Desperate Demand for Ebola Treatment in Sierra Leone; Five People Infected Every Hour\""}]},{"reference":"\"There's Only One Country That Hasn't Ratified the Convention on Children's Rights: US\". 20 November 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aclu.org/blog/speak-freely/theres-only-one-country-hasnt-ratified-convention-childrens-rights-us","url_text":"\"There's Only One Country That Hasn't Ratified the Convention on Children's Rights: US\""}]},{"reference":"\"Where we work\". Save the Children International. Retrieved 11 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.savethechildren.net/where-we-work","url_text":"\"Where we work\""}]},{"reference":"\"Will Aid\". Archived from the original on 20 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090420062003/http://www.willaid.org.uk/charities","url_text":"\"Will Aid\""},{"url":"http://www.willaid.org.uk/charities","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Inter-agency Guiding Principles on UNACCOMPANIED and SEPARATED CHILDREN\" (PDF). International Committee of the Red Cross. January 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/icrc_002_1011.pdf","url_text":"\"Inter-agency Guiding Principles on UNACCOMPANIED and SEPARATED CHILDREN\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEW FINTECH COMPANY CREATES TOOLS TO HELP COMMUNITIES THRIVE\". Save the Children International. 22 November 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.savethechildren.net/news/new-fintech-company-creates-tools-help-communities-thrive","url_text":"\"NEW FINTECH COMPANY CREATES TOOLS TO HELP COMMUNITIES THRIVE\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fintech Times -Edition 45\". issuu. 11 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/fintechtimes/docs/the_fintech_times_digital_edition_45/18","url_text":"\"The Fintech Times -Edition 45\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fintech | Fintech for International Development | London\". F4ID. Retrieved 28 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.f4id.org/","url_text":"\"Fintech | Fintech for International Development | London\""}]},{"reference":"Rose, Sarah; Michael Pisa (21 January 2022). \"Aid Alone Will Not Solve the Humanitarian Crisis in Afghanistan: Exploring 'All Options Available'\". Center for Global Development | Ideas to Action. 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Retrieved 8 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bradshaw","url_text":"Bradshaw, Peter"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/sep/01/ken-loach-save-the-children","url_text":"\"Ken Loach's Save the Children: the film that bit the hand that fed it\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Neil (23 August 2011). \"Banned Ken Loach charity film gets rare airing\". BBC News. Retrieved 7 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14628381","url_text":"\"Banned Ken Loach charity film gets rare airing\""}]},{"reference":"Shah, Saeed (11 July 2011). \"CIA organized fake vaccination drive to get Osama bin Laden's family DNA\". The Guardian. 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Vaccine Ruse May Have Harmed the War on Polio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Save the Children foreign staff ordered out of Pakistan\". BBC News. 6 September 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19500103","url_text":"\"Save the Children foreign staff ordered out of Pakistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"CIA Vaccination Cover in Pakistan\". jhsph.edu. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jhsph.edu/news/news-releases/2013/klag-CIA-vaccination-cover-pakistan.html","url_text":"\"CIA Vaccination Cover in Pakistan\""}]},{"reference":"Khan, Jamal (19 December 2012). \"UN suspends polio drive in Pakistan after killings\". Associated Press. 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Retrieved 25 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/eric-gill-save-the-children-chiefs-stop-using-font-designed-by-paedophile-artist-spjpkd2hz","url_text":"\"Eric Gill: Save the Children chiefs stop using font designed by paedophile artist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"Kingsley, Thomas (15 January 2022). \"Save the Children stops using font designed by paedophile artist\". The Independent. Retrieved 25 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/eric-gill-save-the-children-font-b1993718.html","url_text":"\"Save the Children stops using font designed by paedophile artist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Quadri, Sami (15 January 2022). \"Save the Children to ditch font designed by paedophile artist Eric Gill\". Evening Standard. Retrieved 25 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/save-the-children-remove-font-designed-paedophile-artist-eric-gill-b976883.html","url_text":"\"Save the Children to ditch font designed by paedophile artist Eric Gill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard","url_text":"Evening Standard"}]},{"reference":"\"Gunmen Storm Save the Children Aid Group Office in Afghanistan\". The New York Times. Reuters. 24 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/01/24/world/asia/24reuters-afghanistan-blast.html","url_text":"\"Gunmen Storm Save the Children Aid Group Office in Afghanistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Militants Attack Afghan Offices of Children's NGO, Killing 4\". The New York Times. Associated Press. 24 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/01/24/world/asia/ap-as-afghanistan.html","url_text":"\"Militants Attack Afghan Offices of Children's NGO, Killing 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"UoB Calmview5: Search results\". calmview.bham.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XSCF&pos=1","url_text":"\"UoB Calmview5: Search results\""}]},{"reference":"The Toss of a Coin: 'voices from a modern crisis'. Hygge Media. 22 September 2015. ISBN 9780993272905.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Toss-Coin-voices-modern-ebook/dp/B015QGEO9K?ie=UTF8&keywords=the%2520toss%2520of%2520a%2520coin&qid=1461352338&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1","url_text":"The Toss of a Coin: 'voices from a modern crisis'"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780993272905","url_text":"9780993272905"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Goldbart
Paul Goldbart
["1 Career","2 Books","3 References"]
Paul M. GoldbartGoldbart in 2016BornAugust 1960 (1960-08) (age 63)Barnet, Hertfordshire, EnglandScientific careerInstitutionsUniversity of Texas at Austin Stony Brook UniversityDoctoral advisorDavid Sherrington Paul Mark Goldbart (born August 1960 in Barnet, Hertfordshire, England) is a physicist and author, and was the first director of the Institute for Condensed Matter Theory at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. His research ranges widely over the field of condensed matter physics, including soft matter, disordered systems, nanoscience and superconductivity. Goldbart was provost of Stony Brook University from March 2021 until January 2022. Prior to that he had served as dean of the college of natural sciences at The University of Texas at Austin, Dean of the College of Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology, and as the director of the Institute for Condensed Matter Theory. Career Goldbart earned his Ph.D. at Imperial College London in 1985 under Professor David Sherrington. Goldbart is a trustee of and the former Treasurer for the Aspen Center for Physics in Colorado. He is a fellow of the Institute of Physics and the American Physical Society. Books M. Stone, P. Goldbart, "Mathematics for Physics: A guided Tour for Graduate Students" Cambridge University Press, 2009 P. Goldbart, N. Goldenfeld, D. Sherrington, "Stealing the Gold: A Celebration of the Pioneering Physics of Sam Edwards (International Series of Monographs on Physics)" Oxford University Press, USA 2005 References ^ "Paul M. Goldbart Named Stony Brook Provost". 19 January 2021. ^ Nassiri, Niki; Lynders, Maria (23 January 2022). "Paul Goldbart, executive vice president and provost, steps down". The Statesman. Retrieved 3 August 2022. ^ "Paul Goldbart Named Dean of the College of Natural Sciences". 12 April 2018. ^ "People | Georgia Tech College of Sciences". www.cos.gatech.edu. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. ^ List of Officers Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipping_Barnet"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Institute for Condensed Matter Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Condensed_Matter_Theory"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign"},{"link_name":"condensed matter physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics"},{"link_name":"superconductivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductivity"},{"link_name":"Stony Brook University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Brook_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Institute for Condensed Matter Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Condensed_Matter_Theory"}],"text":"Paul Mark Goldbart (born August 1960 in Barnet, Hertfordshire, England) is a physicist and author, and was the first director of the Institute for Condensed Matter Theory at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. His research ranges widely over the field of condensed matter physics, including soft matter, disordered systems, nanoscience and superconductivity. Goldbart was provost of Stony Brook University from March 2021[1] until January 2022.[2] Prior to that he had served as dean of the college of natural sciences at The University of Texas at Austin,[3] Dean of the College of Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology,[4] and as the director of the Institute for Condensed Matter Theory.","title":"Paul Goldbart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"David Sherrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sherrington_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"Treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Aspen Center for Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_Center_for_Physics"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Institute of Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics"},{"link_name":"American Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Physical_Society"}],"text":"Goldbart earned his Ph.D. at Imperial College London in 1985 under Professor David Sherrington. Goldbart is a trustee of and the former Treasurer[5] for the Aspen Center for Physics in Colorado.He is a fellow of the Institute of Physics and the American Physical Society.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"M. Stone, P. Goldbart, \"Mathematics for Physics: A guided Tour for Graduate Students\" Cambridge University Press, 2009\nP. Goldbart, N. Goldenfeld, D. Sherrington, \"Stealing the Gold: A Celebration of the Pioneering Physics of Sam Edwards (International Series of Monographs on Physics)\" Oxford University Press, USA 2005","title":"Books"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Walk_in_the_Spring_Rain
A Walk in the Spring Rain
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
1970 film by Guy Green A Walk in the Spring RainIngrid Bergman and Anthony Quinn in A Walk in the Spring RainDirected byGuy GreenWritten byStirling SilliphantBased onA Walk in the Spring Rain1966 novelby Rachel MadduxProduced byStirling SilliphantStarringAnthony QuinnIngrid BergmanCinematographyCharles LangEdited byFerris WebsterMusic byElmer BernsteinDon BlackDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date April 9, 1970 (1970-04-09) (Knoxville) Running time98 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish A Walk in the Spring Rain is a 1970 American romantic drama film in Eastmancolor made by Columbia Pictures, directed by Guy Green and produced by Stirling Silliphant, from his own screenplay based on the novel by Rachel Maddux. Outside location scenes were filmed in New York City, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg, Tennessee and Knoxville, Tennessee. The film stars Ingrid Bergman and Anthony Quinn, with Fritz Weaver, Katherine Crawford, and Virginia Gregg. The music score was by Elmer Bernstein and the cinematography by Charles Lang. Martial arts superstar Bruce Lee, a personal friend of producer Stirling Silliphant, choreographed the fight between Will Cade (Anthony Quinn) and his son. Plot Libby Meredith and her law-professor husband, Roger, 52, move from New York to a small house in the Tennessee backwoods during a snowy winter. Their married neighbor, Will Cade, is attracted to Libby and very helpful and friendly to them. While her intellectual husband is busy writing a book, Libby comes to like the country life and finds herself attracted to Will's rural sensibilities, culminating in a brief affair. Libby is surprised when her daughter, Ellen, arrives to ask them to return to New York so Libby can help raise grandson Bucky while Ellen attends Harvard Law School. Will's erratic son, who had seen his father and Libby embracing in the woods, molests her when she is out walking. Will rescues her but accidentally kills his son in rescuing her from his clutches. After attending the funeral, the disillusioned Merediths decide to return to New York because they have drifted apart, Roger has failed to finish his book, and Ellen needs Libby for Bucky. When Libby bids the Cades goodbye, he follows her for a private conversation and says he will wait for her to return, but she says she no longer believes in miracles. The last scene, very similar to the first one, shows Libby wearing the same clothes and picking up Bucky from school, and part of the song "A Walk in the Spring Rain" plays over the end credits. Cast Anthony Quinn as Will Cade Ingrid Bergman as Libby Meredith Fritz Weaver as Roger Meredith Katherine Crawford as Ellen Meredith Tom Holland as Boy (as Tom Fielding) Virginia Gregg as Ann Cade Mitchell Silberman as Bucky Janet Nelson Chadwick as Singer at Festival (segment "Oh Shenandoah") Production Writer-producer Stirling Silliphant heard about Bergman's interest in the 1966 Rachel Maddux novel, A Walk in the Spring Rain, and she joined the project. It was her first American film in more than 20 years. Silliphant and would-be director Kevin Billington had a creative disagreement, and Guy Green directed. Green said he made it to work with the stars. Production was slated for West Virginia, but was moved to the Tennessee part of the Great Smoky Mountains and the national park, primarily the Cades Cove area. Some filming was done in nearby Knoxville and in Gatlinburg, which borders the park; the Merediths spend a weekend at the Gatlinburg Motor Inn (now The Gatlinburg Inn) on Parkway and do some shopping along the street. Rehearsals began in April 1968, and principal photography started in April 1969. It moved to New York City in May or early June and was delayed a day when thieves stole $250,000 worth of equipment. Replacement gear was brought in from Los Angeles. Release The world premiere was held April 9, 1970 at the Capri 70 theatre, as part of Knoxville's annual Dogwood Arts Festival. It grossed $17,561 in its opening week, a Knoxville record, and expanded into other theaters in the South East of the United States. "Critical reception was largely negative, and the film proved to be a commercial failure," according to the American Film Institute Catalog. A book, Fiction Into Film: A Walk in the Spring Rain, was published in 1970 by the University of Tennessee Press. It included Maddux's novel, Silliphant's screenplay, and commentary by Neil D. Isaacs “on the fashioning of the script and various stages of production,” according to Variety. See also List of American films of 1970 References ^ a b A Walk in the Spring Rain at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films ^ A Walk in the Spring Rain at AllMovie ^ Schwartzman, Arnold (19 November 1991). "Interview with Guy Green side 3". British Entertainment History Project. ^ "Columbia's A Walk In Spring Rain (advertisement)". Variety. April 29, 1970. p. 14. External links A Walk in the Spring Rain at IMDb A Walk in the Spring Rain at AllMovie A Walk in the Spring Rain at the TCM Movie Database A Walk in the Spring Rain at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Photo Gallery from the filming of A Walk in the Spring Rain in Knoxville, TN vteThe films of Guy Green River Beat (1954) Lost (1956) House of Secrets (1956) The Snorkel (1958) Portrait of Alison (1958) Sea of Sand (1958) SOS Pacific (1959) The Angry Silence (1960) The Mark (1961) Light in the Piazza (1962) Diamond Head (1963) 55 Days at Peking (1963, uncredited) A Patch of Blue (1965) Pretty Polly (1967) The Magus (1968) A Walk in the Spring Rain (1970) Luther (1974) Once Is Not Enough (1975) The Devil's Advocate (1977) The Incredible Journey of Doctor Meg Laurel (1979)
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Outside location scenes were filmed in New York City, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg, Tennessee and Knoxville, Tennessee.[1]The film stars Ingrid Bergman and Anthony Quinn, with Fritz Weaver, Katherine Crawford, and Virginia Gregg. The music score was by Elmer Bernstein and the cinematography by Charles Lang. Martial arts superstar Bruce Lee, a personal friend of producer Stirling Silliphant, choreographed the fight between Will Cade (Anthony Quinn) and his son.","title":"A Walk in the Spring Rain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Libby Meredith and her law-professor husband, Roger, 52, move from New York to a small house in the Tennessee backwoods during a snowy winter. Their married neighbor, Will Cade, is attracted to Libby and very helpful and friendly to them. While her intellectual husband is busy writing a book, Libby comes to like the country life and finds herself attracted to Will's rural sensibilities, culminating in a brief affair.Libby is surprised when her daughter, Ellen, arrives to ask them to return to New York so Libby can help raise grandson Bucky while Ellen attends Harvard Law School. Will's erratic son, who had seen his father and Libby embracing in the woods, molests her when she is out walking. Will rescues her but accidentally kills his son in rescuing her from his clutches. After attending the funeral, the disillusioned Merediths decide to return to New York because they have drifted apart, Roger has failed to finish his book, and Ellen needs Libby for Bucky. When Libby bids the Cades goodbye, he follows her for a private conversation and says he will wait for her to return, but she says she no longer believes in miracles. The last scene, very similar to the first one, shows Libby wearing the same clothes and picking up Bucky from school, and part of the song \"A Walk in the Spring Rain\" plays over the end credits.[2]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Quinn"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman"},{"link_name":"Fritz Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Weaver"},{"link_name":"Katherine Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Crawford_(1970s_actress)"},{"link_name":"Tom Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Holland_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Virginia Gregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Gregg"}],"text":"Anthony Quinn as Will Cade\nIngrid Bergman as Libby Meredith\nFritz Weaver as Roger Meredith\nKatherine Crawford as Ellen Meredith\nTom Holland as Boy (as Tom Fielding)\nVirginia Gregg as Ann Cade\nMitchell Silberman as Bucky\nJanet Nelson Chadwick as Singer at Festival (segment \"Oh Shenandoah\")","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rachel Maddux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Maddux&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walk in the Spring Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_in_the_Spring_Rain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Writer-producer Stirling Silliphant heard about Bergman's interest in the 1966 Rachel Maddux novel, A Walk in the Spring Rain, and she joined the project. It was her first American film in more than 20 years. Silliphant and would-be director Kevin Billington had a creative disagreement, and Guy Green directed. Green said he made it to work with the stars.[3]Production was slated for West Virginia, but was moved to the Tennessee part of the Great Smoky Mountains and the national park, primarily the Cades Cove area. Some filming was done in nearby Knoxville and in Gatlinburg, which borders the park; the Merediths spend a weekend at the Gatlinburg Motor Inn (now The Gatlinburg Inn) on Parkway and do some shopping along the street. Rehearsals began in April 1968, and principal photography started in April 1969. It moved to New York City in May or early June and was delayed a day when thieves stole $250,000 worth of equipment. Replacement gear was brought in from Los Angeles.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-1"}],"text":"The world premiere was held April 9, 1970 at the Capri 70 theatre, as part of Knoxville's annual Dogwood Arts Festival. It grossed $17,561 in its opening week, a Knoxville record, and expanded into other theaters in the South East of the United States.[4] \"Critical reception was largely negative, and the film proved to be a commercial failure,\" according to the American Film Institute Catalog. A book, Fiction Into Film: A Walk in the Spring Rain, was published in 1970 by the University of Tennessee Press. It included Maddux's novel, Silliphant's screenplay, and commentary by Neil D. Isaacs “on the fashioning of the script and various stages of production,” according to Variety.[1]","title":"Release"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of American films of 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1970"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Electronic_Industry
Ministry of the Electronics Industry (Soviet Union)
["1 List of ministers","2 Industry","3 References"]
The Ministry of the Electronics Industry (Minelektronprom; Russian: Министерство электронной промышленности, MEI) was a government ministry in the Soviet Union. Established in 1961 as State Committee for Electronics Technology, it became a ministry in 1965. Its primary responsibility is for research, development, and production of electronic and electrical devices, including solid-state and miniature electronic components and devices. The Ministry of the Electronics Industry was the monopolistic producer of electronic components for military and civilian applications in the Soviet Union. It produced a wide variety of electronic appliances, most of them under the Electronika brand. MEI role as a political body was mostly replaced by a state-owned Rostec which was founded in 2007. List of ministers Source: Alexander S. Shokin  (2.10.1965 - 18.11.1985) Vladislav Kolesnikov (18.11.1985 - 24.8.1991) Industry There was a range of different organizations, companies, and research centers during soviet times that were directly subjected to the ministry with many being active by the end of 2010, including: SPA «Scientific center» Moscow/Zelenograd based: Angstrem (company) Mikron Group LLC «Quant»  NPP Istok Integral  (based in Minsk, Belarus) Kazan, Tatarstan Republic: Ltd Elecon  Others: Plant of Radio Measurement Devices (Vilnius) Alpha  (Latvia) Connector Plant  (Ukraine) Elta Plant (Elets, Russia) (produced cathode ray tubes) Ritm Plant (Belgorod, Russia) Smolensk plant of radio components  (Smolensk, Russia) Photon (Tashkent, Uzbekistan) Quartz Corp. (Kaliningrad, Russia) Donskoi plant of radio components (Tula, Russia) SPA Pozitron (Saint-Petersburg, Russia) References ^ a b Directory of Soviet officials. National organizations. National Foreign Assessment Center. February 1989. Retrieved 19 November 2017. ^ Judy, Richard W.; Clough, Robert W. (1989). "Soviet Computers in the 1980s: A Review of the Hardware". Advances in Computers. 29: 251–330. doi:10.1016/S0065-2458(08)60535-5. ISBN 9780120121298. ^ "Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1917-1964". Archived from the original on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017. ^ "Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1964-1991". Archived from the original on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017. ^ "Завод Эльта в Ельце". Елец форум (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-05-22. vteAll-Union Government of the Soviet UnionAll-Union President and Vice President of the Soviet Union list Presidential Council Federation Council State Council Security Council Premiers Ministries(list) Agricultural Products Procurement Agriculture and Food Installation and Special Construction Armament Automobile and Agricultural Machine Building Aviation Industry Building Materials Industry Chemical Industry Chemical and Oil Machinery Building Cellulose and Paper Industry Civil Aviation Coal Industry Commerce Communications Communication Equipment Industry Construction Construction of Fuel Industry Construction of Heavy Industry Construction of Oil and Gas Industry Construction of Petrochemical Machinery Construction of Power Plants Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines Construction of Tool-Machines Cotton Culture Defense Defense Industry Economy Education Electrical Engineering Electrical Power and Electrification Electronics Industry Electrotechnical Industry Environmental Protection Foreign Affairs Ferrous Metallurgy Finance Fishing Industry Foreign Economic Relations Forestry Forestry Industry Fruits and Vegetables Gas Industry General Machine-Building Geology Grain Products Health Housing and Architecture Heavy Machine Building Heavy and Transport Machines Construction Higher Education Industrial Construction Installation and Special Construction Work Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems Internal Affairs Iron and Steel Justice Light Industry Land Reclamation and Water Resources Machine Building Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products Machine Building for Light and Food Industry Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding Manufacture of Communication Media Meat and Dairy Industry Medical Industry Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry Medium Machine-Building Merchant Marine Mineral Fertilizer Production Metallurgy Non-Ferrous Metallurgy Nuclear Power Industry Oil Industry Oil and Gas Industry Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry Power and Electrification Pulp and Paper Industry Radio Industry Railways Rubber Industry Shipbuilding State Farms State Security Technical Cultivation Textile Industry Timber Industry Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry Tool and Tool Building Industry Internal Trade Tractors and Agricultural Machines Transport Construction Urban Construction Regional ministries Construction in the Eastern Regions Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions Construction in the Northern and Western Regions Construction in the Southern Regions Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions State Committeesand commissions Building Materials Cinematography Construction Defense Defense Technology Flight Safety Fuel Industry Labour and Social Issues Logistics People's Control Prices Publishing Metallurgy State of Emergency Science and Technology Standards and Product Quality Management State Planning State Security Chairmen Statistics Television and Radio Timber and Paper Industry Transport Construction Authority control databases VIAF This Soviet Union–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-directory-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-directory-1"},{"link_name":"Electronika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronika"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-judyclough-2"},{"link_name":"Rostec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostec"}],"text":"Established in 1961 as State Committee for Electronics Technology, it became a ministry in 1965.[1] Its primary responsibility is for research, development, and production of electronic and electrical devices, including solid-state and miniature electronic components and devices.[1] The Ministry of the Electronics Industry was the monopolistic producer of electronic components for military and civilian applications in the Soviet Union. It produced a wide variety of electronic appliances, most of them under the Electronika brand.[2] MEI role as a political body was mostly replaced by a state-owned Rostec which was founded in 2007.","title":"Ministry of the Electronics Industry (Soviet Union)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alexander S. Shokin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_S._Shokin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Vladislav Kolesnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladislav_Kolesnikov_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Source:[3][4]Alexander S. Shokin [ru] (2.10.1965 - 18.11.1985)\nVladislav Kolesnikov (18.11.1985 - 24.8.1991)","title":"List of ministers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_production_association"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Zelenograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelenograd"},{"link_name":"Angstrem (company)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrem_(company)"},{"link_name":"Mikron Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikron_Group"},{"link_name":"LLC «Quant»","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quant_(Russian_Company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)"},{"link_name":"NPP Istok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPP_Istok"},{"link_name":"Integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integral_(Belarus_company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"Tatarstan Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarstan_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ltd Elecon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ltd_Elecon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpha_(Latvian_company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5)"},{"link_name":"Connector Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connector_(Ukranian_company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4)"},{"link_name":"cathode ray tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Smolensk plant of radio components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smolensk_plant_of_radio_components_(Russian_company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9"},{"link_name":"Tashkent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent"},{"link_name":"Kaliningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad"},{"link_name":"Tula, Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula,_Russia"}],"text":"There was a range of different organizations, companies, and research centers during soviet times that were directly subjected to the ministry with many being active by the end of 2010, including:SPA «Scientific center»\nMoscow/Zelenograd based:\nAngstrem (company)\nMikron Group\nLLC «Quant» [ru]\nNPP Istok\nIntegral [ru] (based in Minsk, Belarus)Kazan, Tatarstan Republic:Ltd Elecon [ru]Others:Plant of Radio Measurement Devices (Vilnius)Alpha [ru] (Latvia)\nConnector Plant [ru] (Ukraine)\nElta Plant (Elets, Russia) (produced cathode ray tubes)[5]\nRitm Plant (Belgorod, Russia)\nSmolensk plant of radio components [ru] (Smolensk, Russia)\nPhoton (Tashkent, Uzbekistan)\nQuartz Corp. (Kaliningrad, Russia)\nDonskoi plant of radio components (Tula, Russia)\nSPA Pozitron (Saint-Petersburg, Russia)","title":"Industry"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Directory of Soviet officials. National organizations. National Foreign Assessment Center. February 1989. Retrieved 19 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/directoryofsovi1989wash_0","url_text":"Directory of Soviet officials. National organizations"}]},{"reference":"Judy, Richard W.; Clough, Robert W. (1989). \"Soviet Computers in the 1980s: A Review of the Hardware\". Advances in Computers. 29: 251–330. doi:10.1016/S0065-2458(08)60535-5. ISBN 9780120121298.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-2458%2808%2960535-5","url_text":"10.1016/S0065-2458(08)60535-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780120121298","url_text":"9780120121298"}]},{"reference":"\"Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1917-1964\". Archived from the original on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kolumbus.fi/taglarsson/dokumentit/sov.htm","url_text":"\"Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1917-1964\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171128144410/http://www.kolumbus.fi/taglarsson/dokumentit/sov.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1964-1991\". Archived from the original on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kolumbus.fi/taglarsson/dokumentit/sov1.htm","url_text":"\"Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1964-1991\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171128142837/http://www.kolumbus.fi/taglarsson/dokumentit/sov1.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Завод Эльта в Ельце\". Елец форум (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://elets.name/threads/zavod-ehlta-v-elce.1500/","url_text":"\"Завод Эльта в Ельце\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/directoryofsovi1989wash_0","external_links_name":"Directory of Soviet officials. National organizations"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-2458%2808%2960535-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0065-2458(08)60535-5"},{"Link":"http://www.kolumbus.fi/taglarsson/dokumentit/sov.htm","external_links_name":"\"Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1917-1964\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171128144410/http://www.kolumbus.fi/taglarsson/dokumentit/sov.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.kolumbus.fi/taglarsson/dokumentit/sov1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1964-1991\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171128142837/http://www.kolumbus.fi/taglarsson/dokumentit/sov1.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://elets.name/threads/zavod-ehlta-v-elce.1500/","external_links_name":"\"Завод Эльта в Ельце\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/8908154260496524480002","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_the_Electronics_Industry_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westar_1
Westar 1
["1 Mission","2 See also","3 References"]
American communications satellite launched in 1974 Delta 2914 rocket with Westar satellite at Cape Canaveral (April 1974) Westar 1 was America's first domestic and commercially launched geostationary communications satellite, launched by Western Union (WU) and NASA on April 13, 1974. It was built by Hughes for Western Union, using the HS-333 platform of spin-stabilized satellites. It operated until May 1983. Mission Westar 1 was the first of five Westar satellites launched by Western Union from 1974 to 1982. Westar 1 was launched from Cape Canaveral on a Delta 2914 launch vehicle from Complex 17 on April 13, 1974. The launch vehicle delivered the satellite to a geosynchronous transfer orbit. After transiting to a near geosynchronous apogee, the satellite employed an apogee kick motor to raise the perigee of the orbit and reduce inclination to near-geostationary. Westars 1, 2, and 3 were 12-transponder satellites while Westar 4 and Westar 5 were launched with 24 transponders. Western Union built a teleport in Cedar Hill, Texas, to uplink content to the Westar satellites (it was interconnected to WU's existing terrestrial microwave network at the time), and another teleport that, in addition to uplink services, would become the main TT&C (Telemetry, Tracking & Control) center for the satellite (and for all of the Westar fleet later on), in Glenwood, New Jersey. A sixth satellite, Westar 6, was launched in 1984 but failed to reach orbit and was retrieved by the STS-51-A Space Shuttle mission later that year. It was later refurbished and relaunched in orbit of Asia as AsiaSat 1 in 1990. Westar 1 was used by Western Union for its own internal communications, such as for sending telegrams and mailgrams to Western Union bureaus and U.S. post offices respectively. It also was utilized by outside customers such as PBS, NPR and the Mutual Broadcasting System, using it for sending television and radio programming via satellite to their local affiliate stations throughout the 1970s and '80s. It was also employed to enable communications with offshore oil platforms. Westar 1 was also used for a short time by HBO for its nationwide debut using satellite distribution to cable companies in 1975 (HBO later moved to RCA's competing satellite, Satcom 1, in February 1976). Westar 1 was retired from service in April 1983. The 15-meter dishes used to communicate with it at the Cedar Hill site have been decommissioned, but they can still be visited today by contacting Westar Satellite Services. The former main TT&C & uplink site for Westar in Glenwood, is now (as of 2015) the satellite uplink facility for SiriusXM Radio. See also Spaceflight portal 1974 in spaceflight References ^ a b Krebs, Gunter D. "Westar 1, 2, 3". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved December 3, 2022. ^ "Westar". astronautix.com. Retrieved February 11, 2023. ^ "Satellite Launched By Western Union For Communication". New York Times. April 14, 1974. Retrieved December 2, 2022. ^ "5.4.3: US Motors in the 1960s". planet4589.org. Retrieved December 2, 2022. ^ Evans, Ben (November 9, 2014). "'Stop the Clock': 30 Years Since the Rescue of Westar and Palapa (Part 2)". americaspace.com. Retrieved February 11, 2023. ^ Sarver, G. L. (December 3, 1975). "Satellite communications for off-shore oil operations using WESTAR". National Telecommunications Conference Record, New Orleans, LA. 1: 9-7 to 9-14. Bibcode:1975ntc.....1....9S. Retrieved December 2, 2022. ^ "Westar One Source Broadcast Solutions". Westarsat.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2014. vte← 1973Orbital launches in 19741975 → Kosmos 628 Skynet 2A Kosmos 629 Kosmos 630 Kosmos 631 Sphinx VDS Kosmos 632 OPS 6889 Tansei 2 San Marco 4 Kosmos 633 Meteor-M No.30 Kosmos 634 Miranda Kosmos 635 Nauka-17KS No.1L OPS 8579 Kosmos 636 Kosmos 637 Kosmos 638 Kosmos 639 OPS 6245 OPS 4547 OPS 3935 Kosmos 640 Unnamed Westar 1 Molniya-1-27 Kosmos 641 Kosmos 642 Kosmos 643 Kosmos 644 Kosmos 645 Kosmos 646 Kosmos 647 Kosmos 648 Meteor-M No.22 Molniya-2-9 Kosmos 649 Kosmos 650 Kosmos 651 Kosmos 652 Kosmos 653 Kosmos 654 SMS-1 Interkosmos 11 Kosmos 655 Yantar-2K No.1 Kosmos 656 Luna 22 Kosmos 657 ATS-6 Explorer 52 Kosmos 658 OPS 1776 Kosmos 659 Kosmos 660 Kosmos 661 Salyut 3 Kosmos 662 Kosmos 663 Kosmos 664 Kosmos 665 Soyuz 14 Meteor-Priroda No.1 DS-P1-Yu No.68 Kosmos 666 Unnamed OPS 7518 Aeros 2 Molniya-2-10 Kosmos 667 Kosmos 668 Kosmos 669 Nauka-8KS No.3 Molniya-1 No.38 Kosmos 670 Kosmos 671 OPS 6983 Kosmos 672 OPS 3004 Kosmos 673 Soyuz 15 Kosmos 674 Kosmos 675 Unnamed ANS Kosmos 676 Kosmos 677 Kosmos 678 Kosmos 679 Kosmos 680 Kosmos 681 Kosmos 682 Kosmos 683 Kosmos 684 Kosmos 685 Kosmos 686 Westar 2 Kosmos 687 Ariel 5 Kosmos 688 Kosmos 689 Kosmos 690 Molniya-1 No.26 Kosmos 691 Meteor-M No.33 Luna 23 OPS 7122 OPS 6239 OPS 8452 Interkosmos 12 Kosmos 692 Kosmos 693 Fanhui Shi Weixing 1 NOAA-4 OSCAR-7 INTASAT Kosmos 694 Kosmos 695 Molniya-3 No.11 Intelsat IV F-8 Skynet 2B Kosmos 696 Soyuz 16 Helios 1 Kosmos 697 Meteor-M No.32 Kosmos 698 Symphonie 1 Molniya-2-11 Kosmos 699 Salyut 4 Kosmos 700 Kosmos 701 Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets). This article about one or more spacecraft of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delta_2914_rocket_with_Westar_satellite.jpg"},{"link_name":"geostationary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary"},{"link_name":"communications satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite"},{"link_name":"Western Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Union"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"HS-333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HS-333"},{"link_name":"spin-stabilized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-stabilisation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grebs-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Delta 2914 rocket with Westar satellite at Cape Canaveral (April 1974)Westar 1 was America's first domestic and commercially launched geostationary communications satellite, launched by Western Union (WU) and NASA on April 13, 1974. It was built by Hughes for Western Union, using the HS-333 platform of spin-stabilized satellites.[1] It operated until May 1983.[2]","title":"Westar 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"transponder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grebs-1"},{"link_name":"teleport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_station"},{"link_name":"Cedar Hill, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Hill,_Texas"},{"link_name":"uplink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uplink"},{"link_name":"Glenwood, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenwood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"STS-51-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-51-A"},{"link_name":"AsiaSat 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AsiaSat_1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Western Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Union"},{"link_name":"telegrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram"},{"link_name":"mailgrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailgram"},{"link_name":"U.S. post offices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"Mutual Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Satcom 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satcom_1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"SiriusXM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiriusXM"}],"text":"Westar 1 was the first of five Westar satellites launched by Western Union from 1974 to 1982. Westar 1 was launched from Cape Canaveral on a Delta 2914 launch vehicle from Complex 17 on April 13, 1974.[3] The launch vehicle delivered the satellite to a geosynchronous transfer orbit. After transiting to a near geosynchronous apogee, the satellite employed an apogee kick motor to raise the perigee of the orbit and reduce inclination to near-geostationary.[4]Westars 1, 2, and 3 were 12-transponder satellites while Westar 4 and Westar 5 were launched with 24 transponders.[1] Western Union built a teleport in Cedar Hill, Texas, to uplink content to the Westar satellites (it was interconnected to WU's existing terrestrial microwave network at the time), and another teleport that, in addition to uplink services, would become the main TT&C (Telemetry, Tracking & Control) center for the satellite (and for all of the Westar fleet later on), in Glenwood, New Jersey. A sixth satellite, Westar 6, was launched in 1984 but failed to reach orbit and was retrieved by the STS-51-A Space Shuttle mission later that year. It was later refurbished and relaunched in orbit of Asia as AsiaSat 1 in 1990.[5]Westar 1 was used by Western Union for its own internal communications, such as for sending telegrams and mailgrams to Western Union bureaus and U.S. post offices respectively. It also was utilized by outside customers such as PBS, NPR and the Mutual Broadcasting System, using it for sending television and radio programming via satellite to their local affiliate stations throughout the 1970s and '80s. It was also employed to enable communications with offshore oil platforms.[6]Westar 1 was also used for a short time by HBO for its nationwide debut using satellite distribution to cable companies in 1975 (HBO later moved to RCA's competing satellite, Satcom 1, in February 1976).Westar 1 was retired from service in April 1983. The 15-meter dishes used to communicate with it at the Cedar Hill site have been decommissioned, but they can still be visited today by contacting Westar Satellite Services.[7] The former main TT&C & uplink site for Westar in Glenwood, is now (as of 2015) the satellite uplink facility for SiriusXM Radio.","title":"Mission"}]
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[{"title":"Spaceflight portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight"},{"title":"1974 in spaceflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_in_spaceflight"}]
[{"reference":"Krebs, Gunter D. \"Westar 1, 2, 3\". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved December 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/westar-1.htm","url_text":"\"Westar 1, 2, 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Westar\". astronautix.com. Retrieved February 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/w/westar.html","url_text":"\"Westar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Satellite Launched By Western Union For Communication\". New York Times. April 14, 1974. Retrieved December 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/14/archives/satellite-launched-by-western-union-for-communication.html","url_text":"\"Satellite Launched By Western Union For Communication\""}]},{"reference":"\"5.4.3: US Motors in the 1960s\". planet4589.org. Retrieved December 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planet4589.org/space/book/lv/engines/kick/USMOTORSINTHE1960S.html","url_text":"\"5.4.3: US Motors in the 1960s\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Ben (November 9, 2014). \"'Stop the Clock': 30 Years Since the Rescue of Westar and Palapa (Part 2)\". americaspace.com. Retrieved February 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americaspace.com/2014/11/09/stop-the-clock-30-years-since-the-rescue-of-westar-and-palapa-part-2/","url_text":"\"'Stop the Clock': 30 Years Since the Rescue of Westar and Palapa (Part 2)\""}]},{"reference":"Sarver, G. L. (December 3, 1975). \"Satellite communications for off-shore oil operations using WESTAR\". National Telecommunications Conference Record, New Orleans, LA. 1: 9-7 to 9-14. Bibcode:1975ntc.....1....9S. Retrieved December 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975ntc.....1....9S/abstract","url_text":"\"Satellite communications for off-shore oil operations using WESTAR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975ntc.....1....9S","url_text":"1975ntc.....1....9S"}]},{"reference":"\"Westar One Source Broadcast Solutions\". Westarsat.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080103020248/http://www.westarsat.com/","url_text":"\"Westar One Source Broadcast Solutions\""},{"url":"http://www.westarsat.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fibonacci_Association
The Fibonacci Association
["1 History","2 Publications","3 References","4 External links"]
Organization for research on Fibonacci numbers The Fibonacci Association is a mathematical organization that specializes in the Fibonacci number sequence and related topics in mathematics. History The organization was founded in 1963 by Brother Alfred Brousseau FSC of Saint Mary's College of California and Verner E. Hoggatt Jr. of San Jose State College (now San Jose State University), together with Stanley L. Basin, Terrance A. Brennan, Paul F. Byrd , and I. Dale Ruggles. Publications Since the year of its founding, the Fibonacci Association has published an international mathematical journal, The Fibonacci Quarterly. The Fibonacci Association also publishes proceedings for its international conferences, held every two years since 1984. References ^ a b c Howard, Fredric T. (February 2005), "The Fibonacci Association", Math Horizons, 12 (3): 31, doi:10.1080/10724117.2005.12021808 ^ a b Bicknell-Johnson, Marjorie (1987), "A short history of The Fibonacci Quarterly" (PDF), Fibonacci Quarterly, 25: 2–5 External links The Official website of the Fibonacci Association The Fibonacci Quarterly Up-to-date list of issues of The Fibonacci Quarterly vteFibonacciBooks Liber Abaci (1202) The Book of Squares (1225) Theories Fibonacci sequence Greedy algorithm for Egyptian fractions Related Fibonacci numbers in popular culture List of things named after Fibonacci Generalizations of Fibonacci numbers The Fibonacci Association Fibonacci Quarterly
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_boiler
Vertical boiler
["1 Design considerations","1.1 Tube arrangements","1.2 Advantages","1.3 Disadvantages","2 Applications","2.1 Railway locomotives","2.2 Steam lorries","2.3 Steam tractors","2.4 Steam rollers","2.5 Steam donkeys","2.6 Steam shovels and cranes","2.7 Marine applications","2.8 Stationary applications","3 Notes","4 References"]
Detail of vertical boiler and associated steam engine in a working model steam launch Taffy a replica of Chaloner, a de Winton vertical-boilered narrow gauge railway locomotive A vertical boiler is a type of fire-tube or water-tube boiler where the boiler barrel is oriented vertically instead of the more common horizontal orientation. Vertical boilers were used for a variety of steam-powered vehicles and other mobile machines, including early steam locomotives. Design considerations Tube arrangements Many different tube arrangements have been used. Examples include: Fire tubes Vertical fire-tube boiler Vertical boiler with horizontal fire-tubes Water tubes Vertical cross-tube boiler Field-tube boiler Thimble tube boiler Spiral watertube boiler Advantages The main advantages of a vertical boiler are: Small footprint – where width and length constraints are critical, use of a vertical boiler permits design of a smaller machine. Water-level tolerance – The water level in a horizontal boiler must be maintained above the crown (top) of the firebox at all times, or the crownplate could overheat and buckle, causing a boiler explosion. For a vehicle application expected to traverse hills, such as a railway locomotive or steam wagon, maintaining the correct water level when the vehicle itself is not level is a skilled task, and one that occupies much of the fireman's time. In a vertical boiler, the water is all sitting on the top of the firebox, and the boiler would need to be extremely low on water before a gradient could cause a risk by uncovering the firebox top. Simpler (major) maintenance – A vertical boiler is usually mounted on a frame on the vehicle, allowing easy replacement. Horizontal boilers, such as those on railway locomotives and traction engines, form an integral part of the vehicle – the vehicle is literally built around the boiler – and hence replacement requires the dismantling of the entire vehicle. Disadvantages Swiss rack railway locomotive (built 1858) for operating on the steep slopes of Rigi East London Harbour 0-4-0VB by Alexander Chaplin & Co. A 1905 "Best" steam tractor with vertical boiler 12 x 14 Empire (?) Steam donkey in the UBC Malcolm Knapp Research Forest, Maple Ridge, BC Canada Three river steamboats with vertical boilers The main disadvantages of a vertical boiler are: Size – The benefits of a small footprint are compromised by the much greater height required. The presence of over-bridges limits the height of steam vehicles, and this in turn restricts the size (and hence steam production) of the boiler. Grate area – This is limited to the footprint of the boiler, thus restricting the amount of steam that may be produced. Short tubes – Boiler tubes must be kept short to minimise height. As a result, much of the available heat is lost through the chimney, as it has too little time to heat the tubes. Sediment – Sediment may settle on the bottom tube sheet (the plate above the firebox) insulating the water from the heat and allowing the sheet to burn out. Applications Railway locomotives Several manufacturers produced a significant number of vertical boiler locomotives. Notable amongst these were: Alexander Chaplin & Co. of Glasgow, who produced a range of steam-powered industrial products which included steam cranes, hoists, locomotives, pumping and winding engines, ship's deck engines and sea water distilling apparatus. Between 1860 and 1899, it delivered 135 vertical boiler locomotives similar to the East London Harbour 0-4-0VB to customers around the world. De Winton of Caernarfon, who produced at least 34 narrow gauge locomotives, mainly for use in the slate quarries of Wales. Sentinel Waggon Works of Shrewsbury, who produced a large number of shunters using their high-pressure vertical boilers. These were mainly used on industrial railways in Britain. Société anonyme John Cockerill produced 891 standard gauge shunting locomotives between 1867 and 1942 using a standard design with five sizes. Steam lorries The Sentinel Waggon Works also produced a range of road lorries (steam wagons) based on their high-pressure vertical boilers Steam tractors The Best Manufacturing Company of San Leandro in California produced a range of steam tractors that used vertical boilers. Steam rollers Certain designs of steam roller departed from the conventional traction engine style of a horizontal boiler with an engine mounted above. Vertical-boilered rollers were built around a substantial girder frame chassis, with the boiler being mounted low down between the front and rear rolls. Such designs were not common in the UK. Steam donkeys The traditional form of steam donkey (as a mobile winch used in the logging industry) married a vertical boiler with a steam engine on a rigid base fitted with skids for mobility. Since the ground to be traversed would be rough and rarely level, the water-level -tolerant design of the vertical boiler was an obvious choice. Steam shovels and cranes Construction equipment such as steam cranes and steam shovels used vertical boilers to good effect. On a rotating base, the weight of the boiler would help to counterbalance the load suspended from the shovel bucket or crane jib, mounted on the opposite side of the pivot from the boiler. The compact boiler footprint permitted smaller designs than would have been the case for a horizontal type, thus allowing use on smaller worksites; the extra height of a vertical boiler being less critical for such a generally tall machine. Marine applications Some steam boats, particularly smaller types such as river launches, were designed around a vertical boiler. The small footprint of the boiler permitting smaller, more space-efficient designs, with less of the usable vessel being occupied by the means of propulsion rather than the payload. Stationary applications Vertical types such as the Cochran boiler provided useful, small footprint, package solutions for many stationary applications, including process and space heating. Notes ^ Edward N. Dickerson (May 21, 1864). "Martin's Boilers and the Board of Engineers". The New York Times. ^ a b c d White, John H. (1979). A History of the American Locomotive: Its Development, 1830-1880. Courier Dover Publications. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-486-23818-0. ^ Abbott, Rowland A.S. (1989). Vertical Boiler Locomotives and Railmotors built in Great Britain. Oakwood Press. ISBN 0 85361 385 0 ^ Boyd, James I.C. (1990). Narrow Gauge Railways in North Caernarvonshire, Volume 1: The West (2nd. ed.). The Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-273-0. ^ Clingan, K. W. (December 1965). "The French Vertical Boilered 0-4-0 Shunter". The Industrial Railway Record (8). Industrial Railway Society: 161–171. Retrieved 12 December 2018. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vertical boilers. Rowland A. S. Abbott (1989). Vertical Boiler Locomotives. Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-385-0. Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives. Ian Allan. 1948.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taffy_the_Locomotive_(built_by_Alan_Keef_Ltd),_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chaloner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaloner_(locomotive)"},{"link_name":"de Winton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Winton"},{"link_name":"fire-tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"water-tube boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam"},{"link_name":"vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicles"},{"link_name":"steam locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"}],"text":"Taffy a replica of Chaloner, a de Winton vertical-boilered narrow gauge railway locomotiveA vertical boiler is a type of fire-tube or water-tube boiler where the boiler barrel is oriented vertically instead of the more common horizontal orientation. Vertical boilers were used for a variety of steam-powered vehicles and other mobile machines, including early steam locomotives.","title":"Vertical boiler"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Design considerations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vertical fire-tube boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_fire-tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"Vertical boiler with horizontal fire-tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_boiler_with_horizontal_fire-tubes"},{"link_name":"Vertical cross-tube boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_cross-tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"Field-tube boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"Thimble tube boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thimble_tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"Spiral watertube boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_watertube_boiler"}],"sub_title":"Tube arrangements","text":"Many different tube arrangements have been used. Examples include:Fire tubesVertical fire-tube boiler\nVertical boiler with horizontal fire-tubesWater tubesVertical cross-tube boiler\nField-tube boiler\nThimble tube boiler\nSpiral watertube boiler","title":"Design considerations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boiler explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_explosion"},{"link_name":"steam wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_wagon"},{"link_name":"traction engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_engine"}],"sub_title":"Advantages","text":"The main advantages of a vertical boiler are:Small footprint – where width and length constraints are critical, use of a vertical boiler permits design of a smaller machine.\nWater-level tolerance – The water level in a horizontal boiler must be maintained above the crown (top) of the firebox at all times, or the crownplate could overheat and buckle, causing a boiler explosion. For a vehicle application expected to traverse hills, such as a railway locomotive or steam wagon, maintaining the correct water level when the vehicle itself is not level is a skilled task, and one that occupies much of the fireman's time. In a vertical boiler, the water is all sitting on the top of the firebox, and the boiler would need to be extremely low on water before a gradient could cause a risk by uncovering the firebox top.\nSimpler (major) maintenance – A vertical boiler is usually mounted on a frame on the vehicle, allowing easy replacement. Horizontal boilers, such as those on railway locomotives and traction engines, form an integral part of the vehicle – the vehicle is literally built around the boiler – and hence replacement requires the dismantling of the entire vehicle.","title":"Design considerations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rigi_vertical_boiler.jpg"},{"link_name":"rack railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_railway"},{"link_name":"Rigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigi_Bahnen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HB_East_London_0-4-0.jpg"},{"link_name":"East London Harbour 0-4-0VB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_Harbour_0-4-0VB"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BestTractor.jpg"},{"link_name":"steam tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tractor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SteamDonkey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Steam donkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_donkey"},{"link_name":"UBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dampfboote.jpg"},{"link_name":"steamboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHAL-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHAL-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHAL-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHAL-2"}],"sub_title":"Disadvantages","text":"Swiss rack railway locomotive (built 1858) for operating on the steep slopes of RigiEast London Harbour 0-4-0VB by Alexander Chaplin & Co.A 1905 \"Best\" steam tractor with vertical boiler12 x 14 Empire (?) Steam donkey in the UBC Malcolm Knapp Research Forest, Maple Ridge, BC CanadaThree river steamboats with vertical boilersThe main disadvantages of a vertical boiler are:Size – The benefits of a small footprint are compromised by the much greater height required.[1] The presence of over-bridges limits the height of steam vehicles, and this in turn restricts the size (and hence steam production) of the boiler.[2]\nGrate area – This is limited to the footprint of the boiler, thus restricting the amount of steam that may be produced.[2]\nShort tubes – Boiler tubes must be kept short to minimise height. As a result, much of the available heat is lost through the chimney, as it has too little time to heat the tubes.[2]\nSediment – Sediment may settle on the bottom tube sheet (the plate above the firebox) insulating the water from the heat and allowing the sheet to burn out.[2]","title":"Design considerations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Chaplin & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplin%27s_Patent_Distilling_Apparatus_with_Steam_Pump#Manufacturer"},{"link_name":"East London Harbour 0-4-0VB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_Harbour_0-4-0VB"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abbott-3"},{"link_name":"De Winton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Winton"},{"link_name":"Caernarfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge"},{"link_name":"slate quarries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_industry"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sentinel Waggon Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury"},{"link_name":"shunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunter"},{"link_name":"high-pressure vertical boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_boiler"},{"link_name":"industrial railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_railway"},{"link_name":"Société anonyme John Cockerill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockerill_(company)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Railway locomotives","text":"Several manufacturers produced a significant number of vertical boiler locomotives. Notable amongst these were:Alexander Chaplin & Co. of Glasgow, who produced a range of steam-powered industrial products which included steam cranes, hoists, locomotives, pumping and winding engines, ship's deck engines and sea water distilling apparatus. Between 1860 and 1899, it delivered 135 vertical boiler locomotives similar to the East London Harbour 0-4-0VB to customers around the world.[3]\nDe Winton of Caernarfon, who produced at least 34 narrow gauge locomotives, mainly for use in the slate quarries of Wales.[4]\nSentinel Waggon Works of Shrewsbury, who produced a large number of shunters using their high-pressure vertical boilers. These were mainly used on industrial railways in Britain.\nSociété anonyme John Cockerill produced 891 standard gauge shunting locomotives between 1867 and 1942 using a standard design with five sizes.[5]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sentinel Waggon Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works"},{"link_name":"steam wagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_wagon"},{"link_name":"high-pressure vertical boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_boiler"}],"sub_title":"Steam lorries","text":"The Sentinel Waggon Works also produced a range of road lorries (steam wagons) based on their high-pressure vertical boilers","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Best Manufacturing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Manufacturing_Company"},{"link_name":"San Leandro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Leandro"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"steam tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tractor"}],"sub_title":"Steam tractors","text":"The Best Manufacturing Company of San Leandro in California produced a range of steam tractors that used vertical boilers.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"steam roller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_roller"},{"link_name":"traction engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_engine"}],"sub_title":"Steam rollers","text":"Certain designs of steam roller departed from the conventional traction engine style of a horizontal boiler with an engine mounted above. Vertical-boilered rollers were built around a substantial girder frame chassis, with the boiler being mounted low down between the front and rear rolls. Such designs were not common in the UK.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"steam donkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_donkey"}],"sub_title":"Steam donkeys","text":"The traditional form of steam donkey (as a mobile winch used in the logging industry) married a vertical boiler with a steam engine on a rigid base fitted with skids for mobility. Since the ground to be traversed would be rough and rarely level, the water-level -tolerant design of the vertical boiler was an obvious choice.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"steam cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_crane"},{"link_name":"steam shovels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_shovel"},{"link_name":"vertical boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_cross-tube_boiler"}],"sub_title":"Steam shovels and cranes","text":"Construction equipment such as steam cranes and steam shovels used vertical boilers to good effect. On a rotating base, the weight of the boiler would help to counterbalance the load suspended from the shovel bucket or crane jib, mounted on the opposite side of the pivot from the boiler. The compact boiler footprint permitted smaller designs than would have been the case for a horizontal type, thus allowing use on smaller worksites; the extra height of a vertical boiler being less critical for such a generally tall machine.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"steam boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_boat"}],"sub_title":"Marine applications","text":"Some steam boats, particularly smaller types such as river launches, were designed around a vertical boiler. The small footprint of the boiler permitting smaller, more space-efficient designs, with less of the usable vessel being occupied by the means of propulsion rather than the payload.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cochran boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochran_boiler"},{"link_name":"package","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_boiler"}],"sub_title":"Stationary applications","text":"Vertical types such as the Cochran boiler provided useful, small footprint, package solutions for many stationary applications, including process and space heating.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Martin's Boilers and the Board of Engineers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E2D61738E63ABC4951DFB366838F679FDE"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AHAL_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AHAL_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AHAL_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AHAL_2-3"},{"link_name":"A History of the American Locomotive: Its Development, 1830-1880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1A4iiGAz628C&q=vertical+boiler+history&pg=PA95"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-486-23818-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23818-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Abbott_3-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0 85361 385 0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B85361%2B385%2B0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85361-273-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85361-273-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"The French Vertical Boilered 0-4-0 Shunter\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.irsociety.co.uk/Archives/8/french_vertical_boilered.htm"}],"text":"^ Edward N. Dickerson (May 21, 1864). \"Martin's Boilers and the Board of Engineers\". The New York Times.\n\n^ a b c d White, John H. (1979). A History of the American Locomotive: Its Development, 1830-1880. Courier Dover Publications. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-486-23818-0.\n\n^ Abbott, Rowland A.S. (1989). Vertical Boiler Locomotives and Railmotors built in Great Britain. Oakwood Press. ISBN 0 85361 385 0\n\n^ Boyd, James I.C. (1990). Narrow Gauge Railways in North Caernarvonshire, Volume 1: The West (2nd. ed.). The Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-273-0.\n\n^ Clingan, K. W. (December 1965). \"The French Vertical Boilered 0-4-0 Shunter\". The Industrial Railway Record (8). Industrial Railway Society: 161–171. Retrieved 12 December 2018.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Detail of vertical boiler and associated steam engine in a working model steam launch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Power_for_Puffing_Billy.jpg/220px-Power_for_Puffing_Billy.jpg"},{"image_text":"Taffy a replica of Chaloner, a de Winton vertical-boilered narrow gauge railway locomotive","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Taffy_the_Locomotive_%28built_by_Alan_Keef_Ltd%29%2C_2008.jpg/220px-Taffy_the_Locomotive_%28built_by_Alan_Keef_Ltd%29%2C_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Swiss rack railway locomotive (built 1858) for operating on the steep slopes of Rigi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rigi_vertical_boiler.jpg/220px-Rigi_vertical_boiler.jpg"},{"image_text":"East London Harbour 0-4-0VB by Alexander Chaplin & Co.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/HB_East_London_0-4-0.jpg/220px-HB_East_London_0-4-0.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 1905 \"Best\" steam tractor with vertical boiler","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BestTractor.jpg/220px-BestTractor.jpg"},{"image_text":"12 x 14 Empire (?) Steam donkey in the UBC Malcolm Knapp Research Forest, Maple Ridge, BC Canada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/SteamDonkey.jpg/220px-SteamDonkey.jpg"},{"image_text":"Three river steamboats with vertical boilers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dampfboote.jpg/220px-Dampfboote.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Edward N. Dickerson (May 21, 1864). \"Martin's Boilers and the Board of Engineers\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E2D61738E63ABC4951DFB366838F679FDE","url_text":"\"Martin's Boilers and the Board of Engineers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"White, John H. (1979). A History of the American Locomotive: Its Development, 1830-1880. Courier Dover Publications. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-486-23818-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1A4iiGAz628C&q=vertical+boiler+history&pg=PA95","url_text":"A History of the American Locomotive: Its Development, 1830-1880"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23818-0","url_text":"978-0-486-23818-0"}]},{"reference":"Boyd, James I.C. (1990). Narrow Gauge Railways in North Caernarvonshire, Volume 1: The West (2nd. ed.). The Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-273-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85361-273-0","url_text":"0-85361-273-0"}]},{"reference":"Clingan, K. W. (December 1965). \"The French Vertical Boilered 0-4-0 Shunter\". The Industrial Railway Record (8). Industrial Railway Society: 161–171. Retrieved 12 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irsociety.co.uk/Archives/8/french_vertical_boilered.htm","url_text":"\"The French Vertical Boilered 0-4-0 Shunter\""}]},{"reference":"Rowland A. S. Abbott (1989). Vertical Boiler Locomotives. Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-385-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85361-385-0","url_text":"0-85361-385-0"}]},{"reference":"Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives. Ian Allan. 1948.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E2D61738E63ABC4951DFB366838F679FDE","external_links_name":"\"Martin's Boilers and the Board of Engineers\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1A4iiGAz628C&q=vertical+boiler+history&pg=PA95","external_links_name":"A History of the American Locomotive: Its Development, 1830-1880"},{"Link":"http://www.irsociety.co.uk/Archives/8/french_vertical_boilered.htm","external_links_name":"\"The French Vertical Boilered 0-4-0 Shunter\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyxenos_Epiphanes_Soter
Polyxenus Epiphanes Soter
["1 Date","2 Coinage","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
Indo-Greek king Polyxenus Epiphanes SoterPortrait Polyxenus.Indo-Greek kingReignc. 100 BCEBurialSwat Valley Coin of Polyxenus. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΠΟΛΥΞΕΝΟΥ "Of Illustrious and Saviour King Polyxenos". Coin of Polyxenos. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΠΟΛΥΞΕΝΟΥ "Of Illustrious and Saviour King Polyxenos". Indian-standard coin of Polyxenos. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΠΟΛΥΞΕΝΟΥ "Of Illustrious and Saviour King Polyxenos". Polyxenus Epiphanes Soter (Ancient Greek: Πολύξενος Ἐπιφανῆς Σωτήρ, romanized: Polyxenos Epiphanēs Sōtēr, "Polyxenus the Illustrious Saviour") was an Indo-Greek king who ruled briefly in western Punjab or Gandhara. Date Osmund Bopearachchi places Polyxenus c. 100 BCE and R. C. Senior c. 85–80 BCE. Coinage Polyxenus, whose portraits depict a diademed young man, struck silver coins which closely resemble those of Strato I. Both kings used the epithets Soter Epiphanes and the reverse of Athena Alcidemus (fighting Pallas Athene), the emblem of the dynasty of Menander I. Polyxenus also struck bronzes with Athena on the obverse and her aegis on the reverse. He issued no Attic silver. His bronzes depict the head of Athena with a reverse of her aegis. Polyxenus' coins are few and feature only three monograms: these he shares with Strato I as well as Heliocles II and Archebius, according to Bopearachchi and RC Senior. He was therefore likely to have been a brief contestant for power in the central Indo-Greek kingdom after the presumably violent death of Straton I, who was possibly his father. Notes ^ Bopearachchi (1998) References Osmund Bopearachchi, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum: American Numismatic Society, part 9, Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Coins, 1998, American Numismatic Society, ISBN 0-89722-273-3. External links Catalog of the coins of Polyxenus Le Roi Polyxène Preceded byHeliocles II (?) Indo-Greek ruler in Paropamisade, Arachosia c. 100 BCE Succeeded byPhiloxenus vteGreco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kings, territories and chronologyBased on Bopearachchi (1991) Greco-Bactrian kings Indo-Greek kings Territories/dates West Bactria East Bactria Paropamisade Arachosia Gandhara Western Punjab Eastern Punjab Mathura 326-325 BCE Campaigns of Alexander the Great in India Nanda Empire 312 BCE Creation of the Seleucid Empire Creation of the Maurya Empire 305 BCE Seleucid Empire after Mauryan war Maurya Empire 280 BCE Foundation of Ai-Khanoum 255–239 BCE Independence of the Greco-Bactrian kingdomDiodotus I Emperor Ashoka (268-232 BCE) 239–223 BCE Diodotus II 230–200 BCE Euthydemus I 200–190 BCE Demetrius I Sunga Empire 190-185 BCE Euthydemus II 190–180 BCE Agathocles Pantaleon 185–170 BCE Antimachus I 180–160 BCE Apollodotus I 175–170 BCE Demetrius II 160–155 BCE Antimachus II 170–145 BCE Eucratides I 155–130 BCE Yuezhi occupation,loss of Ai-Khanoum Eucratides IIPlatoHeliocles I Menander I 130–120 BCE Yuezhi occupation Zoilus I Agathoclea Yavanarajyainscription 120–110 BCE Lysias Strato I 110–100 BCE Antialcidas Heliocles II 100 BCE Polyxenus Demetrius III 100–95 BCE Philoxenus 95–90 BCE Diomedes Amyntas Epander 90 BCE Theophilus Peucolaus Thraso 90–85 BCE Nicias Menander II Artemidorus 90–70 BCE Hermaeus Archebius Yuezhi occupation Maues (Indo-Scythian) 75–70 BCE Vonones Telephus Apollodotus II 65–55 BCE Spalirises Hippostratus Dionysius 55–35 BCE Azes I (Indo-Scythians) Zoilus II 55–35 BCE Vijayamitra/ Azilises Apollophanes 25 BCE – 10 CE Gondophares Zeionises Kharahostes Strato IIStrato III Gondophares (Indo-Parthian) Rajuvula (Indo-Scythian) Kujula Kadphises (Kushan Empire) Bhadayasa(Indo-Scythian) Sodasa(Indo-Scythian) ^ O. Bopearachchi, "Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques, Catalogue raisonné", Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 1991, p.453 ^ Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2 April 2019). "History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE". BRILL – via Google Books. vteHellenistic rulersArgeads Philip II Alexander III the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV Antipatrids Cassander Philip IV Alexander V Antipater II Antipater Etesias Sosthenes Antigonids Antigonus I Monophthalmus Demetrius I Poliorcetes Antigonus II Gonatas Demetrius II Aetolicus Antigonus III Doson Philip V Perseus Philip VI (pretender) Ptolemies Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra (regent) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion Monarchs of Cyrene Magas Berenice II Demetrius the Fair Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy Apion Cleopatra Selene II Seleucids Seleucus I Nicator Antiochus I Soter Antiochus II Theos Seleucus II Callinicus Seleucus III Ceraunus Antiochus III the Great Seleucus IV Philopator Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus V Eupator Demetrius I Soter Alexander I Balas Demetrius II Nicator Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes Alexander II Zabinas Cleopatra Thea Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Cleopatra Selene I Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus Lysimachids Lysimachus Ptolemy Epigonos Attalids Philetaerus Eumenes I Attalus I Eumenes II Attalus II Attalus III Eumenes III Greco-Bactrians Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Demetrius II Eucratides I Plato Eucratides II Heliocles I Indo-Greeks Demetrius I Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Apollodotus I Demetrius II Antimachus II Menander I Zoilos I Agathokleia Lysias Strato I Antialcidas Heliokles II Polyxenos Demetrius III Philoxenus Diomedes Amyntas Epander Theophilos Peukolaos Thraso Nicias Menander II Artemidoros Hermaeus Archebius Telephos Apollodotus II Hippostratos Dionysios Zoilos II Apollophanes Strato II Strato III Monarchs of Bithynia Boteiras Bas Zipoetes I Nicomedes I Zipoetes II Etazeta (regent) Ziaelas Prusias I Prusias II Nicomedes II Nicomedes III Nicomedes IV Socrates Chrestus Monarchs of Pontus Mithridates I Ctistes Ariobarzanes Mithridates II Mithridates III Pharnaces I Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos with Laodice Mithridates V Euergetes Mithridates VI Eupator Pharnaces II Darius Arsaces Polemon I Pythodorida Polemon II Monarchs of Commagene Ptolemaeus Sames II Mithridates I Antiochus I Mithridates II Antiochus II Mithridates III Antiochus III Antiochus IV Monarchs of Cappadocia Ariarathes I Ariarathes II Ariamnes II Ariarathes III Ariarathes IV Ariarathes V Orophernes Ariarathes VI Ariarathes VII Ariarathes VIII Ariarathes IX Ariobarzanes I Ariobarzanes II Ariobarzanes III Ariarathes X Archelaus Monarchs of theCimmerian Bosporus Paerisades I Satyros II Prytanis Eumelos Spartokos III Hygiainon (regent) Paerisades II Spartokos IV Leukon II Spartokos V  Kamasarye Paerisades III Paerisades IV Paerisades V Mithridates I Pharnaces Asander with Dynamis Mithridates II Asander with Dynamis Scribonius's attempted rule with Dynamis Dynamis with Polemon Polemon Aspurgus Gepaepyris Mithridates III Cotys I Monarchs of Epirus Admetus Tharrhypas Alcetas I Neoptolemus I Arybbas Alexander I Aeacides Neoptolemus II Alcetas II Pyrrhus I Alexander II Olympias II (regent) Pyrrhus II Ptolemy Pyrrhus III Deidamia Hellenistic rulers were preceded by Hellenistic satraps in most of their territories. This biography of a member of an Indian royal house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Ancient Greek biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyxenos_round_bilingual.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_of_Indo-Greek_king_Polyxenos.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyxenos_square_bilingual.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Indo-Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Greek"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region"},{"link_name":"Gandhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara"}],"text":"Indo-Greek kingCoin of Polyxenus. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΠΟΛΥΞΕΝΟΥ \"Of Illustrious and Saviour King Polyxenos\".Coin of Polyxenos. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΠΟΛΥΞΕΝΟΥ \"Of Illustrious and Saviour King Polyxenos\".Indian-standard coin of Polyxenos. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΠΟΛΥΞΕΝΟΥ \"Of Illustrious and Saviour King Polyxenos\".Polyxenus Epiphanes Soter (Ancient Greek: Πολύξενος Ἐπιφανῆς Σωτήρ, romanized: Polyxenos Epiphanēs Sōtēr, \"Polyxenus the Illustrious Saviour\") was an Indo-Greek king who ruled briefly in western Punjab or Gandhara.","title":"Polyxenus Epiphanes Soter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osmund Bopearachchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmund_Bopearachchi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Osmund Bopearachchi places Polyxenus c. 100 BCE[1] and R. C. Senior c. 85–80 BCE.","title":"Date"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strato I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strato_I"},{"link_name":"Soter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soter"},{"link_name":"Epiphanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Epiphanes"},{"link_name":"Pallas Athene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Athene"},{"link_name":"Menander I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander_I"},{"link_name":"aegis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis"},{"link_name":"aegis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis"},{"link_name":"Heliocles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocles_II"},{"link_name":"Archebius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archebius"}],"text":"Polyxenus, whose portraits depict a diademed young man, struck silver coins which closely resemble those of Strato I. Both kings used the epithets Soter Epiphanes and the reverse of Athena Alcidemus (fighting Pallas Athene), the emblem of the dynasty of Menander I. Polyxenus also struck bronzes with Athena on the obverse and her aegis on the reverse. He issued no Attic silver.His bronzes depict the head of Athena with a reverse of her aegis.Polyxenus' coins are few and feature only three monograms: these he shares with Strato I as well as Heliocles II and Archebius, according to Bopearachchi and RC Senior.He was therefore likely to have been a brief contestant for power in the central Indo-Greek kingdom after the presumably violent death of Straton I, who was possibly his father.","title":"Coinage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Bopearachchi (1998)","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Coin of Polyxenus. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΠΟΛΥΞΕΝΟΥ \"Of Illustrious and Saviour King Polyxenos\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Polyxenos_round_bilingual.jpg/330px-Polyxenos_round_bilingual.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coin of Polyxenos. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΠΟΛΥΞΕΝΟΥ \"Of Illustrious and Saviour King Polyxenos\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coin_of_Indo-Greek_king_Polyxenos.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Indo-Greek_king_Polyxenos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indian-standard coin of Polyxenos. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΠΟΛΥΞΕΝΟΥ \"Of Illustrious and Saviour King Polyxenos\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Polyxenos_square_bilingual.jpg/330px-Polyxenos_square_bilingual.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2 April 2019). \"History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE\". BRILL – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA9","url_text":"\"History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://coinindia.com/galleries-polyxenus.html","external_links_name":"Catalog of the coins of Polyxenus"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/44738963/LE_ROI_POLYXENE_Le_Sauveur_Manifestation_de_Dieu_sur_Terre_Roi_Indo_Grec_Par_Roger_COTTEREAU_Mac%C3%A9doine_Royaume_de_Polyx%C3%A8ne","external_links_name":"Le Roi Polyxène"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA9","external_links_name":"\"History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyxenus_Epiphanes_Soter&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyxenus_Epiphanes_Soter&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%9F%A9%B7
Hearts in Unicode
["1 History","2 Notable characters","2.1 Red heart","2.2 Smiling face with heart-shaped eyes","3 Encoding","4 List of heart related emojis","5 See also","6 References"]
Emoji and others representing or depicting heart shapes As a common symbol throughout typographic history, the heart shape has found its way into many character sets and encodings, including those of Unicode. Some characters depict the shape directly, others reference it in a more derived manner. History In the 1990s, NTT DoCoMo released a pager that was aimed at teenagers. The pager was the first of its kind to include the option to send a pictogram as part of the text. The pager only had a single pictogram on its options, which was a heart-shaped pictogram. This is thought to be Shigetaka Kurita's first exposure to the use of digital symbols in text form. The pager received rave reviews in Asia which led to other companies in the region to consider using pictograms in the list of text characters. NTT DoCoMo then released another pager aimed at businesspeople, but this time dropped the heart pictogram from the characters on the pager. Following its release, there was an outcry by users that the pictogram was no longer available, and many customers switched to other providers that had now included a heart pictogram in their markup. This led NTT DoCoMo to reverse their decision and include the heart pictogram. As the emoji became more popular, other heart colours were launched by Unicode. Since then, each heart color has been given its own meaning. In early 2022, Middle Eastern news publications suggested that sending a Red Heart emoji on WhatsApp in Saudi Arabia could amount to harassment and if convicted, the sender could serve a maximum sentence of two years in jail. Notable characters Red heart The Red Heart emoji as it appears on a variety of platforms (clockwise: Twitter's Twemoji, Google's Noto, EmojiOne, OpenMoji) The red heart (❤️) emoji is an ideogram that is used in communication to express care and as a romantic or love gesture. It is frequently seen as the most popular emoji in surveys conducted by NTT DoCoMo. Smiling face with heart-shaped eyes Main article: Face with Heart Eyes emoji The Heart Eyes (😍) emoji is to express happiness towards something. The Unicode Consortium listed it as the third most used emoji in 2019, behind the Red Heart and Face with Tears of Joy emoji. It frequently appears in the top 10 lists for the most common emoji. Encoding A common emoticon for the heart is <3. In Unicode several heart symbols are available in text format: Glyph Description HTML code Alt codes ❦ U+2766 FLORAL HEART &#x2766; ❧ U+2767 ROTATED FLORAL HEART BULLET &#x2767; ☙ U+2619 REVERSED ROTATED FLORAL HEART BULLET &#x2619; ♡ U+2661 WHITE HEART SUIT &#x2661; or &#9825; ♥ U+2665 BLACK HEART SUIT in device default representation &#x2665; or &#9829; or &hearts; Alt + 3 ♥︎ U+2665 BLACK HEART SUIT in explicit plaintext representation &#x2665;&#xfe0e; ♥️ U+2665 BLACK HEART SUIT in explicit emoji representation &#x2665;&#xfe0f; ❤ U+2764 HEAVY BLACK HEART in device default representation &#x2764; or &#10084; ❤︎ U+2764 HEAVY BLACK HEART in explicit plaintext representation &#x2764;&#xfe0e; ❤️ U+2764 HEAVY BLACK HEART in explicit emoji representation &#x2764;&#xfe0f; ❥ U+2765 ROTATED HEAVY BLACK HEART BULLET &#x2765; or &#10085; ❣ U+2763 HEAVY HEART EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT &#x2763; or &#10083; 🎔 U+1F394 HEART WITH TIP ON THE LEFT &#x1f394; In Code page 437, the original character set of the IBM PC, the value of 3 (hexadecimal 03) represents the heart symbol. This value is shared with the non-printing ETX control character, which overrides the glyph in many contexts. List of heart related emojis The single Unicode character heart related emojis can be found on the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs, Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs, and Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A ranges. Glyph Unicode name Codepoints Skin tone variants ♥️ Black Heart Suit U+2665 U+FE0F ❣️ Heavy Heart Exclamation Mark Ornament U+2763 U+FE0F ❤️ Heavy Black Heart U+2764 U+FE0F 🏩 Love Hotel U+1F3E9 💌 Love Letter U+1F48C 💏 Kiss U+1F48F 💏🏻💏🏼💏🏽💏🏾💏🏿🧑🏻‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏽🧑🏻‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏾🧑🏻‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏿🧑🏼‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏻🧑🏼‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏽🧑🏼‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏾🧑🏼‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏿🧑🏽‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏻🧑🏽‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏼🧑🏽‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏾🧑🏽‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏿🧑🏾‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏻🧑🏾‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏼🧑🏾‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏽🧑🏾‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏿🧑🏿‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏻🧑🏿‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏼🧑🏿‍❤️‍💋‍🧑🏽 👨‍❤️‍💋‍👨 Kiss: Man, Man U+1F468 U+200D U+2764 U+FE0F U+200D U+1F48B U+200D U+1F468 👨🏻‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏻👨🏻‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏼👨🏻‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏽👨🏻‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏾👨🏻‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏿👨🏼‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏻👨🏼‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏼👨🏼‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏽👨🏼‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏾👨🏼‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏿👨🏽‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏻👨🏽‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏼👨🏽‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏽👨🏽‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏾👨🏽‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏿👨🏾‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏻👨🏾‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏼👨🏾‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏽👨🏾‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏾👨🏾‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏿👨🏿‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏻👨🏿‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏼👨🏿‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏽👨🏿‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏾👨🏿‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏿 👩‍❤️‍💋‍👩 Kiss: Woman, Woman U+1F469 U+200D U+2764 U+FE0F U+200D U+1F48B U+200D U+1F469 👩🏻‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏻👩🏻‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏼👩🏻‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏽👩🏻‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏾👩🏻‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏿👩🏼‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏻👩🏼‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏼👩🏼‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏽👩🏼‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏾👩🏼‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏿👩🏽‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏻👩🏽‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏼👩🏽‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏽👩🏽‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏾👩🏽‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏿👩🏾‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏻👩🏾‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏼👩🏾‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏽👩🏾‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏾👩🏾‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏿👩🏿‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏻👩🏿‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏼👩🏿‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏽👩🏿‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏾👩🏿‍❤️‍💋‍👩🏿 👩‍❤️‍💋‍👨 Kiss: Woman, Man U+1F469 U+200D U+2764 U+FE0F U+200D U+1F48B U+200D U+1F468 👩🏻‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏻👩🏻‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏼👩🏻‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏽👩🏻‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏾👩🏻‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏿👩🏼‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏻👩🏼‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏼👩🏼‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏽👩🏼‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏾👩🏼‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏿👩🏽‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏻👩🏽‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏼👩🏽‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏽👩🏽‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏾👩🏽‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏿👩🏾‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏻👩🏾‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏼👩🏾‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏽👩🏾‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏾👩🏾‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏿👩🏿‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏻👩🏿‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏼👩🏿‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏽👩🏿‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏾👩🏿‍❤️‍💋‍👨🏿 💑 Couple with Heart U+1F491 💑🏻 💑🏼 💑🏽 💑🏾 💑🏿 🧑🏻‍❤️‍🧑🏼 🧑🏻‍❤️‍🧑🏽 🧑🏻‍❤️‍🧑🏾 🧑🏻‍❤️‍🧑🏿 🧑🏼‍❤️‍🧑🏻 🧑🏼‍❤️‍🧑🏽 🧑🏼‍❤️‍🧑🏾 🧑🏼‍❤️‍🧑🏿 🧑🏽‍❤️‍🧑🏻 🧑🏽‍❤️‍🧑🏼 🧑🏽‍❤️‍🧑🏾 🧑🏽‍❤️‍🧑🏿 🧑🏾‍❤️‍🧑🏻 🧑🏾‍❤️‍🧑🏼 🧑🏾‍❤️‍🧑🏽 🧑🏾‍❤️‍🧑🏿 🧑🏿‍❤️‍🧑🏻 🧑🏿‍❤️‍🧑🏼 🧑🏿‍❤️‍🧑🏽 🧑🏿‍❤️‍🧑🏾 👨‍❤️‍👨 Couple with Heart: Man, Man U+1F468 U+200D U+2764 U+FE0F U+200D U+1F468 👨🏻‍❤️‍👨🏻👨🏻‍❤️‍👨🏼👨🏻‍❤️‍👨🏽👨🏻‍❤️‍👨🏾👨🏻‍❤️‍👨🏿👨🏼‍❤️‍👨🏻👨🏼‍❤️‍👨🏼👨🏼‍❤️‍👨🏽👨🏼‍❤️‍👨🏾👨🏼‍❤️‍👨🏿👨🏽‍❤️‍👨🏻👨🏽‍❤️‍👨🏼👨🏽‍❤️‍👨🏽👨🏽‍❤️‍👨🏾👨🏽‍❤️‍👨🏿👨🏾‍❤️‍👨🏻👨🏾‍❤️‍👨🏼👨🏾‍❤️‍👨🏽👨🏾‍❤️‍👨🏾👨🏾‍❤️‍👨🏿👨🏿‍❤️‍👨🏻👨🏿‍❤️‍👨🏼👨🏿‍❤️‍👨🏽👨🏿‍❤️‍👨🏾👨🏿‍❤️‍👨🏿 👩‍❤️‍👩 Couple with Heart: Woman, Woman U+1F469 U+200D U+2764 U+FE0F U+200D U+1F469 👩🏻‍❤️‍👩🏻👩🏻‍❤️‍👩🏼👩🏻‍❤️‍👩🏽👩🏻‍❤️‍👩🏾👩🏻‍❤️‍👩🏿👩🏼‍❤️‍👩🏻👩🏼‍❤️‍👩🏼👩🏼‍❤️‍👩🏽👩🏼‍❤️‍👩🏾👩🏼‍❤️‍👩🏿👩🏽‍❤️‍👩🏻👩🏽‍❤️‍👩🏼👩🏽‍❤️‍👩🏽👩🏽‍❤️‍👩🏾👩🏽‍❤️‍👩🏿👩🏾‍❤️‍👩🏻👩🏾‍❤️‍👩🏼👩🏾‍❤️‍👩🏽👩🏾‍❤️‍👩🏾👩🏾‍❤️‍👩🏿👩🏿‍❤️‍👩🏻👩🏿‍❤️‍👩🏼👩🏿‍❤️‍👩🏽👩🏿‍❤️‍👩🏾👩🏿‍❤️‍👩🏿 👩‍❤️‍👨 Couple with Heart: Woman, Man U+1F469 U+200D U+2764 U+FE0F U+200D U+1F468 👩🏻‍❤️‍👨🏻👩🏻‍❤️‍👨🏼👩🏻‍❤️‍👨🏽👩🏻‍❤️‍👨🏾👩🏻‍❤️‍👨🏿👩🏼‍❤️‍👨🏻👩🏼‍❤️‍👨🏼👩🏼‍❤️‍👨🏽👩🏼‍❤️‍👨🏾👩🏼‍❤️‍👨🏿👩🏽‍❤️‍👨🏻👩🏽‍❤️‍👨🏼👩🏽‍❤️‍👨🏽👩🏽‍❤️‍👨🏾👩🏽‍❤️‍👨🏿👩🏾‍❤️‍👨🏻👩🏾‍❤️‍👨🏼👩🏾‍❤️‍👨🏽👩🏾‍❤️‍👨🏾👩🏾‍❤️‍👨🏿👩🏿‍❤️‍👨🏻👩🏿‍❤️‍👨🏼👩🏿‍❤️‍👨🏽👩🏿‍❤️‍👨🏾👩🏿‍❤️‍👨🏿 💒 Wedding U+1F492 💓 Beating Heart U+1F493 💔 Broken Heart U+1F494 💕 Two Hearts U+1F495 💖 Sparkling Heart U+1F496 💗 Growing Heart U+1F497 💘 Heart with Arrow U+1F498 💙 Blue Heart U+1F499 💚 Green Heart U+1F49A 💛 Yellow Heart U+1F49B 💜 Purple Heart U+1F49C 💝 Heart with Ribbon U+1F49D 💞 Revolving Hearts U+1F49E 💟 Heart Decoration U+1F49F 🖤 Black Heart U+1F5A4 😍 Smiling Face with Heart-Shaped Eyes U+1F60D 😘 Face Blowing a Kiss U+1F618 😻 Smiling Cat Face with Heart-Shaped Eyes U+1F63B 🤍 White Heart U+1F90D 🤎 Brown Heart U+1F90E 🥰 Smiling Face with Hearts U+1F970 🧡 Orange Heart U+1F9E1 🩵 Light Blue Heart U+1FA75 🩶 Grey Heart U+1FA76 🩷 Pink Heart U+1FA77 🫀 Anatomical Heart U+1FAC0 ❤️‍🩹 Mending Heart U+2764 U+FE0F U+200D U+1FA79 ❤️‍🔥 Heart on Fire U+2764 U+FE0F U+200D U+1F525 See also Playing cards in Unicode References ^ "WORLDKINGS - Worldkings News - Asia Records Institute (ASRI) – Shigetaka Kurita: World's first designer created emoji sets". Worldkings - World Records Union. Retrieved 2023-04-28. ^ "The Origin Of The Word 'Emoji'". Science Friday. Retrieved 2023-04-28. ^ Mayer, Johanna. "The Origin Of The Word 'Emoji'". Science Friday. ^ Hsieh, Carina; Varina, Rachel (5 August 2021). "The Color of the Heart Emoji You Send Is Seriously Important". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved 16 August 2022. ^ Nasrallah, Tawfiq (13 February 2022). "Sending red heart emojis on WhatsApp 'can land user in jail' in Saudi Arabia". Gulf News. Dubai. Retrieved 16 August 2022. ^ Kraus, Rachel (February 14, 2020). "Heart emoji, ranked". Mashable. ^ "Frequency of Emoji Use 2019". Unicode. ^ Silva, Christianna (February 9, 2022). "Tears of joy emoji might be experiencing a renaissance". Mashable. vteEmojiUnicode background Single emojis in Unicode Blocks Dingbats Emoticons Miscellaneous Symbols Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs Transport and Map Symbols Regional indicator symbol Implementation Unicode Consortium Related people Jeremy Burge Mark Davis Michael Everson Shigetaka Kurita Josh Gare Typefaces Apple Color Blob Noto Segoe UI Notable emoji Eggplant (🍆) Face with Heart Eyes (😍) Face with Tears of Joy (😂) Man in Business Suit Levitating (🕴) Peach (🍑) Pineapple (🍍) Poop (💩) Pistol (🔫) Red Heart (❤️) Cultural influence Emogenius Emoji domain The Emoji Movie Emojipedia Emojli EmojiGrid Smile (Doctor Who) World Emoji Day
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol"},{"link_name":"heart shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_shape"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"}],"text":"As a common symbol throughout typographic history, the heart shape has found its way into many character sets and encodings, including those of Unicode. Some characters depict the shape directly, others reference it in a more derived manner.","title":"Hearts in Unicode"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NTT DoCoMo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo"},{"link_name":"pager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pager"},{"link_name":"pictogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictogram"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Shigetaka Kurita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigetaka_Kurita"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"NTT DoCoMo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo"},{"link_name":"pictogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictogram"},{"link_name":"NTT DoCoMo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sciencefriday-3"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"WhatsApp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In the 1990s, NTT DoCoMo released a pager that was aimed at teenagers. The pager was the first of its kind to include the option to send a pictogram as part of the text.[1][2] The pager only had a single pictogram on its options, which was a heart-shaped pictogram. This is thought to be Shigetaka Kurita's first exposure to the use of digital symbols in text form. The pager received rave reviews in Asia which led to other companies in the region to consider using pictograms in the list of text characters. NTT DoCoMo then released another pager aimed at businesspeople, but this time dropped the heart pictogram from the characters on the pager. Following its release, there was an outcry by users that the pictogram was no longer available, and many customers switched to other providers that had now included a heart pictogram in their markup. This led NTT DoCoMo to reverse their decision and include the heart pictogram.[3]As the emoji became more popular, other heart colours were launched by Unicode. Since then, each heart color has been given its own meaning.[4]In early 2022, Middle Eastern news publications suggested that sending a Red Heart emoji on WhatsApp in Saudi Arabia could amount to harassment and if convicted, the sender could serve a maximum sentence of two years in jail.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twemoji2_2764.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noto_Emoji_v2.034_2764.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OpenMoji-color_2764.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emojione1_2764.svg"},{"link_name":"Twemoji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twemoji"},{"link_name":"Noto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noto_fonts"},{"link_name":"EmojiOne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EmojiOne"},{"link_name":"ideogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideogram"},{"link_name":"emoji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoji"},{"link_name":"NTT DoCoMo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Red heart","text":"The Red Heart emoji as it appears on a variety of platforms (clockwise: Twitter's Twemoji, Google's Noto, EmojiOne, OpenMoji)The red heart (❤️) emoji is an ideogram that is used in communication to express care and as a romantic or love gesture. It is frequently seen as the most popular emoji in surveys conducted by NTT DoCoMo.[6]","title":"Notable characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unicode Consortium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_Consortium"},{"link_name":"Face with Tears of Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_with_Tears_of_Joy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Smiling face with heart-shaped eyes","text":"The Heart Eyes (😍) emoji is to express happiness towards something. The Unicode Consortium listed it as the third most used emoji in 2019, behind the Red Heart and Face with Tears of Joy emoji.[7] It frequently appears in the top 10 lists for the most common emoji.[8]","title":"Notable characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"emoticon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticon"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"Code page 437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_437"},{"link_name":"ETX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-of-text_character"}],"text":"A common emoticon for the heart is <3. In Unicode several heart symbols are available in text format:In Code page 437, the original character set of the IBM PC, the value of 3 (hexadecimal 03) represents the heart symbol. This value is shared with the non-printing ETX control character, which overrides the glyph in many contexts.","title":"Encoding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"emojis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoji"},{"link_name":"Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Pictographs"},{"link_name":"Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_Symbols_and_Pictographs"},{"link_name":"Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_and_Pictographs_Extended-A"}],"text":"The single Unicode character heart related emojis can be found on the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs, Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs, and Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A ranges.","title":"List of heart related emojis"}]
[]
[{"title":"Playing cards in Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_cards_in_Unicode"}]
[{"reference":"\"WORLDKINGS - Worldkings News - Asia Records Institute (ASRI) – Shigetaka Kurita: World's first designer created emoji sets\". Worldkings - World Records Union. Retrieved 2023-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldkings.org/news/asia-records-institute/worldkings-worldkings-news-asia-records-institute-asri-shigetaka-kurita-worlds-first-designer-created-emoji-sets","url_text":"\"WORLDKINGS - Worldkings News - Asia Records Institute (ASRI) – Shigetaka Kurita: World's first designer created emoji sets\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Origin Of The Word 'Emoji'\". Science Friday. Retrieved 2023-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/the-origin-of-the-word-emoji/","url_text":"\"The Origin Of The Word 'Emoji'\""}]},{"reference":"Mayer, Johanna. \"The Origin Of The Word 'Emoji'\". Science Friday.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/the-origin-of-the-word-emoji/","url_text":"\"The Origin Of The Word 'Emoji'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Friday","url_text":"Science Friday"}]},{"reference":"Hsieh, Carina; Varina, Rachel (5 August 2021). \"The Color of the Heart Emoji You Send Is Seriously Important\". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved 16 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/a28635219/heart-emoji-meanings/","url_text":"\"The Color of the Heart Emoji You Send Is Seriously Important\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)","url_text":"Cosmopolitan"}]},{"reference":"Nasrallah, Tawfiq (13 February 2022). \"Sending red heart emojis on WhatsApp 'can land user in jail' in Saudi Arabia\". Gulf News. Dubai. Retrieved 16 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/sending-red-heart-emojis-on-whatsapp-can-land-user-in-jail-in-saudi-arabia-1.85676931","url_text":"\"Sending red heart emojis on WhatsApp 'can land user in jail' in Saudi Arabia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_News","url_text":"Gulf News"}]},{"reference":"Kraus, Rachel (February 14, 2020). \"Heart emoji, ranked\". Mashable.","urls":[{"url":"https://mashable.com/article/heart-emojis-ranked","url_text":"\"Heart emoji, ranked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"\"Frequency of Emoji Use 2019\". Unicode.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.unicode.org/emoji/emoji-frequency/","url_text":"\"Frequency of Emoji Use 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode","url_text":"Unicode"}]},{"reference":"Silva, Christianna (February 9, 2022). \"Tears of joy emoji might be experiencing a renaissance\". Mashable.","urls":[{"url":"https://mashable.com/article/tears-of-joy-twitter-top-emoji","url_text":"\"Tears of joy emoji might be experiencing a renaissance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABj%C5%8D_incident
Kyūjō incident
["1 Background","1.1 Decision to accept the Potsdam Declaration","1.2 Agitation in the Army","2 Coup attempt","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Failed Japanese coup d'état in August 1945 Kyūjō incidentPart of the Surrender of JapanMajor Kenji Hatanaka, leader of the coupDate14–15 August 1945LocationTokyo, YokohamaGoals Prevent the surrender of Japan Place the Emperor under house arrest Destroy the Hirohito surrender broadcast recording Assassinate the doveish Prime Minister Kantarō Suzuki Resulted inCoup failedParties Japanese putschists Japanese government Lead figures Kenji Hatanaka †Jirō Shiizaki †Masataka IdaTakeo Sasaki Kantarō SuzukiKōichi KidoShizuichi TanakaTakeshi Mori † Number 18,000 rebels687 officers 25,000 soldiers Casualties and losses 4 suicides 2 killed The Kyūjō incident (宮城事件, Kyūjō Jiken) was an attempted military coup d'état in the Empire of Japan at the end of the Second World War. It happened on the night of 14–15 August 1945, just before the announcement of Japan's surrender to the Allies. The coup was attempted by the Staff Office of the Ministry of War of Japan and many from the Imperial Guard to stop the move to surrender. The officers murdered Lieutenant General Takeshi Mori of the First Imperial Guards Division and attempted to counterfeit an order to the effect of permitting their occupation of the Tokyo Imperial Palace (Kyūjō). They attempted to place Emperor Hirohito under house arrest, using the 2nd Brigade Imperial Guard Infantry. They failed to persuade the Eastern District Army and the high command of the Imperial Japanese Army to move forward with the action. Due to their failure to convince the remaining army to oust the Imperial House of Japan, they committed suicide. As a result, the communiqué of the intent for a Japanese surrender continued as planned. Background Decision to accept the Potsdam Declaration Hirohito, Emperor of Japan On 26 July, 1945 (Berlin time), the Potsdam Conference issued a declaration on the terms for the surrender of Japan. When the Potsdam Declaration was received in Japan over shortwave, the Minister for Foreign Affairs Shigenori Tōgō brought a copy to the Emperor of Japan, Hirohito. After going over the declaration point by point, the emperor asked Tōgō if those terms "were the most reasonable to be expected in the circumstances". Tōgō said that they were. The emperor said, "I agree. In principle they are acceptable." In late July, however, the other ministers were not ready to accept the declaration. On 9 August, 1945, the Japanese government, responding to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, to the declaration of war by the Soviet Union and to the effective loss of the Pacific and Asian-mainland territories, decided to accept the Potsdam Declaration. On the same day the Supreme Council for the Direction of War opened before the Japanese Imperial court. In the council the Prime Minister Kantarō Suzuki, the Navy Minister Mitsumasa Yonai, and the Minister for Foreign Affairs Shigenori Tōgō suggested to Hirohito that the Japanese should accept the Potsdam Declaration and unconditionally surrender. After the closure of the air-raid shelter session, Suzuki mustered the Supreme Council for the Direction of War again, now as an Imperial Conference, which Emperor Hirohito attended. From midnight of 10 August, the conference convened in an underground bomb shelter. Hirohito agreed with the opinion of Tōgō, resulting in the acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. Subsequently, the Japanese envoy to Switzerland and Sweden communicated the decision to the Allies. Agitation in the Army General Korechika Anami, War Minister. A key member of the army high command who the plotters tried to win over. The War Ministry knew the decision of the conference and stirred up a fierce reaction from many officers who intended continued resistance. At 9 o'clock, in the session held at the Ministry of War, the staff officers complained to the Minister Korechika Anami, and not all of them heeded Anami's explanations. After midnight on 12 August a San Francisco radio station (KGEI) relayed the reply from the Allies, and there was a suggestion that the Allies had decided, against the requisition for the protection of the Kokutai from the Imperial Japanese government, that the authority of the sovereignty of the Japanese government and the Emperor would be subordinated to the headquarters of the Allies, a military occupational system that was also applied to the fallen German Reich. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs interpreted this sentence as restricting sovereignty, but the Japanese Army interpreted it more as enslavement. From 3 o'clock the attendees of the imperial families council basically agreed to the surrender of Japan, yet the cabinet council which was supposed to be held at the same time did not concur. Also, the Supreme Council for the Direction of War tangled with the problem of protection for the Kokutai. After these proceedings, some Army officers decided that a coup d'état was needed for protection of the Kokutai. At this time, the core group of these officers had already prepared some troops in Tokyo (兵力使用計画, heiryoku shiyō keikaku, literally "military force usage plan"). Late on the night of 12 August, 1945, Major Kenji Hatanaka, along with Lieutenant Colonels Masataka Ida, Masahiko Takeshita (Anami's brother-in-law), and Masao Inaba, and Colonel Okikatsu Arao, the Chief of the Military Affairs Section, spoke to War Minister Korechika Anami (the army minister and "most powerful figure in Japan besides the Emperor himself"), and asked him to do whatever he could to prevent acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. General Anami refused to say whether he would help the young officers in treason. As much as they needed his support, Hatanaka and the other rebels decided they had no choice but to continue planning and to attempt a coup d'état on their own. Hatanaka spent much of 13 August and the morning of 14 August gathering allies, seeking support from the higher-ups in the Ministry, and refining his plot. Shortly after the Imperial Conference on the night of 13-14 August at which the surrender finally was decided, Anami had two conversations in which he expressed opposition to the surrender. He asked Yoshijirō Umezu, the Chief of the Army General Staff, if "the war should be continued even at the risk of launching a coup d'état", to which Umezu concluded, "There is nothing we can do now but to comply with the Emperor's decision." Anami then confronted a Colonel Saburo Hayashi in a washroom and asked about "the possibility of attacking a large American convoy rumored to be outside of Tokyo." Hayashi dashed Anami's suggestion by reaffirming the Imperial decision while noting the presence of the convoy was only a rumor. Finally, his brother-in-law Lieutenant Colonel Masahiko Takeshita confronted Anami, first suggesting Anami resign, which would topple the government; then suggesting he support the coup. To the first, Anami noted that the fall of the government would not stop the Imperial edict, while to the second, he replied that he wished to go to the Army Ministry first. At the Army Ministry, Anami announced compliance with the Imperial edict. Then a group of senior army officers including Anami gathered in a nearby room. All those present were concerned about the possibility of a coup d'état to prevent the surrender—some of those present may have even been considering launching one. After a silence, General Torashirō Kawabe, Deputy Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, proposed that all senior officers present sign an agreement to carry out the emperor's order of surrender—"The Army will act in accordance with the Imperial Decision to the last." Vice Minister of War Tadaichi Wakamatsu was also present and helped draft the document. It was signed by all the most important officers present. The signatories were Minister of War Anami, Chief of the Army General Staff Umezu, commander of the 1st General Army Field Marshal Hajime Sugiyama, commander of the 2nd General Army Field Marshal Shunroku Hata and Inspector-General of Military Training Kenji Doihara. When Umezu voiced concern about air units causing trouble, Wakamatsu went next door to the HQ of the Air General Army, where its commander, Masakazu Kawabe (the brother of Torashirō), also signed. This written accord by the most senior officers in the Army, in addition to Anami's announcement, acted as a formidable firebreak against any attempt to incite a coup d'état in Tokyo. Coup attempt Former headquarters of the Imperial Guards, (modern day National Crafts Gallery). Around 21:30 on 14 August, Hatanaka's rebels set their plan into motion. The Second Regiment of the First Imperial Guards had entered the palace grounds, doubling the strength of the battalion already stationed there, presumably to provide extra protection against Hatanaka's rebellion. But Hatanaka, along with Lt. Col. Jirō Shiizaki, convinced the commander of the Second Regiment, Colonel Toyojirō Haga, of their cause, by telling him (untruthfully) that Anami, Umezu, and the commanders of the Eastern District Army and Imperial Guards Divisions were all in on the plan. Hatanaka also went to the office of General Shizuichi Tanaka, commander of the Eastern region of the army, to try to persuade him to join the coup. Tanaka refused, and ordered Hatanaka to go home. Hatanaka ignored the order. Originally, Hatanaka hoped that simply occupying the palace and showing the beginnings of a rebellion would inspire the rest of the Army to rise up against the move to surrender. This notion guided him through much of the last days and hours and gave him the blind optimism to move ahead with the plan, despite having little support from his superiors. Having set all the pieces into position, Hatanaka and his co-conspirators decided that the Guard would take over the palace at 02:00. The hours until then were spent in continued attempts to convince their superiors in the Army to join the coup. At about the same time, General Anami killed himself, leaving a message that read, "I—with my death—humbly apologize to the Emperor for the great crime." Whether the crime involved losing the war, the coup, or both, remains unclear. General Takeshi Mori, commander of the First Imperial Guards. At some time after 01:00, Hatanaka and his men surrounded the palace. Hatanaka, Shiizaki, Ida, and Captain Shigetarō Uehara (of the Air Force Academy) went to the office of Lt. General Takeshi Mori to ask him to join the coup. Mori was in a meeting with his brother-in-law, Michinori Shiraishi. The cooperation of Mori, as commander of the 1st Imperial Guards Division, was crucial. When Mori refused to side with Hatanaka, Hatanaka murdered him, fearing Mori would order the Guards to stop the rebellion. Uehara killed Shiraishi. These were the only two murders of the night. Hatanaka then used General Mori's official stamp to authorize Imperial Guards Division Strategic Order No. 584, a false set of orders created by his co-conspirators, which would greatly increase the strength of the forces occupying the Imperial Palace and Imperial Household Ministry, and "protecting" the emperor. The palace police were disarmed and all the entrances blocked. Over the course of the night, Hatanaka's rebels captured and detained eighteen people, including Ministry staff and NHK workers sent to record the surrender speech. The Gyokuon-hōsō surrender record inside the NHK Museum of Broadcasting. The rebels, led by Hatanaka, spent the next several hours fruitlessly searching for Imperial Household Minister Sōtarō Ishiwata , Lord of the Privy Seal Kōichi Kido, and the recordings of the surrender speech. The two men were hiding in the "bank vault", a large chamber underneath the Imperial Palace. The search was made more difficult by a blackout in response to Allied bombings, and by the archaic organization and layout of the Imperial House Ministry. Many of the names of the rooms were unrecognizable to the rebels. The rebels did find the chamberlain Yoshihiro Tokugawa. Although Hatanaka threatened to disembowel him with a samurai sword, Tokugawa lied and told them he did not know where the recordings or men were. During their search, the rebels cut nearly all of the telephone wires, severing communications between their prisoners on the palace grounds and the outside world. At about the same time, in Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, another group of Hatanaka's rebels led by Captain Takeo Sasaki went to Prime Minister Suzuki's office, intent on killing him. When they found it empty, they machine-gunned the office and set the building on fire, then left for his home. Chief Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu had warned Suzuki, and he escaped minutes before the would-be assassins arrived. After setting fire to Suzuki's home, they went to the estate of Kiichirō Hiranuma to assassinate him. Hiranuma escaped through a side gate and the rebels burned his house as well. Suzuki spent the rest of August under police protection, spending each night in a different bed. Around 03:00, Hatanaka was informed by Lieutenant Colonel Masataka Ida that the Eastern District Army was on its way to the palace to stop him, and that he should give up. Finally, seeing his plan collapsing around him, Hatanaka pleaded with Tatsuhiko Takashima , Chief of Staff of the Eastern District Army, to be given at least ten minutes on the air on NHK radio, to explain to the people of Japan what he was trying to accomplish and why. He was refused. Colonel Haga, commander of the Second Regiment of the First Imperial Guards, discovered that the Army did not support this rebellion, and he ordered Hatanaka to leave the palace grounds. Just before 05:00, as his rebels continued their search, Major Hatanaka went to NHK studios, and, brandishing a pistol, tried desperately to get some airtime to explain his actions. A little over an hour later, after receiving a telephone call from the Eastern District Army, Hatanaka finally gave up. He gathered his officers and walked out of the NHK studio. The coup collapsed after Shizuichi Tanaka convinced the rebellious officers to go home. Tanaka killed himself nine days later. At dawn, Tanaka learned that the palace had been invaded. He went there and confronted the rebellious officers, berating them for acting contrary to the spirit of the Japanese army. He convinced them to return to their barracks. By 08:00, the rebellion was entirely dismantled, having succeeded in holding the palace grounds for much of the night but failing to find the recordings. Hatanaka, on a motorcycle, and Shiizaki, on horseback, rode through the streets, tossing leaflets that explained their motives and their actions. Within an hour before the emperor's surrender broadcast, sometime around 11:00, on 15 August, Hatanaka placed his pistol to his forehead, and shot himself. Shiizaki stabbed himself with a dagger, and then shot himself. In Hatanaka's pocket was his death poem: "I have nothing to regret now that the dark clouds have disappeared from the reign of the Emperor." See also Matsue incident — about forty dissidents attacked facilities in Matsue City, Shimane Prefecture on August 24, 1945 Films depicting the Kyūjō incident: Japan's Longest Day The Emperor in August Emperor (film) 1945, an alternate history novel which depicts the coup succeeding. Gekokujō, or the low overcomes the high References Citations ^ Kase, Toshikazu (1950). Journey To The Missouri. Yale University Press. p. 210. Retrieved 7 May 2023. ^ Gordon Thomas and Max Morgan Witts (1977), Enola Gay, 1978 reprint, New York: Pocket Books, "Acceleration", Section 17, pp. 230-231, ISBN 0-671-81499-0. ^ a b Hoyt 1986, p. 404. ^ Toland 1970, p. 814–815. ^ a b c d e Frank 1999, p. 316. ^ Frank 1999, p. 318. ^ Hoyt 1986, pp. 407–408. ^ Frank 1999, p. 317. ^ Hoyt 1986, p. 409. ^ Frank 1999, p. 319. ^ Butow 1954, p. 220. ^ Hoyt 1986, pp. 409–410. ^ a b c d Hoyt 1986, p. 410. ^ The Pacific War Research Society 1968, p. 227. ^ a b Hasegawa 2005, p. 244. ^ The Pacific War Research Society 1968, p. 309. ^ Butow 1954, p. 216. ^ The Pacific War Research Society 1968, p. 279. ^ a b Wainstock 1996, p. 115. ^ The Pacific War Research Society 1968, p. 246. ^ Hasegawa 2005, p. 247. ^ The Pacific War Research Society 1968, p. 283. ^ Hoyt 1986, p. 411. ^ The Pacific War Research Society 1968, p. 303. ^ The Pacific War Research Society 1968, p. 290. ^ The Pacific War Research Society 1968, p. 311. Bibliography Butow, Robert J. C. (1954). Japan's Decision to Surrender. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0460-1. Frank, Richard B. (1999). Downfall: the End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-100146-3. Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi (2005). Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01693-4. Hoyt, Edwin P. (1986). Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict, 1853–1952. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-030612-7. The Pacific War Research Society (1968) . Japan's Longest Day (English language ed.). Palo Alto, California: Kodansha International. Toland, John (1970). The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-44311-9. Wainstock, Dennis (1996). The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-95475-8. Further reading Thomas, Gordon and Witts, Max Morgan (1977), Enola Gay, 1978 reprint, New York: Pocket Books, ISBN 0-671-81499-0. External links Researching room for the Kyūjō Incident The coup d'état by Masao Inaba Nihon no ichiban nagai hi ("Japan's Longest Day") - 1967 Film dramatizing the incident. vteCoups, rebellions, and revolts in Japan Attemptedcoups andrebellionsPre-ModernJapan Kibi Clan Rebellion (463) Prince Hoshikawa Rebellion (479) Iwai Rebellion (527) Isshi incident (645) Jinshin Rebellion (672) Hayato Rebellion (720–721) Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion (740) Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion (764) Tengyō no Ran (939–940) Hōgen Rebellion (1156) Heiji Rebellion (1160) Shishigatani incident (1177) Siege of Hōjūjidono (1184) Kennin Rebellion (1201) Jōkyū Rebellion (1221) Shōchō uprising (1428) Kakitsu uprising (1441) Yamashiro Rebellion (1485–1493) Kaga Rebellion (1487–1488) Kunohe Rebellion (1591) Rokugō Rebellion (1603) Shimabara Rebellion (1637–1638) Keian Uprising (1651) Shakushain's revolt (1669–1672) Menashi–Kunashir rebellion (1789) Ōshio Heihachirō's Rebellion (1837) Teradaya incident (1862, 1866) Shimonoseki Campaign (1863–1864) Tenchūgumi incident (1863) Mito Rebellion (1864) Kinmon incident (1864) Meiji era Two Lords Incident (1868) Saga Rebellion (1874) Shinpūren Rebellion (1876) Akizuki Rebellion (1876) Hagi Rebellion (1876) Satsuma Rebellion (1877) Takebashi incident (1878) Fukushima incident (1882) Chichibu incident (1884) Shōwa era March incident (1931) October incident (1931) League of Blood Incident (1932) May 15 incident (1932) Military Academy incident (1934) February 26 incident (1936) Kyūjō incident (1945) Matsue incident (1945) Sanmu incident (1961) Mishima incident (1970) Riots andcivil disorder Kakitsu uprising (1441) Jōkyō uprising (1686) Blood tax riots (1873) Nagasaki incident (1886) Hibiya incendiary incident (1905) Rice riots (1918) Kantō Massacre (1923) Shibuya incident (1946) Bloody May Day (1952) Shinjuku riot (1968) Koza riot (1970)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"end of the Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia"},{"link_name":"Japan's surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Ministry of War of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Imperial Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_General"},{"link_name":"Takeshi Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeshi_Mori_(commander)"},{"link_name":"Imperial Guards Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Guards_Division"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Imperial Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace"},{"link_name":"Emperor Hirohito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito"},{"link_name":"Eastern District Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_District_Army"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"Imperial House of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"communiqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_note"}],"text":"The Kyūjō incident (宮城事件, Kyūjō Jiken) was an attempted military coup d'état in the Empire of Japan at the end of the Second World War. It happened on the night of 14–15 August 1945, just before the announcement of Japan's surrender to the Allies. The coup was attempted by the Staff Office of the Ministry of War of Japan and many from the Imperial Guard to stop the move to surrender.The officers murdered Lieutenant General Takeshi Mori of the First Imperial Guards Division and attempted to counterfeit an order to the effect of permitting their occupation of the Tokyo Imperial Palace (Kyūjō). They attempted to place Emperor Hirohito under house arrest, using the 2nd Brigade Imperial Guard Infantry. They failed to persuade the Eastern District Army and the high command of the Imperial Japanese Army to move forward with the action. Due to their failure to convince the remaining army to oust the Imperial House of Japan, they committed suicide. As a result, the communiqué of the intent for a Japanese surrender continued as planned.","title":"Kyūjō incident"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hirohito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito"},{"link_name":"Potsdam Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Conference"},{"link_name":"Potsdam Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration"},{"link_name":"Minister for Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Shigenori Tōgō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigenori_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Emperor of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"declaration of war by the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Supreme Council for the Direction of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Kantarō Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Navy Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Mitsumasa Yonai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsumasa_Yonai"},{"link_name":"Minister for Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Shigenori Tōgō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigenori_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt1986404-3"},{"link_name":"air-raid shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-raid_shelter"},{"link_name":"Imperial Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt1986404-3"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"sub_title":"Decision to accept the Potsdam Declaration","text":"Hirohito, Emperor of JapanOn 26 July, 1945 (Berlin time), the Potsdam Conference issued a declaration on the terms for the surrender of Japan. When the Potsdam Declaration was received in Japan over shortwave, the Minister for Foreign Affairs Shigenori Tōgō brought a copy to the Emperor of Japan, Hirohito. After going over the declaration point by point, the emperor asked Tōgō if those terms \"were the most reasonable to be expected in the circumstances\". Tōgō said that they were. The emperor said, \"I agree. In principle they are acceptable.\"[1] In late July, however, the other ministers were not ready to accept the declaration.[2]On 9 August, 1945, the Japanese government, responding to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, to the declaration of war by the Soviet Union and to the effective loss of the Pacific and Asian-mainland territories, decided to accept the Potsdam Declaration. On the same day the Supreme Council for the Direction of War opened before the Japanese Imperial court. In the council the Prime Minister Kantarō Suzuki, the Navy Minister Mitsumasa Yonai, and the Minister for Foreign Affairs Shigenori Tōgō suggested to Hirohito that the Japanese should accept the Potsdam Declaration and unconditionally surrender.[3]After the closure of the air-raid shelter session, Suzuki mustered the Supreme Council for the Direction of War again, now as an Imperial Conference, which Emperor Hirohito attended. From midnight of 10 August, the conference convened in an underground bomb shelter. Hirohito agreed with the opinion of Tōgō, resulting in the acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration.[3] Subsequently, the Japanese envoy to Switzerland and Sweden communicated the decision to the Allies.[clarification needed]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korechika_Anami.jpg"},{"link_name":"Korechika Anami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korechika_Anami"},{"link_name":"War Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Korechika Anami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korechika_Anami"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland1970814%E2%80%93815-4"},{"link_name":"KGEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGEI"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Kokutai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokutai"},{"link_name":"the fallen German Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"surrender of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"兵力","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%B5%E5%8A%9B#Japanese"},{"link_name":"使用","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8#Japanese"},{"link_name":"計画","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB#Japanese"},{"link_name":"Kenji Hatanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Hatanaka"},{"link_name":"Masataka Ida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masataka_Ida"},{"link_name":"Masahiko Takeshita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Takeshita"},{"link_name":"Masao Inaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaba_Masao"},{"link_name":"Okikatsu Arao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okikatsu_Arao"},{"link_name":"War Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Korechika Anami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korechika_Anami"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999316-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999318-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt1986407%E2%80%93408-7"},{"link_name":"Yoshijirō Umezu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshijir%C5%8D_Umezu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999316-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999316-5"},{"link_name":"Masahiko Takeshita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Takeshita"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999316-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999316-5"},{"link_name":"Torashirō Kawabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torashir%C5%8D_Kawabe"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office"},{"link_name":"Tadaichi Wakamatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadaichi_Wakamatsu"},{"link_name":"1st General Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_General_Army_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Hajime Sugiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajime_Sugiyama"},{"link_name":"2nd General Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_General_Army_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Shunroku Hata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunroku_Hata"},{"link_name":"Kenji Doihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Doihara"},{"link_name":"Air General Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_General_Army"},{"link_name":"Masakazu Kawabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakazu_Kawabe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999317-8"}],"sub_title":"Agitation in the Army","text":"General Korechika Anami, War Minister. A key member of the army high command who the plotters tried to win over.The War Ministry knew the decision of the conference and stirred up a fierce reaction from many officers who intended continued resistance. At 9 o'clock, in the session held at the Ministry of War, the staff officers complained to the Minister Korechika Anami, and not all of them heeded Anami's explanations.[4] After midnight on 12 August a San Francisco radio station (KGEI) relayed the reply from the Allies, and there was a suggestion that the Allies had decided, against the requisition for the protection of the Kokutai from the Imperial Japanese government, that the authority of the sovereignty of the Japanese government and the Emperor would be subordinated to the headquarters of the Allies, a military occupational system that was also applied to the fallen German Reich. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs interpreted this sentence as restricting sovereignty, but the Japanese Army interpreted it more as enslavement. From 3 o'clock the attendees of the imperial families council basically agreed to the surrender of Japan, yet the cabinet council which was supposed to be held at the same time did not concur. Also, the Supreme Council for the Direction of War tangled with the problem of protection for the Kokutai. After these proceedings, some Army officers decided that a coup d'état was needed for protection of the Kokutai. At this time, the core group of these officers had already prepared some troops in Tokyo (兵力使用計画, heiryoku shiyō keikaku, literally \"military force usage plan\").Late on the night of 12 August, 1945, Major Kenji Hatanaka, along with Lieutenant Colonels Masataka Ida, Masahiko Takeshita (Anami's brother-in-law), and Masao Inaba, and Colonel Okikatsu Arao, the Chief of the Military Affairs Section, spoke to War Minister Korechika Anami (the army minister and \"most powerful figure in Japan besides the Emperor himself\"),[5] and asked him to do whatever he could to prevent acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. General Anami refused to say whether he would help the young officers in treason.[6] As much as they needed his support, Hatanaka and the other rebels decided they had no choice but to continue planning and to attempt a coup d'état on their own. Hatanaka spent much of 13 August and the morning of 14 August gathering allies, seeking support from the higher-ups in the Ministry, and refining his plot.[7]Shortly after the Imperial Conference on the night of 13-14 August at which the surrender finally was decided, Anami had two conversations in which he expressed opposition to the surrender. He asked Yoshijirō Umezu, the Chief of the Army General Staff, if \"the war should be continued even at the risk of launching a coup d'état\", to which Umezu concluded, \"There is nothing we can do now but to comply with the Emperor's decision.\"[5] Anami then confronted a Colonel Saburo Hayashi in a washroom and asked about \"the possibility of attacking a large American convoy rumored to be outside of Tokyo.\" Hayashi dashed Anami's suggestion by reaffirming the Imperial decision while noting the presence of the convoy was only a rumor.[5] Finally, his brother-in-law Lieutenant Colonel Masahiko Takeshita confronted Anami, first suggesting Anami resign, which would topple the government; then suggesting he support the coup. To the first, Anami noted that the fall of the government would not stop the Imperial edict, while to the second, he replied that he wished to go to the Army Ministry first.[5]At the Army Ministry, Anami announced compliance with the Imperial edict.[5] Then a group of senior army officers including Anami gathered in a nearby room. All those present were concerned about the possibility of a coup d'état to prevent the surrender—some of those present may have even been considering launching one. After a silence, General Torashirō Kawabe, Deputy Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, proposed that all senior officers present sign an agreement to carry out the emperor's order of surrender—\"The Army will act in accordance with the Imperial Decision to the last.\" Vice Minister of War Tadaichi Wakamatsu was also present and helped draft the document. It was signed by all the most important officers present. The signatories were Minister of War Anami, Chief of the Army General Staff Umezu, commander of the 1st General Army Field Marshal Hajime Sugiyama, commander of the 2nd General Army Field Marshal Shunroku Hata and Inspector-General of Military Training Kenji Doihara. When Umezu voiced concern about air units causing trouble, Wakamatsu went next door to the HQ of the Air General Army, where its commander, Masakazu Kawabe (the brother of Torashirō), also signed. This written accord by the most senior officers in the Army, in addition to Anami's announcement, acted as a formidable firebreak against any attempt to incite a coup d'état in Tokyo.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Front_view_of_National_Museum_of_Modern_Art_Crafts_Gallery.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Crafts Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Modern_Art,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Jirō Shiizaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jir%C5%8D_Shiizaki"},{"link_name":"Eastern District Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_District_Army"},{"link_name":"Shizuichi Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuichi_Tanaka"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt1986409-9"},{"link_name":"killed himself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999319-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButow1954220-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mori_Takeshi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Takeshi Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeshi_Mori_(commander)"},{"link_name":"Takeshi Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeshi_Mori_(commander)"},{"link_name":"Michinori Shiraishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michinori_Shiraishi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt1986409%E2%80%93410-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt1986410-13"},{"link_name":"Imperial Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokyo"},{"link_name":"Imperial Household Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Household_Ministry"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Pacific_War_Research_Society1968227-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasegawa2005244-15"},{"link_name":"NHK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasegawa2005244-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gyokuon-ban.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sōtarō Ishiwata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Ishiwata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B8%A1%E8%8D%98%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E"},{"link_name":"Kōichi Kido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dichi_Kido"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Pacific_War_Research_Society1968309-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButow1954216-17"},{"link_name":"blackout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_(wartime)"},{"link_name":"Yoshihiro Tokugawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiro_Tokugawa"},{"link_name":"disembowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disembowelment"},{"link_name":"samurai sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai_sword"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt1986410-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Pacific_War_Research_Society1968279-18"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Kanagawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Hisatsune Sakomizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisatsune_Sakomizu"},{"link_name":"Kiichirō Hiranuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiichir%C5%8D_Hiranuma"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt1986410-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainstock1996115-19"},{"link_name":"Masataka Ida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masataka_Ida"},{"link_name":"Eastern District Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_District_Army"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Pacific_War_Research_Society1968246-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasegawa2005247-21"},{"link_name":"Tatsuhiko Takashima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tatsuhiko_Takashima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B6%8B%E8%BE%B0%E5%BD%A6"},{"link_name":"Eastern District Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_District_Army"},{"link_name":"NHK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Pacific_War_Research_Society1968283-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt1986411-23"},{"link_name":"Eastern District Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_District_Army"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Pacific_War_Research_Society1968303-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanaka_Shizuichi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shizuichi Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuichi_Tanaka"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt1986410-13"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Pacific_War_Research_Society1968290-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Pacific_War_Research_Society1968311-26"},{"link_name":"the emperor's surrender broadcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast"},{"link_name":"death poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_poem"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainstock1996115-19"}],"text":"Former headquarters of the Imperial Guards, (modern day National Crafts Gallery).Around 21:30 on 14 August, Hatanaka's rebels set their plan into motion. The Second Regiment of the First Imperial Guards had entered the palace grounds, doubling the strength of the battalion already stationed there, presumably to provide extra protection against Hatanaka's rebellion. But Hatanaka, along with Lt. Col. Jirō Shiizaki, convinced the commander of the Second Regiment, Colonel Toyojirō Haga, of their cause, by telling him (untruthfully) that Anami, Umezu, and the commanders of the Eastern District Army and Imperial Guards Divisions were all in on the plan. Hatanaka also went to the office of General Shizuichi Tanaka, commander of the Eastern region of the army, to try to persuade him to join the coup. Tanaka refused, and ordered Hatanaka to go home. Hatanaka ignored the order.[9]Originally, Hatanaka hoped that simply occupying the palace and showing the beginnings of a rebellion would inspire the rest of the Army to rise up against the move to surrender. This notion guided him through much of the last days and hours and gave him the blind optimism to move ahead with the plan, despite having little support from his superiors. Having set all the pieces into position, Hatanaka and his co-conspirators decided that the Guard would take over the palace at 02:00. The hours until then were spent in continued attempts to convince their superiors in the Army to join the coup. At about the same time, General Anami killed himself, leaving a message that read, \"I—with my death—humbly apologize to the Emperor for the great crime.\"[10] Whether the crime involved losing the war, the coup, or both, remains unclear.[11]General Takeshi Mori, commander of the First Imperial Guards.At some time after 01:00, Hatanaka and his men surrounded the palace. Hatanaka, Shiizaki, Ida, and Captain Shigetarō Uehara (of the Air Force Academy) went to the office of Lt. General Takeshi Mori to ask him to join the coup. Mori was in a meeting with his brother-in-law, Michinori Shiraishi. The cooperation of Mori, as commander of the 1st Imperial Guards Division, was crucial.[12] When Mori refused to side with Hatanaka, Hatanaka murdered him, fearing Mori would order the Guards to stop the rebellion.[13] Uehara killed Shiraishi. These were the only two murders of the night. Hatanaka then used General Mori's official stamp to authorize Imperial Guards Division Strategic Order No. 584, a false set of orders created by his co-conspirators, which would greatly increase the strength of the forces occupying the Imperial Palace and Imperial Household Ministry, and \"protecting\" the emperor.[14]The palace police were disarmed and all the entrances blocked.[15] Over the course of the night, Hatanaka's rebels captured and detained eighteen people, including Ministry staff and NHK workers sent to record the surrender speech.[15]The Gyokuon-hōsō surrender record inside the NHK Museum of Broadcasting.The rebels, led by Hatanaka, spent the next several hours fruitlessly searching for Imperial Household Minister Sōtarō Ishiwata [ja], Lord of the Privy Seal Kōichi Kido, and the recordings of the surrender speech. The two men were hiding in the \"bank vault\", a large chamber underneath the Imperial Palace.[16][17] The search was made more difficult by a blackout in response to Allied bombings, and by the archaic organization and layout of the Imperial House Ministry. Many of the names of the rooms were unrecognizable to the rebels. The rebels did find the chamberlain Yoshihiro Tokugawa. Although Hatanaka threatened to disembowel him with a samurai sword, Tokugawa lied and told them he did not know where the recordings or men were.[13][18] During their search, the rebels cut nearly all of the telephone wires, severing communications between their prisoners on the palace grounds and the outside world.At about the same time, in Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, another group of Hatanaka's rebels led by Captain Takeo Sasaki went to Prime Minister Suzuki's office, intent on killing him. When they found it empty, they machine-gunned the office and set the building on fire, then left for his home. Chief Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu had warned Suzuki, and he escaped minutes before the would-be assassins arrived. After setting fire to Suzuki's home, they went to the estate of Kiichirō Hiranuma to assassinate him. Hiranuma escaped through a side gate and the rebels burned his house as well. Suzuki spent the rest of August under police protection, spending each night in a different bed.[13][19]Around 03:00, Hatanaka was informed by Lieutenant Colonel Masataka Ida that the Eastern District Army was on its way to the palace to stop him, and that he should give up.[20][21] Finally, seeing his plan collapsing around him, Hatanaka pleaded with Tatsuhiko Takashima [ja], Chief of Staff of the Eastern District Army, to be given at least ten minutes on the air on NHK radio, to explain to the people of Japan what he was trying to accomplish and why. He was refused.[22] Colonel Haga, commander of the Second Regiment of the First Imperial Guards, discovered that the Army did not support this rebellion, and he ordered Hatanaka to leave the palace grounds.Just before 05:00, as his rebels continued their search, Major Hatanaka went to NHK studios, and, brandishing a pistol, tried desperately to get some airtime to explain his actions.[23] A little over an hour later, after receiving a telephone call from the Eastern District Army, Hatanaka finally gave up. He gathered his officers and walked out of the NHK studio.[24]The coup collapsed after Shizuichi Tanaka convinced the rebellious officers to go home. Tanaka killed himself nine days later.At dawn, Tanaka learned that the palace had been invaded. He went there and confronted the rebellious officers, berating them for acting contrary to the spirit of the Japanese army. He convinced them to return to their barracks.[13][25] By 08:00, the rebellion was entirely dismantled, having succeeded in holding the palace grounds for much of the night but failing to find the recordings.[26]Hatanaka, on a motorcycle, and Shiizaki, on horseback, rode through the streets, tossing leaflets that explained their motives and their actions. Within an hour before the emperor's surrender broadcast, sometime around 11:00, on 15 August, Hatanaka placed his pistol to his forehead, and shot himself. Shiizaki stabbed himself with a dagger, and then shot himself. In Hatanaka's pocket was his death poem: \"I have nothing to regret now that the dark clouds have disappeared from the reign of the Emperor.\"[19]","title":"Coup attempt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas, Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Thomas_(author)"},{"link_name":"Witts, Max Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Morgan_Witts"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-671-81499-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-81499-0"}],"text":"Thomas, Gordon and Witts, Max Morgan (1977), Enola Gay, 1978 reprint, New York: Pocket Books, ISBN 0-671-81499-0.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Hirohito, Emperor of Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg/170px-Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg"},{"image_text":"General Korechika Anami, War Minister. A key member of the army high command who the plotters tried to win over.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Korechika_Anami.jpg/170px-Korechika_Anami.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former headquarters of the Imperial Guards, (modern day National Crafts Gallery).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Front_view_of_National_Museum_of_Modern_Art_Crafts_Gallery.jpg/220px-Front_view_of_National_Museum_of_Modern_Art_Crafts_Gallery.jpg"},{"image_text":"General Takeshi Mori, commander of the First Imperial Guards.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mori_Takeshi.jpg/170px-Mori_Takeshi.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Gyokuon-hōsō surrender record inside the NHK Museum of Broadcasting.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gyokuon-ban.jpg/170px-Gyokuon-ban.jpg"},{"image_text":"The coup collapsed after Shizuichi Tanaka convinced the rebellious officers to go home. Tanaka killed himself nine days later.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tanaka_Shizuichi.jpg/170px-Tanaka_Shizuichi.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Matsue incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsue_incident"},{"title":"Japan's Longest Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%27s_Longest_Day"},{"title":"The Emperor in August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor_in_August"},{"title":"Emperor (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_(2012_film)"},{"title":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_(Conroy_novel)"},{"title":"Gekokujō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekokuj%C5%8D"}]
[{"reference":"Kase, Toshikazu (1950). Journey To The Missouri. Yale University Press. p. 210. Retrieved 7 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/journeytothemiss011082mbp/page/n231/mode/2up?q=acceptable","url_text":"Journey To The Missouri"}]},{"reference":"Butow, Robert J. C. (1954). Japan's Decision to Surrender. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0460-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._C._Butow","url_text":"Butow, Robert J. C."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mDGsAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Japan's Decision to Surrender"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press","url_text":"Stanford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0460-1","url_text":"978-0-8047-0460-1"}]},{"reference":"Frank, Richard B. (1999). Downfall: the End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-100146-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_B._Frank","url_text":"Frank, Richard B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100146-3","url_text":"978-0-14-100146-3"}]},{"reference":"Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi (2005). Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01693-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Hasegawa","url_text":"Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/racingenemystali00hase","url_text":"Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01693-4","url_text":"978-0-674-01693-4"}]},{"reference":"Hoyt, Edwin P. (1986). Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict, 1853–1952. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-030612-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Palmer_Hoyt","url_text":"Hoyt, Edwin P."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/japanswargreatp00hoyt","url_text":"Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict, 1853–1952"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-030612-7","url_text":"978-0-07-030612-7"}]},{"reference":"The Pacific War Research Society (1968) [1965]. Japan's Longest Day (English language ed.). Palo Alto, California: Kodansha International.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Toland, John (1970). The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-44311-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Toland_(author)","url_text":"Toland, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rising_Sun:_The_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Japanese_Empire_1936%E2%80%931945","url_text":"The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-44311-9","url_text":"978-0-394-44311-9"}]},{"reference":"Wainstock, Dennis (1996). The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-95475-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95475-8","url_text":"978-0-275-95475-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)
Crown (heraldry)
["1 Physical and heraldic crowns","2 As a display of rank","3 Naval, civic, mural and similar crowns","4 Commonwealth usage","5 Continental usages","5.1 Finland","6 As a charge","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References"]
Emblem of a sovereign state, usually a monarchy This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The coat of arms of Norway, with the royal crown displayed atop the escutcheon Part of a series onHeraldic achievement External devices in addition to the central coat of arms Escutcheon Field Supporter Crest Torse Mantling Helmet Crown Compartment Charge Motto (or slogan) Coat of arms Heraldry portalvte A crown is often an emblem of a sovereign state, usually a monarchy (see The Crown), but also used by some republics. A specific type of crown is employed in heraldry under strict rules. Indeed, some monarchies never had a physical crown, just a heraldic representation, as in the constitutional kingdom of Belgium. Crowns are also often used as symbols of religious status or veneration, by divinities (or their representation such as a statue) or by their representatives, e.g. the Black Crown of the Karmapa Lama, sometimes used a model for wider use by devotees. A crown can be a charge in a coat of arms, or set atop the shield to signify the status of its owner, as with the coat of arms of Norway. Physical and heraldic crowns Sometimes, the crown commonly depicted and used in heraldry differs significantly from any specific physical crown that may be used by a monarchy. Photograph of the physical crown of Norway Representation of the physical crown of Norway The heraldic crown for the King of Norway (1905 pattern) As a display of rank If the bearer of a coat of arms has the title of baron or higher (or hereditary knight in some countries), he or she may display a coronet of rank above the shield, usually below the helm in British heraldry, and often above the crest (if any) in Continental heraldry. In this case, the appearance of the crown or coronet follows a strict set of rules. A royal coat of arms may display a royal crown, such as that of Norway. A princely coat of arms may display a princely crown, and so on. Naval, civic, mural and similar crowns A mural crown is commonly displayed on coats of arms of towns and some republics. Other republics may use a so-called people's crown or omit the use of a crown altogether. The heraldic forms of crowns are often inspired by the physical appearance of the respective country's actual royal or princely crowns. Ships and other units of some navies have a naval crown, composed of the sails and sterns of ships, above the shield of their coats of arms. Squadrons of some air forces have an astral crown, composed of wings and stars. There is also the Eastern crown, made up of spikes, and when each spike is topped with a star, it becomes a celestial crown. Whereas most county councils in England use mural crowns, there is a special type of crown that was used by Scottish county councils. It was composed of spikes, was normally shown vert (green) and had golden wheat sheaves between the spikes. Today, most of the Scottish unitary authorities still use this "wheat sheaf crown", but it is now the usual gold. A depiction of a naval crown A depiction of an astral crown A depiction of a mural crown A depiction of a celestial crown A depiction of an eastern crown A depiction of a camp crown A depiction of a crown used by a Scottish unitary authority Commonwealth usage The coat of arms of the Barons Hawke displays a baronial coronet In formal English, the word crown is reserved for the crown of a monarch and the Queen consort, whereas the word coronet is used for all other crowns used by members of the British royal family and peers of the realm. In the British peerage, the design of a coronet shows the rank of its owner, as in German, French and various other heraldic traditions. The coronet of a duke has eight strawberry leaves, that of a marquess has four strawberry leaves and four silver balls (known as "pearls", but not actually pearls), that of an earl has eight strawberry leaves and eight "pearls" raised on stalks, that of a viscount has sixteen "pearls", and that of a peerage baron or (in Scotland) lord of parliament has six "pearls". Between the 1930s and 2004, feudal barons in the baronage of Scotland were granted a chapeau or cap of maintenance as a rank insignia. This is placed between the shield and helmet in the same manner as a peer's coronet. Since a person entitled to heraldic headgear customarily displays it above the shield and below the helm and crest, this can provide a useful clue as to the owner of a given coat of arms. Members of the British royal family have coronets on their coats of arms, and they may wear physical versions at coronations. They are according to regulations made by King Charles II in 1661, shortly after his return from exile in France (getting a taste for its lavish court style; Louis XIV started monumental work at Versailles that year) and Restoration, and they vary depending upon the holder's relationship to the monarch. Occasionally, additional royal warrants vary the designs for individuals. In Canadian heraldry, special coronets are used to designate descent from United Empire Loyalists. A military coronet signifies ancestors who served in Loyalist regiments during the American Revolution, while a civil coronet is used by all others. The loyalist coronets are used only in heraldry, never worn. A new royal crown, derived from the shape of the Tudor crown but with distinctly Canadian elements, was unveiled at a ceremony in Ottawa to mark the Coronation of Charles III. Monarch: Tudor Crown Monarch: Crown of Scotland Monarch: Canadian Royal Crown Monarch: St Edward's Crown Monarch: Imperial Crown (medieval) Heir Apparent Child of a Sovereign Child of Heir Apparent Grandchild of a Sovereign Child of daughter of a Sovereign, if styled Highness Duke Marquess Earl Viscount Peerage Baron/Lord of Parliament (Scotland) Feudal Baron (Scotland) Loyalist military coronet (Canada) Loyalist civil coronet (Canada) King of Arms (College of Arms) Continental usages Precisely because there are many traditions and more variation within some of these, there is a plethora of continental coronet types. Indeed, there are also some coronets for positions that do not exist, or do not entitle use of a coronet, in the Commonwealth tradition. Such a case in French heraldry of the Ancien Régime, where coronets of rank did not come into use before the 16th century, is the vidame, whose coronet (illustrated) is a metal circle mounted with three visible crosses. (No physical headgear of this type is known.) Helmets are often substitutes for coronets, and some coronets are worn only on a helmet. Finland During the Swedish reign, Swedish coronets were used. Crowns were used in the coats of arms of the historical provinces of Finland. For Finland Proper, Satakunta, Tavastia and Karelia, it was a ducal coronet, for others, a comital coronet. In 1917 with independence, the coat of arms of Finland was introduced with a grand ducal crown, but it was soon removed, in 1920. Today, some cities use coronets, e.g. Pori has a mural crown and Vaasa a Crown of Nobility. As a charge In heraldry, a charge is an image occupying the field of a coat of arms. Many coats of arms incorporate crowns as charges. One notable example of this lies in the Three Crowns of the arms of Sweden. Additionally, many animal charges (frequently lions and eagles) and sometimes human heads also appear crowned. Animal charges gorged (collared) of an open coronet also occur, though more often as supporters than as charges. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heraldic crowns. Crown jewels Imperial crown List of monarchies Coronet Notes ^ Currently, besides the grandchildren of the present King Charles III, the living grandchildren of a former sovereign are granted the privilege to use the crown of a Sovereign's Grandchild. References ^ Mackinnon of Dunakin, Charles (1968). The Observer's Book of Heraldry. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. p. 73. ^ Moncreiffe, Iain; Pottinger, Don (1953). Simple Heraldry Cheerfully Illustrated. Thomas Nelson and Sons. p. 58. ^ Cox, Noel The Coronets of Members of the Royal Family and of the Peerage. Archived 2018-01-04 at the Wayback Machine Originally published in (1999) 22 The Double Tressure, the Journal of The Heraldry Society of Scotland 8-13. Acceded 8 April 2017 ^ Boutell, Charles (1914). Fox-Davies, A.C. (ed.). Handbook to English Heraldry, The (11th ed.). London: Reeves & Turner. pp. 104–156. vteTypes of crownBy rank Papal Imperial Royal Consort By use Coronation Heraldic State By form Astral Celestial Circlet Corolla Coronet Diadem Eastern Golden hat Hoop Mural Radiate Tiara Roman military decorations: Camp Civic Grass Naval Parts Half-arch Hoop Monde Cap Cross Cross pattée Lappet vteCrownsAlbania Helmet of Skanderbeg (Vienna) Austria Archducal hat of Austria (Klosterneuburg) Imperial Crown of Austria (Vienna) Brilliant Crown of Empress Elisabeth (de) (missing) Archducal hat of Tyrol (Mariastein) Ducal hat of Styria (Graz) Archducal hat of Joseph II (Vienna) Bohemia Crown of Saint Wenceslas (Prague) Crown of the Środa Treasure (Środa Śląska) Brazil Crown of Pedro I (Petrópolis) Imperial Crown of Brazil (Petrópolis) Coronet of the Imperial Prince of Brazil Coronet of Laurels of Princess Isabel British Isles Crown of Princess Blanche (Munich) Crown of Margaret of York (Aachen) Crown of Scotland (Edinburgh) St Edward's Crown (London) State Crown of Mary of Modena (London) Tudor Crown (destroyed) State Crown of George I (London) Coronet of Frederick, Prince of Wales (London) Coronation Crown of George IV (London) Diamond Diadem Crown of Queen Adelaide (London) Imperial State Crown (London) Small Diamond Crown of Queen Victoria (London) Crown of Queen Alexandra (London) Coronet of George, Prince of Wales (London) Crown of Queen Mary (London) Imperial Crown of India (London) Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (London) Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales (London) Bulgaria Diamond Crown of Bulgaria (missing) China Futou Yishanguan Tongtianguan Mianguan Croatia Crown of Zvonimir (missing) Denmark Crown of Christian IV (Copenhagen) Crown of Christian V (Copenhagen) Crown of the Queen (Copenhagen) France Crown of Charlemagne (destroyed) Crown of Saint Louis (destroyed) Crown of Henry IV (destroyed) Crown of Louis XV (Paris) Crown of Napoleon I (Paris) Crown of Napoleon III (destroyed) Crown of Empress Eugénie (Paris) Germany German State Crown (heraldic) Baden: Grand Ducal Crown of Baden (Karlsruhe) Bavaria: Royal Crown of Bavaria (Munich) Crown of the Queen of Bavaria (de) (Munich) Crown of Queen Therese of Bavaria (Munich) Brandenburg: Electoral Hat of Brandenburg (Berlin) Brunswick-Lüneburg: Ducal Crown of Brunswick-Lüneburg Hanover: Royal Crown of Hanover Mecklenburg: Wendish Crown (heraldic) Prussia: Crown of Frederick I (Berlin) Crown of Sophia Charlotte of Hanover (Berlin) Crown of Wilhelm I (missing) Crown of Queen Augusta (missing) Crown of Wilhelm II (Hohenzollern Castle) Saxony: Electoral Hat of Saxony (Dresden) Crown of Augustus II the Strong (Dresden) Funeral Crown of Augustus II the Strong (Dresden) Württemberg: Royal Crown of Württemberg (Stuttgart) Greece Crown of Greece (Athens) Haiti Crown of Faustin I Hawaii Crown of King Kalākaua (Honolulu) Crown of Queen Kapiʻolani (Honolulu) Holy RomanEmpire Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire (Vienna) Iron Crown (Monza) Crown of Rudolf II (Vienna) Imperial Crowns of Charles VII (Munich) Essen Crown (Essen) Reliquary Crown of John the Baptist (Aachen) Reliquary Crown of Charlemagne (Aachen) Crown of Empress Cunigunde (de) (Munich) Lily Crown of Empress Cunigunde (Munich) Reliquary Crown of Henry II (Munich) Salian Funeral Crowns of Spires (Speyer) Reliquary Crown of Otto II (Halle (Saale)) Holy See Papal tiaras Papier-mâché Tiara (Vatican City) Napoleon Tiara (Vatican City) Tiara of Pope Pius IX (1846) (Vatican City) Spanish Tiara (Vatican City) Tiara of Pope Pius IX (Notre Dame, Indiana) Palatine Tiara (Vatican City) Tiara of Pope John XXIII (Bergamo) Tiara of Pope Paul VI (Washington, D.C.) Hungary Holy Crown of Hungary (Budapest) Crown of Stephen Bocskai (Vienna) Iran Sasanian crowns Empress's Crown (Tehran) Kiani Crown (Tehran) Pahlavi Crown (Tehran) Italy Iron Crown (Monza) Royal Crown of Savoy (it) (Turin) Crown of Theodelinda (it) (Monza) Grand Ducal Crown of Tuscany (missing) Crown of Constance of Sicily (Palermo) Japan Benkan Emperor Kōmei Variant Kanmuri Raikan Imperial Crown of Empress Go-Sakuramachi Korea Crown of Baekje (Gongju) Crown of Gaya (Yongin) Crowns of Silla Gold Crown of Geumgwanchong (Gyeongju) Gold Crown of Cheonmachong (Gyeongju) Gold Crown of Hwangnamdaechong (Seoul) Gold Crown of Geumnyeongchong Tumulus (Seoul) Gold Crown of Seobongchong Tumulus (Gyeongju) Silver Crown (Gyeongju) Liechtenstein Ducal hat of Liechtenstein (missing; replica: Vaduz) Lithuania Gediminas' Cap (missing) Madagascar Crown of Madagascar Crown of Ranavalona III Mexico Imperial Crown of Mexico (1st Mexican Empire) Imperial Crown of Mexico (2nd Mexican Empire) (destroyed) Funerary crown of Maximilian I (Vienna) Netherlands Crown of the Netherlands Norway Norwegian Crown Prince's Coronet (Trondheim) Crown of Norway (Trondheim) Crown of the Queen of Norway (Trondheim) Poland Crown of Bolesław I the Brave (destroyed; replica: Stará Ľubovňa) Swedish Crown (destroyed) Muscovy Crown (destroyed) Hungarian Crown (destroyed) Homagial Crown (destroyed) Funeral Crown (missing) Queen's Crown (destroyed) Crown of Augustus II (Dresden) Funeral Crown of Augustus II (Dresden) Crown of Augustus III (Warsaw) Crown of Maria Josepha (Warsaw) Płock Diadem (Płock) Portugal Crown of João VI (Lisbon) Diadem of the Stars (Lisbon) Romania Crown of Elisabeta (Bucharest) Crown of Maria (Bucharest) Steel Crown of Romania (Bucharest) Russia "Cap of Monomakh" Crown of Kazan Tzardom Crown of Tsar Michael Fyodorovich Cap of Monomakh of the second set Diamond Crown of Tsar Peter I Diamond Crown of Tsar Ivan V Altabas crown of the third set Crown of Empress Catherine I Crown of Empress Anna Ivanovna Great Imperial Crown Maltese Crown Small Imperial Crown Serbia Karađorđević Crown (Belgrade) Nemanjić Crowns Crown of Stefan Uroš III (Cetinje) Crown of Stephen Bocskai (Vienna) Spain Royal Crown of Spain (heraldic) Royal Crown of Spain (Tumular Crown) (Madrid) Crown of Sancho IV (Toledo) Crown of Isabella I of Castile (Granada) Crown of the Crowned Virgin of the Kings (Seville) Crown of the Virgin of the Tabernacle of Toledo (Toledo) Sweden Crown of Eric XIV (Stockholm) Crown of the Queen (Stockholm) Crown of Queen Christina (Stockholm) Crown of the Heir Apparent (Stockholm) Tahiti Crown of Tahiti (Punaauia) Tonga Crown of Tonga (Nukuʻalofa) Ukraine Crown of Rus (missing) Africa Crowns of Egypt Silver Crown of Emperor Tewodros (Ethiopia) Asia Raven Crown (Bhutan) Shripech (Nepal) Crown of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Sri Lanka Great Crown of Victory (Thailand) See also Coronation Crown jewels Heir apparent Heir presumptive King Monarchy Queen Regalia Royal family vteHeraldry Authorities Grant of arms History Law of arms Officers of arms King of Arms herald pursuivant private Types National dominion civic Ecclesiastical papal Burgher Women Attributed Topics Armiger Augmentation abatement Ancient and modern Alliance courtesy Blazon Cadency distinction Canting Field divisions variations Fraud Marshalling quartering impalement National traditions Societies Achievement Coat of arms Crowns and coronets Crest Compartment Escutcheon Helmet Mantling pavilion Motto slogan Supporter Torse Charges Attitudes Erasure Fimbriation Lines Ordinaries Annulet Bar Bend Bordure Canton Chevron (Łękawica) Componée Cross Crozier head Chief Fess Flaunch Goutte Gyron Hamade Inescutcheon Label Lozenge Orle Pale Pall Pile Roundel Bezant Saltire Beasts Bear Boar Bull/ox Dog/hound Camelopard Hind/stag Kangaroo Leopard Lion Wolf Birds Alerion Black swan Cock Crow Dove Eagle Szaszor Przepaska Martlet Pelican Other Bee Crapaudy Dolphin Emmet Ged Lucy Portcullis Reremouse Scallop Serpent Wolfsangel Legendary Allocamelus Alphyn Amphiptere Basilisk Biscione Chollima Cockatrice Dragon Chinese Enfield Garuda Griffin/Keythong Harpy Hippocampus Hippogriff Lampago Lindworm Manticore Mermaid Musimon Ouroboros Pantheon Panther Pegasus Phoenix Salamander Sea-griffin Sea-lion Tyger Unicorn Winged lion Woodwose Wyvern Yale Plants Fleur-de-lis Laurel wreath Oak Quatrefoil Rose Shamrock Trefoil Thistle Turnip Waterlily/Seeblatt Knots Bourchier Bowen Cavendish/Savoy Dacre Harrington Hastings/Hungerford Heneage Hinckaert Hungerford knot Lacy Ormonde/Wake Savoy Stafford Tristram/Bowen Wake Tinctures Rule of tincture Tricking Hatching Metals    Argent (white)    Or (gold) Colours    Gules (red)    Sable (black)    Azure (blue)    Vert (green)    Purpure (purple)1 Furs Ermine Ermines Erminois Erminites Pean Vair Potent Stains    Murrey (mulberry)    Sanguine (blood red)    Tenné Rare metals1   Copper   Buff (metal in the United States) Rare colours1    Bleu celeste   Brunâtre (brown)   Buff (color in Canada)   Cendrée   Ochre   Orange   Rose Realistic Proper Carnation Applications Bookplate Hatchment Flag banner of arms Badge Roll of arms Illyrian Seal equestrian Tabard Trophy of arms Related Mon Emblem socialist Logotype Phaleristics Vexillology Sigillography 1 Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic) List of oldest heraldry Heraldry portal resources
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"escutcheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem"},{"link_name":"sovereign state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"The Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown"},{"link_name":"republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic"},{"link_name":"heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_(headgear)"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Black Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Crown"},{"link_name":"Karmapa Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmapa"},{"link_name":"charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway"}],"text":"The coat of arms of Norway, with the royal crown displayed atop the escutcheonA crown is often an emblem of a sovereign state, usually a monarchy (see The Crown), but also used by some republics.A specific type of crown is employed in heraldry under strict rules. Indeed, some monarchies never had a physical crown, just a heraldic representation, as in the constitutional kingdom of Belgium.Crowns are also often used as symbols of religious status or veneration, by divinities (or their representation such as a statue) or by their representatives, e.g. the Black Crown of the Karmapa Lama, sometimes used a model for wider use by devotees.A crown can be a charge in a coat of arms, or set atop the shield to signify the status of its owner, as with the coat of arms of Norway.","title":"Crown (heraldry)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Den_norske_kongekronen.jpg"},{"link_name":"crown of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Norway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crown_of_the_King_of_Norway_(fictional).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corona_Norvegica.svg"},{"link_name":"King of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Norway"}],"text":"Sometimes, the crown commonly depicted and used in heraldry differs significantly from any specific physical crown that may be used by a monarchy.Photograph of the physical crown of Norway\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRepresentation of the physical crown of Norway\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe heraldic crown for the King of Norway (1905 pattern)","title":"Physical and heraldic crowns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"},{"link_name":"hereditary knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_knight"},{"link_name":"coronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronet"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"}],"text":"If the bearer of a coat of arms has the title of baron or higher (or hereditary knight in some countries), he or she may display a coronet of rank above the shield, usually below the helm in British heraldry, and often above the crest (if any) in Continental heraldry.In this case, the appearance of the crown or coronet follows a strict set of rules. A royal coat of arms may display a royal crown, such as that of Norway. A princely coat of arms may display a princely crown, and so on.","title":"As a display of rank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mural crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural_crown"},{"link_name":"people's crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_crown"},{"link_name":"navies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy"},{"link_name":"naval crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_crown"},{"link_name":"air forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_force"},{"link_name":"astral crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral_crown"},{"link_name":"Eastern crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_crown"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Scottish county councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shires_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Scottish unitary authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corona_Navalis.svg"},{"link_name":"naval crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_crown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Astral_Crown.svg"},{"link_name":"astral crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral_crown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spanish_Mural_Crown_(Common).svg"},{"link_name":"mural crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural_crown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celestial_Crown.svg"},{"link_name":"celestial crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_crown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heraldic_eastern_crown.svg"},{"link_name":"eastern crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_crown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heraldic_vallary_crown.svg"},{"link_name":"camp crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_crown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_Scottish_Area_Council_(1996).svg"},{"link_name":"Scottish unitary authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland"}],"text":"A mural crown is commonly displayed on coats of arms of towns and some republics. Other republics may use a so-called people's crown or omit the use of a crown altogether. The heraldic forms of crowns are often inspired by the physical appearance of the respective country's actual royal or princely crowns.Ships and other units of some navies have a naval crown, composed of the sails and sterns of ships, above the shield of their coats of arms. Squadrons of some air forces have an astral crown, composed of wings and stars. There is also the Eastern crown, made up of spikes, and when each spike is topped with a star, it becomes a celestial crown.[1]Whereas most county councils in England use mural crowns, there is a special type of crown that was used by Scottish county councils. It was composed of spikes, was normally shown vert (green) and had golden wheat sheaves between the spikes.[2] Today, most of the Scottish unitary authorities still use this \"wheat sheaf crown\", but it is now the usual gold.A depiction of a naval crown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA depiction of an astral crown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA depiction of a mural crown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA depiction of a celestial crown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA depiction of an eastern crown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA depiction of a camp crown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA depiction of a crown used by a Scottish unitary authority","title":"Naval, civic, mural and similar crowns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baron_Hawke_coa.png"},{"link_name":"Barons Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Hawke"},{"link_name":"baronial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"},{"link_name":"Queen consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort"},{"link_name":"coronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronet"},{"link_name":"British royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_royal_family"},{"link_name":"peers of the realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_of_the_realm"},{"link_name":"British peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke"},{"link_name":"strawberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry"},{"link_name":"marquess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess"},{"link_name":"pearls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl"},{"link_name":"earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl"},{"link_name":"viscount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount"},{"link_name":"baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"},{"link_name":"lord of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"feudal barons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barons_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"cap of maintenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_of_maintenance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"coronations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronations"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Canadian heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_heraldry"},{"link_name":"United Empire Loyalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Coronation of Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_III"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tudor_Crown_(Heraldry).svg"},{"link_name":"Tudor Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Crown_(heraldry)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Crown_of_Scotland_(Heraldry).svg"},{"link_name":"Crown of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Scotland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadian_Royal_Crown.svg"},{"link_name":"Canadian Royal Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Royal_Crown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crown_of_Saint_Edward_(Heraldry).svg"},{"link_name":"St Edward's Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edward%27s_Crown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_(Heraldry).svg"},{"link_name":"Imperial Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_State_Crown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_the_British_Heir_Apparent.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_Child_of_the_Sovereign.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_Child_of_the_Heir_Apparent.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_Grandchild_of_the_Sovereign.svg"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_Child_of_a_Daughter_of_the_Sovereign.svg"},{"link_name":"Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highness"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Marquess.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cap_of_Maintenance.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Military_Coronet_of_a_Loyalist.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Civil_Coronet_of_a_Loyalist.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crown_of_a_British_King_of_Arms.svg"},{"link_name":"College of Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Arms"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The coat of arms of the Barons Hawke displays a baronial coronetIn formal English, the word crown is reserved for the crown of a monarch and the Queen consort, whereas the word coronet is used for all other crowns used by members of the British royal family and peers of the realm.In the British peerage, the design of a coronet shows the rank of its owner, as in German, French and various other heraldic traditions. The coronet of a duke has eight strawberry leaves, that of a marquess has four strawberry leaves and four silver balls (known as \"pearls\", but not actually pearls), that of an earl has eight strawberry leaves and eight \"pearls\" raised on stalks, that of a viscount has sixteen \"pearls\", and that of a peerage baron or (in Scotland) lord of parliament has six \"pearls\". Between the 1930s and 2004, feudal barons in the baronage of Scotland were granted a chapeau or cap of maintenance as a rank insignia.[citation needed] This is placed between the shield and helmet in the same manner as a peer's coronet. Since a person entitled to heraldic headgear customarily displays it above the shield and below the helm and crest, this can provide a useful clue as to the owner of a given coat of arms.Members of the British royal family have coronets on their coats of arms, and they may wear physical versions at coronations. They are according to regulations made by King Charles II in 1661, shortly after his return from exile in France (getting a taste for its lavish court style; Louis XIV started monumental work at Versailles that year) and Restoration, and they vary depending upon the holder's relationship to the monarch. Occasionally, additional royal warrants vary the designs for individuals.In Canadian heraldry, special coronets are used to designate descent from United Empire Loyalists. A military coronet signifies ancestors who served in Loyalist regiments during the American Revolution, while a civil coronet is used by all others. The loyalist coronets are used only in heraldry, never worn. A new royal crown, derived from the shape of the Tudor crown but with distinctly Canadian elements, was unveiled at a ceremony in Ottawa to mark the Coronation of Charles III.[citation needed]Monarch: Tudor Crown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonarch: Crown of Scotland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonarch: Canadian Royal Crown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonarch: St Edward's Crown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonarch: Imperial Crown (medieval)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHeir Apparent\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChild of a Sovereign\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChild of Heir Apparent\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrandchild of a Sovereign[a]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChild of daughter of a Sovereign, if styled Highness[3]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDuke\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMarquess\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEarl\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tViscount\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPeerage Baron/Lord of Parliament (Scotland)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFeudal Baron (Scotland)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLoyalist military coronet (Canada)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLoyalist civil coronet (Canada)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKing of Arms (College of Arms)[4]","title":"Commonwealth usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancien Régime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime"},{"link_name":"vidame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidame"},{"link_name":"coronet (illustrated)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heraldica.org/topics/france/vidame.htm"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Precisely because there are many traditions and more variation within some of these, there is a plethora of continental coronet types. Indeed, there are also some coronets for positions that do not exist, or do not entitle use of a coronet, in the Commonwealth tradition.Such a case in French heraldry of the Ancien Régime, where coronets of rank did not come into use before the 16th century, is the vidame, whose coronet (illustrated) is a metal circle mounted with three visible crosses. (No physical headgear of this type is known.)Helmets are often substitutes for coronets, and some coronets are worn only on a helmet.[citation needed]","title":"Continental usages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical provinces of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_provinces_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Pori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pori"},{"link_name":"Vaasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaasa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Finland","text":"During the Swedish reign, Swedish coronets were used. Crowns were used in the coats of arms of the historical provinces of Finland. For Finland Proper, Satakunta, Tavastia and Karelia, it was a ducal coronet, for others, a comital coronet. In 1917 with independence, the coat of arms of Finland was introduced with a grand ducal crown, but it was soon removed, in 1920. Today, some cities use coronets, e.g. Pori has a mural crown and Vaasa a Crown of Nobility.[citation needed]","title":"Continental usages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Three Crowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Crowns"},{"link_name":"lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)"}],"text":"In heraldry, a charge is an image occupying the field of a coat of arms. Many coats of arms incorporate crowns as charges. One notable example of this lies in the Three Crowns of the arms of Sweden.Additionally, many animal charges (frequently lions and eagles) and sometimes human heads also appear crowned. Animal charges gorged (collared) of an open coronet also occur, though more often as supporters than as charges.","title":"As a charge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ Currently, besides the grandchildren of the present King Charles III, the living grandchildren of a former sovereign are granted the privilege to use the crown of a Sovereign's Grandchild.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The coat of arms of Norway, with the royal crown displayed atop the escutcheon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The coat of arms of the Barons Hawke displays a baronial coronet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Baron_Hawke_coa.png/200px-Baron_Hawke_coa.png"}]
[{"title":"Heraldic crowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heraldic_crowns"},{"title":"Crown jewels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_jewels"},{"title":"Imperial crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_crown"},{"title":"List of monarchies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchies"},{"title":"Coronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronet"}]
[{"reference":"Mackinnon of Dunakin, Charles (1968). The Observer's Book of Heraldry. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. p. 73.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Moncreiffe, Iain; Pottinger, Don (1953). Simple Heraldry Cheerfully Illustrated. Thomas Nelson and Sons. p. 58.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Boutell, Charles (1914). Fox-Davies, A.C. (ed.). Handbook to English Heraldry, The (11th ed.). London: Reeves & Turner. pp. 104–156.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23186","url_text":"Handbook to English Heraldry, The"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/vidame.htm","external_links_name":"coronet (illustrated)"},{"Link":"http://www.geocities.ws/noelcox/coronets.htm","external_links_name":"The Coronets of Members of the Royal Family and of the Peerage."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180104030920/http://www.geocities.ws/noelcox/coronets.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23186","external_links_name":"Handbook to English Heraldry, The"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Minnesota)
Metro Blue Line (Minnesota)
["1 History","1.1 Background","1.2 Project development","1.3 Construction and opening","1.4 Developments post-opening","1.5 Proposed extension","2 Route","2.1 Stations","2.2 Station additions","3 Service","3.1 Ridership","3.2 Fares","4 Rolling stock","5 Safety","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Route map: Light rail line in Hennepin County, Minnesota This article is about the light rail line in Minnesota. For other Blue Lines, see Blue Line (disambiguation). "Hiawatha Line" and "Hiawatha LRT" redirect here. For the Amtrak route, see Hiawatha Service. For the multi-use trail, see Hiawatha LRT Trail. Metro Blue LineBlue Line light rail in downtown MinneapolisOverviewLocaleMinneapolis–St. PaulTerminiTarget Field (north)Mall of America (south)Stations19 open, 10 proposedWebsiteMetro Blue LineServiceTypeLight railSystemMetroRoute number901Operator(s)Metro TransitRolling stockBombardier LF-70 or Siemens S70 and S7003-car trains (typical, maximum)Daily ridership31,471 (avg. weekday, 2015)HistoryOpenedJune 26, 2004; 19 years ago (2004-06-26)TechnicalLine length12 mi (19 km)Number of tracks2CharacterPrimarily at-grade in separated right of wayTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugeMinimum radius82 feet (25 m)ElectrificationOverhead line, 750 V DCOperating speed55 mph (89 km/h) max18 mph (29 km/h) average Route map Legend Bottineau LRT Oak Grove OMF Oak Grove Parkway MN 610 93rd Avenue 85th Avenue Shingle Creek Brooklyn Boulevard Stations and route under revision Southwest LRT to Southwest Target Field   Northstar Line to Big Lake I-394 Warehouse District/Hennepin Avenue Nicollet Mall Orange Line at Marq2 transit corridor Government Plaza U.S. Bank Stadium Downtown fare zone Green Line to Union Depot I-35W Cedar-Riverside I-94 Hiawatha OMF Franklin Avenue MNNR spur line Midtown GreenwayMartin Olav Sabo Bridge MN 55 (Hiawatha Ave) Lake Street/Midtown B Line 38th Street 46th Street A Line to Rosedale Minnehaha Parkway Minnehaha Creek 50th Street/Minnehaha Park VA Medical Center MN 62 (Crosstown) Fort Snelling Fort Snelling pocket track Terminal 1–Lindbergh Free 24-hour operation between terminals Terminal 2–Humphrey I-494 / MN 5 American Boulevard Bloomington Central 30th Avenue Mall of America D Line to BCTC and Red Line to Apple Valley All stations are accessible This diagram: viewtalkedit The Metro Blue Line is a 12-mile (19.3 km) light rail line in Hennepin County, Minnesota, that is part of the Metro network. It travels from downtown Minneapolis to Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport and the southern suburb of Bloomington. Formerly the Hiawatha Line (Route 55) prior to May 2013, the line was originally named after the Milwaukee Road's Hiawatha passenger train and Hiawatha Avenue, reusing infrastructure from the former and running parallel to the latter for a portion of the route. The line opened June 26, 2004, and was the first light rail service in Minnesota. An extension, Bottineau LRT, is planned to open in 2028. The Blue Line is operated by Metro Transit, the primary bus and train operator in the Twin Cities. As of December 2022, the service operates from approximately 3:19 am to 12:50 am with 15‑minute headways most of the day. The route averaged 32,928 daily riders in 2019, representing 13 percent of Metro Transit's ridership. The line carried 10.6 million riders in 2015. In South Minneapolis, several bus routes converge at transit centers along the line, offering connections to other Metro lines and frequent bus routes. The line has two park and ride stations at Fort Snelling and 30th Avenue stations, with a combined capacity of 2,569 vehicles. Major destinations along the corridor include downtown Minneapolis, Lake Street, Minnehaha Park, Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport, and the Mall of America. At the airport, the Blue Line provides free, 24/7 service between Lindbergh and Humphrey terminals. An night owl shuttle train, the Airport Shuttle, runs between terminals during times when no Blue Line service is scheduled. History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Metro Blue Line" Minnesota – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A two-unit Hiawatha Line train approaches 46th Street station from the south in 2005. The black, yellow, and silver livery was standard before the introduction of the Metro system. Background The Minneapolis–St. Paul area once had an extensive network of streetcars (operated for many years by Twin City Rapid Transit, a precursor of Metro Transit), but the tracks were removed and services were eliminated in the 1950s. Over the years since the last trolley ran in 1954, many people have pushed for the reintroduction of rail transport in the Twin Cities. Proposals for a modern streetcar or light rail along the Hiawatha Avenue corridor appeared in the pages of the Star Tribune as early as 1974. The primary reason is that traffic congestion has grown considerably since the streetcar system ceased operation: a 2003 report by the Texas Transportation Institute indicated that the area was the 17th most congested area in the country, with the second fastest congestion growth. Rail projects struggled to gain political support until the 1990s, when several factors combined to make the idea more palatable. Governor Jesse Ventura and Minnesota Transportation Commissioner Elwyn Tinklenberg heavily promoted the idea of rail transport, and significant amounts of money became available from the federal government. Previous governors had advocated light rail, but had not been able to get legislation passed. Governor Tim Pawlenty had campaigned on a promise to fight the expansion of light rail, but altered his opinions after taking office. He also initially opposed the Northstar Line commuter rail project, which is a rail corridor north of Minneapolis, but changed his mind about that project in January 2004 when a scaled-back version was shown to have good potential. Project development For many, the Hiawatha Avenue corridor was not the top choice for a new project. Popular other options included connecting Minneapolis with the western suburbs, though probably the most-desired option has been the Central Corridor connecting the Twin Cities themselves (Minneapolis and St. Paul) with a route down the middle of Interstate 94 or University Avenue. However, much of the land had already been acquired by the state in the 1960s to build a sunken radial expressway into downtown that was never built. In addition to the available land, the desire to connect to the airport and at least reach the vicinity of the Mall of America proved to be the bigger draw for decision-makers. The idea of running a rail line down Hiawatha Avenue had already been around for at least a decade by the time the decision was made to go forward. In 1985, the Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) had produced an Environmental Impact Statement that concluded that light rail was the best alternative for the corridor. In 1996, the document was examined again as Mn/DOT looked at the possibility of adding bus rapid transit along the road, but money for light rail became available soon after, leading to the current layout. Construction and opening The line's cost totaled $715.3 million, with $334.3 million coming from the federal government. This is considerably higher than initial budgets predicted—the figure was about $400 million in 1997. Opponents to the rail line state that it went far over-budget, but supporters of the line state that extensions of the route and other alterations, plus the impact of inflation, are the real reasons for the increased cost. Initial designs cut out the last stop in downtown, and the southern end of the line did not quite connect to the Mall of America. The Warehouse District stop was added early but another cost increase came from approximately $40 million to enhance the line (while construction was in progress) to bring the line directly into the Mall of America's transit hub. It was completed later than what was initially hoped for (a lot of literature points to 2003 as the opening year), but the mall connection was a significant contribution to the extra time requirements. These extensions are also why the line was initially reported to be 11.6 miles (18.7 km) long, but ended up being 12 miles (19 km) in length. The Target Field extension in 2009 added a few more tenths to the length. Groundbreaking for the line took place on January 17, 2001. In March 2004, the labor union representing Metro Transit bus workers went on strike. This delayed the opening of the line from the anticipated start date of April 3, although there was some indication that the opening would have been delayed anyway. Apparently, some of the delay had to do with slow delivery of trainsets from Bombardier. Certain aspects of the design had been tried before, but the cars were the first to combine the factors of conforming to American standards (as opposed to European), having low floors and being built at the company's Mexico plant. Some problems also cropped up during testing of the vehicles, but Bombardier said that the issues were not out of the ordinary. When the buses began rolling again on April 19, the line's opening was rolled back to June 26. Testing of the track and vehicles continued during the bus strike, as much of the work was performed by Bombardier employees rather than Metro Transit workers. Train operators who had already gone through the training process were given refresher courses when the strike ended. Regular service began on the first phase of the line on June 26, 2004, with the second phase opening later that year on December 4. Each opening was accompanied with two days of free rides on the train and area buses. The line was tested for months before opening, with regular service simulated for about a month before each phase went online. The Hiawatha Line opened exactly 50 years and one week after the last regular-service streetcars ran in the city. Light rail staff, security, and volunteers produced a largely hitch-free opening day for the new rail system on June 26, 2004. Officials estimated 30,000 people boarded the electric-powered trains during the transit system's first day of service. Train rides were free. Each station featured live entertainment and food as a diversion for the long waits to board the trains. Predicted daily ridership was 19,300 for 2005 and 24,600 for 2020. Developments post-opening A pedestrian walking next to moving trains Busways are still being examined for many future projects and it appears likely that at least one will be built. Construction of the area's second light rail line, the Green Line connecting downtown Minneapolis and St. Paul began in late 2010 and opened on June 14, 2014. On April 26, 2011, the U.S. government announced $478 million in funding for its construction. During Super Bowl LII on February 4, 2018, hosted at U.S. Bank Stadium, the Blue Line was restricted to ticketholders and ran with non-stop service between a security checkpoint at the Mall of America and the stadium station. Service at other stations was replaced with free shuttle buses. In July 2011, the Metropolitan Council officially approved renaming the Hiawatha Line as the Blue Line. This is part of a broader color scheme for identifying Twin Cities transit lines, including the Green Line light rail to St. Paul, the Orange Line bus rapid transit along I-35W, and the operational Red Line bus rapid transit service along Cedar Avenue. The name officially changed on Friday, May 17, 2013. Starting July 8, 2022, in a planned 5 week project, the Blue line shut down 5 stops from Mall of America to Airport Terminal 2 for the 'Largest construction project in the light rail line's history.' According to Metro Transit, the project consists of replacing sections of tracks that "have worn out and upgrades technology that guides safety safety systems." In addition, the updates will also bring safety enhancements and allow trains to switch tracks and turn around near the 30th Avenue Station, which will provide more opportunity to keep trains moving if a section of track is taken out of service. Ryan Heath, engineer for Metro Transit who is overseeing the project, said that "this is important for the Blue Line's next 40 years. We're looking out literally decades with an eye toward improving the reliability and maintainability of our system." Proposed extension Main article: Bottineau Boulevard Transitway An extension of the line to Brooklyn Park is planned. On August 3, 2020, after years of disagreements with The Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) Railway Company regarding use of BNSF's right-of-way, Metropolitan Council announced they would begin to "explore opportunities to advance this critical project without using BNSF Railway right of way." Current plans call for the Blue Line Extension to run west from Target Field to Lyndale Avenue, then through north Minneapolis via Lyndale Avenue, West Broadway Avenue, and Bottineau Boulevard, until it meets the originally planned route near 73rd Avenue and West Broadway. Route Light rail spine along 5th Street downtown, shared by the Green Line. The Blue Line runs from downtown Minneapolis to the Mall of America for a length of 12 mi (19.3 km). The southern terminus at the Mall of America station and transit center is located beneath the east parking ramp of the mall and has direct access to the mall. The station offers connections to the Red Line and other local bus routes including those operated by Minnesota Valley Transit Authority. From the Mall of America trains travel east towards the 28th Avenue station park-and-ride ramp. The route travels through Bloomington's South Loop District before reaching the Terminal 2–Humphrey station of the MSP Airport across from Fort Snelling National Cemetery. To cross the MSP Airport the line then enters a pair of 7,300 feet (2,200 m) tunnels that required a tunnel boring machine and cost $110 million to construct. While traveling through the tunnels, trains stop at the 65 feet (20 m) underground Terminal 1–Lindbergh station. Once emerging from the tunnel, the line serves two park-and-ride lots at Fort Snelling station. From Fort Snelling station, the line travels on the surface in separated right of way parallel to Minnesota State Highway 55 while stopping at stations near the VA Medical center, Minnehaha Park, and other locations in south Minneapolis. Trains travel on bridges over traffic at busy intersections near Lake Street and Franklin Ave with overhead stations located at each crossing. After crossing to the other side of Highway 55, the line runs on the former Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Short Line roadbed which brought Hiawatha passenger trains to the downtown depot. After crossing I-35W on a dedicated bridge, the train begins to share tracks with the Green Line and enters downtown by traveling around U.S. Bank Stadium. The U.S. Bank Stadium station is surrounded by a pedestrian plaza that is used for loading riders onto trains after events at US Bank Stadium. While passing the Downtown East Commons, the route travels through downtown on surface streets. The line shares the road with one lane of automobile traffic through downtown with the exception of the block along Government Plaza station where the street is closed and a pedestrian plaza connecting the Minneapolis City Hall and the Hennepin County Government Center. With a stop at Nicollet Mall the line offers connections to an important transit and pedestrian corridor. The train terminates at Target Field station which offers connections to the Northstar Commuter Rail. Metro Blue Line interactive map Stations Government Plaza station in front of City Hall Each of the 19 stations along the route is designed in a unique architectural style reflective of the station's surrounding community. This is not an entirely new idea for the region, as many of the higher-traffic bus stops around the city have distinctive designs. Due to the unique makeup of Minneapolis' population, ticket-dispensing machines present instructions in four languages: English, Spanish, Somali and Hmong. Travel time is roughly two to three minutes between most stations. The airport used to operate a bus shuttle between the two terminals, but the light-rail line has replaced that service. No fare is required to ride between the two airport stations and trains run between these 2 stations 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Only seven of the original 17 stations was built to accommodate three car trains, but due to the need to increase the line's capacity, the remaining stations were retrofitted or extended to accommodate three-car trains in 2009. The extensions were paid for primarily with federal money but the Metropolitan Council, Hennepin County, and city of Bloomington also contributed some funds. Station additions The Blue Line was extended several blocks northwest from the Warehouse District/Hennepin Avenue station to the Target Field Station in 2009. The station was paid for by the Minnesota Twins as part of the construction and opening of Target Field. The two-level station has light rail platforms on the upper level for use by Blue Line and Green Line light rail trains, and platforms next to the BNSF mainline tracks passing beneath the station to serve the Northstar Line commuter rail. The under construction Green Line extension, also known as the Southwest Corridor, will connect directly to the end of the Blue Line to share service with the station. Largely federal money but also with some local contributions was secured for construction of the new American Boulevard Station in Bloomington between the Humphrey Terminal Station and Bloomington Central Station. This station was included in the line's original plans, but was postponed due to cost overruns. Because much of the necessary underground infrastructure for the station was installed when the line was constructed, the station was built with minimal service interruptions. Service A Metro Transit Ticket, valid for 2½ hours after purchase. Passengers who ride the rail system are charged the same fare as they would pay for the local Metro Transit bus system, and they are able to use their bus transfer cards to switch between the two different modes of transportation without making another payment. A new payment system using smart cards (locally known as Go-To Cards) was initially expected to be introduced along with the rail line in June 2004, but software bugs delayed introduction. By September 2006, the bugs were worked out and the Go-To Cards became operational. In basic service trains operate every 10 to 15 minutes and operate less frequently in the early morning and late-night. Additional trains operate on Friday and Saturday nights. The line shuts down for about four hours each night, except for a shuttle service between the two terminals at the MSP airport which run 24 hours a day. Vehicles have a capacity of 66 seated passengers and 120 standing. Currently two or three vehicles are run together to increase capacity. Ridership The line accounts for about 13% of Metro Transit's total ridership. Less than two years after opening, the line had already exceeded its 2020 weekday ridership goal of 24,800. The line carried 10.6 million riders in 2015. In 2018 weekday ridership on the Blue Line was 32,921. Ridership for both the Green and Blue Lines combined was down 59% in 2020 due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Ridership had begun to recover in 2023, but average weekday ridership remained below 20,000 Fares The Blue Line uses a proof-of-payment system, requiring riders to carry tickets at all times. Fares are purchased before boarding, either at ticket machines located in the stations or by scanning a Go-To card at dedicated pedestals. Tickets are valid for 2+1⁄2 hours after purchase, with transfers available to other Metro lines as well as any Metro Transit bus routes. Fares can range from 50¢ within the two Downtown Zones of Minneapolis and St. Paul to $2.50 for adults in rush hours. Rolling stock Main article: Metro Transit rolling stock The Blue Line uses 27 Bombardier Flexity Swift light rail vehicles (LRVs) manufactured by and 12 Siemens S70 LRVs. The system is designed to operate on 750 volts DC. Trains can reach speeds of 55 miles per hour (88.5 km/h), but the "general service speed" is about 40 mph (64.4 km/h) or slower (especially in the congested downtown region). They are of a 70% low-floor design, meaning that 70 percent of the floor inside is within about 14 inches (356 mm) of the ground. This is the same height as the rail platforms, allowing stepless access for passengers dependent on wheelchairs or other mobility aids. The feature also makes it easier for passengers with bicycles or strollers to board the train. Each vehicle weighs about 107,000 pounds (48,534 kg) when empty. Minneapolis is the first and only city to use this LRV model in the United States. Vehicles have a color scheme that is primarily a combination of blue, yellow, and white. Yellow was the color used on the previous streetcar system in the area. Each vehicle has an A, B and C section: The A and B sections are the large portions on each end, while the C section is a small portion that connects the two other pieces and has the vehicle's middle truck or bogie. Electricity is collected by a pantograph mounted on the B section. The first "Type I" LRV was delivered on March 19, 2003. 14 of 15 delivered vehicles were operational for the opening weekend. The initial order was eventually bumped up to a full 24 vehicles, which were operational by early 2005. Three additional vehicles were ordered in the winter of 2006/2007, using leftover funds from the construction budget for one vehicle and Hennepin County funds for the other two. The noses of these vehicles are built to a different design than is standard for the Flexity Swift, containing a small scoop-shaped area. This assists in the removal of snow, but the anticipated snow-management method is merely to run trains on a frequent basis rather than actually using snow removal equipment (this was what the earlier streetcar system usually did to keep lines clear, though they also often featured small scrapers in front of the lead wheels). Each vehicle has a number of cameras on board, pointing both inward and outward, to monitor passenger activity and other areas of interest for security and safety. Train stations also have cameras. Video feeds and the position of each vehicle on the line are monitored in a control room at the system's maintenance facility, located between Cedar-Riverside and Franklin Avenue stations. Two Type III LRVs coupled to three existing vehicles while being delivered. According to Metropolitan Council meeting notes dated July 30, 2010, for the August 9 Transportation Committee meeting, Siemens Industry Incorporated agreed to build the Light Rail Vehicles for the three-car train expansion project in a joint procurement with the Green Line's initial LRV procurement, at a per-LRV cost of $3,297,714 and a total contract value of $153,211,516. According to Mark Fuhrmann's presentation at the July 26, 2010, Transportation Committee meeting, these "Type II" LRVs are mechanically, but not electronically, compatible with the current fleet of 27 "type I" vehicles, so while the two generations are able to run at the same time and either type would be able to push a malfunctioning unit of the other type, multiple-unit trains can only be assembled of one type. The Metro Blue Line uses 12 "Type II" S70 LRVs. Safety Aftermath of a non-fatal accident With an expansion of the light rail system happening with the opening of the Green Line in 2014, Metro Transit rolled out a new rail safety campaign, with representatives of Metro Transit customers visiting schools and organizations situated near the Blue Line to discuss rail safety. The campaign won a visual design award from the Minnesota Association of Government Communicators. By January 2015, there had been 11 deaths from accidents on the line, eight of them pedestrians. After two more people were killed in separate incidents on the Blue Line, one a bicyclist and one a man in a wheelchair, signs saying "See Tracks? Think Train" were added at locations of recent deaths along the Blue Line and Green Line. As of September 2019, 15 people have died in crashes with Blue Line trains. Additionally, there has been concern over violent assaults, robberies, and disorderly conduct that occurs on the station platforms while people wait for the trains. There was a murder by stabbing at the Lake Street/Midtown station in December 2014. Aggravated assaults, which involve the use of a weapon to cause serious injury, continued to increase through 2019 including another murder by stabbing at the Lake Street/Midtown station in October 2017. Increased police officer hours, including the use of plainclothes police officers, were added to address safety concerns in 2019. Other efforts included allowing riders to text a number to communicate with police and teams dedicated to helping homeless riders were added in the same year. In January 2020, the Met Council approved $1.3 million in spending to install new 360-degree 4K resolution cameras on all Metro Transit light rail cars by the end of 2020. Another stabbing that resulted in death occurred on a train in Bloomington in January 2020, but no charges were filed due to claims of self-defense. See also Hiawatha LRT Trail Metro Green Line (Minnesota) References ^ a b c "Metro Transit ridership tops 85.8 million in 2015" (Press release). Metro Transit. January 22, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016. ^ a b c "Metro Blue Line – Facts About Trains and Construction". Metro Transit. 2013. Archived from the original on February 14, 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2014. ^ "These routes will change May 18". Metro Transit. Retrieved May 3, 2013. ^ "Schedules – Metro Transit". ^ "Performance". metrotransit.org. Metro Transit. Retrieved December 17, 2022. ^ a b "Minneapolis: More spectacular ridership gains for Hiawatha light rail transit". Light Rail Now. August 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2009. ^ Del Rosario, Ari (January 2020). "2019 Annual Regional Park & Ride System Report". Metro Transit Engineering and Facilities, Planning and Urban Design. Retrieved December 17, 2022. ^ a b c "Airport – Metro Transit". www.metrotransit.org. Metro Transit. Retrieved September 4, 2022.; "Airport Shuttle – Schedules". Metro Transit. August 20, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2022. ^ Mike, Anderson (June 18, 1974). "Streetcars Proposed to Ease Transit Woe". Star Tribune. ^ McCallum, Laura (August 3, 2004). "Pawlenty finds money to jumpstart North Star rail line". Minnesota Public Radio. ^ Newberg, Sam (May 2004). "Light Rail Comes to Minnesota" (PDF). community-wealth.org. American Planning Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2013. ^ Collopy, Trisha (Summer 2004). "The Right Track". Inventing Tomorrow (University of Minnesota). Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2009. ^ "Facts About Trains and Construction". Metro Transit. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved December 29, 2012. ^ "Down the Line; Light Rail's First Day." Star Tribune; June 27, 2004 ^ Van Denburg, Hart (April 2011). "Feds signing over $478 million in Central Corridor funding today". City Pages. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2011. ^ Harlow, Tim (January 12, 2018). "A month of Super Bowl disruptions ahead for Metro Transit riders". Star-Tribune. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Harlow, Tim (February 4, 2018). "Mixed reviews for Super Bowl Sunday transit service". Star-Tribune. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ "Met Council approves line color names for region's developing transitway system". Metropolitan Council. July 2011. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2011. ^ "Hiawatha light-rail name to be phased out for Blue Line". StarTribune. May 17, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013. ^ "Rider's Almanac Blog". www.metrotransit.org. Retrieved August 15, 2022. ^ "Project partners announce new direction for METRO Blue Line Extension". August 3, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020. ^ "Route Modification Report". Retrieved June 2, 2022. ^ Moore, Janet (February 19, 2020). "New $25 million Mall of America transit station set to welcome visitors 'in style'". Star Tribune. Retrieved February 27, 2020. ^ Wascoe Jr., Dan (October 8, 2001). "Looking for light at the end of the tunnel". Star Tribune. ^ Wascoe Jr., Dan (August 30, 2002). "A boring project that's anything but". Star Tribune. ^ Harlow, Tim (August 27, 2016). "Metro Transit's Rail Control Center leans in to stadium learning curve". Star Tribune. Retrieved June 4, 2021. ^ "On Monday, chunk of 5th St. will be closed permanently". Star Tribune. March 2, 2002. ^ a b Duch, Kevinschere (August 26, 2009). "Light-rail upgrades running on time". Star Tribune. Retrieved June 5, 2021. ^ Duchschere, Kevin (October 28, 2009). "Sprucing up 'round the park". Star Tribune. Retrieved June 5, 2021. ^ "Minneapolis Detail Map". Hennepin County (Southwest Corridor). Archived from the original on October 8, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2009. ^ "Two New Stations in the Works for Hiawatha Line in Minneapolis". Mass Transit Magazine. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2009. ^ "Metro Blue Line – Mpls – Airport – MOA". Metro Transit. Retrieved July 7, 2016. ^ Kerr, Drew (February 11, 2019). "Light rail, Bus Rapid Transit lines set annual ridership records". Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ Moore, Janet (February 23, 2021). "Met Council: Ridership on Metro Transit plunged in 2020, owing to pandemic". Star Tribune. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ Metro Transit (April 4, 2024). "Metro Transit Ridership". Retrieved April 4, 2024. ^ "Fares". Metro Transit. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "Bombardier FLEXITY Swift – Minneapolis/St. Paul, USA". Bombardier. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2007. ^ "Transportation Committee Business Item 2010-275" (PDF). Metropolitan Council. July 30, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2010. ^ "Transportation Committee Meeting July 26, 2010". Metropolitan Council. July 26, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2010. ^ Harlow, Tim (September 13, 2013). "The Drive: Prohibited turns bring light-rail mishaps". The Star Tribune. ^ Minnesota Association of Government Communicators (May 20, 2013). "2013 Award Winners" (PDF). Northern Lights Awards. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2013. ^ Nelson, Tim (January 13, 2014). "Minneapolis light rail train hits, kills pedestrian". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved January 13, 2014. ^ McKinney, Matt. "Woman struck and killed by Blue Line light-rail train in south Minneapolis". StarTribune. Retrieved June 20, 2014. ^ Harlow, Tim. "Man hit by light-rail train is ID'd; witness says wheelchair had wheel in air". StarTribune. Retrieved January 22, 2016. ^ Harlow, Tim. "Rail safety signs pop up near three pedestrian deaths". StarTribune. Retrieved January 22, 2016. ^ Harlow, Tim (September 6, 2019). "Bicyclist killed in Minneapolis crash with light-rail train was Richfield man". Star Tribune. Retrieved June 5, 2021. ^ Collins, Liz (September 10, 2015). "Rail safety signs pop up near three pedestrian deaths". WCCO. Retrieved January 22, 2016. ^ Lyden, Tom (October 31, 2019). "Danger on the line: Assaults up at light rail stations". FOX 9. Retrieved January 23, 2020. ^ Callaghan, Peter (February 13, 2020). "Met Council chief vows to improve safety on Twin Cities buses, light rail". MinnPost. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "Metro Transit Considers Adding New Cameras To Light Rail". January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020. ^ "No charges filed in fatal stabbing on Blue Line train". St. Paul Pioneer Press. Associated Press. January 24, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2021. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Metro Blue Line (Minnesota)KML is from Wikidata Wikimedia Commons has media related to METRO Blue Line. Metro Transit: Metro Blue Line nycsubway.org: Hiawatha Line image collection Route map and schedule Network map (to scale) otter_us/OtterSou (December 20, 2022). " METRO Blue Line: Target Field (Minneapolis) to Mall of America". YouTube. Retrieved March 17, 2023. vteTransit in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area Metropolitan Council Go-To card List of routes List of stations Transit operators Metro Transit Metro Maple Grove Transit Minnesota Valley Transit Authority Plymouth Metrolink SouthWest Transit University of Minnesota PTS Light rail transit      Blue Line      Green Line Bus rapid transit      Orange Line      Red Line      A Line      C Line      D Line U of M Transitway Commuter rail Northstar Line Intercity rail Borealis Empire Builder Saint Paul Union Depot ExpansionLight rail      Southwest LRT (2027)      Bottineau LRT (2028) Riverview Corridor (2032) Bus rapid transit      B Line (2025)      E Line (2025)      F Line (2026)      Gold Line (2025)      Purple Line (2026)      G Line (TBD) Commuter rail Northstar extension (TBD) Commuter rail projects in Minnesota Intercity rail Northern Lights Express (TBD) Chicago Hub Network Intercity rail projects in Minnesota Cancelled Dan Patch Corridor Minneapolis Modern Streetcar Rochester Zip Rail List of cancelled transit projects in Minnesota Historical Counties Transit Improvement Board Nice Ride Minnesota Twin City Rapid Transit Other Metro Transit rolling stock MSP Airport Trams MnDOT Minneapolis Streets Trails Passenger rail projects in Minnesota vteCurrently operating light rail and streetcar systems in the United States Arizona Phoenix Valley Metro Rail Tempe Streetcar Tucson Sun Link Arkansas Little Rock Metro Streetcar Fort Smith Trolley California Los Angeles Metro Rail A, C, E, and K Lines Sprinter Sacramento RT San Diego Trolley San Francisco Muni Cable Cars E Embarcadero F Market & Wharves Muni Metro Santa Clara VTA Colorado Denver RTD light rail Denver Trolley Fort Collins Municipal Railway District of Columbia DC Streetcar Florida Tampa TECO Line Streetcar Georgia Atlanta Streetcar Louisiana New Orleans streetcars Maryland Baltimore Light RailLink Massachusetts Boston Mattapan Trolley MBTA Green Line Lowell Park Trolley Michigan Detroit QLine Minnesota Minneapolis-St. Paul Metro Blue Line Green Line Como-Harriet Streetcar Excelsior Streetcar Lake Superior Railroad Museum Missouri KC Streetcar St. Louis Loop Trolley MetroLink New Jersey Hudson–Bergen Light Rail Newark Light Rail River Line New York Buffalo Metro Rail North Carolina Charlotte Lynx Blue Line CityLynx Gold Line Ohio Connector (Cincinnati) Cleveland RTA Blue, Green, and Waterfront Lines Oklahoma Oklahoma City Streetcar El Reno Heritage Express Oregon Portland MAX Light Rail Portland Streetcar Willamette Shore Trolley Astoria Riverfront Trolley Pennsylvania Philadelphia SEPTA Routes 15, 101, and 102 Subway–Surface Lines Pittsburgh Light Rail Tennessee Memphis MATA Trolley Texas Dallas DART Light Rail Dallas Streetcar M-Line El Paso Streetcar Houston METRORail Galveston Island Trolley Utah Salt Lake City TRAX S Line Virginia Norfolk The Tide Washington Seattle 1 Line 2 Line Seattle Streetcar T Line Issaquah Valley Trolley Wisconsin Milwaukee The Hop Kenosha Transit Italics denote non-transit streetcar lines, operating only on limited dates and usually not year-round, for tourism or educational purposes. Other transit in the United States: Rapid transit People mover & monorail Trolleybus Commuter rail
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Line (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Hiawatha Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiawatha_(Amtrak)"},{"link_name":"Hiawatha LRT Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiawatha_LRT_Trail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BL-facts-2"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"},{"link_name":"Hennepin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin_County"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bloomington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metro_Transit_Route_Change_Document-3"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Road"},{"link_name":"Hiawatha passenger train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiawatha_(train)"},{"link_name":"Hiawatha Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiawatha_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Bottineau LRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottineau_LRT"},{"link_name":"Metro Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Transit_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Twin Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Cities"},{"link_name":"headways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Light_Rail_Now-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ridership-1"},{"link_name":"South Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"transit centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_center"},{"link_name":"park and ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_and_ride"},{"link_name":"Fort Snelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Snelling_station"},{"link_name":"30th Avenue stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Avenue_station_(Metro_Transit)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lake Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Street_(Minneapolis)"},{"link_name":"Minnehaha Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnehaha_Park"},{"link_name":"Mall of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_of_America"},{"link_name":"24/7 service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24/7_service"},{"link_name":"Lindbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_1-Lindbergh_station"},{"link_name":"Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_2-Humphrey_station"},{"link_name":"night owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_service_(public_transport)"},{"link_name":"shuttle train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_train"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24-hour_service-8"}],"text":"Light rail line in Hennepin County, MinnesotaThis article is about the light rail line in Minnesota. For other Blue Lines, see Blue Line (disambiguation).\"Hiawatha Line\" and \"Hiawatha LRT\" redirect here. For the Amtrak route, see Hiawatha Service. For the multi-use trail, see Hiawatha LRT Trail.The Metro Blue Line is a 12-mile (19.3 km)[2] light rail line in Hennepin County, Minnesota, that is part of the Metro network. It travels from downtown Minneapolis to Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport and the southern suburb of Bloomington. Formerly the Hiawatha Line (Route 55) prior to May 2013,[3] the line was originally named after the Milwaukee Road's Hiawatha passenger train and Hiawatha Avenue, reusing infrastructure from the former and running parallel to the latter for a portion of the route. The line opened June 26, 2004, and was the first light rail service in Minnesota. An extension, Bottineau LRT, is planned to open in 2028.The Blue Line is operated by Metro Transit, the primary bus and train operator in the Twin Cities. As of December 2022, the service operates from approximately 3:19 am to 12:50 am with 15‑minute headways most of the day.[4] The route averaged 32,928 daily riders in 2019, representing 13 percent of Metro Transit's ridership.[5][6] The line carried 10.6 million riders in 2015.[1]In South Minneapolis, several bus routes converge at transit centers along the line, offering connections to other Metro lines and frequent bus routes. The line has two park and ride stations at Fort Snelling and 30th Avenue stations, with a combined capacity of 2,569 vehicles.[7] Major destinations along the corridor include downtown Minneapolis, Lake Street, Minnehaha Park, Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport, and the Mall of America. At the airport, the Blue Line provides free, 24/7 service between Lindbergh and Humphrey terminals. An night owl shuttle train, the Airport Shuttle, runs between terminals during times when no Blue Line service is scheduled.[8]","title":"Metro Blue Line (Minnesota)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hiawatha_Line_46th_Street_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(Minnesota)"}],"text":"A two-unit Hiawatha Line train approaches 46th Street station from the south in 2005. The black, yellow, and silver livery was standard before the introduction of the Metro system.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twin City Rapid Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_City_Rapid_Transit"},{"link_name":"Star Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Texas Transportation Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Transportation_Institute"},{"link_name":"Jesse Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Ventura"},{"link_name":"Elwyn Tinklenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwyn_Tinklenberg"},{"link_name":"Tim Pawlenty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty"},{"link_name":"Northstar Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northstar_Line"},{"link_name":"commuter rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"The Minneapolis–St. Paul area once had an extensive network of streetcars (operated for many years by Twin City Rapid Transit, a precursor of Metro Transit), but the tracks were removed and services were eliminated in the 1950s.Over the years since the last trolley ran in 1954, many people have pushed for the reintroduction of rail transport in the Twin Cities. Proposals for a modern streetcar or light rail along the Hiawatha Avenue corridor appeared in the pages of the Star Tribune as early as 1974.[9] The primary reason is that traffic congestion has grown considerably since the streetcar system ceased operation: a 2003 report by the Texas Transportation Institute indicated that the area was the 17th most congested area in the country, with the second fastest congestion growth.Rail projects struggled to gain political support until the 1990s, when several factors combined to make the idea more palatable. Governor Jesse Ventura and Minnesota Transportation Commissioner Elwyn Tinklenberg heavily promoted the idea of rail transport, and significant amounts of money became available from the federal government. Previous governors had advocated light rail, but had not been able to get legislation passed. Governor Tim Pawlenty had campaigned on a promise to fight the expansion of light rail, but altered his opinions after taking office. He also initially opposed the Northstar Line commuter rail project, which is a rail corridor north of Minneapolis, but changed his mind about that project in January 2004 when a scaled-back version was shown to have good potential.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Central Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_94"},{"link_name":"University Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Avenue_(Minneapolis-St._Paul)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Environmental Impact Statement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Statement"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"bus rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit"}],"sub_title":"Project development","text":"For many,[who?] the Hiawatha Avenue corridor was not the top choice for a new project. Popular other options included connecting Minneapolis with the western suburbs, though probably the most-desired option has been the Central Corridor connecting the Twin Cities themselves (Minneapolis and St. Paul) with a route down the middle of Interstate 94 or University Avenue. However, much of the land had already been acquired by the state in the 1960s to build a sunken radial expressway into downtown that was never built. In addition to the available land, the desire to connect to the airport and at least reach the vicinity of the Mall of America proved to be the bigger draw for decision-makers.[11]The idea of running a rail line down Hiawatha Avenue had already been around for at least a decade by the time the decision was made to go forward. In 1985, the Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) had produced an Environmental Impact Statement that concluded that light rail was the best alternative for the corridor.[12] In 1996, the document was examined again as Mn/DOT looked at the possibility of adding bus rapid transit along the road, but money for light rail became available soon after, leading to the current layout.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Construction and opening","text":"The line's cost totaled $715.3 million, with $334.3 million coming from the federal government.[13] This is considerably higher than initial budgets predicted—the figure was about $400 million in 1997. Opponents to the rail line state that it went far over-budget, but supporters of the line state that extensions of the route and other alterations, plus the impact of inflation, are the real reasons for the increased cost. Initial designs cut out the last stop in downtown, and the southern end of the line did not quite connect to the Mall of America. The Warehouse District stop was added early but another cost increase came from approximately $40 million to enhance the line (while construction was in progress) to bring the line directly into the Mall of America's transit hub. It was completed later than what was initially hoped for (a lot of literature points to 2003 as the opening year), but the mall connection was a significant contribution to the extra time requirements. These extensions are also why the line was initially reported to be 11.6 miles (18.7 km) long, but ended up being 12 miles (19 km) in length. The Target Field extension in 2009 added a few more tenths to the length. Groundbreaking for the line took place on January 17, 2001.In March 2004, the labor union representing Metro Transit bus workers went on strike. This delayed the opening of the line from the anticipated start date of April 3, although there was some indication that the opening would have been delayed anyway. Apparently, some of the delay had to do with slow delivery of trainsets from Bombardier. Certain aspects of the design had been tried before, but the cars were the first to combine the factors of conforming to American standards (as opposed to European), having low floors and being built at the company's Mexico plant. Some problems also cropped up during testing of the vehicles, but Bombardier said that the issues were not out of the ordinary.When the buses began rolling again on April 19, the line's opening was rolled back to June 26. Testing of the track and vehicles continued during the bus strike, as much of the work was performed by Bombardier employees rather than Metro Transit workers. Train operators who had already gone through the training process were given refresher courses when the strike ended. Regular service began on the first phase of the line on June 26, 2004, with the second phase opening later that year on December 4. Each opening was accompanied with two days of free rides on the train and area buses. The line was tested for months before opening, with regular service simulated for about a month before each phase went online. The Hiawatha Line opened exactly 50 years and one week after the last regular-service streetcars ran in the city.Light rail staff, security, and volunteers produced a largely hitch-free opening day for the new rail system on June 26, 2004.[14] Officials estimated 30,000 people boarded the electric-powered trains during the transit system's first day of service. Train rides were free. Each station featured live entertainment and food as a diversion for the long waits to board the trains. Predicted daily ridership was 19,300 for 2005 and 24,600 for 2020.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Light_rail-Minneapolis-downtown.jpg"},{"link_name":"pedestrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrian"},{"link_name":"next to","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_crossing"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl LII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LII"},{"link_name":"U.S. Bank Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bank_Stadium"},{"link_name":"stadium station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bank_Stadium_(Metro_Transit_station)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Council_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Green Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Orange Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Line_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Red_Line_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Largest construction project in the light rail line's history.'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bringmethenews.com/minnesota-lifestyle/blue-line-to-shut-down-for-5-weeks-between-msp-and-mall-of-america"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Developments post-opening","text":"A pedestrian walking next to moving trainsBusways are still being examined for many future projects and it appears likely that at least one will be built. Construction of the area's second light rail line, the Green Line connecting downtown Minneapolis and St. Paul began in late 2010 and opened on June 14, 2014. On April 26, 2011, the U.S. government announced $478 million in funding for its construction.[15]During Super Bowl LII on February 4, 2018, hosted at U.S. Bank Stadium, the Blue Line was restricted to ticketholders and ran with non-stop service between a security checkpoint at the Mall of America and the stadium station. Service at other stations was replaced with free shuttle buses.[16][17]In July 2011, the Metropolitan Council officially approved renaming the Hiawatha Line as the Blue Line. This is part of a broader color scheme for identifying Twin Cities transit lines, including the Green Line light rail to St. Paul, the Orange Line bus rapid transit along I-35W, and the operational Red Line bus rapid transit service along Cedar Avenue.[18] The name officially changed on Friday, May 17, 2013.[19]Starting July 8, 2022, in a planned 5 week project, the Blue line shut down 5 stops from Mall of America to Airport Terminal 2 for the 'Largest construction project in the light rail line's history.' According to Metro Transit, the project consists of replacing sections of tracks that \"have worn out and upgrades technology that guides safety safety systems.\"In addition, the updates will also bring safety enhancements and allow trains to switch tracks and turn around near the 30th Avenue Station, which will provide more opportunity to keep trains moving if a section of track is taken out of service. Ryan Heath, engineer for Metro Transit who is overseeing the project, said that \"this is important for the Blue Line's next 40 years. We're looking out literally decades with an eye toward improving the reliability and maintainability of our system.\"[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Park,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Target Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Field"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Proposed extension","text":"An extension of the line to Brooklyn Park is planned. On August 3, 2020, after years of disagreements with The Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) Railway Company regarding use of BNSF's right-of-way, Metropolitan Council announced they would begin to \"explore opportunities to advance this critical project without using BNSF Railway right of way.\"[21] Current plans call for the Blue Line Extension to run west from Target Field to Lyndale Avenue, then through north Minneapolis via Lyndale Avenue, West Broadway Avenue, and Bottineau Boulevard, until it meets the originally planned route near 73rd Avenue and West Broadway.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minneapolis_Light_Train.jpg"},{"link_name":"Green Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Green_Line_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BL-facts-2"},{"link_name":"Mall of America station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_of_America_station"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dedicated-23"},{"link_name":"Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Red_Line_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Valley Transit Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Valley_Transit_Authority"},{"link_name":"28th Avenue station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Avenue_station"},{"link_name":"Terminal 2–Humphrey station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_2%E2%80%93Humphrey_station"},{"link_name":"Fort Snelling National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Snelling_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"tunnel boring machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine"},{"link_name":"Terminal 1–Lindbergh station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_1%E2%80%93Lindbergh_station"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Fort Snelling station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Snelling_station"},{"link_name":"Minnesota State Highway 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_55"},{"link_name":"Minnehaha Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnehaha_Park"},{"link_name":"Lake Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Street_(Minneapolis)"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee,_St._Paul_%26_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Short Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Line_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Hiawatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiawatha_(passenger_train)"},{"link_name":"downtown depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee,_St._Paul_and_Pacific_Depot_Freight_House_and_Train_Shed"},{"link_name":"U.S. Bank Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bank_Stadium"},{"link_name":"U.S. Bank Stadium station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bank_Stadium_station"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Downtown East Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_East_Commons"},{"link_name":"Government Plaza station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Plaza_station"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"Hennepin County Government Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin_County_Government_Center"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Nicollet Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicollet_Mall"},{"link_name":"Target Field station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Field_station"},{"link_name":"Northstar Commuter Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northstar_Commuter_Rail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/12/44.92/-93.24/en"}],"text":"Light rail spine along 5th Street downtown, shared by the Green Line.The Blue Line runs from downtown Minneapolis to the Mall of America for a length of 12 mi (19.3 km).[2] The southern terminus at the Mall of America station and transit center is located beneath the east parking ramp of the mall and has direct access to the mall.[23] The station offers connections to the Red Line and other local bus routes including those operated by Minnesota Valley Transit Authority. From the Mall of America trains travel east towards the 28th Avenue station park-and-ride ramp. The route travels through Bloomington's South Loop District before reaching the Terminal 2–Humphrey station of the MSP Airport across from Fort Snelling National Cemetery. To cross the MSP Airport the line then enters a pair of 7,300 feet (2,200 m) tunnels that required a tunnel boring machine and cost $110 million to construct. While traveling through the tunnels, trains stop at the 65 feet (20 m) underground Terminal 1–Lindbergh station.[24][25] Once emerging from the tunnel, the line serves two park-and-ride lots at Fort Snelling station. From Fort Snelling station, the line travels on the surface in separated right of way parallel to Minnesota State Highway 55 while stopping at stations near the VA Medical center, Minnehaha Park, and other locations in south Minneapolis. Trains travel on bridges over traffic at busy intersections near Lake Street and Franklin Ave with overhead stations located at each crossing.After crossing to the other side of Highway 55, the line runs on the former Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Short Line roadbed which brought Hiawatha passenger trains to the downtown depot. After crossing I-35W on a dedicated bridge, the train begins to share tracks with the Green Line and enters downtown by traveling around U.S. Bank Stadium. The U.S. Bank Stadium station is surrounded by a pedestrian plaza that is used for loading riders onto trains after events at US Bank Stadium.[26] While passing the Downtown East Commons, the route travels through downtown on surface streets. The line shares the road with one lane of automobile traffic through downtown with the exception of the block along Government Plaza station where the street is closed and a pedestrian plaza connecting the Minneapolis City Hall and the Hennepin County Government Center.[27] With a stop at Nicollet Mall the line offers connections to an important transit and pedestrian corridor. The train terminates at Target Field station which offers connections to the Northstar Commuter Rail.Metro Blue Line interactive map","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hiawatha_Line-Government_Plaza.jpg"},{"link_name":"Government Plaza station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Plaza_(Metro_Transit_station)"},{"link_name":"City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"19 stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Metro_(Minnesota)_light_rail_stations"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language"},{"link_name":"Hmong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24-hour_service-8"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strib2009-28"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Government Plaza station in front of City HallEach of the 19 stations along the route is designed in a unique architectural style reflective of the station's surrounding community. This is not an entirely new idea for the region, as many of the higher-traffic bus stops around the city have distinctive designs. Due to the unique makeup of Minneapolis' population, ticket-dispensing machines present instructions in four languages: English, Spanish, Somali and Hmong. Travel time is roughly two to three minutes between most stations.The airport used to operate a bus shuttle between the two terminals, but the light-rail line has replaced that service. No fare is required to ride between the two airport stations and trains run between these 2 stations 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.[8] Only seven of the original 17 stations was built to accommodate three car trains, but due to the need to increase the line's capacity, the remaining stations were retrofitted or extended to accommodate three-car trains in 2009. The extensions were paid for primarily with federal money but the Metropolitan Council, Hennepin County, and city of Bloomington also contributed some funds.[28]","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warehouse District/Hennepin Avenue station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse_District/Hennepin_Avenue_station"},{"link_name":"Target Field Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Field_Station"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"Target Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Field"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Green Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"BNSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNSF"},{"link_name":"Northstar Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northstar_Line"},{"link_name":"Southwest Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Corridor_(Minneapolis)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"American Boulevard Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Boulevard_Station"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Terminal Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_%E2%80%93_Terminal_2-Humphrey_(Metro_Transit_station)"},{"link_name":"Bloomington Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington_Central_(Metro_Transit_station)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strib2009-28"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Station additions","text":"The Blue Line was extended several blocks northwest from the Warehouse District/Hennepin Avenue station to the Target Field Station in 2009. The station was paid for by the Minnesota Twins as part of the construction and opening of Target Field.[29] The two-level station has light rail platforms on the upper level for use by Blue Line and Green Line light rail trains, and platforms next to the BNSF mainline tracks passing beneath the station to serve the Northstar Line commuter rail. The under construction Green Line extension, also known as the Southwest Corridor, will connect directly to the end of the Blue Line to share service with the station.[30]Largely federal money but also with some local contributions was secured for construction of the new American Boulevard Station in Bloomington between the Humphrey Terminal Station and Bloomington Central Station. This station was included in the line's original plans, but was postponed due to cost overruns. Because much of the necessary underground infrastructure for the station was installed when the line was constructed, the station was built with minimal service interruptions.[28][31]","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hiawatha_Line_Ticket.gif"},{"link_name":"smart cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_card"},{"link_name":"Go-To Cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-To_Card"},{"link_name":"software bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bugs"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24-hour_service-8"}],"text":"A Metro Transit Ticket, valid for 2½ hours after purchase.Passengers who ride the rail system are charged the same fare as they would pay for the local Metro Transit bus system, and they are able to use their bus transfer cards to switch between the two different modes of transportation without making another payment. A new payment system using smart cards (locally known as Go-To Cards) was initially expected to be introduced along with the rail line in June 2004, but software bugs delayed introduction. By September 2006, the bugs were worked out and the Go-To Cards became operational.In basic service trains operate every 10 to 15 minutes and operate less frequently in the early morning and late-night. Additional trains operate on Friday and Saturday nights.[32] The line shuts down for about four hours each night, except for a shuttle service between the two terminals at the MSP airport which run 24 hours a day.[8] Vehicles have a capacity of 66 seated passengers and 120 standing. Currently two or three vehicles are run together to increase capacity.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Light_Rail_Now-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ridership-1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Ridership","text":"The line accounts for about 13% of Metro Transit's total ridership. Less than two years after opening, the line had already exceeded its 2020 weekday ridership goal of 24,800.[6] The line carried 10.6 million riders in 2015.[1] In 2018 weekday ridership on the Blue Line was 32,921.[33] Ridership for both the Green and Blue Lines combined was down 59% in 2020 due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[34] Ridership had begun to recover in 2023, but average weekday ridership remained below 20,000 [35]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proof-of-payment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-payment"},{"link_name":"Go-To card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-To_card"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Fares","text":"The Blue Line uses a proof-of-payment system, requiring riders to carry tickets at all times. Fares are purchased before boarding, either at ticket machines located in the stations or by scanning a Go-To card at dedicated pedestals. Tickets are valid for 2+1⁄2 hours after purchase, with transfers available to other Metro lines as well as any Metro Transit bus routes. Fares can range from 50¢ within the two Downtown Zones of Minneapolis and St. Paul to $2.50 for adults in rush hours.[36]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bombardier Flexity Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Flexity_Swift"},{"link_name":"Siemens S70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_S70"},{"link_name":"speeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed"},{"link_name":"low-floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-floor"},{"link_name":"pounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(mass)"},{"link_name":"kg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vehicles-37"},{"link_name":"color scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery"},{"link_name":"bogie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie"},{"link_name":"pantograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograph_(rail)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Type_III_LRV_being_delivered.png"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"},{"link_name":"Green Line's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Green_Line_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"S70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_S70"}],"text":"The Blue Line uses 27 Bombardier Flexity Swift light rail vehicles (LRVs) manufactured by and 12 Siemens S70 LRVs. The system is designed to operate on 750 volts DC. Trains can reach speeds of 55 miles per hour (88.5 km/h), but the \"general service speed\" is about 40 mph (64.4 km/h) or slower (especially in the congested downtown region). They are of a 70% low-floor design, meaning that 70 percent of the floor inside is within about 14 inches (356 mm) of the ground. This is the same height as the rail platforms, allowing stepless access for passengers dependent on wheelchairs or other mobility aids. The feature also makes it easier for passengers with bicycles or strollers to board the train. Each vehicle weighs about 107,000 pounds (48,534 kg) when empty. Minneapolis is the first and only city to use this LRV model in the United States.[37]Vehicles have a color scheme that is primarily a combination of blue, yellow, and white. Yellow was the color used on the previous streetcar system in the area. Each vehicle has an A, B and C section: The A and B sections are the large portions on each end, while the C section is a small portion that connects the two other pieces and has the vehicle's middle truck or bogie. Electricity is collected by a pantograph mounted on the B section. The first \"Type I\" LRV was delivered on March 19, 2003. 14 of 15 delivered vehicles were operational for the opening weekend. The initial order was eventually bumped up to a full 24 vehicles, which were operational by early 2005. Three additional vehicles were ordered in the winter of 2006/2007, using leftover funds from the construction budget for one vehicle and Hennepin County funds for the other two.The noses of these vehicles are built to a different design than is standard for the Flexity Swift, containing a small scoop-shaped area. This assists in the removal of snow, but the anticipated snow-management method is merely to run trains on a frequent basis rather than actually using snow removal equipment (this was what the earlier streetcar system usually did to keep lines clear, though they also often featured small scrapers in front of the lead wheels).Each vehicle has a number of cameras on board, pointing both inward and outward, to monitor passenger activity and other areas of interest for security and safety. Train stations also have cameras. Video feeds and the position of each vehicle on the line are monitored in a control room at the system's maintenance facility, located between Cedar-Riverside and Franklin Avenue stations.Two Type III LRVs coupled to three existing vehicles while being delivered.According to Metropolitan Council meeting notes dated July 30, 2010, for the August 9 Transportation Committee meeting, Siemens Industry Incorporated agreed to build the Light Rail Vehicles for the three-car train expansion project in a joint procurement with the Green Line's initial LRV procurement, at a per-LRV cost of $3,297,714 and a total contract value of $153,211,516.[38] According to Mark Fuhrmann's presentation at the July 26, 2010, Transportation Committee meeting, these \"Type II\" LRVs are mechanically, but not electronically, compatible with the current fleet of 27 \"type I\" vehicles, so while the two generations are able to run at the same time and either type would be able to push a malfunctioning unit of the other type, multiple-unit trains can only be assembled of one type.[39] The Metro Blue Line uses 12 \"Type II\" S70 LRVs.","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suvplustrain.jpg"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-startrib_LRT_accidents2013-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAGC_award-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"4K resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4K_resolution"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Aftermath of a non-fatal accidentWith an expansion of the light rail system happening with the opening of the Green Line in 2014, Metro Transit rolled out a new rail safety campaign, with representatives of Metro Transit customers visiting schools and organizations situated near the Blue Line to discuss rail safety.[40] The campaign won a visual design award from the Minnesota Association of Government Communicators.[41] By January 2015, there had been 11 deaths from accidents on the line, eight of them pedestrians.[42][43] After two more people were killed in separate incidents on the Blue Line, one a bicyclist and one a man in a wheelchair, signs saying \"See Tracks? Think Train\" were added at locations of recent deaths along the Blue Line and Green Line.[44][45] As of September 2019, 15 people have died in crashes with Blue Line trains.[46]Additionally, there has been concern over violent assaults, robberies, and disorderly conduct that occurs on the station platforms while people wait for the trains. There was a murder by stabbing at the Lake Street/Midtown station in December 2014.[47] Aggravated assaults, which involve the use of a weapon to cause serious injury, continued to increase through 2019 including another murder by stabbing at the Lake Street/Midtown station in October 2017.[48] Increased police officer hours, including the use of plainclothes police officers, were added to address safety concerns in 2019. Other efforts included allowing riders to text a number to communicate with police and teams dedicated to helping homeless riders were added in the same year.[49] In January 2020, the Met Council approved $1.3 million in spending to install new 360-degree 4K resolution cameras on all Metro Transit light rail cars by the end of 2020.[50] Another stabbing that resulted in death occurred on a train in Bloomington in January 2020, but no charges were filed due to claims of self-defense.[51]","title":"Safety"}]
[{"image_text":"A two-unit Hiawatha Line train approaches 46th Street station from the south in 2005. The black, yellow, and silver livery was standard before the introduction of the Metro system.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hiawatha_Line_46th_Street_Station.jpg/220px-Hiawatha_Line_46th_Street_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"A pedestrian walking next to moving trains","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Light_rail-Minneapolis-downtown.jpg/220px-Light_rail-Minneapolis-downtown.jpg"},{"image_text":"Light rail spine along 5th Street downtown, shared by the Green Line.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Minneapolis_Light_Train.jpg/220px-Minneapolis_Light_Train.jpg"},{"image_text":"Government Plaza station in front of City Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiawatha_Line-Government_Plaza.jpg/220px-Hiawatha_Line-Government_Plaza.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Metro Transit Ticket, valid for 2½ hours after purchase.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/Hiawatha_Line_Ticket.gif/220px-Hiawatha_Line_Ticket.gif"},{"image_text":"Two Type III LRVs coupled to three existing vehicles while being delivered.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Type_III_LRV_being_delivered.png/220px-Type_III_LRV_being_delivered.png"},{"image_text":"Aftermath of a non-fatal accident","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Suvplustrain.jpg/220px-Suvplustrain.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Hiawatha LRT Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiawatha_LRT_Trail"},{"title":"Metro Green Line (Minnesota)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Green_Line_(Minnesota)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Metro Transit ridership tops 85.8 million in 2015\" (Press release). Metro Transit. January 22, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metrotransit.org/Metro-transit-ridership-tops-858-million-in-2015","url_text":"\"Metro Transit ridership tops 85.8 million in 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Transit_(Minnesota)","url_text":"Metro Transit"}]},{"reference":"\"Metro Blue Line – Facts About Trains and Construction\". Metro Transit. 2013. Archived from the original on February 14, 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140214014738/http://www.metrotransit.org/facts-about-trains-and-construction.aspx","url_text":"\"Metro Blue Line – Facts About Trains and Construction\""},{"url":"http://www.metrotransit.org/facts-about-trains-and-construction.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"These routes will change May 18\". Metro Transit. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Monkeys_(film)
Three Monkeys (film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 Accolades","5 Awards and Festivals","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Not to be confused with 3 Monkeys (disambiguation). 2008 Turkish filmThree MonkeysDVD packagingDirected byNuri Bilge CeylanWritten byEbru CeylanNuri Bilge CeylanErcan KesalProduced byZeynep ÖzbaturStarringYavuz BingölHatice AslanAhmet Rıfat ŞungarErcan KesalCinematographyGökhan TiryakiEdited byAyhan ErgürselNuri Bilge CeylanDistributed byZeitgeist Films (United States)Pyramide International (Europe)Release date 2008 (2008) Running time109 minutesCountryTurkeyLanguageTurkish Three Monkeys (Turkish: Üç Maymun) is a 2008 Turkish film directed by Nuri Bilge Ceylan. The film was Turkey's official submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 81st Academy Awards, and it made the January short-list but was not nominated. Plot In summary, a family is dislocated when small failings become extravagant lies. The film opens with a wealthy businessman, Servet, campaigning in the upcoming election, driving in his car on a wet night, alone, sleepy and struggling to keep his eyes open. Seconds later, he hits and kills a pedestrian in the middle of the road. Servet panics when another car with a couple inside stops briefly and drives away. Eyüp, Servet's normal driver, lives with his wife and son next to the railroad tracks in the poor coastal Yedikule neighborhood of Istanbul. He is woken in the night by his cell phone ringing. It is Servet, telling him to meet up immediately. When they meet, Servet, shivering in shock, explains the situation. If his role in the fatal accident becomes public, it would end his political career, so he asks Eyüp to take responsibility and serve the consequent preson sentence, which he thinks will be 6-12 months. In exchange Servet will give him a lump sum payment upon his release and pay his salary while he is in jail to his family so they can get by. Eyüp accepts the deal. An unspecified time passes, summer arrives, and Eyüp's son, İsmail, fails his college entrance exam again. His mother, Hacer, who works as a kitchen assistant, starts worrying about him because of his dubious acquaintances and his injuries from fighting and tries to convince him to get a job. İsmail suggests driving children between home and school but, as they don't have funds for a car, İsmail asks his mother to seek an advance from the lump sum from Servet without consulting Eyüp. Hacer meets with Servet in his office after the election (which he lost), and requests the money. After Hacer leaves and is waiting for a bus at the stop, Servet persuades Hacer to accept a lift from him back to her home, which she very reluctantly accepts. More unspecified time passes; İsmail finds out his mother is having an affair with Servet and confronts her but does not tell his father. After serving nine months in prison, Eyüp is released. He senses things are "a little peculiar" inside his home. Hacer is in love with Servet and wants to continue their affair but Servet refuses. That night, Hacer and Eyüp are invited to the police station and informed that Servet has been murdered. Police officers interrogate the two and Eyüp finds out that Hacer was cheating on him. He denies knowing anything about it. İsmail confesses to his mother that he murdered Servet. Eyüp calms down when he pays a visit to a mosque. Afterwards, Eyüp goes on to speak with a very poor man who works and sleeps inside a tea house in the neighborhood. Eyüp makes the same proposition to the poor man, Bayram, that Servet made to him: to claim the crime committed by his son. Cast Yavuz Bingöl as Eyüp Hatice Aslan as Hacer Ahmet Rıfat Şungar as İsmail Ercan Kesal as Servet Cafer Köse as Bayram Gürkan Aydın as the child Reception Three Monkeys has received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 78%, based on 58 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Exploring the effects of a family's dealings with an underhanded politician, this crime drama avoids showing the violent outcomes of its characters' misdeeds, resulting in a lingeringly potent film." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 73 out of 100, based on 14 critics. Accolades The film premiered in competition at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival on May 16, where Ceylan won, ten days later, the Award for Best Director. It also won the Golden Anchor Competition Award at the Haifa International Film Festival. The film won best special effects award at the Golden Orange Film Festival, as well as the Siyad award at the International Eurasia Film Festival. At the Osian's Cinefan Film Festival the film won the Best Director Award, and at the "Manaki Brothers" Film Camera Festival it won Mosfilm Award and Special Mention. Ceylan received the award for Achievement in Directing at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards, where the film also received nominations for Best Feature Film and Achievement in Cinematography. Awards and Festivals 2008 Cannes Film Festival Candidacy for Golden Palm in 61. Cannes Film Festival Cannes Best Director Award -Won- Oscar Awards Last 9 for Best Foreign Language Film in 81st Academy Awards Other Awards 2. Yeşilçam Awards Best Movie -won- Best Director -won- Best Scenario -won- Best Actress -won- Best Actor Best Supporting Actor Best Director of Photography -won- Young Talent Special Award -won- 41. Siyad Awards Best Art Direction Best Fiction -won- Best Image Management Best Scenario Best Actor Performance Best Actress Performance -won- Best Supporting Actor -won- Best Director -won- Best Film Osian's Cinefan Film Festival Best Director -won- Haifa Film Festival Best Film (Golden Anchos) -won- Asia Pasific Screen Awards Best Director -won- Best Film Best Image "Manaki Brothers" Film Camera Festival Mosfilm Awards -won- Special Mention -won- See also Film portal References ^ "SNE Business 3.3". ^ "Three Monkeys (2008)". Rotten Tomatoes. ^ "Three Monkeys". Metacritic. ^ "Festival de Cannes - from 16 to 27 may 2012". Archived from the original on 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2008-10-22. ^ "45th Golden Orange Film Festival (10 - 19 October 2008)". Archived from the original on 2008-12-22. Retrieved 2008-10-22. ^ "Three Monkeys : A film by Nuri Bilge Ceylan". Archived from the original on 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2008-10-22. ^ "26. International Film Camera Festival "Manaki Brothers"". Archived from the original on 2005-11-29. Retrieved 2008-10-22. ^ "Asia Pacific Screen Awards > Achievement in Directing". Archived from the original on 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2008-11-11. External links Official Site Three Monkeys (Zeitgeist Films) Three Monkeys at IMDb Three Monkeys at Rotten Tomatoes Three Monkeys: A film review Archived 2013-04-14 at archive.today Awards Preceded byBliss Yeşilçam Best Film Award 2009 Succeeded byBreath vteFilms directed by Nuri Bilge Ceylan Kasaba (1997) Clouds of May (1999) Uzak (2002) Climates (2006) Three Monkeys (2008) Once Upon a Time in Anatolia (2011) Winter Sleep (2014) The Wild Pear Tree (2018) About Dry Grasses (2023) vteTurkish submissions for Academy Award for Best International Feature Film2001–2020 Big Man, Little Love (2001) 9 (2002) Uzak (2003) Lovelorn (2005) Ice Cream, I Scream (2006) Takva: A Man's Fear of God (2007) Three Monkeys (2008) I Saw the Sun (2009) Honey (2010) Once Upon a Time in Anatolia (2011) Where the Fire Burns (2012) The Butterfly's Dream (2013) Winter Sleep (2014) Sivas (2015) Cold of Kalandar (2016) Ayla: The Daughter of War (2017) The Wild Pear Tree (2018) Commitment (2019) Miracle in Cell No. 7 (2020) 2021–present Commitment Hasan (2021) Kerr (2022) About Dry Grasses (2023)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3 Monkeys (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Monkeys_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Nuri Bilge Ceylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_Bilge_Ceylan"},{"link_name":"official submission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_81st_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"81st Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81st_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with 3 Monkeys (disambiguation).2008 Turkish filmThree Monkeys (Turkish: Üç Maymun) is a 2008 Turkish film directed by Nuri Bilge Ceylan. The film was Turkey's official submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 81st Academy Awards, and it made the January short-list but was not nominated.[1]","title":"Three Monkeys (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yedikule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yedikule"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"}],"text":"In summary, a family is dislocated when small failings become extravagant lies. The film opens with a wealthy businessman, Servet, campaigning in the upcoming election, driving in his car on a wet night, alone, sleepy and struggling to keep his eyes open. Seconds later, he hits and kills a pedestrian in the middle of the road. Servet panics when another car with a couple inside stops briefly and drives away.Eyüp, Servet's normal driver, lives with his wife and son next to the railroad tracks in the poor coastal Yedikule neighborhood of Istanbul. He is woken in the night by his cell phone ringing. It is Servet, telling him to meet up immediately. When they meet, Servet, shivering in shock, explains the situation. If his role in the fatal accident becomes public, it would end his political career, so he asks Eyüp to take responsibility and serve the consequent preson sentence, which he thinks will be 6-12 months. In exchange Servet will give him a lump sum payment upon his release and pay his salary while he is in jail to his family so they can get by. Eyüp accepts the deal.An unspecified time passes, summer arrives, and Eyüp's son, İsmail, fails his college entrance exam again. His mother, Hacer, who works as a kitchen assistant, starts worrying about him because of his dubious acquaintances and his injuries from fighting and tries to convince him to get a job. İsmail suggests driving children between home and school but, as they don't have funds for a car, İsmail asks his mother to seek an advance from the lump sum from Servet without consulting Eyüp. Hacer meets with Servet in his office after the election (which he lost), and requests the money. After Hacer leaves and is waiting for a bus at the stop, Servet persuades Hacer to accept a lift from him back to her home, which she very reluctantly accepts.More unspecified time passes; İsmail finds out his mother is having an affair with Servet and confronts her but does not tell his father. After serving nine months in prison, Eyüp is released. He senses things are \"a little peculiar\" inside his home. Hacer is in love with Servet and wants to continue their affair but Servet refuses. That night, Hacer and Eyüp are invited to the police station and informed that Servet has been murdered. Police officers interrogate the two and Eyüp finds out that Hacer was cheating on him. He denies knowing anything about it. İsmail confesses to his mother that he murdered Servet. Eyüp calms down when he pays a visit to a mosque. Afterwards, Eyüp goes on to speak with a very poor man who works and sleeps inside a tea house in the neighborhood. Eyüp makes the same proposition to the poor man, Bayram, that Servet made to him: to claim the crime committed by his son.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yavuz Bingöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavuz_Bing%C3%B6l"},{"link_name":"Hatice Aslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatice_Aslan"}],"text":"Yavuz Bingöl as Eyüp\nHatice Aslan as Hacer\nAhmet Rıfat Şungar as İsmail\nErcan Kesal as Servet\nCafer Köse as Bayram\nGürkan Aydın as the child","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Three Monkeys has received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 78%, based on 58 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Exploring the effects of a family's dealings with an underhanded politician, this crime drama avoids showing the violent outcomes of its characters' misdeeds, resulting in a lingeringly potent film.\"[2] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 73 out of 100, based on 14 critics.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Award for Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Director_Award_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Haifa International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Golden Orange Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Golden_Orange_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"International Eurasia Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Eurasia_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Osian's Cinefan Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osian%27s_Cinefan_Festival_of_Asian_and_Arab_Cinema"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Manaki Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaki_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Asia Pacific Screen Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Screen_Awards"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The film premiered in competition at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival on May 16, where Ceylan won, ten days later, the Award for Best Director.[4] It also won the Golden Anchor Competition Award at the Haifa International Film Festival.[citation needed] The film won best special effects award at the Golden Orange Film Festival,[5] as well as the Siyad award at the International Eurasia Film Festival.[citation needed] At the Osian's Cinefan Film Festival the film won the Best Director Award,[6] and at the \"Manaki Brothers\" Film Camera Festival it won Mosfilm Award and Special Mention.[7] Ceylan received the award for Achievement in Directing at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards,[8] where the film also received nominations for Best Feature Film and Achievement in Cinematography.","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"2008 Cannes Film FestivalCandidacy for Golden Palm in 61. Cannes Film Festival\nCannes Best Director Award -Won-Oscar AwardsLast 9 for Best Foreign Language Film in 81st Academy AwardsOther Awards2. Yeşilçam AwardsBest Movie -won-\nBest Director -won-\nBest Scenario -won-\nBest Actress -won-\nBest Actor\nBest Supporting Actor\nBest Director of Photography -won-\nYoung Talent Special Award -won-41. Siyad AwardsBest Art Direction\nBest Fiction -won-\nBest Image Management\nBest Scenario\nBest Actor Performance\nBest Actress Performance -won-\nBest Supporting Actor -won-\nBest Director -won-\nBest FilmOsian's Cinefan Film FestivalBest Director -won-Haifa Film FestivalBest Film (Golden Anchos) -won-Asia Pasific Screen AwardsBest Director -won-\nBest Film\nBest Image\"Manaki Brothers\" Film Camera FestivalMosfilm Awards -won-\nSpecial Mention -won-","title":"Awards and Festivals"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(baseball)
Assist (baseball)
["1 All-time single-season assists leaders by position","1.1 First base","1.2 Second base","1.3 Shortstop","1.4 Third base","1.5 Catcher","1.6 Pitcher","1.7 Left field","1.8 Center field","1.9 Right field","2 References","3 External links"]
Baseball statistic The shortstop (at right) has fielded the ball and thrown it to the first baseman; if the batter is put out, the shortstop will be credited with an assist. In baseball, an assist (denoted by A) is a defensive statistic, baseball being one of the few sports in which the defensive team controls the ball. An assist is credited to every defensive player who fields or touches the ball (after it has been hit by the batter) prior to the recording of a putout, even if the contact was unintentional. For example, if a ball strikes a player's leg and bounces off him to another fielder, who tags the baserunner, the first player is credited with an assist. A fielder can receive a maximum of one assist per out recorded. An assist is also credited if a putout would have occurred, had another fielder not committed an error. For example, a shortstop might field a ground ball cleanly, but the first baseman might drop his throw. In this case, an error would be charged to the first baseman, and the shortstop would be credited with an assist. If a pitcher records a strikeout where the third strike is caught by the catcher, the pitcher is not credited with an assist. However, if the batter becomes a baserunner on a dropped third strike and the pitcher is involved in recording a putout by fielding the ball and either tagging the runner out or throwing to first base for the out, the pitcher is credited with an assist just as any other fielder would be. Assists are an important statistic for outfielders, as a play often occurs when a baserunner on the opposing team attempts to advance on the basepaths when the ball is hit to the outfield (even on a caught fly ball that results in an out; see tag up). It is the outfielder's job to field the ball and make an accurate throw to another fielder who is covering the base before the runner reaches it. The fielder then attempts to tag the runner out. This is especially important if the runner was trying to reach home plate, as the assist and tag prevent the baserunner from scoring a run. Assists are much rarer for outfielders than infielders (with the exception of first basemen) because the play is harder to make, and also because outfielder assist situations occur less often than the traditional ground-ball assist for a shortstop, second baseman, or third baseman. However, as a result, outfield assists are worth far more than infield assists, and tell more about an outfielder's throwing arm than infielder assists do. In recent years, some sabermetricians have begun referring to assists by outfielders as baserunner kills. Some sabermetricians are also using baserunner holds as a statistic to measure outfield arms. A baserunner hold occurs when the baserunner does not attempt to advance an extra base on an outfielder out of concern of being thrown out by a strong, accurate throw. This can be combined with baserunner kills for better accuracy, as runners often do not try for an extra base when an outfielder with an excellent arm is playing. All-time single-season assists leaders by position See also: List of Major League Baseball career assists leaders First base Albert Pujols: 185 (St. Louis Cardinals, 2009) Bill Buckner: 184 (Boston Red Sox, 1985) Mark Grace: 180 (Chicago Cubs, 1990) Mark Grace: 167 (Chicago Cubs, 1991) Sid Bream: 166 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1986) Bill Buckner: 161 (Chicago Cubs, 1983) Bill Buckner: 159 (Chicago Cubs, 1982) Bill Buckner: 157 (Boston Red Sox, 1986) Todd Helton: 156 (Colorado Rockies, 2003) Mickey Vernon: 155 (Cleveland Indians, 1949) Career Eddie Murray: 1865 Todd Helton: 1728 Jeff Bagwell: 1703 Keith Hernandez: 1682 Mark Grace: 1665 George Sisler: 1529 Mickey Vernon: 1448 Fred McGriff: 1447 Albert Pujols: 1429 Andrés Galarraga: 1376 Fred Tenney: 1363 Bill Buckner: 1351 Jake Beckley: 1315 Second base Frankie Frisch: 641 (St. Louis Cardinals, 1927) Hughie Critz: 588 (Cincinnati Reds, 1926) Rogers Hornsby: 582 (New York Giants, 1927) Ski Melillo: 572 (St. Louis Browns, 1930) Ryne Sandberg: 571 (Chicago Cubs, 1983) Rabbit Maranville: 568 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1924) Frank Parkinson: 562 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1922) Tony Cuccinello: 559 (Boston Braves, 1936) Johnny Hodapp: 557 (Cleveland Indians, 1930) Lou Bierbauer: 555 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1892) Shortstop Ozzie Smith: 621 (San Diego Padres, 1980) Glenn Wright: 601 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1924) Dave Bancroft: 598 (Philadelphia Phillies/New York Giants, 1920) Tommy Thevenow:597 (St. Louis Cardinals, 1926) Iván DeJesús: 595 (Chicago Cubs, 1977) Cal Ripken: 583 (Baltimore Orioles, 1984) Whitey Wietelmann: 581 (Boston Braves, 1943) Dave Bancroft: 579 (New York Giants, 1922) Rabbit Maranville: 574 (Boston Braves, 1914) Don Kessinger: 573 (Chicago Cubs, 1968) Third base Graig Nettles: 412 (Cleveland Indians, 1971) Graig Nettles: 410 (New York Yankees, 1973) Brooks Robinson: 410 (Baltimore Orioles, 1974) Brooks Robinson: 405 (Baltimore Orioles, 1967) Harlond Clift: 405 (St. Louis Browns, 1937) Mike Schmidt: 404 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1974) Doug DeCinces: 399 (California Angels, 1982) Brandon Inge: 398 (Detroit Tigers, 2006) Clete Boyer: 396 (New York Yankees, 1962) Mike Schmidt: 396 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1977) Buddy Bell: 396 (Texas Rangers, 1982) Catcher Bill Rariden: 238 (Newark Peppers , 1915) Bill Rariden: 215 (Indianapolis Hoosiers , 1914) Pat Moran: 214 (Boston Beaneaters , 1903) Oscar Stanage: 212 (Detroit Tigers, 1999 Art Wilson: 212 (Chicago Whales , 1914) Gabby Street: 210 (Washington Senators, 1909) Frank Snyder:204 (St. Louis Cardinals, 1915) George Gibson: 203 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1910) Bill Bergen: 202 (Brooklyn Superbas, 1909) Claude Berry: 202 (Pittsburgh Rebels , 1914) Pitcher Ed Walsh: 227 (Chicago White Sox, 1907) Will White: 223 (Cincinnati Red Stockings , 1883) Ed Walsh: 190 (Chicago White Sox, 1908) Harry Howell: 178 (St. Louis Browns, 1905) Tony Mullane: 177 (Louisville Eclipse , 1882) John Clarkson: 174 (Chicago White Stockings , 1885) John Clarkson: 172 (Boston Beaneaters , 1889) Jack Chesbro: 166 (New York Highlanders, 1904) George Mullin: 163 (Detroit Tigers, 1904) Ed Walsh: 160 (Chicago White Sox, 1911) Left field Harry Stovey: 38 (Philadelphia Athletics, 1889) Jimmy Sheckard: 36 (Brooklyn Superbas, 1903) Jimmy Sheckard: 32 (Chicago Cubs, 1911) Ed Delahanty: 31 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1893) Tilly Walker: 30 (St. Louis Browns, 1914) Duffy Lewis: 29 (Boston Red Sox, 1913) Duffy Lewis: 28 (Boston Red Sox, 1910) Max Carey: 27 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1913) Duffy Lewis: 27 (Boston Red Sox, 1911) Bobby Veach: 26 (Detroit Tigers, 1920) Goose Goslin: 26 (Washington Senators, 1923) Billy Hamilton: 26 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1890) Joe Kelley: 26 (Brooklyn Superbas, 1899) Jimmy Sheckard: 26 (Chicago Cubs, 1912) Center field Hardy Richardson: 45 (Buffalo Bisons, 1881) Charlie Duffee: 43 (St. Louis Browns, 1889) Jim Fogarty: 42 (Philadelphia Quakers, 1889) Tom Brown: 39 (Louisville Colonels, 1893) Tom Brown: 37 (Louisville Colonels, 1892) Jimmy Ryan: 36 (Chicago White Stockings, 1889) Right field Orator Shafer: 50 (Chicago White Stockings, 1879) Hugh Nicol: 48 (St. Louis Browns, 1884) Chuck Klein: 44 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1930) Tommy McCarthy: 44 (St. Louis Browns, 1888) Jimmy Bannon: 43 (Boston Beaneaters, 1894) Orator Shafer: 41 (Buffalo Bisons, 1883) Jim Lillie: 41 (Buffalo Bisons, 1884) Mike Mitchell: 39 (Cincinnati Reds, 1907) Jim Fogarty: 39 (Philadelphia Quakers, 1887) Tommy McCarthy: 38 (St. Louis Browns, 1888) King Kelly: 38 (Chicago White Stockings, 1883) References ^ "Cannons and Popguns — Rating Outfield Arms - The Hardball Times". www.hardballtimes.com. 21 February 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-09-02. External links MLB.com – MLB Official Rules – The Official Scorer vteBaseball and softball conceptsOutline · GlossaryRules Rules of baseball Ejections Ground rules Infield fly rule In flight Interference Pitch clock Protested game Strike zone Suspended game Unwritten rules Cheating Comparison of baseball and softball fastpitch softball 16-inch softball Ballpark/field Backstop Baseball diamond Batter's box Batter's eye Bullpen Dugout Foul pole Foul territory Infield On-deck circle Outfield Warning track Equipment Ball Bat Batting cage Batting glove Batting helmet Cap Doughnut Glove (defense) Pitching machine Protective cup Shin guard Stirrups Uniform Uniform number Game process Batting order Innings extra innings Out Positions Run Pace of play Batting At bat Baltimore chop Bat flip Batted ball Batting count Batting out of order Bunt sacrifice bunt slap bunt squeeze play Charging the mound Checked swing Cleanup hitter Designated hitter Double Double switch Foul ball Foul tip Golden sombrero Ground rule double Hat trick Hit Hit and run Hit by pitch Hitting for the cycle Home run Grand slam Inside-the-park Walk-off Moonshot Chinese Infield hit Leadoff hitter Lefty-righty switch Line drive Mendoza Line On-deck Plate appearance Platoon system Pull hitter Sacrifice fly Single Strikeout Strike zone Sweet spot Switch hitter Triple Walk Pitching(softball) Balk Beanball Breaking ball Brushback pitch Changeup Vulcan changeup Curveball Eephus Emery ball Fastball two-seam four-seam cutter sinker split-finger Full count Immaculate inning Inside pitching Intentional balk Intentional walk Knuckleball Maddux No-hitter Perfect game Pickoff Pitch count Pitching position Pitchout Quick pitch Screwball Shutout Slider Spitball Strikeout Strike zone Striking out the side Time of pitch Wild pitch Base running Balk Bases loaded Caught stealing Hit and run Lead off Left on base Obstruction Rundown Safe Scoring position Slide Small ball Squeeze play Stolen base Tag up Tie goes to the runner Fielding(positioning) Appeal play Assist Blocking the plate Catch Caught stealing Covering a base Defensive indifference Double play Error Fielder's choice Fifth infielder Force play Fourth out Hidden ball trick In-between hop Infield fly rule Infield shift Interference Neighborhood play Passed ball Pickoff Putout Rundown Tag out Triple play unassisted Uncaught third strike Wall climb Wheel play Related Baseball card Baseball statistics Bench jockey Bench-clearing brawl Dead ball Doubleheader Jargon Injured list List of baseball films Pepper Scorekeeping Series Seventh-inning stretch Shagging Sign stealing Slump Streak losing winning Variations of baseball Category Portal WikiProject vteBaseball statisticsBatting Batting average On-base percentage Slugging percentage Hit Single Double Triple Home run Extra-base hit Hits per run Grand slam Total bases RBI Game-winning RBI Walk Bunt Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly On-base plus slugging Times on base Walk-to-strikeout ratio Walk percentage Base running Run Stolen base Stolen base percentage Caught stealing Pitching Win–loss record Innings pitched Pitchers of record Save Hold Run Earned ERA Strikeout Walk Perfect game No-hitter WHIP BB/9 K/9 Quality start Complete game Shutout Wild pitch Strikeout-to-walk ratio Maddux Fielding Fielding percentage Assist Putout Error Total chances Fielder's choice Defensive indifference Passed ball Sabermetrics Adjusted ERA+ Base runs Batting average on balls in play Batting park factor Catcher's ERA Defensive Runs Saved Exit velocity Extrapolated Runs Fielding independent pitching Game score Isolated Power Jaffe Wins Above Replacement Score Pop time Power–speed number Range factor Runs created Runs produced Secondary average Speed Score NERD Out of zone plays made Ultimate zone rating Value over replacement player Weighted on-base average Wins Above Replacement Win probability added Win Shares
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assist_(baseball).jpg"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"batter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"putout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putout"},{"link_name":"baserunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baserunning"},{"link_name":"error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"strikeout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeout"},{"link_name":"dropped third strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropped_third_strike"},{"link_name":"outfielders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"tag up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_up"},{"link_name":"tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_out"},{"link_name":"home plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_plate"},{"link_name":"run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"infielders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infielder"},{"link_name":"ground-ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_ball"},{"link_name":"sabermetricians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabermetrics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The shortstop (at right) has fielded the ball and thrown it to the first baseman; if the batter is put out, the shortstop will be credited with an assist.In baseball, an assist (denoted by A) is a defensive statistic, baseball being one of the few sports in which the defensive team controls the ball. An assist is credited to every defensive player who fields or touches the ball (after it has been hit by the batter) prior to the recording of a putout, even if the contact was unintentional. For example, if a ball strikes a player's leg and bounces off him to another fielder, who tags the baserunner, the first player is credited with an assist. A fielder can receive a maximum of one assist per out recorded. An assist is also credited if a putout would have occurred, had another fielder not committed an error. For example, a shortstop might field a ground ball cleanly, but the first baseman might drop his throw. In this case, an error would be charged to the first baseman, and the shortstop would be credited with an assist.If a pitcher records a strikeout where the third strike is caught by the catcher, the pitcher is not credited with an assist. However, if the batter becomes a baserunner on a dropped third strike and the pitcher is involved in recording a putout by fielding the ball and either tagging the runner out or throwing to first base for the out, the pitcher is credited with an assist just as any other fielder would be.Assists are an important statistic for outfielders, as a play often occurs when a baserunner on the opposing team attempts to advance on the basepaths when the ball is hit to the outfield (even on a caught fly ball that results in an out; see tag up). It is the outfielder's job to field the ball and make an accurate throw to another fielder who is covering the base before the runner reaches it. The fielder then attempts to tag the runner out. This is especially important if the runner was trying to reach home plate, as the assist and tag prevent the baserunner from scoring a run. Assists are much rarer for outfielders than infielders (with the exception of first basemen) because the play is harder to make, and also because outfielder assist situations occur less often than the traditional ground-ball assist for a shortstop, second baseman, or third baseman. However, as a result, outfield assists are worth far more than infield assists, and tell more about an outfielder's throwing arm than infielder assists do.In recent years, some sabermetricians have begun referring to assists by outfielders as baserunner kills. Some sabermetricians are also using baserunner holds as a statistic to measure outfield arms.[1] A baserunner hold occurs when the baserunner does not attempt to advance an extra base on an outfielder out of concern of being thrown out by a strong, accurate throw. This can be combined with baserunner kills for better accuracy, as runners often do not try for an extra base when an outfielder with an excellent arm is playing.","title":"Assist (baseball)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Major League Baseball career assists leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_assists_leaders"}],"text":"See also: List of Major League Baseball career assists leaders","title":"All-time single-season assists leaders by position"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Pujols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Pujols"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Bill Buckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Buckner"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Mark Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Grace"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Mark Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Grace"},{"link_name":"Sid Bream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Bream"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Bill Buckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Buckner"},{"link_name":"Bill Buckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Buckner"},{"link_name":"Bill Buckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Buckner"},{"link_name":"Todd Helton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Helton"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rockies"},{"link_name":"Mickey Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"Eddie Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Murray"},{"link_name":"Todd Helton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Helton"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bagwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bagwell"},{"link_name":"Keith Hernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Hernandez"},{"link_name":"Mark Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Grace"},{"link_name":"George Sisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sisler"},{"link_name":"Mickey Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Fred McGriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_McGriff"},{"link_name":"Albert Pujols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Pujols"},{"link_name":"Andrés Galarraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Galarraga"},{"link_name":"Fred Tenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Tenney"},{"link_name":"Bill Buckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Buckner"},{"link_name":"Jake Beckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Beckley"}],"sub_title":"First base","text":"Albert Pujols: 185 (St. Louis Cardinals, 2009)\nBill Buckner: 184 (Boston Red Sox, 1985)\nMark Grace: 180 (Chicago Cubs, 1990)\nMark Grace: 167 (Chicago Cubs, 1991)\nSid Bream: 166 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1986)\nBill Buckner: 161 (Chicago Cubs, 1983)\nBill Buckner: 159 (Chicago Cubs, 1982)\nBill Buckner: 157 (Boston Red Sox, 1986)\nTodd Helton: 156 (Colorado Rockies, 2003)\nMickey Vernon: 155 (Cleveland Indians, 1949)CareerEddie Murray: 1865\nTodd Helton: 1728\nJeff Bagwell: 1703\nKeith Hernandez: 1682\nMark Grace: 1665\nGeorge Sisler: 1529\nMickey Vernon: 1448\nFred McGriff: 1447\nAlbert Pujols: 1429\nAndrés Galarraga: 1376\nFred Tenney: 1363\nBill Buckner: 1351\nJake Beckley: 1315","title":"All-time single-season assists leaders by position"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankie Frisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Frisch"},{"link_name":"Hughie Critz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughie_Critz"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"Rogers Hornsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Hornsby"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_Giants_(NL)"},{"link_name":"Ski Melillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_Melillo"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Browns"},{"link_name":"Ryne Sandberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryne_Sandberg"},{"link_name":"Rabbit Maranville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_Maranville"},{"link_name":"Frank Parkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Parkinson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"Tony Cuccinello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Cuccinello"},{"link_name":"Boston Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Braves_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Hodapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hodapp"},{"link_name":"Lou Bierbauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Bierbauer"}],"sub_title":"Second base","text":"Frankie Frisch: 641 (St. Louis Cardinals, 1927)\nHughie Critz: 588 (Cincinnati Reds, 1926)\nRogers Hornsby: 582 (New York Giants, 1927)\nSki Melillo: 572 (St. Louis Browns, 1930)\nRyne Sandberg: 571 (Chicago Cubs, 1983)\nRabbit Maranville: 568 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1924)\nFrank Parkinson: 562 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1922)\nTony Cuccinello: 559 (Boston Braves, 1936)\nJohnny Hodapp: 557 (Cleveland Indians, 1930)\nLou Bierbauer: 555 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1892)","title":"All-time single-season assists leaders by position"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ozzie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzie_Smith"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"Glenn Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Wright"},{"link_name":"Dave Bancroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Bancroft"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"Tommy Thevenow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Thevenow"},{"link_name":"Iván DeJesús","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_DeJes%C3%BAs"},{"link_name":"Cal Ripken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Ripken"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"Whitey Wietelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitey_Wietelmann"},{"link_name":"Boston Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Braves_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Dave Bancroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Bancroft"},{"link_name":"Rabbit Maranville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_Maranville"},{"link_name":"Don Kessinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Kessinger"}],"sub_title":"Shortstop","text":"Ozzie Smith: 621 (San Diego Padres, 1980)\nGlenn Wright: 601 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1924)\nDave Bancroft: 598 (Philadelphia Phillies/New York Giants, 1920)\nTommy Thevenow:597 (St. Louis Cardinals, 1926)\nIván DeJesús: 595 (Chicago Cubs, 1977)\nCal Ripken: 583 (Baltimore Orioles, 1984)\nWhitey Wietelmann: 581 (Boston Braves, 1943)\nDave Bancroft: 579 (New York Giants, 1922)\nRabbit Maranville: 574 (Boston Braves, 1914)\nDon Kessinger: 573 (Chicago Cubs, 1968)","title":"All-time single-season assists leaders by position"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graig Nettles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graig_Nettles"},{"link_name":"Graig Nettles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graig_Nettles"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Brooks Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Brooks Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Harlond Clift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlond_Clift"},{"link_name":"Mike Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Doug DeCinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_DeCinces"},{"link_name":"California Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Angels"},{"link_name":"Brandon Inge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Inge"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Clete Boyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clete_Boyer"},{"link_name":"Mike Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Buddy Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Bell"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"}],"sub_title":"Third base","text":"Graig Nettles: 412 (Cleveland Indians, 1971)\nGraig Nettles: 410 (New York Yankees, 1973)\nBrooks Robinson: 410 (Baltimore Orioles, 1974)\nBrooks Robinson: 405 (Baltimore Orioles, 1967)\nHarlond Clift: 405 (St. Louis Browns, 1937)\nMike Schmidt: 404 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1974)\nDoug DeCinces: 399 (California Angels, 1982)\nBrandon Inge: 398 (Detroit Tigers, 2006)\nClete Boyer: 396 (New York Yankees, 1962)\nMike Schmidt: 396 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1977)\nBuddy Bell: 396 (Texas Rangers, 1982)","title":"All-time single-season assists leaders by position"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Rariden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Rariden"},{"link_name":"Bill Rariden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Rariden"},{"link_name":"Pat Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Moran"},{"link_name":"Oscar Stanage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Stanage"},{"link_name":"Art Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Gabby Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabby_Street"},{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901%E2%80%9360)"},{"link_name":"Frank Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Snyder_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"George Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gibson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Bill Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bergen"},{"link_name":"Claude Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Berry"}],"sub_title":"Catcher","text":"Bill Rariden: 238 (Newark Peppers [Federal League], 1915)\nBill Rariden: 215 (Indianapolis Hoosiers [Federal League], 1914)\nPat Moran: 214 (Boston Beaneaters [National League], 1903)\nOscar Stanage: 212 (Detroit Tigers, 1999Art Wilson: 212 (Chicago Whales [Federal League], 1914)\nGabby Street: 210 (Washington Senators, 1909)\nFrank Snyder:204 (St. Louis Cardinals, 1915)\nGeorge Gibson: 203 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1910)\nBill Bergen: 202 (Brooklyn Superbas, 1909)\nClaude Berry: 202 (Pittsburgh Rebels [Federal League], 1914)","title":"All-time single-season assists leaders by position"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ed Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Will White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_White"},{"link_name":"Ed Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Harry Howell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Howell_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Tony Mullane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Mullane"},{"link_name":"John Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"John Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"Jack Chesbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Chesbro"},{"link_name":"George Mullin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mullin_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Ed Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Walsh"}],"sub_title":"Pitcher","text":"Ed Walsh: 227 (Chicago White Sox, 1907)\nWill White: 223 (Cincinnati Red Stockings [American Association], 1883)\nEd Walsh: 190 (Chicago White Sox, 1908)\nHarry Howell: 178 (St. Louis Browns, 1905)\nTony Mullane: 177 (Louisville Eclipse [American Association], 1882)\nJohn Clarkson: 174 (Chicago White Stockings [National League], 1885)\nJohn Clarkson: 172 (Boston Beaneaters [National League], 1889)\nJack Chesbro: 166 (New York Highlanders, 1904)\nGeorge Mullin: 163 (Detroit Tigers, 1904)\nEd Walsh: 160 (Chicago White Sox, 1911)","title":"All-time single-season assists leaders by position"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Stovey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Stovey"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Sheckard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Sheckard"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Sheckard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Sheckard"},{"link_name":"Ed Delahanty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Delahanty"},{"link_name":"Tilly Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilly_Walker"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Browns"},{"link_name":"Duffy Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Duffy Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Max Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Carey"},{"link_name":"Duffy Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Bobby Veach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Veach"},{"link_name":"Goose Goslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Goslin"},{"link_name":"Billy Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Hamilton_(baseball,_born_1866)"},{"link_name":"Joe Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Kelley"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Sheckard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Sheckard"}],"sub_title":"Left field","text":"Harry Stovey: 38 (Philadelphia Athletics, 1889)\nJimmy Sheckard: 36 (Brooklyn Superbas, 1903)\nJimmy Sheckard: 32 (Chicago Cubs, 1911)\nEd Delahanty: 31 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1893) [NOTE: Includes 17 games at CF]\nTilly Walker: 30 (St. Louis Browns, 1914)\nDuffy Lewis: 29 (Boston Red Sox, 1913)\nDuffy Lewis: 28 (Boston Red Sox, 1910)\nMax Carey: 27 (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1913)\nDuffy Lewis: 27 (Boston Red Sox, 1911)\nBobby Veach: 26 (Detroit Tigers, 1920)\nGoose Goslin: 26 (Washington Senators, 1923)\nBilly Hamilton: 26 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1890)\nJoe Kelley: 26 (Brooklyn Superbas, 1899)\nJimmy Sheckard: 26 (Chicago Cubs, 1912)","title":"All-time single-season assists leaders by position"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hardy Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Charlie Duffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Duffee"},{"link_name":"Jim Fogarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Fogarty"},{"link_name":"Tom Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brown_(center_fielder)"},{"link_name":"Tom Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brown_(center_fielder)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Ryan_(baseball)"}],"sub_title":"Center field","text":"Hardy Richardson: 45 (Buffalo Bisons, 1881)\nCharlie Duffee: 43 (St. Louis Browns, 1889)\nJim Fogarty: 42 (Philadelphia Quakers, 1889)\nTom Brown: 39 (Louisville Colonels, 1893)\nTom Brown: 37 (Louisville Colonels, 1892)\nJimmy Ryan: 36 (Chicago White Stockings, 1889)","title":"All-time single-season assists leaders by position"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orator Shafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orator_Shafer"},{"link_name":"Hugh Nicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Nicol"},{"link_name":"Chuck Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Klein"},{"link_name":"Tommy McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_McCarthy_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Bannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Bannon"},{"link_name":"Orator Shafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orator_Shafer"},{"link_name":"Jim Lillie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lillie"},{"link_name":"Mike Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mitchell_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jim Fogarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Fogarty"},{"link_name":"Tommy McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_McCarthy_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"King Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kelly"}],"sub_title":"Right field","text":"Orator Shafer: 50 (Chicago White Stockings, 1879)\nHugh Nicol: 48 (St. Louis Browns, 1884)\nChuck Klein: 44 (Philadelphia Phillies, 1930)\nTommy McCarthy: 44 (St. Louis Browns, 1888)\nJimmy Bannon: 43 (Boston Beaneaters, 1894)\nOrator Shafer: 41 (Buffalo Bisons, 1883)\nJim Lillie: 41 (Buffalo Bisons, 1884)\nMike Mitchell: 39 (Cincinnati Reds, 1907)\nJim Fogarty: 39 (Philadelphia Quakers, 1887)\nTommy McCarthy: 38 (St. Louis Browns, 1888)\nKing Kelly: 38 (Chicago White Stockings, 1883)","title":"All-time single-season assists leaders by position"}]
[{"image_text":"The shortstop (at right) has fielded the ball and thrown it to the first baseman; if the batter is put out, the shortstop will be credited with an assist.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Assist_%28baseball%29.jpg/280px-Assist_%28baseball%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Cannons and Popguns — Rating Outfield Arms - The Hardball Times\". www.hardballtimes.com. 21 February 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/cannons-and-popguns-rating-outfield-arms","url_text":"\"Cannons and Popguns — Rating Outfield Arms - The Hardball Times\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060902074941/http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/cannons-and-popguns-rating-outfield-arms/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/cannons-and-popguns-rating-outfield-arms","external_links_name":"\"Cannons and Popguns — Rating Outfield Arms - The Hardball Times\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060902074941/http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/cannons-and-popguns-rating-outfield-arms/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mlb/official_info/official_rules/official_scorer_10.jsp","external_links_name":"MLB.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Lindsay_Almond
J. Lindsay Almond
["1 Early life","2 Lawyer and state judge","3 Political career","4 Federal judicial service","4.1 Elections","5 Personal life","6 Death","7 References","8 Further reading","9 Sources"]
American judge J. Lindsay AlmondSenior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal CircuitIn officeOctober 1, 1982 – April 14, 1986Senior Judge of the United States Court of Customs and Patent AppealsIn officeMarch 1, 1973 – October 1, 1982Associate Judge of the United States Court of Customs and Patent AppealsIn officeOctober 23, 1962 – March 1, 1973Appointed byJohn F. KennedyPreceded byAmbrose O'ConnellSucceeded byJack Miller58th Governor of VirginiaIn officeJanuary 11, 1958 – January 13, 1962LieutenantAllie Edward Stakes StephensPreceded byThomas B. StanleySucceeded byAlbertis Harrison26th Attorney General of VirginiaIn officeFebruary 11, 1948 – August 28, 1957GovernorWilliam M. TuckJohn S. BattleThomas B. StanleyPreceded byHarvey B. AppersonSucceeded byKenneth Cartwright PattyMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Virginia's 6th districtIn officeJanuary 22, 1946 – April 17, 1948Preceded byClifton A. WoodrumSucceeded byClarence G. Burton Personal detailsBornJames Lindsay Almond Jr.(1898-06-15)June 15, 1898Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.DiedApril 14, 1986(1986-04-14) (aged 87)Richmond, Virginia, U.S.Resting placeEvergreen Burial ParkRoanoke, VirginiaPolitical partyDemocraticEducationVirginia TechUniversity of Virginia School of Law (LLB) James Lindsay Almond Jr. (June 15, 1898 – April 14, 1986) was an American lawyer, state and federal judge and Democratic party politician. His political offices included as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 6th congressional district (1946–1948), 26th Attorney General of Virginia (1948–1957) and the 58th Governor of Virginia (1958–1962). As a member of the Byrd Organization, Almond initially supported massive resistance to the integration of public schools following the United States Supreme Court decisions in Brown v. Board of Education, but when Virginia and federal courts ruled segregation unconstitutional, Almond worked with the legislature to end massive resistance. Almond then became an associate judge of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (1962–1973), and after retiring, continued to serve as Senior Judge of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (1973–1982) and then Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit from 1982, until his death in 1986. Early life Almond was born in Charlottesville, Virginia and raised in Orange County, Virginia. Almond attended Virginia Tech and served as a private in the Students Army Training Corps in 1917 and 1918 in World War I. Afterwards he taught school in Locust Grove, in his native Orange County, then became a high school principal, while also studying and earned a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1923. Lawyer and state judge Almond prosecuted criminals as assistant commonwealth attorney of Roanoke, Virginia from 1930 to 1933. During the Great Depression, Virginia legislators elected him as a state court judge, and he served in the Hustings Court of Roanoke from 1933 to 1945. The Hustings Court handled family law matters as well as some misdemeanor offenses. In possibly his most famous case, discussed at length in the book Truevine, Judge Almond appointed what would today be called a guardian or conservator for two albino African-American men who had been abducted as children from their family's farm near Roanoke, and who toured as a sideshow attraction with the Ringling Brothers Circus for several years while only an unrelated White man received wages for them. Their mother recognized them in a photograph taken in Lincoln, Nebraska in 1936 and with the help of a local Virginia lawyer, secured both their release from the circus and damages, which unfortunately were mostly spent by their mother's second husband (who was shot during an adulterous affair). Later, they wished to return to the circus rather than stay unemployed at home, so at their and their lawyer's request, Judge Almond arranged for part of their salaries to be saved to support their retirement (four years before adoption of the Social Security Act), as well as to support their again-widowed mother, and enforced a similar arrangement when their manager took them touring with other circuses. Political career Almond as governor. As World War II ended, Almond ran for Congress from Virginia's 6th congressional district. Elected to the United States House of Representatives, he served in the 79th and 80th Congresses. Almond resigned his Congressional seat in 1948, when he was elected Attorney General of Virginia. He argued the state's case for segregation of public schools before the United States Supreme Court in the case of Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, which was consolidated with Brown v. Board of Education. Virginia lost both in 1954 and 1955. Although not a favorite of United States Senator Harry F. Byrd, Almond had demonstrated loyalty to the Byrd Organization as well as the national ticket and racial segregation. Byrd had been offended by Almond's endorsement of Martin Hutchinson for the Federal Trade Commission and had refused to endorse Almond for governor in 1953 so Thomas B. Stanley was nominated and ultimately elected. By 1956, Byrd had announced the organization's policy of massive resistance, and as attorney-general, Almond had defended what became known as the Stanley Plan despite doubts about its constitutionality. In 1957, Almond resigned as attorney general (and Stanley appointed Kenneth Cartwright Patty to fill the rest of the term) and announced early for the Democratic nomination for governor. Almond refused Byrd's offer of a position on the Virginia Supreme Court conditioned upon his endorsing Byrd's preferred nominee, Garland Gray, firmly segregationist in allegiance. Gray then withdrew from the Democratic primary, and Almond easily won the Democratic nomination for Governor of Virginia. His Republican opponent, Theodore Roosevelt Dalton, would have allowed racial integration of the public schools pursuant to court orders. Almond offered segregationist rhetoric in most locations and won election as Virginia's governor a month after President Dwight Eisenhower sent troops to enforce a desegregation order in Little Rock, Arkansas, over the opposition of its governor, Orval Faubus. Almond took office in January 1958 for a volatile term that ended in 1962. On January 19, 1959, the Virginia Supreme Court and a three judge federal panel both found the Stanley Plan unconstitutional. Almond initially protested denouncing the federal court rulings in a fiery speech blasting "those whose purpose and design is to blend and amalgamate of the white and negro races" and citing "the livid stench of sadism, sex immorality, and juvenile pregnancy infesting the mixed schools of the District of Columbia and elsewhere," but he soon called a special legislative session and announced (to the fury of Byrd, James J. Kilpatrick, and others) that he would not resist the federal court orders. He allowed public schools in Arlington and Norfolk to desegregate peacefully by to court orders on February 5, 1959. Heeding the advice of several moderates within his own party, including Senator Mosby Perrow Jr., Almond realized that opposition to desegregation was ultimately futile, as the state continued to lose in the courts. In April 1959, Almond and his lieutenant governor, Allie Edward Stakes Stephens, helped Perrow and Stuart B. Carter of Fincastle, Virginia narrowly secure passage of bills which allowed localities to determine whether to desegregate their schools. Schools in Albemarle and Warren Counties opened and followed desegregation orders, but the schools in Prince Edward County remained closed until 1963, and the tuition assistance program that supported segregation academies remained in effect until 1968 when the United States Supreme Court decided Green v. County School Board of New Kent County. Thus, except for Prince Edward County, massive resistance had been transformed into passive resistance against school desegregation. However, Harry F. Byrd Jr. and longtime Byrd lieutenant E. Blackburn Moore defeated Almond's request for a sales tax in 1960, which some saw as retaliation for allowing school desegregation. Stephens resigned just before the end of the year to run for governor (following Almond's early declaration example). However, the Byrd Organization slated Albertis Harrison (the attorney general who had supported segregation and litigation against the NAACP) as their candidate. Stephens lost badly in the 1961 Democratic primary (which ended his elected career), and Byrd loyalist Mills Godwin defeated moderate Armistead Boothe for lieutenant governor, but the machine's vote totals were lower than previously. Both Harrison and Godwin won election in November, with Robert Young Button being elected attorney general. Federal judicial service After campaigning for President John F. Kennedy in 1960, President Kennedy nominated Almond to the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals on April 16, 1962. However Senator Byrd blocked a Senate floor vote and the nomination expired without action. Almond received a recess appointment from President Kennedy on October 23, 1962, to an Associate Judge seat on the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals vacated by Associate Judge Ambrose O'Connell. He was nominated to the same position by President Kennedy on January 15, 1963. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 28, 1963, 164 days after his nomination (more than a year after the first nomination, which Byrd had said he would not block) when Senator Byrd, who was still blocking his nomination, missed a floor session. Byrd's vindictiveness toward Almond eventually undermined the Byrd Organization. Almond received his commission on July 3, 1963. He assumed senior status on March 1, 1973. He was reassigned by operation of law to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit on October 1, 1982, pursuant to 96 Stat. 25. His service terminated on April 14, 1986, due to his death. Elections 1946; Almond was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in a special election unopposed. He was re-elected in the general election with 64.78% of the vote, defeating Republican Frank R. Angell and Socialist Ruby Mae Wilkes. 1957; Almond was elected Governor of Virginia with 63.15% of the vote, defeating Republican Theodore R. Dalton and Independent C. Gilmer Brooks. Personal life Almond married Josephine Katherine Minter in 1925. He was a Lutheran and taught a men's bible class. He was a 32nd degree Mason, a Shriner, and a member of Alpha Kappa Psi and Omicron Delta Kappa. Death Almond died on April 14, 1986, in Richmond, Virginia. He and his wife Josephine Minter Almond are buried in Evergreen Burial Park in Roanoke, Virginia, in her family's plot. The couple had no children, but had raised one of her nephews as their son. References ^ "J. Lindsay Almond". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2009-9-28 ^ Beth Macy, Truevine (Little, Brown & Co., 2016) pp. 266-269, 276-279, 282-283 ^ James Lindsay Almond Jr. at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. ^ Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) ^ Heinemann, Ronald (1996). Harry Byrd of Virginia. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 339. ISBN 0-8139-1642-9. ^ Heinemann pp. 348-349 ^ Heinemann pp. 350-351 ^ Heinemann pp. 407-409 ^ Almond, J. Lindsay; Larry J. Hackman (1968-02-07). "J. Lindsay Almond Oral History Interview" (PDF). Oral History Project. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-15. Retrieved 2006-08-17. ^ Heinemann, p. 410 ^ James Lindsay Almond Jr. at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. ^ Rich, Giles S. (1980). A brief history of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals. Washington, D.C.: Published by authorization of Committee on the Bicentennial of Independence and the Constitution of the Judicial Conference of the United States : U.S. G.P.O. ^ "James H. Hershman Jr.,"James Lindsay Almond (1898–1986)," Dictionary of Virginia Biography, Library of Virginia (1998– ), published 1998". Further reading Beagle, Ben, and Ozzie Osbourne. J. Lindsay Almond: Virginia's Reluctant Rebel (Full Court Press, 1984). Muse, Benjamin. Virginia's Massive Resistance (1961) online Sources James Lindsay Almond Jr. at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. Party political offices Preceded byThomas B. Stanley Democratic nominee for Governor of Virginia 1957 Succeeded byAlbertis Harrison U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byClifton A. Woodrum Member of the United States House of Representativesfrom Virginia's 6th congressional district 1946–1948 Succeeded byClarence G. Burton Legal offices Preceded byHarvey B. Apperson Attorney General of Virginia 1948–1957 Succeeded byKenneth Cartwright Patty Preceded byAmbrose O'Connell Associate Judge of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals 1962–1973 Succeeded byJack Miller Political offices Preceded byThomas B. Stanley Governor of Virginia 1958–1962 Succeeded byAlbertis Harrison vteGovernors of VirginiaVirginia Governor's CouncilColony of Virginia Colony of Virginia Wingfield Ratcliffe Scrivener (acting) Smith Percy Gates De La Warr Dale Yeardley Argall Wyatt West Pott Harvey West Reade (acting) Berkeley Jeffreys (acting) Kemp (acting) Bennett Digges Mathews Colepeper Chicheley (acting) Howard of Effingham Andros Nicholson Nott Jenings Hunter Orkney (absentee) Spotswood Drysdale "King" Carter Gooch Albemarle (absentee) Gooch Lee Burwell (acting) Dinwiddie Loudoun Fauquier Amherst (absentee) Fauquier Botetourt W. Nelson Dunmore Commonwealth of Virginia Virginia Henry Jefferson Fleming T. Nelson B. Harrison Henry E. Randolph B. Randolph H. Lee Brooke Wood Monroe Page Cabell Tyler Sr. G. Smith Monroe G. Smith P. Randolph Barbour Nicholas Preston T. Randolph Pleasants Tyler Jr. Giles J. Floyd Tazewell Robertson Campbell Gilmer Patton Rutherfoord Gregory McDowell W. "EB" Smith J. B. Floyd Johnson Wise Letcher W. "EB" Smith Pierpont Wells Walker Kemper Holliday Cameron F. Lee McKinney O'Ferrall J. H. Tyler Montague Swanson Mann Stuart Davis Trinkle Byrd Pollard Peery Price Darden Tuck Battle Stanley Almond A. Harrison Godwin Holton Godwin Dalton Robb Baliles Wilder Allen Gilmore Warner Kaine McDonnell McAuliffe Northam Youngkin vteAttorneys General of Virginia Randolph Innes Marshall Brooke Nicholas Robertson Baxter Bocock Tucker Wheat (disputed) Bowden Whittlesey Taylor Daniel Field Blair Ayers R. T. Scott R. C. Scott Montague Anderson Williams Pollard Hank Saunders Staples Apperson Almond Patty Harrison Gray Button Miller Troy Coleman Baliles Broaddus Terry Rosenthal Gilmore Cullen Earley Beales Kilgore Jagdmann McDonnell Mims Cuccinelli Herring Miyares vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 6th congressional district I. Coles Venable I. Coles Clay Trigg Sheffey Smyth G. Tucker Davenport W. Coles Jones Seddon Botts Seddon Caskie Powell Leake Milnes Harris Whitehead J. Tucker Daniel Hopkins Edmunds Otey Glass Woods Woodrum Almond Burton Poff Butler Olin Goodlatte Cline Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States People US Congress Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia's 6th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Attorney General of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Governor of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Byrd Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd_Organization"},{"link_name":"massive resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_resistance"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"associate judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Customs_and_Patent_Appeals"}],"text":"James Lindsay Almond Jr. (June 15, 1898 – April 14, 1986) was an American lawyer, state and federal judge and Democratic party politician. His political offices included as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 6th congressional district (1946–1948), 26th Attorney General of Virginia (1948–1957) and the 58th Governor of Virginia (1958–1962). As a member of the Byrd Organization, Almond initially supported massive resistance to the integration of public schools following the United States Supreme Court decisions in Brown v. Board of Education, but when Virginia and federal courts ruled segregation unconstitutional, Almond worked with the legislature to end massive resistance.Almond then became an associate judge of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (1962–1973), and after retiring, continued to serve as Senior Judge of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (1973–1982) and then Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit from 1982, until his death in 1986.","title":"J. Lindsay Almond"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Locust Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locust_Grove,_Orange_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Almond was born in Charlottesville, Virginia and raised in Orange County, Virginia. Almond attended Virginia Tech and served as a private in the Students Army Training Corps in 1917 and 1918 in World War I. Afterwards he taught school in Locust Grove, in his native Orange County, then became a high school principal, while also studying and earned a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1923.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roanoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Hustings Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hustings_Court&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Truevine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truevine"},{"link_name":"Ringling Brothers Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringling_Brothers_Circus"},{"link_name":"Lincoln, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Almond prosecuted criminals as assistant commonwealth attorney of Roanoke, Virginia from 1930 to 1933.During the Great Depression, Virginia legislators elected him as a state court judge, and he served in the Hustings Court of Roanoke from 1933 to 1945. The Hustings Court handled family law matters as well as some misdemeanor offenses. In possibly his most famous case, discussed at length in the book Truevine, Judge Almond appointed what would today be called a guardian or conservator for two albino African-American men who had been abducted as children from their family's farm near Roanoke, and who toured as a sideshow attraction with the Ringling Brothers Circus for several years while only an unrelated White man received wages for them. Their mother recognized them in a photograph taken in Lincoln, Nebraska in 1936 and with the help of a local Virginia lawyer, secured both their release from the circus and damages, which unfortunately were mostly spent by their mother's second husband (who was shot during an adulterous affair). Later, they wished to return to the circus rather than stay unemployed at home, so at their and their lawyer's request, Judge Almond arranged for part of their salaries to be saved to support their retirement (four years before adoption of the Social Security Act), as well as to support their again-widowed mother, and enforced a similar arrangement when their manager took them touring with other circuses.[2]","title":"Lawyer and state judge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J._Lindsay_Almond_(VA).png"},{"link_name":"Virginia's 6th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"79th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/79th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"80th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Attorney General of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United States Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senator"},{"link_name":"Harry F. Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd"},{"link_name":"Byrd Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd_Organization"},{"link_name":"Federal Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"Thomas B. Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Stanley"},{"link_name":"massive resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_resistance"},{"link_name":"Stanley Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Plan"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Cartwright Patty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Cartwright_Patty"},{"link_name":"Virginia Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Garland Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_Gray"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Dalton"},{"link_name":"Dwight Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Little Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Orval Faubus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orval_Faubus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Virginia Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"negro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"James J. Kilpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Kilpatrick"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mosby Perrow Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosby_Perrow_Jr."},{"link_name":"Allie Edward Stakes Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allie_Edward_Stakes_Stephens"},{"link_name":"Stuart B. Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_B._Carter"},{"link_name":"Fincastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fincastle,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"segregation academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregation_academy"},{"link_name":"Green v. County School Board of New Kent County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County"},{"link_name":"Harry F. Byrd Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr."},{"link_name":"E. Blackburn Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Blackburn_Moore"},{"link_name":"Albertis Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertis_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Mills Godwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_Godwin"},{"link_name":"Armistead Boothe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistead_Boothe"},{"link_name":"Robert Young Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Young_Button"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Almond as governor.As World War II ended, Almond ran for Congress from Virginia's 6th congressional district. Elected to the United States House of Representatives, he served in the 79th and 80th Congresses.[3]Almond resigned his Congressional seat in 1948, when he was elected Attorney General of Virginia. He argued the state's case for segregation of public schools before the United States Supreme Court in the case of Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, which was consolidated with Brown v. Board of Education. Virginia lost both in 1954 and 1955.[4]Although not a favorite of United States Senator Harry F. Byrd, Almond had demonstrated loyalty to the Byrd Organization as well as the national ticket and racial segregation. Byrd had been offended by Almond's endorsement of Martin Hutchinson for the Federal Trade Commission and had refused to endorse Almond for governor in 1953 so Thomas B. Stanley was nominated and ultimately elected. By 1956, Byrd had announced the organization's policy of massive resistance, and as attorney-general, Almond had defended what became known as the Stanley Plan despite doubts about its constitutionality. In 1957, Almond resigned as attorney general (and Stanley appointed Kenneth Cartwright Patty to fill the rest of the term) and announced early for the Democratic nomination for governor. Almond refused Byrd's offer of a position on the Virginia Supreme Court conditioned upon his endorsing Byrd's preferred nominee, Garland Gray, firmly segregationist in allegiance.Gray then withdrew from the Democratic primary, and Almond easily won the Democratic nomination for Governor of Virginia. His Republican opponent, Theodore Roosevelt Dalton, would have allowed racial integration of the public schools pursuant to court orders. Almond offered segregationist rhetoric in most locations and won election as Virginia's governor a month after President Dwight Eisenhower sent troops to enforce a desegregation order in Little Rock, Arkansas, over the opposition of its governor, Orval Faubus.[5]Almond took office in January 1958 for a volatile term that ended in 1962. On January 19, 1959, the Virginia Supreme Court and a three judge federal panel both found the Stanley Plan unconstitutional. Almond initially protested denouncing the federal court rulings in a fiery speech blasting \"those whose purpose and design is to blend and amalgamate of the white and negro races\" and citing \"the livid stench of sadism, sex immorality, and juvenile pregnancy infesting the mixed schools of the District of Columbia and elsewhere,\" but he soon called a special legislative session and announced (to the fury of Byrd, James J. Kilpatrick, and others) that he would not resist the federal court orders.He allowed public schools in Arlington and Norfolk to desegregate peacefully by to court orders on February 5, 1959.[6] Heeding the advice of several moderates within his own party, including Senator Mosby Perrow Jr., Almond realized that opposition to desegregation was ultimately futile, as the state continued to lose in the courts. In April 1959, Almond and his lieutenant governor, Allie Edward Stakes Stephens, helped Perrow and Stuart B. Carter of Fincastle, Virginia narrowly secure passage of bills which allowed localities to determine whether to desegregate their schools.[7]Schools in Albemarle and Warren Counties opened and followed desegregation orders, but the schools in Prince Edward County remained closed until 1963, and the tuition assistance program that supported segregation academies remained in effect until 1968 when the United States Supreme Court decided Green v. County School Board of New Kent County. Thus, except for Prince Edward County, massive resistance had been transformed into passive resistance against school desegregation.However, Harry F. Byrd Jr. and longtime Byrd lieutenant E. Blackburn Moore defeated Almond's request for a sales tax in 1960, which some saw as retaliation for allowing school desegregation. Stephens resigned just before the end of the year to run for governor (following Almond's early declaration example). However, the Byrd Organization slated Albertis Harrison (the attorney general who had supported segregation and litigation against the NAACP) as their candidate. Stephens lost badly in the 1961 Democratic primary (which ended his elected career), and Byrd loyalist Mills Godwin defeated moderate Armistead Boothe for lieutenant governor, but the machine's vote totals were lower than previously. Both Harrison and Godwin won election in November, with Robert Young Button being elected attorney general.[8]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Customs_and_Patent_Appeals"},{"link_name":"recess appointment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recess_appointment"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Customs_and_Patent_Appeals"},{"link_name":"Ambrose O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_O%27Connell"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Byrd Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd_Organization"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"senior status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_status"},{"link_name":"operation of law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_of_law"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"After campaigning for President John F. Kennedy in 1960, President Kennedy nominated Almond to the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals on April 16, 1962. However Senator Byrd blocked a Senate floor vote and the nomination expired without action. Almond received a recess appointment from President Kennedy on October 23, 1962, to an Associate Judge seat on the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals vacated by Associate Judge Ambrose O'Connell. He was nominated to the same position by President Kennedy on January 15, 1963. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 28, 1963, 164 days after his nomination (more than a year after the first nomination, which Byrd had said he would not block) when Senator Byrd, who was still blocking his nomination, missed a floor session.[9] Byrd's vindictiveness toward Almond eventually undermined the Byrd Organization.[10] Almond received his commission on July 3, 1963. He assumed senior status on March 1, 1973. He was reassigned by operation of law to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit on October 1, 1982, pursuant to 96 Stat. 25. His service terminated on April 14, 1986, due to his death.[11]","title":"Federal judicial service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Theodore R. Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Dalton"}],"sub_title":"Elections","text":"1946; Almond was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in a special election unopposed. He was re-elected in the general election with 64.78% of the vote, defeating Republican Frank R. Angell and Socialist Ruby Mae Wilkes.\n1957; Almond was elected Governor of Virginia with 63.15% of the vote, defeating Republican Theodore R. Dalton and Independent C. Gilmer Brooks.","title":"Federal judicial service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Shriner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriners"},{"link_name":"Alpha Kappa Psi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Psi"},{"link_name":"Omicron Delta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omicron_Delta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Almond married Josephine Katherine Minter in 1925. He was a Lutheran and taught a men's bible class. He was a 32nd degree Mason, a Shriner, and a member of Alpha Kappa Psi and Omicron Delta Kappa.[12]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Almond died on April 14, 1986, in Richmond, Virginia. He and his wife Josephine Minter Almond are buried in Evergreen Burial Park in Roanoke, Virginia, in her family's plot. The couple had no children, but had raised one of her nephews as their son.[13]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/virginiasmassive00muse"}],"text":"Beagle, Ben, and Ozzie Osbourne. J. Lindsay Almond: Virginia's Reluctant Rebel (Full Court Press, 1984).\nMuse, Benjamin. Virginia's Massive Resistance (1961) online","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Lindsay Almond Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fjc.gov/node/1390376"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of Federal Judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges"},{"link_name":"Federal Judicial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Governors of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Governor's Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Governor%27s_Council"},{"link_name":"Colony of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wingfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Maria_Wingfield"},{"link_name":"Ratcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Scrivener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Scrivener"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Percy_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gates_(governor)"},{"link_name":"De La Warr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_West,_3rd_Baron_De_La_Warr"},{"link_name":"Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dale"},{"link_name":"Yeardley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Yeardley"},{"link_name":"Argall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Argall"},{"link_name":"Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_West"},{"link_name":"Pott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pott"},{"link_name":"Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvey_(Virginia_governor)"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_West_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Reade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Reade_(colonial_governor)"},{"link_name":"Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Berkeley_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Jeffreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Jeffreys_(colonial_governor)"},{"link_name":"Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kemp_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bennett_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Digges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Digges"},{"link_name":"Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Matthews_(captain)"},{"link_name":"Colepeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Colepeper,_2nd_Baron_Colepeper"},{"link_name":"Chicheley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Chicheley"},{"link_name":"Howard of Effingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Howard,_5th_Baron_Howard_of_Effingham"},{"link_name":"Andros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Andros"},{"link_name":"Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Nott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Nott"},{"link_name":"Jenings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Jenings_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hunter_(colonial_administrator)"},{"link_name":"Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hamilton,_1st_Earl_of_Orkney"},{"link_name":"Spotswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Spotswood"},{"link_name":"Drysdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Drysdale"},{"link_name":"\"King\" Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Carter_I"},{"link_name":"Gooch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Gooch,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Albemarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_van_Keppel,_2nd_Earl_of_Albemarle"},{"link_name":"Gooch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Gooch,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lee_(Virginia_colonist)"},{"link_name":"Burwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burwell_family_of_Virginia#Lewis_Burwell_I/II_(1711%E2%80%931756)"},{"link_name":"Dinwiddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dinwiddie"},{"link_name":"Loudoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell,_4th_Earl_of_Loudoun"},{"link_name":"Fauquier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Fauquier"},{"link_name":"Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst"},{"link_name":"Fauquier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Fauquier"},{"link_name":"Botetourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norborne_Berkeley,_4th_Baron_Botetourt"},{"link_name":"W. Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nelson_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Dunmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Henry"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fleming_(governor)"},{"link_name":"T. Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Jr."},{"link_name":"B. Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Henry"},{"link_name":"E. Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Randolph"},{"link_name":"B. Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Randolph"},{"link_name":"H. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lee_III"},{"link_name":"Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brooke_(Virginia_governor)"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wood_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Page_(Virginia_politician)"},{"link_name":"Cabell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Cabell"},{"link_name":"Tyler Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler_Sr."},{"link_name":"G. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_William_Smith_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"G. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_William_Smith_(politician)"},{"link_name":"P. Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Randolph_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Barbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Barbour"},{"link_name":"Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Cary_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Patton_Preston"},{"link_name":"T. Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mann_Randolph_Jr."},{"link_name":"Pleasants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Pleasants"},{"link_name":"Tyler Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler"},{"link_name":"Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Branch_Giles"},{"link_name":"J. Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Floyd_(Virginia_politician)"},{"link_name":"Tazewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell"},{"link_name":"Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Campbell_(Virginia_politician)"},{"link_name":"Gilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Gilmer"},{"link_name":"Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Patton"},{"link_name":"Rutherfoord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rutherfoord"},{"link_name":"Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Munford_Gregory"},{"link_name":"McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McDowell"},{"link_name":"W. \"EB\" Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)"},{"link_name":"J. B. Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Floyd"},{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(Virginia_politician)"},{"link_name":"Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wise"},{"link_name":"Letcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Letcher"},{"link_name":"W. \"EB\" Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)"},{"link_name":"Pierpont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Harrison_Pierpont"},{"link_name":"Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Wells"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Carlton_Walker"},{"link_name":"Kemper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Kemper"},{"link_name":"Holliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_W._M._Holliday"},{"link_name":"Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Cameron"},{"link_name":"F. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee"},{"link_name":"McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_W._McKinney"},{"link_name":"O'Ferrall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Triplett_O%27Ferrall"},{"link_name":"J. H. Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hoge_Tyler"},{"link_name":"Montague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Montague"},{"link_name":"Swanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson"},{"link_name":"Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hodges_Mann"},{"link_name":"Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Carter_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmoreland_Davis"},{"link_name":"Trinkle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbert_Lee_Trinkle"},{"link_name":"Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd"},{"link_name":"Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garland_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Peery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Peery"},{"link_name":"Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hubert_Price"},{"link_name":"Darden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate_Darden"},{"link_name":"Tuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tuck"},{"link_name":"Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Battle"},{"link_name":"Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Stanley"},{"link_name":"Almond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"A. Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertis_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Godwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_Godwin"},{"link_name":"Holton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linwood_Holton"},{"link_name":"Godwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_Godwin"},{"link_name":"Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_N._Dalton"},{"link_name":"Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Robb"},{"link_name":"Baliles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Baliles"},{"link_name":"Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Wilder"},{"link_name":"Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Allen_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"Gilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gilmore"},{"link_name":"Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Warner"},{"link_name":"Kaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kaine"},{"link_name":"McDonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McDonnell"},{"link_name":"McAuliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe"},{"link_name":"Northam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Northam"},{"link_name":"Youngkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Youngkin"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Virginia_Attorneys_General"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Virginia_Attorneys_General"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virginia_Attorneys_General"},{"link_name":"Attorneys General of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Randolph"},{"link_name":"Innes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Innes_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brooke_(Virginia_governor)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Norborne_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robertson_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Smith_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Bocock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Perry_Bocock"},{"link_name":"Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Randolph_Tucker_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sanders_Wheat"},{"link_name":"disputed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restored_Government_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Bowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Russell_Bowden"},{"link_name":"Whittlesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Whittlesey_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Craig_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh_Travers_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Field"},{"link_name":"Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Simpson_Blair&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_A._Ayers"},{"link_name":"R. T. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Taylor_Scott"},{"link_name":"R. C. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Carter_Scott"},{"link_name":"Montague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Montague"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Walker_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garland_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Hank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_D._Hank_Jr."},{"link_name":"Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Saunders"},{"link_name":"Staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram_Penn_Staples"},{"link_name":"Apperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_B._Apperson"},{"link_name":"Almond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Patty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Cartwright_Patty"},{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertis_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Thomas_Gray"},{"link_name":"Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Young_Button"},{"link_name":"Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_P._Miller"},{"link_name":"Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Francis_Troy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Baliles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Baliles"},{"link_name":"Broaddus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Broaddus"},{"link_name":"Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Sue_Terry"},{"link_name":"Rosenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_D._Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"Gilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gilmore"},{"link_name":"Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cullen_(attorney)"},{"link_name":"Earley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Earley"},{"link_name":"Beales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_A._Beales"},{"link_name":"Kilgore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Kilgore_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Jagdmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Jagdmann"},{"link_name":"McDonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McDonnell"},{"link_name":"Mims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mims"},{"link_name":"Cuccinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Cuccinelli"},{"link_name":"Herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Herring"},{"link_name":"Miyares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Miyares"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:VirginiaRepresentatives06"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:VirginiaRepresentatives06"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:VirginiaRepresentatives06"},{"link_name":"Virginia's 6th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"I. Coles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Coles"},{"link_name":"Venable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_B._Venable"},{"link_name":"I. Coles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Coles"},{"link_name":"Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Clay"},{"link_name":"Trigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram_Trigg"},{"link_name":"Sheffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Sheffey"},{"link_name":"Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Smyth"},{"link_name":"G. Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tucker_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Davenport_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"W. Coles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Coles"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winston_Jones"},{"link_name":"Seddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Seddon"},{"link_name":"Botts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Botts"},{"link_name":"Seddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Seddon"},{"link_name":"Caskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Caskie"},{"link_name":"Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Powell"},{"link_name":"Leake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelton_Leake"},{"link_name":"Milnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Milnes_Jr."},{"link_name":"Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Harris"},{"link_name":"Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Whitehead_(politician)"},{"link_name":"J. Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Randolph_Tucker_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Daniel"},{"link_name":"Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_I._Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C._Edmunds"},{"link_name":"Otey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Otey"},{"link_name":"Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Glass"},{"link_name":"Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Woods"},{"link_name":"Woodrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_A._Woodrum"},{"link_name":"Almond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_G._Burton"},{"link_name":"Poff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harding_Poff"},{"link_name":"Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Caldwell_Butler"},{"link_name":"Olin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Olin"},{"link_name":"Goodlatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Goodlatte"},{"link_name":"Cline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Cline"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q777975#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/225623/"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/58138942"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy8tyVMxxgdPy6JVqj3cP"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1175999083"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n87836446"},{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000163"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cc1ckk"}],"text":"James Lindsay Almond Jr. at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.vteGovernors of VirginiaVirginia Governor's CouncilColony of Virginia Colony of Virginia\nWingfield\nRatcliffe\nScrivener (acting)\nSmith\nPercy\nGates\nDe La Warr\nDale\nYeardley\nArgall\nWyatt\nWest\nPott\nHarvey\nWest\nReade (acting)\nBerkeley\nJeffreys (acting)\nKemp (acting)\nBennett\nDigges\nMathews\nColepeper\nChicheley (acting)\nHoward of Effingham\nAndros\nNicholson\nNott\nJenings\nHunter\nOrkney (absentee)\nSpotswood\nDrysdale\n\"King\" Carter\nGooch\nAlbemarle (absentee)\nGooch\nLee\nBurwell (acting)\nDinwiddie\nLoudoun\nFauquier\nAmherst (absentee)\nFauquier\nBotetourt\nW. Nelson\nDunmore\nCommonwealth of Virginia Virginia\nHenry\nJefferson\nFleming\nT. Nelson\nB. Harrison\nHenry\nE. Randolph\nB. Randolph\nH. Lee\nBrooke\nWood\nMonroe\nPage\nCabell\nTyler Sr.\nG. Smith\nMonroe\nG. Smith\nP. Randolph\nBarbour\nNicholas\nPreston\nT. Randolph\nPleasants\nTyler Jr.\nGiles\nJ. Floyd\nTazewell\nRobertson\nCampbell\nGilmer\nPatton\nRutherfoord\nGregory\nMcDowell\nW. \"EB\" Smith\nJ. B. Floyd\nJohnson\nWise\nLetcher\nW. \"EB\" Smith\nPierpont\nWells\nWalker\nKemper\nHolliday\nCameron\nF. Lee\nMcKinney\nO'Ferrall\nJ. H. Tyler\nMontague\nSwanson\nMann\nStuart\nDavis\nTrinkle\nByrd\nPollard\nPeery\nPrice\nDarden\nTuck\nBattle\nStanley\nAlmond\nA. Harrison\nGodwin\nHolton\nGodwin\nDalton\nRobb\nBaliles\nWilder\nAllen\nGilmore\nWarner\nKaine\nMcDonnell\nMcAuliffe\nNortham\nYoungkinvteAttorneys General of Virginia\nRandolph\nInnes\nMarshall\nBrooke\nNicholas\nRobertson\nBaxter\nBocock\nTucker\nWheat (disputed)\nBowden\nWhittlesey\nTaylor\nDaniel\nField\nBlair\nAyers\nR. T. Scott\nR. C. Scott\nMontague\nAnderson\nWilliams\nPollard\nHank\nSaunders\nStaples\nApperson\nAlmond\nPatty\nHarrison\nGray\nButton\nMiller\nTroy\nColeman\nBaliles\nBroaddus\nTerry\nRosenthal\nGilmore\nCullen\nEarley\nBeales\nKilgore\nJagdmann\nMcDonnell\nMims\nCuccinelli\nHerring\nMiyaresvteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 6th congressional district\nI. Coles\nVenable\nI. Coles\nClay\nTrigg\nSheffey\nSmyth\nG. Tucker\nDavenport\nW. Coles\nJones\nSeddon\nBotts\nSeddon\nCaskie\nPowell\nLeake\nMilnes\nHarris\nWhitehead\nJ. Tucker\nDaniel\nHopkins\nEdmunds\nOtey\nGlass\nWoods\nWoodrum\nAlmond\nBurton\nPoff\nButler\nOlin\nGoodlatte\nClineAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nPeople\nUS Congress\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Almond as governor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/J._Lindsay_Almond_%28VA%29.png/140px-J._Lindsay_Almond_%28VA%29.png"},{"image_text":"Colony of Virginia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/45px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Virginia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"J. Lindsay Almond\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000163","url_text":"\"J. Lindsay Almond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Heinemann, Ronald (1996). Harry Byrd of Virginia. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 339. ISBN 0-8139-1642-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Byrd_of_Virginia","url_text":"Harry Byrd of Virginia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/harrybyrdofvirgi0000hein/page/339","url_text":"339"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-1642-9","url_text":"0-8139-1642-9"}]},{"reference":"Almond, J. Lindsay; Larry J. Hackman (1968-02-07). \"J. Lindsay Almond Oral History Interview\" (PDF). Oral History Project. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-15. Retrieved 2006-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070615131833/http://www.jfklibrary.org/NR/rdonlyres/59B40018-7701-47CE-B9C8-5CB563B17452/38198/AlmondJLindsayJr.pdf","url_text":"\"J. Lindsay Almond Oral History Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Library","url_text":"John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum"},{"url":"http://www.jfklibrary.org/NR/rdonlyres/59B40018-7701-47CE-B9C8-5CB563B17452/38198/AlmondJLindsayJr.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rich, Giles S. (1980). A brief history of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals. Washington, D.C.: Published by authorization of Committee on the Bicentennial of Independence and the Constitution of the Judicial Conference of the United States : U.S. G.P.O.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Sutherland_Rich","url_text":"Rich, Giles S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Customs_and_Patent_Appeals","url_text":"United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals"}]},{"reference":"\"James H. Hershman Jr.,\"James Lindsay Almond (1898–1986),\" Dictionary of Virginia Biography, Library of Virginia (1998– ), published 1998\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.php?b=Almond_James_Lindsay","url_text":"\"James H. Hershman Jr.,\"James Lindsay Almond (1898–1986),\" Dictionary of Virginia Biography, Library of Virginia (1998– ), published 1998\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_novel
Parallel novel
["1 Legal issues","2 Examples","3 See also","4 References"]
See also: Category:Parallel literature Not to be confused with Metafiction, Parallel text, or Parallel universes in fiction. Pastiche novel with in-universe continuity Some books and parallel novels based on Pride and Prejudice A parallel novel is an in-universe (but often non-canonical) pastiche (or sometimes sequel) piece of literature written within, derived from, or taking place during the framework of another work of fiction by the same or another author with respect to continuity. Parallel novels or "reimagined classics" are works of fiction that "borrow a character and fill in his story, mirror an 'old' plot, or blend the characters of one book with those of another". These stories further the works of already well-known novels by focusing on a minor character and making them the major character. The revised stories may have the same setting and time frame and even the same characters. Goodreads maintains a list of its readers' ratings of the most popular parallel novels; as of 2022, these included Wide Sargasso Sea, Wicked, The Penelopiad, and Telemachus and Homer. Legal issues Creating parallel novels can have significant legal implications when the copyright of the original author's work has not expired, and a later author makes a parallel novel derived from the original author's work. Examples Wild Wood (1981) by Jan Needle parallels The Wind in the Willows from the perspective of the stoats and weasels. The Last Ringbearer (1999) by Kirill Eskov parallels The Lord of the Rings with the Mordorians as the heroes. The Wind Done Gone (2001) by Alice Randall parallels Gone with the Wind. March (2005) by Geraldine Brooks parallels Little Women (1868). Longbourn (2013) by Jo Baker parallels Pride and Prejudice. See also Authors' rights – Right to exploit a creative work Copyright protection for fictional characters Crossover (fiction) - Sometimes canonical mixing of characters or worlds from originally separate fictional universes. Intercompany crossover comics. Expanded universe – Non-linear additions with consistency to the fictional universe Fan fiction – Type of fiction created by fans of the original subject Frame story – Story in a nested narration that brackets one or more embedded stories Klinger v. Conan Doyle Estate, Ltd. Mashup novel - Non-canonical mixing of texts in new genres without continuity often in parody Metafiction – Genre of fiction about fiction Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp. Retcon – Revision of existing facts in succeeding works of fictionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Revisionism (fictional) – Works of fiction revised and retold Spin-off (media) – Narrative work derived from existing works References ^ Patrick, Bethanne (November 25, 2007). "'Neither prequel, nor sequel, it's parallel novel'". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 29 November 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013. ^ a b Cellier-Smart, Catherine. "Parallel Novels". West Milford Township Library. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "The Best Parallel Novels or Reimagined Classics". Goodreads. Amazon. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 2022-06-23. ^ Locke, Scott D. (2018). "Parallel Novels and the Reimagining of Literary Notables by Follow-On Authors: Copyrights Issues When Characters Are First Created by Others". Chicago-Kent Journal of Intellectual Property. 17 (2): 271. Retrieved 2019-09-17. ^ O'Sullivan, Emer (22 November 2010). Historical Dictionary of Children's Literature. Scarecrow Press. p. 113. ISBN 9780810874961. ^ Grahame, Kenneth (2009). The Wind in the Willows: An Annotated Edition. Harvard UP. p. 1. ISBN 9780674034471. ^ "Export "I'm done explaining why fanfic is okay" by Aja Romano (bookshop)". h2o.law.harvard.edu. ^ "Put the book back on the shelf: Literary works that should never be adapted to film or TV again". The A.V. Club. 17 February 2010. ^ "Pride and Prejudice below the stairs: Jo Baker's Longbourn". Radio National. 1 August 2013.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Parallel literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Parallel_literature"},{"link_name":"Metafiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiction"},{"link_name":"Parallel text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_text"},{"link_name":"Parallel universes in fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pride_%26_Prejudice-fictions.JPG"},{"link_name":"parallel novels based on Pride and Prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_literary_adaptations_of_Pride_and_Prejudice"},{"link_name":"universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_universe"},{"link_name":"canonical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"pastiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastiche"},{"link_name":"sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequel"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author"},{"link_name":"continuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_book"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cellier-Smart-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cellier-Smart-2"},{"link_name":"Goodreads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads"},{"link_name":"Wide Sargasso Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_Sargasso_Sea"},{"link_name":"Wicked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_(Maguire_novel)"},{"link_name":"The Penelopiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penelopiad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"See also: Category:Parallel literatureNot to be confused with Metafiction, Parallel text, or Parallel universes in fiction.Pastiche novel with in-universe continuitySome books and parallel novels based on Pride and PrejudiceA parallel novel is an in-universe (but often non-canonical) pastiche (or sometimes sequel) piece of literature written within, derived from, or taking place during the framework of another work of fiction by the same or another author with respect to continuity.[1] Parallel novels or \"reimagined classics\" are works of fiction that \"borrow a character and fill in his story, mirror an 'old' plot, or blend the characters of one book with those of another\".[2] These stories further the works of already well-known novels by focusing on a minor character and making them the major character. The revised stories may have the same setting and time frame and even the same characters.[2]Goodreads maintains a list of its readers' ratings of the most popular parallel novels; as of 2022, these included Wide Sargasso Sea, Wicked, The Penelopiad, and Telemachus and Homer.[3]","title":"Parallel novel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"},{"link_name":"expired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_term"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Creating parallel novels can have significant legal implications when the copyright of the original author's work has not expired, and a later author makes a parallel novel derived from the original author's work.[4]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jan Needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Needle"},{"link_name":"The Wind in the Willows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wind_in_the_Willows"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Last Ringbearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Ringbearer"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"The Wind Done Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wind_Done_Gone"},{"link_name":"Alice Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Randall"},{"link_name":"Gone with the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Brooks_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Little Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Women"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Longbourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longbourn"},{"link_name":"Jo Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Baker_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Pride and Prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Wild Wood (1981) by Jan Needle parallels The Wind in the Willows from the perspective of the stoats and weasels.[5][6]\nThe Last Ringbearer (1999) by Kirill Eskov parallels The Lord of the Rings with the Mordorians as the heroes.\nThe Wind Done Gone (2001) by Alice Randall parallels Gone with the Wind.[7]\nMarch (2005) by Geraldine Brooks parallels Little Women (1868).[8]\nLongbourn (2013) by Jo Baker parallels Pride and Prejudice.[9]","title":"Examples"}]
[{"image_text":"Some books and parallel novels based on Pride and Prejudice","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pride_%26_Prejudice-fictions.JPG/220px-Pride_%26_Prejudice-fictions.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Authors' rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authors%27_rights"},{"title":"Copyright protection for fictional characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_protection_for_fictional_characters"},{"title":"Crossover (fiction)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)"},{"title":"canonical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(fiction)"},{"title":"fictional universes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_universe"},{"title":"Intercompany crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercompany_crossover"},{"title":"Expanded universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_universe"},{"title":"Fan fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_fiction"},{"title":"Frame story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_story"},{"title":"Klinger v. Conan Doyle Estate, Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinger_v._Conan_Doyle_Estate,_Ltd."},{"title":"Mashup novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_novel"},{"title":"canonical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(fiction)"},{"title":"parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"title":"Metafiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiction"},{"title":"Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichols_v._Universal_Pictures_Corp."},{"title":"Retcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retcon"},{"title":"Revisionism (fictional)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionism_(fictional)"},{"title":"Spin-off (media)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"}]
[{"reference":"Patrick, Bethanne (November 25, 2007). \"'Neither prequel, nor sequel, it's parallel novel'\". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 29 November 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20131129045229/http://www.concordmonitor.com/article/neither-prequel-nor-sequel-its-parallel-novel","url_text":"\"'Neither prequel, nor sequel, it's parallel novel'\""},{"url":"http://www.concordmonitor.com/article/neither-prequel-nor-sequel-its-parallel-novel","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cellier-Smart, Catherine. \"Parallel Novels\". West Milford Township Library. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224015/http://www.wmtl.org/content/parallel-novels","url_text":"\"Parallel Novels\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Best Parallel Novels or Reimagined Classics\". Goodreads. Amazon. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 2022-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/list/show/43967.The_Best_Parallel_Novels_or_Reimagined_Classics","url_text":"\"The Best Parallel Novels or Reimagined Classics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads","url_text":"Goodreads"}]},{"reference":"Locke, Scott D. (2018). \"Parallel Novels and the Reimagining of Literary Notables by Follow-On Authors: Copyrights Issues When Characters Are First Created by Others\". Chicago-Kent Journal of Intellectual Property. 17 (2): 271. Retrieved 2019-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/ckjip/vol17/iss2/3/","url_text":"\"Parallel Novels and the Reimagining of Literary Notables by Follow-On Authors: Copyrights Issues When Characters Are First Created by Others\""}]},{"reference":"O'Sullivan, Emer (22 November 2010). Historical Dictionary of Children's Literature. Scarecrow Press. p. 113. ISBN 9780810874961.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kGtMlWio4QIC&q=%22Jan+Needle%22&pg=PA113","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Children's Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874961","url_text":"9780810874961"}]},{"reference":"Grahame, Kenneth (2009). The Wind in the Willows: An Annotated Edition. Harvard UP. p. 1. ISBN 9780674034471.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XFrEK_cye8kC&q=%22Jan+Needle%22&pg=PA1","url_text":"The Wind in the Willows: An Annotated Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674034471","url_text":"9780674034471"}]},{"reference":"\"Export \"I'm done explaining why fanfic is okay\" by Aja Romano (bookshop)\". h2o.law.harvard.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/text_blocks/299/export","url_text":"\"Export \"I'm done explaining why fanfic is okay\" by Aja Romano (bookshop)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Put the book back on the shelf: Literary works that should never be adapted to film or TV again\". The A.V. Club. 17 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/put-the-book-back-on-the-shelf-literary-works-that-sho-1798219090","url_text":"\"Put the book back on the shelf: Literary works that should never be adapted to film or TV again\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pride and Prejudice below the stairs: Jo Baker's Longbourn\". Radio National. 1 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/booksandarts/4856796","url_text":"\"Pride and Prejudice below the stairs: Jo Baker's Longbourn\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_consonant
Central consonant
["1 See also","2 References"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Palatograms of central and lateral A central consonant, also known as a median consonant, is a consonant sound that is produced when air flows across the center of the mouth over the tongue. The class contrasts with lateral consonants, in which air flows over the sides of the tongue rather than down its center. Examples of central consonants are the voiced alveolar fricative (the "z" in the English word "zoo") and the palatal approximant (the "y" in the English word "yes"). Others are the central fricatives , the central approximants , the trills , and the central flaps . The term is most relevant for approximants and fricatives (for which there are contrasting lateral and central consonants - e.g. versus and versus ). Stops that have "lateral release" can be written in the International Phonetic Alphabet using a superscript symbol, e.g. , or can be implied by a following lateral consonant, e.g. . The labial fricatives often—perhaps usually—have lateral airflow, as occlusion between the teeth and lips blocks the airflow in the center, but nonetheless they are not considered lateral consonants because no language makes a distinction between the two. In some languages, the centrality of a phoneme may be indeterminate. In Japanese, for example, there is a liquid phoneme /r/, which may be either central or lateral, resulting in /ro/ produced as either or . See also Manner of articulation List of phonetics topics References ^ Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William A. (1996). Phonetic Symbol Guide. University of Chicago Press. p. xxxiv. ISBN 0-226-68536-5. Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_outline_of_English_phonetics_fig18.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_outline_of_English_phonetics_fig35.png"},{"link_name":"Palatograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatogram"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"consonant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant"},{"link_name":"lateral consonants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_consonant"},{"link_name":"voiced alveolar fricative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative"},{"link_name":"palatal approximant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_approximant"},{"link_name":"International Phonetic Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"liquid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_consonant"}],"text":"Palatograms of central [t] and lateral [l]A central consonant, also known as a median consonant,[1] is a consonant sound that is produced when air flows across the center of the mouth over the tongue. The class contrasts with lateral consonants, in which air flows over the sides of the tongue rather than down its center.Examples of central consonants are the voiced alveolar fricative (the \"z\" in the English word \"zoo\") and the palatal approximant (the \"y\" in the English word \"yes\"). Others are the central fricatives [θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ], the central approximants [ɹ ɻ j ɥ ɰ w ʍ], the trills [r ʀ], and the central flaps [ɾ ɽ].The term is most relevant for approximants and fricatives (for which there are contrasting lateral and central consonants - e.g. [l] versus [ɹ] and [ɮ] versus [z]). Stops that have \"lateral release\" can be written in the International Phonetic Alphabet using a superscript symbol, e.g. [tˡ], or can be implied by a following lateral consonant, e.g. [tɬ]. The labial fricatives [f v] often—perhaps usually—have lateral airflow, as occlusion between the teeth and lips blocks the airflow in the center, but nonetheless they are not considered lateral consonants because no language makes a distinction between the two.In some languages, the centrality of a phoneme may be indeterminate. In Japanese, for example, there is a liquid phoneme /r/, which may be either central or lateral, resulting in /ro/ produced as either [ɾo] or [lo].","title":"Central consonant"}]
[]
[{"title":"Manner of articulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_articulation"},{"title":"List of phonetics topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phonetics_topics"}]
[{"reference":"Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William A. (1996). Phonetic Symbol Guide. University of Chicago Press. p. xxxiv. ISBN 0-226-68536-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_K._Pullum","url_text":"Pullum, Geoffrey K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_Symbol_Guide","url_text":"Phonetic Symbol Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-68536-5","url_text":"0-226-68536-5"}]},{"reference":"Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged","url_text":"Ladefoged, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Maddieson","url_text":"Maddieson, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages","url_text":"The Sounds of the World's Languages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6","url_text":"0-631-19815-6"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_Majumder
Maia Majumder
["1 Education and early career","2 Research","3 Public outreach","4 References","5 External links"]
American epidemiologist Maia MajumderBornMaimuna Shahnaz MajumderAlma materMassachusetts Institute of Technology, PhD, 2018Known forForecasting outbreaks, computational epidemiologyScientific careerFieldsEpidemiologyInstitutionsHarvard Medical School, Boston Children's HospitalThesisModeling transmission heterogeneity for infectious disease outbreaks (2018)Doctoral advisorRichard Larson Websitemaimunamajumder.com Maimuna (Maia) Majumder is a computational epidemiologist and a faculty member at Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital's Computational Health Informatics Program (CHIP). She is currently working on modeling the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Education and early career Majumder received her Bachelor of Science degree from Tufts University in engineering in 2013, as well as her Master of Public Health from Tufts University School of Medicine. She then attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology for both her Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in systems engineering under the supervision of Richard Larson. For her Master's thesis work, she utilized publicly available data to model and characterize the MERS epidemic in Saudi Arabia. Her Ph.D. thesis focused on modeling disease transmission dynamics during real-world outbreaks, taking into account that there is heterogeneity within populations, so some individuals are more likely than others to transmit an infection. Her dissertation ended in policy recommendations for those working in public health to improve access to infection case data, so that forecasters can better characterize disease transmission, and to think about the basic reproduction number of an infectious disease as a mean of a random variable. While at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Majumder joined HealthMap, a team of researchers, epidemiologists, and software developers at Boston Children's Hospital that utilizes freely available electronic data to perform real-time disease outbreak monitoring and surveillance. There, she used local news reports to track epidemics such as measles and mumps and modeling the effects of vaccination rates on their spread, using a combination of mathematical modeling and surveillance data. In 2015, she published a report that found that linked the ongoing measles outbreak in Anaheim, California, which started some time in December 2014, to a lack of vaccination. She reported that the vaccination rate was somewhere between 50 and 86 percent—well below the ideal rate of 96 percent needed to confer herd immunity to the population. In 2016, she used reporting by the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette to track the August 2016 mumps outbreak in Arkansas. She and her colleagues estimated that the vaccination rate of the MMR vaccine may have been as low as 70 percent. With HealthMap, Majumder also monitored and published projections of Ebola virus disease infections and fatalities during the 2014 Western African Ebola virus epidemic. Her team also worked to estimate the growth and longevity of the outbreak, in addition to modeling how interventions might alter transmission rates. Following her graduate work, Majumder joined Harvard University's Health Policy Data Science lab as a postdoctoral fellow between 2018 and 2019. Research In 2019, Majumder was appointed a faculty member at Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital's Computational Health Informatics Program (CHIP). She rose to prominence as a public health researcher for her use of novel ways of finding, using, and visualizing non-traditional sources of public health data, including utilizing local media reports to track disease outbreaks. As someone who relies on local news for disease forecasting, Majumder has been publicly dismayed at the shuttering of local news organizations around the United States, as she relies on their reporting for her work. Since early 2020, Majumder's research group has worked to model and forecast the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. She produced one of the early estimates of the number of new infections caused by each infected person, if no measures were taken to control the spread of the disease; this value is known as the basic reproduction number, or R0. The analysis utilized publicly available data from cases of the infection in Wuhan, China between December 1, 2019 and January 26, 2020 and estimated the R0 is somewhere between 2.0 and 3.1, making COVID-19 more contagious that the seasonal flu. She has also stressed the need for more clarity around COVID-19 statistics, with a focus on reports around the case fatality rate of the disease, which can be misleading. She notes that in order to get an accurate view of COVID-19's fatality, we must first know how many people have actually been infected—a number that is unclear due to limited COVID-19 testing and the need to survey populations for who may have antibodies for the virus, but only experienced a mild infection. Majumder is also an advocate for the importance of preprints, or pre-peer-reviewed publications, in quickly disseminating information and shaping the global discourse during public health crises. Public outreach Majumder regularly shares information about epidemiology and outbreak tracking on Twitter and has written for popular outlets, such as NPR and FiveThirtyEight. She also co-edited the 2016 book Ebola's Message: Public Health and Medicine in the Twenty-First Century with philosopher Nicholas G. Evans and molecular epidemiologist Tara C. Smith about the 2013-2015 Ebola virus disease epidemic. References ^ Majumder, Maimuna S. (Maimuna Shahnaz) (2015). Middle East respiratory syndrome in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia : insights from publicly available data (Thesis thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/103565. ^ Majumder, Maimuna S. (Maimuna Shahnaz) (2018). Modeling transmission heterogeneity for infectious disease outbreaks (Thesis thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/120885. ^ a b c Segerstrom, Carl (2018-12-24). "No news is bad news for public health". www.hcn.org. Retrieved 2020-03-31. ^ Majumder, Maimuna S.; Cohn, Emily L.; Mekaru, Sumiko R.; Huston, Jane E.; Brownstein, John S. (2015-05-01). "Substandard Vaccination Compliance and the 2015 Measles Outbreak". JAMA Pediatrics. 169 (5): 494–495. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0384. ISSN 2168-6203. PMC 4476536. PMID 25774618. ^ Brody, Jane E. (2015-08-10). "Not Vaccinating Children Is the Greater Risk". Well. Retrieved 2020-03-31. ^ Hensley, Scott (16 March 2015). "Vaccination Gaps Helped Fuel Disneyland Measles Spread". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-03-31. ^ Majumder, Maimuna S.; Nguyen, Colleen M.; Cohn, Emily L.; Hswen, Yulin; Mekaru, Sumiko R.; Brownstein, John S. (2017-04-01). "Vaccine compliance and the 2016 Arkansas mumps outbreak". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 17 (4): 361–362. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30122-6. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 28346168. ^ a b Majumder, Maimuna (22 March 2017). "Social Media, Math And The Mystery Of A Mumps Outbreak". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-03-31. ^ Enserin, Martin (2014-10-20). "How many Ebola cases are there really?". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 2020-03-31. ^ Elliot, Danielle (2014-09-23). "What it Would Take to Stop the Ebola Outbreak by January". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2020-03-31. ^ "Boston researchers trying to forecast Ebola's spread, but more data would help". www.betaboston.com. Retrieved 2020-03-31. ^ "As towns lose their newspapers, disease detectives are left to fly blind". STAT. 2018-03-20. Retrieved 2020-03-31. ^ Majumder, Maimuna S.; Mandl, Kenneth D. (2020-01-26). "Early Transmissibility Assessment of a Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China". SSRN. Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3524675. PMC 7366781. PMID 32714102. SSRN 3524675. ^ Yong, Ed (2020-01-28). "The Deceptively Simple Number Sparking Coronavirus Fears". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2020-03-31. ^ Belluz, Julia (2020-02-18). "These 2 questions will determine if the coronavirus becomes a deadly pandemic". Vox. Retrieved 2020-03-31. ^ Belluz, Julia (2020-03-05). "Did the coronavirus get more deadly? The death rate, explained". Vox. Retrieved 2020-03-31. ^ Majumder, Maimuna S. (2020-01-30). "Clarity, Please, on the Coronavirus Statistics | Issues in Science and Technology". Retrieved 2020-03-31. ^ Majumder, Maimuna S.; Mandl, Kenneth D. (2020-02-11). "Early in the Epidemic: Impact of Preprints on Global Discourse of 2019-nCOV Transmissibility". SSRN. Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3536663. PMC 7366820. PMID 32714103. SSRN 3536663. ^ "Coronavirus Research Is Moving at Top Speed—With a Catch". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2020-03-31. ^ Majumder, Maimuna (2017-01-23). "Higher Rates Of Hate Crimes Are Tied To Income Inequality". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2020-03-31. ^ Ebola's Message | The MIT Press. Basic Bioethics. MIT Press. 7 October 2016. ISBN 9780262035071. Retrieved 2020-03-31. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) ^ Piot, Peter (2016-09-21). "Public health: Beating Ebola". Nature. 537 (7621): 484–485. Bibcode:2016Natur.537..484P. doi:10.1038/537484a. ISSN 1476-4687. External links Maia Majumder on X Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel Academics DBLP Google Scholar ORCID
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She is currently working on modeling the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.","title":"Maia Majumder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Tufts University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"Master of Public Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Public_Health"},{"link_name":"Tufts University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Master of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"systems engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering"},{"link_name":"Richard Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Larson_(academic)"},{"link_name":"MERS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERS"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"heterogeneity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneity_and_heterogeneity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"basic reproduction number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"HealthMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HealthMap"},{"link_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"measles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles"},{"link_name":"mumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps"},{"link_name":"vaccination rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_vaccine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Anaheim, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"herd immunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Democrat-Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Democrat-Gazette"},{"link_name":"mumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"MMR vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMR_vaccine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"Ebola virus disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease"},{"link_name":"Western African Ebola virus epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"}],"text":"Majumder received her Bachelor of Science degree from Tufts University in engineering in 2013, as well as her Master of Public Health from Tufts University School of Medicine. She then attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology for both her Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in systems engineering under the supervision of Richard Larson. For her Master's thesis work, she utilized publicly available data to model and characterize the MERS epidemic in Saudi Arabia.[1] Her Ph.D. thesis focused on modeling disease transmission dynamics during real-world outbreaks, taking into account that there is heterogeneity within populations, so some individuals are more likely than others to transmit an infection.[2] Her dissertation ended in policy recommendations for those working in public health to improve access to infection case data, so that forecasters can better characterize disease transmission, and to think about the basic reproduction number of an infectious disease as a mean of a random variable.While at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Majumder joined HealthMap, a team of researchers, epidemiologists, and software developers at Boston Children's Hospital that utilizes freely available electronic data to perform real-time disease outbreak monitoring and surveillance. There, she used local news reports to track epidemics such as measles and mumps and modeling the effects of vaccination rates on their spread, using a combination of mathematical modeling and surveillance data.[3] In 2015, she published a report that found that linked the ongoing measles outbreak in Anaheim, California, which started some time in December 2014, to a lack of vaccination.[4] She reported that the vaccination rate was somewhere between 50 and 86 percent—well below the ideal rate of 96 percent needed to confer herd immunity to the population.[5][6] In 2016, she used reporting by the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette to track the August 2016 mumps outbreak in Arkansas.[3][7] She and her colleagues estimated that the vaccination rate of the MMR vaccine may have been as low as 70 percent.[8]With HealthMap, Majumder also monitored and published projections of Ebola virus disease infections and fatalities during the 2014 Western African Ebola virus epidemic.[9] Her team also worked to estimate the growth and longevity of the outbreak, in addition to modeling how interventions might alter transmission rates.[10][11]Following her graduate work, Majumder joined Harvard University's Health Policy Data Science lab as a postdoctoral fellow between 2018 and 2019.","title":"Education and early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"basic reproduction number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Wuhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"case fatality rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_rate"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"preprints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprint"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In 2019, Majumder was appointed a faculty member at Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital's Computational Health Informatics Program (CHIP). She rose to prominence as a public health researcher for her use of novel ways of finding, using, and visualizing non-traditional sources of public health data, including utilizing local media reports to track disease outbreaks.[3] As someone who relies on local news for disease forecasting, Majumder has been publicly dismayed at the shuttering of local news organizations around the United States, as she relies on their reporting for her work.[12]Since early 2020, Majumder's research group has worked to model and forecast the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. She produced one of the early estimates of the number of new infections caused by each infected person, if no measures were taken to control the spread of the disease; this value is known as the basic reproduction number, or R0.[13][14] The analysis utilized publicly available data from cases of the infection in Wuhan, China between December 1, 2019 and January 26, 2020 and estimated the R0 is somewhere between 2.0 and 3.1, making COVID-19 more contagious that the seasonal flu.[15] She has also stressed the need for more clarity around COVID-19 statistics, with a focus on reports around the case fatality rate of the disease, which can be misleading.[16] She notes that in order to get an accurate view of COVID-19's fatality, we must first know how many people have actually been infected—a number that is unclear due to limited COVID-19 testing and the need to survey populations for who may have antibodies for the virus, but only experienced a mild infection.[17]Majumder is also an advocate for the importance of preprints, or pre-peer-reviewed publications, in quickly disseminating information and shaping the global discourse during public health crises.[18][19]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"FiveThirtyEight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FiveThirtyEight"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"molecular epidemiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_epidemiology"},{"link_name":"Tara C. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_C._Smith"},{"link_name":"Ebola virus disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Majumder regularly shares information about epidemiology and outbreak tracking on Twitter and has written for popular outlets, such as NPR and FiveThirtyEight.[8][20] She also co-edited the 2016 book Ebola's Message: Public Health and Medicine in the Twenty-First Century with philosopher Nicholas G. Evans and molecular epidemiologist Tara C. Smith about the 2013-2015 Ebola virus disease epidemic.[21][22]","title":"Public outreach"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Majumder, Maimuna S. (Maimuna Shahnaz) (2015). Middle East respiratory syndrome in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia : insights from publicly available data (Thesis thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/103565.","urls":[{"url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/103565","url_text":"Middle East respiratory syndrome in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia : insights from publicly available data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F103565","url_text":"1721.1/103565"}]},{"reference":"Majumder, Maimuna S. (Maimuna Shahnaz) (2018). Modeling transmission heterogeneity for infectious disease outbreaks (Thesis thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/120885.","urls":[{"url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/120885","url_text":"Modeling transmission heterogeneity for infectious disease outbreaks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F120885","url_text":"1721.1/120885"}]},{"reference":"Segerstrom, Carl (2018-12-24). \"No news is bad news for public health\". www.hcn.org. Retrieved 2020-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hcn.org/issues/50.22/public-health-no-news-is-bad-news-for-public-health","url_text":"\"No news is bad news for public health\""}]},{"reference":"Majumder, Maimuna S.; Cohn, Emily L.; Mekaru, Sumiko R.; Huston, Jane E.; Brownstein, John S. (2015-05-01). \"Substandard Vaccination Compliance and the 2015 Measles Outbreak\". JAMA Pediatrics. 169 (5): 494–495. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0384. ISSN 2168-6203. PMC 4476536. PMID 25774618.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4476536","url_text":"\"Substandard Vaccination Compliance and the 2015 Measles Outbreak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamapediatrics.2015.0384","url_text":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0384"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2168-6203","url_text":"2168-6203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4476536","url_text":"4476536"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25774618","url_text":"25774618"}]},{"reference":"Brody, Jane E. (2015-08-10). \"Not Vaccinating Children Is the Greater Risk\". Well. Retrieved 2020-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/08/10/not-vaccinating-children-is-the-greater-risk/","url_text":"\"Not Vaccinating Children Is the Greater Risk\""}]},{"reference":"Hensley, Scott (16 March 2015). \"Vaccination Gaps Helped Fuel Disneyland Measles Spread\". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/03/16/393336901/vaccination-gaps-helped-fuel-disneyland-measles-spread","url_text":"\"Vaccination Gaps Helped Fuel Disneyland Measles Spread\""}]},{"reference":"Majumder, Maimuna S.; Nguyen, Colleen M.; Cohn, Emily L.; Hswen, Yulin; Mekaru, Sumiko R.; Brownstein, John S. (2017-04-01). \"Vaccine compliance and the 2016 Arkansas mumps outbreak\". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 17 (4): 361–362. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30122-6. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 28346168.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(17)30122-6/abstract","url_text":"\"Vaccine compliance and the 2016 Arkansas mumps outbreak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2817%2930122-6","url_text":"10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30122-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1473-3099","url_text":"1473-3099"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28346168","url_text":"28346168"}]},{"reference":"Majumder, Maimuna (22 March 2017). \"Social Media, Math And The Mystery Of A Mumps Outbreak\". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/22/520842043/social-media-math-and-the-mystery-of-a-mumps-outbreak","url_text":"\"Social Media, Math And The Mystery Of A Mumps Outbreak\""}]},{"reference":"Enserin, Martin (2014-10-20). \"How many Ebola cases are there really?\". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 2020-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/content/article/how-many-ebola-cases-are-there-really","url_text":"\"How many Ebola cases are there really?\""}]},{"reference":"Elliot, Danielle (2014-09-23). \"What it Would Take to Stop the Ebola Outbreak by January\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2020-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/09/chasing-ebola/380456/","url_text":"\"What it Would Take to Stop the Ebola Outbreak by January\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boston researchers trying to forecast Ebola's spread, but more data would help\". www.betaboston.com. Retrieved 2020-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.betaboston.com/news/2014/09/02/boston-researchers-trying-to-forecast-ebolas-spread-but-more-data-would-help/","url_text":"\"Boston researchers trying to forecast Ebola's spread, but more data would help\""}]},{"reference":"\"As towns lose their newspapers, disease detectives are left to fly blind\". STAT. 2018-03-20. Retrieved 2020-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statnews.com/2018/03/20/news-deserts-infectious-disease/","url_text":"\"As towns lose their newspapers, disease detectives are left to fly blind\""}]},{"reference":"Majumder, Maimuna S.; Mandl, Kenneth D. (2020-01-26). \"Early Transmissibility Assessment of a Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China\". SSRN. Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3524675. PMC 7366781. PMID 32714102. SSRN 3524675.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7366781","url_text":"\"Early Transmissibility Assessment of a Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3524675","url_text":"10.2139/ssrn.3524675"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7366781","url_text":"7366781"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32714102","url_text":"32714102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3524675","url_text":"3524675"}]},{"reference":"Yong, Ed (2020-01-28). \"The Deceptively Simple Number Sparking Coronavirus Fears\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2020-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/01/how-fast-and-far-will-new-coronavirus-spread/605632/","url_text":"\"The Deceptively Simple Number Sparking Coronavirus Fears\""}]},{"reference":"Belluz, Julia (2020-02-18). \"These 2 questions will determine if the coronavirus becomes a deadly pandemic\". Vox. Retrieved 2020-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Belluz","url_text":"Belluz, Julia"},{"url":"https://www.vox.com/2020/2/18/21142009/coronavirus-covid19-china-wuhan-deaths-pandemic","url_text":"\"These 2 questions will determine if the coronavirus becomes a deadly pandemic\""}]},{"reference":"Belluz, Julia (2020-03-05). \"Did the coronavirus get more deadly? The death rate, explained\". Vox. Retrieved 2020-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/2020/3/5/21165973/coronavirus-death-rate-explained","url_text":"\"Did the coronavirus get more deadly? The death rate, explained\""}]},{"reference":"Majumder, Maimuna S. (2020-01-30). \"Clarity, Please, on the Coronavirus Statistics | Issues in Science and Technology\". Retrieved 2020-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://issues.org/clarity-please-on-the-coronavirus-statistics/","url_text":"\"Clarity, Please, on the Coronavirus Statistics | Issues in Science and Technology\""}]},{"reference":"Majumder, Maimuna S.; Mandl, Kenneth D. (2020-02-11). \"Early in the Epidemic: Impact of Preprints on Global Discourse of 2019-nCOV Transmissibility\". SSRN. Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3536663. PMC 7366820. PMID 32714103. SSRN 3536663.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7366820","url_text":"\"Early in the Epidemic: Impact of Preprints on Global Discourse of 2019-nCOV Transmissibility\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3536663","url_text":"10.2139/ssrn.3536663"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7366820","url_text":"7366820"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32714103","url_text":"32714103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3536663","url_text":"3536663"}]},{"reference":"\"Coronavirus Research Is Moving at Top Speed—With a Catch\". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2020-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/story/coronavirus-research-preprint-servers/","url_text":"\"Coronavirus Research Is Moving at Top Speed—With a Catch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028","url_text":"1059-1028"}]},{"reference":"Majumder, Maimuna (2017-01-23). \"Higher Rates Of Hate Crimes Are Tied To Income Inequality\". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2020-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/higher-rates-of-hate-crimes-are-tied-to-income-inequality/","url_text":"\"Higher Rates Of Hate Crimes Are Tied To Income Inequality\""}]},{"reference":"Ebola's Message | The MIT Press. Basic Bioethics. MIT Press. 7 October 2016. ISBN 9780262035071. Retrieved 2020-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/ebolas-message","url_text":"Ebola's Message | The MIT Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262035071","url_text":"9780262035071"}]},{"reference":"Piot, Peter (2016-09-21). \"Public health: Beating Ebola\". Nature. 537 (7621): 484–485. Bibcode:2016Natur.537..484P. doi:10.1038/537484a. ISSN 1476-4687.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F537484a","url_text":"\"Public health: Beating Ebola\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.537..484P","url_text":"2016Natur.537..484P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F537484a","url_text":"10.1038/537484a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687","url_text":"1476-4687"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
["1 Overview","1.1 Geographical size of constituencies","2 Parliamentary constituencies in the United Kingdom","2.1 England","2.2 Scotland","2.3 Wales","2.4 Northern Ireland","3 Summary of main boundary changes for the next general election","4 Recent boundary reviews","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography"]
Electoral divisions of the parliament of the United Kingdom United Kingdom parliamentary constituenciesConstituencies after the 2023 Periodic ReviewCategoryElectoral districtLocationUnited KingdomNumber650 (as of 2023)Populations20,887 (Na h-Eileanan an Iar) - 113,021 (Isle of Wight)GovernmentHouse of Commons This article is part of a series onPolitics of the United Kingdom Constitution Magna Carta Bill of Rights Treaty of Union (Acts of Union) Parliamentary sovereignty Rule of law Separation of powers Other constitutional principles The Crown The Monarch (list) Charles III Heir apparent William, Prince of Wales Royal family Succession Prerogative Counsellors of State Republicanism in the United Kingdom Executive Privy Council Charles III(King-in-Council) HM Government Cabinet (list) Sunak ministry (C) Prime Minister (list) Rishi Sunak (C) Deputy Prime Minister Oliver Dowden (C) Departments Ministers Agencies Legislature UK Parliament (King-in-Parliament) King Charles III House of 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(Dec)1918192219231924192919311935194519501951195519591964196619701974 (Feb)1974 (Oct)197919831987199219972001200520102015201720192024 European Parliament elections (1979–2019) 197919841989199419992004200920142019 Scottish Parliament elections 199920032007201120162021Next Northern Ireland Assembly elections 1998200320072011201620172022Next Senedd elections 199920032007201120162021Next UK referendums 197520112016 Devolution Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom Legislative consent motions England Governance of England English votes for English laws Greater London Authority 1998 referendum Greater London Authority Act 1999(2007 Act) Mayor of London Sadiq Khan Mayoral cabinet London Assembly London Plan Combined authorities Metro mayors Cornwall Council Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Act 1998(2006 Act) First Minister Michelle O'Neill deputy First Minister Emma Little-Pengelly Executive Assembly Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly Law of Northern Ireland Scotland Scottish devolution 1997 referendum Scotland Act 1998(2012 Act, 2016 Act) First Minister John Swinney Government Scottish Parliament Act of the Scottish Parliament Scottish statutory instrument Scots law Wales Welsh devolution 1997 referendum(2011 referendum on law-making powers) Government of Wales Act 1998(2006 Act, Wales Act 2014, Wales Act 2017) First Minister Vaughan Gething Government Senedd Measure of the National Assembly for Wales (1999–2011) Act of Senedd Cymru Welsh law AdministrationEngland History Subdivisions: Regions Ceremonial counties (list) Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties Metropolitan county Non-metropolitan county Greater London Unitary authorities (list) Districts (list) Metropolitan Borough Non-metropolitan District London Borough Civil parishes (list) Historic counties Northern Ireland History Subdivisions: Counties Districts Scotland History Subdivisions: Sheriffdoms Council areas Community council areas Civil parishes Shires of Scotland Wales History Preserved counties Principal areas Communities (list) Historic counties Crown Dependencies Bailiwick of Guernsey (GuernseyAlderneySark) Bailiwick of Jersey Isle of Man British Islands Common Travel Area UK-CD Customs Union Overseas TerritoriesAkrotiri and DhekeliaAnguillaBermudaBritish Antarctic TerritoryBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBritish Virgin IslandsCayman IslandsFalkland IslandsGibraltarMontserratPitcairn IslandsSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (Saint HelenaAscension IslandTristan da Cunha)South Georgia and the South Sandwich IslandsTurks and Caicos Islands British Overseas Territories citizen Visa requirements Visa policies British Overseas Territories Act 2002 UK-OT JMC Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute Gibraltar sovereignty dispute Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute Foreign relations Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office Foreign policy (history) Diplomatic missions of / in the United Kingdom UK passport British National (Overseas) passport Visa requirements UK–CD Customs Union Visa policy Free trade agreements Australia Barbados Belgium Belize Brunei Canada China Hong Kong Cyprus Denmark France Germany India Israel Italy Japan Kenya Malaysia Malta Netherlands New Zealand Norway Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Spain South Africa Palestine Pakistan Poland Portugal United States Zimbabwe Ireland politics of Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement UK–Ireland border Northern Ireland Protocol British–Irish Council European Union (history) Brexit Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union UK–EU withdrawal agreement The Commonwealth member states United Kingdom and the United Nations United Nations Security Council P5 NATO G20 G7 United Kingdom portal EnglandNorthern Ireland Scotland Wales Other countries vte The Parliament of the United Kingdom currently has 650 parliamentary constituencies across the constituent countries (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland), each electing a single member of parliament (MP) to the House of Commons by the plurality (first past the post) voting system, ordinarily every five years. Voting last took place in all 650 of those constituencies at the United Kingdom general election on 12 December 2019. The number of seats rose from 646 to 650 at the 2010 general election after proposals made by the boundary commissions for England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies) were adopted through statutory instruments. Constituencies in Scotland remained unchanged, as the Boundary Commission for Scotland had completed a review just before the 2005 general election, which had resulted in a reduction of 13 seats. Primary legislation provides for the independence of the boundary commissions for each of the four parts of the UK, the number of seats for each of the countries, permissible factors to use in departing from any old boundaries, and a strong duty to consult. The Fifth Review was governed by the Parliamentary Constituencies Act of 1986. Under the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011, as amended by the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020, the number of MPs is now fixed at 650. The Sainte-Laguë formula method is used to form groups of seats split between the four parts of the United Kingdom and the English regions (as defined by the NUTS 1 statistical regions of England). Overview The table below gives the number of eligible voters broken down by constituent country, including the average constituency size in each country. Year 2000 2010 2015 2017 2019 Numbers % Numbers % Numbers % Numbers % Numbers % Total electorate for each constituent country   England 36,994,681 83.47% 38,432,802 83.81% 38,736,146 83.57% 38,693,900 83.85% 39,901,035 83.88%   Scotland 3,995,489 9.02% 3,929,956 8.57% 4,099,532 8.84% 3,950,600 8.56% 4,053,056 8.52%   Wales 2,225,689 5.02% 2,302,300 5.02% 2,281,754 4.92% 2,261,200 4.90% 2,319,690 4.88%   Northern Ireland 1,103,670 2.49% 1,190,635 2.60% 1,236,765 2.67% 1,242,300 2.69% 1,293,971 2.72% UK total 44,319,529 — 45,855,693 — 46,354,197 — 46,148,000 — 47,567,752 — Average electorate per constituency for each constituent country   England 69,408 101.80% 72,107 102.21% 72,676 101.91% 72,596 102.25% 74,861 102.30%   Scotland 67,720 99.32% 66,609 94.42% 69,484 97.43% 66,959 94.31% 68,696 93.87%   Wales 55,642 81.61% 57,558 81.59% 57,044 79.99% 56,530 79.62% 57,992 79.24%   Northern Ireland 61,315 89.93% 66,146 93.76% 68,709 96.35% 69,017 97.21% 71,887 98.23% Overall UK average 68,184 — 70,547 — 71,314 — 70,997 — 73,181 — As of 2023, every recommended constituency must have an electorate as at 2 March 2020 that is no smaller than 69,724 and no larger than 77,062. The exceptions to this rule are five 'protected' constituencies for island areas: Orkney and Shetland, Na h-Eileanan an Iar, Ynys Mon, and two constituencies on the Isle of Wight. These consequently have smaller electorates than the lower limit for other constituencies. Geographical size of constituencies The UK's smallest constituency: Islington North As the number of electors in each constituency is similar, the constituencies themselves vary considerably in area, ranging from Ross, Skye and Lochaber, which occupies a sixth of Scotland, to the densely-populated London constituency of Islington North. Largest and smallest constituencies by UK nation Largest Smallest England Penrith and The Border 3,135 square kilometres (1,210 sq mi) Islington North 7.38 square kilometres (2.85 sq mi) Scotland Ross, Skye and Lochaber 12,768 square kilometres (4,930 sq mi) Glasgow North 16.86 square kilometres (6.51 sq mi) Wales Brecon and Radnorshire 3,015 square kilometres (1,164 sq mi) Cardiff Central 16.83 square kilometres (6.50 sq mi) Northern Ireland Fermanagh and South Tyrone 2,512 square kilometres (970 sq mi) Belfast North 50.34 square kilometres (19.44 sq mi) Parliamentary constituencies in the United Kingdom For MPs elected in the latest election (also with nominal party holding the seat in the previous election), see List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election. Size of electorate in each constituency The "Region" of the table refers to the NUTS 1 statistical region of England, which coincides with the former European Parliament constituency in which the constituency was included until 31 January 2020. As of the 2019 election there are 533 constituencies in England, 40 in Wales, 59 in Scotland and 18 in Northern Ireland. England Constituency Electorate2019 Ceremonial county Region Aldershot 72,617 Hampshire South East Aldridge-Brownhills 60,138 West Midlands West Midlands Altrincham and Sale West 73,107 Greater Manchester North West Amber Valley 69,976 Derbyshire East Midlands Arundel and South Downs 81,726 West Sussex South East Ashfield 78,204 Nottinghamshire East Midlands Ashford 89,553 Kent South East Ashton-under-Lyne 67,978 Greater Manchester North West Aylesbury 86,665 Buckinghamshire South East Banbury 90,116 Oxfordshire South East Barking 77,953 London (Barking and Dagenham) London Barnsley Central 65,277 South Yorkshire Yorkshire and the Humber Barnsley East 69,504 South Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Barrow and Furness 70,158 Cumbria North West Basildon and Billericay 69,906 Essex Eastern Basingstoke 82,928 Hampshire South East Bassetlaw 80,024 Nottinghamshire East Midlands Bath 67,805 Somerset (prev. Avon) South West Batley and Spen 79,558 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Battersea 79,350 London (Wandsworth) London Beaconsfield 77,720 Buckinghamshire South East Beckenham 68,662 London (Bromley) London Bedford 71,581 Bedfordshire Eastern Bermondsey and Old Southwark 93,248 London (Southwark) London Berwick-upon-Tweed 59,939 Northumberland North East Bethnal Green and Bow 88,262 London (Tower Hamlets) London Beverley and Holderness 79,696 East Riding of Yorkshire (prev. Humberside) Yorkshire & the Humber Bexhill and Battle 81,963 East Sussex South East Bexleyheath and Crayford 65,466 London (Bexley) London Birkenhead 63,762 Merseyside North West Birmingham, Edgbaston 68,828 West Midlands West Midlands Birmingham, Erdington 66,148 West Midlands West Midlands Birmingham, Hall Green 80,283 West Midlands West Midlands Birmingham, Hodge Hill 78,295 West Midlands West Midlands Birmingham, Ladywood 74,912 West Midlands West Midlands Birmingham, Northfield 73,694 West Midlands West Midlands Birmingham, Perry Barr 72,006 West Midlands West Midlands Birmingham, Selly Oak 82,665 West Midlands West Midlands Birmingham, Yardley 74,704 West Midlands West Midlands Bishop Auckland 68,170 County Durham North East Blackburn 71,234 Lancashire North West Blackley and Broughton 73,372 Greater Manchester North West Blackpool North and Cleveleys 63,692 Lancashire North West Blackpool South 57,690 Lancashire North West Blaydon 67,853 Tyne and Wear North East Blyth Valley 64,429 Northumberland North East Bognor Regis and Littlehampton 77,446 West Sussex South East Bolsover 75,161 Derbyshire East Midlands Bolton North East 67,564 Greater Manchester North West Bolton South East 69,163 Greater Manchester North West Bolton West 73,191 Greater Manchester North West Bootle 74,832 Merseyside North West Boston and Skegness 69,381 Lincolnshire East Midlands Bosworth 81,542 Leicestershire East Midlands Bournemouth East 74,125 Dorset South West Bournemouth West 74,205 Dorset South West Bracknell 78,978 Berkshire South East Bradford East 73,206 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Bradford South 69,046 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Bradford West 70,694 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Braintree 75,208 Essex Eastern Brent Central 84,032 London (Brent) London Brent North 83,788 London (Brent) London Brentford and Isleworth 85,775 London (Hounslow) London Brentwood and Ongar 75,255 Essex Eastern Bridgwater and West Somerset 85,327 Somerset South West Brigg and Goole 65,939 East Riding of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire (prev. Humberside) Yorkshire & the Humber Brighton, Kemptown 69,833 East Sussex South East Brighton, Pavilion 79,057 East Sussex South East Bristol East 73,867 Bristol (prev. Avon) South West Bristol North West 76,273 Bristol (prev. Avon) South West Bristol South 84,079 Bristol (prev. Avon) South West Bristol West 99,253 Bristol (prev. Avon) South West Broadland 78,151 Norfolk Eastern Bromley and Chislehurst 66,697 London (Bromley) London Bromsgrove 75,078 Worcestershire West Midlands Broxbourne 73,182 Hertfordshire Eastern Broxtowe 73,052 Nottinghamshire East Midlands Buckingham 83,146 Buckinghamshire South East Burnley 64,345 Lancashire North West Burton 75,036 Staffordshire West Midlands Bury North 68,802 Greater Manchester North West Bury South 75,152 Greater Manchester North West Bury St Edmunds 89,644 Suffolk Eastern Calder Valley 79,287 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Camberwell and Peckham 88,971 London (Southwark) London Camborne and Redruth 70,250 Cornwall South West Cambridge 79,951 Cambridgeshire Eastern Cannock Chase 74,813 Staffordshire West Midlands Canterbury 80,203 Kent South East Carlisle 65,105 Cumbria North West Carshalton and Wallington 72,941 London (Sutton) London Castle Point 69,608 Essex Eastern Central Devon 74,926 Devon South West Central Suffolk and North Ipswich 80,037 Suffolk Eastern Charnwood 79,534 Leicestershire East Midlands Chatham and Aylesford 71,642 Kent South East Cheadle 74,577 Greater Manchester North West Chelmsford 80,394 Essex Eastern Chelsea and Fulham 67,110 London (Hammersmith and Fulham and Kensington and Chelsea) London Cheltenham 81,044 Gloucestershire South West Chesham and Amersham 72,542 Buckinghamshire South East Chesterfield 71,034 Derbyshire East Midlands Chichester 85,499 West Sussex South East Chingford and Woodford Green 65,393 London (Redbridge and Waltham Forest) London Chippenham 77,221 Wiltshire South West Chipping Barnet 79,960 London (Barnet) London Chorley 78,177 Lancashire North West Christchurch 71,520 Dorset South West Cities of London and Westminster 63,700 London (City and Westminster) London City of Chester 76,057 Cheshire North West City of Durham 71,271 County Durham North East Clacton 70,930 Essex Eastern Cleethorpes 73,689 Lincolnshire (prev. Humberside) Yorkshire & the Humber Colchester 82,625 Essex Eastern Colne Valley 84,174 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Congleton 80,930 Cheshire North West Copeland 61,693 Cumbria North West Corby 86,153 Northamptonshire East Midlands Coventry North East 76,006 West Midlands West Midlands Coventry North West 75,247 West Midlands West Midlands Coventry South 70,979 West Midlands West Midlands Crawley 74,207 West Sussex South East Crewe and Nantwich 80,321 Cheshire North West Croydon Central 81,407 London (Croydon) London Croydon North 88,468 London (Croydon) London Croydon South 83,982 London (Croydon) London Dagenham and Rainham 71,045 London (Barking and Dagenham and Havering) London Darlington 66,397 County Durham North East Dartford 82,209 Kent South East Daventry 77,423 Northamptonshire East Midlands Denton and Reddish 66,234 Greater Manchester North West Derby North 73,199 Derbyshire East Midlands Derby South 73,062 Derbyshire East Midlands Derbyshire Dales 65,080 Derbyshire East Midlands Devizes 73,372 Wiltshire South West Dewsbury 81,253 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Don Valley 75,356 South Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Doncaster Central 71,389 South Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Doncaster North 72,362 South Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Dover 76,355 Kent South East Dudley North 61,936 West Midlands West Midlands Dudley South 60,731 West Midlands West Midlands Dulwich and West Norwood 80,331 London (Lambeth and Southwark) London Ealing Central and Acton 75,510 London (Ealing) London Ealing North 74,473 London (Ealing) London Ealing, Southall 64,581 London (Ealing) London Easington 61,182 County Durham North East East Devon 87,168 Devon South West East Ham 88,319 London (Newham) London East Hampshire 76,478 Hampshire South East East Surrey 83,148 Surrey South East East Worthing and Shoreham 75,194 West Sussex South East East Yorkshire 80,923 East Riding of Yorkshire (prev. Humberside) Yorkshire & the Humber Eastbourne 79,307 East Sussex South East Eastleigh 83,880 Hampshire South East Eddisbury 73,700 Cheshire North West Edmonton 65,747 London (Enfield) London Ellesmere Port and Neston 70,327 Cheshire North West Elmet and Rothwell 80,957 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Eltham 64,086 London (Greenwich) London Enfield North 68,301 London (Enfield) London Enfield, Southgate 65,525 London (Enfield) London Epping Forest 74,304 Essex Eastern Epsom and Ewell 81,138 Surrey South East Erewash 72,523 Derbyshire East Midlands Erith and Thamesmead 65,399 London (Bexley and Greenwich) London Esher and Walton 81,184 Surrey South East Exeter 82,054 Devon South West Fareham 78,337 Hampshire South East Faversham and Mid Kent 73,403 Kent South East Feltham and Heston 80,934 London (Hounslow) London Filton and Bradley Stoke 74,016 Gloucestershire (prev. Avon) South West Finchley and Golders Green 77,573 London (Barnet) London Folkestone and Hythe 88,272 Kent South East Forest of Dean 71,438 Gloucestershire South West Fylde 66,847 Lancashire North West Gainsborough 76,343 Lincolnshire East Midlands Garston and Halewood 76,116 Merseyside North West Gateshead 64,449 Tyne and Wear North East Gedling 71,366 Nottinghamshire East Midlands Gillingham and Rainham 73,549 Kent South East Gloucester 81,319 Gloucestershire South West Gosport 73,541 Hampshire South East Grantham and Stamford 81,502 Lincolnshire East Midlands Gravesham 73,242 Kent South East Great Grimsby 61,409 Lincolnshire (prev. Humberside) Yorkshire & the Humber Great Yarmouth 71,957 Norfolk Eastern Greenwich and Woolwich 79,997 London (Greenwich) London Guildford 77,729 Surrey South East Hackney North and Stoke Newington 92,462 London (Hackney) London Hackney South and Shoreditch 89,387 London (Hackney) London Halesowen and Rowley Regis 68,300 West Midlands West Midlands Halifax 71,887 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Haltemprice and Howden 71,083 East Riding of Yorkshire (prev. Humberside) Yorkshire & the Humber Halton 71,930 Cheshire North West Hammersmith 74,759 London (Hammersmith and Fulham) London Hampstead and Kilburn 86,571 London (Brent and Camden) London Harborough 80,151 Leicestershire East Midlands Harlow 68,078 Essex Eastern Harrogate and Knaresborough 77,941 North Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Harrow East 72,106 London (Harrow) London Harrow West 72,464 London (Harrow) London Hartlepool 70,855 County Durham (prev. Cleveland) North East Harwich and North Essex 74,153 Essex Eastern Hastings and Rye 80,524 East Sussex South East Havant 72,103 Hampshire South East Hayes and Harlington 72,357 London (Hillingdon) London Hazel Grove 63,346 Greater Manchester North West Hemel Hempstead 74,035 Hertfordshire Eastern Hemsworth 73,726 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Hendon 82,661 London (Barnet) London Henley 76,646 Oxfordshire South East Hereford and South Herefordshire 72,085 Herefordshire West Midlands Hertford and Stortford 81,765 Hertfordshire Eastern Hertsmere 73,971 Hertfordshire Eastern Hexham 61,324 Northumberland North East Heywood and Middleton 80,162 Greater Manchester North West High Peak 74,265 Derbyshire East Midlands Hitchin and Harpenden 76,323 Hertfordshire Eastern Holborn and St Pancras 86,061 London (Camden) London Hornchurch and Upminster 80,765 London (Havering) London Hornsey and Wood Green 81,814 London (Haringey) London Horsham 86,730 West Sussex South East Houghton and Sunderland South 68,835 Tyne and Wear North East Hove 74,313 East Sussex South East Huddersfield 65,525 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Huntingdon 84,657 Cambridgeshire Eastern Hyndburn 70,842 Lancashire North West Ilford North 72,973 London (Redbridge) London Ilford South 84,972 London (Redbridge) London Ipswich 75,525 Suffolk Eastern Isle of Wight 113,021 Isle of Wight South East Islington North 75,162 London (Islington) London Islington South and Finsbury 70,489 London (Islington) London Jarrow 65,103 Tyne and Wear North East Keighley 72,778 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Kenilworth and Southam 68,154 Warwickshire West Midlands Kensington 64,609 London (Kensington and Chelsea) London Kettering 73,164 Northamptonshire East Midlands Kingston and Surbiton 81,975 London (Kingston upon Thames) London Kingston upon Hull East 65,745 East Riding of Yorkshire (prev. Humberside) Yorkshire & the Humber Kingston upon Hull North 65,515 East Riding of Yorkshire (prev. Humberside) Yorkshire & the Humber Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle 60,192 East Riding of Yorkshire (prev. Humberside) Yorkshire & the Humber Kingswood 68,972 Gloucestershire (prev. Avon) South West Knowsley 84,082 Merseyside North West Lancaster and Fleetwood 70,059 Lancashire North West Leeds Central 90,971 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Leeds East 67,286 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Leeds North East 70,580 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Leeds North West 67,741 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Leeds West 67,727 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Leicester East 78,433 Leicestershire East Midlands Leicester South 77,708 Leicestershire East Midlands Leicester West 64,940 Leicestershire East Midlands Leigh 77,417 Greater Manchester North West Lewes 71,503 East Sussex South East Lewisham, Deptford 80,631 London (Lewisham) London Lewisham East 67,857 London (Lewisham) London Lewisham West and Penge 74,617 London (Bromley and Lewisham) London Leyton and Wanstead 64,852 London (Redbridge and Waltham Forest) London Lichfield 76,616 Staffordshire West Midlands Lincoln 74,942 Lincolnshire East Midlands Liverpool, Riverside 80,310 Merseyside North West Liverpool, Walton 62,628 Merseyside North West Liverpool, Wavertree 63,458 Merseyside North West Liverpool, West Derby 65,640 Merseyside North West Loughborough 79,764 Leicestershire East Midlands Louth and Horncastle 79,634 Lincolnshire East Midlands Ludlow 69,444 Shropshire West Midlands Luton North 68,185 Bedfordshire Eastern Luton South 69,338 Bedfordshire Eastern Macclesfield 76,216 Cheshire North West Maidenhead 76,668 Berkshire South East Maidstone and The Weald 76,109 Kent South East Makerfield 74,190 Greater Manchester North West Maldon 72,438 Essex Eastern Manchester Central 92,247 Greater Manchester North West Manchester, Gorton 76,419 Greater Manchester North West Manchester, Withington 76,530 Greater Manchester North West Mansfield 77,131 Nottinghamshire East Midlands Meon Valley 75,737 Hampshire South East Meriden 85,368 West Midlands West Midlands Mid Bedfordshire 87,795 Bedfordshire Eastern Mid Derbyshire 67,442 Derbyshire East Midlands Mid Dorset and North Poole 65,427 Dorset South West Mid Norfolk 82,203 Norfolk Eastern Mid Sussex 85,146 West Sussex South East Mid Worcestershire 78,220 Worcestershire West Midlands Middlesbrough 60,764 North Yorkshire (prev. Cleveland) North East Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland 72,348 North Yorkshire (prev. Cleveland) North East Milton Keynes North 91,545 Buckinghamshire South East Milton Keynes South 96,363 Buckinghamshire South East Mitcham and Morden 70,021 London (Merton) London Mole Valley 74,665 Surrey South East Morecambe and Lunesdale 67,397 Lancashire North West Morley and Outwood 78,803 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber New Forest East 73,549 Hampshire South East New Forest West 70,869 Hampshire South East Newark 75,850 Nottinghamshire East Midlands Newbury 83,414 Berkshire South East Newcastle upon Tyne Central 63,796 Tyne and Wear North East Newcastle upon Tyne East 68,486 Tyne and Wear North East Newcastle upon Tyne North 68,211 Tyne and Wear North East Newcastle-under-Lyme 57,845 Staffordshire West Midlands Newton Abbot 72,529 Devon South West Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford 84,527 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber North Cornwall 69,935 Cornwall South West North Devon 75,859 Devon South West North Dorset 76,765 Dorset South West North Durham 66,796 County Durham North East North East Bedfordshire 90,678 Bedfordshire Eastern North East Cambridgeshire 83,699 Cambridgeshire Eastern North East Derbyshire 72,345 Derbyshire East Midlands North East Hampshire 78,954 Hampshire South East North East Hertfordshire 76,123 Hertfordshire Eastern North East Somerset 73,692 Somerset (prev. Avon) South West North Herefordshire 70,252 Herefordshire West Midlands North Norfolk 70,729 Norfolk Eastern North Shropshire 83,258 Shropshire West Midlands North Somerset 80,194 Somerset (prev. Avon) South West North Swindon 82,441 Wiltshire South West North Thanet 72,756 Kent South East North Tyneside 78,902 Tyne and Wear North East North Warwickshire 70,271 Warwickshire West Midlands North West Cambridgeshire 94,909 Cambridgeshire Eastern North West Durham 72,166 County Durham North East North West Hampshire 83,083 Hampshire South East North West Leicestershire 78,935 Leicestershire East Midlands North West Norfolk 72,080 Norfolk Eastern North Wiltshire 73,280 Wiltshire South West Northampton North 58,768 Northamptonshire East Midlands Northampton South 62,163 Northamptonshire East Midlands Norwich North 67,172 Norfolk Eastern Norwich South 77,845 Norfolk Eastern Nottingham East 66,262 Nottinghamshire East Midlands Nottingham North 66,495 Nottinghamshire East Midlands Nottingham South 79,485 Nottinghamshire East Midlands Nuneaton 70,226 Warwickshire West Midlands Old Bexley and Sidcup 66,104 London (Bexley) London Oldham East and Saddleworth 72,120 Greater Manchester North West Oldham West and Royton 72,999 Greater Manchester North West Orpington 68,877 London (Bromley) London Oxford East 78,303 Oxfordshire South East Oxford West and Abingdon 76,951 Oxfordshire South East Pendle 65,292 Lancashire North West Penistone and Stocksbridge 70,925 South Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Penrith and The Border 67,555 Cumbria North West Peterborough 72,560 Cambridgeshire Eastern Plymouth, Moor View 69,430 Devon South West Plymouth, Sutton and Devonport 77,852 Devon South West Poole 73,989 Dorset South West Poplar and Limehouse 91,836 London (Tower Hamlets) London Portsmouth North 71,299 Hampshire South East Portsmouth South 74,186 Hampshire South East Preston 59,672 Lancashire North West Pudsey 73,212 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Putney 65,556 London (Wandsworth) London Rayleigh and Wickford 78,930 Essex Eastern Reading East 77,152 Berkshire South East Reading West 74,137 Berkshire South East Redcar 65,864 North Yorkshire (prev. Cleveland) North East Redditch 65,391 Worcestershire West Midlands Reigate 74,242 Surrey South East Ribble Valley 79,247 Lancashire North West Richmond (Yorks) 82,569 North Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Richmond Park 82,699 London (Kingston upon Thames and Richmond upon Thames) London Rochdale 78,909 Greater Manchester North West Rochester and Strood 82,056 Kent South East Rochford and Southend East 75,624 Essex Eastern Romford 72,350 London (Havering) London Romsey and Southampton North 68,228 Hampshire South East Rossendale and Darwen 72,770 Lancashire North West Rother Valley 74,804 South Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Rotherham 61,688 South Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Rugby 72,292 Warwickshire West Midlands Ruislip, Northwood and Pinner 72,816 London (Harrow and Hillingdon) London Runnymede and Weybridge 77,196 Surrey South East Rushcliffe 77,047 Nottinghamshire East Midlands Rutland and Melton 82,705 Leicestershire and Rutland East Midlands Saffron Walden 87,017 Essex Eastern Salford and Eccles 82,202 Greater Manchester North West Salisbury 74,556 Wiltshire South West Scarborough and Whitby 74,404 North Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Scunthorpe 61,955 Lincolnshire (prev. Humberside) Yorkshire & the Humber Sedgefield 64,325 County Durham North East Sefton Central 69,760 Merseyside North West Selby and Ainsty 78,398 North Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Sevenoaks 71,757 Kent South East Sheffield, Brightside and Hillsborough 69,333 South Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Sheffield Central 89,849 South Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Sheffield, Hallam 72,763 South Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Sheffield, Heeley 66,940 South Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Sheffield South East 67,832 South Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Sherwood 77,888 Nottinghamshire East Midlands Shipley 74,029 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Shrewsbury and Atcham 82,238 Shropshire West Midlands Sittingbourne and Sheppey 83,917 Kent South East Skipton and Ripon 78,673 North Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Sleaford and North Hykeham 94,761 Lincolnshire East Midlands Slough 86,818 Berkshire South East Solihull 78,760 West Midlands West Midlands Somerton and Frome 85,866 Somerset South West South Basildon and East Thurrock 74,441 Essex Eastern South Cambridgeshire 87,288 Cambridgeshire Eastern South Derbyshire 79,331 Derbyshire East Midlands South Dorset 73,809 Dorset South West South East Cambridgeshire 86,769 Cambridgeshire Eastern South East Cornwall 71,825 Cornwall South West South Holland and The Deepings 75,975 Lincolnshire East Midlands South Leicestershire 80,520 Leicestershire East Midlands South Norfolk 86,214 Norfolk Eastern South Northamptonshire 90,842 Northamptonshire East Midlands South Ribble 75,351 Lancashire North West South Shields 62,793 Tyne and Wear North East South Staffordshire 73,668 Staffordshire West Midlands South Suffolk 76,201 Suffolk Eastern South Swindon 73,118 Wiltshire South West South Thanet 73,223 Kent South East South West Bedfordshire 79,926 Bedfordshire Eastern South West Devon 72,535 Devon South West South West Hertfordshire 80,499 Hertfordshire Eastern South West Norfolk 78,455 Norfolk Eastern South West Surrey 79,096 Surrey South East South West Wiltshire 77,969 Wiltshire South West Southampton, Itchen 72,299 Hampshire South East Southampton, Test 70,116 Hampshire South East Southend West 69,043 Essex Eastern Southport 70,837 Merseyside North West Spelthorne 70,929 Surrey South East St Albans 73,727 Hertfordshire Eastern St Austell and Newquay 79,930 Cornwall South West St Helens North 75,593 Merseyside North West St Helens South and Whiston 79,061 Merseyside North West St Ives 68,795 Cornwall South West Stafford 72,572 Staffordshire West Midlands Staffordshire Moorlands 65,485 Staffordshire West Midlands Stalybridge and Hyde 73,064 Greater Manchester North West Stevenage 71,562 Hertfordshire Eastern Stockport 65,391 Greater Manchester North West Stockton North 66,649 County Durham (prev. Cleveland) North East Stockton South 76,870 County Durham and North Yorkshire (prev. Cleveland) North East Stoke-on-Trent Central 55,419 Staffordshire West Midlands Stoke-on-Trent North 68,298 Staffordshire West Midlands Stoke-on-Trent South 64,491 Staffordshire West Midlands Stone 69,378 Staffordshire West Midlands Stourbridge 69,891 West Midlands West Midlands Stratford-on-Avon 74,037 Warwickshire West Midlands Streatham 84,783 London (Lambeth) London Stretford and Urmston 72,372 Greater Manchester North West Stroud 84,537 Gloucestershire South West Suffolk Coastal 81,910 Suffolk Eastern Sunderland Central 72,680 Tyne and Wear North East Surrey Heath 81,349 Surrey South East Sutton and Cheam 71,779 London (Sutton) London Sutton Coldfield 75,638 West Midlands West Midlands Tamworth 71,572 Staffordshire West Midlands Tatton 69,018 Cheshire North West Taunton Deane 88,676 Somerset South West Telford 68,921 Shropshire West Midlands Tewkesbury 83,958 Gloucestershire South West The Cotswolds 81,939 Gloucestershire South West The Wrekin 70,693 Shropshire West Midlands Thirsk and Malton 80,991 North Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Thornbury and Yate 69,492 Gloucestershire (prev. Avon) South West Thurrock 79,659 Essex Eastern Tiverton and Honiton 82,953 Devon South West Tonbridge and Malling 79,278 Kent South East Tooting 76,954 London (Wandsworth) London Torbay 75,054 Devon South West Torridge and West Devon 80,403 Devon South West Totnes 69,863 Devon South West Tottenham 75,740 London (Haringey) London Truro and Falmouth 76,719 Cornwall South West Tunbridge Wells 74,823 Kent South East Twickenham 84,906 London (Richmond upon Thames) London Tynemouth 77,261 Tyne and Wear North East Uxbridge and South Ruislip 70,365 London (Hillingdon) London Vauxhall 88,659 London (Lambeth) London Wakefield 70,192 West Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Wallasey 66,310 Merseyside North West Walsall North 67,177 West Midlands West Midlands Walsall South 68,024 West Midlands West Midlands Walthamstow 70,267 London (Waltham Forest) London Wansbeck 63,339 Northumberland North East Wantage 90,867 Oxfordshire South East Warley 62,357 West Midlands West Midlands Warrington North 72,235 Cheshire North West Warrington South 86,015 Cheshire North West Warwick and Leamington 76,362 Warwickshire West Midlands Washington and Sunderland West 66,278 Tyne and Wear North East Watford 83,359 Hertfordshire Eastern Waveney 82,791 Suffolk Eastern Wealden 82,998 East Sussex South East Weaver Vale 70,551 Cheshire North West Wellingborough 80,765 Northamptonshire East Midlands Wells 84,124 Somerset South West Welwyn Hatfield 74,892 Hertfordshire Eastern Wentworth and Dearne 74,536 South Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber West Bromwich East 62,046 West Midlands West Midlands West Bromwich West 64,517 West Midlands West Midlands West Dorset 81,897 Dorset South West West Ham 97,947 London (Newham) London West Lancashire 73,347 Lancashire North West West Suffolk 80,193 Suffolk Eastern West Worcestershire 76,241 Worcestershire West Midlands Westminster North 65,519 London (Westminster) London Westmorland and Lonsdale 67,789 Cumbria North West Weston-super-Mare 82,526 Somerset (prev. Avon) South West Wigan 75,680 Greater Manchester North West Wimbledon 68,240 London (Merton) London Winchester 75,582 Hampshire South East Windsor 75,038 Berkshire South East Wirral South 57,280 Merseyside North West Wirral West 55,550 Merseyside North West Witham 70,402 Essex Eastern Witney 83,845 Oxfordshire South East Woking 75,424 Surrey South East Wokingham 83,953 Berkshire South East Wolverhampton North East 61,660 West Midlands West Midlands Wolverhampton South East 62,883 West Midlands West Midlands Wolverhampton South West 60,534 West Midlands West Midlands Worcester 73,485 Worcestershire West Midlands Workington 61,370 Cumbria North West Worsley and Eccles South 75,219 Greater Manchester North West Worthing West 78,585 West Sussex South East Wycombe 78,093 Buckinghamshire South East Wyre and Preston North 74,775 Lancashire North West Wyre Forest 78,077 Worcestershire West Midlands Wythenshawe and Sale East 76,313 Greater Manchester North West Yeovil 82,468 Somerset South West York Central 74,899 North Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber York Outer 74,673 North Yorkshire Yorkshire & the Humber Scotland See also: Scottish Westminster constituencies Constituency Electorate2019 Council area Aberdeen North 62,489 Aberdeen City Aberdeen South 65,719 Aberdeen City Airdrie and Shotts 64,011 North Lanarkshire Angus 63,952 Angus Argyll and Bute 66,525 Argyll and Bute Ayr, Carrick and Cumnock 71,970 East Ayrshire and South Ayrshire Banff and Buchan 66,655 Aberdeenshire Berwickshire, Roxburgh and Selkirk 74,518 Scottish Borders Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross 46,930 Highland Central Ayrshire 69,742 North Ayrshire and South Ayrshire Coatbridge, Chryston and Bellshill 72,943 North Lanarkshire Cumbernauld, Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch East 66,079 East Dunbartonshire and North Lanarkshire Dumfries and Galloway 74,580 Dumfries and Galloway Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale 68,330 Dumfries and Galloway, Scottish Borders and South Lanarkshire Dundee East 66,210 Angus and Dundee City Dundee West 64,431 Angus and Dundee City Dunfermline and West Fife 76,652 Fife East Dunbartonshire 66,075 East Dunbartonshire East Kilbride, Strathaven and Lesmahagow 81,224 South Lanarkshire East Lothian 81,600 East Lothian East Renfrewshire 72,232 East Renfrewshire Edinburgh East 69,424 City of Edinburgh Edinburgh North and Leith 81,336 City of Edinburgh Edinburgh South 66,188 City of Edinburgh Edinburgh South West 73,501 City of Edinburgh Edinburgh West 72,507 City of Edinburgh Falkirk 84,472 Falkirk Glasgow Central 69,230 Glasgow City Glasgow East 67,381 Glasgow City Glasgow North 57,130 Glasgow City Glasgow North East 61,075 Glasgow City Glasgow North West 63,402 Glasgow City Glasgow South 70,891 Glasgow City Glasgow South West 64,575 Glasgow City Glenrothes 65,672 Fife Gordon 79,629 Aberdeenshire Inverclyde 60,622 Inverclyde Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey 78,059 Highland Kilmarnock and Loudoun 74,517 East Ayrshire Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath 72,853 Fife Lanark and Hamilton East 77,659 South Lanarkshire Linlithgow and East Falkirk 87,044 West Lothian and Falkirk Livingston 82,285 West Lothian Midlothian 70,544 Midlothian Moray 71,035 Moray Motherwell and Wishaw 68,856 North Lanarkshire Na h-Eileanan an Iar 21,106 Outer Hebrides North Ayrshire and Arran 73,534 North Ayrshire North East Fife 60,905 Fife Ochil and South Perthshire 78,776 Clackmannanshire and Perth and Kinross Orkney and Shetland 34,211 Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands Paisley and Renfrewshire North 72,007 Renfrewshire Paisley and Renfrewshire South 64,385 Renfrewshire Perth and North Perthshire 72,600 Perth and Kinross Ross, Skye and Lochaber 54,230 Highland Rutherglen and Hamilton West 80,918 South Lanarkshire Stirling 68,473 Stirling West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine 72,640 Aberdeenshire West Dunbartonshire 66,517 West Dunbartonshire Wales See also: List of parliamentary constituencies in Wales Constituency Electorate2019 Council area Aberavon 50,750 Neath Port Talbot Aberconwy 44,699 Conwy Alyn and Deeside 62,789 Flintshire; Wrexham Arfon 42,215 Gwynedd Blaenau Gwent 50,739 Blaenau Gwent Brecon and Radnorshire 55,490 Powys Bridgend 63,303 Bridgend Caerphilly 63,166 Caerphilly; Newport Cardiff Central 64,037 Cardiff Cardiff North 68,438 Cardiff Cardiff South and Penarth 78,837 Cardiff Cardiff West 68,508 Cardiff Carmarthen East and Dinefwr 57,419 Carmarthenshire Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire 59,158 Carmarthenshire; Pembrokeshire Ceredigion 56,250 Ceredigion Clwyd South 53,919 Denbighshire; Wrexham Clwyd West 57,714 Conwy; Denbighshire Cynon Valley 51,134 Rhondda Cynon Taf Delyn 54,560 Conwy; Flintshire Dwyfor Meirionnydd 44,362 Gwynedd Gower 61,762 Swansea Islwyn 55,423 Caerphilly Llanelli 60,518 Carmarthenshire; Swansea Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney 56,322 Caerphilly; Merthyr Tydfil Monmouth 67,098 Monmouthshire Montgomeryshire 48,997 Powys Neath 56,419 Neath Port Talbot Newport East 58,554 Newport Newport West 66,657 Newport Ogmore 57,581 Bridgend; Rhondda Cynon Taf Pontypridd 60,327 Rhondda Cynon Taf Preseli Pembrokeshire 59,606 Pembrokeshire Rhondda 50,262 Rhondda Cynon Taf Swansea East 58,450 Swansea Swansea West 57,078 Swansea Torfaen 62,330 Torfaen Vale of Clwyd 56,649 Denbighshire Vale of Glamorgan 76,508 Vale of Glamorgan Wrexham 49,737 Wrexham Ynys Môn 51,925 Isle of Anglesey Northern Ireland See also: List of parliamentary constituencies in Northern Ireland Constituency Electorate2019 Council area Belfast East 66,245 Belfast; Lisburn and Castlereagh Belfast North 72,225 Belfast; Antrim and Newtownabbey Belfast South 69,984 Belfast; Lisburn and Castlereagh Belfast West 65,644 Belfast; Lisburn and Castlereagh East Antrim 64,830 Antrim and Newtownabbey; Causeway Coast and Glens; Mid and East Antrim East Londonderry 69,246 Causeway Coast and Glens; Derry City and Strabane Fermanagh and South Tyrone 72,848 Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon; Fermanagh and Omagh; Mid Ulster Foyle 74,346 Derry City and Strabane Lagan Valley 75,735 Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon; Lisburn and Castlereagh; Newry, Mourne and Down Mid Ulster 70,449 Mid Ulster Newry and Armagh 81,226 Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon; Newry, Mourne and Down North Antrim 77,134 Causeway Coast and Glens; Mid and East Antrim North Down 67,099 Ards and North Down South Antrim 71,711 Antrim and Newtownabbey; Lisburn and Castlereagh South Down 79,175 Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon; Newry, Mourne and Down Strangford 66,928 Ards and North Down; Lisburn and Castlereagh; Newry, Mourne and Down Upper Bann 82,887 Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon West Tyrone 66,259 Derry City and Strabane; Fermanagh and Omagh Summary of main boundary changes for the next general election Scotland – Lost 2 seats. Wales – Lost 8 seats Northern Ireland – No extra or fewer seats allocated. England: – Gained 10 seats Recent boundary reviews Following the abandonment of the Sixth Periodic Review (the 2018 review), the Boundary Commissions formally launched the 2023 Review on 5 January 2021 and published their final proposals on 28 June 2023. See 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies and List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies (2024–present) by region for further details. See also List of former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies Member of Parliament Number of Westminster MPs Lists of electoral districts by nation United Kingdom general elections overview References ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Electoral Regions (Wales) Order 2006". www.legislation.gov.uk. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 2007". www.legislation.gov.uk. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) (Amendment) Order 2009". www.legislation.gov.uk. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (Northern Ireland) Order 2008". www.legislation.gov.uk. ^ "A Guide to the 2013 Review" The Boundary Commission for England — retrieved 2012-12-19 Archived 29 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "Electoral statistics, UK: 2017". ONS. Retrieved 7 August 2018. ^ a b c d e Baker, Carl; Uberoi, Elise; Cracknell, Richard (28 January 2020). "General Election 2019: full results and analysis". Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020. ^ "Guide to the 2023 Review of Parliamentary constituencies | Boundary Commission for England | Page 3". boundarycommissionforengland.independent.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 February 2024. ^ "Guide to the 2023 Review of Parliamentary constituencies | Boundary Commission for England | Page 10". boundarycommissionforengland.independent.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 February 2024. ^ "Standard Area Measurements (2019) for Electoral Areas in the United Kingdom". Retrieved 22 July 2022. ^ "Defence Secretary Ben Wallace to lose seat in Commons boundary changes". BBC News. 28 June 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023. Bibliography Boundary Commission for N.I. Fifth Periodical Report (HM Command Paper 73) – Parliamentary Constituencies of Northern Ireland. Retrieved 2013-07-19. vteConstituencies of the Parliament of the United KingdomUK regions and nations East (58) East Midlands (46) London (73) North East (29) North West (75) South East (84) South West (55) West Midlands (59) Yorkshire and the Humber (54) Northern Ireland (18) Scotland (59) Wales (40) English counties Avon Bedfordshire Berkshire Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cleveland Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham Essex Gloucestershire Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire and Worcestershire Hertfordshire Humberside Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire and Rutland Lincolnshire London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Shropshire Somerset Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey East Sussex West Sussex Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands Wiltshire North Yorkshire South Yorkshire West Yorkshire Historic counties Huntingdonshire Middlesex Westmorland History of constituency boundaries in Bedfordshire Berkshire Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cleveland Durham Essex Hertfordshire Norfolk Northumberland Oxfordshire Suffolk Tyne and Wear By years (1801–1832) (1832–1868) (1868–1885) (1885–1918) (1918–1945) (1950–1974) (1974–1983) (1983–1997) (1997–2024) (2024–present)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"member of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"plurality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting_system"},{"link_name":"first past the post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_past_the_post"},{"link_name":"Voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom general election on 12 December 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"2010 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"boundary commissions for England, Wales, and Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_commissions_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"statutory instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_instruments"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Boundary Commission for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Commission_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"2005 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Primary legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_legislation"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Constituencies Act of 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Constituencies_Act_of_1986"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Voting_System_and_Constituencies_Act_2011"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Laguë formula method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method"},{"link_name":"NUTS 1 statistical regions of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUTS_1_statistical_regions_of_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Parliament of the United Kingdom currently has 650 parliamentary constituencies across the constituent countries (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland), each electing a single member of parliament (MP) to the House of Commons by the plurality (first past the post) voting system, ordinarily every five years. Voting last took place in all 650 of those constituencies at the United Kingdom general election on 12 December 2019.The number of seats rose from 646 to 650 at the 2010 general election after proposals made by the boundary commissions for England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies) were adopted through statutory instruments.[1][2][3][4] Constituencies in Scotland remained unchanged, as the Boundary Commission for Scotland had completed a review just before the 2005 general election, which had resulted in a reduction of 13 seats.Primary legislation provides for the independence of the boundary commissions for each of the four parts of the UK, the number of seats for each of the countries, permissible factors to use in departing from any old boundaries, and a strong duty to consult. The Fifth Review was governed by the Parliamentary Constituencies Act of 1986. Under the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011, as amended by the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020, the number of MPs is now fixed at 650. The Sainte-Laguë formula method is used to form groups of seats split between the four parts of the United Kingdom and the English regions (as defined by the NUTS 1 statistical regions of England).[5]","title":"Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Orkney and Shetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney_and_Shetland_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Na h-Eileanan an Iar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_h-Eileanan_an_Iar_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ynys Mon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_M%C3%B4n_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The table below gives the number of eligible voters broken down by constituent country, including the average constituency size in each country.As of 2023, every recommended constituency must have an electorate as at 2 March 2020 that is no smaller than 69,724 and no larger than 77,062.[8] The exceptions to this rule are five 'protected' constituencies for island areas: Orkney and Shetland, Na h-Eileanan an Iar, Ynys Mon, and two constituencies on the Isle of Wight.[9] These consequently have smaller electorates than the lower limit for other constituencies.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"}],"sub_title":"Geographical size of constituencies","text":"The UK's smallest constituency: Islington NorthAs the number of electors in each constituency is similar, the constituencies themselves vary considerably in area, ranging from Ross, Skye and Lochaber, which occupies a sixth of Scotland, to the densely-populated London constituency of Islington North.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Size_of_electorate_in_each_United_Kingdom_house_of_commons_constituency_2023.png"},{"link_name":"NUTS 1 statistical region of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUTS_1_statistical_regions_of_England"},{"link_name":"European Parliament constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency"}],"text":"For MPs elected in the latest election (also with nominal party holding the seat in the previous election), see List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election.Size of electorate in each constituencyThe \"Region\" of the table refers to the NUTS 1 statistical region of England, which coincides with the former European Parliament constituency in which the constituency was included until 31 January 2020.As of the 2019 election there are 533 constituencies in England, 40 in Wales, 59 in Scotland and 18 in Northern Ireland.","title":"Parliamentary constituencies in the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"England","title":"Parliamentary constituencies in the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Westminster constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Westminster_constituencies"}],"sub_title":"Scotland","text":"See also: Scottish Westminster constituencies","title":"Parliamentary constituencies in the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of parliamentary constituencies in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Wales"}],"sub_title":"Wales","text":"See also: List of parliamentary constituencies in Wales","title":"Parliamentary constituencies in the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of parliamentary constituencies in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Northern_Ireland"}],"sub_title":"Northern Ireland","text":"See also: List of parliamentary constituencies in Northern Ireland","title":"Parliamentary constituencies in the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"Scotland – Lost 2 seats.\nWales – Lost 8 seats\nNorthern Ireland – No extra or fewer seats allocated.\nEngland: – Gained 10 seats","title":"Summary of main boundary changes for the next general election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sixth Periodic Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Boundary Commissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_commissions_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies (2024–present) by region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies_(2024%E2%80%93present)_by_region"}],"text":"Following the abandonment of the Sixth Periodic Review (the 2018 review), the Boundary Commissions formally launched the 2023 Review on 5 January 2021 and published their final proposals on 28 June 2023.[11]See 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies and List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies (2024–present) by region for further details.","title":"Recent boundary reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boundary Commission for N.I. Fifth Periodical Report (HM Command Paper 73) – Parliamentary Constituencies of Northern Ireland. Retrieved 2013-07-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm73/7321/7321.pdf"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UK_constituencies"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:UK_constituencies"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"East (58)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_the_East_of_England"},{"link_name":"East Midlands (46)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_the_East_Midlands"},{"link_name":"London (73)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_London"},{"link_name":"North East (29)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_North_East_England"},{"link_name":"North West (75)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_North_West_England"},{"link_name":"South East (84)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_South_East_England"},{"link_name":"South West (55)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_South_West_England"},{"link_name":"West Midlands (59)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_the_West_Midlands_(region)"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire and the Humber (54)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland (18)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Scotland (59)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Westminster_constituencies_from_2005"},{"link_name":"Wales (40)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Parliament_constituencies_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Avon"},{"link_name":"Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Bedfordshire"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Devon"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_County_Durham"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Essex"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire and Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Herefordshire_and_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Humberside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Humberside"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Kent"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire and Rutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Leicestershire_and_Rutland"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_London"},{"link_name":"Merseyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Surrey"},{"link_name":"East Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Tyne and Wear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Tyne_and_Wear"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_the_West_Midlands_(county)"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"South Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Huntingdonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdonshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_representation_from_Middlesex"},{"link_name":"Westmorland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmorland_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_constituencies_and_boundaries_in_Bedfordshire"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_constituencies_and_boundaries_in_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_constituencies_and_boundaries_in_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_constituencies_and_boundaries_in_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_constituencies_and_boundaries_in_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_constituencies_and_boundaries_in_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_constituencies_and_boundaries_in_Durham"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_constituencies_and_boundaries_in_Essex"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_constituencies_and_boundaries_in_Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_constituencies_and_boundaries_in_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_constituencies_and_boundaries_in_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_constituencies_and_boundaries_in_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_constituencies_and_boundaries_in_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Tyne and Wear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_constituencies_and_boundaries_in_Tyne_and_Wear"},{"link_name":"(1801–1832)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies_(1801%E2%80%931832)"},{"link_name":"(1832–1868)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies_(1832%E2%80%931868)_by_region"},{"link_name":"(1868–1885)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies_(1868%E2%80%931885)_by_region"},{"link_name":"(1885–1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies_(1885%E2%80%931918)_by_region"},{"link_name":"(1918–1945)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies_(1918%E2%80%931945)_by_region"},{"link_name":"(1950–1974)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies_(1950%E2%80%931974)_by_region"},{"link_name":"(1974–1983)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies_(1974%E2%80%931983)_by_region"},{"link_name":"(1983–1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies_(1983%E2%80%931997)_by_region"},{"link_name":"(1997–2024)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies_(1997%E2%80%932024)_by_region"},{"link_name":"(2024–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies_(2024%E2%80%93present)_by_region"}],"text":"Boundary Commission for N.I. Fifth Periodical Report (HM Command Paper 73) – Parliamentary Constituencies of Northern Ireland. Retrieved 2013-07-19.vteConstituencies of the Parliament of the United KingdomUK regions and nations\nEast (58)\nEast Midlands (46)\nLondon (73)\nNorth East (29)\nNorth West (75)\nSouth East (84)\nSouth West (55)\nWest Midlands (59)\nYorkshire and the Humber (54)\nNorthern Ireland (18)\nScotland (59)\nWales (40)\nEnglish counties\nAvon\nBedfordshire\nBerkshire\nBuckinghamshire\nCambridgeshire\nCheshire\nCleveland\nCornwall\nCumbria\nDerbyshire\nDevon\nDorset\nDurham\nEssex\nGloucestershire\nGreater Manchester\nHampshire\nHerefordshire and Worcestershire\nHertfordshire\nHumberside\nIsle of Wight\nKent\nLancashire\nLeicestershire and Rutland\nLincolnshire\nLondon\nMerseyside\nNorfolk\nNorthamptonshire\nNorthumberland\nNottinghamshire\nOxfordshire\nShropshire\nSomerset\nStaffordshire\nSuffolk\nSurrey\nEast Sussex\nWest Sussex\nTyne and Wear\nWarwickshire\nWest Midlands\nWiltshire\nNorth Yorkshire\nSouth Yorkshire\nWest Yorkshire\nHistoric counties\nHuntingdonshire\nMiddlesex\nWestmorland\nHistory of constituency boundaries in\nBedfordshire\nBerkshire\nBuckinghamshire\nCambridgeshire\nCheshire\nCleveland\nDurham\nEssex\nHertfordshire\nNorfolk\nNorthumberland\nOxfordshire\nSuffolk\nTyne and Wear\nBy years\n(1801–1832)\n(1832–1868)\n(1868–1885)\n(1885–1918)\n(1918–1945)\n(1950–1974)\n(1974–1983)\n(1983–1997)\n(1997–2024)\n(2024–present)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Size of electorate in each constituency","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Size_of_electorate_in_each_United_Kingdom_house_of_commons_constituency_2023.png/220px-Size_of_electorate_in_each_United_Kingdom_house_of_commons_constituency_2023.png"}]
[{"title":"List of former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies"},{"title":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"title":"Number of Westminster MPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_of_Westminster_MPs"},{"title":"Lists of electoral districts by nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_electoral_districts_by_nation"},{"title":"United Kingdom general elections overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_elections_overview"}]
[{"reference":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Electoral Regions (Wales) Order 2006\". www.legislation.gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/1041/contents/made/data.htm","url_text":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Electoral Regions (Wales) Order 2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 2007\". www.legislation.gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/1681/contents/made/data.htm","url_text":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) (Amendment) Order 2009\". www.legislation.gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/698/contents/made/data.htm","url_text":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) (Amendment) Order 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies (Northern Ireland) Order 2008\". www.legislation.gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/1486/contents/made/data.htm","url_text":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies (Northern Ireland) Order 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electoral statistics, UK: 2017\". ONS. Retrieved 7 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/elections/electoralregistration/bulletins/electoralstatisticsforuk/previousReleases","url_text":"\"Electoral statistics, UK: 2017\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, Carl; Uberoi, Elise; Cracknell, Richard (28 January 2020). \"General Election 2019: full results and analysis\". Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119155820/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8749/","url_text":"\"General Election 2019: full results and analysis\""},{"url":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8749/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to the 2023 Review of Parliamentary constituencies | Boundary Commission for England | Page 3\". boundarycommissionforengland.independent.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://boundarycommissionforengland.independent.gov.uk/2023-review/guide-to-the-2023-review-of-parliamentary-constituencies/page/3/","url_text":"\"Guide to the 2023 Review of Parliamentary constituencies | Boundary Commission for England | Page 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to the 2023 Review of Parliamentary constituencies | Boundary Commission for England | Page 10\". boundarycommissionforengland.independent.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://boundarycommissionforengland.independent.gov.uk/2023-review/guide-to-the-2023-review-of-parliamentary-constituencies/page/10/","url_text":"\"Guide to the 2023 Review of Parliamentary constituencies | Boundary Commission for England | Page 10\""}]},{"reference":"\"Standard Area Measurements (2019) for Electoral Areas in the United Kingdom\". Retrieved 22 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-2019-for-electoral-areas-in-the-united-kingdom/about","url_text":"\"Standard Area Measurements (2019) for Electoral Areas in the United Kingdom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Defence Secretary Ben Wallace to lose seat in Commons boundary changes\". BBC News. 28 June 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-66045931","url_text":"\"Defence Secretary Ben Wallace to lose seat in Commons boundary changes\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hill_Climb_Championship
European Hill Climb Championship
["1 2021 Calendar","2 Groups and classes since 2020","3 European Hill Climb Champions 1957–2023","4 1930s","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
FIA-run motorsport competition held across Europe European Hill Climb ChampionshipCategoryHillclimbingCountryEuropeInaugural season1930ClassesSingle-seater cars, Sports prototypes, Silhouettes and Touring carsCurrent champions Igor Stefanovski (Cat. I) Christian Merli (Cat. II)Official websitehttp://www.fia.com/node/3586 The FIA European Hill Climb Championship (FIA EHC) is an FIA-run motorsport competition held across Europe on closed public road courses. Unlike circuit racing, each driver competes alone, starting from a point at the base of a mountain and reaching a finish point near the summit. The European Championship allows single-seater cars, open-cockpit sports prototypes, and touring cars with varying degrees of technical preparation. FIA-Cup for the winner of EHCC 2010 2021 Calendar Round Venue City Country 1 Rampa de Boticas Boticas  Portugal 2 Subida Internacional al Fito Arriondas  Spain 3 Ecce Homo Šternberk Šternberk  Czech Republic 4 Coppa Paolino Teodori Colle San Marco  Italy 5 Dobšinský Kopec Dobšiná  Slovakia 6 Limanowa Stara Wieś (powiat limanowski)  Poland 7 Ilirska Bistrica Ilirska Bistrica  Slovenia 8 Buzetski Dani Buzet  Croatia Groups and classes since 2020 Since 2020 - Performance Factor Category 1 Group Class PF Group 1 Single class Pf 15 to 39 Group 2 Class 2a Pf 40 to 59 Class 2b Pf 69 to 79 Group 3 Class 3a Pf 80 to 99 Class 3b Pf 100 to 119 Group 4 Class 4a Pf 120 to 139 Class 4b Pf 140 to 159 Group 5 Class 5a Pf 160 to 199 Class 5b Pf > 199 Category 2 Group D/E2-SS (Single-seater) CN/E2-SC (Sportscar) European Hill Climb Champions 1957–2023 For the two categories, the FIA awards the titles: European Hill Climb Champion for Production Cars European Hill Climb Champion for Competition Cars Additionally, the first driver of the first group to which the European Champion does not belong, will be declared: Winner of the FIA Hill Climb Trophy for Production Cars Winner of the FIA Hill Climb Trophy for Competition Cars Season Class Driver Car 2023 EHCC (Cat. I) Igor Stefanovski Hyundai i30 N TCR (Gr. 3) EHCC (Cat. II) Christian Merli Osella FA30 (Gr. E2-SS) 2022 EHCC (Cat. I) Vasilije Jaksic Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX RS (Gr. 4) EHCC (Cat. II) Christian Merli Osella FA30 (Gr. E2-SS) 2021 EHCC (Cat. I) Antonino Migliuolo Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX (Gr. 3) EHCC (Cat. II) Christian Merli Osella FA30 (Gr. E2-SS) 2020 Canceled due to COVID-19 Pandemic 2019 EHCC (Cat. I) Lukáš Vojáček Subaru Impreza WRX (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Christian Merli Osella FA30 (Gr. E2-SS) Simone Faggioli Norma M20 FC (Gr. E2-SC) 2018 EHCC (Cat. I) Lukáš Vojáček Subaru Impreza WRX (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Christian Merli Osella FA30 (Gr. E2-SS) 2017 EHCC (Cat. I) Erich Weber "Tessitore" Audi R8 LMS (Gr. GT) EHCC (Cat. II) Simone Faggioli Norma M20 FC (Gr. E2-SC) 2016 EHCC (Cat. I) Nikola Miljkovic Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX (Gr. N) EHCC (Cat. II) Simone Faggioli Norma M20 FC (Gr. E2-SC) 2015 EHCC (Cat. I) Igor Stefanovski Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX (Gr. N) EHCC (Cat. II) Simone Faggioli Norma M20 FC (Gr. E2-SC) 2014 EHCC (Cat. I) Igor Stefanovski Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX (Gr. N) EHCC (Cat. II) Simone Faggioli Norma M20 FC (Gr. E2-SC) 2013 EHCC (Cat. I) Tomislav Muhvić  Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX (Gr. N) EHCC (Cat. II) Simone Faggioli Osella FA30 (Gr. E2-SS) 2012 EHCC (Cat. I) Dušan Borković Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX (Gr. N) EHCC (Cat. II) Simone Faggioli Osella FA30 (Gr. E2-SS) 2011 EHCC (Cat. I) Aleš Prek  Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX (Gr. N) EHCC (Cat. II) Simone Faggioli Osella FA30 (Gr. E2-SS) 2010 EHCC (Cat. I) Roland Wanek Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX (Gr. N) EHCC (Cat. II) Simone Faggioli Osella FA30 (Gr. E2M) 2009 EHCC (Cat. I) Vaclav Janík Mitsubishi Lancer Evo VIII (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Simone Faggioli Osella FA30 (Gr. E2M) 2008 EHCC (Cat. I) Miroslav Jakeš Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX (Gr. N) EHCC (Cat. II) Lionel Regal Reynard 01L F3000 (Gr. E2) 2007 EHCC (Cat. I) Peter Jureňa Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX (Gr. N) EHCC (Cat. II) Ander Vilariño Reynard 01L F3000 (Gr. E2) 2006 EHCC (Cat. I) Jörg Weidinger BMW M3 (Gr. N) EHCC (Cat. II) Giulio Regosa Lola Cosworth B99/50 F3000 (Gr. E2) 2005 EHCC (Cat. I) Jörg Weidinger BMW M3 (Gr. N) EHCC (Cat. II) Simone Faggioli  Osella PA21S (Gr. CN2) 2004 EHCC (Cat. I) Robert Šenkýř BMW M3 (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Giulio Regosa Osella PA20S BMW (Gr. CN) 2003 EHCC (Cat. I) Robert Šenkýř BMW M3 (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Denny Zardo Osella PA20S BMW (Gr. CN) 2002 EHCC (Cat. I) Piergiorgio Bedini Ford Escort RS Cosworth (Gr. N) EHCC (Cat. II) Franz Tschager Osella PA20S BMW (Gr. CN) 2001 EHCC (Cat. I) Niko Pulić BMW M3 (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Franz Tschager Osella PA20S BMW (Gr. CN) 2000 EHCC (Cat. I) Niko Pulić BMW M3 (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Franz Tschager Osella PA20S BMW (Gr. CN) 1999 EHCC (Cat. I) Niko Pulić BMW M3 (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Pasquale Irlando Osella PA20S BMW (Gr. CN) 1998 EHCC (Cat. I) Otakar Krámský BMW M3 (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Pasquale Irlando Osella PA20S BMW (Gr. CN) 1997 EHCC (Cat. I) Otakar Krámský BMW M3 (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Pasquale Irlando Osella PA20S BMW (Gr. CN) 1996 EHCC (Cat. I) Bruno Houzelot Ford Escort RS Cosworth (Gr. N) EHCC (Cat. II) Fabio Danti Osella PA20S BMW (Gr. CN) 1995 EHCC (Cat. I) Otakar Krámský BMW M3 (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Fabio Danti Lucchini P3-94M BMW (Gr. CN) 1994 EHCC (Cat. I) Josef Kopecký Ford Escort RS Cosworth (Gr. N) EHCC (Cat. II) Francisco Egózcue Osella PA9/90 BMW (Gr. C3) 1993 EHCC (Cat. I) Francis Dosieres BMW M3 (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Francisco Egózcue Osella PA9/90 BMW (Gr. C3) 1992 EHCC (Cat. I) Francis Dosieres BMW M3 (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Andres Vilariño Lola T298 Repsol (Gr. C3) 1991 EHCC (Cat. I) Iñaki Goiburu BMW M3 (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Andres Vilariño Lola T298 Repsol (Gr. C3) 1990 EHCC (Cat. I) Francis Dosieres BMW M3 (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Andres Vilariño Lola T298 Repsol (Gr. C3) 1989 EHCC (Cat. I) Francis Dosieres BMW M3 (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Andres Vilariño Lola T298 Repsol (Gr. C3) 1988 EHCC (Cat. I) Giovanni Rossi Renault 5 Maxi Turbo (Gr. B) EHCC (Cat. II) Mauro Nesti Osella PA9 BMW (Gr. C3) 1987 EHCC (Cat. I) Claude-François Jeanneret Audi Quattro A2 (Gr. B) EHCC (Cat. II) Mauro Nesti Osella PA9 BMW (Gr. C3) 1986 EHCC (Cat. I) Claude-François Jeanneret Audi Quattro A2 (Gr. B) EHCC (Cat. II) Mauro Nesti Osella PA9 BMW (Gr. 6) 1985 EHCC (Cat. I) Francis Dosieres BMW 635 CSi (Gr. A) EHCC (Cat. II) Mauro Nesti Osella PA9 BMW (Gr. 6) 1984 EHCC (Serial Car) Giovanni Rossi BMW M1 (Gr. B) EHCC (Sports Car) Rolf Göring BMW M1 (Gr. B) EHCC (Racing Car) Mauro Nesti Osella PA9 BMW (Gr. 6) 1983 EHCC (Serial Car) Giovanni Rossi BMW 528i (Gr. A) EHCC (Sports Car) Rolf Göring BMW M1 (Gr. 4) EHCC (Racing Car) Mauro Nesti Osella PA9 BMW (Gr. 6) 1982 EHCC (Serial Car) Herbert Hürter Ford Escort RS (Gr. 1) EHCC (Touring Car) Jacques Guillot Porsche 930 (Gr. B) EHCC (Racing Car) Herbert Stenger Ford Capri Turbo Zakspeed (Gr. 2) 1981 EHCC (Serial Car) Karl-Heinz Linnig Porsche 930 (Gr. 3) EHCC (Touring Car) Herbert Stenger Ford Escort RS (Gr. 2) EHCC (Racing Car) Jean-Louis Bos Lola T298 BMW (Gr. 6) 1980 EHCC (Serial Car) Roland Biancone Porsche 930 (Gr. 3) EHCC (Touring Car) Jacques Alméras Porsche 934 Turbo (Gr. 4) EHCC (Racing Car) Jean-Marie Alméras Porsche 935 K3 (Gr. 5) 1979 EHCC (Serial Car) Romain Wolff Ford Escort 2000 RS (Gr. 1) EHCC (Touring Car) Jacques Alméras Porsche 934 Turbo (Gr. 4) EHCC (Racing Car) Jean-Marie Alméras Porsche 935 (Gr. 5) 1978 EHCC (Serial Car) Herbert Stenger Ford Escort RS (Gr. 1) EHCC (Touring Car) Jacques Alméras Porsche 934 Turbo (Gr. 4) EHCC (Racing Car) Jean-Marie Alméras Porsche 935 (Gr. 5) 1977 EHCC (Serial Car) Anton Fischhaber Porsche Carrera RS (Gr. 3) EHCC (Touring Car) Heinz-Jurgen Pöhlmann Ford Escort 1800 RS (Gr. 2) EHCC (Racing Car) Mauro Nesti Lola T296 BMW (Gr. 6) 1976 EHCC (Serial Car) Jean-Claude Bering Porsche Carrera RSR (Gr. 3) EHCC (Touring Car) Wilhelm Bartels Porsche Carrera RSR (Gr. 5) EHCC (Racing Car) Mauro Nesti Lola T294 BMW (Gr. 6) 1975 EHCC (Serial Car) Jean-Claude Bering Porsche Carrera RSR (Gr. 3) EHCC (Touring Car) Willy Siller BMW 2002 Ti (Gr. 5) EHCC (Racing Car) Mauro Nesti Lola T294 BMW (Gr. 6) 1974 EHCC (Gran Turismo) Anton Fischhaber Porsche 911 Carrera (Gr. 4) EHCC (Sports Car) Juan Fernández Osella PA2 Abarth (Gr. 7) EHCC (Racing Car) Robert "Jimmy" Mieusset March 742 BMW (Gr. 8+9) 1973 EHCC (Gran Turismo) Sepp Greger Porsche Carrera (Gr. 4) EHCC (Sports Car) Juan Fernández Porsche 908/3 (Gr. 7) EHCC (Racing Car) Robert "Jimmy" Mieusset March 722 Ford (Gr. 8+9) 1972 EHCC (Serial Car) Helmut Mander Opel Kadett (Gr. 2) EHCC (Gran Turismo) Anton Fischhaber Porsche 911S (Gr. 4) EHCC (Sports Car) Franco Pilone Abarth 2000 (Gr. 5+7) EHCC (Racing Car) Xavier Perrot March 722 Ford (Gr. 8+9) 1971 EHCC (Serial Car) Walter Brun BMW 2800 CS (Gr. 2) EHCC (Gran Turismo) Wilhelm Bartels Porsche 908 (Gr. 4) EHCC (Sports Car) Johannes Ortner Abarth 3000 (Gr. 5) 1970 EHCC (Serial Car) Ernst Furtmayr BMW 2800 CS (Gr. 2) EHCC (Gran Turismo) Claude Haldi Porsche 911S (Gr. 4) EHCC (Sports Car) Johannes Ortner Abarth 2000 (Gr. 5) 1969 EHCC (Serial Car) Ernst Furtmayr BMW 2002 Ti (Gr. 2) EHCC (Touring Car) Arturo Merzario Abarth 2000S (Gr. 4+6) EHCC (Gran Turismo) Sepp Greger Porsche 911T (Gr. 3) EHCC (Sports Car) Peter Schetty Ferrari 212 E Montagna (Gr. 7) 1968 EHCC (Serial Car) Ernst Furtmayr BMW 2002 Ti EHCC (Touring Car) Sepp Greger Porsche Carrera 6 (Gr. S) EHCC (Gran Turismo) Holger Zarges Porsche 911T EHCC (Sports Car) Gerhard Mitter Porsche 910 Bergspyder (Gr. P) 1967 EHCC (Serial Car) Ignazio Giunti Alfa Romeo GTA EHCC (Touring Car) Rüdi Lins Porsche Carrera 6 (Gr. S) EHCC (Gran Turismo) Anton Fischhaber Porsche 911S EHCC (Sports Car) Gerhard Mitter Porsche 910 Bergspyder (Gr. 7) 1966 EHCC (Gran Turismo) Eberhard Mahle Porsche 911 EHCC (Sports Car) Gerhard Mitter Porsche 910 Coupé (Gr. P) 1965 EHCC (Gran Turismo) Herbert Müller Porsche 904 EHCC (Sports Car) Ludovico Scarfiotti Dino 206 SP 1964 EHCC (Gran Turismo) Heini Walter Porsche 904 GTS EHCC (Sports Car) Edgar Barth Porsche 904/8 1963 EHCC (Gran Turismo) Herbert Müller Porsche 356 Carrera GTL EHCC (Sports Car) Edgar Barth Porsche 718 WRS 1962 EHCC (Gran Turismo) Hans Kuhnis Porsche Carrera EHCC (Sports Car) Ludovico Scarfiotti Ferrari 196 SP 1961 EHCC (Gran Turismo) Heinz Schiller Porsche Carrera EHCC (Sports Car) Heini Walter Porsche RS61 1960 EHCC (Gran Turismo) Huschke von Hanstein Porsche Carrera EHCC (Sports Car) Heini Walter Porsche RS60 1959 EHCC (Sport Car) Edgar Barth Porsche RSK 1500 1958 EHCC (Sports Car) Wolfgang von Trips Porsche RSK 1957 EHCC (Sports Car) Willy Daetwyler Maserati 200SI 1930s The first European Hill Climbing Championship was contested between 1930 and 1933, under the aegis of the Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR), the predecessor of the FIA. Year Champions Racing Cars Sports Cars 1933 Carlo Felice TrossiAlfa Romeo Mario TadiniAlfa Romeo 1932 Rudolf CaracciolaAlfa Romeo Hans StuckMercedes-Benz 1931 Juan ZanelliNacional Pescara Rudolf CaracciolaMercedes-Benz 1930 Hans StuckAustro-Daimler Rudolf CaracciolaMercedes-Benz See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to European Hill Climb Championship. FIA International Hill Climb Cup FIA Hill Climb Masters Hillclimbing Mont Ventoux Hill Climb References ^ "FIA European Hill Climb Championship". Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013. External links News and results of Hill Climbing – website about Czech and European hill climbs – Most complete European Hill Climb Championship race results 1957-today by ing. Roman Krejčí Hill Climb Winners 1897–1949 Archived 2019-11-30 at the Wayback Machine vteEuropean ChampionshipsOlympic sportsTeam sports Association football Men Women Men's club Women's club Baseball Men Men's club Basketball Men Women Men's club Women's club 3x3 Beach volleyball Curling Field hockey Men Women Men's club Women's club Handball Men Women Men's club Women's club Ice hockey Men Women Women's club Rugby sevens Men Women Softball Women Volleyball Men Women Men's club Women's club Water polo Men Women Men's club Women's club Individual sports Archery Athletics Badminton Biathlon Bobsleigh & skeleton Boxing Canoeing Sprint Slalom Competition climbing Cycling BMX Mountain bike Road Track Diving Equestrian Dressage Eventing Show jumping Fencing Figure skating Golf Men Women Team Gymnastics Men's artistic Women's artistic Men's and women's artistic Rhythmic Trampoline Judo Karate Luge Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Skateboarding Speed skating Short track Surfing Swimming Open water swimming Synchronised swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Triathlon (standard - sprint) Weightlifting Wrestling Non-Olympic sportsTeam sports American football Australian rules football Beach handball Men Women Baseball Women Baseball5 Beach soccer League WC qual. Canoe polo Cricket Men Women Fistball Floorball Futsal UEFA men's national teams UEFA men's club UEFA women's national teams UEFS men UEFS women women's club Indoor hockey men women men's club women's club Korfball Lacrosse Minifootball Pitch and putt Quidditch Roller hockey Men Women Men's club Women's club Rogaining Rugby league Rugby union Men's six nations Women's six nations Men's club Socca Softball Men Co-Ed (SP) Tchoukball Individual sports Athletics Cross-country Indoor Mountain running Skyrunning Team Ballooning Billiards Pool Three-cushion Brazilian jiu-jitsu Canoeing Marathon Wildwater Ocean racing Chess Individual Team Cyclo-cross Dance sports Formation Latin Darts Go Gliding Gymnastics Acrobatic Aerobic Team gymnastics TeamGym Kendo Kickboxing Luge (natural track) Orienteering Powerlifting men women Racquetball Roller sports Artistic skating Freestyle skating Inline skating Sambo Short course swimming Ski mountaineering Snooker (amateurs) Squash Individual Team Sumo Water skiing Wushu Paralympic sportsParasports Athletics Badminton CP Football Judo Para archery Para table tennis Sledge hockey Swimming Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair rugby Sitting volleyball Motor sportsCars Formula 3 Hillclimbing Karting KF1 Radio-controlled racing Rallycross Rallying Sportscar ELMS GT3 GT4 Touring car Truck racing Motorcycles Speedway Individual Pairs Club Ice Team Motocross Supermoto Powered aviation Aerobatics Air racing Multi-sports events European Championships 2018 2022 European Games 2015 2019 2023 European Para Championships 2023 Games of the Small States of Europe Mediterranean Games (with Asia and Africa) Olympic sports without European Championships: Alpine skiing Cross-country skiing Freestyle skiing Nordic combined Ski jumping Snowboarding
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Park
Waterloo Park
["1 History","1.1 2010s to present","2 Amenities","2.1 Eby Farmstead","2.2 Log school house","3 Silver Lake","4 Land and location","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°28′01″N 80°31′59″W / 43.467°N 80.533°W / 43.467; -80.533This article is about the urban park in Ontario, Canada. For the UK park in Norwich, see Waterloo Park, Norwich. Urban park in Waterloo, Ontario Waterloo ParkLocationWaterloo, OntarioCoordinates43°28′01″N 80°31′59″W / 43.467°N 80.533°W / 43.467; -80.533Area111 acresOpened1893Hiking trailsLaurel Trail, Trans Canada TrailPublic transit accessLaurier–Waterloo Park stationWebsitehttps://www.waterloo.ca/en/things-to-do/waterloo-park.aspx Waterloo Park is an urban park situated in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada on land within Block 2 of the Haldimand Tract. Spanning 111 acres within the Uptown area of Waterloo, it opened in 1893 and is the oldest park in the city. Managed by the City of Waterloo, the park contains numerous recreational amenities including athletic fields, baseball diamonds, playgrounds, a skateboard park, and the Laurel and Trans Canada trails. Also situated in the park are a refreshment stand called the Park Inn, the oldest log school house in the Region of Waterloo, the Eby Farmstead and Jacob Eby's farmhouse, which has been occupied by the Waterloo Potters' Workshop since 1967. Silver Lake, an artificial body of water created in 1816 following the damming of the Laurel Creek by Abraham Erb to power a grist mill, sits at the south end of the park. Beyond recreational and educational amenities, Waterloo Park is home to the Waterloo Tennis Club and the Laurier–Waterloo Park station (part of the Ion rapid transit system); the Perimeter Institute and the Canadian Clay and Glass Gallery sit at the south end of the park, along Silver Lake. History Waterloo Park officially opened on August 7, 1893, then called West Side Park, following the purchase of Jacob Eby's 25 hectare farm in 1890. Situated on a slope near Silver Lake, the land was acquired from Eby's widow the Village of Waterloo for $74/acre. The land included Eby's farmhouse and existing orchards. It was purchased following a review by Waterloo to create more green space for the growing number of residents transitioning from rural to urban living. The committee responsible for the review had considered two additional scenarios: the establishment of a joint park with Berlin, now Kitchener, on the grounds of Mount Hope Cemetery and the development of fairgrounds situated near William and Caroline. A Board of Park Management initially consisting of Christian Kumpf, Isaac Erb Bowman, William Snider, Dr. J. H. Webb, Walter Wells, and Jacob Conrad was established to oversee the development of the land.: 45  The board hired Andrew McIntyre to serve as Waterloo Park's first superintendent.: 45  Ten men, with the assistance of two teams of horses, worked for more than three months leveling and filling in land. Old buildings, fences and tree stumps were removed to prepare for the park's opening, preceded by the planting of nearly 2,000 trees to created shaded areas appropriate for walking and picnics. In 1917 the park was expanded by 16 acres, reflecting the growth of the city. It was expanded again in 1958 when 30 acres of land was purchased from Sunbar and Canbar Ltd. and an additional 34 acres were acquired along Westmount Road.: 26  A grandstand, situated between the Eby farmhouse and the cricket pitch, was built in 1895, providing seating for sporting events and concerts. The same year it was the location of the 13th annual Canadian Wheelmen's Association championship races. Hosted by the Waterloo Bicycle Club the Daily Record reported on July 2, 1895, that: "At least 1,500 wheelman and altogether 10,000 people passed through the gates of the Waterloo Park." In 1901 the Victoria Jubilee Gateway was added to the Young Street entrance of the park to commemorate the death of Queen Victoria. Consisting of stone columns and an ornamental lace archway made of iron, it remained in place until 1957 when the archway was removed, followed several years later by the columns, in order to better accommodate increased vehicle traffic. In the early 1990s K-W Ornamental Iron Works Limited was contracted by the city to recreate plans for the gateway using old photographs, and a new version was installed to the west of the original location in 1993. A year later, Lou Bechtloff alerted the city to presence of the original archway and columns on her Paradise Lake property, which had been previously owned by Waterloo's City Hotel owner, Edmund Schmidt. They were purchased for use at another park entrance by city and the Waterloo Local Architectrual Conservation Advisory Committee, along with an original King Street street light and the front canopy of the hotel, as heritage artifacts. In 1932 the park was the site of the first Waterloo Band Festival. The event took place at a newly constructed bandstand donated for the event by Joseph E. Seagram of Seagram Distilleries. Launched by Waterloo Musical Society director Charles Thiele to mark the Golden Jubilee of the group, the festival continued for several years drawing performers from across North America and gaining international recognition. The festival ran from 1932 to 1940 and 1946 to 1958, going on hiatus during the early 1940s as a result of World War II. 2010s to present Waterloo Park has undergone a series of enhancements since the mid-2010s ranging from amenity improvements to transportation upgrades. A skateboard park opened in 2012 along Father David Bauer Drive, followed by a grand entrance across from the Waterloo Memorial Recreation Complex a year later. In 2015 the city approved funding for upgrades to the Park in keeping with recommendations from the Waterloo Park Master Plan. Public consultations were launched in 2016 regarding the redesign of the central promenade from Erb Street West and Caroline Street to Seagram Drive in order to address an influx of pedestrians and cyclists. Budgeted at 1.4 million dollars, the project aimed to introduce wider, paved trails with a dedicated lane for cycling and another for pedestrians, and make improvements to the tree canopy, lighting and light rail transit crossings. During the summer of 2018 a series of reconstructed and partially separated trails opened, allowing pedestrians and cyclists to travel more safely through the park. The $2.5 million project included the introduction of an additional pedestrian bridge and improved crossings to address concerns about getting from the east to the west side of the park following the introduction of the Ion rapid transit through the park. The Lions Lagoon splash pad closed after 25 years in the fall of 2019. Plans for the closure were accompanied by funding for new splash pads in parks across the city by 2022, including a smaller one off of Father David Bauer Drive scheduled for the 2020 season. Amenities Llamas and alpacas at Eby Farstead. Waterloo Park is home to the Waterloo Tennis Club, the Eby Farmstead, a log school house and a replica of Abraham Erb's grist mill, along with multiple baseball diamonds, sports fields and recreation trails. The Park Inn, a refreshment stand located above Silver Lake designed by one time Waterloo city councilor Charlie Voelker, was opened in 1955. The original building was renovated in 2005 to allow for updated electrical service and an expanded refreshments menu. Jacob Eby's farmhouse remains in the park and has been occupied by the Waterloo Potters' Workshop since 1967. In addition to the park attractions, the Waterloo Tennis Club has been operating out of the park since 1915.: 26  The grist mill replica opened June 23, 1998.: 121  Since Erb's original mill had been torn down and replaced in 1850, a plan for the replica was based on historical news and photos of Canadian grist mills from the same era.: 122  Construction included material from other historical buildings in the region like supporting posts from what had been the Globe Furniture building. The project was later accompanied by a series History Walk at Silver Lake panels.: 122  Detailing the role the lake played in Waterloo's industrial history, the four themed panels – Waterloo's Beginnings, Joseph E. Seagram, Recreation in Waterloo and Other Early Industries – were placed at significant points along the south side of the water.: 58  A bandshell built in 1967 to mark the Canadian Centennial is located on the west side of the park next to the Laurel Creek. In 2009 a master plan for the park approved by the city recommended that it be removed due to its condition and the cost of necessary upgrades, including a lack of electricity and a lack of storage or washrooms. The bandshell continues to be used during warmer weather for performances by the Waterloo Concert Band. Since opening, Waterloo Park has been the site of numerous social and cultural events including music festivals, family reunions and athletic competitions. The Wonders of Winter lights festival has taken place in the park since 1993, attracting roughly 40,000 people to the park over the course of the holiday season. The park has also served as the location of the annual pow wow hosted by the Waterloo Indigenous Student Centre. Eby Farmstead School in 1899 at original location. Animals were introduced to the park as part of a wildlife zoo in the 1960s as a centennial project gifted to the city by the Waterloo Lions Club. When first opened the zoo housed animals representative of Canadian wildlife including bears, wolves, cougars and, at one point, a moose. The city transitioned to housing domestic animals in 1990, as part of the park's centennial, at which point the zoo was renamed the Eby Farmstead as a nod to the Eby family who sold the original piece of land used to establish the park. The change was precipitated by the frequency of vandalism leading to animals escapes and concerns for the safety of both the animals and the general public. In operation year-round, the farmstead consists of five enclosures that house miniature horses, donkeys, alpacas, llamas, peacocks, pot-bellied pigs, pygmy goats and varieties of fowl. In 2019 two in-ground waste containers were added to collect animal manure and facilitate its use as compost by local farmers. Log school house First School in Waterloo, Ontario (1820) Built in 1820, the log school house was originally located on Church Street near King and was in use for 23 years.: 70–71  (In modern times, the location of the log school is known as Central and King Streets.) Deemed too small to accommodate a growing number of school aged children, the building was replaced by a stone school and the log school was dismantled. It was relocated to Berlin, near the current location of the Kitchener Collegiate Institute, where it served as the home of the formerly enslaved Levi Carroll, of Maryland, and his family. The Carrolls remained in the home until the early 1890s, at which time Levi was admitted to the House of Industry, and the building stood vacant. MPP Isaac Erb Bowman campaigned to save the building, succeeding in having it purchased by the town of Waterloo and relocated to Waterloo Park. Silver Lake Women sitting under the shade of a tree next to Silver Lake in 1894. Silver Lake sits to the west of the park, with the Laurel Creek running through it before flowing under the Waterloo Public Square. The lake was not part of the land initially purchased from Jacob Eby's widow although it contributed to the aesthetics of the park.: 101  It was instead acquired by the city in 1915 after the death of William Snider, then owner of the grist mill, for $300, at which time it was given the name Silver Lake. The lake was created in 1816 when the Laurel Creek, then called Beaver Creek, was damned by Abraham Erb. Used as a grist mill pond, its creation slowed the flow of water through the Laurel Creek watershed, causing a buildup of sediment from upstream. The problem was exacerbated in 1895 when local residents successfully petitioned the Grand Trunk Railway to extend the Waterloo line to Elmira. A right of way across the mill pond was purchased from William Snider, decreasing the size of the lake and increasing the presence of sediment deposits. : 102–103  In 1994 Waterloo city council approved the undertaking of $100,000 environmental assessment of the lake by the Grand River Conservation Authority. At the time the lake it was referred to by locals as Mud Lake due to a widespread sediment build up and was viewed as a flood risk. Councillor Tricia Siemens was quoted in The Record as saying: "The flood control area is ancient. There could be billions of dollars in property damage if there's a major flood. We could be heading for a disaster." The need for a rehabilitation plan was further underscored in August 1995 when several hundred waterfowl, predominantly ducks, died from botulism, the result of extreme temperatures and excrement build up in the shallow, sediment clogged lake. Waterloo settled on a seven-year plan to restore the lake following a two-hour council discussion about costs and timelines in November 1995. The plan included the dredging of the lake and the introduction of a cascading outlet, along with new walking amenities and general environmental improvements By 1997 plans were underway to rehabilitate the area including the creation of wetland and wildlife habitats and the rehabilitation of mudflats. A boardwalk, gazebos and lighting along walkways were introduced along the lake in 2000. Redevelopment of Silver Lake and the surrounding area were announced in September 2019, with $9 million budgeted to introduce a new promenade and boardwalk, as well as reshape and in some cases naturalize areas around the Lake and the Laurel Creek. The project will include land vacated by the 2019 closure of the Lions Lagoon splash pad. Land and location Waterloo Park is located on land that was initially part of Waterloo Township, one of the five townships within Waterloo Country, and is today known as Waterloo, Ontario. It is situated on land historically referred to as Block 2 of the Haldimand Tract, land granted to the Haudenosaunee Six Nations (Iroquois) who had served on the British side during the American Revolution as part of the Haldimand Proclamation. The Block 2 land was purchased by Richard Beasley from the Six Nations of the Grand River via Joseph Brant in 1796. Financial difficulties led to Beasley selling 60,000-acre tract of land to the German Company of Pennsylvania in 1803, which led to the eventual founding of Waterloo by Abraham Erb. As of 2019, the park sits on 111 acres of land in Uptown Waterloo, bordered by Seagram Drive and University Avenue to the north, Albert Street and Caroline to the east, Erb Street and Father David Bauer Drive to the south and Westmount Road North to the west. The Perimeter Institute and the Canadian Clay and Glass Gallery sit at the south end of the park. Although the park can be accessed through a variety of paths and roads, the main entrance is located at 50 Young Street West. References ^ a b c "Waterloo Park". www.waterloo.ca. 29 August 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019. ^ a b c d e f g Jackson, James (13 August 2018). "Waterloo Park turns 125". TheRecord.com. Retrieved 23 October 2019. ^ Scully, Terence (6 June 2007). "Parkland Popular in Early Waterloo". Waterloo Chronicle. pp. 13–14. Retrieved 23 October 2019. ^ Kundu, Tanishka (7 June 2013). "Walking in Waterloo Park". communityedition.ca. Retrieved 31 October 2019. ^ Jackson, James (24 July 2018). "From farmers' plots to restaurant pots". TheRecord.com. Retrieved 31 October 2019. ^ "Waterloo Park Once Farm of Jacob Eby". Waterloo Chronicle. 20 Jun 1957. p. 33. Retrieved 23 October 2019. ^ a b "The Waterloo Parks and Picnic Grounds" (PDF). Sixteenth Annual Report of the Waterloo Historical Society. Waterloo, Ont.: Waterloo Historical Society: 43–46. 1928. Retrieved 27 May 2020. ^ a b c "Anyone care for a day in the park?". Waterloo Chronicle. No. Souvenir Edition. 26 May 1982. p. 69. ^ a b Mihallch, Joanne (21 February 1990). "Happy 100, Waterloo Park: Major changes ahead in the 1990s". Waterloo Chronicle. pp. 25–26. Retrieved 23 October 2019. ^ a b Masterman, Chris (21 October 2006). "FLASH FROM THE PAST: Vrrrooom! Motorcycle races were held in Waterloo Park". The Record. p. W10. ^ a b c Lamb, Kathryn Hansuld (1994). "Victorian Gates Come Home". Waterloo Historical Society. 82: 25. ^ Lamb, Kathryn Hansuld (1993). "Victoria Memorial Gateway, Waterloo Park". Waterloo HIstorical Society. 81: 155. ^ Brockelbank, Tom (19 Oct 1994). "City artifacts purchased from Wellesley resident". Waterloo Chronicle. p. 1. Retrieved 25 November 2019. ^ a b Ronnenberg, Ernest H. (2 July 2006). "Waterloo Band Festival". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 5 May 2017. ^ Mellor, John (1986). Professor C.F. Thiele Father of Canadian band music (Ph.D.). Laurier University. Retrieved 23 October 2019. ^ "A rich history of band music". Waterloo Chronicle. 20 Jun 1984. p. 23. Retrieved 10 February 2019. ^ "Waterloo Park to receive upgrades in 2015". thecord.ca. 14 January 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2019. ^ Jackson, James (24 February 2016). "City wants public pitch for Waterloo Park promenade". WaterlooChronicle.ca. ^ Jackson, James (27 July 2016). "Waterloo Park plan moving ahead". WaterlooChronicle.ca. Retrieved 23 October 2019. ^ a b Jackson, Adam (26 July 2018). "$2.5-million trail project in Waterloo Park now complete". TheRecord.com. ^ a b c Outhit, Jeff (28 January 2019). "Waterloo plans to add up to three new splash pads by 2022". TheRecord.com. Retrieved 31 October 2019. ^ a b Jalsevac, Philip (30 July 2005). "50-year-old refreshment booth receives a $225,000 overhaul". The Record. p. B3. ^ DeGroot, Martin (12 November 2011). "Co-op's pottery sale has run for decades". The Record. p. D11. ^ "About". Waterloo Potters Workshop. Retrieved 31 October 2019. ^ a b c Little, Ellis (1998). "Waterloo's Replica of Abraham Erb Grist Mill". Waterloo Historical Society. 86: 121–122. ^ Little, Ellis (2000). "Silver Lake History Walk Opened". Waterloo Historical Society. 88: 57–58. ^ a b c Latif, Anam (25 August 2017). "Bandshell fans fearful of a day the concerts may end". TheRecord.com. Retrieved 31 October 2019. ^ Struthers, Joy (28 November 2017). "Wonders of Winter light up Waterloo Park and community spirits". WaterlooChronicle.ca. Retrieved 9 November 2019. ^ Kim, Ju Hyun (27 September 2017). "Bringing people together to Powwow". Imprint. Retrieved 9 November 2019. ^ "Pow Wow". St. Paul's University College. 5 June 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2019. ^ a b c d Booth, Laura (17 April 2018). "Waterloo Park's animal farm has evolved over the years". TheRecord.com. Retrieved 9 November 2019. ^ a b Ball-Pyatt, Karen (24 June 2019). "ION Laurier-Waterloo Park: Pools, Farms, and Zoos". Historically Speaking. Kitchener Public Library Grace Schmidt Room. Retrieved 9 November 2019. ^ "The controversy over Eby Farmstead". The Cord. 1 September 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019. ^ a b Vrbanac, Bob (12 May 2015). "Uncovering the jewel". WaterlooChronicle.ca. Retrieved 9 November 2019. ^ Pavia, Joe (18 July 2019). "Waterloo Park installs 'zoo poo units' to capture animal waste, divert it from landfills". Retrieved 9 November 2019. ^ "The little log school". Waterloo Chronicle. No. Souvenir Edition. 26 May 1982. p. 27. ^ Johnston, Mary A. (1975). Trail of the Slate : a History of Early Education in Waterloo County, 1802-1912. Waterloo. OCLC 670474205. Retrieved 11 November 2019.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "The Legacy of the 1820 Log Schoolhouse: Part II". Waterloo Heritage News. 1 June 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2021. ^ a b Rickert-Hall, Joanna (1 June 2014). "The Legacy of the 1820 Log Schoolhouse: Part II". Foundations. Retrieved 25 October 2019. ^ "Waterloo's First School Eyes for Pioneer Village". Kitchener-Waterloo Record. 27 June 1967. p. 90. Retrieved 25 November 2019. ^ Fear, John (28 December 2012). "Flash from the Past: Laurel Creek flows under Waterloo core". TheRecord.com. Retrieved 23 October 2019. ^ a b c Little, Ellis (1996). "Silver Lake, Waterloo Ontario". Waterloo Historical Society. 84: 100–108. ^ a b c Thompson, Catherine (25 September 2019). "Waterloo's Silver Lake to undergo $9 million transformation". TheRecord.com. Retrieved 31 October 2019. ^ Jackson, Adam (3 July 2018). "Using muck to grow grass? It could be possible in Waterloo". TheRecord.com. Retrieved 31 October 2019. ^ a b Goodwin, Carol (30 August 1994). "Waterloo backs $100,000 study of Silver Lake". The Record. p. B1. ^ Jalsevac, Philip (25 August 1995). "Duck disaster: Heat takes toll on waterfowl at Silver Lake". The Record. p. B1. ^ Aggerholm, Barbara (21 November 1995). "Silver Lake to shine again : Park users jubilant as council approves first phase of seven-year restoration project". The Record. p. B1. ^ Jalsevac, Philip (12 April 1997). "Silver Lake revival gathers speed: Completion could be pushed up because of 'snowballing'support from community". The Record. p. B1. ^ "Boardwalk being built around Silver Lake in Waterloo Park". The Record. 31 March 2000. p. B2. ^ a b "Waterloo Township". www.waterlooregionmuseum.ca. 15 August 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2019. ^ Filice, Michelle (3 June 2016). "Haldimand Proclamation". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 9 November 2019. ^ Bloomfield, Elizabeth (1995). "Setting the Stage". Waterloo Township through two centuries. Waterloo Historical Society. ISBN 0969971907. Retrieved 11 November 2019. External links "Waterloo Park: Gem of the City". images.ourontario.ca. Waterloo Public Library. Retrieved 27 May 2020. vteWaterloo, OntarioHistory Oldest buildings Abraham Erb Politics City Council Mayors Education Conestoga College Conrad Grebel University College Renison University College St. Jerome's University United College, Waterloo University of Waterloo Wilfrid Laurier University Culture Oktoberfest Brubacher House Canadian Clay and Glass Gallery City of Waterloo Museum Waterloo Public Library Transportation King Street Conestoga Parkway Grand River Transit Ion rapid transit Stations Recreation Waterloo Park Waterloo Memorial Recreation Complex RIM Park Laurel Creek Conservation Area Iron Horse Trail Spurline Trail Walter Bean Grand River Trail List of municipalities in Ontario
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waterloo Park, Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Park,_Norwich"},{"link_name":"Waterloo, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Haldimand Tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldimand_Proclamation"},{"link_name":"Region of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"Abraham Erb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Erb"},{"link_name":"Laurier–Waterloo Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurier%E2%80%93Waterloo_Park_station"},{"link_name":"Ion rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"Perimeter Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimeter_Institute"},{"link_name":"Canadian Clay and Glass Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Clay_and_Glass_Gallery"}],"text":"This article is about the urban park in Ontario, Canada. For the UK park in Norwich, see Waterloo Park, Norwich.Urban park in Waterloo, OntarioWaterloo Park is an urban park situated in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada on land within Block 2 of the Haldimand Tract. Spanning 111 acres within the Uptown area of Waterloo, it opened in 1893 and is the oldest park in the city. Managed by the City of Waterloo, the park contains numerous recreational amenities including athletic fields, baseball diamonds, playgrounds, a skateboard park, and the Laurel and Trans Canada trails.Also situated in the park are a refreshment stand called the Park Inn, the oldest log school house in the Region of Waterloo, the Eby Farmstead and Jacob Eby's farmhouse, which has been occupied by the Waterloo Potters' Workshop since 1967. Silver Lake, an artificial body of water created in 1816 following the damming of the Laurel Creek by Abraham Erb to power a grist mill, sits at the south end of the park. Beyond recreational and educational amenities, Waterloo Park is home to the Waterloo Tennis Club and the Laurier–Waterloo Park station (part of the Ion rapid transit system); the Perimeter Institute and the Canadian Clay and Glass Gallery sit at the south end of the park, along Silver Lake.","title":"Waterloo Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson125-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scully-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson125-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kundu-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson20180724-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson125-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson125-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chronicle1957-6"},{"link_name":"Christian Kumpf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Kumpf"},{"link_name":"Isaac Erb Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Erb_Bowman"},{"link_name":"William Snider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Snider"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHS1928Report-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCDayinPark-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHS1928Report-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCDayinPark-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCDayinPark-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson125-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mihallch-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masterman-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masterman-10"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson125-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LambVol82-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LambVol81-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LambVol82-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LambVol82-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brockelbank-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ronnenberg-14"},{"link_name":"Joseph E. Seagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Seagram"},{"link_name":"Seagram Distilleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mellor-15"},{"link_name":"Charles Thiele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thiele"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chronicle1984p23-16"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ronnenberg-14"}],"text":"Waterloo Park officially opened on August 7, 1893, then called West Side Park, following the purchase of Jacob Eby's 25 hectare farm in 1890.[2] Situated on a slope near Silver Lake, the land was acquired from Eby's widow the Village of Waterloo for $74/acre.[3][2] The land included Eby's farmhouse and existing orchards.[4][5] It was purchased following a review by Waterloo to create more green space for the growing number of residents transitioning from rural to urban living.[2] The committee responsible for the review had considered two additional scenarios: the establishment of a joint park with Berlin, now Kitchener, on the grounds of Mount Hope Cemetery and the development of fairgrounds situated near William and Caroline.[2][6]A Board of Park Management initially consisting of Christian Kumpf, Isaac Erb Bowman, William Snider, Dr. J. H. Webb, Walter Wells, and Jacob Conrad was established to oversee the development of the land.[7]: 45  The board hired Andrew McIntyre to serve as Waterloo Park's first superintendent.[8][7]: 45  Ten men, with the assistance of two teams of horses, worked for more than three months leveling and filling in land.[8] Old buildings, fences and tree stumps were removed to prepare for the park's opening, preceded by the planting of nearly 2,000 trees to created shaded areas appropriate for walking and picnics.[8] In 1917 the park was expanded by 16 acres, reflecting the growth of the city.[2] It was expanded again in 1958 when 30 acres of land was purchased from Sunbar and Canbar Ltd. and an additional 34 acres were acquired along Westmount Road.[9]: 26A grandstand, situated between the Eby farmhouse and the cricket pitch, was built in 1895, providing seating for sporting events and concerts.[10] The same year it was the location of the 13th annual Canadian Wheelmen's Association championship races. Hosted by the Waterloo Bicycle Club the Daily Record reported on July 2, 1895, that: \"At least 1,500 wheelman and altogether 10,000 people passed through the gates of the Waterloo Park.\"[10] In 1901 the Victoria Jubilee Gateway was added to the Young Street entrance of the park to commemorate the death of Queen Victoria.[2] Consisting of stone columns and an ornamental lace archway made of iron, it remained in place until 1957 when the archway was removed, followed several years later by the columns, in order to better accommodate increased vehicle traffic.[11] In the early 1990s K-W Ornamental Iron Works Limited was contracted by the city to recreate plans for the gateway using old photographs, and a new version was installed to the west of the original location in 1993.[12] A year later, Lou Bechtloff alerted the city to presence of the original archway and columns on her Paradise Lake property, which had been previously owned by Waterloo's City Hotel owner, Edmund Schmidt.[11] They were purchased for use at another park entrance by city and the Waterloo Local Architectrual Conservation Advisory Committee, along with an original King Street street light and the front canopy of the hotel, as heritage artifacts.[11][13]In 1932 the park was the site of the first Waterloo Band Festival.[14] The event took place at a newly constructed bandstand donated for the event by Joseph E. Seagram of Seagram Distilleries.[15] Launched by Waterloo Musical Society director Charles Thiele to mark the Golden Jubilee of the group, the festival continued for several years drawing performers from across North America and gaining international recognition.[16] The festival ran from 1932 to 1940 and 1946 to 1958, going on hiatus during the early 1940s as a result of World War II.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson125-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cord2015-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JacksonPublicPitch-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JacksonWPPlan-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson20180726-20"},{"link_name":"Ion rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson20180726-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Outhit-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Outhit-21"}],"sub_title":"2010s to present","text":"Waterloo Park has undergone a series of enhancements since the mid-2010s ranging from amenity improvements to transportation upgrades. A skateboard park opened in 2012 along Father David Bauer Drive, followed by a grand entrance across from the Waterloo Memorial Recreation Complex a year later.[2] In 2015 the city approved funding for upgrades to the Park in keeping with recommendations from the Waterloo Park Master Plan.[17] Public consultations were launched in 2016 regarding the redesign of the central promenade from Erb Street West and Caroline Street to Seagram Drive in order to address an influx of pedestrians and cyclists.[18] Budgeted at 1.4 million dollars, the project aimed to introduce wider, paved trails with a dedicated lane for cycling and another for pedestrians, and make improvements to the tree canopy, lighting and light rail transit crossings.[19]During the summer of 2018 a series of reconstructed and partially separated trails opened, allowing pedestrians and cyclists to travel more safely through the park.[20] The $2.5 million project included the introduction of an additional pedestrian bridge and improved crossings to address concerns about getting from the east to the west side of the park following the introduction of the Ion rapid transit through the park.[20]The Lions Lagoon splash pad closed after 25 years in the fall of 2019.[21] Plans for the closure were accompanied by funding for new splash pads in parks across the city by 2022, including a smaller one off of Father David Bauer Drive scheduled for the 2020 season.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterloo_Park_Llamas_Alpacas_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abraham Erb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Erb"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CityWaterlooPark-1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jalsevac2005-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jalsevac2005-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeGroot-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mihallch-9"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LittleReplica-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LittleReplica-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LittleReplica-25"},{"link_name":"Joseph E. Seagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Seagram"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LittleWalkOpened-26"},{"link_name":"Canadian Centennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Centennial"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latif-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latif-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latif-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Struthers-28"},{"link_name":"pow wow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_wow"},{"link_name":"Waterloo Indigenous Student Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_University_College#Waterloo_Indigenous_Student_Centre"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Llamas and alpacas at Eby Farstead.Waterloo Park is home to the Waterloo Tennis Club, the Eby Farmstead, a log school house and a replica of Abraham Erb's grist mill, along with multiple baseball diamonds, sports fields and recreation trails.[1] The Park Inn, a refreshment stand located above Silver Lake designed by one time Waterloo city councilor Charlie Voelker, was opened in 1955.[22] The original building was renovated in 2005 to allow for updated electrical service and an expanded refreshments menu.[22] Jacob Eby's farmhouse remains in the park and has been occupied by the Waterloo Potters' Workshop since 1967.[23][24] In addition to the park attractions, the Waterloo Tennis Club has been operating out of the park since 1915.[9]: 26The grist mill replica opened June 23, 1998.[25]: 121  Since Erb's original mill had been torn down and replaced in 1850, a plan for the replica was based on historical news and photos of Canadian grist mills from the same era.[25]: 122  Construction included material from other historical buildings in the region like supporting posts from what had been the Globe Furniture building. The project was later accompanied by a series History Walk at Silver Lake panels.[25]: 122  Detailing the role the lake played in Waterloo's industrial history, the four themed panels – Waterloo's Beginnings, Joseph E. Seagram, Recreation in Waterloo and Other Early Industries – were placed at significant points along the south side of the water.[26]: 58A bandshell built in 1967 to mark the Canadian Centennial is located on the west side of the park next to the Laurel Creek.[27] In 2009 a master plan for the park approved by the city recommended that it be removed due to its condition and the cost of necessary upgrades, including a lack of electricity and a lack of storage or washrooms.[27] The bandshell continues to be used during warmer weather for performances by the Waterloo Concert Band.[27]Since opening, Waterloo Park has been the site of numerous social and cultural events including music festivals, family reunions and athletic competitions. The Wonders of Winter lights festival has taken place in the park since 1993, attracting roughly 40,000 people to the park over the course of the holiday season.[28] The park has also served as the location of the annual pow wow hosted by the Waterloo Indigenous Student Centre.[29][30]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterloo_log_school_house_ca._1899.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Booth-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-Pyatt-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cord2019-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vrbanac-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Booth-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-Pyatt-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Booth-31"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vrbanac-34"},{"link_name":"miniature horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_horses"},{"link_name":"donkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkeys"},{"link_name":"alpacas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpacas"},{"link_name":"llamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamas"},{"link_name":"peacocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacocks"},{"link_name":"pot-bellied pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot-bellied_pigs"},{"link_name":"pygmy goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_goats"},{"link_name":"fowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowl"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Booth-31"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pavia-35"}],"sub_title":"Eby Farmstead","text":"School in 1899 at original location.Animals were introduced to the park as part of a wildlife zoo in the 1960s as a centennial project gifted to the city by the Waterloo Lions Club.[31] When first opened the zoo housed animals representative of Canadian wildlife including bears, wolves, cougars and, at one point, a moose.[32][33][34] The city transitioned to housing domestic animals in 1990, as part of the park's centennial, at which point the zoo was renamed the Eby Farmstead as a nod to the Eby family who sold the original piece of land used to establish the park.[31] The change was precipitated by the frequency of vandalism leading to animals escapes and concerns for the safety of both the animals and the general public.[32][31][34]In operation year-round, the farmstead consists of five enclosures that house miniature horses, donkeys, alpacas, llamas, peacocks, pot-bellied pigs, pygmy goats and varieties of fowl.[31] In 2019 two in-ground waste containers were added to collect animal manure and facilitate its use as compost by local farmers.[35]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_School_in_Waterloo,_Ontario_(1820).jpg"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCLittleLogSchool-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnston-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Kitchener Collegiate Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener_Collegiate_Institute"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rickert-Hall-39"},{"link_name":"Isaac Erb Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Erb_Bowman"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rickert-Hall-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KWR1967School-40"}],"sub_title":"Log school house","text":"First School in Waterloo, Ontario (1820)Built in 1820, the log school house was originally located on Church Street near King and was in use for 23 years.[36][37]: 70–71  (In modern times, the location of the log school is known as Central and King Streets.)[38]Deemed too small to accommodate a growing number of school aged children, the building was replaced by a stone school and the log school was dismantled. It was relocated to Berlin, near the current location of the Kitchener Collegiate Institute, where it served as the home of the formerly enslaved Levi Carroll, of Maryland, and his family.[39] The Carrolls remained in the home until the early 1890s, at which time Levi was admitted to the House of Industry, and the building stood vacant. MPP Isaac Erb Bowman campaigned to save the building, succeeding in having it purchased by the town of Waterloo and relocated to Waterloo Park.[39][40]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Women_at_Silver_Lake_1894.jpg"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FearLaurelCreek-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson-44"},{"link_name":"Grand Trunk Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway"},{"link_name":"Elmira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmira,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little-42"},{"link_name":"Grand River Conservation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_River_Conservation_Authority"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodwin-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodwin-45"},{"link_name":"botulism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulism"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jalsevac1995-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aggerholm-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jalsevac1997-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RecordBoardwalk2000-49"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-43"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Outhit-21"}],"text":"Women sitting under the shade of a tree next to Silver Lake in 1894.Silver Lake sits to the west of the park, with the Laurel Creek running through it before flowing under the Waterloo Public Square.[41] The lake was not part of the land initially purchased from Jacob Eby's widow although it contributed to the aesthetics of the park.[42]: 101  It was instead acquired by the city in 1915 after the death of William Snider, then owner of the grist mill, for $300, at which time it was given the name Silver Lake.[42]The lake was created in 1816 when the Laurel Creek, then called Beaver Creek, was damned by Abraham Erb.[43] Used as a grist mill pond, its creation slowed the flow of water through the Laurel Creek watershed, causing a buildup of sediment from upstream.[44] The problem was exacerbated in 1895 when local residents successfully petitioned the Grand Trunk Railway to extend the Waterloo line to Elmira. A right of way across the mill pond was purchased from William Snider, decreasing the size of the lake and increasing the presence of sediment deposits.[42] : 102–103In 1994 Waterloo city council approved the undertaking of $100,000 environmental assessment of the lake by the Grand River Conservation Authority. At the time the lake it was referred to by locals as Mud Lake due to a widespread sediment build up and was viewed as a flood risk.[45] Councillor Tricia Siemens was quoted in The Record as saying: \"The flood control area is ancient. There could be billions of dollars in property damage if there's a major flood. We could be heading for a disaster.\"[45] The need for a rehabilitation plan was further underscored in August 1995 when several hundred waterfowl, predominantly ducks, died from botulism, the result of extreme temperatures and excrement build up in the shallow, sediment clogged lake.[46]Waterloo settled on a seven-year plan to restore the lake following a two-hour council discussion about costs and timelines in November 1995. The plan included the dredging of the lake and the introduction of a cascading outlet, along with new walking amenities and general environmental improvements[47]\nBy 1997 plans were underway to rehabilitate the area including the creation of wetland and wildlife habitats and the rehabilitation of mudflats.[48] A boardwalk, gazebos and lighting along walkways were introduced along the lake in 2000.[49]Redevelopment of Silver Lake and the surrounding area were announced in September 2019, with $9 million budgeted to introduce a new promenade and boardwalk, as well as reshape and in some cases naturalize areas around the Lake and the Laurel Creek.[43] The project will include land vacated by the 2019 closure of the Lions Lagoon splash pad.[43][21]","title":"Silver Lake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waterloo Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois"},{"link_name":"Haldimand Proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldimand_Proclamation"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryofWaterlooTownship-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filice-51"},{"link_name":"Richard Beasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Beasley_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Six Nations of the Grand River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River"},{"link_name":"Joseph Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brant"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryofWaterlooTownship-50"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomfield-52"},{"link_name":"Perimeter Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimeter_Institute"},{"link_name":"Canadian Clay and Glass Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Clay_and_Glass_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CityWaterlooPark-1"}],"text":"Waterloo Park is located on land that was initially part of Waterloo Township, one of the five townships within Waterloo Country, and is today known as Waterloo, Ontario. It is situated on land historically referred to as Block 2 of the Haldimand Tract, land granted to the Haudenosaunee Six Nations (Iroquois) who had served on the British side during the American Revolution as part of the Haldimand Proclamation.[50][51] The Block 2 land was purchased by Richard Beasley from the Six Nations of the Grand River via Joseph Brant in 1796. Financial difficulties led to Beasley selling 60,000-acre tract of land to the German Company of Pennsylvania in 1803, which led to the eventual founding of Waterloo by Abraham Erb.[50][52] As of 2019, the park sits on 111 acres of land in Uptown Waterloo, bordered by Seagram Drive and University Avenue to the north, Albert Street and Caroline to the east, Erb Street and Father David Bauer Drive to the south and Westmount Road North to the west. The Perimeter Institute and the Canadian Clay and Glass Gallery sit at the south end of the park. Although the park can be accessed through a variety of paths and roads, the main entrance is located at 50 Young Street West.[1]","title":"Land and location"}]
[{"image_text":"Llamas and alpacas at Eby Farstead.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Waterloo_Park_Llamas_Alpacas_2019.jpg/220px-Waterloo_Park_Llamas_Alpacas_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"School in 1899 at original location.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Waterloo_log_school_house_ca._1899.jpg/220px-Waterloo_log_school_house_ca._1899.jpg"},{"image_text":"First School in Waterloo, Ontario (1820)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/First_School_in_Waterloo%2C_Ontario_%281820%29.jpg/220px-First_School_in_Waterloo%2C_Ontario_%281820%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Women sitting under the shade of a tree next to Silver Lake in 1894.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Women_at_Silver_Lake_1894.jpg/220px-Women_at_Silver_Lake_1894.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Waterloo Park\". www.waterloo.ca. 29 August 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waterloo.ca/en/things-to-do/waterloo-park.aspx","url_text":"\"Waterloo Park\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, James (13 August 2018). \"Waterloo Park turns 125\". TheRecord.com. Retrieved 23 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.therecord.com/news-story/8815459-waterloo-park-turns-125/","url_text":"\"Waterloo Park turns 125\""}]},{"reference":"Scully, Terence (6 June 2007). \"Parkland Popular in Early Waterloo\". Waterloo Chronicle. pp. 13–14. Retrieved 23 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.ourontario.ca/waterloo/3550610/page/14?n=","url_text":"\"Parkland Popular in Early Waterloo\""}]},{"reference":"Kundu, Tanishka (7 June 2013). \"Walking in Waterloo Park\". communityedition.ca. Retrieved 31 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://communityedition.ca/walking-in-waterloo-park/","url_text":"\"Walking in Waterloo Park\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, James (24 July 2018). \"From farmers' plots to restaurant pots\". TheRecord.com. Retrieved 31 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.therecord.com/news-story/8760303-from-farmers-plots-to-restaurant-pots/","url_text":"\"From farmers' plots to restaurant pots\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waterloo Park Once Farm of Jacob Eby\". Waterloo Chronicle. 20 Jun 1957. p. 33. Retrieved 23 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.ourontario.ca/waterloo/3546677/page/33?n=","url_text":"\"Waterloo Park Once Farm of Jacob Eby\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Waterloo Parks and Picnic Grounds\" (PDF). Sixteenth Annual Report of the Waterloo Historical Society. Waterloo, Ont.: Waterloo Historical Society: 43–46. 1928. Retrieved 27 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whs.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/1928.pdf","url_text":"\"The Waterloo Parks and Picnic Grounds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anyone care for a day in the park?\". Waterloo Chronicle. No. Souvenir Edition. 26 May 1982. p. 69.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mihallch, Joanne (21 February 1990). \"Happy 100, Waterloo Park: Major changes ahead in the 1990s\". Waterloo Chronicle. pp. 25–26. Retrieved 23 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.ourontario.ca/waterloo/3548347/page/26?n=","url_text":"\"Happy 100, Waterloo Park: Major changes ahead in the 1990s\""}]},{"reference":"Masterman, Chris (21 October 2006). \"FLASH FROM THE PAST: Vrrrooom! Motorcycle races were held in Waterloo Park\". The Record. p. W10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lamb, Kathryn Hansuld (1994). \"Victorian Gates Come Home\". Waterloo Historical Society. 82: 25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lamb, Kathryn Hansuld (1993). \"Victoria Memorial Gateway, Waterloo Park\". Waterloo HIstorical Society. 81: 155.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brockelbank, Tom (19 Oct 1994). \"City artifacts purchased from Wellesley resident\". Waterloo Chronicle. p. 1. Retrieved 25 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.ourontario.ca/waterloo/3549758/page/2?q=artifacts&docid=OOI.3549758","url_text":"\"City artifacts purchased from Wellesley resident\""}]},{"reference":"Ronnenberg, Ernest H. (2 July 2006). \"Waterloo Band Festival\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 5 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/waterloo-band-festival-emc/","url_text":"\"Waterloo Band Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Mellor, John (1986). Professor C.F. Thiele Father of Canadian band music (Ph.D.). Laurier University. Retrieved 23 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/15/","url_text":"Professor C.F. Thiele Father of Canadian band music"}]},{"reference":"\"A rich history of band music\". Waterloo Chronicle. 20 Jun 1984. p. 23. Retrieved 10 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.ourontario.ca/waterloo/3548055/page/24","url_text":"\"A rich history of band music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waterloo Park to receive upgrades in 2015\". thecord.ca. 14 January 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thecord.ca/waterloo-park-to-receive-upgrades-in-2015/","url_text":"\"Waterloo Park to receive upgrades in 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, James (24 February 2016). \"City wants public pitch for Waterloo Park promenade\". WaterlooChronicle.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waterloochronicle.ca/news-story/6341134-city-wants-public-pitch-for-waterloo-park-promenade/","url_text":"\"City wants public pitch for Waterloo Park promenade\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, James (27 July 2016). \"Waterloo Park plan moving ahead\". WaterlooChronicle.ca. Retrieved 23 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waterloochronicle.ca/news-story/6785050-waterloo-park-plan-moving-ahead/","url_text":"\"Waterloo Park plan moving ahead\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Adam (26 July 2018). \"$2.5-million trail project in Waterloo Park now complete\". TheRecord.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.therecord.com/news-story/8764685--2-5-million-trail-project-in-waterloo-park-now-complete/","url_text":"\"$2.5-million trail project in Waterloo Park now complete\""}]},{"reference":"Outhit, Jeff (28 January 2019). \"Waterloo plans to add up to three new splash pads by 2022\". TheRecord.com. Retrieved 31 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.therecord.com/news-story/9147673-waterloo-plans-to-add-up-to-three-new-splash-pads-by-2022/","url_text":"\"Waterloo plans to add up to three new splash pads by 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Jalsevac, Philip (30 July 2005). \"50-year-old refreshment booth receives a $225,000 overhaul\". The Record. p. B3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"DeGroot, Martin (12 November 2011). \"Co-op's pottery sale has run for decades\". The Record. p. D11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"About\". Waterloo Potters Workshop. Retrieved 31 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://waterloopotters.ca/about","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"Little, Ellis (1998). \"Waterloo's Replica of Abraham Erb Grist Mill\". Waterloo Historical Society. 86: 121–122.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Little, Ellis (2000). \"Silver Lake History Walk Opened\". Waterloo Historical Society. 88: 57–58.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Latif, Anam (25 August 2017). \"Bandshell fans fearful of a day the concerts may end\". TheRecord.com. 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Retrieved 9 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://uwaterloo.ca/stpauls/waterloo-indigenous-student-centre/pow-wow","url_text":"\"Pow Wow\""}]},{"reference":"Booth, Laura (17 April 2018). \"Waterloo Park's animal farm has evolved over the years\". TheRecord.com. Retrieved 9 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.therecord.com/news-story/8401116-waterloo-park-s-animal-farm-has-evolved-over-the-years/","url_text":"\"Waterloo Park's animal farm has evolved over the years\""}]},{"reference":"Ball-Pyatt, Karen (24 June 2019). \"ION Laurier-Waterloo Park: Pools, Farms, and Zoos\". Historically Speaking. Kitchener Public Library Grace Schmidt Room. Retrieved 9 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicallyspeakingkitchener.wordpress.com/2019/06/24/ion-laurier-waterloo-park-pools-farms-and-zoos/","url_text":"\"ION Laurier-Waterloo Park: Pools, Farms, and Zoos\""}]},{"reference":"\"The controversy over Eby Farmstead\". The Cord. 1 September 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thecord.ca/the-controversy-over-eby-farmstead/","url_text":"\"The controversy over Eby Farmstead\""}]},{"reference":"Vrbanac, Bob (12 May 2015). \"Uncovering the jewel\". WaterlooChronicle.ca. Retrieved 9 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waterloochronicle.ca/whatson-story/5894953-uncovering-the-jewel/","url_text":"\"Uncovering the jewel\""}]},{"reference":"Pavia, Joe (18 July 2019). \"Waterloo Park installs 'zoo poo units' to capture animal waste, divert it from landfills\". Retrieved 9 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener-waterloo/waterloo-zoo-poo-unit-sutera-1.5215045","url_text":"\"Waterloo Park installs 'zoo poo units' to capture animal waste, divert it from landfills\""}]},{"reference":"\"The little log school\". Waterloo Chronicle. No. Souvenir Edition. 26 May 1982. p. 27.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Johnston, Mary A. (1975). Trail of the Slate : a History of Early Education in Waterloo County, 1802-1912. Waterloo. OCLC 670474205. Retrieved 11 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.library.uwaterloo.ca/uwdl-188de5ba-e89c-437b-a645-378d0c3c7d58/trail-slate-history-early-education-waterloo-county-1802#page/1/mode/1up","url_text":"Trail of the Slate : a History of Early Education in Waterloo County, 1802-1912"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/670474205","url_text":"670474205"}]},{"reference":"\"The Legacy of the 1820 Log Schoolhouse: Part II\". Waterloo Heritage News. 1 June 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://waterlooheritage.com/2014/06/01/the-legacy-of-the-1820-log-schoolhouse-part-ii/","url_text":"\"The Legacy of the 1820 Log Schoolhouse: Part II\""}]},{"reference":"Rickert-Hall, Joanna (1 June 2014). \"The Legacy of the 1820 Log Schoolhouse: Part II\". Foundations. Retrieved 25 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://waterlooheritage.com/2014/06/01/the-legacy-of-the-1820-log-schoolhouse-part-ii/","url_text":"\"The Legacy of the 1820 Log Schoolhouse: Part II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waterloo's First School Eyes for Pioneer Village\". Kitchener-Waterloo Record. 27 June 1967. p. 90. Retrieved 25 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.library.uwaterloo.ca/uwdl-bb459f57-3c1c-4388-a371-bb3cb93273de/canadas-centennial#page/89/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Waterloo's First School Eyes for Pioneer Village\""}]},{"reference":"Fear, John (28 December 2012). \"Flash from the Past: Laurel Creek flows under Waterloo core\". TheRecord.com. Retrieved 23 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.therecord.com/living-story/2618598-flash-from-the-past-laurel-creek-flows-under-waterloo-core/","url_text":"\"Flash from the Past: Laurel Creek flows under Waterloo core\""}]},{"reference":"Little, Ellis (1996). \"Silver Lake, Waterloo Ontario\". Waterloo Historical Society. 84: 100–108.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thompson, Catherine (25 September 2019). \"Waterloo's Silver Lake to undergo $9 million transformation\". TheRecord.com. Retrieved 31 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.therecord.com/news-story/9615768-waterloo-s-silver-lake-to-undergo-9-million-transformation/","url_text":"\"Waterloo's Silver Lake to undergo $9 million transformation\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Adam (3 July 2018). \"Using muck to grow grass? It could be possible in Waterloo\". TheRecord.com. Retrieved 31 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.therecord.com/news-story/8711400-using-muck-to-grow-grass-it-could-be-possible-in-waterloo/","url_text":"\"Using muck to grow grass? It could be possible in Waterloo\""}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Carol (30 August 1994). \"Waterloo backs $100,000 study of Silver Lake\". The Record. p. B1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jalsevac, Philip (25 August 1995). \"Duck disaster: Heat takes toll on waterfowl at Silver Lake\". The Record. p. B1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Aggerholm, Barbara (21 November 1995). \"Silver Lake to shine again : Park users jubilant as council approves first phase of seven-year restoration project\". The Record. p. B1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jalsevac, Philip (12 April 1997). \"Silver Lake revival gathers speed: Completion could be pushed up because of 'snowballing'support from community\". The Record. p. B1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Boardwalk being built around Silver Lake in Waterloo Park\". The Record. 31 March 2000. p. B2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Waterloo Township\". www.waterlooregionmuseum.ca. 15 August 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waterlooregionmuseum.ca/en/collections-and-research/waterloo-township.aspx#note1","url_text":"\"Waterloo Township\""}]},{"reference":"Filice, Michelle (3 June 2016). \"Haldimand Proclamation\". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 9 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haldimand-proclamation","url_text":"\"Haldimand Proclamation\""}]},{"reference":"Bloomfield, Elizabeth (1995). \"Setting the Stage\". Waterloo Township through two centuries. Waterloo Historical Society. ISBN 0969971907. Retrieved 11 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/waterlootownship0000bloo","url_text":"Waterloo Township through two centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0969971907","url_text":"0969971907"}]},{"reference":"\"Waterloo Park: Gem of the City\". images.ourontario.ca. Waterloo Public Library. Retrieved 27 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.ourontario.ca/waterloo/533/exhibit/1","url_text":"\"Waterloo Park: Gem of the City\""}]}]
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Thiele Father of Canadian band music"},{"Link":"http://images.ourontario.ca/waterloo/3548055/page/24","external_links_name":"\"A rich history of band music\""},{"Link":"https://thecord.ca/waterloo-park-to-receive-upgrades-in-2015/","external_links_name":"\"Waterloo Park to receive upgrades in 2015\""},{"Link":"https://www.waterloochronicle.ca/news-story/6341134-city-wants-public-pitch-for-waterloo-park-promenade/","external_links_name":"\"City wants public pitch for Waterloo Park promenade\""},{"Link":"https://www.waterloochronicle.ca/news-story/6785050-waterloo-park-plan-moving-ahead/","external_links_name":"\"Waterloo Park plan moving ahead\""},{"Link":"https://www.therecord.com/news-story/8764685--2-5-million-trail-project-in-waterloo-park-now-complete/","external_links_name":"\"$2.5-million trail project in Waterloo Park now complete\""},{"Link":"https://www.therecord.com/news-story/9147673-waterloo-plans-to-add-up-to-three-new-splash-pads-by-2022/","external_links_name":"\"Waterloo plans to add up to three new splash pads by 2022\""},{"Link":"https://waterloopotters.ca/about","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://www.therecord.com/news-story/7521725-bandshell-fans-fearful-of-a-day-the-concerts-may-end/","external_links_name":"\"Bandshell fans fearful of a day the concerts may end\""},{"Link":"https://www.waterloochronicle.ca/community-story/7967158-wonders-of-winter-light-up-waterloo-park-and-community-spirits/","external_links_name":"\"Wonders of Winter light up Waterloo Park and community spirits\""},{"Link":"http://uwimprint.ca/article/bringing-people-together-to-powwow/","external_links_name":"\"Bringing people together to Powwow\""},{"Link":"https://uwaterloo.ca/stpauls/waterloo-indigenous-student-centre/pow-wow","external_links_name":"\"Pow Wow\""},{"Link":"https://www.therecord.com/news-story/8401116-waterloo-park-s-animal-farm-has-evolved-over-the-years/","external_links_name":"\"Waterloo Park's animal farm has evolved over the years\""},{"Link":"https://historicallyspeakingkitchener.wordpress.com/2019/06/24/ion-laurier-waterloo-park-pools-farms-and-zoos/","external_links_name":"\"ION Laurier-Waterloo Park: Pools, Farms, and Zoos\""},{"Link":"https://thecord.ca/the-controversy-over-eby-farmstead/","external_links_name":"\"The controversy over Eby Farmstead\""},{"Link":"https://www.waterloochronicle.ca/whatson-story/5894953-uncovering-the-jewel/","external_links_name":"\"Uncovering the jewel\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener-waterloo/waterloo-zoo-poo-unit-sutera-1.5215045","external_links_name":"\"Waterloo Park installs 'zoo poo units' to capture animal waste, divert it from landfills\""},{"Link":"http://digital.library.uwaterloo.ca/uwdl-188de5ba-e89c-437b-a645-378d0c3c7d58/trail-slate-history-early-education-waterloo-county-1802#page/1/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Trail of the Slate : a History of Early Education in Waterloo County, 1802-1912"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/670474205","external_links_name":"670474205"},{"Link":"https://waterlooheritage.com/2014/06/01/the-legacy-of-the-1820-log-schoolhouse-part-ii/","external_links_name":"\"The Legacy of the 1820 Log Schoolhouse: Part II\""},{"Link":"https://waterlooheritage.com/2014/06/01/the-legacy-of-the-1820-log-schoolhouse-part-ii/","external_links_name":"\"The Legacy of the 1820 Log Schoolhouse: Part II\""},{"Link":"http://digital.library.uwaterloo.ca/uwdl-bb459f57-3c1c-4388-a371-bb3cb93273de/canadas-centennial#page/89/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Waterloo's First School Eyes for Pioneer Village\""},{"Link":"https://www.therecord.com/living-story/2618598-flash-from-the-past-laurel-creek-flows-under-waterloo-core/","external_links_name":"\"Flash from the Past: Laurel Creek flows under Waterloo core\""},{"Link":"https://www.therecord.com/news-story/9615768-waterloo-s-silver-lake-to-undergo-9-million-transformation/","external_links_name":"\"Waterloo's Silver Lake to undergo $9 million transformation\""},{"Link":"https://www.therecord.com/news-story/8711400-using-muck-to-grow-grass-it-could-be-possible-in-waterloo/","external_links_name":"\"Using muck to grow grass? It could be possible in Waterloo\""},{"Link":"https://www.waterlooregionmuseum.ca/en/collections-and-research/waterloo-township.aspx#note1","external_links_name":"\"Waterloo Township\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haldimand-proclamation","external_links_name":"\"Haldimand Proclamation\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/waterlootownship0000bloo","external_links_name":"Waterloo Township through two centuries"},{"Link":"http://images.ourontario.ca/waterloo/533/exhibit/1","external_links_name":"\"Waterloo Park: Gem of the City\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension_Benefit_Guaranty_Corporation
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
["1 Revenues and expenditures","2 Investment policy","3 Pension insurance programs","4 Plan terminations","5 Missing Participants Program","6 Premium rates","7 Maximum guaranteed benefit","8 Leadership","9 Pensions and bankruptcy","10 Annual Pension Insurance Data Book","11 Pension Protection Act of 2006","12 No insurance for defined contribution plans","13 See also","14 Notes","15 References","16 Further reading","17 External links"]
American government-owned company This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (United States)Agency overviewFormedSeptember 2, 1974Headquarters445 12th Street SW, Washington, D.C. 20024Employees953 (2016)Annual budget$493.312 million (FY 2023 Budget Justification)Agency executiveDirectorWebsitewww.pbgc.gov The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) is a United States federally chartered corporation created by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) to encourage the continuation and maintenance of voluntary private defined benefit pension plans, provide timely and uninterrupted payment of pension benefits, and keep pension insurance premiums at the lowest level necessary to carry out its operations. Subject to other statutory limitations, PBGC's single-employer insurance program pays pension benefits up to the maximum guaranteed benefit set by law to participants who retire at 65 ($6,750 a month As of 2023). The benefits payable to insured retirees who start their benefits at ages other than 65 or elect survivor coverage are adjusted to be equivalent in value. The maximum monthly guarantee for the multiemployer program is far lower and more complicated ($12,870 a year for a participant with 30 years of credited service). In fiscal year 2022, PBGC added 32 more failed single-employer plans. PBGC's inventory was 5,110 plans, and paid $7.042 billion in benefits to 963,097 retirees in those plans. That year, PBGC also paid $226 million in financial assistance to 115 multiemployer pension plans on behalf of 93,525 retirees. The agency has a total of $90.252 billion in obligations and $127.887 billion in assets for an overall surplus of $37.629 billion, an improvement of $6.214 billion since the prior year. The multiemployer program has a surplus of $1.055 billion and the single employer program a surplus of $36.574 billion. Revenues and expenditures PBGC is not funded by general tax revenues. Its funds come from four sources: Insurance premiums paid by sponsors of defined benefit pension plans; Assets held by the pension plans it takes over; Recoveries of unfunded pension liabilities from plan sponsors' bankruptcy estates; and Investment income. PBGC pays monthly retirement benefits to more than 800,000 retirees in nearly 5,000 terminated single-employer defined benefit pension plans. Including those who have not yet retired and participants in multiemployer plans receiving financial assistance, PBGC is responsible for the current and future pensions of about 1.5 million people and insures the pensions of more than 35 million participants in ongoing plans. Investment policy The Agency has a stated goal of using a liability-driven investment strategy to minimize volatility and achieve its stated income goals. As a result, the heaviest target weightings in its portfolio are aimed at investment grade U.S. bonds and money market funds. As of its April 2019 Investment Policy Statement the agency had approved target ranges for its Investment Trust as follows: Return-Seeking Assets: U.S. Equities, including publicly traded U.S. REITs: 0% to 15% International Equities (Developed and Emerging): 0% to 15% U.S. and International Bonds (High Yield, Developed, and Emerging Markets): 0% to 10% Private Equity and Private Real Estate (from terminated plans): No range specified Liability-Hedging Assets: U.S. Bonds (Nominal and Real) and Money Market: 65% to 90% The investment statement adds that as the funded ratio improves the weighting toward liability hedging assets should also increase, in accordance with the agency's LDI investment strategy. While there is no target allocation for private equity, debt, or real estate investment, the agency does allow for inherited investments from absorbed plans due to their illiquid nature. As of September 30, 2019 the trust's asset allocation stands at 81.72% fixed income investments, 14.82% equity securities, and 3.46% other securities including private equity, private debt, real estate investments, REITs and insurance contracts. Smaller Asset Managers Pilot Program Since 2016 the agency has implemented a program to allow smaller asset managers to oversee investment mandates within the Trust, covering U.S. investment grade bond allocations. The program was aimed at providing opportunities to asset managers with at least $250 million in assets under management, but less than the billions previously required by the agency. C. S. McKee, LM Capital Group, Longfellow Investment Management, New Century Advisors, and Pugh Capital Management were awarded the inaugural U.S. core fixed income mandates in the program. As of September 30, 2019, the total allocation awarded to five managers within the program totaled less than 1% of the total trust's assets. Revolving Funds The agency also maintains seven revolving funds, though only three are operational, which were authorized under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 to hold premiums paid by single employer and multiemployer pension sponsors, transfers from the larger trust fund portfolio for benefit payments, and returns on investments from the fund itself. Federal law mandates that these specific funds only be invested by U.S. Treasury securities. Pension insurance programs The single-employer program protects 30 million workers and retirees in 22,000 pension plans. The multiemployer program protects 10 million workers and retirees in 1,400 pension plans. Multiemployer plans are set up by collective bargaining agreements involving more than one unrelated employer, generally in one industry. Plan terminations An employer can voluntarily ask to close its single-employer pension plan in either a standard or distress termination. In a standard termination, the plan must have enough money to pay all accrued benefits, whether vested or not, before the plan can end. After workers receive promised benefits, in the form of a lump sum payment or an insurance company annuity, PBGC's guarantee ends. More than 145,000 plans have gone through PBGC's standard termination process between 1975 and 2019. In a distress termination, where the plan does not have enough money to pay all benefits, the employer must prove severe financial distress – for instance the likelihood that continuing the plan would force the company to shut down. PBGC will pay guaranteed benefits, usually covering a large part of total earned benefits, and make strong efforts to recover funds from the employer. In addition, PBGC may seek to terminate a single-employer plan without the employer's consent to protect the interests of workers, the plan or PBGC's insurance fund. PBGC must act to terminate a plan that cannot pay current benefits. For multiemployer pension plans that are unable to pay guaranteed benefits when due, PBGC will provide financial assistance to the plan, usually a loan, so that retirees continue receiving their benefits. Terminations are covered under Title IV of ERISA. Missing Participants Program When a plan sponsor chooses to terminate their pension plan through the standard termination process, arrangements must be made to distribute benefits to each participant. When participants cannot be located or otherwise are not responsive, the termination process is delayed. Since 1996 sponsors of terminating insured single-employer defined benefit (DB) plans have the option to transfer the benefits for their "missing participants" to the PBGC or to purchase annuities from insurance companies and notify PBGC of the details. In 2018, PBGC expanded the Missing Participants Program (MPP) making it available to terminating defined contribution (DC) plans, multiemployer defined benefit plans and certain single-employer DB plans not covered by Title IV of ERISA. PBGC indicates they are searching for more than 80,000 "lost" plan participants who are owed pensions. Individuals can call a dedicated toll-free number, 1-800-229-LOST (5678), to find out if they are due pension payments. Premium rates Pension plans that are qualified under the U.S. tax code pay yearly insurance premiums to the PBGC based on the number of participants in the plan and the funded status of the plan. The Bipartisan Budget Act, which was signed by President Obama on November 2, 2015, set PBGC premiums as follows for single-employer pension plans: Flat-rate premium $64 per participant for plan years starting in 2016 $69 per participant for plan years starting in 2017 $74 per participant for plan years starting in 2018 $80 per participant for plan years starting in 2019 The variable-rate premium, which is $30 per $1,000 of unfunded vested benefits for 2016, will continue to be indexed for inflation, but were scheduled to increase by an additional $3 for 2017, $4 for 2018, and $4 for 2019. Maximum guaranteed benefit The maximum pension benefit guaranteed by PBGC is set by law and adjusted yearly. For plans that ended in 2023, workers who retired that year and at age 65 would receive up to $6,750.00 per month (or $81,000 per year) under PBGC's insurance program for single-employer plans. Benefit payments starting at ages other than 65 are adjusted actuarially, which means the maximum guaranteed benefit is lower for those who retire early or when there is a benefit for a survivor. Alternatively, benefits are higher for those who retire after age 65. Additionally, the PBGC will not fully guarantee benefit improvements that were adopted within the five-year period prior to a plan's termination or benefits that are not payable over a retiree's lifetime. Other limitations also apply to supplemental benefits in excess of normal retirement benefits, benefit increases within the last five years before a plan's termination, and benefits earned after a plan sponsor's bankruptcy. For the multiemployer plans, the amount guaranteed is based on years of service. For plans that terminated after December 21, 2000, the PBGC insures 100 percent of the first $11 monthly payment per year of service and 75 percent of the next $33 monthly payment per year of service. For example, if a participant works 20 years in a plan that promises $19 per month per year of service, the PBGC guarantee would be $340 per month, rather than $380. [ 100 % × $ 11   + 75 % × ( $ 19 − $ 11 ) ] × 20 = $ 17 × 20 = $ 340 {\displaystyle \left\times 20=\$17\times 20=\$340} A second example, which exceeds the $44 monthly payment per year of service: If a participant works 20 years in a plan that promises $100 per month per year of service, the PBGC guarantee would be $715 per month, rather than $2,000. [ 100 % × $ 11   + 75 % × $ 33 ] × 20 = $ 35.75 × 20 = $ 715 {\displaystyle \left\times 20=\$35.75\times 20=\$715} Multiemployer plans that terminated after 1980 but before December 21, 2000, had a maximum guarantee limit of 100 percent of the first $5 of the monthly benefit accrual rate and 75 percent of the next $15. Leadership PBGC is headed by a Director, who reports to a board of directors consisting of the Secretaries of Labor, Commerce and Treasury, with the Secretary of Labor as chairman. Under the Pension Protection Act of 2006, the Director of the PBGC is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Under prior law, PBGC's Board Chairman appointed an "Executive Director" who was not subject to confirmation. Pensions and bankruptcy Several large legacy airlines have filed for bankruptcy reorganization in an attempt to renegotiate terms of pension liabilities. These debtors have asked the bankruptcy court to approve the termination of their old defined benefit plans insured by the PBGC. Although the PBGC resisted these requests, ultimately it assumed the plans. The PBGC would like minimum required contributions to insured defined benefit pension plans be considered "administrative expenses" in bankruptcy, thereby obtaining priority treatment ahead of the unsecured creditors. The PBGC has generally lost on this argument, sometimes resulting in a benefit to general unsecured creditors. In National Labor Relations Bd. v. Bildisco, 465 U.S. 513 (1984), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Bankruptcy Code section 365(a) "includes within it collective-bargaining agreements subject to the National Labor Relations Act, and that the Bankruptcy Court may approve rejection of such contracts by the debtor-in-possession upon an appropriate showing." The ruling came in spite of arguments that the employer should not use bankruptcy to breach contractual promises to make pension payments resulting from collective bargaining. General bankruptcy principles hold that executory contracts are avoidable in practice, because neither party has fulfilled its part of the bargain and thus breach by either party only gives rise to expectation damages. Damages awards after commencement of a bankruptcy filing results in claims that take after more senior creditors. They are relegated to the status of general creditors because while breach would occur after filing of the bankruptcy petition, the contract was entered into before the filing. If a creditor is a general unsecured creditor and there is not enough money, they usually are not paid; so as a matter of practical economics, if the downturn in a company's fortunes which resulted in bankruptcy makes the performance of an executory contract less valuable than its breach, the rational company would breach. There would be no negative monetary consequences of such breach because there would be no money left for the other contract party to take because in practice general unsecured creditors are left with nothing. In Bildisco, the Court also ruled that under the Bankruptcy Code as written at that time, an employer in Chapter 11 bankruptcy "does not commit an unfair labor practice when, after the filing of a bankruptcy petition but before court-approved rejection of the collective-bargaining agreement, it unilaterally modifies or terminates one or more provisions of the agreement." After the Bildisco decision, Congress amended the Bankruptcy Code by adding a subsection (f) to section 1113 (effective for cases that commenced on or after July 10, 1984): (f) No provision of this title shall be construed to permit a trustee to unilaterally terminate or alter any provisions of a collective bargaining agreement prior to compliance with the provisions of this section. According to commentator Nicholas Brannick, "Despite the appearance of protection for the PBGC's interest in the event of termination, the Bankruptcy Code frequently strips the PBGC of the protection provided under ERISA. Under ERISA, termination liability may arise on the date of termination, but the lien that protects the PBGC's interest in that liability must be perfected ." The retention of title as a security interest, the creation of lien, or any other direct or indirect mode of disposing of or parting with property or an interest in property is a "transfer" for purposes of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code (see 11 U.S.C. § 101(54)). Some transfers may be avoidable by the bankruptcy trustee under various Code provisions. Further, under ordinary principles of bankruptcy law, a lien or other security interest that is unperfected (i.e., a lien that is not valid against parties other than the debtor) at the time of case commencement is generally unenforceable against a bankruptcy trustee. Once the bankruptcy case has commenced, the law generally stays any act to attempt to perfect a lien that was not perfected prior to case commencement (see 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(4)). Thus, the PBGC with a lien that has not yet been perfected at the time of case commencement may find itself in the same position as the general unsecured creditors. Annual Pension Insurance Data Book PBGC has published the Pension Insurance Data Book since 1996 to present detailed statistics for the single-employer and multiemployer plans that the agency insures. The single-employer section gives all data and statistics on single-employer programs. Section S-3 through S-19 are the claims tables. These tables show all of the claims brought by single-employer DB plans to PBGC. Section S-20 through S-29 are the payment table. These tables show how much PBGC is paying out every year in insurance protection. Section S-30 through S-38 are the insured tables. These tables show how many participants are insured under the PBGC. Section S-40 through S-43 are the premium tables. These tables show how much premiums insured pension plans are paying. Section S-44 though S-52 show the underfunded Plans, overfunded Plans, and the funding ratios by NAIC business code, state, and participant count. Section S-54 through S-59 provide statistics on plan partial risk transfer activity. The multiemployer section, the M section, follows a similar organization. Pension Protection Act of 2006 The Pension Protection Act of 2006 represents the most significant pension legislation since ERISA. Some of the provisions of the Act that affect the PBGC include: The method for calculating the "variable-rate" PBGC premium is changed. If PBGC takes over a terminated plan, the guarantee of employees' pension benefits is frozen as of the date of the plan sponsor's bankruptcy filing, which may be months or years before the plan terminates. The PBGC's guarantee of pension benefits that become payable on a plant shutdown is limited if the shutdown occurred within five years of the bankruptcy filing. The complicated rules that govern the PBGC's pension guarantee for business owners are simplified. If PBGC takes over a terminated plan, the plan sponsor is required to pay a "termination premium" of $1,250 per participant per year for three years. No insurance for defined contribution plans One reason Congress enacted ERISA was "to prevent the 'great personal tragedy' suffered by employees whose vested benefits are not paid when pension plans are terminated." When a defined benefit plan is properly funded by its sponsor, its assets should be approximately equal to its liability, and any shortfall (including benefit improvements) should be amortized in a relatively short period of time. Before ERISA, employers and willing unions could agree to increase benefits with little thought to how to pay for them. A classic case of the unfortunate consequences of an underfunded pension plan is the 1963 shutdown of Studebaker automobile operations in South Bend, Indiana, in which 4,500 workers lost 85% of their vested benefits. One of ERISA's stated intentions was to minimize underfunding in defined benefit plans. Defined contribution plans, by contrast and by definition, are always "fully funded" so Congress saw no need to provide insurance protection for participants in defined contribution plans. The Enron scandal in 2001 demonstrated one potential problem with defined contribution plans: the company had strongly encouraged its workers to invest their 401(k) plans in their employer itself, violating primary investment guidelines about diversification. When Enron went bankrupt, many workers lost not only their jobs but also most of the value of their retirement savings. Congress imposed fiduciary liability upon employers inside Section 404 of ERISA. See also Bankruptcy in the United States Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Kline-Miller Multiemployer Pension Reform Act of 2014 Pension Pension Protection Act of 2006 Pension Rights Center Securities Investor Protection Corporation Social insurance Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations Notes ^ When the PBGC takes over an insolvent pension plan, it becomes a general creditor of the plan sponsor. References ^ "President Ford Signing ERISA of 1974". Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. April 27, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2023. ^ "Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) | U.S. Department of Labor". www.dol.gov. ^ a b "Maximum Monthly Guarantee Tables". Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. October 19, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2023. ^ "Multiemployer Insurance Program Facts". Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. August 13, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2023. ^ "PBGC Annual Report 2022" (PDF). ^ "2018 Annual Report" (PDF). Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. Retrieved November 15, 2018. ^ a b c d e f "How PBGC Operates | Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation". www.pbgc.gov. How We Invest Our Money. ^ a b PBGC FY 2019 Annual Report ^ "PBGC Launches Pilot Program for Smaller Asset Managers | Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation". www.pbgc.gov. ^ "PBGC Selects Firms for Smaller Asset Manager Pilot Program | Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation". www.pbgc.gov. ^ "Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC): A Primer" (PDF). March 21, 2019. ^ "2019 Pension Insurance Data Tables | Table S-3" (PDF). Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. Retrieved February 27, 2023. ^ "PBGC Expands Missing Participants Program to Terminated 401(k) and Other Plans", Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, December 21, 2017. ^ "Expanded Missing Participants Program", Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, February 15, 2018 ^ "Contacting PBGC About Unclaimed Pensions | Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation". ^ "Premium Rates, Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. ^ "What PBGC Guarantees". Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. Retrieved August 5, 2012. ^ Brannick, Nicholas (2004). "At the Crossroads of Three Codes: How Employers Are Using ERISA, the Tax Code, and Bankruptcy to Evade Their Pension Obligations". Ohio State Law Journal. 65 (6): 1606. hdl:1811/70993. Retrieved December 2, 2018. ^ "Trends and Statistics on Plans", Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, February 25, 2011. ^ "Fact Sheet: The Pension Protection Act of 2006: Ensuring Greater Retirement Security for American Workers". The White House. August 17, 2006. Retrieved December 16, 2007. ^ a b Nachman Corp. v. Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation 446 U.S. 359 (1980). Further reading Andrew Douglass and Bradley Kafka, "Legal Trends — Progress for Multiemployer Pension Plans," HRMagazine, Vol. 60, No. 2, 2015, pg. 71; OCLC 5826024469, ISSN 1047-3149 Employee Benefit Research Institute, "Basics of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC)", November 2013 Mary Williams Walsh, "Whoops! There Goes Another Pension Plan", New York Times, September 18, 2005 External links Official website Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation in the Federal Register Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States People Trove
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Employee Retirement Income Security Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_Retirement_Income_Security_Act"},{"link_name":"pension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension"},{"link_name":"insurance premiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_premium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension_Benefit_Guaranty_Corporation&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maximum_Monthly_Guarantee_Tables-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) is a United States federally chartered corporation created by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) to encourage the continuation and maintenance of voluntary private defined benefit pension plans, provide timely and uninterrupted payment of pension benefits, and keep pension insurance premiums at the lowest level necessary to carry out its operations.[2] Subject to other statutory limitations, PBGC's single-employer insurance program pays pension benefits up to the maximum guaranteed benefit set by law to participants who retire at 65 ($6,750 a month As of 2023[update]). The benefits payable to insured retirees who start their benefits at ages other than 65 or elect survivor coverage are adjusted to be equivalent in value.[3] The maximum monthly guarantee for the multiemployer program is far lower and more complicated ($12,870 a year for a participant with 30 years of credited service).[4]In fiscal year 2022, PBGC added 32 more failed single-employer plans. PBGC's inventory was 5,110 plans, and paid $7.042 billion in benefits to 963,097 retirees in those plans. That year, PBGC also paid $226 million in financial assistance to 115 multiemployer pension plans on behalf of 93,525 retirees. The agency has a total of $90.252 billion in obligations and $127.887 billion in assets for an overall surplus of $37.629 billion, an improvement of $6.214 billion since the prior year. The multiemployer program has a surplus of $1.055 billion and the single employer program a surplus of $36.574 billion.[5]","title":"Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report2018-7"}],"text":"PBGC is not funded by general tax revenues. Its funds come from four sources:Insurance premiums paid by sponsors of defined benefit pension plans;\nAssets held by the pension plans it takes over;\nRecoveries of unfunded pension liabilities from plan sponsors' bankruptcy estates;[a] and\nInvestment income.PBGC pays monthly retirement benefits to more than 800,000 retirees in nearly 5,000 terminated single-employer defined benefit pension plans. Including those who have not yet retired and participants in multiemployer plans receiving financial assistance, PBGC is responsible for the current and future pensions of about 1.5 million people and insures the pensions of more than 35 million participants in ongoing plans.[6]","title":"Revenues and expenditures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liability-driven investment strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liability-driven_investment_strategy"},{"link_name":"volatility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(finance)"},{"link_name":"portfolio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portfolio_(finance)"},{"link_name":"investment grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_credit_rating#Credit_rating_codes_and_classes"},{"link_name":"U.S. bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Treasury_security"},{"link_name":"money market funds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_market_funds"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-investment-policy-8"},{"link_name":"REITs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Estate_Investment_Trust"},{"link_name":"Private Equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Equity"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-investment-policy-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbgc.gov-9"},{"link_name":"fixed income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_income"},{"link_name":"REITs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Estate_Investment_Trust"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-investment-policy-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-investment-policy-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-investment-policy-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbgc.gov-9"},{"link_name":"Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_Retirement_Income_Security_Act_of_1974"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-investment-policy-8"}],"text":"The Agency has a stated goal of using a liability-driven investment strategy to minimize volatility and achieve its stated income goals. As a result, the heaviest target weightings in its portfolio are aimed at investment grade U.S. bonds and money market funds.[7]As of its April 2019 Investment Policy Statement the agency had approved target ranges for its Investment Trust as follows:Return-Seeking Assets:U.S. Equities, including publicly traded U.S. REITs: 0% to 15%International Equities (Developed and Emerging): 0% to 15%U.S. and International Bonds (High Yield, Developed, and Emerging Markets): 0% to 10%Private Equity and Private Real Estate (from terminated plans): No range specifiedLiability-Hedging Assets:\nU.S. Bonds (Nominal and Real) and Money Market: 65% to 90%[7]The investment statement adds that as the funded ratio improves the weighting toward liability hedging assets should also increase, in accordance with the agency's LDI investment strategy.While there is no target allocation for private equity, debt, or real estate investment, the agency does allow for inherited investments from absorbed plans due to their illiquid nature.[8]As of September 30, 2019 the trust's asset allocation stands at 81.72% fixed income investments, 14.82% equity securities, and 3.46% other securities including private equity, private debt, real estate investments, REITs and insurance contracts.[7]Smaller Asset Managers Pilot ProgramSince 2016 the agency has implemented a program to allow smaller asset managers to oversee investment mandates within the Trust, covering U.S. investment grade bond allocations.[7] The program was aimed at providing opportunities to asset managers with at least $250 million in assets under management,[9] but less than the billions previously required by the agency.[10]C. S. McKee, LM Capital Group, Longfellow Investment Management, New Century Advisors, and Pugh Capital Management were awarded the inaugural U.S. core fixed income mandates in the program.[7]As of September 30, 2019, the total allocation awarded to five managers within the program totaled less than 1% of the total trust's assets.[8]Revolving FundsThe agency also maintains seven revolving funds, though only three are operational, which were authorized under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 to hold premiums paid by single employer and multiemployer pension sponsors, transfers from the larger trust fund portfolio for benefit payments, and returns on investments from the fund itself.[11] Federal law mandates that these specific funds only be invested by U.S. Treasury securities.[7]","title":"Investment policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collective bargaining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining"}],"text":"The single-employer program protects 30 million workers and retirees in 22,000 pension plans. The multiemployer program protects 10 million workers and retirees in 1,400 pension plans. Multiemployer plans are set up by collective bargaining agreements involving more than one unrelated employer, generally in one industry.","title":"Pension insurance programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vested"},{"link_name":"lump sum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lump_sum"},{"link_name":"annuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annuity_(financial_contracts)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"An employer can voluntarily ask to close its single-employer pension plan in either a standard or distress termination. In a standard termination, the plan must have enough money to pay all accrued benefits, whether vested or not, before the plan can end. After workers receive promised benefits, in the form of a lump sum payment or an insurance company annuity, PBGC's guarantee ends. More than 145,000 plans have gone through PBGC's standard termination process between 1975 and 2019.[12] In a distress termination, where the plan does not have enough money to pay all benefits, the employer must prove severe financial distress – for instance the likelihood that continuing the plan would force the company to shut down. PBGC will pay guaranteed benefits, usually covering a large part of total earned benefits, and make strong efforts to recover funds from the employer.In addition, PBGC may seek to terminate a single-employer plan without the employer's consent to protect the interests of workers, the plan or PBGC's insurance fund. PBGC must act to terminate a plan that cannot pay current benefits.For multiemployer pension plans that are unable to pay guaranteed benefits when due, PBGC will provide financial assistance to the plan, usually a loan, so that retirees continue receiving their benefits.Terminations are covered under Title IV of ERISA.","title":"Plan terminations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"When a plan sponsor chooses to terminate their pension plan through the standard termination process, arrangements must be made to distribute benefits to each participant. When participants cannot be located or otherwise are not responsive, the termination process is delayed. Since 1996 sponsors of terminating insured single-employer defined benefit (DB) plans have the option to transfer the benefits for their \"missing participants\" to the PBGC or to purchase annuities from insurance companies and notify PBGC of the details. In 2018, PBGC expanded the Missing Participants Program (MPP) making it available to terminating defined contribution (DC) plans, multiemployer defined benefit plans and certain single-employer DB plans not covered by Title IV of ERISA.[13][14]PBGC indicates they are searching for more than 80,000 \"lost\" plan participants who are owed pensions.[15] Individuals can call a dedicated toll-free number, 1-800-229-LOST (5678), to find out if they are due pension payments.","title":"Missing Participants Program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Pension plans that are qualified under the U.S. tax code pay yearly insurance premiums to the PBGC based on the number of participants in the plan and the funded status of the plan.The Bipartisan Budget Act, which was signed by President Obama on November 2, 2015, set PBGC premiums as follows for single-employer pension plans:[16]Flat-rate premium$64 per participant for plan years starting in 2016\n$69 per participant for plan years starting in 2017\n$74 per participant for plan years starting in 2018\n$80 per participant for plan years starting in 2019The variable-rate premium, which is $30 per $1,000 of unfunded vested benefits for 2016, will continue to be indexed for inflation, but were scheduled to increase by an additional $3 for 2017, $4 for 2018, and $4 for 2019.","title":"Premium rates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maximum_Monthly_Guarantee_Tables-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The maximum pension benefit guaranteed by PBGC is set by law and adjusted yearly. For plans that ended in 2023, workers who retired that year and at age 65 would receive up to $6,750.00 per month (or $81,000 per year) under PBGC's insurance program for single-employer plans.[3]Benefit payments starting at ages other than 65 are adjusted actuarially, which means the maximum guaranteed benefit is lower for those who retire early or when there is a benefit for a survivor. Alternatively, benefits are higher for those who retire after age 65. Additionally, the PBGC will not fully guarantee benefit improvements that were adopted within the five-year period prior to a plan's termination or benefits that are not payable over a retiree's lifetime.Other limitations also apply to supplemental benefits in excess of normal retirement benefits, benefit increases within the last five years before a plan's termination, and benefits earned after a plan sponsor's bankruptcy.[17]For the multiemployer plans, the amount guaranteed is based on years of service. For plans that terminated after December 21, 2000, the PBGC insures 100 percent of the first $11 monthly payment per year of service and 75 percent of the next $33 monthly payment per year of service. For example, if a participant works 20 years in a plan that promises $19 per month per year of service, the PBGC guarantee would be $340 per month, rather than $380.[\n \n 100\n %\n ×\n $\n 11\n  \n +\n 75\n %\n ×\n \n (\n \n $\n 19\n −\n $\n 11\n \n )\n \n \n ]\n \n ×\n 20\n =\n $\n 17\n ×\n 20\n =\n $\n 340\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left[100\\%\\times \\$11\\ +75\\%\\times \\left(\\$19-\\$11\\right)\\right]\\times 20=\\$17\\times 20=\\$340}A second example, which exceeds the $44 monthly payment per year of service: If a participant works 20 years in a plan that promises $100 per month per year of service, the PBGC guarantee would be $715 per month, rather than $2,000.[\n \n 100\n %\n ×\n $\n 11\n  \n +\n 75\n %\n ×\n $\n 33\n \n ]\n \n ×\n 20\n =\n $\n 35.75\n ×\n 20\n =\n $\n 715\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left[100\\%\\times \\$11\\ +75\\%\\times \\$33\\right]\\times 20=\\$35.75\\times 20=\\$715}Multiemployer plans that terminated after 1980 but before December 21, 2000, had a maximum guarantee limit of 100 percent of the first $5 of the monthly benefit accrual rate and 75 percent of the next $15.","title":"Maximum guaranteed benefit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"board of directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"Secretaries of Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor"},{"link_name":"Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_board"},{"link_name":"Pension Protection Act of 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension_Protection_Act_of_2006"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"}],"text":"PBGC is headed by a Director, who reports to a board of directors consisting of the Secretaries of Labor, Commerce and Treasury, with the Secretary of Labor as chairman.Under the Pension Protection Act of 2006, the Director of the PBGC is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Under prior law, PBGC's Board Chairman appointed an \"Executive Director\" who was not subject to confirmation.","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collective-bargaining agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining_agreements"},{"link_name":"executory contracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executory_contracts"},{"link_name":"expectation damages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectation_damages"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"perfected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfection_(law)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"11 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_11_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 101(54)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/11/101(54)"},{"link_name":"11 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_11_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 362(a)(4)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/11/362(a)(4)"}],"text":"Several large legacy airlines have filed for bankruptcy reorganization in an attempt to renegotiate terms of pension liabilities. These debtors have asked the bankruptcy court to approve the termination of their old defined benefit plans insured by the PBGC. Although the PBGC resisted these requests, ultimately it assumed the plans.The PBGC would like minimum required contributions to insured defined benefit pension plans be considered \"administrative expenses\" in bankruptcy, thereby obtaining priority treatment ahead of the unsecured creditors. The PBGC has generally lost on this argument, sometimes resulting in a benefit to general unsecured creditors.In National Labor Relations Bd. v. Bildisco, 465 U.S. 513 (1984), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Bankruptcy Code section 365(a) \"includes within it collective-bargaining agreements subject to the National Labor Relations Act, and that the Bankruptcy Court may approve rejection of such contracts by the debtor-in-possession upon an appropriate showing.\" The ruling came in spite of arguments that the employer should not use bankruptcy to breach contractual promises to make pension payments resulting from collective bargaining.General bankruptcy principles hold that executory contracts are avoidable in practice, because neither party has fulfilled its part of the bargain and thus breach by either party only gives rise to expectation damages. Damages awards after commencement of a bankruptcy filing results in claims that take after more senior creditors. They are relegated to the status of general creditors because while breach would occur after filing of the bankruptcy petition, the contract was entered into before the filing. If a creditor is a general unsecured creditor and there is not enough money, they usually are not paid; so as a matter of practical economics, if the downturn in a company's fortunes which resulted in bankruptcy makes the performance of an executory contract less valuable than its breach, the rational company would breach. There would be no negative monetary consequences of such breach because there would be no money left for the other contract party to take because in practice general unsecured creditors are left with nothing.[citation needed]In Bildisco, the Court also ruled that under the Bankruptcy Code as written at that time, an employer in Chapter 11 bankruptcy \"does not commit an unfair labor practice when, after the filing of a bankruptcy petition but before court-approved rejection of the collective-bargaining agreement, it unilaterally modifies or terminates one or more provisions of the agreement.\" After the Bildisco decision, Congress amended the Bankruptcy Code by adding a subsection (f) to section 1113 (effective for cases that commenced on or after July 10, 1984):(f) No provision of this title shall be construed to permit a trustee to unilaterally terminate or alter any provisions of a collective bargaining agreement prior to compliance with the provisions of this section.According to commentator Nicholas Brannick, \"Despite the appearance of protection for the PBGC's interest in the event of termination, the Bankruptcy Code frequently strips the PBGC of the protection provided under ERISA. Under ERISA, termination liability may arise on the date of termination, but the lien that protects the PBGC's interest in that liability must be perfected [to be protected in bankruptcy].\"[18] The retention of title as a security interest, the creation of lien, or any other direct or indirect mode of disposing of or parting with property or an interest in property is a \"transfer\" for purposes of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code (see 11 U.S.C. § 101(54)). Some transfers may be avoidable by the bankruptcy trustee under various Code provisions. Further, under ordinary principles of bankruptcy law, a lien or other security interest that is unperfected (i.e., a lien that is not valid against parties other than the debtor) at the time of case commencement is generally unenforceable against a bankruptcy trustee. Once the bankruptcy case has commenced, the law generally stays any act to attempt to perfect a lien that was not perfected prior to case commencement (see 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(4)). Thus, the PBGC with a lien that has not yet been perfected at the time of case commencement may find itself in the same position as the general unsecured creditors.","title":"Pensions and bankruptcy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"PBGC has published the Pension Insurance Data Book since 1996 to present detailed statistics for the single-employer and multiemployer plans that the agency insures.[19]The single-employer section gives all data and statistics on single-employer programs.Section S-3 through S-19 are the claims tables. These tables show all of the claims brought by single-employer DB plans to PBGC.\nSection S-20 through S-29 are the payment table. These tables show how much PBGC is paying out every year in insurance protection.\nSection S-30 through S-38 are the insured tables. These tables show how many participants are insured under the PBGC.\nSection S-40 through S-43 are the premium tables. These tables show how much premiums insured pension plans are paying.\nSection S-44 though S-52 show the underfunded Plans, overfunded Plans, and the funding ratios by NAIC business code, state, and participant count.\nSection S-54 through S-59 provide statistics on plan partial risk transfer activity.The multiemployer section, the M section, follows a similar organization.","title":"Annual Pension Insurance Data Book"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pension Protection Act of 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension_Protection_Act_of_2006"},{"link_name":"ERISA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERISA"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The Pension Protection Act of 2006 represents the most significant pension legislation since ERISA.[20] Some of the provisions of the Act that affect the PBGC include:The method for calculating the \"variable-rate\" PBGC premium is changed.\nIf PBGC takes over a terminated plan, the guarantee of employees' pension benefits is frozen as of the date of the plan sponsor's bankruptcy filing, which may be months or years before the plan terminates.\nThe PBGC's guarantee of pension benefits that become payable on a plant shutdown is limited if the shutdown occurred within five years of the bankruptcy filing.\nThe complicated rules that govern the PBGC's pension guarantee for business owners are simplified.\nIf PBGC takes over a terminated plan, the plan sponsor is required to pay a \"termination premium\" of $1,250 per participant per year for three years.","title":"Pension Protection Act of 2006"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nachman-22"},{"link_name":"amortized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amortization_(business)"},{"link_name":"Studebaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studebaker"},{"link_name":"South Bend, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nachman-22"},{"link_name":"Enron scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron_scandal"},{"link_name":"401(k)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/401(k)"},{"link_name":"fiduciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiduciary"}],"text":"One reason Congress enacted ERISA was \"to prevent the 'great personal tragedy' suffered by employees whose vested benefits are not paid when pension plans are terminated.\"[21] When a defined benefit plan is properly funded by its sponsor, its assets should be approximately equal to its liability, and any shortfall (including benefit improvements) should be amortized in a relatively short period of time. Before ERISA, employers and willing unions could agree to increase benefits with little thought to how to pay for them. A classic case of the unfortunate consequences of an underfunded pension plan is the 1963 shutdown of Studebaker automobile operations in South Bend, Indiana, in which 4,500 workers lost 85% of their vested benefits.[21] One of ERISA's stated intentions was to minimize underfunding in defined benefit plans.Defined contribution plans, by contrast and by definition, are always \"fully funded\" so Congress saw no need to provide insurance protection for participants in defined contribution plans. The Enron scandal in 2001 demonstrated one potential problem with defined contribution plans: the company had strongly encouraged its workers to invest their 401(k) plans in their employer itself, violating primary investment guidelines about diversification. When Enron went bankrupt, many workers lost not only their jobs but also most of the value of their retirement savings. Congress imposed fiduciary liability upon employers inside Section 404 of ERISA.","title":"No insurance for defined contribution plans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ When the PBGC takes over an insolvent pension plan, it becomes a general creditor of the plan sponsor.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5826024469","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/5826024469"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1047-3149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1047-3149"},{"link_name":"Employee Benefit Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_Benefit_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"\"Basics of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ebri.org/pdf/publications/facts/1113fact.pdf"},{"link_name":"Mary Williams Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Williams_Walsh"},{"link_name":"\"Whoops! There Goes Another Pension Plan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2005/09/18/business/18pensions.html"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"}],"text":"Andrew Douglass and Bradley Kafka, \"Legal Trends — Progress for Multiemployer Pension Plans,\" HRMagazine, Vol. 60, No. 2, 2015, pg. 71; OCLC 5826024469, ISSN 1047-3149\nEmployee Benefit Research Institute, \"Basics of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC)\", November 2013\nMary Williams Walsh, \"Whoops! There Goes Another Pension Plan\", New York Times, September 18, 2005","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heil_Hitler
Nazi salute
["1 Description","2 Origins and adoption","3 Nazi chants","4 From 1933 to 1945","4.1 Military use","4.2 Satiric responses","5 Post-1945","5.1 Incidents involving North American students","5.2 Ku Klux Klan","5.3 Houthi movement","6 In popular culture","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
Gesture used as a greeting in Nazi Germany Members of the Hitler Youth in Berlin performing the Nazi salute at a rally in 1933 The Nazi salute, also known as the Hitler salute, or the Sieg Heil salute, is a gesture that was used as a greeting in Nazi Germany. The salute is performed by extending the right arm from the shoulder into the air with a straightened hand. Usually, the person offering the salute would say "Heil Hitler!" ('Hail Hitler!'), "Heil, mein Führer!" ('Hail, my leader!'), or "Sieg Heil!" ('Hail victory!'). It was officially adopted by the Nazi Party in 1926, although it had been used within the party as early as 1921, to signal obedience to the party's leader, Adolf Hitler, and to glorify the German nation (and later the German war effort). The salute was mandatory for civilians but mostly optional for military personnel, who retained a traditional military salute until the failed assassination attempt on Hitler on 20 July 1944. Use of this salute is illegal in modern-day Germany (Strafgesetzbuch section 86a), Austria and Slovakia. The use of any Nazi phrases associated with the salute is also forbidden. In Italy, it is a criminal offence only if used with the intent to "reinstate the defunct National Fascist Party", or to exalt or promote its ideology or members. In Canada and most of Europe (including the Czech Republic, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Ukraine, and Russia), displaying the salute is not in itself a criminal offence, but constitutes hate speech if used for propagating the Nazi ideology. Publicly performing the salute is also illegal in Australia under Commonwealth law unless for a religious, academic, educational, artistic, literary or scientific purpose. Description People performing the Nazi salute at the Harzburg Front rally in Bad Harzburg, October 1931 Hitler used to answer the common salute with his modified version, where his palm was parallel to the sky. The salute was executed by extending the right arm stiff to an upward 45° angle and then straightening the hand so that it is parallel to the arm. Usually, an utterance of "Sieg Heil", "Heil Hitler!", or "Heil!" accompanied the gesture. If one saw an acquaintance at a distance, it was enough to simply raise the right hand. If one encountered a superior, one would also say "Heil Hitler". If physical disability prevented raising the right arm, it was acceptable to raise the left. Hitler and Hermann Göring (first row left) saluting at a 1928 Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg Hitler gave the salute in two ways. When reviewing his troops or crowds, he generally used the traditional stiff-armed salute. When greeting individuals who saluted, he used a modified version of the salute, bending his right arm at a 90° angle with the elbow facing forward while holding an open hand with the bottom of the palm facing towards those greeted at shoulder height and the face of the palm parallel with the sky. It was also adopted by those with rank who would themselves be saluted. Origins and adoption See also: Roman salute The spoken greeting "Heil" became popular in the pan-German movement around 1900. It was used by the followers of Georg Ritter von Schönerer, head of the Austrian Alldeutsche Partei ('Pan-German Party') who considered himself leader of the Austrian Germans, and who was described by Carl E. Schorske as "The strongest and most thoroughly consistent anti-Semite that Austria produced" before the coming of Hitler. Hitler took both the "Heil" greeting – which was popularly used in his "hometown" of Linz when he was a boy – and the title of "Führer" for the head of the Nazi Party from Schönerer, whom he admired. The extended arm saluting gesture is believed to be based on an ancient Roman custom, but no known Roman work of art depicts it, nor does any extant Roman text describe it. Jacques-Louis David's 1784 painting Oath of the Horatii displayed a raised arm salutatory gesture in an ancient Roman setting. The gesture and its identification with ancient Rome was advanced in other French neoclassic art. In 1892, Francis Bellamy introduced the American Pledge of Allegiance, which was to be accompanied by a visually similar saluting gesture, referred to as the Bellamy salute. A raised arm gesture was then used in the 1899 American stage production of Ben-Hur, and its 1907 film adaptation. The gesture was further elaborated upon in several early Italian films. Of special note was the 1914 silent film Cabiria, whose screenplay had contributions from the Italian ultra-nationalist Gabriele d'Annunzio, arguably a forerunner of Italian Fascism. In 1919, when he led the occupation of Fiume, d'Annunzio used the style of salute depicted in the film as a neo-Imperialist ritual and the Italian Fascist Party quickly adopted it. By autumn 1923, or perhaps as early as 1921, some members of the Nazi Party were using the rigid, outstretched right arm salute to greet Hitler, who responded by raising his own right hand crooked back at the elbow, palm opened upwards, in a gesture of acceptance. In 1926, the Nazi salute was made compulsory for all party members. It functioned as a display of commitment to the Party and a declaration of principle to the outside world. Gregor Strasser wrote in 1927 that the greeting in and of itself was a pledge of loyalty to Hitler, as well as a symbol of personal dependence on the Führer. Even so, the drive to gain acceptance did not go unchallenged. Some party members questioned the legitimacy of the so-called Roman salute, employed by Fascist Italy, as un-Germanic. In response, efforts were made to establish its pedigree by inventing a tradition after the fact. In June 1928, Rudolf Hess published an article titled "The Fascist Greeting", which claimed that the gesture was used in Germany as early as 1921, before the Nazis had heard about the Italian Fascists. He admits in the article: "The NSDAP's introduction of the raised-arm greeting approximately two years ago still gets some people's blood boiling. Its opponents suspect the greeting of being un-Germanic. They accuse it of merely aping the Fascists", but goes on to ask, "and even if the decree from two years ago is seen as an adaption of the Fascist gesture, is that really so terrible"? Ian Kershaw points out that Hess did not deny the likely influence from Fascist Italy, even if indeed the salute had been used sporadically in 1921 as Hess claimed. On the night of 3 January 1942, Hitler said of the origins of the salute: I made it the salute of the Party long after the Duce had adopted it. I'd read the description of the sitting of the Diet of Worms, in the course of which Luther was greeted with the German salute. It was to show him that he was not being confronted with arms, but with peaceful intentions. In the days of Frederick the Great, people still saluted with their hats, with pompous gestures. In the Middle Ages the serfs humbly doffed their bonnets, whilst the noblemen gave the German salute. It was in the Ratskeller at Bremen, about the year 1921, that I first saw this style of salute. It must be regarded as a survival of an ancient custom, which originally signified: "See, I have no weapon in my hand!" I introduced the salute into the Party at our first meeting in Weimar. The SS at once gave it a soldierly style. It's from that moment that our opponents honored us with the epithet "dogs of Fascists".— Adolf Hitler, Hitler's Table Talk Nazi chants A mass "Sieg Heil" during a rally in the Tempelhof-Schöneberg district of Berlin in 1935 Nazi chants like "Heil Hitler!" and "Sieg Heil!" were prevalent across Nazi Germany, sprouting in mass rallies and even regular greetings alike. In Nazi Germany, the Nazi chants "Heil Hitler!" and "Sieg Heil!" were the formulas used by the regime: when meeting someone it was customary to greet with the words "Heil Hitler!", while "Sieg Heil!" was a verbal salute used at mass rallies. Specifically to the cry of an officer of the word Sieg ('victory'), the crowd responded with Heil ('hail'). For example, at the 1934 Nuremberg Rally, Rudolf Hess ended his climactic speech with the words "The Party is Hitler. But Hitler is Germany, just as Germany is Hitler. Hitler! Sieg Heil!" At his total war speech delivered in 1943, audiences shouted "Sieg Heil!", as Joseph Goebbels solicited from them "a kind of plebiscitary 'Ja'" to total war (ja meaning 'yes' in German). On 11 March 1945, less than two months before the capitulation of Nazi Germany, a memorial for the dead of the war was held in Marktschellenberg, a small town near Hitler's Berghof residence. The British historian Ian Kershaw remarks that the power of the Führer cult and the "Hitler Myth" had vanished, which is evident from this report: When the leader of the Wehrmacht unit at the end of his speech called for a Sieg Heil for the Führer, it was returned neither by the Wehrmacht present, nor by the Volkssturm, nor by the spectators of the civilian population who had turned up. This silence of the masses ... probably reflects better than anything else, the attitudes of the population. The Swing Youth (German: Swingjugend) were a group of middle-class teenagers who consciously separated themselves from Nazism and its culture, greeting each other with "Swing-Heil!" and addressing one another as "old-hot-boy". This playful behaviour was dangerous for participants in the subculture; on 2 January 1942, Heinrich Himmler suggested that the leaders be sent to concentration camps. The form "Heil, mein Führer!" ('Hail, my Leader!') was for direct address to Hitler, while "Sieg Heil" was repeated as a chant on public occasions. Written communications would be concluded with either "mit deutschem Gruß" ("with German regards"), or with "Heil Hitler". In correspondence with high-ranking Nazi officials, letters were usually signed with "Heil Hitler". From 1933 to 1945 Enamel sign with the note "The German greets: Hail Hitler!" (Der Deutsche grüßt: Heil Hitler!) Under a decree issued by Reich Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick on 13 July 1933 (one day before the ban on all non-Nazi parties), all German public employees were required to use the salute. The decree also required the salute during the singing of the national anthem and the "Horst-Wessel-Lied". It stipulated that "anyone not wishing to come under suspicion of behaving in a consciously negative fashion will therefore render the Hitler Greeting," and its use quickly spread as people attempted to avoid being labelled as a dissident. A rider to the decree, added two weeks later, stipulated that if physical disability prevented raising of the right arm, "then it is correct to carry out the Greeting with the left arm." On 27 September, prison inmates were forbidden to use the salute, as were Jews by 1937. By the end of 1934, special courts were established to punish those who refused to salute. Offenders, such as Protestant preacher Paul Schneider, faced the possibility of being sent to a concentration camp. Foreigners were not exempt from intimidation if they refused to salute. For example, the Portuguese Consul General was beaten by members of the Sturmabteilung for remaining seated in a car and not saluting a procession in Hamburg. Reactions to inappropriate use were not merely violent but sometimes bizarre. For example, a memo dated 23 July 1934 sent to local police stations stated: "There have been reports of traveling vaudeville performers training their monkeys to give the German Greeting. ... see to it that said animals are destroyed." Ten- and eleven-year-old Berlin schoolchildren, 1934. The salute was a regular gesture in German schools. Fritz Schilgen carrying the Olympic torch at the Berlin Olympic Stadium with the public giving the Nazi salute in the background The salute soon became part of everyday life, a historically unique phenomenon that politicised all communication in Germany for twelve years, superseding all prior forms of greeting, such as "Grüß Gott" ("Hello"), "Guten Tag" ("Good day"), and "Auf Wiederseh(e)n" ("Goodbye"). Postmen used the greeting when they knocked on people's doors to deliver packages or letters. Small metal signs that reminded people to use the Hitler salute were displayed in public squares and on telephone poles and street lights throughout Germany. Department store clerks greeted customers with "Heil Hitler, how may I help you?" Dinner guests brought glasses etched with the words "Heil Hitler" as house gifts. The salute was required of all persons passing the Feldherrnhalle in Munich, site of the climax of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, which the government had made into a shrine to the Nazi dead; so many pedestrians avoided this mandate by detouring through the small Viscardigasse behind that the passage acquired the nickname "Dodgers' Alley" (Drückebergergasse). The daughter of the American Ambassador to Germany, Martha Dodd, describes the first time she saw the salute: The first time I met von Ribbentrop was at a luncheon we gave at the Embassy. He was tall and slender, with a vague blond handsomeness. Outstanding among all the guests, Ribbentrop arrived in Nazi uniform. Most Nazis came to diplomatic functions in ordinary suits unless the affair was extremely formal. His manner of shaking hands was an elaborate ceremony in itself. He held out his hand, then retreated and held your hand at arm’s length, lowered his arm stiffly by his side, then raised the arm swiftly in a Nazi salute, just barely missing your nose. All the time he was staring at you with such intensity you were wondering what new sort of mesmerism he thought he was effecting. The whole ritual was performed with such self-conscious dignity and in such silence that hardly a word was whispered while Ribbentrop made his exhibitionistic acquaintance with the guests present. To me the procedure was so ridiculous I could scarcely keep a straight face. Children were indoctrinated at an early age. Kindergarten children were taught to raise their hand to the proper height by hanging their lunch bags across the raised arm of their teacher. At the beginning of first grade primers was a lesson on how to use the greeting. The greeting found its way into fairy tales, including classics like Sleeping Beauty. Students and teachers would salute each other at the beginning and end of the school day, between classes, or whenever an adult entered the classroom. In 1935, at the end of Hans Spemann’s acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize, he gave a Nazi salute. Some athletes used the Nazi salute in the opening ceremony of the 1936 Berlin Olympics as they passed by Hitler in the reviewing stand. This was done by delegates from Afghanistan, Bermuda, Bulgaria, Bolivia, France, Greece, Iceland, Italy and Turkey. The Bulgarian athletes performed the Nazi salute and broke into a goose step; Turkish athletes maintained the salute all around the track. There is some confusion over the use of the salute, since the stiff-arm Nazi salute could have been mistaken for an Olympic salute, with the right arm held out at a slight angle to the right from the shoulder. According to the American sports writer Jeremy Schaap, only half of the athletes from Austria performed a Nazi salute, while the other half gave an Olympic salute. According to the historian Richard Mandell, there are conflicting reports on whether athletes from France performed a Nazi salute or an Olympic Salute. In football, the England football team bowed to pressure from the British Foreign Office and performed the salute during a friendly match on 14 May 1938. Jehovah's Witnesses came into conflict with the Nazi regime because they refused to salute Adolf Hitler with the Nazi salute, believing that it conflicted with their worship of God. Because refusing to salute Hitler was considered a crime, Jehovah's Witnesses were arrested, and their children attending school were expelled, detained and separated from their families. Military use Karl Dönitz and Wehrmacht performing Nazi salute, 1941 The Wehrmacht refused to adopt the Hitler salute officially and was able for a time to maintain its customs. A compromise edict from the Reich Defense Ministry, issued on 19 September 1933, required the Hitler salute of soldiers and uniformed civil servants while singing the "Horst-Wessel-Lied" and national anthem, and in non-military encounters both within and outside the Wehrmacht (for example, when greeting members of the civilian government). At all other times they were permitted to use their traditional salutes. However, according to (pre-Nazi) Reichswehr and Wehrmacht protocol, the traditional military salute was prohibited when the saluting soldier was not wearing a uniform headgear (helmet or cap). Because of this, all bareheaded salutes used the Nazi salute, making it de facto mandatory in most situations. Full adoption of the Hitler salute by the military was discussed in January 1944 at a conference regarding traditions in the military at Hitler's headquarters. Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, head of the Armed Forces, had expressed a desire to standardize the salute across all organizations in Germany. On 23 July 1944, several days after the failed assassination attempt, Goebbels suggested to Hitler that the military be ordered to fully adopt the Hitler salute as a show of loyalty, since Army officers had been responsible for the assassination attempt. Hitler approved the suggestion without emotion, and the order went into effect on 24 July 1944. On the night of 3 January 1942, Hitler stated the following about the compromise edict of 1933: I imposed the German salute for the following reason. I'd given orders, at the beginning, that in the Army I should not be greeted with the German salute. But many people forgot. Fritsch drew his conclusions, and punished all who forgot to give me the military salute, with fourteen days' confinement to barracks. I, in turn, drew my conclusions and introduced the German salute likewise into the Army.— Adolf Hitler, Hitler's Table Talk Satiric responses Despite indoctrination and punishment, the salute was ridiculed by some people. Since heil is also the imperative of the German verb heilen ('to heal'), a common joke in Nazi Germany was to reply with, "Is he sick?" "Am I a doctor?" or "You heal him!" Jokes were also made by distorting the phrase. For example, "Heil Hitler" might become "Ein Liter" ('One liter') or "Drei Liter" ('Three Liter'). Cabaret performer Karl Valentin would quip, "It's lucky that Hitler's name wasn't 'Kräuter'. Otherwise, we'd have to go around yelling Heilkräuter ('medicinal herbs')". Similar puns were made involving "-bronn" (rendering "Heilbronn", the name of a German city), and "-butt" (rendering "Heilbutt", the German word for 'halibut'). "Millions stand behind me" (John Heartfield photomontage) Satirical use of the salute dates back to anti-Nazi propaganda in Germany before 1933. In 1932, photomontage artist John Heartfield used Hitler's modified version, with the hand bent over the shoulder, in a poster that linked Hitler to Big Business. A giant figure representing right-wing capitalists stands behind Hitler, placing money in his hand, suggesting "backhand" donations. The caption is, "the meaning of the Hitler salute" and "Millions stand behind me". Heartfield was forced to flee in 1933 after the Nazi seizure of power in Germany. Another example is a cartoon by New Zealand political cartoonist David Low, mocking the Night of the Long Knives. Run in the Evening Standard on 3 July 1934, it shows Hitler with a smoking gun grimacing at terrified SA men with their hands up. The caption reads: "They salute with both hands now". When Achille Starace proposed that Italians should write Evviva Il Duce in letters, Mussolini wrote an editorial in Il Popolo d'Italia mocking the idea. Post-1945 Today in Germany, Nazi salutes in written form, vocally, and even straight-extending the right arm as a saluting gesture (with or without the phrase), are illegal. The offence is punishable by up to three years in prison (Strafgesetzbuch section 86a). Usage for art, teaching and science is allowed unless "the existence of an insult results from the form of the utterance or the circumstances under which it occurred." Use of the salute, or any phrases associated with the salute, has also been illegal in Austria since the end of World War II. In Germany, usage that is "ironic and clearly critical of the Hitler Greeting" is exempt, which has led to legal debates as to what constitutes ironic use. One case involved Prince Ernst August of Hanover who was brought to court after using the gesture as a commentary on the behavior of an unduly zealous airport baggage inspector. On 23 November 2007, the Amtsgericht Cottbus sentenced Horst Mahler to six months of imprisonment without parole for having, according to his own claims, ironically performed the Hitler salute when reporting to prison for a nine-month term a year earlier. The following month, a pensioner named Roland T was given a prison term of five months for, amongst other things, training his dog Adolf to raise his right paw in a Nazi salute every time the command "Heil Hitler!" was uttered. The Supreme Court of Switzerland ruled in 2014 that Nazi salutes do not breach hate crime laws if expressed as one's personal opinion, but only if they are used in attempt to propagate Nazi ideology. Modified versions of the salute are sometimes used by neo-Nazis. One such version is the so-called "Kühnen salute" with extended thumb, index and middle finger, which is also a criminal offence in Germany. In written correspondence, the number 88 is sometimes used by some neo-Nazis as a substitute for "Heil Hitler" ("H" as the eighth letter of the alphabet). Swiss neo-Nazis were reported to use a variant of the Kühnengruss, though extending one's right arm over their head and extending said three fingers has a different historical source for Switzerland, as the first three Eidgenossen or confederates are often depicted with this motion. Hezbollah supporters in Lebanon often raise their arms in a Nazi-style salute. The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, a South African neo-Nazi organization known for its militant advocacy of white separatism, has espoused brown uniforms as well as Nazi German-esque flags, insignia, and salutes at meetings and public rallies. Hundreds of supporters in 2010 delivered straight-arm salutes outside the funeral for AWB leader Eugène Terre'Blanche, who was murdered by two black farm workers over an alleged wage dispute. On 28 May 2012, BBC current affairs programme Panorama examined the issues of racism, antisemitism and football hooliganism, which it claimed were prevalent among Polish and Ukrainian football supporters. The two countries hosted the international football competition UEFA Euro 2012. On 16 March 2013, Greek footballer Giorgos Katidis of AEK Athens F.C. was handed a life ban from the Greek national team for performing the salute after scoring a goal against Veria F.C. in Athens' Olympic Stadium. On 18 July 2015, The Sun published an image of the British Royal Family from private film shot in 1933 or 1934, showing Princess Elizabeth (the future Queen, then a young girl) and the Queen Mother both performing a Nazi salute, accompanied by Edward VIII, taken from 17 seconds of home footage (also released by The Sun). The footage ignited controversy in the UK, and there have been questions as to whether the release of this footage was appropriate. Buckingham Palace described the release of this footage as "disappointing", and considered pursuing legal action against The Sun, whereas Stig Abell (managing director of The Sun) said that the footage was "a matter of national historical significance to explore what was going on in the ahead of the Second World War". Abell responded to criticism by assuring that The Sun was not suggesting "anything improper on the part of the Queen or indeed the Queen Mum". A far-right protestor gives the Nazi salute at the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville during 2017. American white supremacist Richard B. Spencer drew considerable media attention in the weeks following the 2016 U.S. presidential election, where, at a National Policy Institute conference, he quoted from Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews. In response to his cry "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!", a number of his supporters gave the Nazi salute and chanted in a similar fashion to the Sieg Heil chant. CNN fired political commentator Jeffrey Lord on 10 August 2017, after he tweeted "Sieg Heil!" to Angelo Carusone, president of Media Matters for America, suggesting Carusone was a fascist. In August 2021, a Michigan man named Paul Marcum gave the Nazi salute during a dispute over mask mandates and was fired from his job as a tennis instructor after Birmingham Public Schools announced that it would not tolerate any acts of racism, disrespect, violence, or inequitable treatment of any person. Incidents involving North American students On January 31, 2017, multiple students at Cypress Ranch High School in Cypress, Texas, performed both the raised fist salute and the Nazi salute in its "Class Of 2017" photo. The photo was then sent from one of the students to six other students by message and claiming that "some females held the fist while some white males raised the Nazi salute." The incident was reported to the Cypress-Fairbanks Independent School District saying that "they are extremely disappointed with the actions," and later made a statement on the district "understanding the serious nature of the incident and appropriate action has been taken at one of its campuses." In May 2018, students at Baraboo High School, in Baraboo, Wisconsin, appeared to perform a Nazi salute in a photograph taken before their junior prom. The image went viral on social media six months later, sparking outrage. The school decided the students could not be punished because of their First Amendment rights. In November 2018, a group of students of Pacifica High School of Garden Grove Unified School District in California was shown in a video giving the Nazi salute and singing Erika. The incident took place at an after-hours off-campus student athletics banquet. The school administration did not learn about the incident until March 2019, at which time the students were disciplined. The school did not release details of what the discipline entailed, but released a statement saying that they would continue to deal with the incident "in collaboration with agencies dedicated to anti-bias education." On 20 August 2019, the school district announced that it was reopening the investigation into the incident because new photographs and another video has surfaced of the event, along with "new allegations" and "new claims". Parents and teachers criticized the school's administration for their initial secrecy about the incident, for which the school's principal apologized. In March 2019, students from Newport Beach, California, attending a private party made a swastika from red-and-white plastic party cups and gave Nazi salutes over it. Some of the students may have been from Newport Harbor High School of Newport-Mesa Unified School District, a very large district that encompasses 58 square miles and includes the cities of Newport Beach and Costa Mesa. Officials from the district condemned the students' behavior and said they were working with law enforcement to collect information on the incident. On February 1, 2022, one of the pupils from Charles H. Best Middle School in North York, a district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, performed a Nazi salute to a Jewish student while another who allegedly built a swastika, which led the Toronto District School Board to launch an investigation, and condemnation by the Simon Wiesenthal Center. Ku Klux Klan Among other gestures used by the Ku Klux Klan, the "Klan salute" is similar to the Nazi salute, the difference being that it is performed using the left arm and not the right, and that often the fingers of the hand are splayed and not held tightly together. The four fingers represent the four Ks in "Knights of the Ku Klux Klan". According to the Anti-Defamation League, the Klan salute dates to 1915. Houthi movement The Houthi movement have used the Nazi salute alongside chants of its slogan "Allah is great, death to America, death to Israel, curses upon the Jews, victory to Islam." during various events which has been condemned by the internationally recognized government of Yemen and by the United States. In popular culture In a running gag in Hogan's Heroes, Colonel Klink often forgets to give the Hitler salute at the end of a phone call; instead, he usually asks, "What's that?" and then says, "Yes, of course, Heil Hitler". In the German-language version of the show, called Ein Käfig voller Helden (A Cage Full of Heroes), Col. Klink and Sgt. Schultz have rural Gomer Pyle-type accents, and stiff-armed salutes are accompanied by such witticisms as: "this is how high the cornflowers grow". The "Heil Hitler" greeting was the variant most often used and associated with the series; "Sieg Heil" was rarely heard. A related gesture was used by the fictional Nazi-affiliated organization Hydra from Marvel Comics, with both arms outstretched, clenched fists and the phrase "Hail Hydra" uttered by members of the organization. On the American animated TV sitcom Family Guy, a "Cheesie Charlie's" worker dressed up as a devil welcomed both Peter and Chris to the "dungeon", who performs the Nazi salute shortly after welcoming the two characters (Season 1, Episode 3, "Chitty Chitty Death Bang", first broadcast: April 18, 1999). In another episode, a previously-appearing unnamed character, Quahog's town librarian, is drafted by a committee of townspeople to run for mayor. None of them knows her name, and she introduces herself as "Elle Hitler" ("no relation," she says), and they all stand, extend their arms to salute her with their drinks, and say "Hi, Elle Hitler!" (Season 19, Episode 7, "Wild Wild West", first broadcast: November 22, 2020). See also Ave Bellamy salute Bras d'honneur Heil og sæl Quenelle (gesture) Raised fist Roman salute Zogist salute Wolf salute Notes ^ German: Hitlergruß, lit. 'Hitler greeting', IPA: ⓘ also called by the Nazi Party deutscher Gruß, 'German greeting', IPA: ⓘ ^ IPA: ⓘ References Informational notes ^ Because of the resemblance between the American Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute, it was replaced in 1942 by a hand-over-the-heart gesture to be used by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem. See: Bishop, Ronald (2007). "A Case of First Impression". Taking on the Pledge of Allegiance: The News Media and Michael Newdow's Constitutional Challenge. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780791471814. Ellis, Richard (2005). To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. pp. 116–118. ISBN 9780700613724. Citations ^ Determinative compound Hitlergruß: Hitler see Krech/Stock/Hirschfeld, Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Walter de Gruyter, 2009, p. 587: IPA: ; Gruß: hear Duden: Gruß Archived 12 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine and see Krech/Stock/Hirschfeld, Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Walter de Gruyter, 2009, p. 557: IPA: . ^ Pronunciation wordcombination Deutscher Gruß: deutscher see Duden: Deutscher Archived 31 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine (noun and adjective have same pronunciation): IPA: ; Gruß: hear Duden: Gruß Archived 12 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine and see Krech/Stock/Hirschfeld, Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Walter de Gruyter, 2009, p. 557: IPA: ; emphasis: compare Duden: Englische Gruß Archived 12 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine -> secondary stress on first syllable, main stress on second word, same with Deutscher Gruß. ^ Pronunciation word combination Heil Hitler!: heil, hear Duden: heil Archived 12 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine and see Krech/Stock/Hirschfeld, Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Walter de Gruyter, 2009, p. 574: IPA: (remark: Krech/Stock/Hirschfeld are always using 'aə̯'-Transcription for 'ei'- and 'ai'-sounds, standard transcription IPA: ); Hitler see Krech/Stock/Hirschfeld, Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Walter de Gruyter, 2009, p. 587: IPA: ; emphasis: compare Heil Hitler! 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"Marvel Trademarks The Phrase Hail Hydra After Website Controversy". Marvel. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019. Bibliography Allert, Tilman (2009). The Hitler Salute: On the Meaning of a Gesture. Translated by Jefferson Chase. Picador. ISBN 9780312428303. Kershaw, Ian (1999). Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04671-0. Kershaw, Ian (2000). Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393049947. Kershaw, Ian (2001). The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich (2, reissue ed.). London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192802064. Winkler, Martin M. (2009). The Roman Salute: Cinema, History, Ideology. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 9780814208649. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0510,_Berlin,_Lustgarten,_Kundgebung_der_HJ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hitler Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Youth"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"gesture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesture"},{"link_name":"greeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeting"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myth60-7"},{"link_name":"military personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"military salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salute#German_military"},{"link_name":"failed assassination attempt on Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_July_plot"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Strafgesetzbuch section 86a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch_section_86a"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ban-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"National Fascist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fascist_Party"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ban-9"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"hate speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech"},{"link_name":"Nazi ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swiss-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ban-9"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters_au-15"}],"text":"Gesture used as a greeting in Nazi GermanyMembers of the Hitler Youth in Berlin performing the Nazi salute at a rally in 1933The Nazi salute, also known as the Hitler salute,[a] or the Sieg Heil salute, is a gesture that was used as a greeting in Nazi Germany. The salute is performed by extending the right arm from the shoulder into the air with a straightened hand. Usually, the person offering the salute would say \"Heil Hitler!\" ('Hail Hitler!'),[b] \"Heil, mein Führer!\" ('Hail, my leader!'), or \"Sieg Heil!\" ('Hail victory!'). It was officially adopted by the Nazi Party in 1926, although it had been used within the party as early as 1921,[4] to signal obedience to the party's leader, Adolf Hitler, and to glorify the German nation (and later the German war effort). The salute was mandatory for civilians[5] but mostly optional for military personnel, who retained a traditional military salute until the failed assassination attempt on Hitler[6] on 20 July 1944.Use of this salute is illegal in modern-day Germany (Strafgesetzbuch section 86a), Austria and Slovakia.[7] The use of any Nazi phrases associated with the salute is also forbidden.[8] In Italy, it is a criminal offence only if used with the intent to \"reinstate the defunct National Fascist Party\", or to exalt or promote its ideology or members.[9] In Canada and most of Europe (including the Czech Republic,[10] France, the Netherlands, Sweden,[7] Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Ukraine, and Russia), displaying the salute is not in itself a criminal offence, but constitutes hate speech if used for propagating the Nazi ideology.[11][12][7] Publicly performing the salute is also illegal in Australia under Commonwealth law unless for a religious, academic, educational, artistic, literary or scientific purpose.[13]","title":"Nazi salute"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12405,_Bad_Harzburg,_Jubelnde_NSDAP-Anh%C3%A4nger.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harzburg Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harzburg_Front"},{"link_name":"Bad Harzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Harzburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J00282,_Berlin,_Hitler_im_Sportpalast.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grunberger-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grunberger-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grunberger-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myth-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hitler_1929_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knickerbocker-18"}],"text":"People performing the Nazi salute at the Harzburg Front rally in Bad Harzburg, October 1931Hitler used to answer the common salute with his modified version, where his palm was parallel to the sky.The salute was executed by extending the right arm stiff to an upward 45° angle and then straightening the hand so that it is parallel to the arm.[14] Usually, an utterance of \"Sieg Heil\", \"Heil Hitler!\", or \"Heil!\" accompanied the gesture.\nIf one saw an acquaintance at a distance, it was enough to simply raise the right hand.[14] If one encountered a superior, one would also say \"Heil Hitler\".[14] If physical disability prevented raising the right arm, it was acceptable to raise the left.[15]Hitler and Hermann Göring (first row left) saluting at a 1928 Nazi Party rally in NurembergHitler gave the salute in two ways. When reviewing his troops or crowds, he generally used the traditional stiff-armed salute. When greeting individuals who saluted, he used a modified version of the salute, bending his right arm at a 90° angle with the elbow facing forward while holding an open hand with the bottom of the palm facing towards those greeted at shoulder height and the face of the palm parallel with the sky. It was also adopted by those with rank who would themselves be saluted.[16]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_salute"},{"link_name":"greeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeting"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mommsen-19"},{"link_name":"Georg Ritter von Schönerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ritter_von_Sch%C3%B6nerer"},{"link_name":"Austrian Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrians"},{"link_name":"Carl E. Schorske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_E._Schorske"},{"link_name":"Linz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz,_Austria"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mommsen-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Louis David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David"},{"link_name":"Oath of the Horatii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_the_Horatii"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winkler55-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boime87-26"},{"link_name":"ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"French neoclassic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Francis Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Pledge of Allegiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance"},{"link_name":"Bellamy salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellamy_salute"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[notes 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Ben-Hur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben-Hur_(play)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"1907 film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hur_(1907_film)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"silent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"Cabiria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabiria"},{"link_name":"Gabriele d'Annunzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_d%27Annunzio"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Italian Fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Fascism"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"occupation of Fiume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falasca-Zamponi-35"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers_Party"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myth26-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman55-38"},{"link_name":"Gregor Strasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Strasser"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman55-38"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_folklore"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman55-38"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman55-38"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Hess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Hess"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman556-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman56-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman56-41"},{"link_name":"Ian Kershaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kershaw-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tabletalk-43"},{"link_name":"Duce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duce"},{"link_name":"Diet of Worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Worms"},{"link_name":"Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Frederick the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Ratskeller at Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ratskeller_in_Bremen"},{"link_name":"Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"Hitler's Table Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler%27s_Table_Talk"}],"text":"See also: Roman saluteThe spoken greeting \"Heil\" became popular in the pan-German movement around 1900.[17] It was used by the followers of Georg Ritter von Schönerer, head of the Austrian Alldeutsche Partei ('Pan-German Party') who considered himself leader of the Austrian Germans, and who was described by Carl E. Schorske as \"The strongest and most thoroughly consistent anti-Semite that Austria produced\" before the coming of Hitler. Hitler took both the \"Heil\" greeting – which was popularly used in his \"hometown\" of Linz when he was a boy[18] – and the title of \"Führer\" for the head of the Nazi Party from Schönerer,[17][19] whom he admired.[20]The extended arm saluting gesture is believed to be based on an ancient Roman custom, but no known Roman work of art depicts it, nor does any extant Roman text describe it.[21] Jacques-Louis David's 1784 painting Oath of the Horatii displayed a raised arm salutatory gesture in an ancient Roman setting.[22][23][24] The gesture and its identification with ancient Rome was advanced in other French neoclassic art.[25]In 1892, Francis Bellamy introduced the American Pledge of Allegiance, which was to be accompanied by a visually similar saluting gesture, referred to as the Bellamy salute.[26][notes 1] A raised arm gesture was then used in the 1899 American stage production of Ben-Hur,[27] and its 1907 film adaptation.[28] The gesture was further elaborated upon in several early Italian films.[29] Of special note was the 1914 silent film Cabiria, whose screenplay had contributions from the Italian ultra-nationalist Gabriele d'Annunzio,[30] arguably a forerunner of Italian Fascism.[31] In 1919, when he led the occupation of Fiume, d'Annunzio used the style of salute depicted in the film as a neo-Imperialist ritual and the Italian Fascist Party quickly adopted it.[32]By autumn 1923, or perhaps as early as 1921, some members of the Nazi Party were using the rigid, outstretched right arm salute to greet Hitler, who responded by raising his own right hand crooked back at the elbow, palm opened upwards, in a gesture of acceptance.[33] In 1926, the Nazi salute was made compulsory for all party members.[34] It functioned as a display of commitment to the Party and a declaration of principle to the outside world.[35] Gregor Strasser wrote in 1927 that the greeting in and of itself was a pledge of loyalty to Hitler, as well as a symbol of personal dependence on the Führer.[36] Even so, the drive to gain acceptance did not go unchallenged.[35]Some party members questioned the legitimacy of the so-called Roman salute, employed by Fascist Italy, as un-Germanic.[35] In response, efforts were made to establish its pedigree by inventing a tradition after the fact.[35] In June 1928, Rudolf Hess published an article titled \"The Fascist Greeting\", which claimed that the gesture was used in Germany as early as 1921, before the Nazis had heard about the Italian Fascists.[37] He admits in the article: \"The NSDAP's introduction of the raised-arm greeting approximately two years ago still gets some people's blood boiling. Its opponents suspect the greeting of being un-Germanic. They accuse it of merely aping the [Italian] Fascists\",[38] but goes on to ask, \"and even if the decree from two years ago [Hess' order that all party members use it] is seen as an adaption of the Fascist gesture, is that really so terrible\"?[38] Ian Kershaw points out that Hess did not deny the likely influence from Fascist Italy, even if indeed the salute had been used sporadically in 1921 as Hess claimed.[39]On the night of 3 January 1942, Hitler said of the origins of the salute:[40]I made it the salute of the Party long after the Duce had adopted it. I'd read the description of the sitting of the Diet of Worms, in the course of which Luther was greeted with the German salute. It was to show him that he was not being confronted with arms, but with peaceful intentions. In the days of Frederick the Great, people still saluted with their hats, with pompous gestures. In the Middle Ages the serfs humbly doffed their bonnets, whilst the noblemen gave the German salute. It was in the Ratskeller at Bremen, about the year 1921, that I first saw this style of salute. It must be regarded as a survival of an ancient custom, which originally signified: \"See, I have no weapon in my hand!\" I introduced the salute into the Party at our first meeting in Weimar. The SS at once gave it a soldierly style. It's from that moment that our opponents honored us with the epithet \"dogs of Fascists\".— Adolf Hitler, Hitler's Table Talk","title":"Origins and adoption"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04481B,_Berlin,_Maifeier_auf_dem_Tempelhofer_Feld.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tempelhof-Schöneberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempelhof-Sch%C3%B6neberg"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Hess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Hess"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myth69-45"},{"link_name":"total war speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportpalast_speech"},{"link_name":"Joseph Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kershaw_N561-46"},{"link_name":"capitulation of Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)"},{"link_name":"Marktschellenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marktschellenberg"},{"link_name":"Berghof residence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghof_(residence)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kershaw_Nemesis-47"},{"link_name":"Ian Kershaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw"},{"link_name":"Volkssturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkssturm"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kershaw_Nemesis-47"},{"link_name":"Swing Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swingjugend"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willet-48"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willet-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lepage-49"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lepage-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"A mass \"Sieg Heil\" during a rally in the Tempelhof-Schöneberg district of Berlin in 1935Nazi chants like \"Heil Hitler!\" and \"Sieg Heil!\" were prevalent across Nazi Germany, sprouting in mass rallies and even regular greetings alike.In Nazi Germany, the Nazi chants \"Heil Hitler!\" and \"Sieg Heil!\" were the formulas used by the regime: when meeting someone it was customary to greet with the words \"Heil Hitler!\", while \"Sieg Heil!\" was a verbal salute used at mass rallies. Specifically to the cry of an officer of the word Sieg ('victory'), the crowd responded with Heil ('hail').[41] For example, at the 1934 Nuremberg Rally, Rudolf Hess ended his climactic speech with the words \"The Party is Hitler. But Hitler is Germany, just as Germany is Hitler. Hitler! Sieg Heil!\"[42] At his total war speech delivered in 1943, audiences shouted \"Sieg Heil!\", as Joseph Goebbels solicited from them \"a kind of plebiscitary 'Ja'\" to total war[43] (ja meaning 'yes' in German).On 11 March 1945, less than two months before the capitulation of Nazi Germany, a memorial for the dead of the war was held in Marktschellenberg, a small town near Hitler's Berghof residence.[44] The British historian Ian Kershaw remarks that the power of the Führer cult and the \"Hitler Myth\" had vanished, which is evident from this report:When the leader of the Wehrmacht unit at the end of his speech called for a Sieg Heil for the Führer, it was returned neither by the Wehrmacht present, nor by the Volkssturm, nor by the spectators of the civilian population who had turned up. This silence of the masses ... probably reflects better than anything else, the attitudes of the population.[44]The Swing Youth (German: Swingjugend) were a group of middle-class teenagers who consciously separated themselves from Nazism and its culture, greeting each other with \"Swing-Heil!\" and addressing one another as \"old-hot-boy\".[45] This playful behaviour was dangerous for participants in the subculture; on 2 January 1942, Heinrich Himmler suggested that the leaders be sent to concentration camps.[45]The form \"Heil, mein Führer!\" ('Hail, my Leader!') was for direct address to Hitler,[46] while \"Sieg Heil\" was repeated as a chant on public occasions.[46] Written communications would be concluded with either \"mit deutschem Gruß\" (\"with German regards\"), or with \"Heil Hitler\".[47] In correspondence with high-ranking Nazi officials, letters were usually signed with \"Heil Hitler\".[48]","title":"Nazi chants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emailleplakat,_Hitlergru%C3%9F,_breit.png"},{"link_name":"Enamel sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamel_sign"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Frick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myth60-7"},{"link_name":"national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandlied"},{"link_name":"Horst-Wessel-Lied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myth60-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myth60-7"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myth-17"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman61-55"},{"link_name":"Paul Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Schneider_(pastor)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman61-55"},{"link_name":"Consul General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_(representative)"},{"link_name":"Sturmabteilung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shore-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman60-57"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman60-57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0329-501,_Reichsgr%C3%BCndungsfeier,_Schulklasse.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fritz_Schilgen_1936_Summer_Olympics.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fritz Schilgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Schilgen"},{"link_name":"Grüß Gott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BC%C3%9F_Gott"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman33-58"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman33-58"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman34-59"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman33-58"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman33-58"},{"link_name":"Feldherrnhalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldherrnhalle"},{"link_name":"Beer Hall Putsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munich-60"},{"link_name":"Martha Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Dodd"},{"link_name":"von Ribbentrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman35-62"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman35-62"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman35-62"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman35-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Hans Spemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Spemann"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"1936 Berlin Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schaap-65"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schaap-65"},{"link_name":"goose step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_step"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schaap-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandell-66"},{"link_name":"Olympic salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_salute"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schaap-65"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Schaap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Schaap"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandell-66"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"England football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Foreign Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office"},{"link_name":"friendly match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Jehovah's Witnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KING-68"}],"text":"Enamel sign with the note \"The German greets: Hail Hitler!\" (Der Deutsche grüßt: Heil Hitler!)Under a decree issued by Reich Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick on 13 July 1933 (one day before the ban on all non-Nazi parties), all German public employees were required to use the salute.[5] The decree also required the salute during the singing of the national anthem and the \"Horst-Wessel-Lied\".[5] It stipulated that \"anyone not wishing to come under suspicion of behaving in a consciously negative fashion will therefore render the Hitler Greeting,\"[5] and its use quickly spread as people attempted to avoid being labelled as a dissident.[49] A rider to the decree, added two weeks later, stipulated that if physical disability prevented raising of the right arm, \"then it is correct to carry out the Greeting with the left arm.\"[15] On 27 September, prison inmates were forbidden to use the salute,[50] as were Jews by 1937.[51]By the end of 1934, special courts were established to punish those who refused to salute.[52] Offenders, such as Protestant preacher Paul Schneider, faced the possibility of being sent to a concentration camp.[52] Foreigners were not exempt from intimidation if they refused to salute. For example, the Portuguese Consul General was beaten by members of the Sturmabteilung for remaining seated in a car and not saluting a procession in Hamburg.[53] Reactions to inappropriate use were not merely violent but sometimes bizarre.[54] For example, a memo dated 23 July 1934 sent to local police stations stated: \"There have been reports of traveling vaudeville performers training their monkeys to give the German Greeting. ... see to it that said animals are destroyed.\"[54]Ten- and eleven-year-old Berlin schoolchildren, 1934. The salute was a regular gesture in German schools.Fritz Schilgen carrying the Olympic torch at the Berlin Olympic Stadium with the public giving the Nazi salute in the backgroundThe salute soon became part of everyday life, a historically unique phenomenon that politicised all communication in Germany for twelve years, superseding all prior forms of greeting, such as \"Grüß Gott\" (\"Hello\"), \"Guten Tag\" (\"Good day\"), and \"Auf Wiederseh(e)n\" (\"Goodbye\").[55] Postmen used the greeting when they knocked on people's doors to deliver packages or letters.[55] Small metal signs that reminded people to use the Hitler salute were displayed in public squares and on telephone poles and street lights throughout Germany.[56] Department store clerks greeted customers with \"Heil Hitler, how may I help you?\"[55] Dinner guests brought glasses etched with the words \"Heil Hitler\" as house gifts.[55] The salute was required of all persons passing the Feldherrnhalle in Munich, site of the climax of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, which the government had made into a shrine to the Nazi dead; so many pedestrians avoided this mandate by detouring through the small Viscardigasse behind that the passage acquired the nickname \"Dodgers' Alley\" (Drückebergergasse).[57] The daughter of the American Ambassador to Germany, Martha Dodd, describes the first time she saw the salute:The first time I met von Ribbentrop was at a luncheon we gave at the Embassy. He was tall and slender, with a vague blond handsomeness. Outstanding among all the guests, Ribbentrop arrived in Nazi uniform. Most Nazis came to diplomatic functions in ordinary suits unless the affair was extremely formal. His manner of shaking hands was an elaborate ceremony in itself. He held out his hand, then retreated and held your hand at arm’s length, lowered his arm stiffly by his side, then raised the arm swiftly in a Nazi salute, just barely missing your nose. All the time he was staring at you with such intensity you were wondering what new sort of mesmerism he thought he was effecting. The whole ritual was performed with such self-conscious dignity and in such silence that hardly a word was whispered while Ribbentrop made his exhibitionistic acquaintance with the guests present. To me the procedure was so ridiculous I could scarcely keep a straight face.[58]Children were indoctrinated at an early age.[59] Kindergarten children were taught to raise their hand to the proper height by hanging their lunch bags across the raised arm of their teacher.[59] At the beginning of first grade primers was a lesson on how to use the greeting.[59] The greeting found its way into fairy tales, including classics like Sleeping Beauty.[59] Students and teachers would salute each other at the beginning and end of the school day, between classes, or whenever an adult entered the classroom.[60]In 1935, at the end of Hans Spemann’s acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize, he gave a Nazi salute.[61]Some athletes used the Nazi salute in the opening ceremony of the 1936 Berlin Olympics as they passed by Hitler in the reviewing stand.[62] This was done by delegates from Afghanistan, Bermuda, Bulgaria, Bolivia, France, Greece, Iceland, Italy and Turkey.[62] The Bulgarian athletes performed the Nazi salute and broke into a goose step;[62] Turkish athletes maintained the salute all around the track.[63] There is some confusion over the use of the salute, since the stiff-arm Nazi salute could have been mistaken for an Olympic salute, with the right arm held out at a slight angle to the right from the shoulder.[62] According to the American sports writer Jeremy Schaap, only half of the athletes from Austria performed a Nazi salute, while the other half gave an Olympic salute. According to the historian Richard Mandell, there are conflicting reports on whether athletes from France performed a Nazi salute or an Olympic Salute.[63] In football, the England football team bowed to pressure from the British Foreign Office and performed the salute during a friendly match on 14 May 1938.[64]Jehovah's Witnesses came into conflict with the Nazi regime because they refused to salute Adolf Hitler with the Nazi salute, believing that it conflicted with their worship of God. Because refusing to salute Hitler was considered a crime, Jehovah's Witnesses were arrested, and their children attending school were expelled, detained and separated from their families.[65]","title":"From 1933 to 1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-4012-04,_Frankreich,_D%C3%B6nitz_bei_Offizieren.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karl Dönitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman80-69"},{"link_name":"Horst-Wessel-Lied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied"},{"link_name":"national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandlied"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman80-69"},{"link_name":"Reichswehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichswehr"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Keitel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel"},{"link_name":"head of the Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heiber-71"},{"link_name":"failed assassination attempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_July_Plot"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman82-72"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ullrich-73"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman82-72"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ullrich-73"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tabletalk-43"},{"link_name":"Fritsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Fritsch"},{"link_name":"Hitler's Table Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler%27s_Table_Talk"}],"sub_title":"Military use","text":"Karl Dönitz and Wehrmacht performing Nazi salute, 1941The Wehrmacht refused to adopt the Hitler salute officially and was able for a time to maintain its customs.[66] A compromise edict from the Reich Defense Ministry, issued on 19 September 1933, required the Hitler salute of soldiers and uniformed civil servants while singing the \"Horst-Wessel-Lied\" and national anthem, and in non-military encounters both within and outside the Wehrmacht (for example, when greeting members of the civilian government). At all other times they were permitted to use their traditional salutes.[66] However, according to (pre-Nazi) Reichswehr and Wehrmacht protocol, the traditional military salute was prohibited when the saluting soldier was not wearing a uniform headgear (helmet or cap). Because of this, all bareheaded salutes used the Nazi salute, making it de facto mandatory in most situations.[67]Full adoption of the Hitler salute by the military was discussed in January 1944 at a conference regarding traditions in the military at Hitler's headquarters. Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, head of the Armed Forces, had expressed a desire to standardize the salute across all organizations in Germany.[68] On 23 July 1944, several days after the failed assassination attempt, Goebbels suggested to Hitler that the military be ordered to fully adopt the Hitler salute as a show of loyalty, since Army officers had been responsible for the assassination attempt.[69][70] Hitler approved the suggestion without emotion, and the order went into effect on 24 July 1944.[69][70]On the night of 3 January 1942, Hitler stated the following about the compromise edict of 1933:[40]I imposed the German salute for the following reason. I'd given orders, at the beginning, that in the Army I should not be greeted with the German salute. But many people forgot. Fritsch drew his conclusions, and punished all who forgot to give me the military salute, with fourteen days' confinement to barracks. I, in turn, drew my conclusions and introduced the German salute likewise into the Army.— Adolf Hitler, Hitler's Table Talk","title":"From 1933 to 1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman44-74"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman44-74"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Karl Valentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Valentin"},{"link_name":"Kräuter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krauter"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman44-74"},{"link_name":"Heilbronn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilbronn"},{"link_name":"halibut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halibut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heartfield_Hitler_Salute.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Heartfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield"},{"link_name":"photomontage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomontage"},{"link_name":"John Heartfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield"},{"link_name":"Big Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Business"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jay-76"},{"link_name":"political cartoonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_cartoonist"},{"link_name":"David Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Low_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"Night of the Long Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives"},{"link_name":"Evening Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynoldson-77"},{"link_name":"Achille Starace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Starace"},{"link_name":"Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Il Popolo d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunther1940-78"}],"sub_title":"Satiric responses","text":"Despite indoctrination and punishment, the salute was ridiculed by some people. Since heil is also the imperative of the German verb heilen ('to heal'), a common joke in Nazi Germany was to reply with, \"Is he sick?\" \"Am I a doctor?\" or \"You heal him!\"[71] Jokes were also made by distorting the phrase. For example, \"Heil Hitler\" might become \"Ein Liter\" ('One liter')[71] or \"Drei Liter\" ('Three Liter').[72]\nCabaret performer Karl Valentin would quip, \"It's lucky that Hitler's name wasn't 'Kräuter'. Otherwise, we'd have to go around yelling Heilkräuter ('medicinal herbs')\".[71] Similar puns were made involving \"-bronn\" (rendering \"Heilbronn\", the name of a German city), and \"-butt\" (rendering \"Heilbutt\", the German word for 'halibut').\"Millions stand behind me\" (John Heartfield photomontage)Satirical use of the salute dates back to anti-Nazi propaganda in Germany before 1933. In 1932, photomontage artist John Heartfield used Hitler's modified version, with the hand bent over the shoulder, in a poster that linked Hitler to Big Business. A giant figure representing right-wing capitalists stands behind Hitler, placing money in his hand, suggesting \"backhand\" donations. The caption is, \"the meaning of the Hitler salute\" and \"Millions stand behind me\".[73] Heartfield was forced to flee in 1933 after the Nazi seizure of power in Germany.Another example is a cartoon by New Zealand political cartoonist David Low, mocking the Night of the Long Knives. Run in the Evening Standard on 3 July 1934, it shows Hitler with a smoking gun grimacing at terrified SA men with their hands up. The caption reads: \"They salute with both hands now\".[74] When Achille Starace proposed that Italians should write Evviva Il Duce in letters, Mussolini wrote an editorial in Il Popolo d'Italia mocking the idea.[75]","title":"From 1933 to 1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman945-80"},{"link_name":"Strafgesetzbuch section 86a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch_section_86a"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman945-80"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StGB-81"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StGB-81"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman95-82"},{"link_name":"Prince Ernst August of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Ernst_August_of_Hanover_(born_1954)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman95-82"},{"link_name":"Amtsgericht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtsgericht"},{"link_name":"Cottbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottbus"},{"link_name":"Horst Mahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Mahler"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paterson-84"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"hate crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swiss-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-14"},{"link_name":"neo-Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazis"},{"link_name":"Kühnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen"},{"link_name":"index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_finger"},{"link_name":"middle finger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_finger"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"is sometimes used by some neo-Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88_(number)#In_neo-Nazism"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilman94-86"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Eidgenossen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidgenossenschaft"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging"},{"link_name":"white separatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_separatism"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Eugène Terre'Blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Panorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_(British_television_series)"},{"link_name":"antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"football hooliganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_hooliganism"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Giorgos Katidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgos_Katidis"},{"link_name":"AEK Athens F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEK_Athens_F.C."},{"link_name":"Greek national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Veria F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veria_F.C."},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"The Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Princess Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"the Queen Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_Mother"},{"link_name":"Edward VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Buckingham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Queen_Nazi-99"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Stig Abell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stig_Abell"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazi_Salute_(36543229556).png"},{"link_name":"Unite the Right rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"white supremacist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy"},{"link_name":"Richard B. Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer"},{"link_name":"2016 U.S. presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"National Policy Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Policy_Institute"},{"link_name":"Nazi propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-AltRight-HeilVictory-2016-102"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Lord"},{"link_name":"tweeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweeting"},{"link_name":"Media Matters for America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Matters_for_America"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"}],"text":"Today in Germany, Nazi salutes in written form, vocally, and even straight-extending the right arm as a saluting gesture (with or without the phrase), are illegal.[76][77] The offence is punishable by up to three years in prison (Strafgesetzbuch section 86a).[77][78] Usage for art, teaching and science is allowed unless \"the existence of an insult results from the form of the utterance or the circumstances under which it occurred.\"[78] Use of the salute, or any phrases associated with the salute, has also been illegal in Austria since the end of World War II.In Germany, usage that is \"ironic and clearly critical of the Hitler Greeting\" is exempt, which has led to legal debates as to what constitutes ironic use.[79] One case involved Prince Ernst August of Hanover who was brought to court after using the gesture as a commentary on the behavior of an unduly zealous airport baggage inspector.[79] On 23 November 2007, the Amtsgericht Cottbus sentenced Horst Mahler to six months of imprisonment without parole for having, according to his own claims, ironically performed the Hitler salute when reporting to prison for a nine-month term a year earlier.[80] The following month, a pensioner named Roland T was given a prison term of five months for, amongst other things, training his dog Adolf to raise his right paw in a Nazi salute every time the command \"Heil Hitler!\" was uttered.[81]The Supreme Court of Switzerland ruled in 2014 that Nazi salutes do not breach hate crime laws if expressed as one's personal opinion, but only if they are used in attempt to propagate Nazi ideology.[11][12]Modified versions of the salute are sometimes used by neo-Nazis. One such version is the so-called \"Kühnen salute\" with extended thumb, index and middle finger, which is also a criminal offence in Germany.[82] In written correspondence, the number 88 is sometimes used by some neo-Nazis as a substitute for \"Heil Hitler\" (\"H\" as the eighth letter of the alphabet).[83] Swiss neo-Nazis were reported to use a variant of the Kühnengruss, though extending one's right arm over their head and extending said three fingers has a different historical source for Switzerland, as the first three Eidgenossen or confederates are often depicted with this motion. Hezbollah supporters in Lebanon often raise their arms in a Nazi-style salute.[84][85]The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, a South African neo-Nazi organization known for its militant advocacy of white separatism,[86][87] has espoused brown uniforms as well as Nazi German-esque flags, insignia, and salutes at meetings and public rallies.[88] Hundreds of supporters in 2010 delivered straight-arm salutes outside the funeral for AWB leader Eugène Terre'Blanche, who was murdered by two black farm workers over an alleged wage dispute.[89][90]On 28 May 2012, BBC current affairs programme Panorama examined the issues of racism, antisemitism and football hooliganism, which it claimed were prevalent among Polish and Ukrainian football supporters. The two countries hosted the international football competition UEFA Euro 2012.[91]On 16 March 2013, Greek footballer Giorgos Katidis of AEK Athens F.C. was handed a life ban from the Greek national team for performing the salute after scoring a goal against Veria F.C. in Athens' Olympic Stadium.[92]On 18 July 2015, The Sun published an image of the British Royal Family from private film shot in 1933 or 1934, showing Princess Elizabeth (the future Queen, then a young girl) and the Queen Mother both performing a Nazi salute, accompanied by Edward VIII, taken from 17 seconds of home footage (also released by The Sun).[93] The footage ignited controversy in the UK,[94] and there have been questions as to whether the release of this footage was appropriate.[95] Buckingham Palace described the release of this footage as \"disappointing\",[96] and considered pursuing legal action against The Sun,[97] whereas Stig Abell (managing director of The Sun) said that the footage was \"a matter of national historical significance to explore what was going on in the [1930s] ahead of the Second World War\". Abell responded to criticism by assuring that The Sun was not suggesting \"anything improper on the part of the Queen or indeed the Queen Mum\".[98]A far-right protestor gives the Nazi salute at the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville during 2017.American white supremacist Richard B. Spencer drew considerable media attention in the weeks following the 2016 U.S. presidential election, where, at a National Policy Institute conference, he quoted from Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews.[99] In response to his cry \"Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!\", a number of his supporters gave the Nazi salute and chanted in a similar fashion to the Sieg Heil chant.[100][101]CNN fired political commentator Jeffrey Lord on 10 August 2017, after he tweeted \"Sieg Heil!\" to Angelo Carusone, president of Media Matters for America, suggesting Carusone was a fascist.[102][103][104]In August 2021, a Michigan man named Paul Marcum gave the Nazi salute during a dispute over mask mandates and was fired from his job as a tennis instructor after Birmingham Public Schools announced that it would not tolerate any acts of racism, disrespect, violence, or inequitable treatment of any person.[105]","title":"Post-1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cypress Ranch High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Ranch_High_School"},{"link_name":"Cypress, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress,_Texas"},{"link_name":"raised fist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised_fist"},{"link_name":"Cypress-Fairbanks Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress-Fairbanks_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Baraboo High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraboo_High_School"},{"link_name":"Baraboo, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraboo,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"prom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prom"},{"link_name":"First Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madison.com-110"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Pacifica High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifica_High_School_(Garden_Grove,_California)"},{"link_name":"Garden Grove Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Grove_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"Erika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_(song)"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Newport Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Newport Harbor High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Harbor_High_School"},{"link_name":"Newport-Mesa Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport-Mesa_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"Costa Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Mesa,_California"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chiu_2019-114"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Best Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Best_Middle_School"},{"link_name":"North York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamation_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"swastika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika"},{"link_name":"Toronto District School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_District_School_Board"},{"link_name":"Simon Wiesenthal Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"}],"sub_title":"Incidents involving North American students","text":"On January 31, 2017, multiple students at Cypress Ranch High School in Cypress, Texas, performed both the raised fist salute and the Nazi salute in its \"Class Of 2017\" photo. The photo was then sent from one of the students to six other students by message and claiming that \"some females held the fist while some white males raised the Nazi salute.\" The incident was reported to the Cypress-Fairbanks Independent School District saying that \"they are extremely disappointed with the actions,\" and later made a statement on the district \"understanding the serious nature of the incident and appropriate action has been taken at one of its campuses.\"[106]In May 2018, students at Baraboo High School, in Baraboo, Wisconsin, appeared to perform a Nazi salute in a photograph taken before their junior prom. The image went viral on social media six months later, sparking outrage. The school decided the students could not be punished because of their First Amendment rights.[107][108]In November 2018, a group of students of Pacifica High School of Garden Grove Unified School District in California was shown in a video giving the Nazi salute and singing Erika. The incident took place at an after-hours off-campus student athletics banquet. The school administration did not learn about the incident until March 2019, at which time the students were disciplined. The school did not release details of what the discipline entailed, but released a statement saying that they would continue to deal with the incident \"in collaboration with agencies dedicated to anti-bias education.\"[109] On 20 August 2019, the school district announced that it was reopening the investigation into the incident because new photographs and another video has surfaced of the event, along with \"new allegations\" and \"new claims\". Parents and teachers criticized the school's administration for their initial secrecy about the incident, for which the school's principal apologized.[110]In March 2019, students from Newport Beach, California, attending a private party made a swastika from red-and-white plastic party cups and gave Nazi salutes over it. Some of the students may have been from Newport Harbor High School of Newport-Mesa Unified School District, a very large district that encompasses 58 square miles and includes the cities of Newport Beach and Costa Mesa. Officials from the district condemned the students' behavior and said they were working with law enforcement to collect information on the incident.[111]On February 1, 2022, one of the pupils from Charles H. Best Middle School in North York, a district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, performed a Nazi salute to a Jewish student while another who allegedly built a swastika, which led the Toronto District School Board to launch an investigation, and condemnation by the Simon Wiesenthal Center.[112]","title":"Post-1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"Anti-Defamation League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"sub_title":"Ku Klux Klan","text":"Among other gestures used by the Ku Klux Klan, the \"Klan salute\" is similar to the Nazi salute, the difference being that it is performed using the left arm and not the right, and that often the fingers of the hand are splayed and not held tightly together. The four fingers represent the four Ks in \"Knights of the Ku Klux Klan\". According to the Anti-Defamation League, the Klan salute dates to 1915.[113]","title":"Post-1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houthi movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_movement"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"sub_title":"Houthi movement","text":"The Houthi movement have used the Nazi salute alongside chants of its slogan \"Allah is great, death to America, death to Israel, curses upon the Jews, victory to Islam.\" during various events which has been condemned by the internationally recognized government of Yemen and by the United States.[114][115]","title":"Post-1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"running gag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_gag"},{"link_name":"Hogan's Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogan%27s_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Colonel Klink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Klink"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Schultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Schultz"},{"link_name":"Gomer Pyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomer_Pyle"},{"link_name":"cornflowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornflower"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Hydra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peters_2017-121"},{"link_name":"Family Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Guy"},{"link_name":"Cheesie Charlie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_E._Cheese%27s"},{"link_name":"Season 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Guy_(season_1)"},{"link_name":"Chitty Chitty Death Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Death_Bang"},{"link_name":"Season 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Guy_(season_19)"}],"text":"In a running gag in Hogan's Heroes, Colonel Klink often forgets to give the Hitler salute at the end of a phone call; instead, he usually asks, \"What's that?\" and then says, \"Yes, of course, Heil Hitler\".[116] In the German-language version of the show, called Ein Käfig voller Helden (A Cage Full of Heroes), Col. Klink and Sgt. Schultz have rural Gomer Pyle-type accents, and stiff-armed salutes are accompanied by such witticisms as: \"this is how high the cornflowers grow\".[117] The \"Heil Hitler\" greeting was the variant most often used and associated with the series; \"Sieg Heil\" was rarely heard.\nA related gesture was used by the fictional Nazi-affiliated organization Hydra from Marvel Comics, with both arms outstretched, clenched fists and the phrase \"Hail Hydra\" uttered by members of the organization.[118]\nOn the American animated TV sitcom Family Guy, a \"Cheesie Charlie's\" worker dressed up as a devil welcomed both Peter and Chris to the \"dungeon\", who performs the Nazi salute shortly after welcoming the two characters (Season 1, Episode 3, \"Chitty Chitty Death Bang\", first broadcast: April 18, 1999). In another episode, a previously-appearing unnamed character, Quahog's town librarian, is drafted by a committee of townspeople to run for mayor. None of them knows her name, and she introduces herself as \"Elle Hitler\" (\"no relation,\" she says), and they all stand, extend their arms to salute her with their drinks, and say \"Hi, Elle Hitler!\" (Season 19, Episode 7, \"Wild Wild West\", first broadcast: November 22, 2020).","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[ˈhɪtlɐˌɡʁuːs]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/De-Hitlergru%C3%9F.ogg/De-Hitlergru%C3%9F.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Hitlergru%C3%9F.ogg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"[ˈdɔʏtʃɐ ˈɡʁuːs]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/De-Deutscher_Gru%C3%9F.ogg/De-Deutscher_Gru%C3%9F.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Deutscher_Gru%C3%9F.ogg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[ˌhaɪl ˈhɪtlɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/De-Heil_Hitler.ogg/De-Heil_Hitler.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Heil_Hitler.ogg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"^ German: Hitlergruß, lit. 'Hitler greeting', IPA: [ˈhɪtlɐˌɡʁuːs] ⓘ[1] also called by the Nazi Party deutscher Gruß, 'German greeting', IPA: [ˈdɔʏtʃɐ ˈɡʁuːs] ⓘ[2]\n\n^ IPA: [ˌhaɪl ˈhɪtlɐ] ⓘ[3]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Members of the Hitler Youth in Berlin performing the Nazi salute at a rally in 1933","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0510%2C_Berlin%2C_Lustgarten%2C_Kundgebung_der_HJ.jpg/260px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0510%2C_Berlin%2C_Lustgarten%2C_Kundgebung_der_HJ.jpg"},{"image_text":"People performing the Nazi salute at the Harzburg Front rally in Bad Harzburg, October 1931","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12405%2C_Bad_Harzburg%2C_Jubelnde_NSDAP-Anh%C3%A4nger.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12405%2C_Bad_Harzburg%2C_Jubelnde_NSDAP-Anh%C3%A4nger.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hitler used to answer the common salute with his modified version, where his palm was parallel to the sky.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J00282%2C_Berlin%2C_Hitler_im_Sportpalast.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J00282%2C_Berlin%2C_Hitler_im_Sportpalast.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hitler and Hermann Göring (first row left) saluting at a 1928 Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Hitler_1929_crop.jpg/220px-Hitler_1929_crop.jpg"},{"image_text":"A mass \"Sieg Heil\" during a rally in the Tempelhof-Schöneberg district of Berlin in 1935","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04481B%2C_Berlin%2C_Maifeier_auf_dem_Tempelhofer_Feld.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04481B%2C_Berlin%2C_Maifeier_auf_dem_Tempelhofer_Feld.jpg"},{"image_text":"Enamel sign with the note \"The German greets: Hail Hitler!\" (Der Deutsche grüßt: Heil Hitler!)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Emailleplakat%2C_Hitlergru%C3%9F%2C_breit.png/170px-Emailleplakat%2C_Hitlergru%C3%9F%2C_breit.png"},{"image_text":"Ten- and eleven-year-old Berlin schoolchildren, 1934. The salute was a regular gesture in German schools.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0329-501%2C_Reichsgr%C3%BCndungsfeier%2C_Schulklasse.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0329-501%2C_Reichsgr%C3%BCndungsfeier%2C_Schulklasse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fritz Schilgen carrying the Olympic torch at the Berlin Olympic Stadium with the public giving the Nazi salute in the background","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Fritz_Schilgen_1936_Summer_Olympics.jpg/220px-Fritz_Schilgen_1936_Summer_Olympics.jpg"},{"image_text":"Karl Dönitz and Wehrmacht performing Nazi salute, 1941","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-4012-04%2C_Frankreich%2C_D%C3%B6nitz_bei_Offizieren.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-4012-04%2C_Frankreich%2C_D%C3%B6nitz_bei_Offizieren.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Millions stand behind me\" (John Heartfield photomontage)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Heartfield_Hitler_Salute.jpg/220px-Heartfield_Hitler_Salute.jpg"},{"image_text":"A far-right protestor gives the Nazi salute at the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville during 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nazi_Salute_%2836543229556%29.png/280px-Nazi_Salute_%2836543229556%29.png"}]
[{"title":"Ave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ave"},{"title":"Bellamy salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellamy_salute"},{"title":"Bras d'honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras_d%27honneur"},{"title":"Heil og sæl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heil_og_s%C3%A6l"},{"title":"Quenelle (gesture)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenelle_(gesture)"},{"title":"Raised fist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised_fist"},{"title":"Roman salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_salute"},{"title":"Zogist salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zogist_salute"},{"title":"Wolf salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_salute"}]
[{"reference":"Bishop, Ronald (2007). \"A Case of First Impression\". Taking on the Pledge of Allegiance: The News Media and Michael Newdow's Constitutional Challenge. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780791471814.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791471814","url_text":"9780791471814"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Richard (2005). To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. pp. 116–118. ISBN 9780700613724.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/toflagunlikelyhi00elli","url_text":"To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/toflagunlikelyhi00elli/page/116","url_text":"116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700613724","url_text":"9780700613724"}]},{"reference":"Büchner, Alex (1991). German Infantry Handbook, 1939–1945: Organization, Uniforms, Weapons, Equipment, Operations. Schipper Publishing. ISBN 978-0-88740-284-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88740-284-5","url_text":"978-0-88740-284-5"}]},{"reference":"Sehmer, Alexander (20 July 2015). \"Countries where Nazi salute is illegal\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/Countries-where-Nazi-salute-is-illegal/articleshow/48147552.cms","url_text":"\"Countries where Nazi salute is illegal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150723044313/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//world/europe/Countries-where-Nazi-salute-is-illegal/articleshow/48147552.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"German gig shut down by police after crowd chants Nazi slogan 'sieg heil'\". Sky News. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/german-gig-shut-down-by-police-after-crowd-chants-nazi-slogan-sieg-heil-11569682","url_text":"\"German gig shut down by police after crowd chants Nazi slogan 'sieg heil'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230412024029/https://news.sky.com/story/german-gig-shut-down-by-police-after-crowd-chants-nazi-slogan-sieg-heil-11569682","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Saluto fascista, la Cassazione: \"Non è reato se commemorativo\" e conferma due assoluzioni a Milano\" [Fascist salute, Supreme Court of Cassation: \"Not a crime if memorial\" and confirms two acquittals in Milan]. La Repubblica (in Italian). Milan. 20 February 2018. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/02/20/news/saluto_fascista_per_la_cassazione_non_e_reato_se_commemorativo-189320383/","url_text":"\"Saluto fascista, la Cassazione: \"Non è reato se commemorativo\" e conferma due assoluzioni a Milano\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica","url_text":"La Repubblica"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201109041202/https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/02/20/news/saluto_fascista_per_la_cassazione_non_e_reato_se_commemorativo-189320383/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hajloval. Hrozí mu tři roky vězení\". Deník (in Czech). Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://brnensky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/hajloval-hrozi-mu-tri-roky-vezeni20080815.html","url_text":"\"Hajloval. Hrozí mu tři roky vězení\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den%C3%ADk","url_text":"Deník"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161020035346/http://brnensky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/hajloval-hrozi-mu-tri-roky-vezeni20080815.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Dea, Claire (21 May 2014). \"Hitler salute ruled not always illegal\". Swissinfo.ch. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/Hitler_salute_ruled_not_always_illegal.html?cid=38631074","url_text":"\"Hitler salute ruled not always illegal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swissinfo.ch","url_text":"Swissinfo.ch"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140524042017/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/Hitler_salute_ruled_not_always_illegal.html?cid=38631074","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Swiss court rules that Nazi salute may be 'personal statement', not racism\". The Guardian. Geneva. Associated Press. 21 May 2014. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/21/swiss-court-rules-nazi-salute-personal-statement-not-racism","url_text":"\"Swiss court rules that Nazi salute may be 'personal statement', not racism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201028162243/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/21/swiss-court-rules-nazi-salute-personal-statement-not-racism","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Lewis (8 January 2024). \"Australia bans Nazi salute and public display of terror group symbols\". Reuters. Retrieved 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/australia-bans-nazi-salute-public-display-terror-group-symbols-2024-01-08/","url_text":"\"Australia bans Nazi salute and public display of terror group symbols\""}]},{"reference":"Grunberger, Richard (1995). The 12-year Reich: a social history of Nazi Germany, 1933–1945. Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780306806605.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306806605","url_text":"9780306806605"}]},{"reference":"Knickerbocker, H.R. (2008). Is Tomorrow Hitler's?: 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind (reprint ed.). Kessinger Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 9781417992775.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781417992775","url_text":"9781417992775"}]},{"reference":"Mommsen, Hans (2003). The Third Reich Between Vision and Reality: New Perspectives on German History 1918–1945. German Historical Perspectives. Vol. 12. Berg Publishers. p. 28. ISBN 9781859736272.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859736272","url_text":"9781859736272"}]},{"reference":"Boime, Albert (1987). Art in an age of revolution, 1750–1800. Social history of modern art. Vol. 1. University of Chicago Press. pp. 400–401. ISBN 9780226063348.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/artinageofrevolu00boim/page/400","url_text":"Art in an age of revolution, 1750–1800"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/artinageofrevolu00boim/page/400","url_text":"400–401"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226063348","url_text":"9780226063348"}]},{"reference":"Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta (2000). Fascist spectacle: the aesthetics of power in Mussolini's Italy. Studies on the history of society and culture. Vol. 28. University of California Press. pp. 110–113. ISBN 9780520226777.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520226777","url_text":"9780520226777"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Richard J. (2005). \"The Rize of Nazism\". The Coming of the Third Reich. Penguin Group. pp. 184–185. ISBN 9780143034698.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143034698","url_text":"9780143034698"}]},{"reference":"Kershaw, Ian (2001). The \"Hitler Myth\": Image and Reality in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press. p. 26. 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ISBN 1-929631-05-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler","url_text":"Hitler, Adolf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bormann","url_text":"Bormann, Martin"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hitlerstabletalk00hitl","url_text":"Hitler's Table Talk 1941–1944"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hitlerstabletalk00hitl/page/n215","url_text":"172"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929631-05-7","url_text":"1-929631-05-7"}]},{"reference":"Willett, Ralph (May 1989). \"Hot Swing and the Dissolute Life: Youth, Style and Popular Music in Europe 1939–49\". Popular Music. 8 (2). Cambridge University Press: 161. doi:10.1017/s0261143000003342. JSTOR 853465. S2CID 162509772.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0261143000003342","url_text":"10.1017/s0261143000003342"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/853465","url_text":"853465"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162509772","url_text":"162509772"}]},{"reference":"Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. (2008). Hitler Youth, 1922–1945: An Illustrated History. McFarland. p. 70. ISBN 9780786439355.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hitleryouthillus00lepa","url_text":"Hitler Youth, 1922–1945: An Illustrated History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hitleryouthillus00lepa/page/n76","url_text":"70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786439355","url_text":"9780786439355"}]},{"reference":"Staff (27 September 1933). \"Nazi Salute Banned in Prisons\". The New York Times. p. 12. Retrieved 26 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60B10FC3E541A7A93C5AB1782D85F478385F9","url_text":"\"Nazi Salute Banned in Prisons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Shore, Zachary (2003). What Hitler knew: the battle for information in Nazi foreign policy. Oxford University Press US. p. 33. ISBN 9780195154597.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whathitlerknewba00shor_0/page/33","url_text":"What Hitler knew: the battle for information in Nazi foreign policy"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whathitlerknewba00shor_0/page/33","url_text":"33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195154597","url_text":"9780195154597"}]},{"reference":"\"Feldherrnhalle (Field Marshal's Hall) – Odeonsplatz\". 2007. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101206223214/http://munich-info.de/portrait/p_feldherrnhalle_en.html","url_text":"\"Feldherrnhalle (Field Marshal's Hall) – Odeonsplatz\""},{"url":"http://www.munich-info.de/portrait/p_feldherrnhalle_en.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schaap, Jeremy (2007). Triumph: the untold story of Jesse Owens and Hitler's Olympics. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 163–166. ISBN 9780618688227.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/triumphuntoldsto00jere/page/163","url_text":"Triumph: the untold story of Jesse Owens and Hitler's Olympics"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/triumphuntoldsto00jere/page/163","url_text":"163–166"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780618688227","url_text":"9780618688227"}]},{"reference":"Mandell, Richard D. (1987). The Nazi Olympics. Sports and Society. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. p. 149. ISBN 9780252013256.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/naziolympics0000mand","url_text":"The Nazi Olympics"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/naziolympics0000mand/page/149","url_text":"149"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252013256","url_text":"9780252013256"}]},{"reference":"Heiber, Helmut (2004). Hitler and his Generals: Military Conferences 1942–1945. Enigma Books. p. 398. ISBN 1-929631-28-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929631-28-6","url_text":"1-929631-28-6"}]},{"reference":"Ullrich, Volker (2020). Hitler: Downfall: 1939-1945. Translated by Jefferson Chase. New York: Knopf. p. 476. ISBN 978-1-101-87400-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Ullrich","url_text":"Ullrich, Volker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-87400-4","url_text":"978-1-101-87400-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly interview March: Hazy Osterwald\". Xecutives.net. 12 February 2010. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160516121140/http://www.xecutives.net/24-monats-interviews/261-monthly-interview-march-hazy-osterwald","url_text":"\"Monthly interview March: Hazy Osterwald\""},{"url":"http://www.xecutives.net/24-monats-interviews/261-monthly-interview-march-hazy-osterwald","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jay, Martin (2001). \"From Modernism to Post-Modernism\". In T. C. W. Blanning (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern Europe. Oxford Illustrated Histories. Oxford University Press. p. 261. ISBN 9780192854261.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192854261","url_text":"9780192854261"}]},{"reference":"Reynoldson, Fiona (1996). \"The Nazi Regime 1933–1945\". In Rosemary Rees (ed.). Weimar and Nazi Germany. Oxford Illustrated Histories. Heinemann. p. 42. ISBN 9780435308605.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780435308605","url_text":"9780435308605"}]},{"reference":"Gunther, John (1940). Inside Europe. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 259.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gunther","url_text":"Gunther, John"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.149663/2015.149663.Inside-Europe#page/n281/mode/2up","url_text":"Inside Europe"}]},{"reference":"\"Rechtsextremismus – Straftaten\". hagalil.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hagalil.com/deutschland/rechts/erkennungszeichen/rechtsextremismus.htm","url_text":"\"Rechtsextremismus – Straftaten\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100102083409/http://hagalil.com/deutschland/rechts/erkennungszeichen/rechtsextremismus.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB)\". Federal Law Gazette I. 13 November 1998. pp. 945, 3322. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/StGB.htm#86aSection","url_text":"\"Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008212200/http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/StGB.htm#86aSection","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sechs Monate für Hitlergruß\" (in German). Die Zeit/dpa. 23 November 2007. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zeit.de/online/2007/48/mahler-urteil","url_text":"\"Sechs Monate für Hitlergruß\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit","url_text":"Die Zeit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Presse-Agentur","url_text":"dpa"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090226234737/http://www.zeit.de/online/2007/48/mahler-urteil","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Paterson, Tony (21 December 2007). \"Dog's Nazi salute lands owner in jail for five months\". The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/dogs-nazi-salute-lands-owner-in-jail-for-five-months-766438.html","url_text":"\"Dog's Nazi salute lands owner in jail for five months\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/dogs-nazi-salute-lands-owner-in-jail-for-five-months-766438.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kühnengruß oder sechs Bier bei FPÖ-Parteitag?\". Kleine Zeitung (in German). 27 May 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kleinezeitung.at/nachrichten/politik/1989141/index.do","url_text":"\"Kühnengruß oder sechs Bier bei FPÖ-Parteitag?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090914131521/http://www.kleinezeitung.at/nachrichten/politik/1989141/index.do","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hezbollah's Nazi roots\". National Post. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130808112153/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=e3157f0d-21ad-41e9-b26e-a3c06a460e73","url_text":"\"Hezbollah's Nazi roots\""},{"url":"https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=e3157f0d-21ad-41e9-b26e-a3c06a460e73","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"hezbollah nazi salute photos\". Photobucket. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://photobucket.com/images/hezbollah%20nazi%20salute?page=1","url_text":"\"hezbollah nazi salute photos\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404062634/https://photobucket.com/images/hezbollah%20nazi%20salute?page=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Eugene Terre'Blanche's Afrikaner Resistance Movement – Rally\", YouTube. See 0:40 for salutes\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbvzZTB9O0k","url_text":"\"\"Eugene Terre'Blanche's Afrikaner Resistance Movement – Rally\", YouTube. See 0:40 for salutes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211031/QbvzZTB9O0k","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AWB leader Eugene Terreblanche's funeral in Ventersdorp, South Africa, in pictures\". The Telegraph. 9 April 2010. Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/7572063/AWB-leader-Eugene-Terreblanches-funeral-in-Ventersdorp-South-Africa-in-pictures.html?image=3","url_text":"\"AWB leader Eugene Terreblanche's funeral in Ventersdorp, South Africa, in pictures\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180120070100/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/7572063/AWB-leader-Eugene-Terreblanches-funeral-in-Ventersdorp-South-Africa-in-pictures.html?image=3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"South African white supremacist Eugene Terreblanche laid to rest\". The Telegraph. 9 April 2010. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7571357/South-African-white-supremacist-Eugene-Terreblanche-laid-to-rest.html","url_text":"\"South African white supremacist Eugene Terreblanche laid to rest\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7571357/South-African-white-supremacist-Eugene-Terreblanche-laid-to-rest.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Asian fans racially abused in Euro 2012 stadium\". BBC. 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18233736","url_text":"\"Asian fans racially abused in Euro 2012 stadium\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529021443/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18233736","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Greek footballer Giorgos Katidis banned for Nazi salute\". BBC News. 17 March 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21822165","url_text":"\"Greek footballer Giorgos Katidis banned for Nazi salute\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171206145745/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21822165","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ruz, Camilla; Low, Harry (20 July 2015). \"What is the context of the royal 'Nazi salute' film?\". BBC News Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-33594809","url_text":"\"What is the context of the royal 'Nazi salute' film?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150722003808/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-33594809","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hastings, Max (22 July 2015). \"Should the Queen be judged on her decades-old Nazi salute?\". The New York Post. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150724203303/http://nypost.com/2015/07/22/should-the-queen-be-judged-by-her-decades-old-nazi-salute/","url_text":"\"Should the Queen be judged on her decades-old Nazi salute?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Post","url_text":"The New York Post"}]},{"reference":"Foster, Max (21 July 2015). \"Should footage of young Elizabeth's 'Nazi salute' have been released?\". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/20/world/queen-nazi-foster-analysis/","url_text":"\"Should footage of young Elizabeth's 'Nazi salute' have been released?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150724123443/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/20/world/queen-nazi-foster-analysis/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Queen Nazi salute film: Palace 'disappointed' at use\". BBC News. 18 July 2015. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33578174","url_text":"\"Queen Nazi salute film: Palace 'disappointed' at use\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150721010403/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33578174","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Staff (18 July 2015). \"Palace considers legal action over leaked Queen Nazi salute film\". BT.com. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/palace-considers-legal-action-over-leaked-queen-nazi-salute-film-11363993158727","url_text":"\"Palace considers legal action over leaked Queen Nazi salute film\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150722230531/https://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/palace-considers-legal-action-over-leaked-queen-nazi-salute-film-11363993158727","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Queen's Nazi salute footage is matter of historical significance, says the Sun\". The Guardian. 18 July 2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jul/18/queens-nazi-salute-footage-historical-significance-sun","url_text":"\"Queen's Nazi salute footage is matter of historical significance, says the Sun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150722233507/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jul/18/queens-nazi-salute-footage-historical-significance-sun","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Joseph (20 November 2016). \"Alt-Right Exults in Donald Trump's Election With a Salute: 'Heil Victory'\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html","url_text":"\"Alt-Right Exults in Donald Trump's Election With a Salute: 'Heil Victory'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190430013949/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bradner, Eric (22 November 2016). \"Alt-right leader: 'Hail Trump! Hail our people! Hail victory!'\". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/21/politics/alt-right-gathering-donald-trump/index.html","url_text":"\"Alt-right leader: 'Hail Trump! Hail our people! Hail victory!'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200318012052/https://www.cnn.com/2016/11/21/politics/alt-right-gathering-donald-trump/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Joseph (20 November 2016). \"Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html","url_text":"\"Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190430013949/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stelter, Brian (10 August 2017). \"CNN severs ties with Jeffrey Lord\". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/10/media/jeffrey-lord-cnn-ties/index.html","url_text":"\"CNN severs ties with Jeffrey Lord\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230601015012/https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/10/media/jeffrey-lord-cnn-ties/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stelter, Brian. \"CNN severs ties with Jeffrey Lord\". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/10/media/jeffrey-lord-cnn-ties/index.html","url_text":"\"CNN severs ties with Jeffrey Lord\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230601015012/https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/10/media/jeffrey-lord-cnn-ties/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Raasch, Chuck. \"Missouri Republican Ed Martin jumps into the Lord still-hot seat on CNN\". stltoday.com. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/missouri-republican-ed-martin-jumps-into-the-lord-still-hot/article_7a3b84f5-f60b-540b-8e62-aff75fa9e427.html","url_text":"\"Missouri Republican Ed Martin jumps into the Lord still-hot seat on CNN\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230606050409/https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/missouri-republican-ed-martin-jumps-into-the-lord-still-hot/article_7a3b84f5-f60b-540b-8e62-aff75fa9e427.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ellington, Andre (24 August 2021). \"Man Seen in Video Saying 'Heil Hitler' at Mask Mandate School Board Meeting Loses Job\". Newsweek. Michigan, U.S. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsweek.com/man-seen-video-saying-heil-hitler-mask-mandate-school-board-meeting-loses-job-1622725","url_text":"\"Man Seen in Video Saying 'Heil Hitler' at Mask Mandate School Board Meeting Loses Job\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230412030332/https://www.newsweek.com/man-seen-video-saying-heil-hitler-mask-mandate-school-board-meeting-loses-job-1622725","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas high school students hold up Nazi salute in a class photo\". USA Today. 3 February 2017. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/02/03/texas-high-school-students-hold-up-nazi-salute-class-photo/97420914/","url_text":"\"Texas high school students hold up Nazi salute in a class photo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230422163942/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/02/03/texas-high-school-students-hold-up-nazi-salute-class-photo/97420914/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Parents address school board as Nazi salutes in Baraboo High School prom photo spark outrage online\". Baraboo News Republic. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wiscnews.com/baraboonewsrepublic/news/local/update-nazi-salutes-appear-to-be-used-in-group-photo/article_3224ea4a-7423-5fc1-b2ca-20159f7129e5.html","url_text":"\"Parents address school board as Nazi salutes in Baraboo High School prom photo spark outrage online\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraboo_News_Republic","url_text":"Baraboo News Republic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210615074203/https://www.wiscnews.com/baraboonewsrepublic/news/local/update-nazi-salutes-appear-to-be-used-in-group-photo/article_3224ea4a-7423-5fc1-b2ca-20159f7129e5.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"School district: Free-speech protects those in viral photo\". AP NEWS. 23 November 2018. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/6a694f95378f4741b86ab673f95c1d34","url_text":"\"School district: Free-speech protects those in viral photo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230412095808/https://apnews.com/6a694f95378f4741b86ab673f95c1d34","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chiu, Allyson (5 March 2019). \"Nazi salutes and a swastika made of red cups: Newport Beach students condemned for 'abhorrent anti-Semitic activity'\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/03/04/swastika-made-red-cups-nazi-salutes-newport-beach-students-condemned-abhorrent-anti-semitic-activity/","url_text":"\"Nazi salutes and a swastika made of red cups: Newport Beach students condemned for 'abhorrent anti-Semitic activity'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230513012253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/03/04/swastika-made-red-cups-nazi-salutes-newport-beach-students-condemned-abhorrent-anti-semitic-activity/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CityNews\". Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://toronto.citynews.ca/2022/02/08/anti-semitic-incident-north-york-school/","url_text":"\"CityNews\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230412030518/https://toronto.citynews.ca/2022/02/08/anti-semitic-incident-north-york-school/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN HOUTHICONTROLLED AREAS OF YEMEN\" (PDF). United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. May 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2023-05/2023%20Factsheet%20Houthi%20%281%29.pdf","url_text":"\"RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN HOUTHICONTROLLED AREAS OF YEMEN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Houthi supporters hold Nazi salute, chant anti-America, anti-Semitic slogans in video\". 25 April 2021. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230329172546/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2021/04/25/Houthi-supporters-hold-Nazi-salute-chant-anti-America-anti-Semitic-slogans-in-video","url_text":"\"Houthi supporters hold Nazi salute, chant anti-America, anti-Semitic slogans in video\""},{"url":"https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2021/04/25/Houthi-supporters-hold-Nazi-salute-chant-anti-America-anti-Semitic-slogans-in-video","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hogan's Heroes (TV Series 1965–1971)\". IMDb. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058812/quotes","url_text":"\"Hogan's Heroes (TV Series 1965–1971)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230412033317/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058812/quotes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dawn Trimble Bunyak (2005). Our Last Mission: A World War II Prisoner in Germany. University of Oklahoma Press. p. xix. ISBN 9780806137179.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wLb7R8oNiDEC&pg=PR19","url_text":"Our Last Mission: A World War II Prisoner in Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806137179","url_text":"9780806137179"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Megan (5 September 2017). \"Marvel Trademarks The Phrase Hail Hydra After Website Controversy\". Marvel. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/marvel/2017/05/21/marvel-just-trademarked-the-phrase-hail-hydra/","url_text":"\"Marvel Trademarks The Phrase Hail Hydra After Website Controversy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191002181148/https://comicbook.com/marvel/2017/05/21/marvel-just-trademarked-the-phrase-hail-hydra/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Allert, Tilman (2009). The Hitler Salute: On the Meaning of a Gesture. Translated by Jefferson Chase. Picador. ISBN 9780312428303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312428303","url_text":"9780312428303"}]},{"reference":"Kershaw, Ian (1999). Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04671-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw","url_text":"Kershaw, Ian"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hitlerhubris00kers","url_text":"Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04671-0","url_text":"0-393-04671-0"}]},{"reference":"Kershaw, Ian (2000). Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 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ISBN 9780814208649.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814208649","url_text":"9780814208649"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-5
CCTV-5
["1 Current sports coverage","2 Past coverage","3 Past coverage as CCTV-FIFA World Cup","4 Past coverage as CCTV-UEFA Euro","5 Programmes","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
China Central Television sports channel Television channel CCTV-5 体育CountryChinaBroadcast areaChinaMacauNetworkChina Central TelevisionHeadquartersChina Central Television Headquarters, Beijing CBD, Beijing, ChinaProgrammingPicture format1080i HDTV (downscaled to 576i for the SDTV feed)OwnershipOwnerChina Central TelevisionHistoryLaunched1 January 1995; 29 years ago (1995-01-01)Former namesCCTV Olympics during Summer or Winter OlympicsLinksWebsiteCCTV-5AvailabilityTerrestrialDigital TV (DTMB)Digital channel number varies by areaDigital TV (Macau)Channel 79 (via TDM)Streaming mediaCCTV program websiteCCTV-5(only in China) CCTV-5 (Chinese: 中国中央电视台体育频道), also known as the Sports Channel, part of the China Central Television family of networks, is the main sports broadcaster in the People's Republic of China. CCTV-5 began broadcasting on 1 January 1995. CCTV-5 now broadcasts 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Current sports coverage CCTV-5 has coverage of the following sports leagues, teams, and events: Multi-sports games Asian Games Summer Olympic Games Summer Paralympic Games Winter Olympic Games Winter Paralympic Games Auto Racing Formula One Badminton BWF World Championships Badminton Asia Confederation China Open China Masters Chinese Badminton Association All England Open Badminton Championships Sudirman Cup Uber & Thomas Cup Basketball Chinese Basketball Association National Basketball Association FIBA Basketball World Cup Boxing World Boxing Association World Boxing Council International Boxing Federation World Boxing Organization Cycling Tour de France Tour of Qinghai Lake Field Hockey Hockey World Cup Women's Hockey World Cup Women's FIH Hockey World League Football Chinese Football Association Chinese Super League Chinese FA Cup Chinese FA Super Cup China National Football Team FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Women's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup AFC Asian Cup AFC U-23 Championship AFC U-19 Championship AFC U-16 Championship AFC Champions League UEFA Euro UEFA Champions League UEFA Super Cup Premier League Serie A Toulon Tournament Copa Libertadores Golf PGA Tour Ryder Cup Handball IHF World Men's Handball Championship (CCTV5+) IHF World Women's Handball Championship (CCTV5+) Ice Hockey National Hockey League (CCTV5+) Kontinental Hockey League (CCTV5+) Ice Hockey World Championships (CCTV5+) World Cup of Hockey (CCTV5+) Champions Hockey League (CCTV5+) MMA Kunlun Fight MMA Rugby Union Rugby World Cup (CCTV5+) Premiership Rugby (CCTV5+) Snooker World Snooker Championship Shanghai Masters (snooker) China Open (snooker) UK Championship Surfing America's Cup Table Tennis World Table Tennis Championships Table Tennis World Cup ITTF World Tour Asian Table Tennis Championships China Table Tennis Super League Tennis All four Grand Slam Australian Open French Open Wimbledon Championships US Open ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Finals China Open WTA Shenzhen Open WTA Wuhan Open Volleyball FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup FIVB Volleyball Men's Nations League FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship Asian Men's Volleyball Championship Asian Women's Volleyball Championship AVC Cup for Men AVC Cup for Women Chinese Volleyball Super League Past coverage Asian Games Beijing Television (Old) Bangkok 1978 (simulcast of National Sports, broadcast via satellite) CCTV-2 New Delhi 1982 (simulcast of DD Sports) Seoul 1986 (simulcast of KBS Sports 4) Beijing 1990 (simulcast of CCTV Asian Games) Hiroshima 1994 (simulcast of NHK Educational TV) CCTV-5 Bangkok 1998 (simulcast of National Sports) Busan 2002 (simulcast of KBS Sports 4) Doha 2006 (simulcast of Al Jazeera Sports 6) Guangzhou 2010 (simulcast of GDTV Zhuhai Sports) Incheon 2014 (simulcast of KBS Sports 4) Jakarta 2018 (simulcast of Televisi Republik Indonesia) Summer Olympic Games Beijing Television (Old) Montreal 1976 (simulcast of CBFT-DT, broadcast in PAL Color) CCTV-2 Moscow 1980 (simulcast of CT-USSR, via satellite) Los Angeles 1984 (simulcast of Olympics on NBC, first Olympic Games for the PRC) Seoul 1988 (simulcast of KBS Sports 4) Barcelona 1992 (simulcast of TVE) CCTV-5 Atlanta 1996 (simulcast of Olympics on NBC) Past Coverage As CCTV-Olympic (Name and logo changed) Sydney 2000 (simulcast of C7 Sport) Athens 2004 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-5 and CCTV-News) Beijing 2008 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-3, CCTV-5, CCTV-7, CCTV-12, CCTV-News and CCTV-HD) London 2012 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-5, CCTV-7, CCTV-News and CCTV-HD) Rio 2016 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-5, CCTV-5+ and CCTV-News) Tokyo 2020 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-5, CCTV-5+ and CCTV-News) Winter Olympic Games Beijing Television (Old) Innsbruck 1976 (simulcast of FS1, first color broadcast) Lake Placid 1980 (simulcast of Olympics on ABC) CCTV-2 Sarajevo 1984 (simulcast of JRT) Calgary 1988 (simulcast of CFCN-DT) Albertville 1992 (simulcast on TF1, Antenne 2 and FR3) Lillehammer 1994 (simulcast of NRK) CCTV-5 Nagano 1998 (simulcast of NHK, NTV, TBS, Fuji TV, TV Asahi and TV Tokyo) Salt Lake City 2002 (simulcast of Olympics on NBC) Torino 2006 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-5 and CCTV-News) Vancouver 2010 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-5, CCTV-7, CCTV-News and CCTV-HD) Sochi 2014 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-5, CCTV-5+ and CCTV-News) Pyeongchang 2018 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-5, CCTV-5+ and CCTV-News) Beijing 2022 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-5, CCTV-5+ and CCTV-News) Past coverage as CCTV-FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup CCTV-2 Spain 1982 (all matches live on CCTV-1) Mexico 1986 (all matches live on CCTV-1) Italy 1990 (all matches live on CCTV-1) United States 1994 (all matches live on CCTV-1 and CCTV-2) CCTV-5 France 1998 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2 and CCTV-7) Korea & Japan 2002 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2 and CCTV-7) Germany 2006 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2 and CCTV-7) South Africa 2010 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2 and CCTV-7) Brazil 2014 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-7, CCTV-13 and CCTV-22) Russia 2018 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-7, CCTV-13 and CCTV-22) Qatar 2022 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-7, CCTV-13 and CCTV-22) Past coverage as CCTV-UEFA Euro UEFA European Championship CCTV-1 West Germany 1988 (all matches live on CCTV-1) Sweden 1992 (all matches live on CCTV-1) England 1996 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2 and CCTV-7) Belgium/Netherlands 2000 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2 and CCTV-7) Portugal 2004 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-7 and CCTV-13) Austria/Switzerland 2008 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-7, CCTV-13 and CCTV-HD) Poland/Ukraine 2012 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-7, CCTV-13 and CCTV-22) France 2016 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-7, CCTV-13 and CCTV-22) Europe 2020 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-7, CCTV-13 and CCTV-22) Programmes Who is the King? Sports News Wushu Masters Chinese Longzhou Tournament Who is the King? See also Beijing Tiyu Guangbo - Beijing Sports Radio References External links Official website (in Chinese) vteChina Central TelevisionOwned by China Media GroupChannels CCTV-1 (General) CCTV-2 (Finance) CCTV-3 (Arts and Entertainment) CCTV-4 (Chinese International) CCTV-5 (Sports) CCTV-5+ (Sport+) CCTV-6 (Movies) CCTV-7 (Military) CCTV-8 (Drama) CCTV-9 (Documentary) CCTV-10 (Science and Education) CCTV-11 (Chinese Opera) CCTV-12 (Society and Law) CCTV-13 (News) CCTV-14 (Children) CCTV-15 (Music) CCTV-16 (Olympic) CCTV-17 (Agriculture) CCTV-4K (UHD) CCTV-8K (UHD) CCTV-Shopping Channel CGTN CGTN CGTN French CGTN Spanish CGTN Arabic CGTN Russian CGTN Documentary Misc. China Network Television (CNTV) CCTV+ CCTV Headquarters Central Radio & TV Tower CCTV New Year's Gala iPanda CGTN CGTN Africa CGTN America Channel names in Italic indicates planned channels
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"China Central Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Central_Television"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"1 January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day"}],"text":"Television channelCCTV-5 (Chinese: 中国中央电视台体育频道), also known as the Sports Channel, part of the China Central Television family of networks, is the main sports broadcaster in the People's Republic of China. CCTV-5 began broadcasting on 1 January 1995. CCTV-5 now broadcasts 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.","title":"CCTV-5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Summer Paralympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Paralympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Winter Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Winter Paralympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"BWF World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Badminton Asia Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_Asia_Confederation"},{"link_name":"China Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Open_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"China Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Masters"},{"link_name":"Chinese Badminton Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Badminton_Association"},{"link_name":"All England Open Badminton Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_England_Open_Badminton_Championships"},{"link_name":"Sudirman Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudirman_Cup"},{"link_name":"Uber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber_Cup"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cup"},{"link_name":"Chinese Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"FIBA Basketball World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"World Boxing Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Association"},{"link_name":"World Boxing Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Council"},{"link_name":"International Boxing Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Federation"},{"link_name":"World Boxing Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Organization"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Tour of Qinghai Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Qinghai_Lake"},{"link_name":"Hockey World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Women's Hockey World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Hockey_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Women's FIH Hockey World League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_FIH_Hockey_World_League"},{"link_name":"Chinese Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Chinese Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Chinese FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Chinese FA Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_FA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"China National Football Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_PR_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA Confederations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Confederations_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA Club World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Club_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA U-20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA U-17 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA Futsal World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Futsal_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Beach_Soccer_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-20_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-17_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"AFC Asian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup"},{"link_name":"AFC U-23 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_U-23_Championship"},{"link_name":"AFC U-19 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_U-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"AFC U-16 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_U-16_Championship"},{"link_name":"AFC Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Toulon Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulon_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Copa Libertadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"Ryder Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"IHF World Men's Handball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHF_World_Men%27s_Handball_Championship"},{"link_name":"IHF World Women's Handball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHF_World_Women%27s_Handball_Championship"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Kontinental Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Ice Hockey World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Hockey_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"World Cup of Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Cup_of_Hockey"},{"link_name":"Champions Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champions_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Kunlun Fight MMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunlun_Fight"},{"link_name":"Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Premiership Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_Rugby"},{"link_name":"World Snooker Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Snooker_Championship"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Masters (snooker)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Masters_(snooker)"},{"link_name":"China Open (snooker)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Open_(snooker)"},{"link_name":"UK Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Championship"},{"link_name":"America's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"World Table Tennis Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Table_Tennis_Championships"},{"link_name":"Table Tennis World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_Tennis_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"ITTF World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITTF_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Asian Table Tennis Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Table_Tennis_Championships"},{"link_name":"China Table Tennis Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Table_Tennis_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Open"},{"link_name":"French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Open"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"ATP World Tour Masters 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_World_Tour_Masters_1000"},{"link_name":"ATP World Tour Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_World_Tour_Finals"},{"link_name":"China Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"WTA Shenzhen Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Shenzhen_Open"},{"link_name":"WTA Wuhan Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Open"},{"link_name":"FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIVB Volleyball Men's Nations League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_Nations_League"},{"link_name":"FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_Nations_League"},{"link_name":"FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_Club_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Asian Men's Volleyball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Men%27s_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Asian Women's Volleyball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Women%27s_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"AVC Cup for Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVC_Cup_for_Men"},{"link_name":"AVC Cup for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVC_Cup_for_Women"},{"link_name":"Chinese Volleyball Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Volleyball_Super_League"}],"text":"CCTV-5 has coverage of the following sports leagues, teams, and events:Multi-sports gamesAsian Games\nSummer Olympic Games\nSummer Paralympic Games\nWinter Olympic Games\nWinter Paralympic GamesAuto RacingFormula OneBadmintonBWF World Championships\nBadminton Asia Confederation\nChina Open\nChina Masters\nChinese Badminton Association\nAll England Open Badminton Championships\nSudirman Cup\nUber & Thomas CupBasketballChinese Basketball Association\nNational Basketball Association\nFIBA Basketball World CupBoxingWorld Boxing Association\nWorld Boxing Council\nInternational Boxing Federation\nWorld Boxing OrganizationCyclingTour de France\nTour of Qinghai LakeField HockeyHockey World Cup\nWomen's Hockey World Cup\nWomen's FIH Hockey World LeagueFootballChinese Football Association\nChinese Super League\nChinese FA Cup\nChinese FA Super Cup\nChina National Football Team\nFIFA World Cup\nFIFA Confederations Cup\nFIFA Club World Cup\nFIFA U-20 World Cup\nFIFA U-17 World Cup\nFIFA Futsal World Cup\nFIFA Beach Soccer World Cup\nFIFA Women's World Cup\nFIFA U-20 Women's World Cup\nFIFA U-17 Women's World Cup\nAFC Asian Cup\nAFC U-23 Championship\nAFC U-19 Championship\nAFC U-16 Championship\nAFC Champions League\nUEFA Euro\nUEFA Champions League\nUEFA Super Cup\nPremier League\nSerie A\nToulon Tournament\nCopa LibertadoresGolfPGA Tour\nRyder CupHandballIHF World Men's Handball Championship (CCTV5+)\nIHF World Women's Handball Championship (CCTV5+)Ice HockeyNational Hockey League (CCTV5+)\nKontinental Hockey League (CCTV5+)\nIce Hockey World Championships (CCTV5+)\nWorld Cup of Hockey (CCTV5+)\nChampions Hockey League (CCTV5+)MMAKunlun Fight MMARugby UnionRugby World Cup (CCTV5+)\nPremiership Rugby (CCTV5+)SnookerWorld Snooker Championship\nShanghai Masters (snooker)\nChina Open (snooker)\nUK ChampionshipSurfingAmerica's CupTable TennisWorld Table Tennis Championships\nTable Tennis World Cup\nITTF World Tour\nAsian Table Tennis Championships\nChina Table Tennis Super LeagueTennisAll four Grand Slam\nAustralian Open\nFrench Open\nWimbledon Championships\nUS Open\nATP World Tour Masters 1000\nATP World Tour Finals\nChina Open\nWTA Shenzhen Open\nWTA Wuhan OpenVolleyballFIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship\nFIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup\nFIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship\nFIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup\nFIVB Volleyball Men's Nations League\nFIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League\nFIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship\nAsian Men's Volleyball Championship\nAsian Women's Volleyball Championship\nAVC Cup for Men\nAVC Cup for Women\nChinese Volleyball Super League","title":"Current sports coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"Beijing Television (Old)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"Bangkok 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"National Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Services_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"New Delhi 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"DD Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DD_Sports"},{"link_name":"Seoul 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"KBS Sports 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Beijing 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"CCTV Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"NHK Educational TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK_Educational_TV"},{"link_name":"Bangkok 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"National Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Services_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Busan 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"KBS Sports 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Doha 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"Al Jazeera Sports 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Sports"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"GDTV Zhuhai Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Television"},{"link_name":"Incheon 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"KBS Sports 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Jakarta 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Beijing Television (Old)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"Montreal 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"CBFT-DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBFT-DT"},{"link_name":"Moscow 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"CT-USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Central_Television"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Olympics on NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics_on_NBC"},{"link_name":"Seoul 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"KBS Sports 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Barcelona 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"TVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola"},{"link_name":"Atlanta 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Olympics on NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics_on_NBC"},{"link_name":"Sydney 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"C7 Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C7_Sport"},{"link_name":"Athens 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"Beijing 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-3"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"CCTV-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-12"},{"link_name":"CCTV-News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"CCTV-HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-22"},{"link_name":"London 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"CCTV-News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"CCTV-HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-22"},{"link_name":"Rio 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-5+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-5%2B"},{"link_name":"CCTV-News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"Tokyo 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-5+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-5%2B"},{"link_name":"CCTV-News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"Winter Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Beijing Television (Old)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"FS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORF_1"},{"link_name":"Lake Placid 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Olympics on ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics_on_ABC"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"JRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Radio_Television"},{"link_name":"Calgary 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"CFCN-DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFCN-DT"},{"link_name":"Albertville 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"TF1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TF1"},{"link_name":"Antenne 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenne_2"},{"link_name":"FR3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR3"},{"link_name":"Lillehammer 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"NRK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRK"},{"link_name":"Nagano 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"NHK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK"},{"link_name":"NTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Television"},{"link_name":"TBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Fuji TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_Television"},{"link_name":"TV Asahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Asahi"},{"link_name":"TV Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Olympics on NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics_on_NBC"},{"link_name":"Torino 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"Vancouver 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"CCTV-News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"CCTV-HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-22"},{"link_name":"Sochi 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-5+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-5%2B"},{"link_name":"CCTV-News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"Pyeongchang 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-5+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-5%2B"},{"link_name":"CCTV-News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"Beijing 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-5+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-5%2B"},{"link_name":"CCTV-News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"}],"text":"Asian Games\nBeijing Television (Old)\nBangkok 1978 (simulcast of National Sports, broadcast via satellite)\nCCTV-2\nNew Delhi 1982 (simulcast of DD Sports)\nSeoul 1986 (simulcast of KBS Sports 4)\nBeijing 1990 (simulcast of CCTV Asian Games)\nHiroshima 1994 (simulcast of NHK Educational TV)\nCCTV-5\nBangkok 1998 (simulcast of National Sports)\nBusan 2002 (simulcast of KBS Sports 4)\nDoha 2006 (simulcast of Al Jazeera Sports 6)\nGuangzhou 2010 (simulcast of GDTV Zhuhai Sports)\nIncheon 2014 (simulcast of KBS Sports 4)\nJakarta 2018 (simulcast of Televisi Republik Indonesia)\nSummer Olympic Games\nBeijing Television (Old)\nMontreal 1976 (simulcast of CBFT-DT, broadcast in PAL Color)\nCCTV-2\nMoscow 1980 (simulcast of CT-USSR, via satellite)\nLos Angeles 1984 (simulcast of Olympics on NBC, first Olympic Games for the PRC)\nSeoul 1988 (simulcast of KBS Sports 4)\nBarcelona 1992 (simulcast of TVE)\nCCTV-5\nAtlanta 1996 (simulcast of Olympics on NBC)\nPast Coverage As CCTV-Olympic (Name and logo changed)\nSydney 2000 (simulcast of C7 Sport)\nAthens 2004 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-5 and CCTV-News)\nBeijing 2008 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-3, CCTV-5, CCTV-7, CCTV-12, CCTV-News and CCTV-HD)\nLondon 2012 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-5, CCTV-7, CCTV-News and CCTV-HD)\nRio 2016 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-5, CCTV-5+ and CCTV-News)\nTokyo 2020 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-5, CCTV-5+ and CCTV-News)\nWinter Olympic Games\nBeijing Television (Old)\nInnsbruck 1976 (simulcast of FS1, first color broadcast)\nLake Placid 1980 (simulcast of Olympics on ABC)\nCCTV-2\nSarajevo 1984 (simulcast of JRT)\nCalgary 1988 (simulcast of CFCN-DT)\nAlbertville 1992 (simulcast on TF1, Antenne 2 and FR3)\nLillehammer 1994 (simulcast of NRK)\nCCTV-5\nNagano 1998 (simulcast of NHK, NTV, TBS, Fuji TV, TV Asahi and TV Tokyo)\nSalt Lake City 2002 (simulcast of Olympics on NBC)\nTorino 2006 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-5 and CCTV-News)\nVancouver 2010 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-5, CCTV-7, CCTV-News and CCTV-HD)\nSochi 2014 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-5, CCTV-5+ and CCTV-News)\nPyeongchang 2018 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-5, CCTV-5+ and CCTV-News)\nBeijing 2022 (simulcast of CCTV-1, CCTV-5, CCTV-5+ and CCTV-News)","title":"Past coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"Spain 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"Mexico 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"Italy 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"United States 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"France 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"Korea & Japan 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"Germany 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"South Africa 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"Brazil 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"CCTV-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"CCTV-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-22"},{"link_name":"Russia 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"CCTV-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"CCTV-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-22"},{"link_name":"Qatar 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"CCTV-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"CCTV-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-22"}],"text":"FIFA World Cup\nCCTV-2\nSpain 1982 (all matches live on CCTV-1)\nMexico 1986 (all matches live on CCTV-1)\nItaly 1990 (all matches live on CCTV-1)\nUnited States 1994 (all matches live on CCTV-1 and CCTV-2)\nCCTV-5\nFrance 1998 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2 and CCTV-7)\nKorea & Japan 2002 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2 and CCTV-7)\nGermany 2006 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2 and CCTV-7)\nSouth Africa 2010 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2 and CCTV-7)\nBrazil 2014 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-7, CCTV-13 and CCTV-22)\nRussia 2018 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-7, CCTV-13 and CCTV-22)\nQatar 2022 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-7, CCTV-13 and CCTV-22)","title":"Past coverage as CCTV-FIFA World Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UEFA European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"West Germany 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1988"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"Sweden 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1992"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"England 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1996"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"Belgium/Netherlands 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"Portugal 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2004"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"CCTV-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"Austria/Switzerland 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2008"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"CCTV-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"CCTV-HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-22"},{"link_name":"Poland/Ukraine 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"CCTV-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"CCTV-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-22"},{"link_name":"France 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"CCTV-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"CCTV-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-22"},{"link_name":"Europe 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2020"},{"link_name":"CCTV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-1"},{"link_name":"CCTV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-2"},{"link_name":"CCTV-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-7"},{"link_name":"CCTV-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-13"},{"link_name":"CCTV-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-22"}],"text":"UEFA European Championship\nCCTV-1\nWest Germany 1988 (all matches live on CCTV-1)\nSweden 1992 (all matches live on CCTV-1)\nEngland 1996 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2 and CCTV-7)\nBelgium/Netherlands 2000 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2 and CCTV-7)\nPortugal 2004 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-7 and CCTV-13)\nAustria/Switzerland 2008 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-7, CCTV-13 and CCTV-HD)\nPoland/Ukraine 2012 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-7, CCTV-13 and CCTV-22)\nFrance 2016 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-7, CCTV-13 and CCTV-22)\nEurope 2020 (all matches live on CCTV-1, CCTV-2, CCTV-7, CCTV-13 and CCTV-22)","title":"Past coverage as CCTV-UEFA Euro"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Who is the [Dance] King? [谁是舞王]\nSports News [体育咖吧]\nWushu Masters [武林大会]\nChinese Longzhou Tournament [中华龙舟大赛]\nWho is the [Football] King? [谁是球王]","title":"Programmes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Beijing Tiyu Guangbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Tiyu_Guangbo"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://cctv5.cntv.cn/","external_links_name":"CCTV-5"},{"Link":"https://tv.cctv.com/live/cctv5","external_links_name":"CCTV-5"},{"Link":"http://tv.cctv.com/cctv5/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Defiant
Boulton Paul Defiant
["1 Development","1.1 Origins","1.2 P.82","1.3 Production","1.4 P.85","1.5 P.94","2 Design","3 Operational history","3.1 Air combat","3.2 Other roles","4 Variants","5 Operators","6 Surviving aircraft","7 Specifications (Mk I)","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","10.1 Citations","10.2 Bibliography","11 External links"]
WWII-era British Royal Air Force interceptor aircraft Defiant Boulton Paul Defiant Mk I Role Two-seat fighter, night fighter, trainer, target tugType of aircraft Manufacturer Boulton Paul Aircraft Designer John Dudley North First flight 11 August 1937 Introduction December 1939 Status Retired Primary users Royal Air ForceRoyal Australian Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force Polish Air Force Number built 1,064 The Boulton Paul Defiant is a British interceptor aircraft that served with the Royal Air Force (RAF) during World War II. The Defiant was designed and built by Boulton Paul Aircraft as a "turret fighter" to meet the RAF requirement for day and night fighters that could concentrate their firepower on enemy bombers which were not expected to have fighter escorts due to the distance from Germany to the United Kingdom. The Defiant had all its armament in a dorsal turret offering the ability to fire in most directions. The same principle was used in the Royal Navy's Blackburn Roc which was also built by Boulton Paul. In combat, the Defiant was found to be effective at destroying bombers, the role it was designed for, but was vulnerable to the Luftwaffe's more manoeuvrable, single-seat Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters operating from bases in Northern France. The Defiant had been designed to destroy unescorted bombers by means of beam or ventral attacks and therefore lacked forward-firing armament, which proved to be a great weakness in daylight combat with fighters. It was withdrawn from daytime operations for use as a night fighter and found success in combination with the use of airborne radar to locate the enemy. It eventually equipped thirteen squadrons in this role, compared to just two squadrons as a day-fighter, though this was mainly due to slow initial production. In mid-1942 it was replaced by better performing night-fighters, the Bristol Beaufighter and de Havilland Mosquito. The Defiant continued to find use in gunnery training, target towing, electronic countermeasures and air-sea rescue. Among RAF pilots it had the nickname "Daffy". Development Origins During the 1930s, the increasing speed of military aircraft posed a particular challenge to anti-aircraft defences. Advances in aircraft design achieved during the 1920s and 1930s had resulted in a generation of multi-engined monoplane bombers that were substantially faster than their contemporary single-engined biplane fighters then in service. The RAF came to believe that its new generation of turret-armed bombers, such as the Vickers Wellington, would be capable of readily penetrating enemy airspace and of defending themselves without any accompanying fighter escort, but also recognised that the bombers of other European air forces, such as the Luftwaffe, would similarly be able to penetrate British airspace with impunity. Defiants of No. 264 Squadron in 1940. During 1935, the concept of a turret-armed defensive fighter to counter the bomber threat emerged during a time in which the RAF anticipated having to defend Great Britain against massed formations of unescorted enemy bombers. The RAF did not expect bombers to be escorted by fighters because fighters would not have the range to reach the UK from Germany. In theory, turret-armed fighters would approach an enemy bomber from below or from the side and coordinate their fire. The separation of the tasks of flying the aircraft and firing the guns would allow the pilot to concentrate on putting the fighter into the best position for the gunner to engage the enemy. However, manually-traversed turrets were viewed as increasingly inadequate to effectively respond to ever-faster hostile aircraft, thus there was considerable interest in using a power-augmented turret. The earlier Hawker Demon biplane had tested the concept with 59 of the fighters, which had been manufactured by Boulton Paul under a sub-contract, having been equipped with a hydraulically-powered rear turret, while a number of aircraft already built were also converted as such. Boulton Paul and its managing director John Dudley North had gained considerable experience with defensive turrets from producing several earlier aircraft, including the Boulton Paul Overstrand bomber, and had devised a four-gun power-operated turret, the concept and development work of which would later be a core part of the Defiant design. Boulton Paul had acquired a four-gun powered turret from the French SAMM company in 1935. In April 1935, the Air Ministry released Specification F.9/35, which required a two-seater day and night "turret fighter" capable of 290 miles per hour (470 km/h) at 15,000 feet (4,600 m). The aircraft was to feature a clean design, concentrating its armament within a power-operated turret, and the accepted performance was to be only slightly beneath that of other emergent fighter designs of the period, along with a sufficient fuel capacity to allow it to perform standing patrols. In particular, the powered turret was to offer considerable flexibility, possessing both a 360-degree upper hemisphere field of fire and the ability to engage enemy bombers from a range of quarters, including below the aircraft itself. Specification F.9/35 had followed the earlier Specification F.5/33, which had sought a pusher design combined with a forward-set turret; F.5/33 had been abandoned as the proposals had offered little in terms of performance gains over existing fighters, and the corresponding Armstrong Whitworth AW.34 design which had been ordered was not completed. F.5/35 was issued to British manufacturers in June 1935. Seven responded to the tender: Armstrong Whitworth (twin-engines, based on the AW.34), Boulton and Paul (P.82), Bristol (Type 147), Fairey, Gloster, Hawker, and Supermarine (Type 305). Vickers did start on a design but did not provide it to the Air Ministry In September 1935 the Air Ministry picked Hawker, Boulton Paul and Armstrong Whitworth designs as the top three (in decreasing order); Gloster and Bristol were rejected due to their turret designs. The Air Ministry wanted several designs investigated and the production of two prototypes of each. To get this large number of aircraft, HM Treasury had to approve the expenditure above that already allocated. Seven prototypes were ordered - one from Armstrong Whitworth, two each from Fairey, Hawker and Boulton Paul - but only the two Defiant prototypes and one Hawker were completed. P.82 Boulton Paul, having been focused on turret-equipped aircraft for some time, made the submission to Specification F.9/35; with the company designation of P.82. The proposed fighter was similar in size and appearance to the more conventional Hawker Hurricane, differing in weight primarily due to the use of turret-based armaments. The central feature of the P.82 was its four-gun turret, based on a design by French aviation company Société d'applications des machines motrices  (SAMM), which had been licensed by Boulton Paul for use in the earlier Boulton Paul Sidestrand bomber, eventually installed in the "follow-up" design, the Boulton Paul Overstrand and in the Blackburn Roc naval fighter. The 'Type A' turret was an electro-hydraulically powered "drop-in" unit, with a crank-operated mechanical backup. Small bombs could be housed in recesses in the outer wing. Some of the development work from the company's earlier B.1/35 tender was carried over into the P.82. In 1936, Boulton Paul commenced assembly on the first P.82 prototype, K8310, at their new Wolverhampton facility; an order for a second prototype, K8620, was received by the following year. In 1937, the first P.82 prototype, K8310, was rolled out. Furnished with a 1,030 hp (768 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin I and initially lacking its turret, the aircraft bore a great resemblance to the contemporary Hawker Hurricane, although it was at least 1,500 pounds (680 kg) heavier. On 11 August 1937, K8310, which had recently received the name Defiant, conducted its maiden flight. This initial flight, piloted by Boulton Paul's chief test pilot Cecil Feather, occurred nearly a year ahead of the rival Hotspur but still without the turret. Official acceptance trials did not commence until nine months later. On 30 July 1939, the second prototype, K8620, equipped with a Merlin II engine and a full turret, conducted its first flight. K8620 had received various modifications over the first prototype, such as telescopic radio masts and revisions to the canopy and to the undercarriage fairing plates; implementing these improvements had incurred delays to the completion of the second prototype. Production orders had been prepared for the Hotspur, the initial front-running submission but Boulton Paul's turret design had gained the attention of the Air Ministry. Hawker's progress on the project had been delayed by their commitments on other aircraft programs including the more conventional Hurricane; thus the prototype Hotspur, K8309, did not conduct its maiden flight until 14 June 1938. On 28 April 1937, an initial production order for 87 aircraft was received by Boulton Paul for the P.82; as this was prior to the first flight of the prototype, the aircraft had effectively been ordered 'off the drawing board'. The order for the rival Hotspur was cancelled in 1938. Completing its acceptance tests with the turret installed, the Defiant attained a top speed of 302 miles per hour (486 km/h) and subsequently was declared the victor of the turret fighter competition. Flight trials had revealed the aircraft to possess positive flight characteristics and considerable stability, which was of particular value when using the turret. According to aviation author Michael Bowyer, the usefulness of the Defiant had suffered due to the overly long development time for the type, observing that the Defiant's service entry was delayed to such an extent that only three production aircraft had reached the RAF, and these were only for trial purposes, by the outbreak of the Second World War. Due to delays with the type entering production, there were not enough available Defiants to begin standing patrols in 1940, by which point the introduction of not only more advanced fighters but bombers as well had allegedly undermined the usefulness of the type. Production On 30 July 1939, the first production Defiant, L6950, conducted its maiden flight; it commenced official trials with the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE) in September that year. Apart from some detail changes, the production Defiant Mk I looked similar to the two Defiant prototypes. It was powered by the Rolls-Royce Merlin III engine, which was capable of generating 1,030 hp/768 kW or 1,160 hp/865 kW. By January 1940, over half of the original production batch had been completed. Beyond the initial production order in April 1937, follow-on orders had been issued for the type; in February 1938, an additional 202 Defiant Mk I aircraft were ordered; three months later, another 161 aircraft were ordered. At the same time Boulton Paul were engaged in production of the Blackburn Roc. In December 1939, yet another 150 aircraft were ordered, raising the overall total to 513. In 1940, this rose to 563 Defiant Mk Is on order, while a further 280 were ordered under a rearranged manufacturing plan issued in mid-1940. However, the performance of the Defiant had been determined to be inadequate by this point, which led to manufacturing being sustained principally for economic reasons. A total of 713 Defiant Mk I aircraft were completed. In response to a service request which sought greater performance, the Defiant Mk II, powered by the 1,260 hp Merlin XX engine, was promptly developed. On 20 July 1940, N1550, the first production Defiant Mk II performed its initial flight. The Mk II featured a pressurised fuel system, additional fuel, an enlarged rudder, a deeper radiator, a modified engine mounting and elongated cowling. Once sufficient numbers of the Merlin XX engine were available, production of the improved variant commenced; in August 1941, the first production deliveries of the Defiant Mk II took place. The Defiant Mk II was soon paired with the newly developed airborne interception radar (AI) to become more effective night fighter. While initial AI equipment was too heavy and bulky to be practical for equipping smaller aircraft, the improved AI Mk. IV radar was suitably sized for the Defiant; the first such equipped Defiants were introduced in late 1941. Later versions of the AI radar were adopted over time, such as the AI Mk VI. The need for both the Defiant (and the Hurricane) in the night fighter role petered out by 1942 as the larger Bristol Beaufighter became the RAF's primary night fighter type, freeing both aircraft for other duties. In the search for alternative uses for the Defiant, which included limited service with the RAF Search and Rescue Force and suitability trials for cooperative operations with the British Army, it was determined that Defiant production would continue in order to satisfy a pressing requirement for high speed gunnery targets. A dedicated version of the aircraft, the Defiant TT Mk I, was developed for this purpose; modifications included the removal of the turret, the installation of target-towing equipment, including a target stowage box and a wind-driven winch, and the addition of a winch operator under an enclosed canopy. In January 1942, the prototype Defiant TT Mk I, DR863, conducted its maiden flight; fighter production was phased out shortly thereafter. The last Defiant Mk IIs under construction were completed as TT Mk I aircraft. Dozens of existing Defiant Mk Is would be remanufactured to the similar Defiant TT Mk III standard; roughly 150 of such conversions took place during 1943–1944. So that the type could be used to meet the growing overseas demand for target-towing aircraft, the Defiant was tropicalized, a large portion of which was the installation of large filters underneath the aircraft's nose. P.85 The P.85 was Boulton Paul's tender to Specification O.30/35 for the naval turret fighter. A version of the Defiant for Fleet Air Arm (FAA), it had leading edge slats and a deeper fuselage, for the lower landing speeds required of carrier aircraft. The engine would be either a Bristol Hercules radial or the Merlin. Despite the P.85's higher estimated top speed, the Blackburn Roc was selected. With Blackburn already busy producing other projects, the detail design and production of the Roc was given to Boulton Paul. Ultimately, the only use of the Defiant within the FAA was its adoption of the target tug version. P.94 The first Defiant prototype had not been fitted with a turret at first and had an impressive top speed. In 1940, Boulton Paul removed the turret from the prototype as a demonstrator for a fixed-gun fighter based on Defiant components. The armament offered was either 12 .303 inches (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns (six per wing) or four 20 millimetres (0.79 in) Hispano cannon in place of eight of the Brownings. The guns could be depressed for ground attack. By that time, the RAF had sufficient quantities of Hawker Hurricanes and Supermarine Spitfires and did not require a new single-seat fighter. With a calculated top speed of about 360 miles per hour (580 km/h) at 21,700 feet (6,600 m) the P.94 was almost as fast as a contemporary Spitfire although less manoeuvrable. Design Defiant N1671 from 307 Squadron at the RAF Museum London, partially dismantled, with its tail, engine cowling and outer wing sections removed, 2016 The Defiant was a single-engine interceptor aircraft. It used a monoplane structure which was coupled with main landing gear which retracted into a broad mainplane section. The pilot's cockpit and rear turret were faired into a streamlined upper fuselage section. Tankage for up to 104 imp gal (470 L) of fuel was housed within the wing centre section along with a large ventral radiator that completed the resemblance to the Hawker fighter. The centre section employed a two-spar arrangement, and the wing itself had removable wingtips. The rear fuselage comprised two metal cones connected by a two-foot transitional section and a flat upper deck. The Defiant employed an all-metal stressed skin monocoque structure. The fuselage was built in sections that were subsequently bolted together, a manufacturing method previously used on other Boulton Paul-designed aircraft which they thought made the riveting process easier. It was a relatively clean design and made use of a simple, weight-saving structure. The primary mission of the Defiant was the destruction of incoming enemy bombers. The principal armament of the aircraft is its powered dorsal turret, equipped with four 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns. The fuselage was fitted with aerodynamic fairings that helped mitigate the drag of the turret; they were pneumatically powered and automatically raised and lowered into the fuselage so that the turret could rotate freely. The Brownings were electrically fired and insulated cut-off points in the turret ring prevented the guns firing when they were pointing at the propeller disc or tailplane. The gunner could rotate the turret directly forward and transfer firing control of the guns to the pilot, with the guns firing along each side of the cockpit canopy; this was rarely done as the turret's minimum forward elevation was 19° and the pilot did not have a gunsight, possibly because the Defiant was outfitted to perform zero deflection shooting, as were several contemporaneous designs arising from Air Ministry specifications. An air-gunner of 264 Squadron wearing a 'GQ Parasuit', or "rhino suit", August 1940 The zero deflection gunnery technique was practised, among others, by British ace Albert Ball using Lewis guns on Foster mounts – which largely eliminated the need for either complex gun sights or aiming-off by eye. An elevation of +19° combined with ballistic properties of .303 (7.7mm) Brownings and the Defiant's operational speed made 'line of sight' aiming – as practised by Luftwaffe pilots – a practical proposition. This technique, applied later in the war by Germany as Schräge Musik, seems to have been neither taught nor practised by the RAF. Despite being common knowledge among veteran First World War aircrew, featuring in Air Ministry requirements reflected in fighter designs such as the contemporaneous Gloster F.9/37 (Gloster G9) twin-engine bomber-interceptor – armed with five 20mm cannon at +12° – virtually all losses of Bomber Command aircraft shot down by Luftwaffe night fighters using upward-firing were ascribed to flak until 1944. The gunner operated the turret through a control column with the firing button on the top. The motor could be put in high speed mode for swift changes of direction and the there was a handle for manual rotation of the turret. The gunner's hatch was in the rear of the turret, which had to be rotated to the side for entry and exit. There was not enough room in the turret for the gunner to wear a seat-type or back pack parachute; the parachute was stowed alongside the gunner instead. This made escape from the aircraft so difficult that gunners were later provided with a special all-in-one garment, a 'parasuit', nicknamed the "rhino suit". Frederick "Gus" Platts, an air gunner who served in 230, 282 and 208 squadrons, stated: "The Rhino suit we had to wear on Defiants was a bear but I couldn't come up with an alternative, even though it killed dozens of us. I forget the details of it but we could not have sat on our chute or even keep it nearby as in other turrets, so you wore – all in one – an inner layer that fitted a little like a wetsuit of today. The chute fitted around this, and then the dinghy and the outer clothing. There was inner webbing and pockets that literally fell apart (I presume) when one bailed out". Operational history Air combat Defiant Mk.I N1585, PS-A of No. 264 Sqn., RAF Kirton in Lindsey, July 1940 Defiant Mark I N3313 of No. 264 Squadron, 1940 In October 1939, No. 264 (Madras Presidency) Squadron was reformed at RAF Sutton Bridge to operate the Defiant. Initial training, formal squadron acceptance, and development of tactics began with other aircraft as it received its first Defiants only in early December at Martlesham Heath. In February 1940, the Defiant commenced night fighter training operations; the squadron tested its tactics against British medium bombers – Hampdens and Blenheims – and 264's CO flew against Robert Stanford Tuck in a Spitfire, showing that the Defiant could defend itself by circling and keeping its speed up. It became clear during these trials that the Defiant was suited only to performing its designed for bomber-destroyer duties and was vulnerable to fighters. By March 1940, 264 Squadron had two flights operational with Defiants and No. 141 Squadron received its first Defiant. When the Defiant was first introduced to the public, the RAF put out a disinformation campaign, stating that the Defiant had 21 guns: four in the turret, 14 in the wings and three cannon in the nose. On 12 May 1940, the first operational sortie occurred as a flight of six Defiants flew with six Spitfires of 66 Squadron over the English Channel to the coastline in the vicinity of The Hague, Netherlands; during this flight, a single Ju 88, which had been in the process of attacking a destroyer, was shot down. The following day, in a patrol that was a repetition of the first, Defiants claimed four Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers, but were subsequently attacked by a flight of Bf 109Es. The escorting Spitfires were unable to prevent five of the six Defiants from being shot down by a frontal attack. During the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk, the squadron was based at RAF Manston, as one of the 16 squadrons that No. 11 Group had for the evacuation. On 27 May 264 Squadron claimed three He 111 and two damaged. On 28 May, shortly after take-off, 10 Defiants were attacked by about 30 Bf 109s – forming a circle, they claimed six German fighters for the loss of three Defiants. The Defiant was initially successful against enemy aircraft and its best day was 29 May, when No. 264 Squadron claimed 37 kills in two sorties: 19 Ju 87 Stukas, mostly picked off as they came out of their dives, nine Messerschmitt Bf 110 twin-engined heavy fighters, eight Bf 109s, and a Ju 88. One Defiant gunner was lost after he bailed out but the pilot managed to fly the aircraft back to its base and it was subsequently repaired. On 31 May, seven Defiants were lost in one day as Hurricanes and Spitfires failed to come to their aid in a battle with Bf 109s. It was concluded that underslung radio aerials on the Defiants had affected radio communication between the fighter squadrons Flight Sergeants E R Thorn (pilot, left) and F J Barker (air gunner) pose with their Defiant after destroying their 13th Axis aircraft; Thorn and Barker were the most successful Defiant crew of the war. Luftwaffe fighters suffered losses when "bouncing" flights of Defiants from the rear, apparently mistaking them for Hurricanes. The German pilots were unaware of the Defiant's rear-firing armament and encountered concentrated defensive fire. The Luftwaffe changed tactics, to outmanoeuvre the Defiant and attack from below or dead ahead, where the turret guns offered no defence. Defiant losses quickly mounted, particularly among the gunners, who were often unable to leave stricken aircraft. The additional weight of the turret and the second crewman plus the aerodynamic drag gave the Defiant a lower performance than conventional single-seat fighter aircraft. 264 Squadron developed a counter against single-seat aircraft such as the Bf 109. By flying in an ever-descending Lufbery circle, Defiant crews sacrificed the advantage of height but eliminated the possibility of attack from underneath, while giving 360° of defensive fire. This tactic was used by 264 Squadron, but when the Defiants of 141 Sqn were committed to combat a few months later during the Battle of Britain, it chose to ignore their advice. On 19 July, seven out of nine 141 Squadron Defiants sent to cover a convoy off Folkestone were shot down by Bf 109s of JG 51, and the remaining two survived, one badly damaged, thanks only to the intervention of Hurricanes of 111 Sqn. The Hurricane pilots reported that the Defiants had shot down four Bf 109s. Although 264 Squadron claimed 48 kills in eight days over Dunkirk, the cost was high with 14 Defiants lost. Actual German losses were no more than 12–15 enemy aircraft; the turret's wide angle of fire meant that several Defiants could engage the same target at one time, leading to multiple claims. On 22 August, in response to an urgent demand for aircraft to defend Britain's airspace, 264 Squadron relocated to RAF Hornchurch, Essex, while also using RAF Manston as a forward base. On 24 August, nine Defiants of 264 scrambled from Manston to engage an incoming German force; in the ensuing engagement, three Ju 88s and a single Bf 109E were shot down for the loss of two Defiants. Later that same day, another cluster of bombers appeared and were engaged by seven Defiants that had been in the process of refuelling; three Ju 88s and two Bf 109Es were downed while one Defiant was in turn downed along with another damaged. On 26 August 264 Squadron engaged a formation of 12 Dornier Do 17 bombers over north-eastern Kent but was attacked by a large formation of Bf 109s. Three aircraft were lost (two to ace Hpt. Gunther Lutzow of JG 3) but six Do 17s and a Bf 109 were shot down. Three of those victories were awarded to one Defiant, crewed by Flight Sergeants E. R. Thorn (pilot) and F. J. Barker (air gunner). They shot down two Do 17s but were then engaged by a Bf 109, which set their Defiant on fire; they managed to shoot down the German fighter before making a forced landing. For this, they were awarded a bar to the Distinguished Flying Medal. The squadron lost a further five aircraft (to JG 26) on 28 August, with nine crew killed, and effectively ended operations, withdrawing to RAF Duxford the following day. With these losses, the Defiant—which had been intended from the start as a day and night fighter—was transferred to night operations instead. The type had proven unsuited to the demands of the day fighter when set against the likes of the Bf 109E, and was less capable than other RAF aircraft such as the Hurricane and the Spitfire. By 31 August, over half the delivered Defiants had been shot down by Luftwaffe aircraft, a rate that was deemed to be unacceptable. The Defiant's kill ratio was better than is commonly thought. In 20 days of frontline service in the Battle of Britain in July and August, 141 and 264 Squadron shot down 25 German aircraft for the loss of 17 Defiants. It was concluded that when operating against escorted bombers the Defiant should always be sent into battle with a top cover of Hurricanes or Spitfires so it could concentrate on its designed for role of shooting down the bombers, but this proved impractical particularly as the Defiant's radio reception (due to its underslung antenna) was relatively poor. Groundcrew working on the Merlin engine of a Defiant at RAF Fairwood Common, Wales, January 1942 On 1 July, 141 Squadron despatched L6997 on the first Defiant night patrol. In August, the squadron was operating both by day and night; on 15 August, the first possible nighttime success by a Defiant was recorded, and from September onwards, the squadron principally operated at night. In September, as a response to the commencement of heavy attacks upon London by the Luftwaffe, known as the Blitz, B Flight of No. 141 moved to RAF Biggin Hill, Bromley, while A Flight relocated to Gatwick Airport, West Sussex in October prior to moving to RAF Gravesend, Kent. Successful claimed interceptions took place, such as two He 111s being claimed on 15/16 September; the first confirmed kill by Defiant of the squadron was made on 22 December, of a single He 111. The Defiant night fighters had initially lacked airborne interception radar, thus enemy aircraft were spotted and attacked via the eyes of the crew alone, aided by ground-based searchlights intended to illuminate attacking bombers. In the opening months of 1941, as the German night bombing campaign reached its peak, increasing numbers of Defiant night fighter-equipped squadrons became operational and commenced night patrols although, according to Bowyer, there were relatively few claims across many Defiant sorties. As a counterpoint, aviation author John Taylor noted that during the Blitz on London of 1940–41, the four Defiant-equipped squadrons were responsible for shooting down more enemy aircraft than any other type in the theatre. The improved Defiant Mk II model was fitted with the AI Mk. IV radar and a Merlin XX engine, increasing the aircraft's performance, particularly at night time. In September 1941, 264 Squadron became the first to receive the Defiant Mk II, bringing them into operational use by mid-September. The principal users of the Mk II night fighter were 96, 151, and 262 Squadrons. As the radar-equipped Defiants began filtering through to operational squadrons, the Luftwaffe's bombing campaign petered out as German forces had become heavily engaged on the Eastern Front as they embarked upon the Operation Barbarossa the invasion of the Soviet Union. Defiant night fighters typically attacked enemy bombers from below, in a similar manoeuvre to the later German Schräge Musik method. Defiants attacked more often from slightly ahead or to one side, rather than from directly under the tail. The turret-fighter concept was not immediately discarded. Four-gun turrets were fitted to Beaufighter (Mk II, in 1941) and Mosquito (Bristol design turret, September 1941) night fighters to test the advantages of flexible firing in nightfighting but the effect on top speed (for the Beaufighter reduced from 303 mph to 272 mph at altitude) was not acceptable and those conversions were abandoned. Further developments were considered using more powerful engines, but the idea of a Defiant replacement was finally dropped in 1942 Other roles A Defiant TT Mk I in flight After trials in 1940 with the School of Army Co-operation to assess its capabilities in that role, the Defiant was tested as a high-speed gunnery trainer with the Air Ministry agreeing to continue production. The Defiant was removed from combat duties in 1942 and used for training, target towing, electronic countermeasures and air-sea rescue. Two types of electronic countermeasures equipment were carried by the Defiant, both countering the German Freya early warning radar. The first system to be deployed was "Moonshine", which re-transmitted the radar's signals to simulate large formations of aircraft. As each "Moonshine" transmitter only covered part of the Freya's frequency, a formation of eight Defiants was needed, giving the appearance of over 100 aircraft. As the system required formation flying, it could only be used in daylight, where it could draw German fighters onto British fighters leaving another area relatively free for a British bombing raid. A "Special Duties Flight" was set up in May 1942 to use the new countermeasures equipment, with "Moonshine" being used for its first live test on 6 August 1942. Subsequently, it was used operationally as part of "Circuses" against coastal targets and on 19 August in support of the Dieppe Raid. The Flight became No. 515 Squadron RAF on 1 October 1942, operations with "Moonshine" continuing until November 1942. 515 Squadron continued operations with the second countermeasures system, "Mandrel", a noise jammer which overwhelmed the signals from Freya. Individual Defiants were sent to orbit positions 50 miles (80 km) off the enemy coast. By using nine aircraft a 200-mile (320-km) gap could be made in the Germans' radar coverage. 515 Squadron flew its first mission using Mandrel on the night of 5/6 December 1942, continuing to use its Defiants for jamming operations until early 1943, when it began to receive twin-engined Bristol Beaufighters which had longer range and could carry more electronic equipment. The Defiant flew its last jamming mission on 17 July 1943, with one aircraft being lost out of four sent out that night. Defiant TT Mk III target tug, number N1697; RAF Desford, May 1944. The wind-driven generator provided power for the target winch In the air-sea rescue role, the Defiant was the intended replacement for the Westland Lysander in shallow air-sea rescue units. In order for this task to be performed, Defiants in this capacity were equipped with a pair of underwing pods that each contained two M-type dinghies. In March 1942, No. 281 Squadron formed at RAF Ouston, Northumberland, partially operating Defiant Mk Is; four more squadrons received the type within the next two months. However, six months following their introduction to the role, the Defiant had proved to be a poor choice for the role, in part due to the aircraft already been worn out by their previous service, which limited the sortie rate; other issues included its high stalling speed and wide turning radius. By the end of 1942, the Defiant had been phased out of the air-sea role. A high-speed target tug variant, the Defiant Mk III, was developed in response to a growing demand for such a type; this model featured considerable modifications for the role, such as lacking the dorsal turret. Many of the surviving Mk I and Mk II Defiants also had their turrets removed when they were converted for the same role. In this final target towing variant, the Defiant ended up with a number of overseas assignments with both the RAF and Fleet Air Arm in the Middle East, Africa and India. Further deployments occurred to Canada, where the Defiant was used as a target tug and trainer with the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. Defiants were also used for "special" work including tactical evaluations with the RAF Gunnery Research Unit and the Air Fighting Development Unit (AFDU) at Farnborough. Two Defiants were issued for ejection seat development work: one to R Malcolm Ltd (later ML Aviation) and the other to Martin-Baker. On 11 December 1944, Defiant DR944 was delivered to Martin-Baker's facility at Denham; sometime thereafter, a primitive ejector seat was fitted into the observers position for trial purposes. On 11 May 1945, Martin-Baker used DR944 to test their first ejection seat with dummy launches. Various trials using DR944 took place until May 1948. The other Defiant, AA292, was delivered to R Malcolm Ltd at White Waltham Airfield on 15 April 1945 and the first airborne trial with dummies was held in the following October. The last operational use of Defiants was in India, where they were used as target tugs. Variants A formation of Defiants Several parked Defiants Defiant Mk I Two-seat turret fighter for the RAF, powered by a 1,030 hp (768 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin III piston engine; 723 built. Defiant NF Mk I Defiant Mk I converted into night fighters Defiant NF Mk IA NF Mk I with Airborne Interception radar. Defiant ASR Mk I Mk I carrying air-dropped dinghies for air-sea rescue. Defiant TT Mk I Defiant Mk IIs converted to target tugs; 150 conversions. Defiant Mk II Two-seat night fighter for the RAF, powered by a 1,280 hp (954 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin XX piston engine, and fitted with the AI Mk IV airborne interception radar; 210 built. Defiant TT Mk III Dedicated turret-less target tug; 140 built from new. Operators Main article: List of Boulton Paul Defiant operators  Australia British India  Canada  Poland  United Kingdom  United States Surviving aircraft Defiant N1671, RAF Museum Cosford, 2023 The only surviving complete example of the type is a Defiant I, N1671, on display as a night fighter at the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford in Shropshire. It was one of four Defiants delivered to No. 307 Polish Night Fighter Squadron at RAF Kirton in Lindsey, Lincolnshire on 17 September 1940 and was passed to No. 153 Squadron at the end of October 1941 and 285 Sqn in 1942. In 1954, it was identified for storage as a historical aircraft and passed to the RAF Museum at Hendon, London in 1971. The aircraft was moved on 20 May 2009 to Rochester Airport, where it was restored by the Medway Aircraft Preservation Society (MAPS). It was returned to Hendon on 6 December 2012, and was then moved from Hendon to Royal Air Force Museum Cosford in November 2016 for display in the War in the Air hangar. Major parts of at least two other Defiants survive; N1766 and N3378, both Mk Is. A full-scale replica Defiant was created on site at Boulton Paul in Wolverhampton by ex-Boulton Paul engineer Jack Holmes and team at the Boulton Paul Heritage Society. More than 50,000 man hours went into its production and it was unveiled in 2003 marking 60 years since the last Defiant flew out of Pendeford (the World War II training airfield next to the Boulton Paul Factory in Wolverhampton). Due to change of ownership at the Boulton Paul site, the Defiant faced losing its home in Wolverhampton, and in 2015 was relocated to its now permanent home on display at the Kent Battle of Britain Museum in the colours of 264 Squadron (L7005). Specifications (Mk I) Closeup view of the turret of a Defiant with its four 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns Data from War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Two Fighters, The Boulton Paul DefiantGeneral characteristics Crew: two: pilot, gunner Length: 35 ft 4 in (10.77 m) Wingspan: 39 ft 4 in (11.99 m) Height: 11 ft 4 in (3.45 m) Wing area: 250 sq ft (23 m2) Empty weight: 6,078 lb (2,757 kg) Gross weight: 8,318 lb (3,773 kg) Max takeoff weight: 8,600 lb (3,901 kg) Powerplant: 1 × Rolls-Royce Merlin III liquid-cooled V12 engine, 1,030 hp (770 kW) Propellers: 3-bladed Performance Maximum speed: 304 mph (489 km/h, 264 kn) at 17,000 ft (5,200 m) Cruise speed: 175 mph (282 km/h, 152 kn) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m) Range: 465 mi (748 km, 404 nmi) Endurance: 1hr 47min Service ceiling: 31,000 ft (9,400 m) Time to altitude: 8.5 min to 15,000 ft (4,600 m) Armament Guns: 4 × 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns in hydraulically powered dorsal turret (600 rpg) See also External videos A compilation of information and period footage of the Defiant Slideshow of a preserved Defiant on static display British Pathé newsreel on the manufacturing of the Defiant GWR 4073 Class 5080 Defiant Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Blackburn Roc Hawker Hotspur Related lists List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force List of aircraft of World War II Notes ^ Boulton & Paul Ltd had turned their aircraft division into a separate company which then moved from Norwich to Wolverhampton in 1936 to take advantage of the availability of skilled workers in the area ^ The normal rating used for Battle of Britain Hurricane Mk.Is, Spitfire Mk.Is and Defiants was 1,030 hp (768 kW); from June 1940 supplies of 100 octane fuel from America became available, increasing power. ^ Night fighter operations with the Defiant began in June 1940 ^ This action is sometimes called "slaughter of the innocents." ^ One of the Dornier 17s shot down by 264 Squadron that day, 5K+AR of Kampfgeschwader 3, crash–landed on the Goodwin Sands; two crew died and two survived to become prisoners. The aircraft later became submerged under shallow water and is the only known intact surviving Dornier 17. On 10 June 2013, it was the subject of a recovery operation by the Royal Air Force Museum. The identify of the Defiant that shot it down is unknown. References Citations ^ Bowyer 1966, pp. 11–12. ^ a b Verkaik, 2020 p334 ^ Verkaik (2020). Defiant Forgotten heroes of the Battle of Britain. Robinson. p. 145. ^ Wheeler 1992, p. 48. ^ a b Cagill 2005, p. 44. ^ Cagill 2005, p. 41. ^ Verkaik, 2020 p309 ^ "Boulton Paul Defiant". www.tangmere-museum.org.uk. Tangmere Military Aviation Museum. August 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2019. The "Daffy", as the Defiant was affectionately known, also saw service with the Royal Navy and the air forces of Australia, Canada and Poland. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Bowyer 1966, p. 3. ^ a b c d Buttler 2004, p. 51. ^ Mondey 2002, pp. 40–41. ^ Verkaik, 2020 p61 ^ Mondey 2002, p. 41. ^ Buttler, p52-53 ^ Buttler, p54 ^ a b c d e Bowyer 1970, p. 270. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Bowyer 1966, p. 4. ^ Bowyer 1966, pp. 3–4. ^ Brew p 36 ^ Bowyer 1966, pp. 4–5. ^ a b c d e f Bowyer 1966, p. 5. ^ a b c d e f g h Bowyer 1966, p. 6. ^ Buttler 2004, p. 55. ^ Buttler P54 ^ Sinnott, Colin (2014). The RAF and Aircraft Design 1935–1939. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415761307. ^ Butler, Tony (8 June 2004). British Secret Projects: Fighters and Bombers 1935–1950. Midland Counties Publishing (an imprint of Ian Allan Publishing). ISBN 978-1857801798. ^ Brew, p33 ^ Nijboer 2001, p. 150. ^ Brew 1996, p. 19. ^ Hearst Magazines (September 1940). "Twenty-One Gun Warplane Pours Fire In All Directions". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. p. 391. ^ Bowyer 1966, pp. 6–7. ^ a b c d Bowyer 1966, p. 7. ^ Verkaik (2020). Defiant Forgotten heroes of the Battle of Britain. Robinson. p. 216. ^ Thomas 2012, p. 55. ^ Green 1961, p. 12. ^ Winchester 2005, p. 16. ^ Brew 2002, p. 56. ^ Brew 1996, p. 27. ^ a b c d e f g Bowyer 1966, p. 8. ^ Brew 2002, pp. 65–66. ^ a b "Combat Report, 264 Squadron, 1200–1305 hours, 26 August 1940." Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved: 8 June 2013. ^ "The Airmen's Stories – Sgt. E R Thorn." Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine The Battle of Britain London Monument. Retrieved: 24 May 2013. ^ "Dornier Do 17Z Werke nr. 1160." Royal Air Force Museum, 6 December 2012. Retrieved: 5 May 2013. ^ "Dornier 17 Conservation: Identification." Archived 6 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Royal Air Force Museum, 6 December 2012. Retrieved: 5 May 2013. ^ Verkaik (2020). Defiant Forgotten heroes of the Battle of Britain. Robinson. p. 335. ^ Verkaik (2020). Defiant Forgotten heroes of the Battle of Britain. Robinson. p. 251. ^ Bowyer 1966, pp. 8–9. ^ a b c d e f g Bowyer 1966, p. 9. ^ a b Taylor 1969, p. 326. ^ Brew 2002, p. 105. ^ a b Bowyer 1966, pp. 5–6. ^ Brew 2002, p. 121. ^ Price 1979, pp. 99–100. ^ Brew 2002, pp. 122–123. ^ Brew 2002, p. 123. ^ Price 1979, pp. 124–125. ^ Brew 2002, pp. 123–124. ^ a b Bowyer 1966, pp. 5, 9. ^ Bowyer 1966, pp. 6, 10. ^ Carter 2006 p. 25. ^ "Aircraft of the Indian Air Force: Boulton-Paul Defiant TT I & TT III." Archived 6 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved: 5 November 2015. ^ "Boulton Paul Defiant Mk 1". Royal Air Force Museum. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ a b Simpson, Andrew. "Boulton Paul Defiant I N1671/837OM: museum accession no. 74/A/16" (PDF). Royal Air Force Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2019. ^ "Rare WWII fighter plane to land for restoration." Kent News, 18 April 2009. Retrieved: 22 May 2009. ^ Aviation News March 2013, p. 19. ^ "Review: RAF Cosford Museum". mechtraveller.com. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017. ^ 'Defiant' Jack Holmes: The man who built the Boulton Paul Defiant museums.eu ^ Green 1961, p. 14. ^ Bowyer 1966, p. 12. ^ Brew 1996, p. 121. Bibliography Ansell, Mark. Boulton Paul Defiant. Redbourn, Herts, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2005. ISBN 83-89450-19-4. Bowyer, Michael J.F. "The Boulton Paul Defiant." Aircraft in Profile, Vol. 5. London: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966. Brew, Alex. The Turret Fighters – Defiant and Roc. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2002. ISBN 1-86126-497-6. Brew, Alex. The Defiant File. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1996. ISBN 0-85130-226-2. Buttler, Tony. British Secret Projects: Fighters & Bombers 1935–1950. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-85780-179-2. Carter, Graham. ML Aviation Ltd: A Secret World. Chippenham: Keyham Books, 2006. ISBN 0-952-7715-6-X Caygill, Peter. Flying to the Limit: Testing WW II Single-engined Fighters. Casemate Publishers, 2005. ISBN 978-1-84415-226-1 Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War: Fighters, Vol. 2. London: Macdonald & Co., 1961. No ISBN. Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: RAF Fighters, Part 1. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishing Ltd., 1978. ISBN 0-354-01090-5. Hall, Alan W. and Andrew Thomas. Boulton Paul Defiant (Warpaint Series No. 42). Luton, Bedfordshire, UK: Warpaint Books, 2003. Mondey, David. The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor Press, 2002. ISBN 1-85152-668-4. Nijboer, Donald. Gunner: An Illustrated History of World War II Aircraft Turrets and Gun Positions. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Company Limited (reprinted by Boston Mills Press (Canada), 2001. ISBN 1-84037-304-0. Price, Alfred. Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare. St. Albans, UK: Granada, 1979. ISBN 0-586-04834-0. Taylor, John W.R. "Boulton Paul Defiant." Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. ISBN 0-425-03633-2. Thomas, Andrew (2012). Defiant, Blenheim and Havoc Aces. Aircraft of the Aces 105. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-666-0.. Verkaik, Robert (2021) . Defiant: Forgotten heroes of the Battle of Britain. Robinson. ISBN 978-1472143556. Whitehouse, Les. "The Disappointing Defiant." Air Enthusiast Volume 5, November 1977 – February 1978. Bromley, Kent, UK: Pilot Press Ltd., 1977. Wheeler, Barry C. The Hamlyn Guide to Military Aircraft Markings. London: Chancellor Press, 1992. ISBN 1-85152-582-3. Winchester, Jim. "Boulton Paul Defiant." The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. ISBN 1-904687-34-2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boulton Paul Defiant. Death of the Defiant: A closer look at the Defiant, its faults and its achievements Archived 29 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine Fleet Air Arm Archive Aeroflight.co.uk The Boulton Paul Association "Boulton Paul Defiant." Flight, 12 February 1942, pp. 132–135. in German featuring Boulton Paul P.94 Archived 30 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine vteBoulton & Paul and Boulton Paul aircraftManufacturer designations P.1 P.2 P.3 P.4 P.5 P.6 P.7 P.8 P.9 P.10 P.11 P.12 P.15 P.19 P.25 P.28 P.29 P.31 P.32 P.33 P.34 P.35 P.36 P.37 P.38 P.40 P.41 P.42 P.45 P.46 P.47 P.48 P.49 P.54 P.55 P.57 P.58 P.59 P.60 P.62 P.63 P.64 P.71 P.75 P.79 P.80 P.82 P.85 P.90 P.92 P.93 P.94 P.97 P.103 P.107 P.108 P.111 P.112 P.115 P.116 P.119 P.120 P.130 P.132 P.134 P.135 P.136 P.137 P.140 P.141 P.142 P.143 P.144 P.145 P.146 By role (service names)Fighters Bobolink Bittern Defiant Partridge Bombers Bolton Bourges Bodmin Bugle Sidestrand Overstrand P.32 Experimental Atlantic P.6 P.10 P.92/2 P.111 P.120 Transports Atlantic Mailplane P.71A Trainers Phoenix Balliol Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interceptor aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Boulton Paul Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Roc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Roc"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson-2"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Bf 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"night fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_fighter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cagill2005-44-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bristol Beaufighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Mosquito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cagill2005-44-5"},{"link_name":"electronic countermeasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasures"},{"link_name":"air-sea rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-sea_rescue"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Boulton Paul Defiant is a British interceptor aircraft that served with the Royal Air Force (RAF) during World War II. The Defiant was designed and built by Boulton Paul Aircraft as a \"turret fighter\" to meet the RAF requirement for day and night fighters that could concentrate their firepower on enemy bombers which were not expected to have fighter escorts due to the distance from Germany to the United Kingdom. The Defiant had all its armament in a dorsal turret offering the ability to fire in most directions. The same principle was used in the Royal Navy's Blackburn Roc which was also built by Boulton Paul.In combat, the Defiant was found to be effective at destroying bombers, the role it was designed for,[2] but was vulnerable to the Luftwaffe's more manoeuvrable, single-seat Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters operating from bases in Northern France. The Defiant had been designed to destroy unescorted bombers by means of beam or ventral attacks[2][3] and therefore lacked forward-firing armament, which proved to be a great weakness in daylight combat with fighters. It was withdrawn from daytime operations for use as a night fighter and found success in combination with the use of airborne radar to locate the enemy.[4] It eventually equipped thirteen squadrons in this role,[5] compared to just two squadrons as a day-fighter,[6] though this was mainly due to slow initial production.[7] In mid-1942 it was replaced by better performing night-fighters, the Bristol Beaufighter and de Havilland Mosquito.[5] The Defiant continued to find use in gunnery training, target towing, electronic countermeasures and air-sea rescue. Among RAF pilots it had the nickname \"Daffy\".[8]","title":"Boulton Paul Defiant"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_3-9"},{"link_name":"monoplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplane"},{"link_name":"biplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplane"},{"link_name":"Vickers Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_3-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boulton_Paul_Defiant.jpg"},{"link_name":"No. 264 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._264_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"turret-armed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buttler_p._51-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_3-9"},{"link_name":"Hawker Demon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Demon"},{"link_name":"hydraulically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"John Dudley North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dudley_North"},{"link_name":"Boulton Paul Overstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Overstrand"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_3-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buttler_p._51-10"},{"link_name":"Air Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Ministry"},{"link_name":"Specification F.9/35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Air_Ministry_specifications"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buttler_p._51-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_3-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_3-9"},{"link_name":"Armstrong Whitworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buttler_p._51-10"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane_Company"},{"link_name":"Fairey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Gloster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Supermarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ButtlerP523-14"},{"link_name":"HM Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Treasury"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_3-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"During the 1930s, the increasing speed of military aircraft posed a particular challenge to anti-aircraft defences.[9] Advances in aircraft design achieved during the 1920s and 1930s had resulted in a generation of multi-engined monoplane bombers that were substantially faster than their contemporary single-engined biplane fighters then in service. The RAF came to believe that its new generation of turret-armed bombers, such as the Vickers Wellington, would be capable of readily penetrating enemy airspace and of defending themselves without any accompanying fighter escort, but also recognised that the bombers of other European air forces, such as the Luftwaffe, would similarly be able to penetrate British airspace with impunity.[9]Defiants of No. 264 Squadron in 1940.During 1935, the concept of a turret-armed defensive fighter to counter the bomber threat emerged during a time in which the RAF anticipated having to defend Great Britain against massed formations of unescorted enemy bombers.[10][11] The RAF did not expect bombers to be escorted by fighters because fighters would not have the range to reach the UK from Germany.[12] In theory, turret-armed fighters would approach an enemy bomber from below or from the side and coordinate their fire. The separation of the tasks of flying the aircraft and firing the guns would allow the pilot to concentrate on putting the fighter into the best position for the gunner to engage the enemy. However, manually-traversed turrets were viewed as increasingly inadequate to effectively respond to ever-faster hostile aircraft, thus there was considerable interest in using a power-augmented turret.[9]The earlier Hawker Demon biplane had tested the concept with 59 of the fighters, which had been manufactured by Boulton Paul under a sub-contract, having been equipped with a hydraulically-powered rear turret, while a number of aircraft already built were also converted as such.[13] Boulton Paul and its managing director John Dudley North had gained considerable experience with defensive turrets from producing several earlier aircraft, including the Boulton Paul Overstrand bomber, and had devised a four-gun power-operated turret, the concept and development work of which would later be a core part of the Defiant design.[9] Boulton Paul had acquired a four-gun powered turret from the French SAMM company in 1935.[10]In April 1935, the Air Ministry released Specification F.9/35, which required a two-seater day and night \"turret fighter\" capable of 290 miles per hour (470 km/h) at 15,000 feet (4,600 m).[10] The aircraft was to feature a clean design, concentrating its armament within a power-operated turret, and the accepted performance was to be only slightly beneath that of other emergent fighter designs of the period, along with a sufficient fuel capacity to allow it to perform standing patrols.[9] In particular, the powered turret was to offer considerable flexibility, possessing both a 360-degree upper hemisphere field of fire and the ability to engage enemy bombers from a range of quarters, including below the aircraft itself.[9] Specification F.9/35 had followed the earlier Specification F.5/33, which had sought a pusher design combined with a forward-set turret; F.5/33 had been abandoned as the proposals had offered little in terms of performance gains over existing fighters, and the corresponding Armstrong Whitworth AW.34 design which had been ordered was not completed.[10]F.5/35 was issued to British manufacturers in June 1935. Seven responded to the tender: Armstrong Whitworth (twin-engines, based on the AW.34), Boulton and Paul (P.82), Bristol (Type 147), Fairey, Gloster, Hawker, and Supermarine (Type 305). Vickers did start on a design but did not provide it to the Air Ministry[14] In September 1935 the Air Ministry picked Hawker, Boulton Paul and Armstrong Whitworth designs as the top three (in decreasing order); Gloster and Bristol were rejected due to their turret designs. The Air Ministry wanted several designs investigated and the production of two prototypes of each. To get this large number of aircraft, HM Treasury had to approve the expenditure above that already allocated.[9] Seven prototypes were ordered - one from Armstrong Whitworth, two each from Fairey, Hawker and Boulton Paul - but only the two Defiant prototypes and one Hawker were completed.[15]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_3-9"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"Société d'applications des machines motrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27applications_des_machines_motrices&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27applications_des_machines_motrices"},{"link_name":"Boulton Paul Sidestrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Sidestrand"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Roc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Roc"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowyer_p.270-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowyer_p.270-16"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton"},{"link_name":"[N 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4-18"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin"},{"link_name":"maiden flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_flight"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4-18"},{"link_name":"radio masts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_mast"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_3_4-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4-18"}],"sub_title":"P.82","text":"Boulton Paul, having been focused on turret-equipped aircraft for some time, made the submission to Specification F.9/35; with the company designation of P.82.[9] The proposed fighter was similar in size and appearance to the more conventional Hawker Hurricane, differing in weight primarily due to the use of turret-based armaments. The central feature of the P.82 was its four-gun turret, based on a design by French aviation company Société d'applications des machines motrices [fr] (SAMM), which had been licensed by Boulton Paul for use in the earlier Boulton Paul Sidestrand bomber, eventually installed in the \"follow-up\" design, the Boulton Paul Overstrand and in the Blackburn Roc naval fighter.[16] The 'Type A' turret was an electro-hydraulically powered \"drop-in\" unit, with a crank-operated mechanical backup. Small bombs could be housed in recesses in the outer wing.[16] Some of the development work from the company's earlier B.1/35 tender was carried over into the P.82.In 1936, Boulton Paul commenced assembly on the first P.82 prototype, K8310, at their new Wolverhampton facility[N 1]; an order for a second prototype, K8620, was received by the following year.[17]\nIn 1937, the first P.82 prototype, K8310, was rolled out. Furnished with a 1,030 hp (768 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin I and initially lacking its turret, the aircraft bore a great resemblance to the contemporary Hawker Hurricane, although it was at least 1,500 pounds (680 kg) heavier. On 11 August 1937, K8310, which had recently received the name Defiant, conducted its maiden flight.[17] This initial flight, piloted by Boulton Paul's chief test pilot Cecil Feather, occurred nearly a year ahead of the rival Hotspur but still without the turret. Official acceptance trials did not commence until nine months later.[17] On 30 July 1939, the second prototype, K8620, equipped with a Merlin II engine and a full turret, conducted its first flight. K8620 had received various modifications over the first prototype, such as telescopic radio masts and revisions to the canopy and to the undercarriage fairing plates; implementing these improvements had incurred delays to the completion of the second prototype.[17]Production orders had been prepared for the Hotspur, the initial front-running submission but Boulton Paul's turret design had gained the attention of the Air Ministry. Hawker's progress on the project had been delayed by their commitments on other aircraft programs including the more conventional Hurricane; thus the prototype Hotspur, K8309, did not conduct its maiden flight until 14 June 1938.[18] On 28 April 1937, an initial production order for 87 aircraft was received by Boulton Paul for the P.82; as this was prior to the first flight of the prototype, the aircraft had effectively been ordered 'off the drawing board'.[17] The order for the rival Hotspur was cancelled in 1938.Completing its acceptance tests with the turret installed, the Defiant attained a top speed of 302 miles per hour (486 km/h) and subsequently was declared the victor of the turret fighter competition.[17] Flight trials had revealed the aircraft to possess positive flight characteristics and considerable stability, which was of particular value when using the turret. According to aviation author Michael Bowyer, the usefulness of the Defiant had suffered due to the overly long development time for the type, observing that the Defiant's service entry was delayed to such an extent that only three production aircraft had reached the RAF, and these were only for trial purposes, by the outbreak of the Second World War.[17] Due to delays with the type entering production, there were not enough available Defiants to begin standing patrols in 1940, by which point the introduction of not only more advanced fighters but bombers as well had allegedly undermined the usefulness of the type.[17]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroplane_and_Armament_Experimental_Establishment"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4-18"},{"link_name":"[N 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4-18"},{"link_name":"rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"radiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator"},{"link_name":"cowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowling"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4-18"},{"link_name":"airborne interception radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_interception_radar"},{"link_name":"night fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_fighter"},{"link_name":"[N 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4-18"},{"link_name":"AI Mk. IV radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Mk._IV_radar"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_4_5-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_5-24"},{"link_name":"Bristol Beaufighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_5-24"},{"link_name":"RAF Search and Rescue Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Search_and_Rescue_Force"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_5-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_5-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_6-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_6-25"},{"link_name":"filters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_filter"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_6-25"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"On 30 July 1939, the first production Defiant, L6950, conducted its maiden flight; it commenced official trials with the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE) in September that year.[17] Apart from some detail changes, the production Defiant Mk I looked similar to the two Defiant prototypes. It was powered by the Rolls-Royce Merlin III engine, which was capable of generating 1,030 hp/768 kW or 1,160 hp/865 kW.[N 2]By January 1940, over half of the original production batch had been completed.[17] Beyond the initial production order in April 1937, follow-on orders had been issued for the type; in February 1938, an additional 202 Defiant Mk I aircraft were ordered; three months later, another 161 aircraft were ordered.[17] At the same time Boulton Paul were engaged in production of the Blackburn Roc.[19] In December 1939, yet another 150 aircraft were ordered, raising the overall total to 513. In 1940, this rose to 563 Defiant Mk Is on order, while a further 280 were ordered under a rearranged manufacturing plan issued in mid-1940.[17] However, the performance of the Defiant had been determined to be inadequate by this point, which led to manufacturing being sustained principally for economic reasons.[17] A total of 713 Defiant Mk I aircraft were completed.In response to a service request which sought greater performance, the Defiant Mk II, powered by the 1,260 hp Merlin XX engine, was promptly developed. On 20 July 1940, N1550, the first production Defiant Mk II performed its initial flight.[17] The Mk II featured a pressurised fuel system, additional fuel, an enlarged rudder, a deeper radiator, a modified engine mounting and elongated cowling. Once sufficient numbers of the Merlin XX engine were available, production of the improved variant commenced; in August 1941, the first production deliveries of the Defiant Mk II took place.[17]The Defiant Mk II was soon paired with the newly developed airborne interception radar (AI) to become more effective night fighter.[N 3][17] While initial AI equipment was too heavy and bulky to be practical for equipping smaller aircraft, the improved AI Mk. IV radar was suitably sized for the Defiant; the first such equipped Defiants were introduced in late 1941.[20] Later versions of the AI radar were adopted over time, such as the AI Mk VI.[21] The need for both the Defiant (and the Hurricane) in the night fighter role petered out by 1942 as the larger Bristol Beaufighter became the RAF's primary night fighter type, freeing both aircraft for other duties.[21]In the search for alternative uses for the Defiant, which included limited service with the RAF Search and Rescue Force and suitability trials for cooperative operations with the British Army, it was determined that Defiant production would continue in order to satisfy a pressing requirement for high speed gunnery targets.[21] A dedicated version of the aircraft, the Defiant TT Mk I, was developed for this purpose; modifications included the removal of the turret, the installation of target-towing equipment, including a target stowage box and a wind-driven winch, and the addition of a winch operator under an enclosed canopy.[21] In January 1942, the prototype Defiant TT Mk I, DR863, conducted its maiden flight; fighter production was phased out shortly thereafter.[22]The last Defiant Mk IIs under construction were completed as TT Mk I aircraft. Dozens of existing Defiant Mk Is would be remanufactured to the similar Defiant TT Mk III standard; roughly 150 of such conversions took place during 1943–1944.[22] So that the type could be used to meet the growing overseas demand for target-towing aircraft, the Defiant was tropicalized, a large portion of which was the installation of large filters underneath the aircraft's nose.[22]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fleet Air Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_6-25"}],"sub_title":"P.85","text":"The P.85 was Boulton Paul's tender to Specification O.30/35 for the naval turret fighter. A version of the Defiant for Fleet Air Arm (FAA), it had leading edge slats and a deeper fuselage, for the lower landing speeds required of carrier aircraft. The engine would be either a Bristol Hercules radial or the Merlin. Despite the P.85's higher estimated top speed, the Blackburn Roc was selected. With Blackburn already busy producing other projects, the detail design and production of the Roc was given to Boulton Paul.[23] Ultimately, the only use of the Defiant within the FAA was its adoption of the target tug version.[22]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supermarine Spitfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"}],"sub_title":"P.94","text":"The first Defiant prototype had not been fitted with a turret at first and had an impressive top speed. In 1940, Boulton Paul removed the turret from the prototype as a demonstrator for a fixed-gun fighter based on Defiant components. The armament offered was either 12 .303 inches (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns (six per wing) or four 20 millimetres (0.79 in) Hispano cannon in place of eight of the Brownings. The guns could be depressed for ground attack. By that time, the RAF had sufficient quantities of Hawker Hurricanes and Supermarine Spitfires and did not require a new single-seat fighter. With a calculated top speed of about 360 miles per hour (580 km/h) at 21,700 feet (6,600 m) the P.94 was almost as fast as a contemporary Spitfire although less manoeuvrable.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boulton_Paul_Defiant_I_%E2%80%98N1671%E2%80%99_(33048219551).jpg"},{"link_name":"307 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._307_Polish_Night_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"interceptor aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft"},{"link_name":"main landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear"},{"link_name":"cockpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit"},{"link_name":"radiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_3-9"},{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_3-9"},{"link_name":"monocoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_3-9"},{"link_name":"0.303 in (7.7 mm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.303_British"},{"link_name":"Browning machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"fuselage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage"},{"link_name":"aerodynamic fairings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_fairing"},{"link_name":"pneumatically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_3-9"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_air_gunner_of_No._264_Squadron_RAF_about_to_enter_the_gun_turret_of_his_Boulton_Paul_Defiant_Mk_I_at_Kirton-in-Lindsey,_Lincolnshire,_August_1940._CH874.jpg"},{"link_name":"Albert Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ball"},{"link_name":"Lewis guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_gun"},{"link_name":"Foster mounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_mounting"},{"link_name":"Schräge Musik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%A4ge_Musik"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Gloster F.9/37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_F.9/37"},{"link_name":"flak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nijboer_p.150-31"}],"text":"Defiant N1671 from 307 Squadron at the RAF Museum London, partially dismantled, with its tail, engine cowling and outer wing sections removed, 2016The Defiant was a single-engine interceptor aircraft. It used a monoplane structure which was coupled with main landing gear which retracted into a broad mainplane section. The pilot's cockpit and rear turret were faired into a streamlined upper fuselage section. Tankage for up to 104 imp gal (470 L) of fuel was housed within the wing centre section along with a large ventral radiator that completed the resemblance to the Hawker fighter.[9] The centre section employed a two-spar arrangement, and the wing itself had removable wingtips. The rear fuselage comprised two metal cones connected by a two-foot transitional section and a flat upper deck.[9] The Defiant employed an all-metal stressed skin monocoque structure. The fuselage was built in sections that were subsequently bolted together, a manufacturing method previously used on other Boulton Paul-designed aircraft which they thought made the riveting process easier.[24] It was a relatively clean design and made use of a simple, weight-saving structure.[9]The primary mission of the Defiant was the destruction of incoming enemy bombers. The principal armament of the aircraft is its powered dorsal turret, equipped with four 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns. The fuselage was fitted with aerodynamic fairings that helped mitigate the drag of the turret; they were pneumatically powered and automatically raised and lowered into the fuselage so that the turret could rotate freely. The Brownings were electrically fired and insulated cut-off points in the turret ring prevented the guns firing when they were pointing at the propeller disc or tailplane.[9] The gunner could rotate the turret directly forward and transfer firing control of the guns to the pilot, with the guns firing along each side of the cockpit canopy; this was rarely done as the turret's minimum forward elevation was 19° and the pilot did not have a gunsight, possibly because the Defiant was outfitted to perform zero deflection shooting, as were several contemporaneous designs arising from Air Ministry specifications.[25][page needed]An air-gunner of 264 Squadron wearing a 'GQ Parasuit', or \"rhino suit\", August 1940The zero deflection gunnery technique was practised, among others, by British ace Albert Ball using Lewis guns on Foster mounts – which largely eliminated the need for either complex gun sights or aiming-off by eye. An elevation of +19° combined with ballistic properties of .303 (7.7mm) Brownings and the Defiant's operational speed made 'line of sight' aiming – as practised by Luftwaffe pilots – a practical proposition. This technique, applied later in the war by Germany as Schräge Musik, seems to have been neither taught nor practised by the RAF. Despite being common knowledge among veteran First World War aircrew, featuring in Air Ministry requirements reflected in fighter designs such as the contemporaneous Gloster F.9/37 (Gloster G9) twin-engine bomber-interceptor – armed with five 20mm cannon at +12° – virtually all losses of Bomber Command aircraft shot down by Luftwaffe night fighters using upward-firing were ascribed to flak until 1944.[26][page needed]The gunner operated the turret through a control column with the firing button on the top. The motor could be put in high speed mode for swift changes of direction and the there was a handle for manual rotation of the turret.The gunner's hatch was in the rear of the turret, which had to be rotated to the side for entry and exit. There was not enough room in the turret for the gunner to wear a seat-type or back pack parachute; the parachute was stowed alongside the gunner instead. This made escape from the aircraft so difficult that gunners were later provided with a special all-in-one garment, a 'parasuit',[27] nicknamed the \"rhino suit\". Frederick \"Gus\" Platts, an air gunner who served in 230, 282 and 208 squadrons, stated: \"The Rhino suit we had to wear on Defiants was a bear but I couldn't come up with an alternative, even though it killed dozens of us. I forget the details of it but we could not have sat on our chute or even keep it nearby as in other turrets, so you wore – all in one – an inner layer that fitted a little like a wetsuit of today. The chute fitted around this, and then the dinghy and the outer clothing. There was inner webbing and pockets that literally fell apart (I presume) when one bailed out\".[28]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boulton_Paul_Defiant.png"},{"link_name":"RAF Kirton in Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Kirton_in_Lindsey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boulton_Paul_Defiant_Mk_I_in_flight.jpg"},{"link_name":"No. 264 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._264_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 264 (Madras Presidency) Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._264_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Sutton Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Sutton_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_6-25"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brew_1996,_p._19-32"},{"link_name":"Hampdens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden"},{"link_name":"Blenheims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim"},{"link_name":"Robert Stanford Tuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stanford_Tuck"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_6-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_6-25"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_6_7-34"},{"link_name":"Junkers Ju 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_7-35"},{"link_name":"evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dynamo"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"RAF Manston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Manston"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_7-35"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Bf 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_7-35"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_7-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IWM_CH2526.jpg"},{"link_name":"Flight Sergeants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Sergeant"},{"link_name":"E R Thorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Thorn_(RAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Lufbery circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufbery_circle"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"141 Sqn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._141_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Battle of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"JG 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JG_51"},{"link_name":"111 Sqn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._111_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_8-42"},{"link_name":"[N 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"RAF Hornchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Hornchurch"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_8-42"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_8-42"},{"link_name":"Dornier Do 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_17"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264combatreport-45"},{"link_name":"Gunther Lutzow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunther_Lutzow"},{"link_name":"JG 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JG_3"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264combatreport-45"},{"link_name":"E. R. Thorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Thorn_(RAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Flying Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Medal"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[N 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"JG 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JG_26"},{"link_name":"RAF Duxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Duxford"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_8-42"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_8-42"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_8-42"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fitters_working_on_the_Rolls-Royce_Merlin_engine_of_a_Boulton_Paul_Defiant_of_No._125_Squadron_RAF_at_Fairwood_Common,_Wales,_January_1942._CH4607.jpg"},{"link_name":"RAF Fairwood Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Fairwood_Common"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_8-42"},{"link_name":"the Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz"},{"link_name":"RAF Biggin Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Biggin_Hill_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bromley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Bromley"},{"link_name":"Gatwick Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatwick_Airport"},{"link_name":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"RAF Gravesend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend_Airport"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_8_9-52"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_9-53"},{"link_name":"airborne interception radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_interception_radar"},{"link_name":"searchlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searchlight#Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_9-53"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_9-53"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor_326-54"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_9-53"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_9-53"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_9-53"},{"link_name":"Schräge Musik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%A4ge_Musik"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor_326-54"},{"link_name":"Beaufighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter"},{"link_name":"Mosquito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Air combat","text":"Defiant Mk.I N1585, PS-A of No. 264 Sqn., RAF Kirton in Lindsey, July 1940Defiant Mark I N3313 of No. 264 Squadron, 1940In October 1939, No. 264 (Madras Presidency) Squadron was reformed at RAF Sutton Bridge to operate the Defiant. Initial training, formal squadron acceptance, and development of tactics began with other aircraft as it received its first Defiants only in early December at Martlesham Heath.[22][29] In February 1940, the Defiant commenced night fighter training operations; the squadron tested its tactics against British medium bombers – Hampdens and Blenheims – and 264's CO flew against Robert Stanford Tuck in a Spitfire, showing that the Defiant could defend itself by circling and keeping its speed up. It became clear during these trials that the Defiant was suited only to performing its designed for bomber-destroyer duties and was vulnerable to fighters.[22]By March 1940, 264 Squadron had two flights operational with Defiants and No. 141 Squadron received its first Defiant.[22] When the Defiant was first introduced to the public, the RAF put out a disinformation campaign, stating that the Defiant had 21 guns: four in the turret, 14 in the wings and three cannon in the nose.[30] On 12 May 1940, the first operational sortie occurred as a flight of six Defiants flew with six Spitfires of 66 Squadron over the English Channel to the coastline in the vicinity of The Hague, Netherlands; during this flight, a single Ju 88, which had been in the process of attacking a destroyer, was shot down.[31] The following day, in a patrol that was a repetition of the first, Defiants claimed four Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers, but were subsequently attacked by a flight of Bf 109Es. The escorting Spitfires were unable to prevent five of the six Defiants from being shot down by a frontal attack.[32]During the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk, the squadron was based at RAF Manston, as one of the 16 squadrons that No. 11 Group had for the evacuation.[32] On 27 May 264 Squadron claimed three He 111 and two damaged. On 28 May, shortly after take-off, 10 Defiants were attacked by about 30 Bf 109s – forming a circle, they claimed six German fighters for the loss of three Defiants. The Defiant was initially successful against enemy aircraft and its best day was 29 May, when No. 264 Squadron claimed 37 kills in two sorties: 19 Ju 87 Stukas, mostly picked off as they came out of their dives, nine Messerschmitt Bf 110 twin-engined heavy fighters, eight Bf 109s, and a Ju 88. One Defiant gunner was lost after he bailed out but the pilot managed to fly the aircraft back to its base and it was subsequently repaired.[32] On 31 May, seven Defiants were lost in one day as Hurricanes and Spitfires failed to come to their aid in a battle with Bf 109s. It was concluded that underslung radio aerials on the Defiants had affected radio communication between the fighter squadrons[32][33]Flight Sergeants E R Thorn (pilot, left) and F J Barker (air gunner) pose with their Defiant after destroying their 13th Axis aircraft; Thorn and Barker were the most successful Defiant crew of the war.[34]Luftwaffe fighters suffered losses when \"bouncing\" flights of Defiants from the rear, apparently mistaking them for Hurricanes.[35] The German pilots were unaware of the Defiant's rear-firing armament and encountered concentrated defensive fire. The Luftwaffe changed tactics, to outmanoeuvre the Defiant and attack from below or dead ahead, where the turret guns offered no defence. Defiant losses quickly mounted, particularly among the gunners, who were often unable to leave stricken aircraft. The additional weight of the turret and the second crewman plus the aerodynamic drag gave the Defiant a lower performance than conventional single-seat fighter aircraft.[36]264 Squadron developed a counter against single-seat aircraft such as the Bf 109. By flying in an ever-descending Lufbery circle, Defiant crews sacrificed the advantage of height but eliminated the possibility of attack from underneath, while giving 360° of defensive fire.[37] This tactic was used by 264 Squadron, but when the Defiants of 141 Sqn were committed to combat a few months later during the Battle of Britain, it chose to ignore their advice. On 19 July, seven out of nine 141 Squadron Defiants sent to cover a convoy off Folkestone were shot down by Bf 109s of JG 51, and the remaining two survived, one badly damaged, thanks only to the intervention of Hurricanes of 111 Sqn. The Hurricane pilots reported that the Defiants had shot down four Bf 109s.[38][39][N 4] Although 264 Squadron claimed 48 kills in eight days over Dunkirk, the cost was high with 14 Defiants lost. Actual German losses were no more than 12–15 enemy aircraft; the turret's wide angle of fire meant that several Defiants could engage the same target at one time, leading to multiple claims.On 22 August, in response to an urgent demand for aircraft to defend Britain's airspace, 264 Squadron relocated to RAF Hornchurch, Essex, while also using RAF Manston as a forward base.[39] On 24 August, nine Defiants of 264 scrambled from Manston to engage an incoming German force; in the ensuing engagement, three Ju 88s and a single Bf 109E were shot down for the loss of two Defiants. Later that same day, another cluster of bombers appeared and were engaged by seven Defiants that had been in the process of refuelling; three Ju 88s and two Bf 109Es were downed while one Defiant was in turn downed along with another damaged.[39]On 26 August 264 Squadron engaged a formation of 12 Dornier Do 17 bombers over north-eastern Kent but was attacked by a large formation of Bf 109s.[41] Three aircraft were lost (two to ace Hpt. Gunther Lutzow of JG 3) but six Do 17s and a Bf 109 were shot down.[41] Three of those victories were awarded to one Defiant, crewed by Flight Sergeants E. R. Thorn (pilot) and F. J. Barker (air gunner). They shot down two Do 17s but were then engaged by a Bf 109, which set their Defiant on fire; they managed to shoot down the German fighter before making a forced landing. For this, they were awarded a bar to the Distinguished Flying Medal.[42][N 5]The squadron lost a further five aircraft (to JG 26) on 28 August, with nine crew killed, and effectively ended operations, withdrawing to RAF Duxford the following day.[39] With these losses, the Defiant—which had been intended from the start as a day and night fighter—was transferred to night operations instead. The type had proven unsuited to the demands of the day fighter when set against the likes of the Bf 109E, and was less capable than other RAF aircraft such as the Hurricane and the Spitfire.[39] By 31 August, over half the delivered Defiants had been shot down by Luftwaffe aircraft, a rate that was deemed to be unacceptable.[39]The Defiant's kill ratio was better than is commonly thought. In 20 days of frontline service in the Battle of Britain in July and August, 141 and 264 Squadron shot down 25 German aircraft for the loss of 17 Defiants.[45] It was concluded that when operating against escorted bombers the Defiant should always be sent into battle with a top cover of Hurricanes or Spitfires so it could concentrate on its designed for role of shooting down the bombers,[46] but this proved impractical particularly as the Defiant's radio reception (due to its underslung antenna) was relatively poor.Groundcrew working on the Merlin engine of a Defiant at RAF Fairwood Common, Wales, January 1942On 1 July, 141 Squadron despatched L6997 on the first Defiant night patrol. In August, the squadron was operating both by day and night; on 15 August, the first possible nighttime success by a Defiant was recorded, and from September onwards, the squadron principally operated at night.[39] In September, as a response to the commencement of heavy attacks upon London by the Luftwaffe, known as the Blitz, B Flight of No. 141 moved to RAF Biggin Hill, Bromley, while A Flight relocated to Gatwick Airport, West Sussex in October prior to moving to RAF Gravesend, Kent.[47] Successful claimed interceptions took place, such as two He 111s being claimed on 15/16 September; the first confirmed kill by Defiant of the squadron was made on 22 December, of a single He 111.[48]The Defiant night fighters had initially lacked airborne interception radar, thus enemy aircraft were spotted and attacked via the eyes of the crew alone, aided by ground-based searchlights intended to illuminate attacking bombers.[48] In the opening months of 1941, as the German night bombing campaign reached its peak, increasing numbers of Defiant night fighter-equipped squadrons became operational and commenced night patrols although, according to Bowyer, there were relatively few claims across many Defiant sorties.[48] As a counterpoint, aviation author John Taylor noted that during the Blitz on London of 1940–41, the four Defiant-equipped squadrons were responsible for shooting down more enemy aircraft than any other type in the theatre.[49]The improved Defiant Mk II model was fitted with the AI Mk. IV radar and a Merlin XX engine, increasing the aircraft's performance, particularly at night time.[48] In September 1941, 264 Squadron became the first to receive the Defiant Mk II, bringing them into operational use by mid-September. The principal users of the Mk II night fighter were 96, 151, and 262 Squadrons.[48] As the radar-equipped Defiants began filtering through to operational squadrons, the Luftwaffe's bombing campaign petered out as German forces had become heavily engaged on the Eastern Front as they embarked upon the Operation Barbarossa the invasion of the Soviet Union.[48]Defiant night fighters typically attacked enemy bombers from below, in a similar manoeuvre to the later German Schräge Musik method. Defiants attacked more often from slightly ahead or to one side, rather than from directly under the tail.[49] The turret-fighter concept was not immediately discarded. Four-gun turrets were fitted to Beaufighter (Mk II, in 1941) and Mosquito (Bristol design turret, September 1941) night fighters to test the advantages of flexible firing in nightfighting but the effect on top speed (for the Beaufighter reduced from 303 mph to 272 mph at altitude) was not acceptable and those conversions were abandoned. Further developments were considered using more powerful engines, but the idea of a Defiant replacement was finally dropped in 1942[50]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:15_Boulton_Paul_Defiant_TT_Mk_1_(15650663447).jpg"},{"link_name":"electronic countermeasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasures"},{"link_name":"air-sea rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-sea_rescue"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_5_6-56"},{"link_name":"Freya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freya_radar"},{"link_name":"Moonshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonshine_(electronics)#Moonshine"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brew_2002_p121-57"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Price_p99-100-58"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brew_2002_p122-3-59"},{"link_name":"No. 515 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._515_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_9-53"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brew_2002_p123-60"},{"link_name":"\"Mandrel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_electronic_warfare_equipment"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pricep124-52-61"},{"link_name":"Bristol Beaufighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brew_2002_p123-4-62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IWM_ATP_12826D.jpg"},{"link_name":"RAF Desford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Desford"},{"link_name":"Westland Lysander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Lysander"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_5-24"},{"link_name":"No. 281 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._281_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Ouston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Ouston"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_5_9-63"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_5-24"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_5_9-63"},{"link_name":"target tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_tug"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_5_6-56"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowyer_p.270-16"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_6_10-64"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth Air Training Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan"},{"link_name":"Air Fighting Development Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Fighting_Development_Unit"},{"link_name":"Farnborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnborough_Airfield"},{"link_name":"ejection seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejection_seat"},{"link_name":"R Malcolm Ltd (later ML Aviation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ML_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Martin-Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin-Baker"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_6-25"},{"link_name":"Denham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denham,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowyer_p.270-16"},{"link_name":"White Waltham Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Waltham_Airfield"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter_p._25-65"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bharat-rakshak-66"}],"sub_title":"Other roles","text":"A Defiant TT Mk I in flightAfter trials in 1940 with the School of Army Co-operation to assess its capabilities in that role, the Defiant was tested as a high-speed gunnery trainer with the Air Ministry agreeing to continue production. The Defiant was removed from combat duties in 1942 and used for training, target towing, electronic countermeasures and air-sea rescue.[51]Two types of electronic countermeasures equipment were carried by the Defiant, both countering the German Freya early warning radar. The first system to be deployed was \"Moonshine\", which re-transmitted the radar's signals to simulate large formations of aircraft. As each \"Moonshine\" transmitter only covered part of the Freya's frequency, a formation of eight Defiants was needed, giving the appearance of over 100 aircraft. As the system required formation flying, it could only be used in daylight, where it could draw German fighters onto British fighters leaving another area relatively free for a British bombing raid.[52][53]A \"Special Duties Flight\" was set up in May 1942 to use the new countermeasures equipment, with \"Moonshine\" being used for its first live test on 6 August 1942. Subsequently, it was used operationally as part of \"Circuses\" against coastal targets and on 19 August in support of the Dieppe Raid.[54] The Flight became No. 515 Squadron RAF on 1 October 1942, operations with \"Moonshine\" continuing until November 1942.[48][55]515 Squadron continued operations with the second countermeasures system, \"Mandrel\", a noise jammer which overwhelmed the signals from Freya. Individual Defiants were sent to orbit positions 50 miles (80 km) off the enemy coast. By using nine aircraft a 200-mile (320-km) gap could be made in the Germans' radar coverage.[56] 515 Squadron flew its first mission using Mandrel on the night of 5/6 December 1942, continuing to use its Defiants for jamming operations until early 1943, when it began to receive twin-engined Bristol Beaufighters which had longer range and could carry more electronic equipment. The Defiant flew its last jamming mission on 17 July 1943, with one aircraft being lost out of four sent out that night.[57]Defiant TT Mk III target tug, number N1697; RAF Desford, May 1944. The wind-driven generator provided power for the target winchIn the air-sea rescue role, the Defiant was the intended replacement for the Westland Lysander in shallow air-sea rescue units.[21] In order for this task to be performed, Defiants in this capacity were equipped with a pair of underwing pods that each contained two M-type dinghies. In March 1942, No. 281 Squadron formed at RAF Ouston, Northumberland, partially operating Defiant Mk Is; four more squadrons received the type within the next two months.[58] However, six months following their introduction to the role, the Defiant had proved to be a poor choice for the role, in part due to the aircraft already been worn out by their previous service, which limited the sortie rate; other issues included its high stalling speed and wide turning radius.[21] By the end of 1942, the Defiant had been phased out of the air-sea role.[58]A high-speed target tug variant, the Defiant Mk III, was developed in response to a growing demand for such a type; this model featured considerable modifications for the role, such as lacking the dorsal turret.[51] Many of the surviving Mk I and Mk II Defiants also had their turrets removed when they were converted for the same role. In this final target towing variant, the Defiant ended up with a number of overseas assignments with both the RAF and Fleet Air Arm in the Middle East, Africa and India.[16][59] Further deployments occurred to Canada, where the Defiant was used as a target tug and trainer with the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan.Defiants were also used for \"special\" work including tactical evaluations with the RAF Gunnery Research Unit and the Air Fighting Development Unit (AFDU) at Farnborough. Two Defiants were issued for ejection seat development work: one to R Malcolm Ltd (later ML Aviation) and the other to Martin-Baker.[22] On 11 December 1944, Defiant DR944 was delivered to Martin-Baker's facility at Denham; sometime thereafter, a primitive ejector seat was fitted into the observers position for trial purposes. On 11 May 1945, Martin-Baker used DR944 to test their first ejection seat with dummy launches.[16] Various trials using DR944 took place until May 1948. The other Defiant, AA292, was delivered to R Malcolm Ltd at White Waltham Airfield on 15 April 1945 and the first airborne trial with dummies was held in the following October.[60]The last operational use of Defiants was in India, where they were used as target tugs.[61]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boulton_Paul_Defiant_ExCC.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:15_Boulton_Defiant_Defiant_Mk.Is,_N1536_%27PS-R%27_(15650318708).jpg"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF"},{"link_name":"air-sea rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-sea_rescue"}],"text":"A formation of DefiantsSeveral parked DefiantsDefiant Mk I\nTwo-seat turret fighter for the RAF, powered by a 1,030 hp (768 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin III piston engine; 723 built.Defiant NF Mk I\nDefiant Mk I converted into night fightersDefiant NF Mk IA\nNF Mk I with Airborne Interception radar.Defiant ASR Mk I\nMk I carrying air-dropped dinghies for air-sea rescue.Defiant TT Mk I\nDefiant Mk IIs converted to target tugs; 150 conversions.Defiant Mk II\nTwo-seat night fighter for the RAF, powered by a 1,280 hp (954 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin XX piston engine, and fitted with the AI Mk IV airborne interception radar; 210 built.Defiant TT Mk III\nDedicated turret-less target tug; 140 built from new.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Australia\n British India\n Canada\n Poland\n United Kingdom\n United States","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cosford_180723_Boulton_Paul_Defiant.jpg"},{"link_name":"night fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_fighter"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force Museum Cosford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum_Cosford"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowyer_p.270-16"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"No. 307 Polish Night Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._307_Polish_Night_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"RAF Kirton in Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Kirton_in_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPI_survivor-68"},{"link_name":"RAF Museum at Hendon, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum_London"},{"link_name":"Rochester Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Airport_(Kent)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rare_WWII_fighter_plane_to_land_for_restoration-69"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aviation_News_March_2013_p.19-70"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPI_survivor-68"},{"link_name":"Kent Battle of Britain Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Battle_of_Britain_Museum"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"Defiant N1671, RAF Museum Cosford, 2023The only surviving complete example of the type is a Defiant I, N1671, on display as a night fighter at the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford in Shropshire.[16][62] It was one of four Defiants delivered to No. 307 Polish Night Fighter Squadron at RAF Kirton in Lindsey, Lincolnshire on 17 September 1940[63] and was passed to No. 153 Squadron at the end of October 1941 and 285 Sqn in 1942. In 1954, it was identified for storage as a historical aircraft and passed to the RAF Museum at Hendon, London in 1971.The aircraft was moved on 20 May 2009 to Rochester Airport, where it was restored by the Medway Aircraft Preservation Society (MAPS).[64] It was returned to Hendon on 6 December 2012,[65] and was then moved from Hendon to Royal Air Force Museum Cosford in November 2016[66] for display in the War in the Air hangar.Major parts of at least two other Defiants survive; N1766 and N3378, both Mk Is.[63] A full-scale replica Defiant was created on site at Boulton Paul in Wolverhampton by ex-Boulton Paul engineer Jack Holmes and team at the Boulton Paul Heritage Society. More than 50,000 man hours went into its production and it was unveiled in 2003 marking 60 years since the last Defiant flew out of Pendeford (the World War II training airfield next to the Boulton Paul Factory in Wolverhampton). Due to change of ownership at the Boulton Paul site, the Defiant faced losing its home in Wolverhampton, and in 2015 was relocated to its now permanent home on display at the Kent Battle of Britain Museum in the colours of 264 Squadron (L7005).[67]","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boulton_Paul_Defiant_gun_turret_WWII_IWM_CH_879.jpg"},{"link_name":"0.303 in (7.7 mm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.303_British"},{"link_name":"Browning machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_v2_p14-73"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowyer_12-74"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin"},{"link_name":"V12 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V12_engine"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brew96-121-75"},{"link_name":"0.303 in (7.7 mm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.303_British"},{"link_name":"Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun"}],"text":"Closeup view of the turret of a Defiant with its four 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine gunsData from War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Two Fighters,[68] The Boulton Paul Defiant[69]General characteristicsCrew: two: pilot, gunner\nLength: 35 ft 4 in (10.77 m)\nWingspan: 39 ft 4 in (11.99 m)\nHeight: 11 ft 4 in (3.45 m)\nWing area: 250 sq ft (23 m2)\nEmpty weight: 6,078 lb (2,757 kg)\nGross weight: 8,318 lb (3,773 kg)\nMax takeoff weight: 8,600 lb (3,901 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Rolls-Royce Merlin III liquid-cooled V12 engine, 1,030 hp (770 kW)\nPropellers: 3-bladedPerformanceMaximum speed: 304 mph (489 km/h, 264 kn) at 17,000 ft (5,200 m)\nCruise speed: 175 mph (282 km/h, 152 kn) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m)\nRange: 465 mi (748 km, 404 nmi)\nEndurance: 1hr 47min\nService ceiling: 31,000 ft (9,400 m) [70]\nTime to altitude: 8.5 min to 15,000 ft (4,600 m)ArmamentGuns: 4 × 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns in hydraulically powered dorsal turret (600 rpg)","title":"Specifications (Mk I)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Boulton & Paul Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton_%26_Paul_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Battle of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"octane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_rating"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"Kampfgeschwader 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_3"},{"link_name":"Goodwin Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwin_Sands"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"^ Boulton & Paul Ltd had turned their aircraft division into a separate company which then moved from Norwich to Wolverhampton in 1936 to take advantage of the availability of skilled workers in the area\n\n^ The normal rating used for Battle of Britain Hurricane Mk.Is, Spitfire Mk.Is and Defiants was 1,030 hp (768 kW); from June 1940 supplies of 100 octane fuel from America became available, increasing power.[citation needed] \n\n^ Night fighter operations with the Defiant began in June 1940 \n\n^ This action is sometimes called \"slaughter of the innocents.\"[40]\n\n^ One of the Dornier 17s shot down by 264 Squadron that day, 5K+AR of Kampfgeschwader 3, crash–landed on the Goodwin Sands; two crew died and two survived to become prisoners. The aircraft later became submerged under shallow water and is the only known intact surviving Dornier 17. On 10 June 2013, it was the subject of a recovery operation by the Royal Air Force Museum. The identify of the Defiant that shot it down is unknown.[43][44]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Defiants of No. 264 Squadron in 1940.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Boulton_Paul_Defiant.jpg/220px-Boulton_Paul_Defiant.jpg"},{"image_text":"Defiant N1671 from 307 Squadron at the RAF Museum London, partially dismantled, with its tail, engine cowling and outer wing sections removed, 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Boulton_Paul_Defiant_I_%E2%80%98N1671%E2%80%99_%2833048219551%29.jpg/220px-Boulton_Paul_Defiant_I_%E2%80%98N1671%E2%80%99_%2833048219551%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An air-gunner of 264 Squadron wearing a 'GQ Parasuit', or \"rhino suit\", August 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/An_air_gunner_of_No._264_Squadron_RAF_about_to_enter_the_gun_turret_of_his_Boulton_Paul_Defiant_Mk_I_at_Kirton-in-Lindsey%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_August_1940._CH874.jpg/170px-An_air_gunner_of_No._264_Squadron_RAF_about_to_enter_the_gun_turret_of_his_Boulton_Paul_Defiant_Mk_I_at_Kirton-in-Lindsey%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_August_1940._CH874.jpg"},{"image_text":"Defiant Mk.I N1585, PS-A of No. 264 Sqn., RAF Kirton in Lindsey, July 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Boulton_Paul_Defiant.png/220px-Boulton_Paul_Defiant.png"},{"image_text":"Defiant Mark I N3313 of No. 264 Squadron, 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Boulton_Paul_Defiant_Mk_I_in_flight.jpg/220px-Boulton_Paul_Defiant_Mk_I_in_flight.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flight Sergeants E R Thorn (pilot, left) and F J Barker (air gunner) pose with their Defiant after destroying their 13th Axis aircraft; Thorn and Barker were the most successful Defiant crew of the war.[34]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/IWM_CH2526.jpg/170px-IWM_CH2526.jpg"},{"image_text":"Groundcrew working on the Merlin engine of a Defiant at RAF Fairwood Common, Wales, January 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fitters_working_on_the_Rolls-Royce_Merlin_engine_of_a_Boulton_Paul_Defiant_of_No._125_Squadron_RAF_at_Fairwood_Common%2C_Wales%2C_January_1942._CH4607.jpg/220px-Fitters_working_on_the_Rolls-Royce_Merlin_engine_of_a_Boulton_Paul_Defiant_of_No._125_Squadron_RAF_at_Fairwood_Common%2C_Wales%2C_January_1942._CH4607.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Defiant TT Mk I in flight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/15_Boulton_Paul_Defiant_TT_Mk_1_%2815650663447%29.jpg/220px-15_Boulton_Paul_Defiant_TT_Mk_1_%2815650663447%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Defiant TT Mk III target tug, number N1697; RAF Desford, May 1944. The wind-driven generator provided power for the target winch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/IWM_ATP_12826D.jpg/220px-IWM_ATP_12826D.jpg"},{"image_text":"A formation of Defiants","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Boulton_Paul_Defiant_ExCC.jpg/220px-Boulton_Paul_Defiant_ExCC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Several parked Defiants","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/15_Boulton_Defiant_Defiant_Mk.Is%2C_N1536_%27PS-R%27_%2815650318708%29.jpg/220px-15_Boulton_Defiant_Defiant_Mk.Is%2C_N1536_%27PS-R%27_%2815650318708%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Defiant N1671, RAF Museum Cosford, 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cosford_180723_Boulton_Paul_Defiant.jpg/220px-Cosford_180723_Boulton_Paul_Defiant.jpg"},{"image_text":"Closeup view of the turret of a Defiant with its four 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Boulton_Paul_Defiant_gun_turret_WWII_IWM_CH_879.jpg/220px-Boulton_Paul_Defiant_gun_turret_WWII_IWM_CH_879.jpg"}]
[{"title":"GWR 4073 Class 5080 Defiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWR_4073_Class_5080_Defiant"},{"title":"Blackburn Roc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Roc"},{"title":"Hawker Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hotspur"},{"title":"List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Air_Force"},{"title":"List of aircraft of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II"}]
[{"reference":"Verkaik (2020). Defiant Forgotten heroes of the Battle of Britain. Robinson. p. 145.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Boulton Paul Defiant\". www.tangmere-museum.org.uk. Tangmere Military Aviation Museum. August 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2019. The \"Daffy\", as the Defiant was affectionately known, also saw service with the Royal Navy and the air forces of Australia, Canada and Poland.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211020000709/http://www.tangmere-museum.org.uk/aircraft-month/boulton-paul-defiant","url_text":"\"Boulton Paul Defiant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangmere_Military_Aviation_Museum","url_text":"Tangmere Military Aviation Museum"},{"url":"https://www.tangmere-museum.org.uk/aircraft-month/boulton-paul-defiant","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sinnott, Colin (2014). The RAF and Aircraft Design 1935–1939. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415761307.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415761307","url_text":"978-0415761307"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Tony (8 June 2004). British Secret Projects: Fighters and Bombers 1935–1950. Midland Counties Publishing (an imprint of Ian Allan Publishing). ISBN 978-1857801798.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857801798","url_text":"978-1857801798"}]},{"reference":"Hearst Magazines (September 1940). \"Twenty-One Gun Warplane Pours Fire In All Directions\". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. p. 391.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vdkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA391","url_text":"\"Twenty-One Gun Warplane Pours Fire In All Directions\""}]},{"reference":"Verkaik (2020). Defiant Forgotten heroes of the Battle of Britain. Robinson. p. 216.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Verkaik (2020). Defiant Forgotten heroes of the Battle of Britain. Robinson. p. 335.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Verkaik (2020). Defiant Forgotten heroes of the Battle of Britain. Robinson. p. 251.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Boulton Paul Defiant Mk 1\". Royal Air Force Museum. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130418221544/https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/collections/boulton-paul-defiant-mk-1/","url_text":"\"Boulton Paul Defiant Mk 1\""}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Andrew. \"Boulton Paul Defiant I N1671/837OM: museum accession no. 74/A/16\" (PDF). Royal Air Force Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160614004911/https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/collections/74-A-16-BP-Defiant-N1671.pdf","url_text":"\"Boulton Paul Defiant I N1671/837OM: museum accession no. 74/A/16\""},{"url":"https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/collections/74-A-16-BP-Defiant-N1671.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: RAF Cosford Museum\". mechtraveller.com. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://mechtraveller.com/2017/04/review-raf-cosford-museum","url_text":"\"Review: RAF Cosford Museum\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Andrew (2012). Defiant, Blenheim and Havoc Aces. Aircraft of the Aces 105. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-666-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-666-0","url_text":"978-1-84908-666-0"}]},{"reference":"Verkaik, Robert (2021) [2020]. Defiant: Forgotten heroes of the Battle of Britain. Robinson. ISBN 978-1472143556.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472143556","url_text":"978-1472143556"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly
Virginia General Assembly
["1 Capitol","2 History","3 Salary and qualifications","4 Redistricting reform","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°32′23″N 77°26′03″W / 37.53961°N 77.43426°W / 37.53961; -77.43426Legislative branch of the state government of Virginia Virginia General Assembly163rd Virginia General AssemblyTypeTypeBicameral HousesSenateHouse of DelegatesTerm limitsNoneHistoryFoundedJuly 30, 1619 (1619-07-30)LeadershipSenate PresidentWinsome Sears (R) since January 15, 2022 Senate President Pro TemporeLouise Lucas (D) since January 8, 2020 House SpeakerDon Scott (D) since January 10, 2024 StructureSeats14040 senators100 delegatesSenate political groups  Democratic (21)  Republican (19)House of Delegates political groups  Democratic (51)  Republican (49)Length of termSenate: 4 yearsHouse of Delegates: 2 yearsElectionsLast Senate electionNovember 7, 2023Last House of Delegates electionNovember 7, 2023RedistrictingCommission of eight lawmakers and eight citizensMeeting placeVirginia State CapitolRichmondWebsitevirginiageneralassembly.gov The Virginia General Assembly is the legislative body of the Commonwealth of Virginia, the oldest continuous law-making body in the Western Hemisphere, and the first elected legislative assembly in the New World. It was established on July 30, 1619. The General Assembly is a bicameral body consisting of a lower house, the Virginia House of Delegates, with 100 members, and an upper house, the Senate of Virginia, with 40 members. Senators serve terms of four years, and delegates serve two-year terms. Combined, the General Assembly consists of 140 elected representatives from an equal number of constituent districts across the commonwealth. The House of Delegates is presided over by the speaker of the House, while the Senate is presided over by the lieutenant governor of Virginia. The House and Senate each elect a clerk and sergeant-at-arms. The Senate of Virginia's clerk is known as the clerk of the Senate (instead of as the secretary of the Senate, the title used by the U.S. Senate). Following the 2019 election, the Democratic Party held a majority of seats in both the House and the Senate for the first time since 1996. They were sworn into office on January 8, 2020, at the start of the 161st session. In the 2021 election, the Republican Party recaptured a majority in the House of Delegates, then lost it after the 2023 election, when the Democratic Party secured majorities in both chambers of the General Assembly. Capitol The General Assembly meets in Virginia's capital of Richmond. When sitting in Richmond, the General Assembly holds sessions in the Virginia State Capitol, designed by Thomas Jefferson in 1788 and expanded in 1904. During the American Civil War, the building was used as the capitol of the Confederate States, housing the Confederate Congress. The building was renovated between 2005 and 2006. Senators and delegates have their offices in the General Assembly Building across the street directly north of the Capitol, which have been rebuilt and are expected to open in 2023. The Governor of Virginia lives across the street directly east of the Capitol in the Virginia Executive Mansion. History The Virginia General Assembly is described as "the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World." Its existence dates to its establishment at Jamestown on July 30, 1619, by instructions from the Virginia Company of London to the new Governor Sir George Yeardley. It was initially a unicameral body composed of the Company-appointed Governor and Council of State, plus 22 burgesses elected by the settlements and Jamestown. The Assembly became bicameral in 1642 upon the formation of the House of Burgesses. The Assembly had a judicial function of hearing cases both original and appellate. At various times it may have been referred to as the Grand Assembly of Virginia. The General Assembly met in Jamestown from 1619 until 1699, when it first moved to the College of William & Mary near Williamsburg, Virginia, and from 1705 met in the colonial Capitol building. It became the General Assembly in 1776 with the ratification of the Virginia Constitution. The government was moved to Richmond in 1780 during the administration of Governor Thomas Jefferson. Salary and qualifications The annual salary for senators is $18,000. The annual salary for delegates is $17,640, with the exception that the Speaker's salary is $36,321. Members and one staff member also receive a per diem allowance for each day spent attending to official duties such as attending session in Richmond or attending committee meetings. Transportation expenses are reimbursed. Under the Constitution of Virginia, senators and delegates must be twenty-one years of age at the time of the election, residents of the district they represent, and qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly. Under the Constitution, "a senator or delegate who moves his residence from the district for which he is elected shall thereby vacate his office." The state constitution specifies that the General Assembly shall meet annually, and its regular session is a maximum of 60 days long in even-numbered years and 30 days long in odd-numbered years, unless extended by a two-thirds vote of both houses. The Governor of Virginia may convene a special session of the General Assembly "when, in his opinion, the interest of the Commonwealth may require" and must convene a special session "upon the application of two-thirds of the members elected to each house." Redistricting reform Article II, section 6 on apportionment states, "Members of the . . . Senate and of the House of Delegates of the General Assembly shall be elected from electoral districts established by the General Assembly. Every electoral district shall be composed of contiguous and compact territory and shall be so constituted as to give, as nearly as is practicable, representation in proportion to the population of the district." The Redistricting Coalition of Virginia proposes either an independent commission or a bipartisan commission that is not polarized. Member organizations include the League of Women Voters of Virginia, AARP of Virginia, OneVirginia2021, the Virginia Chamber of Commerce and Virginia Organizing. Governor Bob McDonnell's Independent Bipartisan Advisory Commission on Redistricting for the Commonwealth of Virginia made its report on April 1, 2011. It made two recommendations for each state legislative house that showed maps of districts more compact and contiguous than those adopted by the General Assembly. However, no action was taken after the report was released. In 2011 the Virginia College and University Redistricting Competition was organized by Professors Michael McDonald of George Mason University and Quentin Kidd of Christopher Newport University. About 150 students on sixteen teams from thirteen schools submitted plans for legislative and U.S. Congressional Districts. They created districts more compact than the General Assembly's efforts. The "Division 1" maps conformed with the Governor's executive order, and did not address electoral competition or representational fairness. In addition to the criteria of contiguity, equipopulation, the federal Voting Rights Act and communities of interest in the existing city and county boundaries, "Division 2" maps in the competition did incorporate considerations of electoral competition and representational fairness. Judges for the cash award prizes were Thomas Mann of the Brookings Institution and Norman Ornstein of the American Enterprise Institute. In January 2015 Republican state senator Jill Holtzman Vogel of Winchester and Democratic state senator Louise Lucas of Portsmouth sponsored a Senate Joint Resolution to establish additional criteria for the Virginia Redistricting Commission of four identified members of political parties, and three other independent public officials. The criteria began with respecting existing political boundaries, such as cities and towns, counties and magisterial districts, election districts and voting precincts. Districts are to be established on the basis of population, in conformance with federal and state laws and court cases, including those addressing racial fairness. The territory is to be contiguous and compact, without oddly shaped boundaries. The commission is prohibited from using political data or election results to favor either political party or incumbent. It passed with a two-thirds majority of 27 to 12 in the Senate, and was then referred to committee in the House of Delegates. In 2015, in Vesilind v. Virginia State Board of Elections in a Virginia state court, plaintiffs sought to overturn the General Assembly's redistricting in five House of Delegates and six state Senate districts as violations of both the Virginia and U.S. Constitutions because they failed to represent populations in "continuous and compact territory". In 2020, a constitutional amendment moved redistricting power to a commission consisting of eight lawmakers, four from each party, and eight citizens. The amendment passed with all counties and cities supporting the measure except Arlington. The commission failed to reach an agreement on new state and congressional districts by an October 25, 2021, deadline, and relied upon the amendment's provision that lets the state Supreme Court of Virginia draw the districts in the event that the commission could not do so. The Supreme Court did so and approved newly drawn districts on December 28, 2021. While newly drawn districts will currently first be used in 2023, a federal lawsuit is pending that calls for an election to be held using newly drawn districts as immediately as November 2022. If the lawsuit was successful, it would have required all House districts, which just held elections under the previous districts in 2021, to hold back-to-back elections in 2022 and 2023 under the newly drawn districts. See also Virginia portal Senate of Virginia Virginia House of Delegates Virginia State Capitol List of Virginia state legislatures References ^ "The First General Assembly | Historic Jamestowne". Retrieved May 9, 2022. ^ "House History". history.house.virginia.gov. Retrieved May 9, 2022. ^ "Newly-Empowered Virginia Democrats Promise Action". Voice of America. Associated Press. January 8, 2020. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020. ^ "Asombra diversidad étnica de nueva Legislatura de Virginia" (in Spanish). Chron. January 8, 2020. Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. ^ "General Assembly Building Webcams". virginiageneralassembly.gov. Retrieved June 3, 2022. ^ "About the General Assembly". Virginia's Legislature. State of Virginia. Retrieved June 5, 2013. ^ Billings; Warren, M. (2004). A Little Parliament; The Virginia General Assembly in the Seventeenth Century. Richmond: The Library of Virginia, in partnership with Jamestown 2007/Jamestown Yorktown Foundation. ^ Barradall, Edward, and Randolph, John. Virginia Colonial Decisions. United States, Boston book Company, 1909. v. 1, p. 63. ^ Virginia (1905). Annual Reports of Officers, Boards and Institutions of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Report of the State Librarian, Volume II. p. 543. ^ "General Information: Senate Archived 2012-06-26 at the Wayback Machine." ^ "General Information: House of Delegates Archived 2012-05-21 at the Wayback Machine." ^ "Virginia Budget". Legislative Information Service. ^ Constitution of Virginia, Art. IV, § 4. ^ Art. IV, Sect. 6 Constitution of Va. ^ "Article IV. Legislature - Section 6. Legislative sessions". Constitution of Virginia. Virginia Law. Archived from the original on November 12, 2023. ^ "Article II, Section 6. Apportionment". Virginia Constitution. Retrieved October 10, 2006 – via Justia. ^ "Coalition Members". Virginia Redistricting Coalition. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. ^ The Public Interest in Redistricting Bob Holsworth, Chair for the Independent Bipartisan Advisory Commission on Redistricting, Commonwealth of Virginia, April 1, 2011, p.22-27. ^ The Public Interest in Redistricting Bob Holsworth, Chair for the Independent Bipartisan Advisory Commission on Redistricting, Commonwealth of Virginia, April 1, 2011, p.9-10. ^ "Senate Joint Resolution No. 284 Amendment in the Nature of a Substitute (Proposed by the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections on January 20, 2015) (Patrons Prior to Substitute--Senators Vogel and Lucas )". ^ "Vesilind v. Virginia State Board of Elections" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016. ^ "Virginia Redistricting Commission Amendment (2020)". Ballotpedia. ^ "2020 November General". Virginia Elections. Virginia Department of Elections. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020. ^ "Redistricting Commission to Miss Last Deadline; Supreme Court to Choose Special Masters". WVTF. November 8, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2022. ^ "Redistricting process changes impact new maps". www.cbs19news.com. Retrieved May 9, 2022. ^ "Civil rights group asks to join Virginia redistricting suit". AP NEWS. March 21, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2022. External links Virginia General Assembly Legislative Information System Medicaid expansion. vteMembers of the Senate of Virginia163rd General Assembly (2024−2026) President of the Senate Winsome Sears (R) President pro tempore Louise Lucas (D) Majority Leader Scott Surovell (D) Minority Leader Ryan McDougle (R) ▌Timmy French (R) ▌Mark Obenshain (R) ▌Chris Head (R) ▌David Suetterlein (R) ▌Travis Hackworth (R) ▌Todd Pillion (R) ▌Bill Stanley (R) ▌Mark Peake (R) ▌Tammy Brankley Mulchi (R) ▌John McGuire (R) ▌Creigh Deeds (D) ▌Glen Sturtevant (R) ▌Lashrecse Aird (D) ▌Lamont Bagby (D) ▌Ghazala Hashmi (D) ▌Schuyler VanValkenburg (D) ▌Emily Jordan (R) ▌Louise Lucas (D) ▌Christie Craig (R) ▌Bill DeSteph (R) ▌Angelia Williams Graves (D) ▌Aaron Rouse (D) ▌Mamie Locke (D) ▌Danny Diggs (R) ▌Richard Stuart (R) ▌Ryan McDougle (R) ▌Tara Durant (R) ▌Bryce Reeves (R) ▌Jeremy McPike (D) ▌Danica Roem (D) ▌Russet Perry (D) ▌Suhas Subramanyam (D) ▌Jennifer Carroll Foy (D) ▌Scott Surovell (D) ▌Dave Marsden (D) ▌Stella Pekarsky (D) ▌Saddam Azlan Salim (D) ▌Jennifer Boysko (D) ▌Adam Ebbin (D) ▌Barbara Favola (D) ▌Democratic (21) ▌Republican (19) Virginia General Assembly Virginia House of Delegates Senate of Virginia vteMembers of the Virginia House of Delegates162nd General Assembly (2024−2026) Speaker of the House Don Scott (D) Majority Leader Charniele Herring (D) Minority Leader Todd Gilbert (R) ▌Patrick Hope (D) ▌Adele McClure (D) ▌Alfonso Lopez (D) ▌Charniele Herring (D) ▌Elizabeth Bennett-Parker (D) ▌Rip Sullivan (D) ▌Karen Keys-Gamarra (D) ▌Irene Shin (D) ▌Karrie Delaney (D) ▌Dan Helmer (D) ▌David Bulova (D) ▌Holly Seibold (D) ▌Marcus Simon (D) ▌Vivian Watts (D) ▌Laura Jane Cohen (D) ▌Paul Krizek (D) ▌Mark Sickles (D) ▌Kathy Tran (D) ▌Rozia Henson (D) ▌Michelle Maldonado (D) ▌Josh Thomas (D) ▌Ian Lovejoy (R) ▌Candi King (D) ▌Luke Torian (D) ▌Briana Sewell (D) ▌Kannan Srinivasan (D) ▌Atoosa Reaser (D) ▌David Reid (D) ▌Marty Martinez (D) ▌Geary Higgins (R) ▌Delores Riley Oates (R) ▌Bill Wiley (R) ▌Todd Gilbert (R) ▌Tony Wilt (R) ▌Chris Runion (R) ▌Ellen Campbell (R) ▌Terry Austin (R) ▌Sam Rasoul (D) ▌Will Davis (R) ▌Joe McNamara (R) ▌Chris Obenshain (R) ▌Jason Ballard (R) ▌Will Morefield (R) ▌Israel O'Quinn (R) ▌Terry Kilgore (R) ▌Jed Arnold (R) ▌Wren Williams (R) ▌Eric Phillips (R) ▌Danny Marshall (R) ▌Tommy Wright (R) ▌Eric Zehr (R) ▌Wendell Walker (R) ▌Tim Griffin (R) ▌Katrina Callsen (D) ▌Amy Laufer (D) ▌Tom Garrett (R) ▌David Owen (R) ▌Rodney Willett (D) ▌Buddy Fowler (R) ▌Scott Wyatt (R) ▌Michael Webert (R) ▌Nick Freitas (R) ▌Phillip Scott (R) ▌Paul Milde (R) ▌Joshua G. Cole (D) ▌Bobby Orrock (R) ▌Hillary Pugh Kent (R) ▌Keith Hodges (R) ▌Chad Green (R) ▌Shelly Simonds (D) ▌Amanda Batten (R) ▌Lee Ware (R) ▌Mark Earley Jr. (R) ▌Mike Cherry (R) ▌Carrie Coyner (R) ▌Debra Gardner (D) ▌Michael Jones (D) ▌Betsy B. Carr (D) ▌Rae Cousins (D) ▌Destiny Levere Bolling (D) ▌Delores McQuinn (D) ▌Kim Taylor (R) ▌Otto Wachsmann (R) ▌Nadarius Clark (D) ▌Marcia Price (D) ▌A.C. Cordoza (R) ▌Jeion Ward (D) ▌Don Scott (D) ▌Baxter Ennis (R) ▌Jay Leftwich (R) ▌Cliff Hayes (D) ▌Bonita Anthony (D) ▌Jackie Glass (D) ▌Phil Hernandez (D) ▌Alex Askew (D) ▌Kelly Convirs-Fowler (D) ▌Michael Feggans (D) ▌Barry Knight (R) ▌Anne Ferrell Tata (R) ▌Robert Bloxom Jr. (R) ▌Democratic (51) ▌Republican (49) Virginia General Assembly Virginia House of Delegates Senate of Virginia vteLegislatures of the United StatesUnited States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama (H, S) Alaska (H, S) Arizona (H, S) Arkansas (H, S) California (A, S) Colorado (H, S) Connecticut (H, S) Delaware (H, S) Florida (H, S) Georgia (H, S) Hawaii (H, S) Idaho (H, S) Illinois (H, S) Indiana (H, S) Iowa (H, S) Kansas (H, S) Kentucky (H, S) Louisiana (H, S) Maine (H, S) Maryland (H, S) Massachusetts (H, S) Michigan (H, S) Minnesota (H, S) Mississippi (H, S) Missouri (H, S) Montana (H, S) Nebraska Nevada (A, S) New Hampshire (H, S) New Jersey (GA, S) New Mexico (H, S) New York (A, S) North Carolina (H, S) North Dakota (H, S) Ohio (H, S) Oklahoma (H, S) Oregon (H, S) Pennsylvania (H, S) Rhode Island (H, S) South Carolina (H, S) South Dakota (H, S) Tennessee (H, S) Texas (H, S) Utah (H, S) Vermont (H, S) Virginia (H, S) Washington (H, S) West Virginia (H, S) Wisconsin (A, S) Wyoming (H, S) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa (H, S) Guam Northern Mariana Islands (H, S) Puerto Rico (H, S) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of U.S. state legislators Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Other SNAC 37°32′23″N 77°26′03″W / 37.53961°N 77.43426°W / 37.53961; -77.43426
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legislative body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Western Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"bicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house"},{"link_name":"Virginia House of Delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates"},{"link_name":"upper house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house"},{"link_name":"Senate of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"speaker of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Virginia_House_of_Delegates"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governor of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"sergeant-at-arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant-at-arms"},{"link_name":"secretary of the Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Senate"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"2019 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Virginia_elections"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"161st session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/161st_Virginia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2021 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Virginia_House_of_Delegates_election"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"2023 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Virginia_House_of_Delegates_election"}],"text":"Legislative branch of the state government of VirginiaThe Virginia General Assembly is the legislative body of the Commonwealth of Virginia, the oldest continuous law-making body in the Western Hemisphere, and the first elected legislative assembly in the New World. It was established on July 30, 1619.[1][2]The General Assembly is a bicameral body consisting of a lower house, the Virginia House of Delegates, with 100 members, and an upper house, the Senate of Virginia, with 40 members. Senators serve terms of four years, and delegates serve two-year terms. Combined, the General Assembly consists of 140 elected representatives from an equal number of constituent districts across the commonwealth. The House of Delegates is presided over by the speaker of the House, while the Senate is presided over by the lieutenant governor of Virginia. The House and Senate each elect a clerk and sergeant-at-arms. The Senate of Virginia's clerk is known as the clerk of the Senate (instead of as the secretary of the Senate, the title used by the U.S. Senate).Following the 2019 election, the Democratic Party held a majority of seats in both the House and the Senate for the first time since 1996. They were sworn into office on January 8, 2020, at the start of the 161st session.[3][4] In the 2021 election, the Republican Party recaptured a majority in the House of Delegates, then lost it after the 2023 election, when the Democratic Party secured majorities in both chambers of the General Assembly.","title":"Virginia General Assembly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederate States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Confederate Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederate_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Governor of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Executive Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Executive_Mansion"}],"text":"The General Assembly meets in Virginia's capital of Richmond. When sitting in Richmond, the General Assembly holds sessions in the Virginia State Capitol, designed by Thomas Jefferson in 1788 and expanded in 1904. During the American Civil War, the building was used as the capitol of the Confederate States, housing the Confederate Congress. The building was renovated between 2005 and 2006. Senators and delegates have their offices in the General Assembly Building across the street directly north of the Capitol, which have been rebuilt and are expected to open in 2023.[5] The Governor of Virginia lives across the street directly east of the Capitol in the Virginia Executive Mansion.","title":"Capitol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Company of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Company"},{"link_name":"George Yeardley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Yeardley"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameralism"},{"link_name":"Council of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Governor%27s_Council"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"House of Burgesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgesses"},{"link_name":"appellate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"College of William & Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_(Williamsburg,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"ratification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification"},{"link_name":"Virginia Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"}],"text":"The Virginia General Assembly is described as \"the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World.\"[6] Its existence dates to its establishment at Jamestown on July 30, 1619, by instructions from the Virginia Company of London to the new Governor Sir George Yeardley. It was initially a unicameral body composed of the Company-appointed Governor and Council of State, plus 22 burgesses elected by the settlements and Jamestown.[7] The Assembly became bicameral in 1642 upon the formation of the House of Burgesses. The Assembly had a judicial function of hearing cases both original and appellate.[8] At various times it may have been referred to as the Grand Assembly of Virginia.[9] The General Assembly met in Jamestown from 1619 until 1699, when it first moved to the College of William & Mary near Williamsburg, Virginia, and from 1705 met in the colonial Capitol building. It became the General Assembly in 1776 with the ratification of the Virginia Constitution. The government was moved to Richmond in 1780 during the administration of Governor Thomas Jefferson.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"salary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salary"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"per diem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_diem"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Governor of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The annual salary for senators is $18,000.[10] The annual salary for delegates is $17,640, with the exception that the Speaker's salary is $36,321.[11] Members and one staff member also receive a per diem allowance for each day spent attending to official duties such as attending session in Richmond or attending committee meetings. Transportation expenses are reimbursed.[12]Under the Constitution of Virginia, senators and delegates must be twenty-one years of age at the time of the election, residents of the district they represent, and qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly. Under the Constitution, \"a senator or delegate who moves his residence from the district for which he is elected shall thereby vacate his office.\"[13]The state constitution specifies that the General Assembly shall meet annually, and its regular session is a maximum of 60 days long in even-numbered years and 30 days long in odd-numbered years, unless extended by a two-thirds vote of both houses.[14] The Governor of Virginia may convene a special session of the General Assembly \"when, in his opinion, the interest of the Commonwealth may require\" and must convene a special session \"upon the application of two-thirds of the members elected to each house.\"[15]","title":"Salary and qualifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"bipartisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartisan"},{"link_name":"commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_commission"},{"link_name":"League of Women Voters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters"},{"link_name":"AARP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AARP"},{"link_name":"OneVirginia2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OneVirginia2021"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Virginia Organizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Organizing"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bob McDonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McDonnell"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"George Mason University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mason_University"},{"link_name":"Christopher Newport University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Newport_University"},{"link_name":"executive order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order"},{"link_name":"Voting Rights Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Thomas Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Mann"},{"link_name":"Brookings Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution"},{"link_name":"Norman Ornstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Ornstein"},{"link_name":"American Enterprise Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Jill Holtzman Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Holtzman_Vogel"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Louise Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"a constitutional amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Virginia_Question_1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Results-23"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Article II, section 6 on apportionment states, \"Members of the . . . Senate and of the House of Delegates of the General Assembly shall be elected from electoral districts established by the General Assembly. Every electoral district shall be composed of contiguous and compact territory and shall be so constituted as to give, as nearly as is practicable, representation in proportion to the population of the district.\"[16] The Redistricting Coalition of Virginia proposes either an independent commission or a bipartisan commission that is not polarized. Member organizations include the League of Women Voters of Virginia, AARP of Virginia, OneVirginia2021, the Virginia Chamber of Commerce and Virginia Organizing.[17] Governor Bob McDonnell's Independent Bipartisan Advisory Commission on Redistricting for the Commonwealth of Virginia made its report on April 1, 2011. It made two recommendations for each state legislative house that showed maps of districts more compact and contiguous than those adopted by the General Assembly.[18] However, no action was taken after the report was released.In 2011 the Virginia College and University Redistricting Competition was organized by Professors Michael McDonald of George Mason University and Quentin Kidd of Christopher Newport University. About 150 students on sixteen teams from thirteen schools submitted plans for legislative and U.S. Congressional Districts. They created districts more compact than the General Assembly's efforts. The \"Division 1\" maps conformed with the Governor's executive order, and did not address electoral competition or representational fairness. In addition to the criteria of contiguity, equipopulation, the federal Voting Rights Act and communities of interest in the existing city and county boundaries, \"Division 2\" maps in the competition did incorporate considerations of electoral competition and representational fairness. Judges for the cash award prizes were Thomas Mann of the Brookings Institution and Norman Ornstein of the American Enterprise Institute.[19]In January 2015 Republican state senator Jill Holtzman Vogel of Winchester and Democratic state senator Louise Lucas of Portsmouth sponsored a Senate Joint Resolution to establish additional criteria for the Virginia Redistricting Commission of four identified members of political parties, and three other independent public officials. The criteria began with respecting existing political boundaries, such as cities and towns, counties and magisterial districts, election districts and voting precincts. Districts are to be established on the basis of population, in conformance with federal and state laws and court cases, including those addressing racial fairness. The territory is to be contiguous and compact, without oddly shaped boundaries. The commission is prohibited from using political data or election results to favor either political party or incumbent. It passed with a two-thirds majority of 27 to 12 in the Senate, and was then referred to committee in the House of Delegates.[20]In 2015, in Vesilind v. Virginia State Board of Elections in a Virginia state court, plaintiffs sought to overturn the General Assembly's redistricting in five House of Delegates and six state Senate districts as violations of both the Virginia and U.S. Constitutions because they failed to represent populations in \"continuous and compact territory\".[21]In 2020, a constitutional amendment moved redistricting power to a commission consisting of eight lawmakers, four from each party, and eight citizens.[22] The amendment passed with all counties and cities supporting the measure except Arlington.[23] The commission failed to reach an agreement on new state and congressional districts by an October 25, 2021, deadline, and relied upon the amendment's provision that lets the state Supreme Court of Virginia draw the districts in the event that the commission could not do so.[24] The Supreme Court did so and approved newly drawn districts on December 28, 2021.[25] While newly drawn districts will currently first be used in 2023, a federal lawsuit is pending that calls for an election to be held using newly drawn districts as immediately as November 2022. If the lawsuit was successful, it would have required all House districts, which just held elections under the previous districts in 2021, to hold back-to-back elections in 2022 and 2023 under the newly drawn districts.[26]","title":"Redistricting reform"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"The First General Assembly | Historic Jamestowne\". Retrieved May 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicjamestowne.org/history/the-first-general-assembly/","url_text":"\"The First General Assembly | Historic Jamestowne\""}]},{"reference":"\"House History\". history.house.virginia.gov. Retrieved May 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.house.virginia.gov/","url_text":"\"House History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newly-Empowered Virginia Democrats Promise Action\". Voice of America. Associated Press. January 8, 2020. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voanews.com/usa/newly-empowered-virginia-democrats-promise-action","url_text":"\"Newly-Empowered Virginia Democrats Promise Action\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America","url_text":"Voice of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200111000244/https://www.voanews.com/usa/newly-empowered-virginia-democrats-promise-action","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Asombra diversidad étnica de nueva Legislatura de Virginia\" (in Spanish). Chron. January 8, 2020. 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Retrieved June 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://virginiageneralassembly.gov/virginiaLegislature.php?secid=20&activesec=2#!hb=1&mainContentTabs=4&content=4,includes/contentTemplate.php%3Ftid%3D52%26ctype%3Db%26cid%3D31","url_text":"\"About the General Assembly\""}]},{"reference":"Billings; Warren, M. (2004). A Little Parliament; The Virginia General Assembly in the Seventeenth Century. Richmond: The Library of Virginia, in partnership with Jamestown 2007/Jamestown Yorktown Foundation.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Virginia (1905). Annual Reports of Officers, Boards and Institutions of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Report of the State Librarian, Volume II. p. 543.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qSRNAAAAMAAJ&q=%22grand+assembly+of+virginia%22&pg=PA543","url_text":"Annual Reports of Officers, Boards and Institutions of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Report of the State Librarian, Volume II"}]},{"reference":"\"Virginia Budget\". Legislative Information Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://budget.lis.virginia.gov/item/2022/2/HB30/Introduced/1/1/","url_text":"\"Virginia Budget\""}]},{"reference":"\"Article IV. Legislature - Section 6. Legislative sessions\". Constitution of Virginia. Virginia Law. Archived from the original on November 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.lis.virginia.gov/constitution/article4/section6/","url_text":"\"Article IV. Legislature - Section 6. Legislative sessions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231112145914/https://law.lis.virginia.gov/constitution/article4/section6/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Article II, Section 6. Apportionment\". Virginia Constitution. Retrieved October 10, 2006 – via Justia.","urls":[{"url":"http://law.justia.com/constitution/virginia/constitution.html#2S6","url_text":"\"Article II, Section 6. Apportionment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coalition Members\". Virginia Redistricting Coalition. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141010080238/http://fixthelines.org/CoalitionMembers/tabid/564/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Coalition Members\""},{"url":"http://fixthelines.org/CoalitionMembers/tabid/564/Default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vesilind v. Virginia State Board of Elections\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161010213933/http://redistricting.lls.edu/files/VA%20Vesilind%2020150914%20Complaint.pdf","url_text":"\"Vesilind v. Virginia State Board of Elections\""},{"url":"http://redistricting.lls.edu/files/VA%20Vesilind%2020150914%20Complaint.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Virginia Redistricting Commission Amendment (2020)\". Ballotpedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://ballotpedia.org/Virginia_Redistricting_Commission_Amendment_(2020)","url_text":"\"Virginia Redistricting Commission Amendment (2020)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 November General\". Virginia Elections. Virginia Department of Elections. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201205133837/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2020%20November%20General/Site/Referendums.html","url_text":"\"2020 November General\""},{"url":"https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2020%20November%20General/Site/Referendums.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Redistricting Commission to Miss Last Deadline; Supreme Court to Choose Special Masters\". WVTF. November 8, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wvtf.org/news/2021-11-08/redistricting-commission-to-miss-last-deadline-supreme-court-to-choose-special-masters","url_text":"\"Redistricting Commission to Miss Last Deadline; Supreme Court to Choose Special Masters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Redistricting process changes impact new maps\". www.cbs19news.com. Retrieved May 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbs19news.com/story/45805758/virginia-general-assembly-redistricting-process","url_text":"\"Redistricting process changes impact new maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Civil rights group asks to join Virginia redistricting suit\". AP NEWS. March 21, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/2022-midterm-elections-lawsuits-virginia-elections-redistricting-eae62af7f54a49bb8390a44346d29820","url_text":"\"Civil rights group asks to join Virginia redistricting suit\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe
Uranus Orbiter and Probe
["1 Background","2 Key science questions","2.1 Origin, interior, and atmosphere","2.2 Magnetosphere","2.3 Satellites and rings","3 Mission details","3.1 Orbiter instruments","3.2 Atmospheric probe instruments","4 See also","5 References"]
Proposed NASA space mission to Uranus Uranus Orbiter and ProbeMosaic of images of Uranus and its 5 major moons from Voyager 2Mission typeUranus orbiterOperatorNASAMission durationCruise: 13.4 years Science phase: 4.5 years Spacecraft propertiesLaunch mass7,235 kg (15,950 lb)Dry mass2,756 kg (6,076 lb)Payload mass60.5 kg (133 lb) plus 19.7 kg (43 lb) atmospheric probeDimensionsHeight: 7.1 m (23 ft)Diameter: less than 5 m (16 ft)Power735 W (0.986 hp) from 3 Mod1 Next-Generation Radioisotope thermoelectric generators Start of missionLaunch datenot earlier than 2031RocketFalcon Heavy Expendable (proposed)Launch siteKennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A (proposed) Flyby of Earth (gravity assist)Closest approachnot earlier than 2033Distance450 km (280 mi)Flyby of Jupiter (gravity assist)Closest approachnot earlier than 2035Distance370,000 km (230,000 mi)Uranus orbiterOrbital insertionnot earlier than 2044Uranus atmospheric probeAtmospheric entrynot earlier than 2045 Solar System Exploration program← Europa ClipperEnceladus Orbilander →  The Uranus Orbiter and Probe is an orbiter mission concept to study Uranus and its moons. The orbiter would also deploy an atmospheric probe to characterize Uranus's atmosphere. The concept is being developed as a potential large strategic science mission for NASA. The science phase would last 4.5 years and include multiple flybys of each of the major moons. The mission concept was selected as the highest priority Flagship-class mission by the 2023–2032 Planetary Science Decadal Survey, ahead of the Enceladus Orbilander. A Neptune orbiter mission concept, Neptune Odyssey, that would address many of the same scientific goals regarding ice giants was also considered, but for logistical and cost reasons a mission to Uranus was favored. The original proposal targeted a launch in 2031 using a Falcon Heavy expendable launch vehicle with a gravity assist at Jupiter, allowing arrival at Uranus in 2044. In 2023, however, NASA announced that due to a shortfall in plutonium production a mid to late 2030s launch would be more likely. Background Further information: Exploration of Uranus Voyager 2 is the only space probe to have visited the Uranus system, completing a flyby on January 24, 1986. The 2011-2022 Planetary Science Decadal Survey recommended a Flagship-class orbiter mission to an ice giant with priority behind what would become the Mars 2020 rover and the Europa Clipper. Ice giants are now appreciated as a common type of exoplanet, precipitating the need for further study of ice giants in the Solar System. The ice giants Uranus and Neptune were seen as unique yet equally compelling scientific targets, but a Uranus orbiter and atmospheric probe was given preference for logistical and cost reasons. A Uranus orbiter would logically follow Flagship-class orbiter missions undertaken at Jupiter and Saturn (Galileo and Cassini, respectively). In 2017, prior to the 2023–2032 survey, a committee narrowed twenty mission concepts to three scenarios for Uranus and a fourth for Neptune. A mission to Neptune is viewed by some to be of greater scientific merit because Triton, likely a captured Kuiper belt object and ocean world, is a more compelling astrobiology target than the moons of Uranus (though Ariel and Miranda in particular are possible ocean worlds). There was also a study that considered a New Frontiers-level Uranus orbiter mission concept if a Flagship-class mission to Neptune were favored. Nevertheless, again due to cost and logistical considerations including launch vehicle availability and available launch windows, the 2023–2032 Planetary Science Decadal Survey recommended the Uranus Orbiter and Probe instead of an analogous proposal for Neptune, Neptune Odyssey. Key science questions The orbiter paired with an atmospheric probe will address a variety of scientific questions across all aspects of the Uranus system: Origin, interior, and atmosphere How does atmospheric circulation function, from interior to thermosphere, in an ice giant? What is the 3D atmospheric structure of the weather layer? When, where, and how did Uranus form, how did it evolve both thermally and spatially, including migration, and how did it acquire its retrograde obliquity? What is Uranus' bulk composition and its depth dependence? Does Uranus have discrete layers or a dilute core, and can this be tied to its formation and tilt? What is the true rotation rate of Uranus, does it rotate uniformly, and how deep are the winds? Magnetosphere What dynamo process produces Uranus' complex magnetic field? What are the plasma sources & dynamics of Uranus' magnetosphere and how does it interact with the solar wind, Uranus' upper atmosphere, and satellite surfaces? Satellites and rings What are the internal structures and rock-to-ice ratios of the large Uranian moons and which moons possess substantial internal heat sources or possible oceans? How do the compositions and properties of the Uranian moons constrain their formation and evolution? What geological history and processes do the surfaces record and how can they inform outer solar system impactor populations? What evidence of exogenic interactions do the surfaces display? What are the compositions, origins and history of the Uranian rings and inner small moons, and what processes sculpted them into their current configuration? Mission details Schematic of the 2021 concept study design for the Orbiter and Probe The atmospheric probe element of this mission would study the vertical distribution of cloud-forming molecules, thermal stratification, and wind speed as a function of depth. The 2010 mission design envisioned a probe of 127 kg (280 lb), less than half that of the Galileo atmospheric probe. A later design study suggested results could be significantly enhanced by adding a second probe which could be as small as 30 kg (66 lb) in mass and about 0.5 m (20 in) in diameter. Orbiter instruments The orbiter is proposed to carry the following instruments in the baseline concept, with additional instruments possible should they prove to be within mass, power, and cost limitations: Instrument Heritage Instrument Heritage Mission Magnetometer MESSENGER Magnetometer MESSENGER Narrow-Angle Camera Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) New Horizons Thermal Infrared Camera Diviner Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Langmuir Probe and Waves MAVEN Langmuir Probe and Waves (LPW) MAVEN Search coil magnetometer TRACERS search coil magnetometer (MSC) TRACERS Fast imaging plasma spectrometer MESSENGER energetic particle and plasma spectrometer (EPPS) MESSENGER Electrostatic analyzers Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons (SWEAP) Parker Solar Probe Energetic Charged Particle Detector EPI-Lo Parker Solar Probe Visible-Near Infrared Imaging Spectrometer & Wide-angle camera L'Ralph Lucy Radio Science Experiment UltraStable Oscillator none (part of spacecraft communications system) Atmospheric probe instruments The atmospheric probe is proposed to carry 4 scientific instruments as part of the baseline concept. Instrument Heritage Instrument Heritage Mission Double focus mass spectrometer Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) Rosetta Atmospheric Structure Instrument Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI) Huygens Ortho-Para H2 Detector (in development) none Radio Science Experiment UltraStable Oscillator none (part of probe communications system) See also Atmosphere of Uranus Exploration of Uranus Moons of Uranus Uranus mission proposals MUSE Oceanus (New Frontiers-class proposal of the 2010s) ODINUS Uranus Pathfinder (ESA M-Class proposal of the 2010s) References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Simon, Amy; Nimmo, Francis; Anderson, Richard C. (7 June 2021). "Journey to an Ice Giant System: Uranus Orbiter and Probe". Planetary Mission Concept for the 2023–2032 Planetary Science Decadal Survey. NASA. Retrieved 1 May 2022. ^ a b Foust, Jeff (2023-05-03). "Plutonium availability constrains plans for future planetary missions". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ a b c Origins, Worlds, and Life: A Decadal Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology 2023-2032 (Prepublication ed.). National Academies Press. 2022. p. 800. doi:10.17226/26522. ISBN 978-0-309-47578-5. S2CID 248283239. Retrieved 30 April 2022. ^ a b Foust, Jeff (19 April 2022). "Planetary science decadal endorses Mars sample return, outer planets missions". SpaceNews. Retrieved 19 April 2022. ^ a b "Visions and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013–2022". Retrieved 20 April 2021. ^ Chris Gebhardt (20 November 2013). "New SLS mission options explored via new Large Upper Stage". NASASpaceFlight. ^ a b c Hubbard, William B. (3 June 2010). "SDO-12345: Ice Giants Decadal Study" (PDF). National Academies Press. National Academy of Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2020. ^ a b c "Ice Giants Pre-Decadal Survey Mission Study Report (June 2017)" (PDF). Retrieved 13 Feb 2024. ^ It’s time to explore Uranus and Neptune again — and here's how NASA could do it. Loren Grush, The Verge. 16 June 2017. ^ Revisiting the ice giants: NASA study considers Uranus and Neptune missions. Jason Davis. The Planetary Society. 21 June 2017. ^ NASA Completes Study of Future ‘Ice Giant’ Mission Concepts Archived 2020-08-06 at the Wayback Machine. NASA TV. 20 June 2017. ^ Moore, Jeff; Spilker, Linda; Bowman, Jeff; Cable, Morgan; Edgington, Scott; Hendrix, Amanda; Hofstadter, Mark; Hurford, Terry; Mandt, Kathleen; McEwen, Alfred; Paty, Carol; Quick, Lynnae; Rymer, Abigail; Sayanagi, Kunio; Schmidt, Britney; Spilker, Thomas (2021). "Exploration Strategy for the Outer Planets 2023–2032: Goals and Priorities". Bulletin of the AAS. 53 (4): 371. arXiv:2003.11182. Bibcode:2021BAAS...53d.371M. doi:10.3847/25c2cfeb.1f297498. S2CID 214641023. Retrieved 20 April 2021. ^ Hendrix, Amanda R.; Hurford, Terry A.; Barge, Laura M.; Bland, Michael T.; Bowman, Jeff S.; Brinckerhoff, William; Buratti, Bonnie J.; Cable, Morgan L.; Castillo-Rogez, Julie; Collins, Geoffrey C.; Diniega, Serina; German, Christopher R.; Hayes, Alexander G.; Hoehler, Tori; Hosseini, Sona; Howett, Carly J.A.; McEwen, Alfred S.; Neish, Catherine D.; Neveu, Marc; Nordheim, Tom A.; Patterson, G. Wesley; Patthoff, D. Alex; Phillips, Cynthia; Rhoden, Alyssa; Schmidt, Britney E.; Singer, Kelsi N.; Soderblom, Jason M.; Vance, Steven D. (2019). "NASA Roadmap to Ocean Worlds". Astrobiology. 19 (1): 1–27. Bibcode:2019AsBio..19....1H. doi:10.1089/ast.2018.1955. PMC 6338575. PMID 30346215. S2CID 53043052. ^ THE CASE FOR A URANUS ORBITER, Mark Hofstadter et al. ^ K. M. Sayanagi, R. A. Dillman, A. A. Simon, et al. " Small Next-generation Atmospheric Probe (SNAP) Concept", LPI 2083 (2018): 2262. Long version of paper: Space Sci Rev, 216, 72 (June 10, 2020) Small Next-Generation Atmospheric Probe (SNAP) Concept to Enable Future Multi-Probe Missions: A Case Study for Uranus. Retrieved June 22, 2020. vteUranus Outline Geography Atmosphere Climate Dark Spot Rings Major moons Ariel Miranda Oberon Titania Umbriel AstronomyDiscovery William Herschel Gerard Kuiper James L. Elliot William Lassell General Uranus-crossing minor planets Co-orbitals Trojans 2011 QF99 2014 YX49 83982 Crantor (472651) 2015 DB216 ExplorationPast Voyager 2 (1986 flyby) Future Tianwen-4 (2029) Proposals MUSE OCEANUS ODINUS Uranus Orbiter and Probe Uranus Pathfinder Related Fiction Category vteFuture spaceflightsCrewed2024 SpaceX Crew-9 (August) Polaris Dawn (H2 2024) Soyuz MS-26 (September) Axiom Mission 4 (October) Shenzhou 19 (November) 2025 Artemis 2 (September) Boeing Starliner-1 (Q1) Gaganyaan-4 Shenzhou 20 Vast-1 Shenzhou 21 2026+ Artemis 3 (2026) Gaganyaan-5 Artemis 4 (2028) Artemis 5 (2029) Uncrewed2024 Biomass Bion-M No.2 (September) Blue Ghost M1 DISHA ESCAPADE (September) Europa Clipper (October) Gaganyaan-1 (July) Gaganyaan-2 GOES-U (June) GOSAT-GW GSAT-20 (Q2) Hakuto-R M2 LOXSAT1 (July) IM-2 / Lunar Trailblazer IHP-1 Hera / Milani / Juventas (October) NISAR (H2) PROBA-3 (September) SNC Demo-1 (June) SVOM (June) SpainSat NG I (September) Türksat 6A (June) UN/Dream Chaser VIPER (November) DOGE-1 2025 DESTINY+ IMAP / SWFO-L1 (February) Gaganyaan-3 Garatéa-L HTV-X1 IM-3 MetOp-SG Series A MetOp-SG Series B MULA PPE / HALO SMILE (May) Space Rider SPARCS SPHEREx / PUNCH (April) Tianwen-2 (May) TRACERS (April) 2026 ALTIUS / FLEX Chang'e 7 / Rashid 2 IHP-2 ispace M3 LUPEX MMX Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (2026–2027) Xuntian PLATO ULTRASAT VOICE 2027 FORUM Luna 26 Superbird-9 2028+ Chang'e 8 (2028) Dragonfly (2028) JASMINE (2028) Luna 27 (2028) MBR Explorer (2028) MSR (2028) NEO Surveyor (2028) Rosalind Franklin rover (2028) SAOCOM-2A (2028) Solar-C EUVST (2028) Tianwen-3 (2028) Venus Orbiter Mission (2028+) ARIEL / Comet Interceptor (2029) DAVINCI (2029) Harmony (2029) Tianwen-4 (2029) Venera-D (2029–2031) VERITAS (2029) Luna 28 (2030) SAOCOM-2B (2030) Spektr-UV (2030) Spektr-M (2030+) EnVision (2031) LiteBIRD (2032) Athena (2035) LISA (2035) TBA Europa Lander Janus MOM 2 Nano-JASMINE PETREL TEREX-1 (mid 2020s) Uranus Orbiter and Probe Recentlylaunched SpaceX Crew-8 (4 March) AEROS MH-1 (4 March) MethaneSAT (4 March) Queqiao-2 (20 March) Tiandu 1 and 2 (20 March) SpaceX CRS-30 (21 March) WSF-M 1 (11 April) Shenzhou 18 (25 April) Chang'e 6 (3 May) EarthCARE (28 May) List of proposed missions to the Moon List of proposed space observatories
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orbiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_probe"},{"link_name":"Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus"},{"link_name":"its moons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concept-1"},{"link_name":"Uranus's atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus"},{"link_name":"large strategic science mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_strategic_science_mission"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"flybys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyby_(spaceflight)"},{"link_name":"major moons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_moon"},{"link_name":"Planetary Science Decadal Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_Science_Decadal_Survey"},{"link_name":"Enceladus Orbilander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023decadal-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foust-4"},{"link_name":"Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune"},{"link_name":"Neptune Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"ice giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_giants"},{"link_name":"Falcon Heavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Heavy"},{"link_name":"gravity assist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_assist"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"plutonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faust-2"}],"text":"The Uranus Orbiter and Probe is an orbiter mission concept to study Uranus and its moons.[1] The orbiter would also deploy an atmospheric probe to characterize Uranus's atmosphere. The concept is being developed as a potential large strategic science mission for NASA. The science phase would last 4.5 years and include multiple flybys of each of the major moons.The mission concept was selected as the highest priority Flagship-class mission by the 2023–2032 Planetary Science Decadal Survey, ahead of the Enceladus Orbilander.[3][4]\nA Neptune orbiter mission concept, Neptune Odyssey, that would address many of the same scientific goals regarding ice giants was also considered, but for logistical and cost reasons a mission to Uranus was favored.The original proposal targeted a launch in 2031 using a Falcon Heavy expendable launch vehicle with a gravity assist at Jupiter, allowing arrival at Uranus in 2044. In 2023, however, NASA announced that due to a shortfall in plutonium production a mid to late 2030s launch would be more likely.[2]","title":"Uranus Orbiter and Probe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exploration of Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus"},{"link_name":"Voyager 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2"},{"link_name":"space probe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_probe"},{"link_name":"Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus"},{"link_name":"flyby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyby_(spaceflight)"},{"link_name":"Planetary Science Decadal Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_Science_Decadal_Survey"},{"link_name":"Flagship-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship-class_mission"},{"link_name":"ice giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_giant"},{"link_name":"Mars 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_2020"},{"link_name":"Europa Clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visionsandvoyages-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chris_Gebhardt-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hubbard_2010-7"},{"link_name":"exoplanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icegiants-8"},{"link_name":"Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus"},{"link_name":"Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visionsandvoyages-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hubbard_2010-7"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn"},{"link_name":"Galileo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"Cassini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icegiants-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verge_2017-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plan_Soc_2017-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA_study_2017-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitepaper-12"},{"link_name":"Triton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_(moon)"},{"link_name":"Kuiper belt object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt_object"},{"link_name":"ocean world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_world"},{"link_name":"astrobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiology"},{"link_name":"moons of Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus"},{"link_name":"Ariel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_(moon)"},{"link_name":"Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_(moon)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roadmap-13"},{"link_name":"New Frontiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Frontiers_program"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hof-14"},{"link_name":"Planetary Science Decadal Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_Science_Decadal_Survey"},{"link_name":"Neptune Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023decadal-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foust-4"}],"text":"Further information: Exploration of UranusVoyager 2 is the only space probe to have visited the Uranus system, completing a flyby on January 24, 1986. The 2011-2022 Planetary Science Decadal Survey recommended a Flagship-class orbiter mission to an ice giant with priority behind what would become the Mars 2020 rover and the Europa Clipper.[5][6][7] Ice giants are now appreciated as a common type of exoplanet, precipitating the need for further study of ice giants in the Solar System.[8] The ice giants Uranus and Neptune were seen as unique yet equally compelling scientific targets, but a Uranus orbiter and atmospheric probe was given preference for logistical and cost reasons.[5][7] A Uranus orbiter would logically follow Flagship-class orbiter missions undertaken at Jupiter and Saturn (Galileo and Cassini, respectively).In 2017, prior to the 2023–2032 survey, a committee narrowed twenty mission concepts to three scenarios for Uranus and a fourth for Neptune.[8][9][10][11] A mission to Neptune is viewed by some to be of greater scientific merit[12] because Triton, likely a captured Kuiper belt object and ocean world, is a more compelling astrobiology target than the moons of Uranus (though Ariel and Miranda in particular are possible ocean worlds).[13] There was also a study that considered a New Frontiers-level Uranus orbiter mission concept if a Flagship-class mission to Neptune were favored.[14] Nevertheless, again due to cost and logistical considerations including launch vehicle availability and available launch windows, the 2023–2032 Planetary Science Decadal Survey recommended the Uranus Orbiter and Probe instead of an analogous proposal for Neptune, Neptune Odyssey.[3][4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023decadal-3"}],"text":"The orbiter paired with an atmospheric probe will address a variety of scientific questions across all aspects of the Uranus system:[3]","title":"Key science questions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"atmospheric circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation"},{"link_name":"thermosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosphere"},{"link_name":"atmospheric structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus"},{"link_name":"obliquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obliquity"},{"link_name":"Uranus' bulk composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus#Physical_characteristics"},{"link_name":"core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_(planet)"},{"link_name":"tilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt_of_Uranus"},{"link_name":"rotation rate of Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus#Orbit_and_rotation"},{"link_name":"winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_of_Uranus"}],"sub_title":"Origin, interior, and atmosphere","text":"How does atmospheric circulation function, from interior to thermosphere, in an ice giant?\nWhat is the 3D atmospheric structure of the weather layer?\nWhen, where, and how did Uranus form, how did it evolve both thermally and spatially, including migration, and how did it acquire its retrograde obliquity?\nWhat is Uranus' bulk composition and its depth dependence?\nDoes Uranus have discrete layers or a dilute core, and can this be tied to its formation and tilt?\nWhat is the true rotation rate of Uranus, does it rotate uniformly, and how deep are the winds?","title":"Key science questions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo_theory"},{"link_name":"Uranus' complex magnetic field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Uranus"},{"link_name":"plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)"},{"link_name":"solar wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind"}],"sub_title":"Magnetosphere","text":"What dynamo process produces Uranus' complex magnetic field?\nWhat are the plasma sources & dynamics of Uranus' magnetosphere and how does it interact with the solar wind, Uranus' upper atmosphere, and satellite surfaces?","title":"Key science questions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"internal heat sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_heating"},{"link_name":"oceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_ocean"},{"link_name":"exogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exogenic"},{"link_name":"Uranian rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus"}],"sub_title":"Satellites and rings","text":"What are the internal structures and rock-to-ice ratios of the large Uranian moons and which moons possess substantial internal heat sources or possible oceans?\nHow do the compositions and properties of the Uranian moons constrain their formation and evolution?\nWhat geological history and processes do the surfaces record and how can they inform outer solar system impactor populations? What evidence of exogenic interactions do the surfaces display?\nWhat are the compositions, origins and history of the Uranian rings and inner small moons, and what processes sculpted them into their current configuration?","title":"Key science questions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2021_Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe_schematic.jpg"},{"link_name":"Galileo atmospheric probe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Probe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hubbard_2010-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Schematic of the 2021 concept study design for the Orbiter and ProbeThe atmospheric probe element of this mission would study the vertical distribution of cloud-forming molecules, thermal stratification, and wind speed as a function of depth. The 2010 mission design envisioned a probe of 127 kg (280 lb), less than half that of the Galileo atmospheric probe.[7] A later design study suggested results could be significantly enhanced by adding a second probe which could be as small as 30 kg (66 lb) in mass and about 0.5 m (20 in) in diameter.[15]","title":"Mission details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concept-1"}],"sub_title":"Orbiter instruments","text":"The orbiter is proposed to carry the following instruments in the baseline concept, with additional instruments possible should they prove to be within mass, power, and cost limitations:[1]","title":"Mission details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concept-1"}],"sub_title":"Atmospheric probe instruments","text":"The atmospheric probe is proposed to carry 4 scientific instruments as part of the baseline concept.[1]","title":"Mission details"}]
[{"image_text":"Schematic of the 2021 concept study design for the Orbiter and Probe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2021_Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe_schematic.jpg/220px-2021_Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe_schematic.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Atmosphere of Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus"},{"title":"Exploration of Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus"},{"title":"Moons of Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus"},{"title":"MUSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUSE_(spacecraft)"},{"title":"Oceanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus_(Uranus_orbiter)"},{"title":"ODINUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODINUS"},{"title":"Uranus Pathfinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_Pathfinder"}]
[{"reference":"Simon, Amy; Nimmo, Francis; Anderson, Richard C. (7 June 2021). \"Journey to an Ice Giant System: Uranus Orbiter and Probe\". Planetary Mission Concept for the 2023–2032 Planetary Science Decadal Survey. NASA. Retrieved 1 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Qlun6EF0v472eOMXXokHxa6B2tBLNkdv","url_text":"\"Journey to an Ice Giant System: Uranus Orbiter and Probe\""}]},{"reference":"Foust, Jeff (2023-05-03). \"Plutonium availability constrains plans for future planetary missions\". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2023-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://spacenews.com/plutonium-availability-constrains-plans-for-future-planetary-missions/","url_text":"\"Plutonium availability constrains plans for future planetary missions\""}]},{"reference":"Origins, Worlds, and Life: A Decadal Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology 2023-2032 (Prepublication ed.). National Academies Press. 2022. p. 800. doi:10.17226/26522. ISBN 978-0-309-47578-5. S2CID 248283239. Retrieved 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26522/origins-worlds-and-life-a-decadal-strategy-for-planetary-science","url_text":"Origins, Worlds, and Life: A Decadal Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology 2023-2032"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17226%2F26522","url_text":"10.17226/26522"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-47578-5","url_text":"978-0-309-47578-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248283239","url_text":"248283239"}]},{"reference":"Foust, Jeff (19 April 2022). \"Planetary science decadal endorses Mars sample return, outer planets missions\". SpaceNews. Retrieved 19 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://spacenews.com/planetary-science-decadal-endorses-mars-sample-return-outer-planets-missions/","url_text":"\"Planetary science decadal endorses Mars sample return, outer planets missions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visions and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013–2022\". Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/598/vision-and-voyages-for-planetary-science-in-the-decade-2013-2022/","url_text":"\"Visions and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013–2022\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Gebhardt (20 November 2013). \"New SLS mission options explored via new Large Upper Stage\". NASASpaceFlight.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/11/new-sls-options-new-large-upper-stage","url_text":"\"New SLS mission options explored via new Large Upper Stage\""}]},{"reference":"Hubbard, William B. (3 June 2010). \"SDO-12345: Ice Giants Decadal Study\" (PDF). National Academies Press. National Academy of Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nap.edu/resource/13117/App%20G%2023_Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe.pdf","url_text":"\"SDO-12345: Ice Giants Decadal Study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_Press","url_text":"National Academies Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"National Academy of Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210506092409/https://www.nap.edu/resource/13117/App%20G%2023_Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ice Giants Pre-Decadal Survey Mission Study Report (June 2017)\" (PDF). Retrieved 13 Feb 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/NASA-academies-resources/full-report-ice-giants.pdf","url_text":"\"Ice Giants Pre-Decadal Survey Mission Study Report (June 2017)\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, Jeff; Spilker, Linda; Bowman, Jeff; Cable, Morgan; Edgington, Scott; Hendrix, Amanda; Hofstadter, Mark; Hurford, Terry; Mandt, Kathleen; McEwen, Alfred; Paty, Carol; Quick, Lynnae; Rymer, Abigail; Sayanagi, Kunio; Schmidt, Britney; Spilker, Thomas (2021). \"Exploration Strategy for the Outer Planets 2023–2032: Goals and Priorities\". Bulletin of the AAS. 53 (4): 371. arXiv:2003.11182. Bibcode:2021BAAS...53d.371M. doi:10.3847/25c2cfeb.1f297498. S2CID 214641023. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://baas.aas.org/pub/2021n4i371/release/1","url_text":"\"Exploration Strategy for the Outer Planets 2023–2032: Goals and Priorities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.11182","url_text":"2003.11182"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021BAAS...53d.371M","url_text":"2021BAAS...53d.371M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3847%2F25c2cfeb.1f297498","url_text":"10.3847/25c2cfeb.1f297498"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214641023","url_text":"214641023"}]},{"reference":"Hendrix, Amanda R.; Hurford, Terry A.; Barge, Laura M.; Bland, Michael T.; Bowman, Jeff S.; Brinckerhoff, William; Buratti, Bonnie J.; Cable, Morgan L.; Castillo-Rogez, Julie; Collins, Geoffrey C.; Diniega, Serina; German, Christopher R.; Hayes, Alexander G.; Hoehler, Tori; Hosseini, Sona; Howett, Carly J.A.; McEwen, Alfred S.; Neish, Catherine D.; Neveu, Marc; Nordheim, Tom A.; Patterson, G. Wesley; Patthoff, D. Alex; Phillips, Cynthia; Rhoden, Alyssa; Schmidt, Britney E.; Singer, Kelsi N.; Soderblom, Jason M.; Vance, Steven D. (2019). \"NASA Roadmap to Ocean Worlds\". Astrobiology. 19 (1): 1–27. Bibcode:2019AsBio..19....1H. doi:10.1089/ast.2018.1955. PMC 6338575. PMID 30346215. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferney-Voltaire
Ferney-Voltaire
["1 History","2 Voltaire","3 Population","4 Schools","5 Sights","6 Personalities","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°15′21″N 6°06′29″E / 46.2558°N 6.1081°E / 46.2558; 6.1081Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceFerney-VoltaireCommune Coat of armsLocation of Ferney-Voltaire Ferney-VoltaireShow map of FranceFerney-VoltaireShow map of Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesCoordinates: 46°15′21″N 6°06′29″E / 46.2558°N 6.1081°E / 46.2558; 6.1081CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesDepartmentAinArrondissementGexCantonSaint-Genis-PouillyIntercommunalityCA Pays de GexGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Daniel RaphozArea14.78 km2 (1.85 sq mi)Population (2021)10,920 • Density2,300/km2 (5,900/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code01160 /01210Elevation409–446 m (1,342–1,463 ft) (avg. 423 m or 1,388 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Ferney-Voltaire (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of eastern France. It lies between the Jura Mountains and the Swiss border; it forms part of the metropolitan area of Geneva. It is named for Voltaire, who lived there from 1758. History Ferney was first noted in 14th-century Burgundian registers as "Fernex" and changed several times until the 19th century to Fernay, Fernaj, Fernai or Fernex before adopting its current name as 'Ferney-Voltaire' in 1791, after the French Revolution which saw a number of city names unchristened and then given more republican names. During Voltaire's residence in Ferney in the second part of the 18th century, the town saw rapid expansion. Today Ferney is a peaceful town with a Saturday market and a large international community, due to the proximity of CERN and the United Nations Office at Geneva. Ferney is growing very quickly. It is also home to the Lycée International. Voltaire still presides over Ferney with his statue in the centre of town. Voltaire Statue of Voltaire in town's center From 1758 to 1778 Ferney was home to French writer and philosopher Voltaire, sometimes referred to as "the patriarch of Ferney." His influence on the town was profound. He built the local church and founded cottage industries that produced some of the finest potters and watchmakers of modern France. The town was eventually renamed "Ferney-Voltaire" in his honour. In 1758, after having lived in Geneva for less than two years, Voltaire purchased the estate of Ferney in France, near the Swiss border. A prime reason for his leaving Geneva was that theatre was forbidden in that Calvinist city, so he had decided to become the enlightened "patriarch" of the little village of Ferney, setting up potteries, a watchmaking industry and, of course, theatres, attracting rich people from Geneva to watch his plays. During Voltaire's residence, the population of Ferney increased to more than 1,000. Voltaire lived there for the last 20 years of his life before returning to Paris, where he died in 1778. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1793 856—    1800 884+0.46%1806 944+1.10%1821 686−2.11%1831 935+3.15%1836 1,194+5.01%1841 1,214+0.33%1846 1,238+0.39%1851 1,173−1.07%1856 1,138−0.60%1861 1,166+0.49%1866 1,288+2.01%1872 1,232−0.74%1876 1,403+3.30%1881 1,274−1.91%1886 1,222−0.83%1891 1,200−0.36%1896 1,232+0.53%YearPop.±% p.a.1901 1,269+0.59%1906 1,169−1.63%1911 1,172+0.05%1921 1,102−0.61%1926 1,209+1.87%1931 1,232+0.38%1936 1,224−0.13%1946 991−2.09%1954 1,275+3.20%1962 1,805+4.44%1968 2,984+8.74%1975 5,642+9.53%1982 6,399+1.81%1990 6,408+0.02%1999 7,083+1.12%2007 7,741+1.12%2012 8,844+2.70%2017 9,766+2.00%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968–2017) Schools École Florian The community has two public preschools/primary schools: École Jean-Calas and École Florian. A nearby intercommunal school, École Intercommunale Jean de la Fontaine in Prévessin-Moëns, also serves the community. As of 2018 the three schools had a combined total of 952 students, with Jean-Calas, Florian, and Jean de la Fontaine respectively having 278, 307, and 367 students. Around 1940 a primary school, the École de Ferney-Voltaire, was established. About 1970 it was renamed École Florian, after the French poet and fabulist Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian, whose uncle and guardian, the Marquis de Florian, had married a niece of Voltaire, Madame Dompierre de Fontaine . The school is notable for having had a large number of pupils who were children of physicists at CERN, which is located in the vicinity. Ferney-Voltaire also has a private preschool/primary school, École Saint-Vincent. Collège Le Joran (junior high school), in Prévessin-Moëns, serves Ferney-Voltaire. Lycée international de Ferney-Voltaire, including a junior high school/middle school (collège) and a senior high school/sixth form college (lycée) was created in 1961 in Ferney-Voltaire. As of 2016, the Lycée includes a branch campus in Saint-Genis-Pouilly. Sights Voltaire's chateau Ferney's main attraction is Voltaire's house (château), built 1758–66, now owned and administered by the Centre des monuments nationaux (an arm of the French Ministry of Culture). The chateau includes the main building, with a reconstruction of Voltaire's room (moved from its original location by later private owners), a garden with a fine view of the Alps, and a church dedicated, contrary to custom, directly to God. In the church's inscription, "Deo erexit VOLTAIRE" ("Erected to God by VOLTAIRE"), Voltaire's name is written in the largest characters. A few dozen metres from the chateau is another impressive house, built in 1900 by Monsieur Lambert (the sculptor of the statue of Voltaire; his family owned the chateau before it was purchased by the French government). The house, now privately owned, had been used to store provisions and wine for the chateau, and to accommodate the household staff. The village features 18th-century houses and artisans' workshops; a life-size statue of Voltaire; a smaller bust of him, surmounting a fountain; many restaurants, French and foreign; and proximity to the nearby cosmopolitan city of Geneva, Switzerland. Every Saturday, a market is held in the main street of Ferney. The old road at the centre of the village is a remnant of the time when Voltaire resided at the chateau in Ferney-Voltaire. The pedestal of the Voltaire statue, erected in 1890, dedicates that memorial to the town's "benefactor", noting that he built over a hundred houses for the inhabitants, as well as a school and church, gave the town interest-free loans, and fed its inhabitants in time of need. On 31 May 2018, Président Emmanuel Macron officially visited the Château for the re-opening after renovation. Personalities Harrikrisna Anenden (born 1947), film director Hina Aoyama (born 1970), paper-cutting artist and illustrator Saphia Azzeddine (born 1979), writer, actress and screenwriter Marie Louise Denis (1712–1790), a niece of Voltaire Ananda Devi (born 1957), writer Andy Johnson-Laird (born 1945), computer scientist Jean-Antoine Lépine (1720–1814), watchmaker Gaspard Mermillod (1824–1892), bishop, later cardinal Michel Meylan (1939–2020), politician Gilles Mirallès (1966–2022), chess player Antoine Porcel (1937–2014), boxer David Pujadas (b.1964), journalist and television host Brian Savegar (1932–2007), production designer Georges Vianès, mayor of Ferney-Voltaire from 1995 to 2001 Jean-Louis Wagnière (1739–1802), Voltaire's secretary for over twenty years, later mayor of Ferney-Voltaire Nedd Willard (1926–2018), writer, artist and journalist See also List of places named after people Communes of the Ain department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2021. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Ferney, The Patriarch of" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Ferney-Voltaire, EHESS (in French). ^ Population en historique depuis 1968 Archived 18 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine, INSEE ^ a b "Maternelles et élémentaires Archived 10 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine." Ferney-Voltaire. Retrieved on 10 November 2018. ^ "Collège & lycée Archived 10 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine." Prévessin-Moëns. Retrieved on 10 November 2018. ^ "Présentation historique - ". csi-ferneyvoltaire.etab.ac-lyon.fr. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ "Collèges et lycée". Ferney-Voltaire. Archived from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2018. ^ "Lycée international". Saint-Genis-Pouilly (in French). 19 August 2016. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ (in French) QuiElire.fr, Commune de FERNEY VOLTAIRE (01210) Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. consulted 11 April 2008. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ferney-Voltaire. Ferney-Voltaire commune (in French) Pays de Gex Tourism Archived 17 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine (in French) Ferney-Voltaire Tourism at the Wayback Machine (archive index) Official website of Voltaire’s chateau vteVoltaireProseworks Letters on the English Elements of the Philosophy of Newton Zadig History of Charles XII The Age of Louis XIV Micromégas Annals of the Empire "Plato's Dream" Doctor Akakia "Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations" Candide Treatise on Tolerance Dictionnaire philosophique Commentaires sur Corneille Idées républicaines Questions sur les Miracles L'Ingénu "The Historical Praise of Reason" Précis du siècle de Louis XV Des singularités de la nature The Man of Forty Crowns The White Bull Les Dialogues d’Evhémère Poetry Henriade "Le Mondain" Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne "Épître à l'Auteur du Livre des Trois Imposteurs" The Maid of Orleans Drama Oedipus Artémire Hérode et Mariamne Brutus Ériphyle Zaïre La Prude Socrates Mahomet Mérope La princesse de Navarre Sémiramis Nanine L'Orphelin de la Chine La Femme qui a Raison Tancrède Don Pèdre, roi de Castille Sophonisbe Irène Agathocle Other Samson (opera) Related Les Délices Institut et Musée Voltaire Émilie du Châtelet Voltaire Foundation Complete Works of Voltaire Ferney-Voltaire The Friends of Voltaire (1906 book) Voltaire (1933 film) Passionate Minds (2006 novel) vte Communes of the Ain department L'Abergement-Clémenciat L'Abergement-de-Varey Ambérieu-en-Bugey Ambérieux-en-Dombes Ambléon Ambronay Ambutrix Andert-et-Condon Anglefort Apremont Aranc Arandas Arbent Arbigny Arboys en Bugey Argis Armix Ars-sur-Formans Artemare Arvière-en-Valromey Asnières-sur-Saône Attignat Bâgé-Dommartin Bâgé-le-Châtel Balan Baneins Béard-Géovreissiat Beaupont Beauregard Béligneux Belleysubpr Belleydoux Bellignat Bénonces Bény Béréziat Bettant Bey Beynost Billiat Birieux Biziat Blyes Bohas-Meyriat-Rignat La Boisse Boissey Bolozon Bouligneux Bourg-en-Bressepref Bourg-Saint-Christophe Boyeux-Saint-Jérôme Boz Brégnier-Cordon Brénod Brens Bresse Vallons Bressolles Brion Briord Buellas La Burbanche Ceignes Cerdon Certines Cessy Ceyzériat Ceyzérieu Chalamont Chaleins Chaley Challes-la-Montagne Challex Champagne-en-Valromey Champdor-Corcelles Champfromier Chanay Chaneins Chanoz-Châtenay La Chapelle-du-Châtelard Charix Charnoz-sur-Ain Château-Gaillard Châtenay Châtillon-la-Palud Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne Chavannes-sur-Reyssouze Chaveyriat Chazey-Bons Chazey-sur-Ain Cheignieu-la-Balme Chevillard Chevroux Chevry Chézery-Forens Civrieux Cize Cleyzieu Coligny Collonges Colomieu Conand Condamine Condeissiat Confort Confrançon Contrevoz Conzieu Corbonod Corlier Cormoranche-sur-Saône Cormoz Corveissiat Courmangoux Courtes Crans Cressin-Rochefort Crottet Crozet Cruzilles-lès-Mépillat Culoz-Béon Curciat-Dongalon Curtafond Cuzieu Dagneux Divonne-les-Bains Dompierre-sur-Chalaronne Dompierre-sur-Veyle Domsure Dortan Douvres Drom Druillat Échallon Échenevex Évosges Faramans Fareins Farges Feillens Ferney-Voltaire Flaxieu Foissiat Francheleins Frans Garnerans Genouilleux Géovreisset Gexsubpr Giron Gorrevod Grand-Corent Grièges Grilly Groissiat Groslée-Saint-Benoît Guéreins Hautecourt-Romanèche Haut Valromey Illiat Injoux-Génissiat Innimond Izenave Izernore Izieu Jassans-Riottier Jasseron Jayat Journans Joyeux Jujurieux Labalme Lagnieu Laiz Lantenay Lapeyrouse Lavours Léaz Lélex Lent Lescheroux Leyment Leyssard Lhuis Lompnas Loyettes Lurcy Magnieu Maillat Malafretaz Mantenay-Montlin Manziat Marboz Marchamp Marignieu Marlieux Marsonnas Martignat Massieux Massignieu-de-Rives Matafelon-Granges Meillonnas Mérignat Messimy-sur-Saône Meximieux Mézériat Mijoux Mionnay Miribel Misérieux Mogneneins Montagnat Montagnieu Montanges Montceaux Montcet Le Montellier Monthieux Montluel Montmerle-sur-Saône Montracol Montréal-la-Cluse Montrevel-en-Bresse Murs-et-Gélignieux Nantuasubpr Neuville-les-Dames Neuville-sur-Ain Les Neyrolles Neyron Niévroz Nivigne et Suran Nivollet-Montgriffon Nurieux-Volognat Oncieu Ordonnaz Ornex Outriaz Oyonnax Ozan Parcieux Parves-et-Nattages Péron Péronnas Pérouges Perrex Peyriat Peyrieu Peyzieux-sur-Saône Pirajoux Pizay Plagne Le Plantay Plateau d'Hauteville Le Poizat-Lalleyriat Polliat Pollieu Poncin Pont-d'Ain Pont-de-Vaux Pont-de-Veyle Port Pougny Pouillat Prémeyzel Prémillieu Prévessin-Moëns Priay Ramasse Rancé Relevant Replonges Revonnas Reyrieux Reyssouze Rignieux-le-Franc Romans Rossillon Ruffieu Saint-Alban Saint-André-de-Bâgé Saint-André-de-Corcy Saint-André-d'Huiriat Saint-André-le-Bouchoux Saint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc Saint-Bénigne Saint-Bernard Saint-Cyr-sur-Menthon Saint-Denis-en-Bugey Saint-Denis-lès-Bourg Saint-Didier-d'Aussiat Saint-Didier-de-Formans Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne Sainte-Croix Sainte-Euphémie Sainte-Julie Saint-Éloi Sainte-Olive Saint-Étienne-du-Bois Saint-Étienne-sur-Chalaronne Saint-Étienne-sur-Reyssouze Saint-Genis-Pouilly Saint-Genis-sur-Menthon Saint-Georges-sur-Renon Saint-Germain-de-Joux Saint-Germain-les-Paroisses Saint-Germain-sur-Renon Saint-Jean-de-Gonville Saint-Jean-de-Niost Saint-Jean-de-Thurigneux Saint-Jean-le-Vieux Saint-Jean-sur-Reyssouze Saint-Jean-sur-Veyle Saint-Julien-sur-Reyssouze Saint-Julien-sur-Veyle Saint-Just Saint-Laurent-sur-Saône Saint-Marcel Saint-Martin-de-Bavel Saint-Martin-du-Frêne Saint-Martin-du-Mont Saint-Martin-le-Châtel Saint-Maurice-de-Beynost Saint-Maurice-de-Gourdans Saint-Maurice-de-Rémens Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux Saint-Nizier-le-Désert Saint-Paul-de-Varax Saint-Rambert-en-Bugey Saint-Rémy Saint-Sorlin-en-Bugey Saint-Sulpice Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans Saint-Vulbas Salavre Samognat Sandrans Sault-Brénaz Sauverny Savigneux Ségny Seillonnaz Sergy Sermoyer Serrières-de-Briord Serrières-sur-Ain Servas Servignat Seyssel Simandre-sur-Suran Sonthonnax-la-Montagne Souclin Sulignat Surjoux-Lhopital Talissieu Tenay Thil Thoiry Thoissey Torcieu Tossiat Toussieux Tramoyes La Tranclière Trévoux Valeins Val-Revermont Valromey-sur-Séran Valserhône Vandeins Varambon Vaux-en-Bugey Verjon Vernoux Versailleux Versonnex Vesancy Vescours Vésines Vieu-d'Izenave Villars-les-Dombes Villebois Villemotier Villeneuve Villereversure Villes Villette-sur-Ain Villieu-Loyes-Mollon Viriat Virieu-le-Grand Virignin Vongnes Vonnas pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[fɛʁ'nɛ vɔl'tɛʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Ain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"Jura Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Swiss border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93Switzerland_border"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"}],"text":"Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceCommune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceFerney-Voltaire (French pronunciation: [fɛʁ'nɛ vɔl'tɛʁ]) is a commune in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of eastern France. It lies between the Jura Mountains and the Swiss border; it forms part of the metropolitan area of Geneva. It is named for Voltaire, who lived there from 1758.","title":"Ferney-Voltaire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burgundian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"CERN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN"},{"link_name":"United Nations Office at Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva"}],"text":"Ferney was first noted in 14th-century Burgundian registers as \"Fernex\" and changed several times until the 19th century to Fernay, Fernaj, Fernai or Fernex before adopting its current name as 'Ferney-Voltaire' in 1791, after the French Revolution which saw a number of city names unchristened and then given more republican names.During Voltaire's residence in Ferney in the second part of the 18th century, the town saw rapid expansion. Today Ferney is a peaceful town with a Saturday market and a large international community, due to the proximity of CERN and the United Nations Office at Geneva. Ferney is growing very quickly. It is also home to the Lycée International. Voltaire still presides over Ferney with his statue in the centre of town.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voltaire_statue,_Ferney.JPG"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"potters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"watchmakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmaker"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinist"}],"text":"Statue of Voltaire in town's centerFrom 1758 to 1778 Ferney was home to French writer and philosopher Voltaire, sometimes referred to as \"the patriarch of Ferney.\"[3] His influence on the town was profound. He built the local church and founded cottage industries that produced some of the finest potters and watchmakers of modern France. The town was eventually renamed \"Ferney-Voltaire\" in his honour.In 1758, after having lived in Geneva for less than two years, Voltaire purchased the estate of Ferney in France, near the Swiss border. A prime reason for his leaving Geneva was that theatre was forbidden in that Calvinist city, so he had decided to become the enlightened \"patriarch\" of the little village of Ferney, setting up potteries, a watchmaking industry and, of course, theatres, attracting rich people from Geneva to watch his plays.During Voltaire's residence, the population of Ferney increased to more than 1,000. Voltaire lived there for the last 20 years of his life before returning to Paris, where he died in 1778.","title":"Voltaire"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EcoleFlorian.JPG"},{"link_name":"Prévessin-Moëns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9vessin-Mo%C3%ABns"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferney-Voltaire&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primary-6"},{"link_name":"fabulist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabulist"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Claris_de_Florian"},{"link_name":"Madame Dompierre de Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame_Dompierre_de_Fontaine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Dompierre_de_Fontaine"},{"link_name":"CERN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primary-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lycée international de Ferney-Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_international_de_Ferney-Voltaire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Saint-Genis-Pouilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Genis-Pouilly"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"École FlorianThe community has two public preschools/primary schools: École Jean-Calas and École Florian. A nearby intercommunal school, École Intercommunale Jean de la Fontaine in Prévessin-Moëns, also serves the community. As of 2018[update] the three schools had a combined total of 952 students, with Jean-Calas, Florian, and Jean de la Fontaine respectively having 278, 307, and 367 students.[6] Around 1940 a primary school, the École de Ferney-Voltaire, was established. About 1970 it was renamed École Florian, after the French poet and fabulist Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian, whose uncle and guardian, the Marquis de Florian, had married a niece of Voltaire, Madame Dompierre de Fontaine [fr]. The school is notable for having had a large number of pupils who were children of physicists at CERN, which is located in the vicinity.[citation needed] Ferney-Voltaire also has a private preschool/primary school, École Saint-Vincent.[6]Collège Le Joran (junior high school), in Prévessin-Moëns,[7] serves Ferney-Voltaire. Lycée international de Ferney-Voltaire, including a junior high school/middle school (collège) and a senior high school/sixth form college (lycée) was created in 1961 in Ferney-Voltaire.[8] As of 2016, the Lycée includes a branch campus in Saint-Genis-Pouilly.[9][10]","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voltaire%27s_chateau,_Ferney.JPG"},{"link_name":"Voltaire's chateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Voltaire"},{"link_name":"Voltaire's house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Voltaire"},{"link_name":"château","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau"},{"link_name":"Centre des monuments nationaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_des_monuments_nationaux"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Macron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.francetvinfo.fr/sciences/histoire/patrimoine-emmanuel-macron-en-visite-au-chateau-de-ferney-voltaire_2779483.html"}],"text":"Voltaire's chateauFerney's main attraction is Voltaire's house (château), built 1758–66, now owned and administered by the Centre des monuments nationaux (an arm of the French Ministry of Culture). The chateau includes the main building, with a reconstruction of Voltaire's room (moved from its original location by later private owners), a garden with a fine view of the Alps, and a church dedicated, contrary to custom, directly to God. In the church's inscription, \"Deo erexit VOLTAIRE\" (\"Erected to God by VOLTAIRE\"), Voltaire's name is written in the largest characters.A few dozen metres from the chateau is another impressive house, built in 1900 by Monsieur Lambert (the sculptor of the statue of Voltaire; his family owned the chateau before it was purchased by the French government). The house, now privately owned, had been used to store provisions and wine for the chateau, and to accommodate the household staff.The village features 18th-century houses and artisans' workshops; a life-size statue of Voltaire; a smaller bust of him, surmounting a fountain; many restaurants, French and foreign; and proximity to the nearby cosmopolitan city of Geneva, Switzerland.Every Saturday, a market is held in the main street of Ferney.The old road at the centre of the village is a remnant of the time when Voltaire resided at the chateau in Ferney-Voltaire.The pedestal of the Voltaire statue, erected in 1890, dedicates that memorial to the town's \"benefactor\", noting that he built over a hundred houses for the inhabitants, as well as a school and church, gave the town interest-free loans, and fed its inhabitants in time of need.On 31 May 2018, Président Emmanuel Macron officially visited the Château for the re-opening after renovation. [1]","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrikrisna Anenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrikrisna_Anenden"},{"link_name":"Hina Aoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hina_Aoyama"},{"link_name":"Saphia Azzeddine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saphia_Azzeddine"},{"link_name":"Marie Louise Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louise_Mignot"},{"link_name":"Ananda Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Devi"},{"link_name":"Andy Johnson-Laird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Johnson-Laird"},{"link_name":"Jean-Antoine Lépine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_L%C3%A9pine"},{"link_name":"Gaspard Mermillod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Mermillod"},{"link_name":"Michel Meylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Meylan"},{"link_name":"Gilles Mirallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Mirall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Antoine Porcel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Porcel"},{"link_name":"David Pujadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pujadas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.parismatch.com/People/Television/David-Pujadas-Le-jour-ou-je-suis-renvoye-du-lycee-1017964"},{"link_name":"Brian Savegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Savegar"},{"link_name":"Georges Vianès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Vian%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis Wagnière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Wagni%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Nedd Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedd_Willard"}],"text":"Harrikrisna Anenden (born 1947), film director\nHina Aoyama (born 1970), paper-cutting artist and illustrator\nSaphia Azzeddine (born 1979), writer, actress and screenwriter\nMarie Louise Denis (1712–1790), a niece of Voltaire\nAnanda Devi (born 1957), writer\nAndy Johnson-Laird (born 1945), computer scientist\nJean-Antoine Lépine (1720–1814), watchmaker\nGaspard Mermillod (1824–1892), bishop, later cardinal\nMichel Meylan (1939–2020), politician\nGilles Mirallès (1966–2022), chess player\nAntoine Porcel (1937–2014), boxer\nDavid Pujadas (b.1964), journalist and television host [2]\nBrian Savegar (1932–2007), production designer\nGeorges Vianès, mayor of Ferney-Voltaire from 1995 to 2001[11]\nJean-Louis Wagnière (1739–1802), Voltaire's secretary for over twenty years, later mayor of Ferney-Voltaire\nNedd Willard (1926–2018), writer, artist and journalist","title":"Personalities"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tinian
Battle of Tinian
["1 Background","1.1 Strategy","1.2 Geography","2 Opposing forces and plans","2.1 Japanese","2.2 United States","3 Battle","3.1 Bombardment","3.2 Landing","3.3 Counterattack","3.4 Drive south","3.5 Weather breaks","3.6 Tinian taken","3.7 Casualties","3.8 Analysis","4 Aftermath","4.1 Mopping up","4.2 Military government","4.3 Base development","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 15°00′N 145°38′E / 15.000°N 145.633°E / 15.000; 145.6331944 World War II battle between the United States and Japan Battle of TinianPart of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign of the Pacific Theater (World War II)An LVT churns through the surf bound for beaches of TinianDate24 July – 1 August 1944(1 week and 1 day)LocationTinian, Mariana Islands (modern-day Northern Mariana Islands, USA)Result American victoryBelligerents  United States  JapanCommanders and leaders Harry SchmidtThomas E. WatsonClifton B. Cates  †Kiyochi Ogata †Kakuji Kakuta † Goichi OieUnits involved V Amphibious Corps 2nd Marine Division 4th Marine Division XXIV Corps Artillery 50th Infantry Regiment 56th Naval Guard ForceStrength 40,000 9,000Casualties and losses Ashore:290 killed1,515 wounded24 missingAfloat:63 killed177 wounded 5,745 dead404 captured 2,600 civilian deadvteMariana and Palau Islands campaign Saipan Philippine Sea Guam Tinian Peleliu Angaur The Battle of Tinian was part of the Pacific campaign of World War II. It was fought between the United States and Japan on the island of Tinian in the Mariana Islands from 24 July until 1 August 1944. The battle saw napalm used for the first time. At the Cairo Conference in December 1943, the Combined Chiefs of Staff endorsed a two-pronged attack through the Central Pacific and Southwest Pacific Areas. On 12 March 1944, the Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, was directed to neutralize Truk and occupy the Mariana Islands. The Mariana Islands were targeted because of their location astride the Japanese line of communications. Tinian lay too close to Saipan to allow it to be bypassed and remain in Japanese hands. The 9,000-strong Japanese garrison was eliminated, and the island joined Saipan and Guam as a base for Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers. Following the conclusion of the Battle of Saipan on 9 July, Major General Harry Schmidt's V Amphibious Corps began preparations to invade nearby Tinian. The Japanese defending the island were commanded by Colonel Kiyochi Ogata, the commander of the 50th Infantry Regiment. This regiment was part of the 5,000 Army troops on the island. There were also about 4,000 Imperial Japanese Navy personnel on Tinian, the main force being the 56th Naval Guard Force, under the command of Captain Goichi Oie. Most of the island was surrounded by coral cliffs, so Ogata concentrated his forces on the south west of the island, where the best landing beaches were located. Major General Clifton B. Cates's 4th Marine Division landed on Tinian on 24 July 1944, supported by naval bombardment and the guns of the XXIV Corps Artillery, firing across the strait from Saipan. Instead of landing in the southwest, they landed on the northwest coast, where there were two small beaches that were lightly defended. These beaches were flanked by low coral cliffs that the marines were able to surmount with the aid of ramps mounted on LVTs known as "Doodlebugs". A successful feint in the southwest by Major General Thomas E. Watson's 2nd Marine Division diverted defenders from the actual landing site on the north of the island. The 2nd Marine Division then landed behind the 4th Marine Division. The weather worsened on 28 July, damaging the pontoon causeways and interrupting the unloading of supplies, but on 30 July the 4th Marine Division occupied Tinian Town and the airfield. Japanese remnants conducted a last stand in the caves and ravines of a limestone ridge on the south portion of the island. Resistance continued through 2 August, with some civilians murdered by the Japanese, and mopping up patrols continued into 1945. Tinian became an important base for further US operations in the Pacific. North Field became operational in February 1945 and West Field in March. The Seabees built six 8,500-foot (2,600 m) runways for attacks by the Twentieth Air Force's B-29 bombers on the Philippines, the Ryukyu Islands, and mainland Japan. Bombers from Tinian took part in the bombing of Tokyo in March 1945 and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. Background Map of the battle Strategy After World War I, the United States had developed a series of contingency plans for the event of a war with Japan known as the Orange plans. These envisaged an advance through the Marshall and Caroline Islands to the Philippines, from whence Japan could be blockaded. The Mariana Islands figured only incidentally in the plans, as they lay north of the direct route between Hawaii and the Philippines. At the Casablanca Conference in January 1943, the Combined Chiefs of Staff had endorsed an offensive in the Central Pacific along the lines envisaged in the Orange Plan. In his formulation of the strategy, the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet, Admiral Ernest J. King, specifically mentioned the Mariana Islands as "the key to the situation because of their location on the Japanese line of communications." The Joint Chiefs of Staff envisaged the Marianas as a naval base, but another rationale for the capture of the Mariana Islands emerged with the development of the long-range Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber. From the Mariana Islands, the B-29s could reach all the most significant industrial targets in Japan, and they could be supported by sea. The air staff planners began incorporating the Mariana Islands into their long-range plans in September 1943. The Combined Chiefs endorsed this at the Cairo Conference in December, along with a two-pronged offensive, with the Central Pacific drive in conjunction with one along the north coast of New Guinea. In response, the Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas (CINCPOA), Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, produced a campaign plan called Operation Granite, which tentatively scheduled the capture of Mariana Islands of Saipan, Tinian and Guam for November 1944 as the culmination of the Central Pacific campaign. By February 1944, there was consideration of advancing the Operation Granite timetable by bypassing Truk and heading directly for Palau or the Marianas after the capture of the Marshall Islands. Nimitz and his Deputy Chief of Staff, Rear Admiral Forrest P. Sherman met with the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington, DC, on 7 March 1944, and were questioned by the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General George C. Marshall, and the Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief, Admiral William D. Leahy. Sherman argued that the neutralization of Truk required the occupation of the Mariana Islands in order to cut the air route to Truk from Japan. On 12 March, the Joint Chiefs of Staff directed Nimitz to neutralize Truk and occupy the Mariana Islands, with a target date of 15 June. Tinian was considered a target from the outset. Lieutenant General Holland M. Smith's Northern Troops and Landing Force (NTLF) was ordered to "land on, seize, occupy and defend Saipan. Then be prepared to seize Tinian on order." Plans to capture Tinian were prepared concurrently with those to capture Saipan. Tinian's proximity to Saipan meant that while it remained in Japanese hands, Japanese aircraft could attack Saipan by staging though Tinian. The garrison might also raid Saipan. The Japanese on Tinian could observe ship and aircraft movements on Saipan and communicate them to Tokyo. Tinian also had value in its own right, as its flat terrain made it highly suitable for the development of air bases for the B-29. There were already airfields at Ushi Point and Gurguan Point that looked promising for development into B-29 airfields, and there was another under construction near Tinian Town. Ushi Point had a hard-surfaced runway 4,750 feet (1,450 m) long. With the conclusion of the Battle of Saipan on 9 July, preparations began for the attack on Tinian. Geography Along with the other Mariana Islands, Tinian was claimed for Spain by Miguel López de Legazpi in 1565. Guam was seized by the United States in the Spanish-American War, and Spain sold the remaining islands to Germany. They were occupied by Japan during World War I and became part of Japan's South Seas Mandate. Tinian lay just 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from the southern tip of Saipan. It covered about 50 square miles (130 km2), measuring 10+1⁄4 miles (16.5 km) from north to south, and 5 miles (8.0 km) across at its widest point. The terrain was generally low and flat, making it suitable for airfields. There were two hills in the north: the 390-foot (120 m) Mount Maga and the 564-foot (172 m) Mount Lasso. There was also a rugged 580-foot (180 m) limestone hill mass of cliffs and ravines in the south. About 90 percent of the island (about 15,000 acres (6,100 ha)) was covered in sugar cane fields. The square fields gave the island a checker board look from the air. Fields were surrounded by drainage ditches or windbreaks of trees or hedgerows. Oblique photograph of White Beach 1 taken before naval gunfire, artillery, air and bulldozers altered its appearance. Most of the island was encircled by jagged limestone cliffs that ranged from 6 to 100 feet (1.8 to 30.5 m) high. There were only a few beaches, which the Americans designated by colors. The best beaches were around Sunharon Bay in the southeast: Blue Beach, 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Tinian Town, was 600 yards (550 m) long; Green Beach One, located between the two piers at Tinian Town, was also 600 yards (550 m) long; Green Beach Two, at the southern end of Tinian Town, was 400 yards (370 m) long; Red Beach One and Two were north of the piers, with a combined width of 825 yards (754 m); and Orange Beach, 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) north of Red Beach One, was 340 yards (310 m) long. There were two beaches on the east coast at Asiga Bay: the 355-yard (325 m) Yellow Beach One and the 200-yard (180 m) Yellow Beach Two. These were flanked by cliffs and subject to heavy surf when there was an easterly wind. There were also two small beaches on the northwest coast: the 65-to-75-yard (59 to 69 m) White Beach One and the 200-yard (180 m) White Beach Two. The small size of the White and Yellow beaches made them unattractive: a division normally required a landing beach 1,000 yards (910 m) long. Oblique photograph of White Beach 2 There was little seasonal variation in temperature, which ranged from an average of 76 °F (24 °C) in January to 80 °F (27 °C) in June, but the average humidity in those months was 78 and 84 percent, respectively. Fair weather prevailed during the dry season from November to March, but the wet season from November to March was characterized by frequent rains and occasional typhoons. Sunharon Bay was little more than an anchorage, and was unusable in rough weather. According to a 1 January 1944 census, Tinian had a population of 18,000 Japanese civilians, most of whom worked in the sugar cane industry, and 26 ethnic Chamorro people; most of the original population had been forcibly removed to other islands. The main settlements were Tinian Town in the south and two small villages around Ushi Point Airfield in the north. The former was the administrative center of the island, while the latter housed airfield workers. The primary road network consisted of roads approximately 18 feet (5.5 m) wide and surfaced with crushed coral. They were generally straight, following the edges of the cane fields. Approximately 40 miles (64 km) of narrow gauge railways connected the sugar plantations with Tinian Town. Opposing forces and plans Further information: Battle of Tinian order of battle and Central Marianas naval order of battle Japanese The senior Japanese officer on Tinian was Vice Admiral Kakuji Kakuta, the commander of First Air Fleet. His headquarters was in Manila but he was on Tinian on an inspection tour when US aerial operations in the Marianas Islands began on 11 June and became cut off. He exercised no command authority over the army troops on the island, and the naval troops were not subject to his direct command. Japanese defense sectors and dispositions of major units The Imperial Japanese Army force defending the island was the 50th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Colonel Kiyochi Ogata. This was part of 29th Division, all the rest of which was located on Guam. The regiment was formerly based at Mukden in China, and had moved to Tinian in March 1944. It had three infantry battalions, a mountain artillery battalion with twelve 75mm guns, an anti-tank company with six 37 mm anti-tank guns, and a company of the 18th Infantry Regiment with twelve light tanks. The 1st Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment, normally based on Saipan, was conducting amphibious landing exercises on Tinian on 11 June and it became cut off on Tinian. It provided a fourth infantry battalion that Ogata incorporated into the island's defense. The Army forces on Tinian totaled about 5,000 men. They were well-trained combat veterans, skilled in camouflage and the use of their weapons. They were well-equipped, in many cases with new weapons, and their morale was high. The main Imperial Japanese Navy force on Tinian was the 56th Naval Guard Force (Keibitai), under the command of Captain Goichi Oie. He accepted Ogata as the commander on Tinian, but to avoid embarrassment, he did not inform his subordinates that their orders came from an Army officer. His force of 1,400 troops and 600 laborers was equipped with three 6-inch and ten 140 mm coast defence guns, and ten 120 mm and four 76.2 mm general purpose guns, twenty-four 25 mm and six 7 cm antiaircraft guns, and three 12 cm dual-purpose guns. Along with airfield construction crews, flight technicians and staff, there were about 4,000 sailors of various units on Tinian. Most of the naval personnel had some training as infantry. In addition, there were three civilian defence organizations of little military value, the Civilian Militia, the Home Guard Organization, and Youth Organization, and about sixty comfort women, none of whom survived the battle. After Saipan had fallen on 9 July, the prospects for the garrison of Tinian were grim. Ogata expected that Tinian would be the next target, and on 25 June he issued a operational order that announced: "the enemy on Saipan... can be expected to be planning a landing on Tinian. The area of that landing is estimated to be either Tinian Harbor or Asiga (northeast coast) Harbor." He adhered to the Japanese doctrine of defense against amphibious attacks at the water's edge. Each of the sector commanders was ordered to "be prepared to destroy the enemy at the beach, but be prepared to shift two-thirds of the force elsewhere." Ogata was aided by the geography of Tinian, which limited the possible landing sites. He positioned the 3rd Battalion, 50th Infantry Regiment, most of the heavy weapons of the 56th Naval Guard Force, around Sunharon Bay beaches. The Northern Sector around Asiga Bay was covered by the 2nd Battalion, 50th Infantry Regiment. He did not expect anything more than a raid on the beaches in the west, so this was assigned to the 3rd Company, 1st Battalion, 50th Infantry Regiment. The rest of the 1st Battalion was dug in around Mount Lasso. The 1st Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment formed a mobile counterattack force, along with the tanks and a mobile artillery contingent of twelve Type 94 75 mm mountain guns. The reserve was positioned to so to quickly reach either the Sunharon Bay or Asiga bay, depending on where the Americans made their main effort. United States Senior US commanders on Tinian. Left to right: Vice Admiral Harry W. Hill, Major General Harry Schmidt, Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, Lieutenant General Holland M. Smith, Vice Admiral Richmond K. Turner, Major General Thomas E. Watson and Major General Clifton B. Cates The American forces were part of Admiral Raymond A. Spruance's Fifth Fleet. The Joint Amphibious Forces (Task Force 51) were led by Vice Admiral Richmond K. Turner and the expeditionary troops (Task Force 56) by Lieutenant General Holland M. Smith. For the battle of Saipan, Turner had concurrently commanded the landing force (Task Force 52) and Smith had also commanded the NTLF and V Amphibious Corps, burt with simultaneous operations on Guam in prospect, it was desirable for these roles to be separated. On 12 July, Smith became the commander of the newly established Fleet Marine Force, Pacific and handed over command of the V Amphibious Corps and NTLF (Task Group 56.1) to Major General Harry Schmidt. Command of the amphibious forces in the Tinian operation (Task Force 52) was entrusted to Turner's former deputy, Rear Admiral Harry W. Hill, on 15 July. Although Turner and Smith remained in command of Task Forces 51 and 56 respectively, they sailed for Guam on 20 July, leaving the operation entirely in the hands of Hill and Schmidt. For the Tinian operation, the V Amphibious Corps had the 2nd Marine Division, commanded by Major General Thomas E. Watson and the 4th Marine Division, which was commanded by Major General Clifton B. Cates, who had succeeded Schmidt. Both had seen service earlier in the Pacific War: the 2nd Marine Division on Guadalcanal and Tarawa, and the 4th Marine Division in the Battle of Kwajalein, and had participated in the recent fighting on Saipan, where they had incurred 6,170 and 6,612 battle casualties respectively. They had absorbed a single replacement draft of 1,268 men before the fighting began again on Tinian, but remained understength, and much of their equipment had been worn out through combat and hard use. The V Amphibious Corps had the support of Brigadier General Arthur M. Harper's XXIV Corps Artillery with its two battalions of 155 mm guns and two battalions of 155 mm howitzers. For the Tinian operation, Harper also had command of the four battalions of the 27th Infantry Division Artillery and five Marine Corps 105 mm howitzer battalions, two each from the two marine divisions and one from the V Amphibious Corps, for a total of thirteen battalions. The rest of the 27th Infantry Division, except for the 105th Infantry, was in reserve, but on four hours' notice to embark for Tinian. Japanese fixed gun positions on Tinian American intelligence about Tinian and the Japanese defenses there was excellent. The Joint Intelligence Center Pacific Ocean Area (JICPOA), under the command of Brigadier General Joseph J. Twitty, assembled intelligence obtained from imagery intelligence, human intelligence and reference information, backed up by Ultra intelligence derived from code breaking and signals intelligence. JICPOA produced a report on Tinian's hydrography and geography on 10 May 1944, that also detailed the locations of many of the defenses, and issued a series of topographic maps. A series of oblique aerial photographs were taken of Tinian's beaches. The headquarters of the Japanese 31st Army on Saipan was overrun in mid-June, and captured documents provided a full order of battle of the Japanese forces on Tinian. The Americans estimated the strength of the Japanese garrison as 8,039, which was quite accurate. The XXIV Corps Artillery began bombarding Tinian on 20 June, even as the fighting on Saipan continued, and its Saipan-based observation aircraft conducted daily flights over Tinian. The intelligence reports revealed that the best landing beaches were around Sunharon Bay, but they were also the most heavily defended. The staff of the 4th Marine Division, particularly the plans officer, Lieutenant Colonel Evans F. Carlson, preferred to land in the north, where the beaches were poorer but the defenses were weaker and tactical surprise could be attained. Independently, Hill's staff independently arrived at the same conclusion. Turner was not convinced. "If we go ashore at Tinian Town," Smith told him, "we'll have another Tarawa. Sure as hell! The Japs will murder us. What's more, we probably will be repulsed, and that will upset our entire timetable. What do you say to that?" The low cliffs between the two White beaches Turner noted that the Sunharon Bay beaches had good gradients and inland approaches, that there was a protected harbor for small craft, and facilities for unloading supplies. Whereas the northern beaches were too small to land and support a force of the size contemplated, and were exposed to the weather, so if it turned bad the movement of supplies from Saipan could be obstructed or halted. An advance from north to south would likely take longer than one from east to west, and while artillery support from Saipan would be available in the early stages, unfavorable weather could prevent it being moved to Tinian to cover the advance once it moved further south. In view of these objections, Schmidt ordered a reconnaissance of the Yellow and White Beaches. On the night of 10/11 July, Companies A and B of Captain James L. Jones's V Amphibious Corps Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion and Underwater Demolition Teams 5 and 7 set out in the high-speed transports USS Gilmer and Stringham. They were launched in rubber boats and paddled to within 500 yards (460 m) of the shore, then swam the rest of the way. The underwater demolition teams investigated the offshore reefs while the marines swam ashore and studied the beaches. Yellow Beach 1 was found to be strung with a double apron wire obstacle, with cliffs to the south that were 20 to 25 feet (6.1 to 7.6 m) high and unscalable without ladders or cargo nets. Marines load supplies aboard two LSTs in preparation for the assault on Tinian A strong current was encountered by the groups sent to reconnoitre the White Beaches, and the rubber boats wound up too far north. Consequently, the reconnaissance of White Beach 1 was carried out by the group intended to land on White Beach 2, and that of White Beach 2 had to be carried out the following night. They found that although White Beach 1 was only 60 yards (55 m) long, the cliffs for 150 yards (140 m) on either side were only 6 to 10 feet (1.8 to 3.0 m) high with small breaks, and could be negotiated by infantry without ladders or nets. Only the central 70 yards (64 m) of White Beach 2 could be reached by amphibian vehicles. Both White Beaches had gentle grades and it was possible for LCVPs to land on the reef 50 yards (46 m) from the beach and for infantry to wade ashore from there. With this information in hand, a conference was held on board Turner's flagship, the USS Rocky Mount, on 12 July. Schmidt made the case for a landing on the White Beaches, citing six factors: (1) that a landing at Sunharon Bay would be too costly; (2) that the XXIV Corps Artillery could cover the beaches from Saipan; (3) the airfield at Ushi Point could be quickly captured and utilized; (4) tactical surprise could be attained; (5) the whole operation could be conducted from Saipan as a shore-to-shore movement; and (6) supplies could be preloaded on vehicles and driven straight to dumps, thereby avoiding congestion on the beaches. Spruance called for a vote, in order of seniority, and Watson, Schmidt, Hill and Smith voted for the White Beach plan. To Spruance's relief, Turner agreed to make the decision unanimous. On 20 July, Spruance confirmed the day of the assault, J-Day (or Jig-Day, using the phonetic alphabet of the time), as 24 July. Hill then chose 0730 as H-Hour. Battle Bombardment USS Iowa fires a salvo from number 2 16" turret during the bombardment of Tinian on 14–15 June Artillery bombardment of Tinian commenced on 20 June when Battery B of the 531st Field Artillery Battalion began shelling targets on Tinian with its 155 mm "Long Tom" guns. In the days leading up to the landing, the XXIV Corps Artillery used 24,536 rounds on 1,509 counter-battery fire, harassing fire and area bombardment missions. The XXIV Corps Artillery had its own observation aircraft, six Piper L-4 Grasshoppers based at Aslito Field on Saipan. One was forced to ditch off Tinian Town on 28 July due to engine failure. The crew was rescued by the cruiser USS Louisville but the aircraft was lost. Another was forced down by Japanese fire the following day but landed safely behind American lines. The Marine artillery had the support of observation aircraft from Stinson OY Sentinel aircraft from VMO-2 and VMO-4. The US naval bombardment commenced on 13 June, with the fire support ships of Task Force 52 engaging targets on Tinian that could interfere with operations on Saipan. On 25 June, the destroyer escort USS Elden and destroyer USS Bancroft detected Japanese barges attempting to leave Sunharon Harbor and destroyed them. The bombardment was stepped up on 26 June, when the cruisers USS Indianapolis, Birmingham and Montpelier began a week of systematic attacks. On 23 July, the day before the landing, three battleships, five cruisers and sixteen destroyers participated in the bombardment. On 23 July the battleship USS Colorado engaged the three 140 mm coast defense guns at Faibus San Hilo Point, which could be enfilade the White Beaches from defilade of the artillery on Saipan. Sixty 16-inch shells completely destroyed the battery. That day, the battleships USS Tennessee and California fired 480 14-inch and 800 5-inch rounds into Tinian Town, reducing it to rubble. TBM Avenger bombers prepare to take off from the USS Monterey to attack targets on Tinian The bombardment lifted for three periods of 40 to 60 minutes to allow for aerial bombardment. At least 200 sorties were flown from the aircraft carriers USS Essex and Langley, and another 50 or more from the escort carriers USS Gambier Bay and Kitkun Bay. Aslito Field-based Army Air Force Republic P-47 Thunderbolts of the 318th Fighter Group flew more than 100 sorties. The group's 19th Fighter Squadron had arrived on Saipan on 22 June after being catapulted from the escort carriers USS Manila Bay and Natoma Bay, and had flown its first mission over Tinian that day. Attempts by destroyers to burn wooded areas with white phosphorus and thermite on 18 and 19 July failed due to the wet foliage, so napalm was tried for the first time. The 318th Fighter Group flew 18 napalm sorties, but results were inconclusive, as the best mixture had not yet been devised, but it had some success setting the canefields alight. On J-Day, 24 July, a feint was made to distract the defenders from the actual landing site. This was carried out by the 2nd and 8th Marines of the 2nd Marine Division. The attack transports USS Calvert, Fuller, Heywood, J. Franklin Bell and Knox and troopships John Land and Winged Arrow took them to a point about 4 miles (6.4 km) offshore from Tinian Town, where they boarded landing craft using cargo nets, and then climbed back again. The empty landing craft then made a run for the shore until Japanese shore batteries started firing at them. The landing craft regrouped and made a second run, but turned back again 400 yards (370 m) from the beach. Around 10:00 the transports recovered the landing craft, and headed for the transport area off the White Beaches. While covering the feint, the Colorado and the destroyer Norman Scott were hit by the Japanese three 6-inch guns, which were concealed in caves 3,500 yards (3,200 m) southwest of the Tinian Town pier. Colorado was hit twenty-two times, killing 43 men and wounding 198. Norman Scott was hit six times, killing the captain, Commander Seymore Owens, along with 18 of his men, and wounding 47. The Colorado, cruiser Cleveland and destroyer Remey silenced the battery, but did not destroy it; this was accomplished on 28 July by the Tennessee, with 70 14-inch and 150 5-inch rounds. Landing Men wade ashore from landing craft while LVTs move to and from the beachhead. In the background are ships that took part in the landing. The majority of the ships for the assault of Tinian were loaded at Tanapag Harbor on Saipan by troops of the Saipan Island Command. Ten preloaded tank landing ships (LSTs) with three and a half days' supply of water, rations, medical supplies and ammunition on their top decks were allocated to each division and eight to the NTLF. Fourteen pontoon barges were loaded with drums of fuel and towed to positions off the reef to supply fuel to amphibious vehicles and landing craft. After the initial landing, loaded trucks and trailers were embarked on landing craft, which shuttled them to Tinian where they unloaded at dumps and then returned on landing craft. Twenty landing craft mechanized (LCMs), ten landing craft tank (LCTs) and eight LSTs were assigned to this role, along with 88 2½-ton 6×6 trucks and 25 trailers. Marine divisions had two battalions of 75 mm pack howitzers and two of 105 mm howitzers. The latter remained behind on Saipan, but the 4th Marine Division was given the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 10th Marines, so it had four battalions of 75 mm pack howitzers. Two amphibious truck (DUKW) companies were assigned to move them ashore quickly. Each battalion was carried in an LST. Tanks were loaded onto LCMs. Eighteen of the LCMs, each carrying one tank, were each embarked on the dock landing ships (LSDs) USS Ashland and Belle Grove. Another ten tank-carrying LCMs sailed to Tinian under their own power. Landing on Tinian The marines left their packs behind on Saipan and landed with coveralls, M1 helmets with camouflage covers, weapons, emergency rations, a spoon, a spare pair of socks, a poncho and insect repellent. The assault troops were carried ashore in the 415 amphibious tractors (LVTs) of the Marine Corps's 2nd, 5th and 10th Amphibian Tractor Battalions and the Army's 534th, 715th and 773rd Amphibian Tractor Battalions. Fire support was provided by the Company D of the 2nd Armored Amphibian Battalion; only one company could be employed due to the narrowness of the beaches. The shore party for White Beach 1 was provided by the Army's 1341st Engineer Combat Battalion and that of White Beach 2 by the 2nd Battalion, 20th Marines. Captain Paul J. Halloran, the NTLF Construction Officer, designed a landing ramp that could be carried by an LVT. This creation was named a "Doodlebug". The Doodlebugs allowed vehicles to scale the low cliffs around the White Beaches. The Doodlebug drove up to the cliff face, firmly attached hooks to the cliff tops and then backed away from under the ramps, leaving them in place, with the other end falling into the water. The ramp crews checked that the ramps were firmly anchored and then the Doodlebugs drove over them to the top of the cliffs. The ramps were strong enough to hold the weight of a 35-short-ton (32 t) medium tank. Ten were built, of which six were used in the assault, carried to Tinian by Ashland. Demonstration of the Doodlebug on Saipan Cates assigned the 24th Marines to land on White Beach 1, one battalion at a time, while the 25th Marines landed two battalions on White Beach 2. The 23rd Marines was in reserve. The first wave of LVTs, consisting of eight LVTs for White Beach 1 and sixteen for White Beach 2, left the line of departure at 07:17 followed at close intervals by fourteen more waves. Eight LVTs carried a rifle company of about 200 men. No more than four LVTs could beach at the one time on White Beach 1, so the other four nosed up against the 3-to-10-foot (1 to 3 m) coral cliffs and the marines clambered over them. Two pillboxes guarded White Beach 2, which were bypassed by the first waves, but reduced by later ones; 50 dead Japanese were inside. Both beaches had mines; none exploded on White Beach 1, but the area around White Beach 2 was sown with antiboat mines on the beach and antipersonnel mines ashore, which the UDTs, bomb disposal teams and engineers took until 13:37 to clear. Three LVTs were disabled by mines when they ventured inland from White Beach 2. The 4th Tank Battalion had trouble negotiating the reefs, potholes and mines on White Beach 2 and was diverted to White Beach 1. Despite its small size, nearly all vehicles were landed over White Beach 1. This included the M3 Stuart light tanks of Company D with Ronson flamethrowers. In the afternoon, Company A came ashore on White Beach 2 without mishap. All three assault battalions were ashore by 08:20, and DUKWs carrying the artillery began landing on White Beach 2 at 13:15. The 23rd Marines began landing at 14:00 and the 2nd Marine Division's 1st Battalion, 8th Marines, followed at 17:00. The planned beachhead was occupied, and the marines strung barbed wire and established fields of fire in anticipation of a Japanese counterattack. Two pontoon causeway piers were placed during the night, allowing loaded trucks to come ashore from LSTs. By the evening, 15,614 marines, soldiers and sailors had landed on Tinian, at a cost of 15 men killed and 225 wounded. Counterattack Ogata immediately attempted to organised a counterattack, in keeping with Japanese doctrine at the time of repulsing the attack on the beach. The 1st Battalion, 50th Infantry Regiment, was already in the vicinity of the American beachhead, and was able to probe the hastily-positioned defenses for weaknesses. The 2nd Battalion in the Asiga Bay area was not far away, but could not move until dark, when American aircraft were not in the sky. Captain Isumi's mobile counterattack force was ordered forward from its assembly position in the Marpo area. He moved along the side of the roads, where trees offered concealment from the air, and was only spotted from the air once. Ogata kept the 3rd Battalion in place at Tinian Town in case the Americans made a follow-up landing there. Naval troops approached the beachhead from the Ushi Point airfield. Marines inspect a knocked out Japanese tank At around 02:00 on 25 July, a force of about 600 Japanese sailors encountered the 1st Battalion, 24th Marines, on the left of the American beachhead, and charged into machine gun, mortar, rifle and 37 mm antitank gun canister shot fire. A furious fight ensued, in which Company A was reduced to just 30 men, but by 07:00 476 Japanese lay dead. In the center of the American line another attack developed at the boundary between the 24th and 25th Marines. About 200 Japanese soldiers broke through the lines of Company K, 25th Marines, and divided into two groups. One group attacked Battery D, 14th Marines. The attack was halted with the help of Browning .50 caliber machine gun fire from Batteries E and F. Company C of the 8th Marines was sent to their aid, but found the situation in hand. About 100 dead Japanese were found in the area; two men of Battery D were killed. The other group was engaged in a wooded area by 60 mm mortars. The attack in the center cost the Japanese about 500 dead, most of whom were from the 1st Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment. Many were caught on the barbed wire and killed by machine gun fire. On the right, the 23rd Marines were attacked by five or six Japanese tanks, accompanied by infantry of the 1st and 2nd Battalions, 50th Infantry Regiment, and the 1st Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment. The moonless night was lit up by Navy star shells. Five Japanese tanks were knocked out by bazookas, 75 mm halftracks and 37 mm antitank guns. The Japanese infantry charged the lines of the 2nd battalion, 23rd Marines, and 2nd Battalion, 25th Marines. Some broke through their lines, only to encounter the 1st Battalion, 23rd Marines. In the morning, 267 Japanese dead were counted in this sector. In all, the counterattack cost Ogata about 1,200 dead. Drive south M4 Sherman tanks and other vehicles deploy inland. Extended exhaust stacks allow them to operate in shallow water. The nighttime actions had depleted the 4th Marine Division's ammunition, so Cates delayed attacking on 25 July until 10:00 to allow time to replenish. In the meantime, the rest of the 2nd Marine Division began landing. As they moved north along the coast through terrain characterized by coral rocks and thick undergrowth, the 1st Battalion, 8th Marines, was held up by a force of 20 to 25 Japanese that it took until 11:30 to overcome. On their right, the 2nd Battalion, 8th Marines, reached the Ushi Point airfield, and the 24th Marines reached airfield No. 3. The 25th Marines was confronted by the most formidable obstacle of the day, Mount Maga, which was captured with a double envelopment. The following day, the 25th Marines captured the steeper and more imposing Mount Lasso without opposition, as the Japanese had pulled out during the night. The advance had now begun to outrun the range of the artillery on Saipan, so the 105 mm howitzer battalions of the 10th and 14th Marines displaced to Tinian on 26 and 27 July and rejoined their divisions. The marines pressed forward on 27 and 28 July against sporadic Japanese resistance. Weather breaks USS LST-340 at the pontoon pier on White Beach 2 The weather abruptly worsened on the afternoon of 28 July. A typhoon in the Philippine Sea caused heavy swells. At 18:00 all unloading ceased. USS LST-340 ran aground on the reef, and efforts to refloat her were unsuccessful. On 13 August, she was pulled off the reef and towed to Tanapag Harbor, where she was beached. A control craft, LCC-25473, was washed up on the reef at White Beach 1, but was salvaged the following day. The pontoon causeways were damaged on the night of 29 July. The one at White Beach 1 broached and the one at White Beach 2 broke in two. The White Beach 1 causeway was restored to service on 31 July, only to broach again. With the Ushi Point airfield in American hands, the 121st Naval Construction Battalion commenced its repair on 27 July, filling in the bomb and shell craters. By that evening, an airstrip 2,500 feet (760 m) long and 150 feet (46 m) wide was ready for use, and it was fully restored to its 4,700-foot (1,400 m) length the next day. On 29 July, a P-47 landed and took off again. Hill summoned the 9th Troop Carrier Squadron from Eniwetok and its Douglas C-47 Skytrains, together with the Curtiss C-46 Commandos of VMR-252, delivered 33,000 rations from Saipan on 31 July. On the return trip they carried wounded. A parachute drop of 30 short tons (27 t) of supplies was prepared, but was not necessary. Marines move across the wreckage of the Japanese airfield at Ushi Point The rough seas precluded unloading to all but DUKWs. These were the preferred transport for supplies, as they did not damage the roads like the LVTs did. In some places engineers constructed parallel roads for LVTs. One important task for the DUKWs was hauling ammunition from the ammunition ships SS Rockland Victory, which arrived off Tinian on 26 July, and MS Sea Witch, which arrived the following day. The DUKWs also had to haul 600 to 800 drums of fuel each day from the floating barges. A gasoline shortage was averted by the capture of Japanese stocks. On 30 July the 24th Marines occupied Tinian Town and the 25th Marines overran airfield no. 4. The land mines were cleared away, and LCTs began landing on Green Beach. The water off the south pier was not deep enough to allow LSTs to dock there, so pontoon causeways were brought from White Beach 1 and Saipan, allowing the first LST to dock on 4 August. The beach between the two piers was cleared of land mines by 5 August, and was resurfaced with coral, allowing up to fifteen LCMs to beach there simultaneously. The harbor had not been mined, but there were sunken wrecks, which the UDTs demolished. Tinian taken A 75mm pack howitzer, nicknamed "Miss Connie", is fired into a Japanese-held cave on Tinian. The gun was locked securely in this unusual position after the parts were hand-carried to the cliff's edge. Japanese remnants made a final stand in the caves and ravines of a limestone ridge on the south portion of the island, where the terrain rose in a brush and rock strewn plateau 5,000 yards (4,600 m) long and 2,000 yards (1,800 m) wide. On the evening of 30 July, Schmidt ordered his divisions to occupy the coastline between Lalo and Mapo Points, and annihilate the remaining Japanese forces. The next morning, the battleships USS Tennessee and California and cruisers USS Louisville, Montpelier and Birmingham unleashed 615 short tons (558 t) of shells on the plateau, and aircraft dropped 69 short tons (63 t) of bombs. As they advanced, the marines encountered civilians and Japanese soldiers waving white cloths. The latter had to be approached with care, as sometimes one of their number might decide to suicide and take Americans with him. The rugged terrain hampered the tanks but the flamethrower tanks of Company D, 4th Tank Battalion, were adept at burning sections of undergrowth where Japanese soldiers tried to hide. As the 23rd Marines approached the plateau, they came under intense small arms fire from a small village and the cliff face. The accompanying tanks of Company C, 4th Tank Battalion, were engaged by a concealed Japanese 47 mm antitank gun, which scored six hits on one tank. Although penetrated, the tank remained operational and was able to back away. It used smoke to mark the suspected location of the gun for rockets and naval and tank gunfire. The advance resumed, only to have another tank hit by the same gun. Although also penetrated, it too remained operational, and this time the target was spotted, and engaged by tanks that destroyed the gun and machine-gunned twenty Japanese crewmen who tried to escape. Marines cautiously probe a cave on 28 July Meanwhile, the 8th Marines made their way onto the plateau, where vegetation covered caves and fissures where Japanese riflemen and machine gunners lurked. While the vegetation concealed them from observation by the Americans, it also restricted their own fields of view. There was one winding road to the top, but it was mined. Engineers removed the mines, allowing tanks to proceed up the road and destroy Japanese positions, while the accompanying infantry battled their way through the brush. At 16:50, Company A reached the top. Five minutes later they were joined by a platoon from Company C. Company E, following up the road, was attacked by between 75 and 100 Japanese, who were eventually repelled. It then made it way to the top. Company G followed, reaching the top at 18:45, which was sunset. During the night, the Japanese attempted to cut off the Americans on the summit. They captured some vehicles, but were unsuccessful. At 05:15 the marines' positions were attacked by more than 600 Japanese soldiers and sailors. An hour later, the 8th Marines had 74 casualties and 200 Japanese were dead. The rest withdrew to the woods and cliffs in the southwest of the island. Lolo Point was reached at 18:00, and 55 minutes later, Schmidt declared that organized resistance had ended, and the island was secure. Nonetheless, that night, the 6th Marines were attacked by a poorly-coordinated force of about 150 Japanese soldiers and sailors. The following morning 124 Japanese dead were counted, many of whom had died by their own hand. According to Japanese prisoners, Ogata was among the fallen, but his body was never identified. Casualties As a Navy corpsman administers a bottle of plasma to a wounded Marine, the stretcher bearers wait patiently to carry him on board a landing craft which will evacuate him to a hospital ship offshore, where he will be given full treatment. In his report on the Tinian operation, Turner reported the 2nd Marine Division's losses in the period from 24 July to 9 August as 104 killed, 654 wounded and 3 missing, a total of 761. The 4th Marine Division lost 182 killed, 844 wounded and 20 missing, a total of 1,046. Four men of the XXIV Corps Artillery were wounded, and there were 4 killed, 13 wounded and 1 missing among the V Amphibious Corps troops, for a total of 290 killed, 1,515 wounded and 24 missing, giving a grand total of 1,829 casualties. Another 63 sailors and marines were killed and 177 wounded aboard ships. The dead included two men who were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for using their bodies to protect their comrades from hand grenades: Private Joseph W. Ozbourn and Private First Class Robert L. Wilson. By 10 August, Japanese casualties included 404 taken prisoner and 5,745 dead that were buried by the Americans. Analysis Smith considered Tinian "the perfect amphibious operation in the Pacific war." It differed from most in that the proximity of Saipan allowed it to be carried out as a shore-to-shore operation rather than a ship-to-shore one, and fire support was available from land-based artillery. The operation was much less difficult than Saipan; the nearest base was just 5 miles (8.0 km) away, not over a thousand; the garrison was smaller; the ratio of attackers to defenders was greater; the terrain was less formidable; intelligence was more accurate; and the preliminary naval and aerial bombardment more protracted. Marines stack mortar rounds in preparation for firing a fast barrage on 30 July The Battle of Tinian offered a rare example of a force that expected to be attacked still being taken by surprise. "Our singular success at Tinian", Smith later wrote, "lay in the boldness of the landing." The Americans had accurate intelligence, assembled from multiple sources, and knew that the Japanese would not be waiting for them on the White Beaches. Aerial photography of Saipan was restricted through fear that the Japanese would be alerted and the element of surprise would be lost; whereas aerial photography of Tinian was unrestricted but surprise was not sacrificed. American commanders gambled on good weather, but when the weather eventually broke, the American logistical system still held. DUKWs were still able to operate when landing craft could not, and Hill recommended that DUKWs replace LCVPs on the Navy's attack cargo ships. Additional supply capability was available by air, although it was not needed. For their part, the Japanese incurred high casualties in fruitless counterattacks that were defeated by American firepower. They managed to move undetected at night, and were able to withdraw from contact with little loss whenever they wished to do so. Heavier American casualties might have been inflicted by a passive defense, taking advantage of their skill with camouflage, use of terrain, and emplacement of weapons. Aftermath Mopping up Marines bathe a Tinian girl after she and her family had been removed from a hillside dugout. On 6 August, Brigadier General Merritt A. Edson, the deputy commander of the 2nd Marine Division, assumed tactical responsibility as commander of Ground Forces Tinian. The 8th Marines assumed responsibility for the whole 2nd Marine Division's sector two days later, allowing the rest of the division to return to Saipan for rest and reorganization. On 10 August it took over the 4th Marine Division's sector as well, so it could return to Hawaii. Major General James L. Underhill was appointed Island Commander on 1 August 1944. Nine days later, all forces on Tinian were transferred to his command. He was succeeded by Brigadier General Frederick V. H. Kimble on 28 November 1944. The 8th Marines patroled the island, mopping up Japanese holdouts. On 25 October, the 8th Marines joined the rest of the 2nd Marine Division on Saipan, leaving the 1st Battalion behind on Tinian. It continued mopping up patrols until 1 January 1945, when it too departed for Saipan. Between 1 August 1944 and 1 January 1945, the 8th Marines lost another 38 killed and 125 wounded; 542 Japanese soldiers were killed. Responsibility for the defence of Tinian was handed over to the marines of the 16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion. It departed for Okinawa in April 1945, but the 17th and 18th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalions remained to defend the airbases. The garrison on Aguiguan Island off the southwest cape of Tinian, commanded by Second Lieutenant Kinichi Yamada, held out until the end of the war, surrendering to Rear Admiral Marshall R. Greer on the United States Coast Guard Cutter USCG 83525 on 4 September 1945. The entire garrison of 67 troops, along with 172 Japanese and 128 Korean civilians, were interned on Tinian. The last holdout on Tinian, Murata Susumu, was captured in 1953 and repatriated to Japan. Military government There were 16,029 civilians on Tinian on 15 April 1944, of whom 1,658, mostly women, children and the elderly, were evacuated to Japan before the American invasion. An estimated 2,610 civilians died in the battle. Journalist Robert Sherrod noted that most died as result of the fighting; the Americans made great use of artillery, aerial and naval bombardment, and civilians often sheltered with soldiers. Some died from disease, dehydration or malnutrition. Some were murdered by Japanese soldiers. In one instance Japanese soldiers tied 40 to 50 civilians together and threw a grenade at them. There were instances of mass suicide, most notably by jumping off the 120-foot (37 m) "Suicide Cliff" between Mapo and Lalo Points. Children were thrown off the cliff by their parents, and some civilians were pushed off the cliff by Japanese soldiers. A captured Japanese soldier claimed that a thousand loyal citizens had allowed the military to blow them up in caves. Staff Sergeant Frederico Claveria gives candy to an interned child. Only 2,468 civilians had been accounted for by 1 August, but within three days that number had increased to 8,491. The 2nd Marine established a stockade for civilians at the Ushi Point Airfield while the 4th Marine Division established one on the site of the ruined village of Churo. The latter was chosen as a permanent camp site, and all the civilians were subsequently concentrated there. By 15 October, there were 10,926 civilians at Camp Churo, of whom 8,625 were Japanese, 2,297 were Koreans, and 4 were Chinese. Nearly half were children under the age of 15. The military government was unprepared to care for the large number of civilians, and there were critical shortages of relief supplies of all kinds. Seabees supervised the erection of tarpaulin shelters. These were gradually replaced by huts made from corrugated iron and timber salvaged from around the island. The internees also salvaged food supplies, and cultivated gardens. When firewood started to become scarce, Seabees made them improvised diesel stoves. In late 1945, Spruance, who had succeeded Nimitz as CINCPOA, ordered the repatriation of all Japanese and Korean civilians. This was completed by late 1946. Base development Main article: Tinian Naval Base A Seabee waves at incoming Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers Responsibility the transformation of Tinian into a base for B-29 bombers was assigned to the 6th Naval Construction Brigade, under Halloran's command. For this work his brigade had the 29th and 30th Naval Construction Regiments; a third regiment, the 49th Naval Construction Regiment, arrived in March 1945. Two air bases were constructed: North Field and West Field. These were on the site of the existing Japanese fields at Ushi Point and Gurguan Point respectively, but they had to be lengthened to 8,500 feet (2,600 m) and widened to 500 feet (150 m) to handle the B-29s. This task would have been easier if the plateau had been more than 7,000 feet (2,100 m) wide. As it was, large amounts of fill were required. When work was completed on 5 May 1945, North Field had four parallel 8,500-foot (2,600 m) runways, with 8 miles (13 km) of taxiways, 265 hardstands, 173 Quonset huts and 92 other buildings. Its construction involved 2,109,800 cubic yards (1,613,100 m3) of excavations and 4,789,400 cubic yards (3,661,800 m3) of fill. West Field had two B-29 runways, 53,000 feet (16,000 m) of taxiways, 220 hardstands and 251 administration, maintenance and repair buildings. The adjacent base for naval aircraft had 16,000 feet (4,900 m) of taxiways, 70 hardstands, 345 Quonset huts, 33 administration, maintenance and repair buildings, and a 75-foot (23 m) tall control tower. Tinian in 1945 after airbase construction was complete. North Field is in the foreground and West Field in the background. Initially, fuel had to be supplied in drums. Later, aviation gasoline was drawn from a barge anchored in Tinian Harbor. The fuel storage and distribution system was completed by 8 March 1945. This included storage tanks for 14,000 US barrels (1,700,000 L) of diesel oil, 20,000 US barrels (2,400,000 L) of motor gasoline and 165,000 US barrels (19,700,000 L) of aviation gasoline. Fuel was pumped over a submarine pipeline from an oil tanker moored north of Tinian Harbor and distributed over 86,000 feet (26,000 m) of pipeline. Work on the harbor included dredging operations and the construction of a breakwater and quays for Liberty ships. Until it was completed in March 1945, cargo was brought ashore by LCMs and LCTs. North Field became operational in February 1945 and West Field the following month. The 313th Bombardment Wing arrived from the United States in December 1944 and was based at North Field. The 58th Bombardment Wing arrived from the China-Burma-India Theater in March 1945 and was based at West Field. A third formation, the 509th Composite Group arrived in May 1945 and moved to North Field, where it took over an area that had been specially constructed for it. Thus, two of the five bombardment wings of the Twentieth Air Force were based on Tinian. These formations participated in the campaign of air raids on Japan, including the bombing of Tokyo on 10 March 1945, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August 1945. Notes ^ Crowl 1960, pp. 2–3. ^ Crowl 1960, pp. 6–7. ^ Hayes 1982, p. 280. ^ Aandahl, Franklin & Slany 1958, p. 549. ^ a b Cate 1953, pp. 17–19. ^ Crowl 1960, pp. 11–12. ^ Cate 1953, p. 547. ^ Franklin & Gerber 1961, p. 780. ^ Crowl 1960, pp. 12–13. ^ Hayes 1982, pp. 555–560. ^ a b c d Crowl 1960, p. 271. ^ Morison 1953, p. 353. ^ a b Schmidt 1944, p. 2. ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 37. ^ a b Hoffman 1951, p. 5. ^ Rottman & Gerrard 2004, pp. 7–8. ^ Hoffman 1951, p. 2. ^ Morison 1953, pp. 149–151. ^ a b c Hoffman 1951, pp. 4–7. ^ a b Rottman 2002, p. 380. ^ a b Dyer 1969, pp. 952–954. ^ Rottman & Gerrard 2004, p. 31. ^ a b Hoffman 1951, pp. 7–9. ^ Hoffman 1951, p. 156. ^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 359. ^ Hoffman 1951, p. 125. ^ Prefer 2012, p. 23. ^ a b Hoffman 1951, p. 12. ^ a b Prefer 2012, pp. 20–21. ^ Prefer 2012, p. 20. ^ Morison 1953, p. 358. ^ a b Hoffman 1951, pp. 12–16. ^ Hoffman 1951, p. 14. ^ Prefer 2012, pp. 21–23. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 239. ^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 365. ^ Hoffman 1951, p. 20. ^ Prefer 2012, pp. 23–24. ^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 57. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 241–242. ^ Crowl 1960, pp. 276–277. ^ Moore 1998, p. 81. ^ "H-032-1 Operation Forager and the Battle of Philippine Sea". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 17 March 2024. ^ Moore 1998, p. 82. ^ Crowl 1960, p. 279. ^ a b Crowl 1960, p. 272. ^ a b Hoffman 1951, pp. 20–21, 161–162. ^ Smith 1989, p. 206. ^ a b c Crowl 1960, pp. 272–274. ^ a b Hoffman 1951, p. 22. ^ Jones 1944, Annex E. ^ Jones 1944, Annexes C and D. ^ Hoffman 1951, p. 23. ^ Dyer 1969, pp. 956–957. ^ Hoffman 1951, p. 24. ^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 361. ^ Raines 2000, p. 251. ^ Bosworth 1944, Air Officer's Report. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 364. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 362. ^ a b c Morison 1953, pp. 359–360. ^ Olson & Mortensen 1950, pp. 690–691. ^ Rottman & Gerrard 2004, p. 76. ^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 378. ^ Morison 1953, pp. 361–362. ^ a b c d e f Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 371. ^ a b c Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 372. ^ Hoffman 1951, p. 25. ^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 373. ^ Morison 1953, p. 362. ^ a b Crowl 1960, p. 275. ^ "The Doodlebug". Naval History and Heritage Command, U.S. Navy Seabee Museum. Retrieved 21 March 2024. ^ a b Morison 1953, pp. 362–363. ^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 381–383. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 384–385. ^ Morison 1953, pp. 363–364. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 383–384. ^ Hoffman 1951, p. 62. ^ a b c Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 389–391. ^ Hoffman 1951, p. 63. ^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 64–65. ^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 65–66. ^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 69–71. ^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 394–395. ^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 74–75. ^ a b Hoffman 1951, pp. 71–74. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 398–399. ^ a b c Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 402. ^ Rottman & Gerrard 2004, p. 81. ^ Hoffman 1951, p. 92. ^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 403. ^ Building the Navy's Bases 1947, p. 359. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 398. ^ Hoffman 1951, p. 93. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 403–404. ^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 94–98. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 423–424. ^ Rottman & Gerrard 2004, p. 85. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 408–409. ^ a b Hoffman 1951, p. 102. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 411. ^ Hoffman 1951, p. 107. ^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 104–105. ^ Harwood 1994, p. 24. ^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 107–109. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 412–413. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 420–421. ^ a b Hoffman 1951, p. 119. ^ a b Turner 1944, p. 79. ^ Hoffman 1951, p. 150. ^ Turner 1944, p. 266. ^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 98, 117. ^ Smith 1989, p. 201. ^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 426–427. ^ Morison 1953, p. 370. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 424. ^ Smith 1989, p. 203. ^ Moore 1998, p. 86. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 428. ^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 120–121. ^ a b Hoffman 1951, p. 140. ^ Richard 1957, p. 535. ^ Richard 1957, p. 539. ^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 422–423. ^ Prefer 2012, p. 157. ^ Melson 1996, p. 32. ^ Richard 1957, pp. 21–22. ^ "September Daily Chronology of Coast Guard History (Entry for September 4)". U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office. Retrieved 31 March 2024. ^ "Japanese Holdouts: Registry". Pacific Wreck Database. Retrieved 23 March 2024. ^ Petty 2009, p. 40. ^ Astroth 2019, p. 165. ^ a b Richard 1957, p. 553. ^ Astroth 2019, pp. 166–168. ^ Astroth 2019, pp. 127–131. ^ Astroth 2019, pp. 132–139. ^ Smith 1989, p. 211. ^ Astroth 2019, pp. 85, 91. ^ Astroth 2019, p. 88. ^ Harwood 1994, p. 31. ^ Richard 1957, p. 537. ^ Astroth 2019, pp. 153–155. ^ Building the Navy's Bases 1947, pp. 369–370. ^ Astroth 2019, p. 172. ^ "6th Naval Construction Brigade Log: Task on Tinian" (PDF). United States Navy Seabee Museum. Retrieved 22 March 2024. ^ a b Building the Navy's Bases 1947, pp. 358–362. ^ Building the Navy's Bases 1947, p. 365. ^ Building the Navy's Bases 1947, pp. 366–367. ^ Rottman & Gerrard 2004, p. 89. ^ Cate 1953, p. 166. ^ Taylor et al. 1953, pp. 519–525. ^ Taylor et al. 1953, pp. 614–617. ^ Taylor et al. 1953, pp. 713–725. 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External links Media related to Battle of Tinian at Wikimedia Commons Battle for the Mariana Islands on YouTube Seabee and Naval Operations on Tinian Island on YouTube Tinian North Field National Historic Landmark Virtual tour. 15°00′N 145°38′E / 15.000°N 145.633°E / 15.000; 145.633
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Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson_(USMC)"},{"link_name":"Clifton B. Cates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_B._Cates"},{"link_name":"†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Kiyochi Ogata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyochi_Ogata"},{"link_name":"†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Kakuji Kakuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakuji_Kakuta"},{"link_name":"†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Goichi Oie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goichi_Oie"},{"link_name":"V Amphibious Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Amphibious_Corps"},{"link_name":"2nd Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"4th Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"XXIV Corps Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXIV_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Marianas_and_Palaus"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Marianas_and_Palaus"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Marianas_and_Palaus"},{"link_name":"Mariana and Palau Islands campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign"},{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan"},{"link_name":"Philippine Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Tinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Peleliu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu"},{"link_name":"Angaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Angaur"},{"link_name":"Pacific campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Tinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian"},{"link_name":"Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"napalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm"},{"link_name":"Cairo Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Conference"},{"link_name":"Combined Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Central Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Pacific_Area"},{"link_name":"Southwest Pacific Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Pacific_Area"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Areas"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Chester W. Nimitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz"},{"link_name":"Truk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuuk_State"},{"link_name":"line of communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_communications"},{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber"},{"link_name":"Battle of Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Harry Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Schmidt_(USMC)"},{"link_name":"V Amphibious Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Amphibious_Corps"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Kiyochi Ogata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyochi_Ogata"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(naval)"},{"link_name":"Goichi Oie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goichi_Oie"},{"link_name":"Clifton B. Cates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_B._Cates"},{"link_name":"4th Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"XXIV Corps Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXIV_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"LVTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked"},{"link_name":"Thomas E. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson_(USMC)"},{"link_name":"2nd Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Tinian became an important base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian_Naval_Base"},{"link_name":"North Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Field_(Tinian)"},{"link_name":"West Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Field_(Tinian)"},{"link_name":"Seabees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabees"},{"link_name":"Twentieth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands"},{"link_name":"bombing of Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"}],"text":"1944 World War II battle between the United States and JapanBattle of TinianPart of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign of the Pacific Theater (World War II)An LVT churns through the surf bound for beaches of TinianDate24 July – 1 August 1944(1 week and 1 day)LocationTinian, Mariana Islands (modern-day Northern Mariana Islands, USA)Result\nAmerican victoryBelligerents\n United States\n JapanCommanders and leaders\nHarry SchmidtThomas E. WatsonClifton B. Cates\n †Kiyochi Ogata †Kakuji Kakuta † Goichi OieUnits involved\nV Amphibious Corps\n\n2nd Marine Division\n4th Marine Division\nXXIV Corps Artillery\n50th Infantry Regiment\n56th Naval Guard ForceStrength\n40,000\n9,000Casualties and losses\nAshore:290 killed1,515 wounded24 missingAfloat:63 killed177 wounded\n5,745 dead404 captured\n2,600 civilian deadvteMariana and Palau Islands campaign\nSaipan\nPhilippine Sea\nGuam\nTinian\nPeleliu\nAngaurThe Battle of Tinian was part of the Pacific campaign of World War II. It was fought between the United States and Japan on the island of Tinian in the Mariana Islands from 24 July until 1 August 1944. The battle saw napalm used for the first time.At the Cairo Conference in December 1943, the Combined Chiefs of Staff endorsed a two-pronged attack through the Central Pacific and Southwest Pacific Areas. On 12 March 1944, the Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, was directed to neutralize Truk and occupy the Mariana Islands. The Mariana Islands were targeted because of their location astride the Japanese line of communications. Tinian lay too close to Saipan to allow it to be bypassed and remain in Japanese hands. The 9,000-strong Japanese garrison was eliminated, and the island joined Saipan and Guam as a base for Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers.Following the conclusion of the Battle of Saipan on 9 July, Major General Harry Schmidt's V Amphibious Corps began preparations to invade nearby Tinian. The Japanese defending the island were commanded by Colonel Kiyochi Ogata, the commander of the 50th Infantry Regiment. This regiment was part of the 5,000 Army troops on the island. There were also about 4,000 Imperial Japanese Navy personnel on Tinian, the main force being the 56th Naval Guard Force, under the command of Captain Goichi Oie. Most of the island was surrounded by coral cliffs, so Ogata concentrated his forces on the south west of the island, where the best landing beaches were located.Major General Clifton B. Cates's 4th Marine Division landed on Tinian on 24 July 1944, supported by naval bombardment and the guns of the XXIV Corps Artillery, firing across the strait from Saipan. Instead of landing in the southwest, they landed on the northwest coast, where there were two small beaches that were lightly defended. These beaches were flanked by low coral cliffs that the marines were able to surmount with the aid of ramps mounted on LVTs known as \"Doodlebugs\". A successful feint in the southwest by Major General Thomas E. Watson's 2nd Marine Division diverted defenders from the actual landing site on the north of the island. The 2nd Marine Division then landed behind the 4th Marine Division. The weather worsened on 28 July, damaging the pontoon causeways and interrupting the unloading of supplies, but on 30 July the 4th Marine Division occupied Tinian Town and the airfield. Japanese remnants conducted a last stand in the caves and ravines of a limestone ridge on the south portion of the island. Resistance continued through 2 August, with some civilians murdered by the Japanese, and mopping up patrols continued into 1945.Tinian became an important base for further US operations in the Pacific. North Field became operational in February 1945 and West Field in March. The Seabees built six 8,500-foot (2,600 m) runways for attacks by the Twentieth Air Force's B-29 bombers on the Philippines, the Ryukyu Islands, and mainland Japan. Bombers from Tinian took part in the bombing of Tokyo in March 1945 and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.","title":"Battle of Tinian"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Battle_of_Tinian_(1944).svg"}],"text":"Map of the battle","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Orange plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Orange"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Caroline Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Islands"},{"link_name":"Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl19602%E2%80%933-1"},{"link_name":"Casablanca Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_Conference"},{"link_name":"Combined Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"United States Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Ernest J. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_J._King"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl19606%E2%80%937-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1982280-3"},{"link_name":"line of communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_communications"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAandahlFranklinSlany1958549-4"},{"link_name":"Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECate195317%E2%80%9319-5"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl196011%E2%80%9312-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECate1953547-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECate195317%E2%80%9319-5"},{"link_name":"Cairo Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Conference"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklinGerber1961780-8"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Areas"},{"link_name":"Chester W. Nimitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz"},{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"Tinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl196012%E2%80%9313-9"},{"link_name":"Truk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuuk_State"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"Rear Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Forrest P. Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_P._Sherman"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff of the United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"George C. Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_Commander_in_Chief"},{"link_name":"William D. Leahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._Leahy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1982555%E2%80%93560-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl1960271-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1953353-12"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Holland M. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_M._Smith"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt19442-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl1960271-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt19442-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrefer201237-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman19515-15"},{"link_name":"Ushi Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Field_(Tinian)"},{"link_name":"Gurguan Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Field_(Tinian)"},{"link_name":"Tinian Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_Tinian"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrefer201237-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman19515-15"},{"link_name":"Battle of Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottmanGerrard20047%E2%80%938-16"}],"sub_title":"Strategy","text":"After World War I, the United States had developed a series of contingency plans for the event of a war with Japan known as the Orange plans. These envisaged an advance through the Marshall and Caroline Islands to the Philippines, from whence Japan could be blockaded. The Mariana Islands figured only incidentally in the plans, as they lay north of the direct route between Hawaii and the Philippines.[1] At the Casablanca Conference in January 1943, the Combined Chiefs of Staff had endorsed an offensive in the Central Pacific along the lines envisaged in the Orange Plan. In his formulation of the strategy, the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet, Admiral Ernest J. King,[2][3] specifically mentioned the Mariana Islands as \"the key to the situation because of their location on the Japanese line of communications.\"[4]The Joint Chiefs of Staff envisaged the Marianas as a naval base,[5] but another rationale for the capture of the Mariana Islands emerged with the development of the long-range Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber.[6] From the Mariana Islands, the B-29s could reach all the most significant industrial targets in Japan, and they could be supported by sea.[7] The air staff planners began incorporating the Mariana Islands into their long-range plans in September 1943.[5] The Combined Chiefs endorsed this at the Cairo Conference in December, along with a two-pronged offensive, with the Central Pacific drive in conjunction with one along the north coast of New Guinea.[8] In response, the Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas (CINCPOA), Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, produced a campaign plan called Operation Granite, which tentatively scheduled the capture of Mariana Islands of Saipan, Tinian and Guam for November 1944 as the culmination of the Central Pacific campaign.[9]By February 1944, there was consideration of advancing the Operation Granite timetable by bypassing Truk and heading directly for Palau or the Marianas after the capture of the Marshall Islands. Nimitz and his Deputy Chief of Staff, Rear Admiral Forrest P. Sherman met with the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington, DC, on 7 March 1944, and were questioned by the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General George C. Marshall, and the Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief, Admiral William D. Leahy. Sherman argued that the neutralization of Truk required the occupation of the Mariana Islands in order to cut the air route to Truk from Japan. On 12 March, the Joint Chiefs of Staff directed Nimitz to neutralize Truk and occupy the Mariana Islands, with a target date of 15 June.[10]Tinian was considered a target from the outset.[11][12] Lieutenant General Holland M. Smith's Northern Troops and Landing Force (NTLF) was ordered to \"land on, seize, occupy and defend Saipan. Then be prepared to seize Tinian on order.\"[13] Plans to capture Tinian were prepared concurrently with those to capture Saipan.[11][13] Tinian's proximity to Saipan meant that while it remained in Japanese hands, Japanese aircraft could attack Saipan by staging though Tinian. The garrison might also raid Saipan.[14] The Japanese on Tinian could observe ship and aircraft movements on Saipan and communicate them to Tokyo.[15] Tinian also had value in its own right, as its flat terrain made it highly suitable for the development of air bases for the B-29. There were already airfields at Ushi Point and Gurguan Point that looked promising for development into B-29 airfields, and there was another under construction near Tinian Town.[14] Ushi Point had a hard-surfaced runway 4,750 feet (1,450 m) long.[15] With the conclusion of the Battle of Saipan on 9 July, preparations began for the attack on Tinian.[16]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miguel López de Legazpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi"},{"link_name":"Spanish-American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish-American_War"},{"link_name":"South Seas Mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman19512-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1953149%E2%80%93151-18"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl1960271-11"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"sugar cane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_cane"},{"link_name":"checker board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checker_board"},{"link_name":"windbreaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windbreak"},{"link_name":"hedgerows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgerow"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman19514%E2%80%937-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman2002380-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Beach_1_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman2002380-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyer1969952%E2%80%93954-21"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyer1969952%E2%80%93954-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Beach_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"typhoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman19514%E2%80%937-19"},{"link_name":"Chamorro people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_people"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman19514%E2%80%937-19"}],"sub_title":"Geography","text":"Along with the other Mariana Islands, Tinian was claimed for Spain by Miguel López de Legazpi in 1565. Guam was seized by the United States in the Spanish-American War, and Spain sold the remaining islands to Germany. They were occupied by Japan during World War I and became part of Japan's South Seas Mandate.[17][18] Tinian lay just 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from the southern tip of Saipan.[11] It covered about 50 square miles (130 km2), measuring 10+1⁄4 miles (16.5 km) from north to south, and 5 miles (8.0 km) across at its widest point. The terrain was generally low and flat, making it suitable for airfields. There were two hills in the north: the 390-foot (120 m) Mount Maga and the 564-foot (172 m) Mount Lasso. There was also a rugged 580-foot (180 m) limestone hill mass of cliffs and ravines in the south. About 90 percent of the island (about 15,000 acres (6,100 ha)) was covered in sugar cane fields. The square fields gave the island a checker board look from the air. Fields were surrounded by drainage ditches or windbreaks of trees or hedgerows.[19][20]Oblique photograph of White Beach 1 taken before naval gunfire, artillery, air and bulldozers altered its appearance.Most of the island was encircled by jagged limestone cliffs that ranged from 6 to 100 feet (1.8 to 30.5 m) high. There were only a few beaches, which the Americans designated by colors.[20] The best beaches were around Sunharon Bay in the southeast: Blue Beach, 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Tinian Town, was 600 yards (550 m) long; Green Beach One, located between the two piers at Tinian Town, was also 600 yards (550 m) long; Green Beach Two, at the southern end of Tinian Town, was 400 yards (370 m) long; Red Beach One and Two were north of the piers, with a combined width of 825 yards (754 m); and Orange Beach, 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) north of Red Beach One, was 340 yards (310 m) long.[21]There were two beaches on the east coast at Asiga Bay: the 355-yard (325 m) Yellow Beach One and the 200-yard (180 m) Yellow Beach Two. These were flanked by cliffs and subject to heavy surf when there was an easterly wind. There were also two small beaches on the northwest coast: the 65-to-75-yard (59 to 69 m) White Beach One and the 200-yard (180 m) White Beach Two. The small size of the White and Yellow beaches made them unattractive: a division normally required a landing beach 1,000 yards (910 m) long.[21]Oblique photograph of White Beach 2There was little seasonal variation in temperature, which ranged from an average of 76 °F (24 °C) in January to 80 °F (27 °C) in June, but the average humidity in those months was 78 and 84 percent, respectively. Fair weather prevailed during the dry season from November to March, but the wet season from November to March was characterized by frequent rains and occasional typhoons. Sunharon Bay was little more than an anchorage, and was unusable in rough weather.[19]According to a 1 January 1944 census, Tinian had a population of 18,000 Japanese civilians, most of whom worked in the sugar cane industry, and 26 ethnic Chamorro people; most of the original population had been forcibly removed to other islands. The main settlements were Tinian Town in the south and two small villages around Ushi Point Airfield in the north. The former was the administrative center of the island, while the latter housed airfield workers. The primary road network consisted of roads approximately 18 feet (5.5 m) wide and surfaced with crushed coral. They were generally straight, following the edges of the cane fields. Approximately 40 miles (64 km) of narrow gauge railways connected the sugar plantations with Tinian Town.[19]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Tinian order of battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tinian_order_of_battle"},{"link_name":"Central Marianas naval order of battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Marianas_naval_order_of_battle"}],"text":"Further information: Battle of Tinian order of battle and Central Marianas naval order of battle","title":"Opposing forces and plans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vice Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Admiral"},{"link_name":"Kakuji Kakuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakuji_Kakuta"},{"link_name":"First Air Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Air_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottmanGerrard200431-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_defense_sectors_and_dispositions_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Kiyochi Ogata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyochi_Ogata"},{"link_name":"29th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"Mukden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukden"},{"link_name":"37 mm anti-tank guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_37_mm_anti-tank_gun"},{"link_name":"18th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Infantry_Regiment_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman19517%E2%80%939-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman1951156-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994359-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman1951125-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrefer201223-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195112-28"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(naval)"},{"link_name":"Goichi Oie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goichi_Oie"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrefer201220%E2%80%9321-29"},{"link_name":"120 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_10_120_mm_AA_gun"},{"link_name":"12 cm dual-purpose guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_10_120_mm_AA_gun"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman19517%E2%80%939-23"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrefer201220-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994359-25"},{"link_name":"comfort women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_women"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrefer201220%E2%80%9321-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1953358-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195112-28"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195112%E2%80%9316-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195114-33"},{"link_name":"Type 94 75 mm mountain guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_94_75_mm_mountain_gun"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195112%E2%80%9316-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrefer201221%E2%80%9323-34"}],"sub_title":"Japanese","text":"The senior Japanese officer on Tinian was Vice Admiral Kakuji Kakuta, the commander of First Air Fleet. His headquarters was in Manila but he was on Tinian on an inspection tour when US aerial operations in the Marianas Islands began on 11 June and became cut off. He exercised no command authority over the army troops on the island, and the naval troops were not subject to his direct command.[22]Japanese defense sectors and dispositions of major unitsThe Imperial Japanese Army force defending the island was the 50th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Colonel Kiyochi Ogata. This was part of 29th Division, all the rest of which was located on Guam. The regiment was formerly based at Mukden in China, and had moved to Tinian in March 1944. It had three infantry battalions, a mountain artillery battalion with twelve 75mm guns, an anti-tank company with six 37 mm anti-tank guns, and a company of the 18th Infantry Regiment with twelve light tanks. The 1st Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment, normally based on Saipan, was conducting amphibious landing exercises on Tinian on 11 June and it became cut off on Tinian. It provided a fourth infantry battalion that Ogata incorporated into the island's defense.[23] The Army forces on Tinian totaled about 5,000 men.[24] They were well-trained combat veterans, skilled in camouflage and the use of their weapons.[25][26] They were well-equipped, in many cases with new weapons,[27] and their morale was high.[28]The main Imperial Japanese Navy force on Tinian was the 56th Naval Guard Force (Keibitai), under the command of Captain Goichi Oie. He accepted Ogata as the commander on Tinian, but to avoid embarrassment, he did not inform his subordinates that their orders came from an Army officer.[29] His force of 1,400 troops and 600 laborers was equipped with three 6-inch and ten 140 mm coast defence guns, and ten 120 mm and four 76.2 mm general purpose guns, twenty-four 25 mm and six 7 cm antiaircraft guns, and three 12 cm dual-purpose guns. Along with airfield construction crews, flight technicians and staff, there were about 4,000 sailors of various units on Tinian.[23][30] Most of the naval personnel had some training as infantry.[25] In addition, there were three civilian defence organizations of little military value, the Civilian Militia, the Home Guard Organization, and Youth Organization, and about sixty comfort women, none of whom survived the battle.[29]After Saipan had fallen on 9 July, the prospects for the garrison of Tinian were grim.[31] Ogata expected that Tinian would be the next target, and on 25 June he issued a operational order that announced: \"the enemy on Saipan... can be expected to be planning a landing on Tinian. The area of that landing is estimated to be either Tinian Harbor or Asiga (northeast coast) Harbor.\"[28] He adhered to the Japanese doctrine of defense against amphibious attacks at the water's edge.[32] Each of the sector commanders was ordered to \"be prepared to destroy the enemy at the beach, but be prepared to shift two-thirds of the force elsewhere.\"[33]Ogata was aided by the geography of Tinian, which limited the possible landing sites. He positioned the 3rd Battalion, 50th Infantry Regiment, most of the heavy weapons of the 56th Naval Guard Force, around Sunharon Bay beaches. The Northern Sector around Asiga Bay was covered by the 2nd Battalion, 50th Infantry Regiment. He did not expect anything more than a raid on the beaches in the west, so this was assigned to the 3rd Company, 1st Battalion, 50th Infantry Regiment. The rest of the 1st Battalion was dug in around Mount Lasso. The 1st Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment formed a mobile counterattack force, along with the tanks and a mobile artillery contingent of twelve Type 94 75 mm mountain guns. The reserve was positioned to so to quickly reach either the Sunharon Bay or Asiga bay, depending on where the Americans made their main effort.[32][34]","title":"Opposing forces and plans"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:80-G-284248_Tinian_Flag_Raising_Ceremonies,_August_1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harry W. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_W._Hill_(admiral)"},{"link_name":"Harry Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Schmidt_(USMC)"},{"link_name":"Raymond A. Spruance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_A._Spruance"},{"link_name":"Holland M. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_M._Smith"},{"link_name":"Richmond K. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_K._Turner"},{"link_name":"Thomas E. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson_(USMC)"},{"link_name":"Clifton B. Cates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_B._Cates"},{"link_name":"Raymond A. Spruance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_A._Spruance"},{"link_name":"Fifth Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Vice Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Richmond K. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_K._Turner"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994239-35"},{"link_name":"V Amphibious Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Amphibious_Corps"},{"link_name":"Fleet Marine Force, Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force,_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Harry Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Schmidt_(USMC)"},{"link_name":"Harry W. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_W._Hill_(admiral)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994365-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195120-37"},{"link_name":"2nd Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Thomas E. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson_(USMC)"},{"link_name":"4th Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Clifton B. Cates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_B._Cates"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign"},{"link_name":"Tarawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kwajalein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kwajalein"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrefer201223%E2%80%9324-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrefer201257-39"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994365-36"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrefer201257-39"},{"link_name":"Arthur M. Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_M._Harper"},{"link_name":"XXIV Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXIV_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"155 mm guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/155_mm_gun_M1"},{"link_name":"155 mm howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M114_155_mm_howitzer"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994241%E2%80%93242-40"},{"link_name":"27th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"105 mm howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M101_howitzer"},{"link_name":"105th Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/105th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl1960276%E2%80%93277-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_fixed_gun_positions_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199881-42"},{"link_name":"imagery intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagery_intelligence"},{"link_name":"human intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Ultra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)"},{"link_name":"code breaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_breaking"},{"link_name":"signals intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signals_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"hydrography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrography"},{"link_name":"geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"31st Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-First_Army_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"order of battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_battle"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199882-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl1960279-45"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl1960271-11"},{"link_name":"Evans F. Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evans_F._Carlson"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl1960272-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195120%E2%80%9321,_161%E2%80%93162-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1989206-48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cliffs_between_the_White_beaches.jpg"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl1960272-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195120%E2%80%9321,_161%E2%80%93162-47"},{"link_name":"James L. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Jones_Sr."},{"link_name":"V Amphibious Corps Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Amphibious_Reconnaissance_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Underwater Demolition Teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team"},{"link_name":"high-speed transports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_transport"},{"link_name":"USS Gilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Gilmer_(DD-233)"},{"link_name":"Stringham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stringham_(DD-83)"},{"link_name":"wire obstacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_obstacle"},{"link_name":"cargo nets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_net"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl1960272%E2%80%93274-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195122-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1944Annex_E-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USMC_87615_Marines_load_supplies_aboard_two_LSTs_in_preparation_for_the_assault_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"link_name":"LSTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank"},{"link_name":"LCVPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCVP_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl1960272%E2%80%93274-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195122-50"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1944Annexes_C_and_D-52"},{"link_name":"USS Rocky Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Rocky_Mount"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl1960272%E2%80%93274-49"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195123-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyer1969956%E2%80%93957-54"},{"link_name":"phonetic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_alphabet"},{"link_name":"H-Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Hour"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195124-55"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Senior US commanders on Tinian. Left to right: Vice Admiral Harry W. Hill, Major General Harry Schmidt, Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, Lieutenant General Holland M. Smith, Vice Admiral Richmond K. Turner, Major General Thomas E. Watson and Major General Clifton B. CatesThe American forces were part of Admiral Raymond A. Spruance's Fifth Fleet. The Joint Amphibious Forces (Task Force 51) were led by Vice Admiral Richmond K. Turner and the expeditionary troops (Task Force 56) by Lieutenant General Holland M. Smith.[35] For the battle of Saipan, Turner had concurrently commanded the landing force (Task Force 52) and Smith had also commanded the NTLF and V Amphibious Corps, burt with simultaneous operations on Guam in prospect, it was desirable for these roles to be separated. On 12 July, Smith became the commander of the newly established Fleet Marine Force, Pacific and handed over command of the V Amphibious Corps and NTLF (Task Group 56.1) to Major General Harry Schmidt. Command of the amphibious forces in the Tinian operation (Task Force 52) was entrusted to Turner's former deputy, Rear Admiral Harry W. Hill, on 15 July. Although Turner and Smith remained in command of Task Forces 51 and 56 respectively, they sailed for Guam on 20 July, leaving the operation entirely in the hands of Hill and Schmidt.[36][37]For the Tinian operation, the V Amphibious Corps had the 2nd Marine Division, commanded by Major General Thomas E. Watson and the 4th Marine Division, which was commanded by Major General Clifton B. Cates, who had succeeded Schmidt. Both had seen service earlier in the Pacific War: the 2nd Marine Division on Guadalcanal and Tarawa, and the 4th Marine Division in the Battle of Kwajalein,[38] and had participated in the recent fighting on Saipan, where they had incurred 6,170 and 6,612 battle casualties respectively.[39] They had absorbed a single replacement draft of 1,268 men before the fighting began again on Tinian,[36] but remained understength, and much of their equipment had been worn out through combat and hard use.[39]The V Amphibious Corps had the support of Brigadier General Arthur M. Harper's XXIV Corps Artillery with its two battalions of 155 mm guns and two battalions of 155 mm howitzers.[40] For the Tinian operation, Harper also had command of the four battalions of the 27th Infantry Division Artillery and five Marine Corps 105 mm howitzer battalions, two each from the two marine divisions and one from the V Amphibious Corps, for a total of thirteen battalions. The rest of the 27th Infantry Division, except for the 105th Infantry, was in reserve, but on four hours' notice to embark for Tinian.[41]Japanese fixed gun positions on TinianAmerican intelligence about Tinian and the Japanese defenses there was excellent.[42] The Joint Intelligence Center Pacific Ocean Area (JICPOA), under the command of Brigadier General Joseph J. Twitty, assembled intelligence obtained from imagery intelligence, human intelligence and reference information, backed up by Ultra intelligence derived from code breaking and signals intelligence.[43] JICPOA produced a report on Tinian's hydrography and geography on 10 May 1944, that also detailed the locations of many of the defenses, and issued a series of topographic maps. A series of oblique aerial photographs were taken of Tinian's beaches. The headquarters of the Japanese 31st Army on Saipan was overrun in mid-June, and captured documents provided a full order of battle of the Japanese forces on Tinian.[44] The Americans estimated the strength of the Japanese garrison as 8,039, which was quite accurate.[45] The XXIV Corps Artillery began bombarding Tinian on 20 June, even as the fighting on Saipan continued, and its Saipan-based observation aircraft conducted daily flights over Tinian.[11]The intelligence reports revealed that the best landing beaches were around Sunharon Bay, but they were also the most heavily defended. The staff of the 4th Marine Division, particularly the plans officer, Lieutenant Colonel Evans F. Carlson, preferred to land in the north, where the beaches were poorer but the defenses were weaker and tactical surprise could be attained. Independently, Hill's staff independently arrived at the same conclusion.[46][47] Turner was not convinced. \"If we go ashore at Tinian Town,\" Smith told him, \"we'll have another Tarawa. Sure as hell! The Japs will murder us. What's more, we probably will be repulsed, and that will upset our entire timetable. What do you say to that?\"[48]The low cliffs between the two White beachesTurner noted that the Sunharon Bay beaches had good gradients and inland approaches, that there was a protected harbor for small craft, and facilities for unloading supplies. Whereas the northern beaches were too small to land and support a force of the size contemplated, and were exposed to the weather, so if it turned bad the movement of supplies from Saipan could be obstructed or halted. An advance from north to south would likely take longer than one from east to west, and while artillery support from Saipan would be available in the early stages, unfavorable weather could prevent it being moved to Tinian to cover the advance once it moved further south.[46][47]In view of these objections, Schmidt ordered a reconnaissance of the Yellow and White Beaches. On the night of 10/11 July, Companies A and B of Captain James L. Jones's V Amphibious Corps Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion and Underwater Demolition Teams 5 and 7 set out in the high-speed transports USS Gilmer and Stringham. They were launched in rubber boats and paddled to within 500 yards (460 m) of the shore, then swam the rest of the way. The underwater demolition teams investigated the offshore reefs while the marines swam ashore and studied the beaches. Yellow Beach 1 was found to be strung with a double apron wire obstacle, with cliffs to the south that were 20 to 25 feet (6.1 to 7.6 m) high and unscalable without ladders or cargo nets.[49][50][51]Marines load supplies aboard two LSTs in preparation for the assault on TinianA strong current was encountered by the groups sent to reconnoitre the White Beaches, and the rubber boats wound up too far north. Consequently, the reconnaissance of White Beach 1 was carried out by the group intended to land on White Beach 2, and that of White Beach 2 had to be carried out the following night. They found that although White Beach 1 was only 60 yards (55 m) long, the cliffs for 150 yards (140 m) on either side were only 6 to 10 feet (1.8 to 3.0 m) high with small breaks, and could be negotiated by infantry without ladders or nets. Only the central 70 yards (64 m) of White Beach 2 could be reached by amphibian vehicles. Both White Beaches had gentle grades and it was possible for LCVPs to land on the reef 50 yards (46 m) from the beach and for infantry to wade ashore from there.[49][50][52]With this information in hand, a conference was held on board Turner's flagship, the USS Rocky Mount, on 12 July. Schmidt made the case for a landing on the White Beaches, citing six factors: (1) that a landing at Sunharon Bay would be too costly; (2) that the XXIV Corps Artillery could cover the beaches from Saipan; (3) the airfield at Ushi Point could be quickly captured and utilized; (4) tactical surprise could be attained; (5) the whole operation could be conducted from Saipan as a shore-to-shore movement; and (6) supplies could be preloaded on vehicles and driven straight to dumps, thereby avoiding congestion on the beaches.[49][53] Spruance called for a vote, in order of seniority, and Watson, Schmidt, Hill and Smith voted for the White Beach plan. To Spruance's relief, Turner agreed to make the decision unanimous.[54] On 20 July, Spruance confirmed the day of the assault, J-Day (or Jig-Day, using the phonetic alphabet of the time), as 24 July. Hill then chose 0730 as H-Hour.[55]","title":"Opposing forces and plans"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:80-G-253605_USS_Iowa_fires_a_salvo_during_the_bombardment_of_Tinian.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)"},{"link_name":"counter-battery fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-battery_fire"},{"link_name":"harassing fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harassing_fire"},{"link_name":"area bombardment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_bombardment"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994361-56"},{"link_name":"Piper L-4 Grasshoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_L-4_Grasshopper"},{"link_name":"Aslito Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslito_Field"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaines2000251-57"},{"link_name":"cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"USS Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Louisville_(CA-28)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1944Air_Officer's_Report-58"},{"link_name":"Stinson OY Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinson_OY_Sentinel"},{"link_name":"VMO-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMO-2"},{"link_name":"VMO-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMO-4"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994364-59"},{"link_name":"naval bombardment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_gunfire_support"},{"link_name":"destroyer escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"USS Elden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Elden"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"USS Bancroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bancroft_(DD-598)"},{"link_name":"USS Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Birmingham_(CL-62)"},{"link_name":"Montpelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Montpelier_(CL-57)"},{"link_name":"battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994362-60"},{"link_name":"USS Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Colorado_(BB-45)"},{"link_name":"enfilade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfilade"},{"link_name":"defilade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defilade"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1953359%E2%80%93360-61"},{"link_name":"USS Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(BB-43)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1953359%E2%80%93360-61"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:80-G-432851_TBM_Avenger_bombers_prepare_to_take_off_from_USS_Monterey_(CVL-26)_to_attack_targets_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"link_name":"TBM Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBM_Avenger"},{"link_name":"USS Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monterey_(CVL-26)"},{"link_name":"aerial bombardment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_bombardment"},{"link_name":"sorties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortie"},{"link_name":"aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"USS Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Essex_(CV-9)"},{"link_name":"Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Langley_(CVL-27)"},{"link_name":"escort carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_carrier"},{"link_name":"USS Gambier Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Gambier_Bay"},{"link_name":"Kitkun Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Kitkun_Bay"},{"link_name":"Republic P-47 Thunderbolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt"},{"link_name":"318th Fighter Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/318th_Fighter_Group"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1953359%E2%80%93360-61"},{"link_name":"19th Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"USS Manila Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Manila_Bay"},{"link_name":"Natoma Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Natoma_Bay"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsonMortensen1950690%E2%80%93691-62"},{"link_name":"white phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_phosphorus"},{"link_name":"thermite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermite"},{"link_name":"napalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994361-56"},{"link_name":"feint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feint"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottmanGerrard200476-63"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"8th Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"attack transports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_transport"},{"link_name":"USS Calvert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Calvert_(APA-32)"},{"link_name":"Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Fuller_(APA-7)"},{"link_name":"Heywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Heywood"},{"link_name":"J. Franklin Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_J._Franklin_Bell"},{"link_name":"Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Knox_(APA-46)"},{"link_name":"troopships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troopship"},{"link_name":"John Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_John_Land_(AP-167)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Winged Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Winged_Arrow"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994378-64"},{"link_name":"Norman Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Norman_Scott"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cleveland_(CL-55)"},{"link_name":"Remey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Remey"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1953361%E2%80%93362-65"}],"sub_title":"Bombardment","text":"USS Iowa fires a salvo from number 2 16\" turret during the bombardment of Tinian on 14–15 JuneArtillery bombardment of Tinian commenced on 20 June when Battery B of the 531st Field Artillery Battalion began shelling targets on Tinian with its 155 mm \"Long Tom\" guns. In the days leading up to the landing, the XXIV Corps Artillery used 24,536 rounds on 1,509 counter-battery fire, harassing fire and area bombardment missions.[56] The XXIV Corps Artillery had its own observation aircraft, six Piper L-4 Grasshoppers based at Aslito Field on Saipan.[57] One was forced to ditch off Tinian Town on 28 July due to engine failure. The crew was rescued by the cruiser USS Louisville but the aircraft was lost. Another was forced down by Japanese fire the following day but landed safely behind American lines.[58] The Marine artillery had the support of observation aircraft from Stinson OY Sentinel aircraft from VMO-2 and VMO-4.[59]The US naval bombardment commenced on 13 June, with the fire support ships of Task Force 52 engaging targets on Tinian that could interfere with operations on Saipan. On 25 June, the destroyer escort USS Elden and destroyer USS Bancroft detected Japanese barges attempting to leave Sunharon Harbor and destroyed them. The bombardment was stepped up on 26 June, when the cruisers USS Indianapolis, Birmingham and Montpelier began a week of systematic attacks. On 23 July, the day before the landing, three battleships, five cruisers and sixteen destroyers participated in the bombardment.[60] On 23 July the battleship USS Colorado engaged the three 140 mm coast defense guns at Faibus San Hilo Point, which could be enfilade the White Beaches from defilade of the artillery on Saipan. Sixty 16-inch shells completely destroyed the battery.[61] That day, the battleships USS Tennessee and California fired 480 14-inch and 800 5-inch rounds into Tinian Town, reducing it to rubble.[61]TBM Avenger bombers prepare to take off from the USS Monterey to attack targets on TinianThe bombardment lifted for three periods of 40 to 60 minutes to allow for aerial bombardment. At least 200 sorties were flown from the aircraft carriers USS Essex and Langley, and another 50 or more from the escort carriers USS Gambier Bay and Kitkun Bay. Aslito Field-based Army Air Force Republic P-47 Thunderbolts of the 318th Fighter Group flew more than 100 sorties.[61] The group's 19th Fighter Squadron had arrived on Saipan on 22 June after being catapulted from the escort carriers USS Manila Bay and Natoma Bay, and had flown its first mission over Tinian that day.[62] Attempts by destroyers to burn wooded areas with white phosphorus and thermite on 18 and 19 July failed due to the wet foliage, so napalm was tried for the first time. The 318th Fighter Group flew 18 napalm sorties, but results were inconclusive, as the best mixture had not yet been devised, but it had some success setting the canefields alight.[56]On J-Day, 24 July, a feint was made to distract the defenders from the actual landing site.[63] This was carried out by the 2nd and 8th Marines of the 2nd Marine Division. The attack transports USS Calvert, Fuller, Heywood, J. Franklin Bell and Knox and troopships John Land and Winged Arrow took them to a point about 4 miles (6.4 km) offshore from Tinian Town, where they boarded landing craft using cargo nets, and then climbed back again. The empty landing craft then made a run for the shore until Japanese shore batteries started firing at them. The landing craft regrouped and made a second run, but turned back again 400 yards (370 m) from the beach. Around 10:00 the transports recovered the landing craft, and headed for the transport area off the White Beaches.[64]While covering the feint, the Colorado and the destroyer Norman Scott were hit by the Japanese three 6-inch guns, which were concealed in caves 3,500 yards (3,200 m) southwest of the Tinian Town pier. Colorado was hit twenty-two times, killing 43 men and wounding 198. Norman Scott was hit six times, killing the captain, Commander Seymore Owens, along with 18 of his men, and wounding 47. The Colorado, cruiser Cleveland and destroyer Remey silenced the battery, but did not destroy it; this was accomplished on 28 July by the Tennessee, with 70 14-inch and 150 5-inch rounds.[65]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amphibious_tractors_move_in_and_out_-_Tinian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tanapag Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanapag_Harbor"},{"link_name":"tank landing ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994371-66"},{"link_name":"landing craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_craft"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994372-67"},{"link_name":"landing craft mechanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_craft_mechanized"},{"link_name":"landing craft tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_craft_tank"},{"link_name":"2½-ton 6×6 trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994372-67"},{"link_name":"75 mm pack howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M116_howitzer"},{"link_name":"10th Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"DUKW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUKW"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994371-66"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195125-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994371-66"},{"link_name":"dock landing ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock_landing_ships"},{"link_name":"USS Ashland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ashland_(LSD-1)"},{"link_name":"Belle Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Belle_Grove"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994372-67"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994373-69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Landing_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"link_name":"coveralls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coveralls"},{"link_name":"M1 helmets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_helmet"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994371-66"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1953362-70"},{"link_name":"amphibious tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Amphibian_Tractor_Battalion"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl1960275-71"},{"link_name":"20th Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994373-69"},{"link_name":"Paul J. Halloran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._Halloran"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994371-66"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doodlebug_portable_ramp.jpg"},{"link_name":"24th Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"25th Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"23rd Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl1960275-71"},{"link_name":"line of departure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_departure"},{"link_name":"company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1953362%E2%80%93363-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994381%E2%80%93383-74"},{"link_name":"pillboxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillbox_(military)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1953362%E2%80%93363-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994381%E2%80%93383-74"},{"link_name":"4th Tank Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Tank_Battalion_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"M3 Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Stuart"},{"link_name":"light tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_tanks"},{"link_name":"Ronson flamethrowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronson_flamethrower"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994384%E2%80%93385-75"},{"link_name":"beachhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachhead"},{"link_name":"barbed wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbed_wire"},{"link_name":"fields of fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_fire"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1953363%E2%80%93364-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994383%E2%80%93384-77"}],"sub_title":"Landing","text":"Men wade ashore from landing craft while LVTs move to and from the beachhead. In the background are ships that took part in the landing.The majority of the ships for the assault of Tinian were loaded at Tanapag Harbor on Saipan by troops of the Saipan Island Command. Ten preloaded tank landing ships (LSTs) with three and a half days' supply of water, rations, medical supplies and ammunition on their top decks were allocated to each division and eight to the NTLF. [66] Fourteen pontoon barges were loaded with drums of fuel and towed to positions off the reef to supply fuel to amphibious vehicles and landing craft.[67] After the initial landing, loaded trucks and trailers were embarked on landing craft, which shuttled them to Tinian where they unloaded at dumps and then returned on landing craft. Twenty landing craft mechanized (LCMs), ten landing craft tank (LCTs) and eight LSTs were assigned to this role, along with 88 2½-ton 6×6 trucks and 25 trailers.[67]Marine divisions had two battalions of 75 mm pack howitzers and two of 105 mm howitzers. The latter remained behind on Saipan, but the 4th Marine Division was given the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 10th Marines, so it had four battalions of 75 mm pack howitzers. Two amphibious truck (DUKW) companies were assigned to move them ashore quickly.[66][68] Each battalion was carried in an LST.[66] Tanks were loaded onto LCMs. Eighteen of the LCMs, each carrying one tank, were each embarked on the dock landing ships (LSDs) USS Ashland and Belle Grove.[67] Another ten tank-carrying LCMs sailed to Tinian under their own power.[69]Landing on TinianThe marines left their packs behind on Saipan and landed with coveralls, M1 helmets with camouflage covers, weapons, emergency rations, a spoon, a spare pair of socks, a poncho and insect repellent.[66][70] The assault troops were carried ashore in the 415 amphibious tractors (LVTs) of the Marine Corps's 2nd, 5th and 10th Amphibian Tractor Battalions and the Army's 534th, 715th and 773rd Amphibian Tractor Battalions. Fire support was provided by the Company D of the 2nd Armored Amphibian Battalion; only one company could be employed due to the narrowness of the beaches.[71] The shore party for White Beach 1 was provided by the Army's 1341st Engineer Combat Battalion and that of White Beach 2 by the 2nd Battalion, 20th Marines.[69]Captain Paul J. Halloran, the NTLF Construction Officer, designed a landing ramp that could be carried by an LVT. This creation was named a \"Doodlebug\". The Doodlebugs allowed vehicles to scale the low cliffs around the White Beaches. The Doodlebug drove up to the cliff face, firmly attached hooks to the cliff tops and then backed away from under the ramps, leaving them in place, with the other end falling into the water. The ramp crews checked that the ramps were firmly anchored and then the Doodlebugs drove over them to the top of the cliffs. The ramps were strong enough to hold the weight of a 35-short-ton (32 t) medium tank. Ten were built, of which six were used in the assault, carried to Tinian by Ashland.[72][66]Demonstration of the Doodlebug on SaipanCates assigned the 24th Marines to land on White Beach 1, one battalion at a time, while the 25th Marines landed two battalions on White Beach 2. The 23rd Marines was in reserve.[71] The first wave of LVTs, consisting of eight LVTs for White Beach 1 and sixteen for White Beach 2, left the line of departure at 07:17 followed at close intervals by fourteen more waves. Eight LVTs carried a rifle company of about 200 men. No more than four LVTs could beach at the one time on White Beach 1, so the other four nosed up against the 3-to-10-foot (1 to 3 m) coral cliffs and the marines clambered over them.[73][74]Two pillboxes guarded White Beach 2, which were bypassed by the first waves, but reduced by later ones; 50 dead Japanese were inside. Both beaches had mines; none exploded on White Beach 1, but the area around White Beach 2 was sown with antiboat mines on the beach and antipersonnel mines ashore, which the UDTs, bomb disposal teams and engineers took until 13:37 to clear. Three LVTs were disabled by mines when they ventured inland from White Beach 2.[73][74] The 4th Tank Battalion had trouble negotiating the reefs, potholes and mines on White Beach 2 and was diverted to White Beach 1. Despite its small size, nearly all vehicles were landed over White Beach 1. This included the M3 Stuart light tanks of Company D with Ronson flamethrowers. In the afternoon, Company A came ashore on White Beach 2 without mishap.[75]All three assault battalions were ashore by 08:20, and DUKWs carrying the artillery began landing on White Beach 2 at 13:15. The 23rd Marines began landing at 14:00 and the 2nd Marine Division's 1st Battalion, 8th Marines, followed at 17:00. The planned beachhead was occupied, and the marines strung barbed wire and established fields of fire in anticipation of a Japanese counterattack. Two pontoon causeway piers were placed during the night, allowing loaded trucks to come ashore from LSTs. By the evening, 15,614 marines, soldiers and sailors had landed on Tinian, at a cost of 15 men killed and 225 wounded.[76][77]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195162-78"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_pair_of_curious_marines_pause_to_look_over_the_wrecked_Japanese_tank_on_a_road_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"link_name":"37 mm antitank gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37_mm_gun_M3"},{"link_name":"canister shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canister_shot"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994389%E2%80%93391-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195163-80"},{"link_name":"14th Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Browning .50 caliber machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browning_.50_caliber_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"60 mm mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_mortar"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994389%E2%80%93391-79"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195164%E2%80%9365-81"},{"link_name":"star shells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_shell"},{"link_name":"bazookas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazooka"},{"link_name":"75 mm halftracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Gun_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994389%E2%80%93391-79"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195165%E2%80%9366-82"}],"sub_title":"Counterattack","text":"Ogata immediately attempted to organised a counterattack, in keeping with Japanese doctrine at the time of repulsing the attack on the beach. The 1st Battalion, 50th Infantry Regiment, was already in the vicinity of the American beachhead, and was able to probe the hastily-positioned defenses for weaknesses. The 2nd Battalion in the Asiga Bay area was not far away, but could not move until dark, when American aircraft were not in the sky. Captain Isumi's mobile counterattack force was ordered forward from its assembly position in the Marpo area. He moved along the side of the roads, where trees offered concealment from the air, and was only spotted from the air once. Ogata kept the 3rd Battalion in place at Tinian Town in case the Americans made a follow-up landing there. Naval troops approached the beachhead from the Ushi Point airfield.[78]Marines inspect a knocked out Japanese tankAt around 02:00 on 25 July, a force of about 600 Japanese sailors encountered the 1st Battalion, 24th Marines, on the left of the American beachhead, and charged into machine gun, mortar, rifle and 37 mm antitank gun canister shot fire. A furious fight ensued, in which Company A was reduced to just 30 men, but by 07:00 476 Japanese lay dead.[79][80]In the center of the American line another attack developed at the boundary between the 24th and 25th Marines. About 200 Japanese soldiers broke through the lines of Company K, 25th Marines, and divided into two groups. One group attacked Battery D, 14th Marines. The attack was halted with the help of Browning .50 caliber machine gun fire from Batteries E and F. Company C of the 8th Marines was sent to their aid, but found the situation in hand. About 100 dead Japanese were found in the area; two men of Battery D were killed. The other group was engaged in a wooded area by 60 mm mortars. The attack in the center cost the Japanese about 500 dead, most of whom were from the 1st Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment. Many were caught on the barbed wire and killed by machine gun fire.[79][81]On the right, the 23rd Marines were attacked by five or six Japanese tanks, accompanied by infantry of the 1st and 2nd Battalions, 50th Infantry Regiment, and the 1st Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment. The moonless night was lit up by Navy star shells. Five Japanese tanks were knocked out by bazookas, 75 mm halftracks and 37 mm antitank guns. The Japanese infantry charged the lines of the 2nd battalion, 23rd Marines, and 2nd Battalion, 25th Marines. Some broke through their lines, only to encounter the 1st Battalion, 23rd Marines. In the morning, 267 Japanese dead were counted in this sector. In all, the counterattack cost Ogata about 1,200 dead.[79][82]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanks_on_beach_tinian_lg.jpg"},{"link_name":"M4 Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_Sherman"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195169%E2%80%9371-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994394%E2%80%93395-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195174%E2%80%9375-85"},{"link_name":"double envelopment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_envelopment"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994394%E2%80%93395-84"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195171%E2%80%9374-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994398%E2%80%93399-87"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195171%E2%80%9374-86"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994402-88"}],"sub_title":"Drive south","text":"M4 Sherman tanks and other vehicles deploy inland. Extended exhaust stacks allow them to operate in shallow water.The nighttime actions had depleted the 4th Marine Division's ammunition, so Cates delayed attacking on 25 July until 10:00 to allow time to replenish. In the meantime, the rest of the 2nd Marine Division began landing.[83] As they moved north along the coast through terrain characterized by coral rocks and thick undergrowth, the 1st Battalion, 8th Marines, was held up by a force of 20 to 25 Japanese that it took until 11:30 to overcome. On their right, the 2nd Battalion, 8th Marines, reached the Ushi Point airfield, and the 24th Marines reached airfield No. 3.[84][85] The 25th Marines was confronted by the most formidable obstacle of the day, Mount Maga, which was captured with a double envelopment.[84][86]The following day, the 25th Marines captured the steeper and more imposing Mount Lasso without opposition, as the Japanese had pulled out during the night. The advance had now begun to outrun the range of the artillery on Saipan, so the 105 mm howitzer battalions of the 10th and 14th Marines displaced to Tinian on 26 and 27 July and rejoined their divisions.[87][86] The marines pressed forward on 27 and 28 July against sporadic Japanese resistance.[88]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:80-G-307883_USS_LST-340_at_pontoon_pier_on_White_Beach_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottmanGerrard200481-89"},{"link_name":"Philippine Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Sea"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994402-88"},{"link_name":"USS LST-340","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-340"},{"link_name":"broached","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broach_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195192-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994403-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuilding_the_Navy's_Bases1947359-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994398-93"},{"link_name":"9th Troop Carrier Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Eniwetok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniwetok"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47 Skytrains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"Curtiss C-46 Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_C-46_Commando"},{"link_name":"VMR-252","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMR-252"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195193-94"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994403-91"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:80-G-239297_U.S._Marines_move_across_the_wreckage_of_the_Japanese_airfield_at_Ushi_Point.jpg"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994402-88"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994371-66"},{"link_name":"ammunition ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition_ship"},{"link_name":"SS Rockland Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Alcor_(AK-259)"},{"link_name":"MS Sea Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Sea_Witch"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994403%E2%80%93404-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195194%E2%80%9398-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994423%E2%80%93424-97"}],"sub_title":"Weather breaks","text":"USS LST-340 at the pontoon pier on White Beach 2The weather abruptly worsened on the afternoon of 28 July.[89] A typhoon in the Philippine Sea caused heavy swells.[88] At 18:00 all unloading ceased. USS LST-340 ran aground on the reef, and efforts to refloat her were unsuccessful. On 13 August, she was pulled off the reef and towed to Tanapag Harbor, where she was beached. A control craft, LCC-25473, was washed up on the reef at White Beach 1, but was salvaged the following day. The pontoon causeways were damaged on the night of 29 July. The one at White Beach 1 broached and the one at White Beach 2 broke in two. The White Beach 1 causeway was restored to service on 31 July, only to broach again.[90][91]With the Ushi Point airfield in American hands, the 121st Naval Construction Battalion commenced its repair on 27 July, filling in the bomb and shell craters. By that evening, an airstrip 2,500 feet (760 m) long and 150 feet (46 m) wide was ready for use, and it was fully restored to its 4,700-foot (1,400 m) length the next day.[92] On 29 July, a P-47 landed and took off again.[93] Hill summoned the 9th Troop Carrier Squadron from Eniwetok and its Douglas C-47 Skytrains, together with the Curtiss C-46 Commandos of VMR-252, delivered 33,000 rations from Saipan on 31 July. On the return trip they carried wounded. A parachute drop of 30 short tons (27 t) of supplies was prepared, but was not necessary.[94][91]Marines move across the wreckage of the Japanese airfield at Ushi PointThe rough seas precluded unloading to all but DUKWs.[88] These were the preferred transport for supplies, as they did not damage the roads like the LVTs did. In some places engineers constructed parallel roads for LVTs.[66] One important task for the DUKWs was hauling ammunition from the ammunition ships SS Rockland Victory, which arrived off Tinian on 26 July, and MS Sea Witch, which arrived the following day. The DUKWs also had to haul 600 to 800 drums of fuel each day from the floating barges. A gasoline shortage was averted by the capture of Japanese stocks.[95]On 30 July the 24th Marines occupied Tinian Town and the 25th Marines overran airfield no. 4.[96] The land mines were cleared away, and LCTs began landing on Green Beach. The water off the south pier was not deep enough to allow LSTs to dock there, so pontoon causeways were brought from White Beach 1 and Saipan, allowing the first LST to dock on 4 August. The beach between the two piers was cleared of land mines by 5 August, and was resurfaced with coral, allowing up to fifteen LCMs to beach there simultaneously. The harbor had not been mined, but there were sunken wrecks, which the UDTs demolished.[97]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:75mm_pack_howitzer_is_fired_into_a_Japanese-held_cave_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"link_name":"75mm pack howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75mm_pack_howitzer"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottmanGerrard200485-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994408%E2%80%93409-99"},{"link_name":"USS Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(BB-43)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)"},{"link_name":"USS Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Louisville_(CA-28)"},{"link_name":"Montpelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Montpelier_(CL-57)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Birmingham_(CL-62)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman1951102-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994411-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman1951107-102"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman1951102-100"},{"link_name":"47 mm antitank gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_47_mm_anti-tank_gun"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman1951104%E2%80%93105-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarwood199424-104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USMC_87909_Marines_cautiously_probe_a_cave_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"link_name":"platoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoon"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman1951107%E2%80%93109-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994412%E2%80%93413-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994420%E2%80%93421-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman1951119-108"}],"sub_title":"Tinian taken","text":"A 75mm pack howitzer, nicknamed \"Miss Connie\", is fired into a Japanese-held cave on Tinian. The gun was locked securely in this unusual position after the parts were hand-carried to the cliff's edge.Japanese remnants made a final stand in the caves and ravines of a limestone ridge on the south portion of the island,[98] where the terrain rose in a brush and rock strewn plateau 5,000 yards (4,600 m) long and 2,000 yards (1,800 m) wide. On the evening of 30 July, Schmidt ordered his divisions to occupy the coastline between Lalo and Mapo Points, and annihilate the remaining Japanese forces.[99] The next morning, the battleships USS Tennessee and California and cruisers USS Louisville, Montpelier and Birmingham unleashed 615 short tons (558 t) of shells on the plateau, and aircraft dropped 69 short tons (63 t) of bombs.[100][101] As they advanced, the marines encountered civilians and Japanese soldiers waving white cloths. The latter had to be approached with care, as sometimes one of their number might decide to suicide and take Americans with him.[102]The rugged terrain hampered the tanks but the flamethrower tanks of Company D, 4th Tank Battalion, were adept at burning sections of undergrowth where Japanese soldiers tried to hide.[100] As the 23rd Marines approached the plateau, they came under intense small arms fire from a small village and the cliff face. The accompanying tanks of Company C, 4th Tank Battalion, were engaged by a concealed Japanese 47 mm antitank gun, which scored six hits on one tank. Although penetrated, the tank remained operational and was able to back away. It used smoke to mark the suspected location of the gun for rockets and naval and tank gunfire. The advance resumed, only to have another tank hit by the same gun. Although also penetrated, it too remained operational, and this time the target was spotted, and engaged by tanks that destroyed the gun and machine-gunned twenty Japanese crewmen who tried to escape.[103][104]Marines cautiously probe a cave on 28 JulyMeanwhile, the 8th Marines made their way onto the plateau, where vegetation covered caves and fissures where Japanese riflemen and machine gunners lurked. While the vegetation concealed them from observation by the Americans, it also restricted their own fields of view. There was one winding road to the top, but it was mined. Engineers removed the mines, allowing tanks to proceed up the road and destroy Japanese positions, while the accompanying infantry battled their way through the brush. At 16:50, Company A reached the top. Five minutes later they were joined by a platoon from Company C. Company E, following up the road, was attacked by between 75 and 100 Japanese, who were eventually repelled. It then made it way to the top. Company G followed, reaching the top at 18:45, which was sunset. During the night, the Japanese attempted to cut off the Americans on the summit. They captured some vehicles, but were unsuccessful. At 05:15 the marines' positions were attacked by more than 600 Japanese soldiers and sailors. An hour later, the 8th Marines had 74 casualties and 200 Japanese were dead. The rest withdrew to the woods and cliffs in the southwest of the island.[105][106]Lolo Point was reached at 18:00, and 55 minutes later, Schmidt declared that organized resistance had ended, and the island was secure.[107] Nonetheless, that night, the 6th Marines were attacked by a poorly-coordinated force of about 150 Japanese soldiers and sailors. The following morning 124 Japanese dead were counted, many of whom had died by their own hand. According to Japanese prisoners, Ogata was among the fallen, but his body was never identified.[108]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USMC_87434_Stretch_bearers_carry_a_wounded_marine.jpg"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner194479-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman1951150-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1944266-111"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994378-64"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_(rank)#United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Joseph W. Ozbourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_W._Ozbourn"},{"link_name":"Private First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_first_class#United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Robert L. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Wilson"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman195198,_117-112"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner194479-109"}],"sub_title":"Casualties","text":"As a Navy corpsman administers a bottle of plasma to a wounded Marine, the stretcher bearers wait patiently to carry him on board a landing craft which will evacuate him to a hospital ship offshore, where he will be given full treatment.In his report on the Tinian operation, Turner reported the 2nd Marine Division's losses in the period from 24 July to 9 August as 104 killed, 654 wounded and 3 missing, a total of 761. The 4th Marine Division lost 182 killed, 844 wounded and 20 missing, a total of 1,046. Four men of the XXIV Corps Artillery were wounded, and there were 4 killed, 13 wounded and 1 missing among the V Amphibious Corps troops, for a total of 290 killed, 1,515 wounded and 24 missing, giving a grand total of 1,829 casualties.[109][110] Another 63 sailors and marines were killed and 177 wounded aboard ships.[111][64] The dead included two men who were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for using their bodies to protect their comrades from hand grenades: Private Joseph W. Ozbourn and Private First Class Robert L. Wilson.[112]\nBy 10 August, Japanese casualties included 404 taken prisoner and 5,745 dead that were buried by the Americans.[109]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1989201-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994426%E2%80%93427-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1953370-115"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USMC_87927_Marines_stack_mortar_rounds_in_preparation_for_firing_a_fast_barrage,_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994424-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1989203-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199886-118"},{"link_name":"attack cargo ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994426%E2%80%93427-114"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994428-119"}],"sub_title":"Analysis","text":"Smith considered Tinian \"the perfect amphibious operation in the Pacific war.\"[113] It differed from most in that the proximity of Saipan allowed it to be carried out as a shore-to-shore operation rather than a ship-to-shore one, and fire support was available from land-based artillery.[114] The operation was much less difficult than Saipan; the nearest base was just 5 miles (8.0 km) away, not over a thousand; the garrison was smaller; the ratio of attackers to defenders was greater; the terrain was less formidable; intelligence was more accurate; and the preliminary naval and aerial bombardment more protracted.[115]Marines stack mortar rounds in preparation for firing a fast barrage on 30 JulyThe Battle of Tinian offered a rare example of a force that expected to be attacked still being taken by surprise.[116] \"Our singular success at Tinian\", Smith later wrote, \"lay in the boldness of the landing.\"[117] The Americans had accurate intelligence, assembled from multiple sources, and knew that the Japanese would not be waiting for them on the White Beaches. Aerial photography of Saipan was restricted through fear that the Japanese would be alerted and the element of surprise would be lost; whereas aerial photography of Tinian was unrestricted but surprise was not sacrificed.[118]American commanders gambled on good weather, but when the weather eventually broke, the American logistical system still held. DUKWs were still able to operate when landing craft could not, and Hill recommended that DUKWs replace LCVPs on the Navy's attack cargo ships. Additional supply capability was available by air, although it was not needed.[114]For their part, the Japanese incurred high casualties in fruitless counterattacks that were defeated by American firepower. They managed to move undetected at night, and were able to withdraw from contact with little loss whenever they wished to do so. Heavier American casualties might have been inflicted by a passive defense, taking advantage of their skill with camouflage, use of terrain, and emplacement of weapons.[119]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marines_and_the_civilian_population_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Merritt A. Edson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merritt_A._Edson"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman1951120%E2%80%93121-120"},{"link_name":"James L. Underhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Underhill"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman1951140-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1957535-122"},{"link_name":"Frederick V. H. Kimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_V._H._Kimble"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1957539-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNaltyTurnbladh1994422%E2%80%93423-124"},{"link_name":"16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Antiaircraft_Artillery_Battalion"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrefer2012157-125"},{"link_name":"17th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Antiaircraft_Artillery_Battalion"},{"link_name":"18th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Antiaircraft_Artillery_Battalion"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelson199632-126"},{"link_name":"Aguiguan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguiguan"},{"link_name":"held out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_holdout"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard Cutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Cutter"},{"link_name":"USCG 83525","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/83-foot_patrol_boat#CGC_83525"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard195721%E2%80%9322-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetty200940-130"}],"sub_title":"Mopping up","text":"Marines bathe a Tinian girl after she and her family had been removed from a hillside dugout.On 6 August, Brigadier General Merritt A. Edson, the deputy commander of the 2nd Marine Division, assumed tactical responsibility as commander of Ground Forces Tinian. The 8th Marines assumed responsibility for the whole 2nd Marine Division's sector two days later, allowing the rest of the division to return to Saipan for rest and reorganization. On 10 August it took over the 4th Marine Division's sector as well, so it could return to Hawaii.[120] Major General James L. Underhill was appointed Island Commander on 1 August 1944. Nine days later, all forces on Tinian were transferred to his command.[121][122] He was succeeded by Brigadier General Frederick V. H. Kimble on 28 November 1944.[123]The 8th Marines patroled the island, mopping up Japanese holdouts. On 25 October, the 8th Marines joined the rest of the 2nd Marine Division on Saipan, leaving the 1st Battalion behind on Tinian. It continued mopping up patrols until 1 January 1945, when it too departed for Saipan. Between 1 August 1944 and 1 January 1945, the 8th Marines lost another 38 killed and 125 wounded; 542 Japanese soldiers were killed.[124] Responsibility for the defence of Tinian was handed over to the marines of the 16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion.[125] It departed for Okinawa in April 1945, but the 17th and 18th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalions remained to defend the airbases.[126]The garrison on Aguiguan Island off the southwest cape of Tinian, commanded by Second Lieutenant Kinichi Yamada, held out until the end of the war, surrendering to Rear Admiral Marshall R. Greer on the United States Coast Guard Cutter USCG 83525 on 4 September 1945. The entire garrison of 67 troops, along with 172 Japanese and 128 Korean civilians, were interned on Tinian.[127][128] The last holdout on Tinian, Murata Susumu, was captured in 1953 and repatriated to Japan.[129][130]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstroth2019165-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1957553-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstroth2019166%E2%80%93168-133"},{"link_name":"Robert Sherrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sherrod"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstroth2019127%E2%80%93131-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstroth2019132%E2%80%93139-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1989211-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstroth201985,_91-137"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman1951119-108"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstroth201988-138"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marine_Shares_A_Treat,_1944_(7610805780).jpg"},{"link_name":"Staff Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_Sergeant"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarwood199431-139"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman1951140-121"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1957537-140"},{"link_name":"Camp Churo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Churo"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1957553-132"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstroth2019153%E2%80%93155-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuilding_the_Navy's_Bases1947369%E2%80%93370-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstroth2019172-143"}],"sub_title":"Military government","text":"There were 16,029 civilians on Tinian on 15 April 1944, of whom 1,658, mostly women, children and the elderly, were evacuated to Japan before the American invasion.[131][132] An estimated 2,610 civilians died in the battle.[133] Journalist Robert Sherrod noted that most died as result of the fighting; the Americans made great use of artillery, aerial and naval bombardment, and civilians often sheltered with soldiers. Some died from disease, dehydration or malnutrition.[134] Some were murdered by Japanese soldiers.[135] In one instance Japanese soldiers tied 40 to 50 civilians together and threw a grenade at them.[136] There were instances of mass suicide, most notably by jumping off the 120-foot (37 m) \"Suicide Cliff\" between Mapo and Lalo Points.[137] Children were thrown off the cliff by their parents, and some civilians were pushed off the cliff by Japanese soldiers.[108] A captured Japanese soldier claimed that a thousand loyal citizens had allowed the military to blow them up in caves.[138]Staff Sergeant Frederico Claveria gives candy to an interned child.[139]Only 2,468 civilians had been accounted for by 1 August, but within three days that number had increased to 8,491.[121] The 2nd Marine established a stockade for civilians at the Ushi Point Airfield while the 4th Marine Division established one on the site of the ruined village of Churo. The latter was chosen as a permanent camp site, and all the civilians were subsequently concentrated there.[140] By 15 October, there were 10,926 civilians at Camp Churo, of whom 8,625 were Japanese, 2,297 were Koreans, and 4 were Chinese. Nearly half were children under the age of 15.[132]The military government was unprepared to care for the large number of civilians, and there were critical shortages of relief supplies of all kinds.[141] Seabees supervised the erection of tarpaulin shelters. These were gradually replaced by huts made from corrugated iron and timber salvaged from around the island. The internees also salvaged food supplies, and cultivated gardens. When firewood started to become scarce, Seabees made them improvised diesel stoves.[142]In late 1945, Spruance, who had succeeded Nimitz as CINCPOA, ordered the repatriation of all Japanese and Korean civilians. This was completed by late 1946.[143]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-29s_Landing_on_Tinian_1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6th_Naval_Construction_Brigade-144"},{"link_name":"North Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Field_(Tinian)"},{"link_name":"West Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Field_(Tinian)"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuilding_the_Navy's_Bases1947358%E2%80%93362-145"},{"link_name":"taxiways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxiway"},{"link_name":"hardstands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardstand"},{"link_name":"Quonset huts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quonset_hut"},{"link_name":"control tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_tower"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuilding_the_Navy's_Bases1947358%E2%80%93362-145"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tinian_Airfields_1945_Looking_North_To_South.jpg"},{"link_name":"North Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Field_(Tinian)"},{"link_name":"West Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Field_(Tinian)"},{"link_name":"aviation gasoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_gasoline"},{"link_name":"diesel oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_oil"},{"link_name":"motor gasoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_gasoline"},{"link_name":"oil tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tanker"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuilding_the_Navy's_Bases1947365-146"},{"link_name":"Liberty ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuilding_the_Navy's_Bases1947366%E2%80%93367-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottmanGerrard200489-148"},{"link_name":"313th Bombardment Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/313th_Bombardment_Wing"},{"link_name":"58th Bombardment Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th_Bombardment_Wing"},{"link_name":"China-Burma-India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China-Burma-India"},{"link_name":"509th Composite Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/509th_Composite_Group"},{"link_name":"Twentieth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECate1953166-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorCateOlsonFutrell1953519%E2%80%93525-150"},{"link_name":"air raids on Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan"},{"link_name":"bombing of Tokyo on 10 March 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_(10_March_1945)"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorCateOlsonFutrell1953614%E2%80%93617-151"},{"link_name":"atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorCateOlsonFutrell1953713%E2%80%93725-152"}],"sub_title":"Base development","text":"A Seabee waves at incoming Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombersResponsibility the transformation of Tinian into a base for B-29 bombers was assigned to the 6th Naval Construction Brigade, under Halloran's command. For this work his brigade had the 29th and 30th Naval Construction Regiments; a third regiment, the 49th Naval Construction Regiment, arrived in March 1945.[144] Two air bases were constructed: North Field and West Field. These were on the site of the existing Japanese fields at Ushi Point and Gurguan Point respectively, but they had to be lengthened to 8,500 feet (2,600 m) and widened to 500 feet (150 m) to handle the B-29s. This task would have been easier if the plateau had been more than 7,000 feet (2,100 m) wide. As it was, large amounts of fill were required.[145]When work was completed on 5 May 1945, North Field had four parallel 8,500-foot (2,600 m) runways, with 8 miles (13 km) of taxiways, 265 hardstands, 173 Quonset huts and 92 other buildings. Its construction involved 2,109,800 cubic yards (1,613,100 m3) of excavations and 4,789,400 cubic yards (3,661,800 m3) of fill. West Field had two B-29 runways, 53,000 feet (16,000 m) of taxiways, 220 hardstands and 251 administration, maintenance and repair buildings. The adjacent base for naval aircraft had 16,000 feet (4,900 m) of taxiways, 70 hardstands, 345 Quonset huts, 33 administration, maintenance and repair buildings, and a 75-foot (23 m) tall control tower.[145]Tinian in 1945 after airbase construction was complete. North Field is in the foreground and West Field in the background.Initially, fuel had to be supplied in drums. Later, aviation gasoline was drawn from a barge anchored in Tinian Harbor. The fuel storage and distribution system was completed by 8 March 1945. This included storage tanks for 14,000 US barrels (1,700,000 L) of diesel oil, 20,000 US barrels (2,400,000 L) of motor gasoline and 165,000 US barrels (19,700,000 L) of aviation gasoline. Fuel was pumped over a submarine pipeline from an oil tanker moored north of Tinian Harbor and distributed over 86,000 feet (26,000 m) of pipeline.[146] Work on the harbor included dredging operations and the construction of a breakwater and quays for Liberty ships. Until it was completed in March 1945, cargo was brought ashore by LCMs and LCTs.[147]North Field became operational in February 1945 and West Field the following month.[148] The 313th Bombardment Wing arrived from the United States in December 1944 and was based at North Field. The 58th Bombardment Wing arrived from the China-Burma-India Theater in March 1945 and was based at West Field. A third formation, the 509th Composite Group arrived in May 1945 and moved to North Field, where it took over an area that had been specially constructed for it. Thus, two of the five bombardment wings of the Twentieth Air Force were based on Tinian.[149][150] These formations participated in the campaign of air raids on Japan, including the bombing of Tokyo on 10 March 1945,[151] and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August 1945.[152]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowl19602%E2%80%933_1-0"},{"link_name":"Crowl 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrowl1960"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowl19606%E2%80%937_2-0"},{"link_name":"Crowl 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrowl1960"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1982280_3-0"},{"link_name":"Hayes 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHayes1982"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAandahlFranklinSlany1958549_4-0"},{"link_name":"Aandahl, Franklin & Slany 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Tinian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/museums/Seabee/Cruisebooks/wwiicruisebooks/misc-cruisebooks/6%20%20Naval%20Construction%20Brigade.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuilding_the_Navy's_Bases1947358%E2%80%93362_145-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuilding_the_Navy's_Bases1947358%E2%80%93362_145-1"},{"link_name":"Building the Navy's Bases 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBuilding_the_Navy's_Bases1947"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuilding_the_Navy's_Bases1947365_146-0"},{"link_name":"Building the Navy's Bases 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBuilding_the_Navy's_Bases1947"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuilding_the_Navy's_Bases1947366%E2%80%93367_147-0"},{"link_name":"Building the Navy's Bases 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBuilding_the_Navy's_Bases1947"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottmanGerrard200489_148-0"},{"link_name":"Rottman & Gerrard 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRottmanGerrard2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECate1953166_149-0"},{"link_name":"Cate 1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCate1953"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorCateOlsonFutrell1953519%E2%80%93525_150-0"},{"link_name":"Taylor et al. 1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTaylorCateOlsonFutrell1953"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorCateOlsonFutrell1953614%E2%80%93617_151-0"},{"link_name":"Taylor et al. 1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTaylorCateOlsonFutrell1953"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorCateOlsonFutrell1953713%E2%80%93725_152-0"},{"link_name":"Taylor et al. 1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTaylorCateOlsonFutrell1953"}],"text":"^ Crowl 1960, pp. 2–3.\n\n^ Crowl 1960, pp. 6–7.\n\n^ Hayes 1982, p. 280.\n\n^ Aandahl, Franklin & Slany 1958, p. 549.\n\n^ a b Cate 1953, pp. 17–19.\n\n^ Crowl 1960, pp. 11–12.\n\n^ Cate 1953, p. 547.\n\n^ Franklin & Gerber 1961, p. 780.\n\n^ Crowl 1960, pp. 12–13.\n\n^ Hayes 1982, pp. 555–560.\n\n^ a b c d Crowl 1960, p. 271.\n\n^ Morison 1953, p. 353.\n\n^ a b Schmidt 1944, p. 2.\n\n^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 37.\n\n^ a b Hoffman 1951, p. 5.\n\n^ Rottman & Gerrard 2004, pp. 7–8.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, p. 2.\n\n^ Morison 1953, pp. 149–151.\n\n^ a b c Hoffman 1951, pp. 4–7.\n\n^ a b Rottman 2002, p. 380.\n\n^ a b Dyer 1969, pp. 952–954.\n\n^ Rottman & Gerrard 2004, p. 31.\n\n^ a b Hoffman 1951, pp. 7–9.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, p. 156.\n\n^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 359.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, p. 125.\n\n^ Prefer 2012, p. 23.\n\n^ a b Hoffman 1951, p. 12.\n\n^ a b Prefer 2012, pp. 20–21.\n\n^ Prefer 2012, p. 20.\n\n^ Morison 1953, p. 358.\n\n^ a b Hoffman 1951, pp. 12–16.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, p. 14.\n\n^ Prefer 2012, pp. 21–23.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 239.\n\n^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 365.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, p. 20.\n\n^ Prefer 2012, pp. 23–24.\n\n^ a b Prefer 2012, p. 57.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 241–242.\n\n^ Crowl 1960, pp. 276–277.\n\n^ Moore 1998, p. 81.\n\n^ \"H-032-1 Operation Forager and the Battle of Philippine Sea\". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 17 March 2024.\n\n^ Moore 1998, p. 82.\n\n^ Crowl 1960, p. 279.\n\n^ a b Crowl 1960, p. 272.\n\n^ a b Hoffman 1951, pp. 20–21, 161–162.\n\n^ Smith 1989, p. 206.\n\n^ a b c Crowl 1960, pp. 272–274.\n\n^ a b Hoffman 1951, p. 22.\n\n^ Jones 1944, Annex E.\n\n^ Jones 1944, Annexes C and D.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, p. 23.\n\n^ Dyer 1969, pp. 956–957.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, p. 24.\n\n^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 361.\n\n^ Raines 2000, p. 251.\n\n^ Bosworth 1944, Air Officer's Report.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 364.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 362.\n\n^ a b c Morison 1953, pp. 359–360.\n\n^ Olson & Mortensen 1950, pp. 690–691.\n\n^ Rottman & Gerrard 2004, p. 76.\n\n^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 378.\n\n^ Morison 1953, pp. 361–362.\n\n^ a b c d e f Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 371.\n\n^ a b c Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 372.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, p. 25.\n\n^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 373.\n\n^ Morison 1953, p. 362.\n\n^ a b Crowl 1960, p. 275.\n\n^ \"The Doodlebug\". Naval History and Heritage Command, U.S. Navy Seabee Museum. Retrieved 21 March 2024.\n\n^ a b Morison 1953, pp. 362–363.\n\n^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 381–383.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 384–385.\n\n^ Morison 1953, pp. 363–364.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 383–384.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, p. 62.\n\n^ a b c Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 389–391.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, p. 63.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 64–65.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 65–66.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 69–71.\n\n^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 394–395.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 74–75.\n\n^ a b Hoffman 1951, pp. 71–74.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 398–399.\n\n^ a b c Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 402.\n\n^ Rottman & Gerrard 2004, p. 81.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, p. 92.\n\n^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 403.\n\n^ Building the Navy's Bases 1947, p. 359.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 398.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, p. 93.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 403–404.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 94–98.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 423–424.\n\n^ Rottman & Gerrard 2004, p. 85.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 408–409.\n\n^ a b Hoffman 1951, p. 102.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 411.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, p. 107.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 104–105.\n\n^ Harwood 1994, p. 24.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 107–109.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 412–413.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 420–421.\n\n^ a b Hoffman 1951, p. 119.\n\n^ a b Turner 1944, p. 79.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, p. 150.\n\n^ Turner 1944, p. 266.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 98, 117.\n\n^ Smith 1989, p. 201.\n\n^ a b Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 426–427.\n\n^ Morison 1953, p. 370.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 424.\n\n^ Smith 1989, p. 203.\n\n^ Moore 1998, p. 86.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, p. 428.\n\n^ Hoffman 1951, pp. 120–121.\n\n^ a b Hoffman 1951, p. 140.\n\n^ Richard 1957, p. 535.\n\n^ Richard 1957, p. 539.\n\n^ Shaw, Nalty & Turnbladh 1994, pp. 422–423.\n\n^ Prefer 2012, p. 157.\n\n^ Melson 1996, p. 32.\n\n^ Richard 1957, pp. 21–22.\n\n^ \"September Daily Chronology of Coast Guard History (Entry for September 4)\". U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office. Retrieved 31 March 2024.\n\n^ \"Japanese Holdouts: Registry\". Pacific Wreck Database. Retrieved 23 March 2024.\n\n^ Petty 2009, p. 40.\n\n^ Astroth 2019, p. 165.\n\n^ a b Richard 1957, p. 553.\n\n^ Astroth 2019, pp. 166–168.\n\n^ Astroth 2019, pp. 127–131.\n\n^ Astroth 2019, pp. 132–139.\n\n^ Smith 1989, p. 211.\n\n^ Astroth 2019, pp. 85, 91.\n\n^ Astroth 2019, p. 88.\n\n^ Harwood 1994, p. 31.\n\n^ Richard 1957, p. 537.\n\n^ Astroth 2019, pp. 153–155.\n\n^ Building the Navy's Bases 1947, pp. 369–370.\n\n^ Astroth 2019, p. 172.\n\n^ \"6th Naval Construction Brigade Log: Task on Tinian\" (PDF). United States Navy Seabee Museum. Retrieved 22 March 2024.\n\n^ a b Building the Navy's Bases 1947, pp. 358–362.\n\n^ Building the Navy's Bases 1947, p. 365.\n\n^ Building the Navy's Bases 1947, pp. 366–367.\n\n^ Rottman & Gerrard 2004, p. 89.\n\n^ Cate 1953, p. 166.\n\n^ Taylor et al. 1953, pp. 519–525.\n\n^ Taylor et al. 1953, pp. 614–617.\n\n^ Taylor et al. 1953, pp. 713–725.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of the battle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_the_Battle_of_Tinian_%281944%29.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Battle_of_Tinian_%281944%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Oblique photograph of White Beach 1 taken before naval gunfire, artillery, air and bulldozers altered its appearance.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/White_Beach_1_on_Tinian.jpg/220px-White_Beach_1_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oblique photograph of White Beach 2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/White_Beach_2.jpg/220px-White_Beach_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Japanese defense sectors and dispositions of major units","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Japanese_defense_sectors_and_dispositions_on_Tinian.jpg/220px-Japanese_defense_sectors_and_dispositions_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Senior US commanders on Tinian. Left to right: Vice Admiral Harry W. Hill, Major General Harry Schmidt, Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, Lieutenant General Holland M. Smith, Vice Admiral Richmond K. Turner, Major General Thomas E. Watson and Major General Clifton B. Cates","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/80-G-284248_Tinian_Flag_Raising_Ceremonies%2C_August_1944.jpg/220px-80-G-284248_Tinian_Flag_Raising_Ceremonies%2C_August_1944.jpg"},{"image_text":"Japanese fixed gun positions on Tinian","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Japanese_fixed_gun_positions_on_Tinian.jpg/220px-Japanese_fixed_gun_positions_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"image_text":"The low cliffs between the two White beaches","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cliffs_between_the_White_beaches.jpg/220px-Cliffs_between_the_White_beaches.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marines load supplies aboard two LSTs in preparation for the assault on Tinian","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/USMC_87615_Marines_load_supplies_aboard_two_LSTs_in_preparation_for_the_assault_on_Tinian.jpg/220px-USMC_87615_Marines_load_supplies_aboard_two_LSTs_in_preparation_for_the_assault_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"image_text":"USS Iowa fires a salvo from number 2 16\" turret during the bombardment of Tinian on 14–15 June","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/80-G-253605_USS_Iowa_fires_a_salvo_during_the_bombardment_of_Tinian.jpg/220px-80-G-253605_USS_Iowa_fires_a_salvo_during_the_bombardment_of_Tinian.jpg"},{"image_text":"TBM Avenger bombers prepare to take off from the USS Monterey to attack targets on Tinian","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/80-G-432851_TBM_Avenger_bombers_prepare_to_take_off_from_USS_Monterey_%28CVL-26%29_to_attack_targets_on_Tinian.jpg/220px-80-G-432851_TBM_Avenger_bombers_prepare_to_take_off_from_USS_Monterey_%28CVL-26%29_to_attack_targets_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Men wade ashore from landing craft while LVTs move to and from the beachhead. In the background are ships that took part in the landing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Amphibious_tractors_move_in_and_out_-_Tinian.jpg/220px-Amphibious_tractors_move_in_and_out_-_Tinian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Landing on Tinian","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Landing_on_Tinian.jpg/220px-Landing_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Demonstration of the Doodlebug on Saipan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Doodlebug_portable_ramp.jpg/220px-Doodlebug_portable_ramp.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marines inspect a knocked out Japanese tank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_pair_of_curious_marines_pause_to_look_over_the_wrecked_Japanese_tank_on_a_road_on_Tinian.jpg/220px-A_pair_of_curious_marines_pause_to_look_over_the_wrecked_Japanese_tank_on_a_road_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"image_text":"M4 Sherman tanks and other vehicles deploy inland. Extended exhaust stacks allow them to operate in shallow water.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Tanks_on_beach_tinian_lg.jpg/220px-Tanks_on_beach_tinian_lg.jpg"},{"image_text":"USS LST-340 at the pontoon pier on White Beach 2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/80-G-307883_USS_LST-340_at_pontoon_pier_on_White_Beach_2.jpg/220px-80-G-307883_USS_LST-340_at_pontoon_pier_on_White_Beach_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marines move across the wreckage of the Japanese airfield at Ushi Point","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/80-G-239297_U.S._Marines_move_across_the_wreckage_of_the_Japanese_airfield_at_Ushi_Point.jpg/220px-80-G-239297_U.S._Marines_move_across_the_wreckage_of_the_Japanese_airfield_at_Ushi_Point.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 75mm pack howitzer, nicknamed \"Miss Connie\", is fired into a Japanese-held cave on Tinian. The gun was locked securely in this unusual position after the parts were hand-carried to the cliff's edge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/75mm_pack_howitzer_is_fired_into_a_Japanese-held_cave_on_Tinian.jpg/220px-75mm_pack_howitzer_is_fired_into_a_Japanese-held_cave_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marines cautiously probe a cave on 28 July","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USMC_87909_Marines_cautiously_probe_a_cave_on_Tinian.jpg/220px-USMC_87909_Marines_cautiously_probe_a_cave_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"image_text":"As a Navy corpsman administers a bottle of plasma to a wounded Marine, the stretcher bearers wait patiently to carry him on board a landing craft which will evacuate him to a hospital ship offshore, where he will be given full treatment.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/USMC_87434_Stretch_bearers_carry_a_wounded_marine.jpg/220px-USMC_87434_Stretch_bearers_carry_a_wounded_marine.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marines stack mortar rounds in preparation for firing a fast barrage on 30 July","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/USMC_87927_Marines_stack_mortar_rounds_in_preparation_for_firing_a_fast_barrage%2C_on_Tinian.jpg/220px-USMC_87927_Marines_stack_mortar_rounds_in_preparation_for_firing_a_fast_barrage%2C_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marines bathe a Tinian girl after she and her family had been removed from a hillside dugout.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Marines_and_the_civilian_population_on_Tinian.jpg/220px-Marines_and_the_civilian_population_on_Tinian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Staff Sergeant Frederico Claveria gives candy to an interned child.[139]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Marine_Shares_A_Treat%2C_1944_%287610805780%29.jpg/220px-Marine_Shares_A_Treat%2C_1944_%287610805780%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Seabee waves at incoming Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/B-29s_Landing_on_Tinian_1944.jpg/220px-B-29s_Landing_on_Tinian_1944.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tinian in 1945 after airbase construction was complete. North Field is in the foreground and West Field in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tinian_Airfields_1945_Looking_North_To_South.jpg/220px-Tinian_Airfields_1945_Looking_North_To_South.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"H-032-1 Operation Forager and the Battle of Philippine Sea\". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 17 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/about-us/leadership/director/directors-corner/h-grams/h-gram-032/h-032-1.html","url_text":"\"H-032-1 Operation Forager and the Battle of Philippine Sea\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Doodlebug\". Naval History and Heritage Command, U.S. Navy Seabee Museum. Retrieved 21 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/seabee/explore/online-reading-room/seabee-faqs/the-doodlebugs.html","url_text":"\"The Doodlebug\""}]},{"reference":"\"September Daily Chronology of Coast Guard History (Entry for September 4)\". U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office. Retrieved 31 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.uscg.mil/Complete-Time-Line/Time-Line-1900-2000/","url_text":"\"September Daily Chronology of Coast Guard History (Entry for September 4)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese Holdouts: Registry\". Pacific Wreck Database. Retrieved 23 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wanpela.com/holdouts/registry.html","url_text":"\"Japanese Holdouts: Registry\""}]},{"reference":"\"6th Naval Construction Brigade Log: Task on Tinian\" (PDF). United States Navy Seabee Museum. Retrieved 22 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/museums/Seabee/Cruisebooks/wwiicruisebooks/misc-cruisebooks/6%20%20Naval%20Construction%20Brigade.pdf","url_text":"\"6th Naval Construction Brigade Log: Task on Tinian\""}]},{"reference":"Aandahl, Fredrick; Franklin, William M.; Slany, William, eds. (1958). The Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943. Foreign Relations of the United States. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 13 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1941-43","url_text":"The Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_the_United_States_(book_series)","url_text":"Foreign Relations of the United States"}]},{"reference":"Astroth, Alexander (2019). Mass Suicides on Saipan and Tinian 1944: An Examination of the Civilian Deaths in Historical Context. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1-4766-7456-8. OCLC 1049791315.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7456-8","url_text":"978-1-4766-7456-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1049791315","url_text":"1049791315"}]},{"reference":"Bosworth, Everett W. (9 September 1944). Final report of XXIV Corps Artillery on Forager Operation, Phases I and II, 15 June 1944 to 1 August 1944 (PDF). United States Army. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/collection/p4013coll8/id/6014/download","url_text":"Final report of XXIV Corps Artillery on Forager Operation, Phases I and II, 15 June 1944 to 1 August 1944"}]},{"reference":"Cate, James (1953). \"The Twentieth Air Force and Matterhorn\". In Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James (eds.). The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945 (PDF). The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. V. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 3–178. Retrieved 26 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Cate","url_text":"Cate, James"},{"url":"https://media.defense.gov/2010/Nov/05/2001329890/-1/-1/0/AFD-101105-012.pdf","url_text":"The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Army_Air_Forces_in_World_War_II","url_text":"The Army Air Forces in World War II"}]},{"reference":"Crowl, Philip A. (1960). Campaign in the Marianas (PDF). United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific. Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 1049152860. CMH Pub 5-7. Retrieved 13 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/html/books/005/5-7-1/CMH_Pub_5-7-1.pdf","url_text":"Campaign in the Marianas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_in_World_War_II","url_text":"United States Army in World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1049152860","url_text":"1049152860"}]},{"reference":"Dyer, George Carroll (1969). The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner (PDF). Vol. II. Washington, DC: Department of the Navy. OCLC 1023102368. Retrieved 15 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/FMFRP%2012-109-II%20%20The%20Amphibians%20Came%20to%20Conquer%20-%20Vol%20II.pdf","url_text":"The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1023102368","url_text":"1023102368"}]},{"reference":"Franklin, William M.; Gerber, William, eds. (1961). The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943. Foreign Relations of the United States. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 13 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943CairoTehran","url_text":"The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_the_United_States_(book_series)","url_text":"Foreign Relations of the United States"}]},{"reference":"Harwood, Richard (1994). A Close Encounter: The Marine Landing on Tinian (PDF). World War II Commemorative Series. Washington, D.C.: United States Marine Corps. 19000312700. Retrieved 13 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/A%20Close%20Encounter%20The%20Marine%20Landing%20on%20Tinian%20PCN%2019000312700.pdf","url_text":"A Close Encounter: The Marine Landing on Tinian"}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Grace Person (1982). The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II: The War against Japan. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-269-9. OCLC 7795125.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-269-9","url_text":"0-87021-269-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7795125","url_text":"7795125"}]},{"reference":"Hoffman, Carl W. (1951). The Seizure of Tinian (PDF). USMC Historical Monographs. Washington, DC: Historical Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps. Retrieved 13 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_W._Hoffman","url_text":"Hoffman, Carl W."},{"url":"https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/Hoffman_The%20Seizure%20of%20Tinian.pdf","url_text":"The Seizure of Tinian"}]},{"reference":"Jones, James L. (5 August 1944). Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion Report – Phase III (Tinian) (PDF). United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 18 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Jones_Sr.","url_text":"Jones, James L."},{"url":"https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/collection/p4013coll8/id/5150/download","url_text":"Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion Report – Phase III (Tinian)"}]},{"reference":"Melson, Charles D. (1996). Condition Red: Marine Defense Battalions in World War II (PDF). Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. Washington, DC: Marine Corps Historical Center. OCLC 34920984. Retrieved 24 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/Condition%20Red%20Marine%20Defense%20Battalions%20in%20World%20War%20II%20%20PCN%2019000313300.pdf?ver=2018-10-30-100326-670","url_text":"Condition Red: Marine Defense Battalions in World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34920984","url_text":"34920984"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Jeffrey M. (1998). \"Pacific Island Intelligence: The Assault on Tinian\". American Intelligence Journal. 18 (1/2): 81–86. ISSN 0883-072X. JSTOR 44326643.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0883-072X","url_text":"0883-072X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44326643","url_text":"44326643"}]},{"reference":"Morison, Samuel Eliot (1953). New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944 – August 1944. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. VIII. Little Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-58308-4. OCLC 10926173.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison","url_text":"Morison, Samuel Eliot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_II","url_text":"History of United States Naval Operations in World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-58308-4","url_text":"978-0-316-58308-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10926173","url_text":"10926173"}]},{"reference":"Olson, James C.; Mortensen, Bernhardt L. (1950). \"The Marianas\". In Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James (eds.). The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944 (PDF). The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. IV. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 671–698. Retrieved 17 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Olson","url_text":"Olson, James C."},{"url":"https://media.defense.gov/2010/Nov/05/2001329889/-1/-1/0/AFD-101105-010.pdf","url_text":"The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Army_Air_Forces_in_World_War_II","url_text":"The Army Air Forces in World War II"}]},{"reference":"Petty, Bruce M. (2009). Saipan: Oral Histories of the Pacific War. Jefferson, North Carolina: Mcfarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4244-7. OCLC 255893848.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4244-7","url_text":"978-0-7864-4244-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255893848","url_text":"255893848"}]},{"reference":"Prefer, Nathan N. (2012). The Battle for Tinian: Vital Stepping Stone in America's War Against Japan. Oxford: Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61200-094-7. OCLC 794490656.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-094-7","url_text":"978-1-61200-094-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794490656","url_text":"794490656"}]},{"reference":"Raines, Edgar F. Jr. (2000). Eyes of Artillery: The Origins of Modern U.S. Army Aviation In World War II (PDF). Army Historical Series. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. CMH Pub 70-31. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-31-1/CMH_Pub_70-31-1.pdf","url_text":"Eyes of Artillery: The Origins of Modern U.S. Army Aviation In World War II"}]},{"reference":"Richard, Dorothy E. (1957). United States Naval Administration of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Vol. I: The Wartime Military Government Period, 1942–1945. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. Retrieved 27 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015023071312","url_text":"United States Naval Administration of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands"}]},{"reference":"Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study. Westwood, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31395-4. OCLC 55641463.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_L._Rottman","url_text":"Rottman, Gordon L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31395-4","url_text":"0-313-31395-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55641463","url_text":"55641463"}]},{"reference":"Rottman, Gordon L.; Gerrard, Howard (2004). Saipan & Tinian 1944: Piercing the Japanese Empire. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-804-5. OCLC 231986835.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_L._Rottman","url_text":"Rottman, Gordon L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-804-5","url_text":"978-1-84176-804-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/231986835","url_text":"231986835"}]},{"reference":"Schmidt, Harry (18 August 1944). Headquarters, Northern Troops and Landing Force Report of Marianas Operation Phase III (Tinian) (PDF). United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 17 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Schmidt_(USMC)","url_text":"Schmidt, Harry"},{"url":"https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/collection/p4013coll8/id/5146/download","url_text":"Headquarters, Northern Troops and Landing Force Report of Marianas Operation Phase III (Tinian)"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Nalty, Bernard C.; Turnbladh, Edwin T. (1994) [1966]. Central Pacific Drive. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3. Historical Branch, G–3 Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps. ISBN 978-0-89839-194-7. OCLC 927428034.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofusmarin03usma","url_text":"Central Pacific Drive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_U.S._Marine_Corps_Operations_in_World_War_II","url_text":"History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-194-7","url_text":"978-0-89839-194-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/927428034","url_text":"927428034"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Holland M. (1989) [1948]. Coral and Brass (PDF). Nashville: Battery Press. ISBN 0-89839-136-9. OCLC 22142300. Retrieved 18 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_M._Smith","url_text":"Smith, Holland M."},{"url":"https://www.marines.mil/portals/1/Publications/FMFRP%2012-37.pdf","url_text":"Coral and Brass"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89839-136-9","url_text":"0-89839-136-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22142300","url_text":"22142300"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, James; Cate, James; Olson, James C.; Futrell, Frank; Craven, Wesley Frank (1953). \"Strategic Bombardment from Pacific Bases\". In Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James (eds.). The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945 (PDF). The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. V. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 507–758. Retrieved 26 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Cate","url_text":"Cate, James"},{"url":"https://media.defense.gov/2010/Nov/05/2001329890/-1/-1/0/AFD-101105-012.pdf","url_text":"The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Army_Air_Forces_in_World_War_II","url_text":"The Army Air Forces in World War II"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Richmond K. (25 August 1944). Report of the Capture of the Marianas (PDF). United States Marine Navy. Retrieved 13 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_K._Turner","url_text":"Turner, Richmond K."},{"url":"https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/collection/p4013coll8/id/4341/download","url_text":"Report of the Capture of the Marianas"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Navy Department (1947). Building the Navy's Bases in World War II, Volume II. History of the Bureau of Yards and Docks and the Civil Engineer Corps 1940–1946. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 1023942.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1023942","url_text":"1023942"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit_iPads
Cockpit iPad
["1 History and testing","2 Practicality","3 Safety","4 References"]
Tablet computers used by flight crews Cockpit iPads are iPads used in the aviation industry as part of an electronic flight bag to replace paper charts and manuals. This technology is currently being used by both private and commercial aircraft pilots. History and testing The iPad has been used in general aviation in conjunction with its paper backup counterpart, which is mandated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). There are many applications available which include everything that would be on the paper charts plus aviation tools including navigation charts, taxi procedures, weather maps, GPS, Minimum Equipment List, Company Policy Manual, Federal Aviation Regulations and flight controls. Although these tools have been used in the private sector, the use of an iPad in commercial aviation is just taking flight. The Federal Aviation Administration finished a three-month testing project which included putting the device through adverse conditions such as rapid decompression testing and tests to make sure the tablet did not interfere with the avionic equipment. Early in 2011 the FAA authorized charter company Executive Jet Management to use iPad records without the backup paper charts. This helps to make way for the iPad to become an aviation instrument for the rest of the industry. Alaska Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and American Airlines planned test programs. Practicality The main motive to use the iPad as a navigation tool is the practicality of the product. The iPad would replace about 25 pounds (11 kg) of paper charts used by pilots that include aircraft flight manuals, approach plate, navigation charts, policy manuals, minimum equipment list and taxi charts. Major airlines based in the United States are mainly paper based, which includes some who have fleets of 900 plus planes. This translates to a lot of paper in the form of charts that could be saved by the iPad. The switch to an electronic system would also make life easier on the pilot. No longer would pilots carry around a heavy flight bag. It would be replaced by the 9.5 by 7.31-inch 1.33-pound (0.60 kg) tablet. When used in conjunction with a specially designed strap, this small size allows them to be used in place of kneeboards. Flight planning is also made easier by the iPad. The pilot would be able to use one device to check everything from weather, other airport facilities and flight plans. All this makes a pilot's life a lot easier. Apple iPad Safety The iPad as an electronic flight bag brings several safety advantages into the cockpit. First is the currency and completeness of the charts. Paper chart revisions are issued every two weeks. A pilot can easily misfile a paper chart, remove the wrong one or forget to file the chart altogether by the time of the flight occurs. An outdated or misplaced chart can increase the possibility of accidents. Secondly, carrying the 40+ pound kitbag that holds all of the navigation charts is a cause of personal injuries of the pilots themselves. According to Patrick O’Keeffe, American Airlines’s vice president of Airline Operations Technology, “ reduced the single biggest source of pilot injuries: carrying those packs.” The iPad also allows for a decrease of clutter in the cockpit. This leads to a safer flight for the pilot and passengers. Pilots need not spread out the large charts in the small cockpit, hence they don't obstruct the view. Pilots can quickly swipe their fingers around the chart as well as switch charts in matter of seconds. This give pilots more time to look out the cockpit window and allows them to be able to just take a glance instead of searching around on a map. A number of potential issues have been brought up including distractions in the cockpit, but the iPads are prohibited from being used for non-flight purposes and pilots are still using onboard GPS instruments. Other potential safety issues included application failure and system failure, but in the three-month test Executive Jet Management conducted, not once did the application shut off or have a failure. Tests did show that if a failure did take place the program could reboot in four to six seconds. Extra iPads in the cockpit are also being talked about as a backup to a system failure. Airlines are also looking into the safety of the placement of the iPads in the cockpit. The most popular placement is on a pilot's kneeboard, a strap that connects to the pilot's upper thigh and makes the device hands free, but many commercial airlines are looking into a dock that is connected to the plane itself. References ^ a b c Paur, Jason. "FAA Approves iPads for pilots' electronic charts". CNN. Retrieved 12 March 2011. ^ a b Roberto. "Delta Air Lines, Alaska Airlines Testing iPad as "In-Cockpit" Flight Tool". Pad Gadget. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011. ^ Cormier, Jeff. "Apple iPad 2 may soon replace paper charts in airline cockpits". The iPad Fan. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011. ^ "Maximizing Cockpit Functionality". Retrieved 7 October 2014. ^ Frost, Kyle. "Report: iPad lowering number of pilot injuries". Retrieved 22 September 2013. ^ a b "Alaska Airlines testing iPads in cockpits". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 13 April 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iPads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad"},{"link_name":"electronic flight bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_flight_bag"}],"text":"Cockpit iPads are iPads used in the aviation industry as part of an electronic flight bag to replace paper charts and manuals. This technology is currently being used by both private and commercial aircraft pilots.","title":"Cockpit iPad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"navigation charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_chart"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paur_2011-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-padgadget_2011-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-padgadget_2011-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The iPad has been used in general aviation in conjunction with its paper backup counterpart, which is mandated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). There are many applications available which include everything that would be on the paper charts plus aviation tools including navigation charts, taxi procedures, weather maps, GPS, Minimum Equipment List, Company Policy Manual, Federal Aviation Regulations and flight controls. Although these tools have been used in the private sector, the use of an iPad in commercial aviation is just taking flight.The Federal Aviation Administration finished a three-month testing project which included putting the device through adverse conditions such as rapid decompression testing and tests to make sure the tablet did not interfere with the avionic equipment. Early in 2011 the FAA authorized charter company Executive Jet Management to use iPad records without the backup paper charts.[1] This helps to make way for the iPad to become an aviation instrument for the rest of the industry. Alaska Airlines,[2] Delta Air Lines,[2] and American Airlines[3] planned test programs.","title":"History and testing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aircraft flight manuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_flight_manual"},{"link_name":"approach plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approach_plate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paur_2011-1"},{"link_name":"flight bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_bag"},{"link_name":"kneeboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot%27s_kneeboard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IPad-WiFi-1stGen.jpg"}],"text":"The main motive to use the iPad as a navigation tool is the practicality of the product. The iPad would replace about 25 pounds (11 kg) of paper charts used by pilots that include aircraft flight manuals, approach plate, navigation charts, policy manuals, minimum equipment list and taxi charts.[1] Major airlines based in the United States are mainly paper based, which includes some who have fleets of 900 plus planes. This translates to a lot of paper in the form of charts that could be saved by the iPad. The switch to an electronic system would also make life easier on the pilot. No longer would pilots carry around a heavy flight bag. It would be replaced by the 9.5 by 7.31-inch 1.33-pound (0.60 kg) tablet. When used in conjunction with a specially designed strap, this small size allows them to be used in place of kneeboards.[4] Flight planning is also made easier by the iPad. The pilot would be able to use one device to check everything from weather, other airport facilities and flight plans. All this makes a pilot's life a lot easier.Apple iPad","title":"Practicality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electronic flight bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_flight_bag"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeattleTimes_2011-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paur_2011-1"},{"link_name":"pilot's kneeboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot%27s_kneeboard"},{"link_name":"hands free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_free"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeattleTimes_2011-6"}],"text":"The iPad as an electronic flight bag brings several safety advantages into the cockpit. First is the currency and completeness of the charts. Paper chart revisions are issued every two weeks. A pilot can easily misfile a paper chart, remove the wrong one or forget to file the chart altogether by the time of the flight occurs. An outdated or misplaced chart can increase the possibility of accidents.Secondly, carrying the 40+ pound kitbag that holds all of the navigation charts is a cause of personal injuries of the pilots themselves. According to Patrick O’Keeffe, American Airlines’s vice president of Airline Operations Technology, “[American Airlines has] reduced the single biggest source of pilot injuries: carrying those packs.”[5]The iPad also allows for a decrease of clutter in the cockpit. This leads to a safer flight for the pilot and passengers. Pilots need not spread out the large charts in the small cockpit, hence they don't obstruct the view. Pilots can quickly swipe their fingers around the chart as well as switch charts in matter of seconds. This give pilots more time to look out the cockpit window and allows them to be able to just take a glance instead of searching around on a map.A number of potential issues have been brought up including distractions in the cockpit, but the iPads are prohibited from being used for non-flight purposes and pilots are still using onboard GPS instruments.[6] Other potential safety issues included application failure and system failure, but in the three-month test Executive Jet Management conducted, not once did the application shut off or have a failure. Tests did show that if a failure did take place the program could reboot in four to six seconds. Extra iPads in the cockpit are also being talked about as a backup to a system failure.[1] Airlines are also looking into the safety of the placement of the iPads in the cockpit. The most popular placement is on a pilot's kneeboard, a strap that connects to the pilot's upper thigh and makes the device hands free, but many commercial airlines are looking into a dock that is connected to the plane itself.[6]","title":"Safety"}]
[{"image_text":"Apple iPad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/IPad-WiFi-1stGen.jpg/170px-IPad-WiFi-1stGen.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Paur, Jason. \"FAA Approves iPads for pilots' electronic charts\". CNN. Retrieved 12 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/innovation/02/28/FAA.approves.iPads/index.html","url_text":"\"FAA Approves iPads for pilots' electronic charts\""}]},{"reference":"Roberto. \"Delta Air Lines, Alaska Airlines Testing iPad as \"In-Cockpit\" Flight Tool\". Pad Gadget. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110316071030/http://www.padgadget.com/2011/03/07/delta-air-lines-alaska-airlines-testing-ipad-as-in-cockpit-flight-tool/","url_text":"\"Delta Air Lines, Alaska Airlines Testing iPad as \"In-Cockpit\" Flight Tool\""},{"url":"http://www.padgadget.com/2011/03/07/delta-air-lines-alaska-airlines-testing-ipad-as-in-cockpit-flight-tool/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cormier, Jeff. \"Apple iPad 2 may soon replace paper charts in airline cockpits\". The iPad Fan. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110311112031/http://www.theipadfan.com/apple-ipad-2-replace-paper-charts-airline-cockpits/","url_text":"\"Apple iPad 2 may soon replace paper charts in airline cockpits\""},{"url":"http://www.theipadfan.com/apple-ipad-2-replace-paper-charts-airline-cockpits/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maximizing Cockpit Functionality\". Retrieved 7 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theappstrap.com/","url_text":"\"Maximizing Cockpit Functionality\""}]},{"reference":"Frost, Kyle. \"Report: iPad lowering number of pilot injuries\". Retrieved 22 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.todaysiphone.com/2013/05/report-ipad-lowering-number-of-pilot-injuries/","url_text":"\"Report: iPad lowering number of pilot injuries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alaska Airlines testing iPads in cockpits\". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 13 April 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110413094522/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/sundaybuzz/2014402413_sundaybuzz06.html","url_text":"\"Alaska Airlines testing iPads in cockpits\""},{"url":"http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/sundaybuzz/2014402413_sundaybuzz06.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/innovation/02/28/FAA.approves.iPads/index.html","external_links_name":"\"FAA Approves iPads for pilots' electronic charts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110316071030/http://www.padgadget.com/2011/03/07/delta-air-lines-alaska-airlines-testing-ipad-as-in-cockpit-flight-tool/","external_links_name":"\"Delta Air Lines, Alaska Airlines Testing iPad as \"In-Cockpit\" Flight Tool\""},{"Link":"http://www.padgadget.com/2011/03/07/delta-air-lines-alaska-airlines-testing-ipad-as-in-cockpit-flight-tool/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110311112031/http://www.theipadfan.com/apple-ipad-2-replace-paper-charts-airline-cockpits/","external_links_name":"\"Apple iPad 2 may soon replace paper charts in airline cockpits\""},{"Link":"http://www.theipadfan.com/apple-ipad-2-replace-paper-charts-airline-cockpits/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.theappstrap.com/","external_links_name":"\"Maximizing Cockpit Functionality\""},{"Link":"http://www.todaysiphone.com/2013/05/report-ipad-lowering-number-of-pilot-injuries/","external_links_name":"\"Report: iPad lowering number of pilot injuries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110413094522/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/sundaybuzz/2014402413_sundaybuzz06.html","external_links_name":"\"Alaska Airlines testing iPads in cockpits\""},{"Link":"http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/sundaybuzz/2014402413_sundaybuzz06.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphygmomanometer
Sphygmomanometer
["1 Types","1.1 Manual","1.2 Digital","2 Operation","3 Significance","4 History","5 Etymology","6 References","7 External links"]
Instrument for measuring blood pressure BP 138/73 mmHg as result on electronic sphygmomanometer Aneroid sphygmomanometer with an adult cuff Aneroid sphygmomanometer dial, bulb, and air valve Clinical mercury manometer Clinical WelchAllyn sphygmomanometer A sphygmomanometer (/ˌsfɪɡmoʊməˈnɒmɪtər/ SFIG-moh-mə-NO-mi-tər), also known as a blood pressure monitor, or blood pressure gauge, is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable cuff to collapse and then release the artery under the cuff in a controlled manner, and a mercury or aneroid manometer to measure the pressure. Manual sphygmomanometers are used with a stethoscope when using the auscultatory technique. A sphygmomanometer consists of an inflatable cuff, a measuring unit (the mercury manometer, or aneroid gauge), and a mechanism for inflation which may be a manually operated bulb and valve or a pump operated electrically. Types Both manual and digital meters are currently employed, with different trade-offs in accuracy versus convenience. Manual A stethoscope is required for auscultation (see below). Manual meters are best used by trained practitioners, and, while it is possible to obtain a basic reading through palpation alone, this yields only the systolic pressure. Mercury sphygmomanometers are considered the gold standard. They indicate pressure with a column of mercury, which does not require recalibration. Because of their accuracy, they are often used in clinical trials of drugs and in clinical evaluations of high-risk patients, including pregnant women. A frequently used wall mounted mercury sphygmomanometer is also known as a Baumanometer. Aneroid sphygmomanometers (mechanical types with a dial) are in common use; they may require calibration checks, unlike mercury manometers. Aneroid sphygmomanometers are considered safer than mercury sphygmomanometers, although inexpensive ones are less accurate. A major cause of departure from calibration is mechanical jarring. Aneroids mounted on walls or stands are not susceptible to this particular problem. Digital Digital meters employ oscillometric measurements and electronic calculations rather than auscultation. They may use manual or automatic inflation, but both types are electronic, easy to operate without training, and can be used in noisy environments. They calculate systolic and diastolic pressures by oscillometric detection, employing either deformable membranes that are measured using differential capacitance, or differential piezoresistance, and they include a microprocessor. They estimate mean arterial blood pressure and measure pulse rate; while systolic and diastolic pressures are obtained less accurately than with manual meters, and calibration is also a concern. Digital oscillometric monitors may not be advisable for some patients, such as those with arteriosclerosis, arrhythmia, preeclampsia, pulsus alternans, and pulsus paradoxus, as their calculations may not be correct for these conditions, and in these cases, an analog sphygmomanometer is preferable when used by a trained person. Digital instruments may use a cuff placed, in order of accuracy and inverse order of portability and convenience, around the upper arm, the wrist, or a finger. Recently, a group of researchers at Michigan State University developed a smartphone based device that uses oscillometry to estimate blood pressure. The oscillometric method of detection used gives blood pressure readings that differ from those determined by auscultation, and vary according to many factors, such as pulse pressure, heart rate and arterial stiffness, although some instruments are claimed also to measure arterial stiffness, and some can detect irregular heartbeats. Operation Medical student taking blood pressure at the brachial artery In humans, the cuff is normally placed smoothly and snugly around an upper arm, at roughly the same vertical height as the heart while the subject is seated with the arm supported. Other sites of placement depend on species and may include the flipper or tail. It is essential that the correct size of cuff is selected for the patient. Too small a cuff results in too high a pressure, while too large a cuff results in too low a pressure. For clinical measurements it is usual to measure and record both arms in the initial consultation to determine if the pressure is significantly higher in one arm than the other. A difference of 10 mmHg may be a sign of coarctation of the aorta. If the arms read differently, the higher reading arm would be used for later readings. The cuff is inflated until the artery is completely occluded. With a manual instrument, listening with a stethoscope to the brachial artery, the examiner slowly releases the pressure in the cuff at a rate of approximately 2 mmHg per heart beat. As the pressure in the cuffs falls, a "whooshing" or pounding sound is heard (see Korotkoff sounds) when blood flow first starts again in the artery. The pressure at which this sound began is noted and recorded as the systolic blood pressure. The cuff pressure is further released until the sound can no longer be heard. This is recorded as the diastolic blood pressure. In noisy environments where auscultation is impossible (such as the scenes often encountered in emergency medicine), systolic blood pressure alone may be read by releasing the pressure until a radial pulse is palpated (felt). In veterinary medicine, auscultation is rarely of use, and palpation or visualization of pulse distal to the sphygmomanometer is used to detect systolic pressure. Digital instruments use a cuff which may be placed, according to the instrument, around the upper arm, wrist, or a finger, in all cases elevated to the same height as the heart. They inflate the cuff and gradually reduce the pressure in the same way as a manual meter, and measure blood pressures by the oscillometric method. Explanation of how blood pressure is measured based on Korotkow sounds Significance Main article: Blood pressure By observing the mercury in the column, or the aneroid gauge pointer, while releasing the air pressure with a control valve, the operator notes the values of the blood pressure in mmHg. The peak pressure in the arteries during the cardiac cycle is the systolic pressure, and the lowest pressure (at the resting phase of the cardiac cycle) is the diastolic pressure. A stethoscope, applied lightly over the artery being measured, is used in the auscultatory method. Systolic pressure (first phase) is identified with the first of the continuous Korotkoff sounds. Diastolic pressure is identified at the moment the Korotkoff sounds disappear (fifth phase). Measurement of the blood pressure is carried out in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure), and in many other healthcare scenarios. Medical portal History A French sphygmomanometer used during World War I The sphygmomanometer was invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl Ritter von Basch in the year 1881. Scipione Riva-Rocci introduced a more easily-usable version in 1896. In 1901, pioneering neurosurgeon Dr. Harvey Cushing brought an example of Riva-Rocci's device to the US, modernized and popularized it within the medical community. Further improvement came in 1905 when Russian physician Nikolai Korotkov included diastolic blood pressure measurement following his discovery of "Korotkoff sounds". William A. Baum invented the Baumanometer brand in 1916, while working for The Life Extension Institute which performed insurance and employment physicals. Etymology The word sphygmomanometer uses the combining form of sphygmo- + manometer. The roots involved are as follows: Greek σφυγμός sphygmos "pulse", plus the scientific term manometer (from French manomètre), i.e. "pressure meter", itself coined from μανός manos "thin, sparse", and μέτρον metron "measure". Most sphygmomanometers were mechanical gauges with dial faces, or mercury columns, during most of the 20th century. Since the advent of electronic medical devices, names such as "meter" and "monitor" can also apply, as devices can automatically monitor blood pressure on an ongoing basis. References ^ a b Booth J (1977). "A short history of blood pressure measurement". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 70 (11): 793–9. doi:10.1177/003591577707001112. PMC 1543468. PMID 341169. ^ "Comparing Mercury and Aneroid Sphygmomanometers". Sustainable Hospitals / Lowell Center for Sustainable Production. 2003. Retrieved 23 February 2015. ^ a b "Turning Mercury Into Solid Gold". The New York Times. 27 March 2005. Retrieved 5 July 2018. ^ Misrin J. "Aneroid Sphygmomanometer: A Battle for Safer Blood Pressure Apparatus". Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2012. ^ a b "Oscillometry, Explanation of oscillometric detection in Medical Electronics, N Townsend, p48-51" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. ^ "Oscillometric Method - Methods of Blood Pressure Measurement - Measurement of Blood PressureMethods of Blood Pressure Measurement -". www.severehypertension.net. 22 December 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2017. ^ Can we trust automatic sphygmomanometer validations? Turner MJ. Journal of Hypertension. 28(12), December 2010, pp. 2353–2356 doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32833e1011. ^ Turner MJ, van Schalkwyk JM (1 August 2008). "Automated Sphygmomanometers Should Not Replace Manual Ones, Based on Current Evidence". American Journal of Hypertension. 21 (8). Oxford University Press (OUP): 845. doi:10.1038/ajh.2008.204. ISSN 0895-7061. PMID 18648356. ^ Sphygmomanometer calibration--why, how and how often? Turner MJ1, Speechly C, Bignell N. Australian Family Physician. October 2007; 36(10):834-838. ^ Hamzaoui O, Monnet X, Teboul JL (2013). "Pulsus paradoxus". Eur. Respir. J. 42 (6): 1696–705. doi:10.1183/09031936.00138912. PMID 23222878. ^ O'Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, Imai Y, Mallion JM, Mancia G, Mengden T, Myers M, Padfield P, Palatini P, Parati G, Pickering T, Redon J, Staessen J, Stergiou G, Verdecchia P (2003). "European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement". J. Hypertens. 21 (5): 821–48. doi:10.1097/00004872-200305000-00001. PMID 12714851. S2CID 3952069. ^ Mourad A, Gillies A, Carney S (2005). "Inaccuracy of wrist-cuff oscillometric blood pressure devices: an arm position artefact?" (PDF). Clinical Methods and Pathophysiology. 10 (2): 67–71. doi:10.1097/00126097-200504000-00003. PMID 15812253. S2CID 6100566. ^ "Blutdruckmessgerät - Handgelenk - Blutdruckmessgerät - Test" (in German). Blutdruckmessgeraet-vergleich-test.de. Retrieved 27 September 2016. ^ Chandrasekhar A (7 March 2018). "Smartphone-based blood pressure monitoring via the oscillometric finger-pressing method". Science Translational Medicine. 10 (431): eaap8674. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aap8674. PMC 6039119. PMID 29515001. ^ Chandrasekhar A (3 September 2018). "An iPhone Application for Blood Pressure Monitoring via the Oscillometric Finger Pressing Method". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 13136. Bibcode:2018NatSR...813136C. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31632-x. PMC 6120863. PMID 30177793. ^ van Montfrans GA (2001). "Oscillometric blood pressure measurement: progress and problems". Blood Press Monit. 6 (6): 287–90. doi:10.1097/00126097-200112000-00004. PMID 12055403. ^ Fred HL (2013). "Accurate Blood Pressure Measurements and the Other Arm". Texas Heart Institute Journal. 40 (3): 217–219. PMC 3709227. PMID 23914007. ^ U.S patent 1594039 Manometer ^ Harper D. "sphygmomanometer". Online Etymology Dictionary. ^ Harper D. "manometer". Online Etymology Dictionary. ^ σφυγμός, μανός, μέτρον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sphygmomanometers. US patent 1089122, Francis Ashley Faught, Charles J Pilling, "Apparatus for measuring and indicating blood-pressure", issued 1914-03-03  US patent 1594039, William A Baum, "Manometer", issued 1926-07-27  US patent 2560237, R. H. Miller, "Sphygmomanometer", issued 1951-07-10  US patent 6752764, Man S. Oh, "Pocket sphygmomanometer", issued 2004-06-22
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020_Sfigmomanometr_elektroniczny.jpg"},{"link_name":"mmHg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MmHg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphygmomanometer%26Cuff.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphygmomanometer.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clinical_Mercury_Manometer.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advanced_Digital_Sphygmomanometer.jpg"},{"link_name":"/ˌsfɪɡmoʊməˈnɒmɪtər/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"SFIG-moh-mə-NO-mi-tər","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"cuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuff"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Booth1977-1"},{"link_name":"mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"},{"link_name":"aneroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_measurement#Aneroid"},{"link_name":"manometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manometer"},{"link_name":"stethoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscope"},{"link_name":"auscultatory technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auscultation"},{"link_name":"mercury manometer, or aneroid gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_measurement#Liquid_column_(manometer)"}],"text":"BP 138/73 mmHg as result on electronic sphygmomanometer\nAneroid sphygmomanometer with an adult cuff\nAneroid sphygmomanometer dial, bulb, and air valve\nClinical mercury manometer\nClinical WelchAllyn sphygmomanometerA sphygmomanometer (/ˌsfɪɡmoʊməˈnɒmɪtər/ SFIG-moh-mə-NO-mi-tər), also known as a blood pressure monitor, or blood pressure gauge, is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable cuff to collapse and then release the artery under the cuff in a controlled manner,[1] and a mercury or aneroid manometer to measure the pressure. Manual sphygmomanometers are used with a stethoscope when using the auscultatory technique.A sphygmomanometer consists of an inflatable cuff, a measuring unit (the mercury manometer, or aneroid gauge), and a mechanism for inflation which may be a manually operated bulb and valve or a pump operated electrically.","title":"Sphygmomanometer"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Both manual and digital meters are currently employed, with different trade-offs in accuracy versus convenience.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"auscultation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auscultation"},{"link_name":"see below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A_stethoscope_is_required_for_auscultation_(see_below)"},{"link_name":"palpation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpation"},{"link_name":"gold standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard_(test)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"clinical trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-3"},{"link_name":"Aneroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manometer#Aneroid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Manual","text":"A stethoscope is required for auscultation (see below). Manual meters are best used by trained practitioners, and, while it is possible to obtain a basic reading through palpation alone, this yields only the systolic pressure.Mercury sphygmomanometers are considered the gold standard. They indicate pressure with a column of mercury, which does not require recalibration.[2] Because of their accuracy, they are often used in clinical trials of drugs and in clinical evaluations of high-risk patients, including pregnant women. A frequently used wall mounted mercury sphygmomanometer is also known as a Baumanometer.[3]\nAneroid sphygmomanometers (mechanical types with a dial) are in common use; they may require calibration checks, unlike mercury manometers. Aneroid sphygmomanometers are considered safer than mercury sphygmomanometers, although inexpensive ones are less accurate.[4] A major cause of departure from calibration is mechanical jarring. Aneroids mounted on walls or stands are not susceptible to this particular problem.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_data"},{"link_name":"oscillometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure_measurement#Oscillometric"},{"link_name":"systolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systole_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"diastolic pressures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastolic_pressure"},{"link_name":"microprocessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oscillometric-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turner_van_Schalkwyk_2008_pp._845%E2%80%93845-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"arteriosclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriosclerosis"},{"link_name":"arrhythmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia"},{"link_name":"preeclampsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preeclampsia"},{"link_name":"pulsus alternans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsus_alternans"},{"link_name":"pulsus paradoxus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsus_paradoxus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OBrien2003-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"pulse pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_pressure"},{"link_name":"heart rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate"},{"link_name":"arterial stiffness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_stiffness"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Digital","text":"Digital meters employ oscillometric measurements and electronic calculations rather than auscultation. They may use manual or automatic inflation, but both types are electronic, easy to operate without training, and can be used in noisy environments. They calculate systolic and diastolic pressures by oscillometric detection, employing either deformable membranes that are measured using differential capacitance, or differential piezoresistance, and they include a microprocessor.[5] They estimate mean arterial blood pressure and measure pulse rate; while systolic and diastolic pressures are obtained less accurately than with manual meters,[6] and calibration is also a concern.[7][8][9] Digital oscillometric monitors may not be advisable for some patients, such as those with arteriosclerosis, arrhythmia, preeclampsia, pulsus alternans, and pulsus paradoxus, as their calculations may not be correct for these conditions,[10][11] and in these cases, an analog sphygmomanometer is preferable when used by a trained person.Digital instruments may use a cuff placed, in order of accuracy[12] and inverse order of portability and convenience, around the upper arm, the wrist, or a finger.[13] Recently, a group of researchers at Michigan State University developed a smartphone based device that uses oscillometry to estimate blood pressure.[14][15] The oscillometric method of detection used gives blood pressure readings that differ from those determined by auscultation, and vary according to many factors, such as pulse pressure, heart rate and arterial stiffness,[16] although some instruments are claimed also to measure arterial stiffness, and some can detect irregular heartbeats.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMSA_Checking_Blood_Pressure.JPG"},{"link_name":"arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm"},{"link_name":"heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart"},{"link_name":"coarctation of the aorta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coarctation_of_the_aorta"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery"},{"link_name":"occluded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_occlusion"},{"link_name":"stethoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscope"},{"link_name":"brachial artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_artery"},{"link_name":"Korotkoff sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korotkoff_sounds"},{"link_name":"systolic blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systolic_blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"diastolic blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastolic_blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"emergency medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medicine"},{"link_name":"pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oscillometric-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korotkow_English.jpg"}],"text":"Medical student taking blood pressure at the brachial arteryIn humans, the cuff is normally placed smoothly and snugly around an upper arm, at roughly the same vertical height as the heart while the subject is seated with the arm supported. Other sites of placement depend on species and may include the flipper or tail. It is essential that the correct size of cuff is selected for the patient. Too small a cuff results in too high a pressure, while too large a cuff results in too low a pressure. For clinical measurements it is usual to measure and record both arms in the initial consultation to determine if the pressure is significantly higher in one arm than the other. A difference of 10 mmHg may be a sign of coarctation of the aorta. If the arms read differently, the higher reading arm would be used for later readings.[17] The cuff is inflated until the artery is completely occluded.With a manual instrument, listening with a stethoscope to the brachial artery, the examiner slowly releases the pressure in the cuff at a rate of approximately 2 mmHg per heart beat. As the pressure in the cuffs falls, a \"whooshing\" or pounding sound is heard (see Korotkoff sounds) when blood flow first starts again in the artery. The pressure at which this sound began is noted and recorded as the systolic blood pressure. The cuff pressure is further released until the sound can no longer be heard. This is recorded as the diastolic blood pressure. In noisy environments where auscultation is impossible (such as the scenes often encountered in emergency medicine), systolic blood pressure alone may be read by releasing the pressure until a radial pulse is palpated (felt). In veterinary medicine, auscultation is rarely of use, and palpation or visualization of pulse distal to the sphygmomanometer is used to detect systolic pressure.Digital instruments use a cuff which may be placed, according to the instrument, around the upper arm, wrist, or a finger, in all cases elevated to the same height as the heart. They inflate the cuff and gradually reduce the pressure in the same way as a manual meter, and measure blood pressures by the oscillometric method.[5]Explanation of how blood pressure is measured based on Korotkow sounds","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cardiac cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_cycle"},{"link_name":"hypertension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension"},{"link_name":"Medical portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medical"}],"text":"By observing the mercury in the column, or the aneroid gauge pointer, while releasing the air pressure with a control valve, the operator notes the values of the blood pressure in mmHg. The peak pressure in the arteries during the cardiac cycle is the systolic pressure, and the lowest pressure (at the resting phase of the cardiac cycle) is the diastolic pressure. A stethoscope, applied lightly over the artery being measured, is used in the auscultatory method. Systolic pressure (first phase) is identified with the first of the continuous Korotkoff sounds. Diastolic pressure is identified at the moment the Korotkoff sounds disappear (fifth phase).Measurement of the blood pressure is carried out in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure), and in many other healthcare scenarios.Medical portal","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphygmomanometer_WWI_Memorial_de_Verdun.JPG"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Samuel Siegfried Karl Ritter von Basch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Siegfried_Karl_Ritter_von_Basch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Booth1977-1"},{"link_name":"Scipione Riva-Rocci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipione_Riva-Rocci"},{"link_name":"neurosurgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosurgeon"},{"link_name":"Dr. Harvey Cushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Williams_Cushing"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Korotkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Korotkov"},{"link_name":"diastolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastolic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-3"}],"text":"A French sphygmomanometer used during World War IThe sphygmomanometer was invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl Ritter von Basch in the year 1881.[1] Scipione Riva-Rocci introduced a more easily-usable version in 1896. In 1901, pioneering neurosurgeon Dr. Harvey Cushing brought an example of Riva-Rocci's device to the US, modernized and popularized it within the medical community. Further improvement came in 1905 when Russian physician Nikolai Korotkov included diastolic blood pressure measurement following his discovery of \"Korotkoff sounds\". William A. Baum invented the Baumanometer brand in 1916,[18] while working for The Life Extension Institute which performed insurance and employment physicals.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"combining form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_compound"},{"link_name":"sphygmo-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sphygm-#Prefix"},{"link_name":"manometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/manometer#Noun"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"manometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manometer"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"gauges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"dial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial_(measurement)"},{"link_name":"medical devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_device"},{"link_name":"monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitoring_(medicine)"}],"text":"The word sphygmomanometer uses the combining form of sphygmo- + manometer. The roots involved are as follows: Greek σφυγμός sphygmos \"pulse\", plus the scientific term manometer (from French manomètre), i.e. \"pressure meter\", itself coined from μανός manos \"thin, sparse\", and μέτρον metron \"measure\".[19][20][21]Most sphygmomanometers were mechanical gauges with dial faces, or mercury columns, during most of the 20th century. Since the advent of electronic medical devices, names such as \"meter\" and \"monitor\" can also apply, as devices can automatically monitor blood pressure on an ongoing basis.","title":"Etymology"}]
[{"image_text":"BP 138/73 mmHg as result on electronic sphygmomanometer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/2020_Sfigmomanometr_elektroniczny.jpg/220px-2020_Sfigmomanometr_elektroniczny.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aneroid sphygmomanometer with an adult cuff","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sphygmomanometer%26Cuff.JPG/220px-Sphygmomanometer%26Cuff.JPG"},{"image_text":"Aneroid sphygmomanometer dial, bulb, and air valve","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sphygmomanometer.JPG/220px-Sphygmomanometer.JPG"},{"image_text":"Clinical mercury manometer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Clinical_Mercury_Manometer.jpg/220px-Clinical_Mercury_Manometer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clinical WelchAllyn sphygmomanometer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Advanced_Digital_Sphygmomanometer.jpg/220px-Advanced_Digital_Sphygmomanometer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Medical student taking blood pressure at the brachial artery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MMSA_Checking_Blood_Pressure.JPG/220px-MMSA_Checking_Blood_Pressure.JPG"},{"image_text":"Explanation of how blood pressure is measured based on Korotkow sounds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Korotkow_English.jpg/220px-Korotkow_English.jpg"},{"image_text":"A French sphygmomanometer used during World War I","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sphygmomanometer_WWI_Memorial_de_Verdun.JPG/220px-Sphygmomanometer_WWI_Memorial_de_Verdun.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Booth J (1977). \"A short history of blood pressure measurement\". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 70 (11): 793–9. doi:10.1177/003591577707001112. PMC 1543468. PMID 341169.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1543468","url_text":"\"A short history of blood pressure measurement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003591577707001112","url_text":"10.1177/003591577707001112"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1543468","url_text":"1543468"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/341169","url_text":"341169"}]},{"reference":"\"Comparing Mercury and Aneroid Sphygmomanometers\". Sustainable Hospitals / Lowell Center for Sustainable Production. 2003. Retrieved 23 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sustainablehospitals.org/HTMLSrc/IP_Merc_Tools_CompSphyg.html","url_text":"\"Comparing Mercury and Aneroid Sphygmomanometers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turning Mercury Into Solid Gold\". The New York Times. 27 March 2005. Retrieved 5 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/27/nyregion/turning-mercury-into-solid-gold.html","url_text":"\"Turning Mercury Into Solid Gold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Misrin J. \"Aneroid Sphygmomanometer: A Battle for Safer Blood Pressure Apparatus\". Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150810185015/http://sphygmomanometerhq.com/aneroid-sphygmomanometer-battle-for-safer-blood-pressure-apparatus/","url_text":"\"Aneroid Sphygmomanometer: A Battle for Safer Blood Pressure Apparatus\""},{"url":"http://www.sphygmomanometerhq.com/aneroid-sphygmomanometer-battle-for-safer-blood-pressure-apparatus/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oscillometry, Explanation of oscillometric detection in Medical Electronics, N Townsend, p48-51\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130522042033/http://www.geriatria.unimo.it/PDF/IPERTENSIONE/Oscillometry.pdf","url_text":"\"Oscillometry, Explanation of oscillometric detection in Medical Electronics, N Townsend, p48-51\""},{"url":"http://www.geriatria.unimo.it/PDF/IPERTENSIONE/Oscillometry.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oscillometric Method - Methods of Blood Pressure Measurement - Measurement of Blood PressureMethods of Blood Pressure Measurement -\". www.severehypertension.net. 22 December 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.severehypertension.net/hbp/more/oscillometric-method/","url_text":"\"Oscillometric Method - Methods of Blood Pressure Measurement - Measurement of Blood PressureMethods of Blood Pressure Measurement -\""}]},{"reference":"Turner MJ, van Schalkwyk JM (1 August 2008). \"Automated Sphygmomanometers Should Not Replace Manual Ones, Based on Current Evidence\". American Journal of Hypertension. 21 (8). Oxford University Press (OUP): 845. doi:10.1038/ajh.2008.204. ISSN 0895-7061. PMID 18648356.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fajh.2008.204","url_text":"\"Automated Sphygmomanometers Should Not Replace Manual Ones, Based on Current Evidence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fajh.2008.204","url_text":"10.1038/ajh.2008.204"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0895-7061","url_text":"0895-7061"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18648356","url_text":"18648356"}]},{"reference":"Hamzaoui O, Monnet X, Teboul JL (2013). \"Pulsus paradoxus\". Eur. Respir. J. 42 (6): 1696–705. doi:10.1183/09031936.00138912. 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S2CID 3952069.","urls":[{"url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/24165","url_text":"\"European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004872-200305000-00001","url_text":"10.1097/00004872-200305000-00001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12714851","url_text":"12714851"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3952069","url_text":"3952069"}]},{"reference":"Mourad A, Gillies A, Carney S (2005). \"Inaccuracy of wrist-cuff oscillometric blood pressure devices: an arm position artefact?\" (PDF). Clinical Methods and Pathophysiology. 10 (2): 67–71. doi:10.1097/00126097-200504000-00003. PMID 15812253. S2CID 6100566.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dableducational.org/pdfs/september05/051-05_Wrist_device_inaccuracy_JBP_Monit_May2005.pdf","url_text":"\"Inaccuracy of wrist-cuff oscillometric blood pressure devices: an arm position artefact?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00126097-200504000-00003","url_text":"10.1097/00126097-200504000-00003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15812253","url_text":"15812253"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6100566","url_text":"6100566"}]},{"reference":"\"Blutdruckmessgerät - Handgelenk - Blutdruckmessgerät - Test\" (in German). Blutdruckmessgeraet-vergleich-test.de. 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Blood Press Monit. 6 (6): 287–90. doi:10.1097/00126097-200112000-00004. PMID 12055403.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00126097-200112000-00004","url_text":"10.1097/00126097-200112000-00004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12055403","url_text":"12055403"}]},{"reference":"Fred HL (2013). \"Accurate Blood Pressure Measurements and the Other Arm\". Texas Heart Institute Journal. 40 (3): 217–219. PMC 3709227. PMID 23914007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709227","url_text":"\"Accurate Blood Pressure Measurements and the Other Arm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709227","url_text":"3709227"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23914007","url_text":"23914007"}]},{"reference":"Harper D. \"sphygmomanometer\". Online Etymology Dictionary.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.etymonline.com/?term=sphygmomanometer","url_text":"\"sphygmomanometer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary","url_text":"Online Etymology Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Harper D. \"manometer\". Online Etymology Dictionary.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.etymonline.com/?term=manometer","url_text":"\"manometer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary","url_text":"Online Etymology Dictionary"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapopulation
Metapopulation
["1 Predation and oscillations","2 Huffaker's experiments on predator–prey interactions (1958)","3 The Levins model","4 Stochasticity and metapopulations","5 Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs)","6 Microhabitat patches (MHPs) and bacterial metapopulations","7 Life history evolution","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Group of separated yet interacting ecological populations Metapopulations are important in fisheries. The local population (1.) serves as a source for hybridization with surrounding subspecies populations (1.a, 1.b, and 1.c).The populations are normally spatially separated and independent but spatial overlap between them during breeding times allows for gene flow between the populations. A metapopulation consists of a group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level. The term metapopulation was coined by Richard Levins in 1969 to describe a model of population dynamics of insect pests in agricultural fields, but the idea has been most broadly applied to species in naturally or artificially fragmented habitats. In Levins' own words, it consists of "a population of populations". A metapopulation is generally considered to consist of several distinct populations together with areas of suitable habitat which are currently unoccupied. In classical metapopulation theory, each population cycles in relative independence of the other populations and eventually goes extinct as a consequence of demographic stochasticity (fluctuations in population size due to random demographic events); the smaller the population, the more chances of inbreeding depression and prone to extinction. Although individual populations have finite life-spans, the metapopulation as a whole is often stable because immigrants from one population (which may, for example, be experiencing a population boom) are likely to re-colonize habitat which has been left open by the extinction of another population. They may also emigrate to a small population and rescue that population from extinction (called the rescue effect). Such a rescue effect may occur because declining populations leave niche opportunities open to the "rescuers". The development of metapopulation theory, in conjunction with the development of source–sink dynamics, emphasised the importance of connectivity between seemingly isolated populations. Although no single population may be able to guarantee the long-term survival of a given species, the combined effect of many populations may be able to do this. Metapopulation theory was first developed for terrestrial ecosystems, and subsequently applied to the marine realm. In fisheries science, the term "sub-population" is equivalent to the metapopulation science term "local population". Most marine examples are provided by relatively sedentary species occupying discrete patches of habitat, with both local recruitment and recruitment from other local populations in the larger metapopulation. Kritzer & Sale have argued against strict application of the metapopulation definitional criteria that extinction risks to local populations must be non-negligible.: 32  Finnish biologist Ilkka Hanski of the University of Helsinki was an important contributor to metapopulation theory. Predation and oscillations The first experiments with predation and spatial heterogeneity were conducted by G. F. Gause in the 1930s, based on the Lotka–Volterra equation, which was formulated in the mid-1920s, but no further application had been conducted. The Lotka-Volterra equation suggested that the relationship between predators and their prey would result in population oscillations over time based on the initial densities of predator and prey. Gause's early experiments to prove the predicted oscillations of this theory failed because the predator–prey interactions were not influenced by immigration. However, once immigration was introduced, the population cycles accurately depicted the oscillations predicted by the Lotka-Volterra equation, with the peaks in prey abundance shifted slightly to the left of the peaks of the predator densities. Huffaker's experiments expanded on those of Gause by examining how both the factors of migration and spatial heterogeneity lead to predator–prey oscillations. Huffaker's experiments on predator–prey interactions (1958) In order to study predation and population oscillations, Huffaker used mite species, one being the predator and the other being the prey. He set up a controlled experiment using oranges, which the prey fed on, as the spatially structured habitat in which the predator and prey would interact. At first, Huffaker experienced difficulties similar to those of Gause in creating a stable predator–prey interaction. By using oranges only, the prey species quickly became extinct followed consequently with predator extinction. However, he discovered that by modifying the spatial structure of the habitat, he could manipulate the population dynamics and allow the overall survival rate for both species to increase. He did this by altering the distance between the prey and oranges (their food), establishing barriers to predator movement, and creating corridors for the prey to disperse. These changes resulted in increased habitat patches and in turn provided more areas for the prey to seek temporary protection. When the prey would become extinct locally at one habitat patch, they were able to reestablish by migrating to new patches before being attacked by predators. This habitat spatial structure of patches allowed for coexistence between the predator and prey species and promoted a stable population oscillation model. Although the term metapopulation had not yet been coined, the environmental factors of spatial heterogeneity and habitat patchiness would later describe the conditions of a metapopulation relating to how groups of spatially separated populations of species interact with one another. Huffaker's experiment is significant because it showed how metapopulations can directly affect the predator–prey interactions and in turn influence population dynamics. The Levins model Levins' original model applied to a metapopulation distributed over many patches of suitable habitat with significantly less interaction between patches than within a patch. Population dynamics within a patch were simplified to the point where only presence and absence were considered. Each patch in his model is either populated or not. Let N be the fraction of patches occupied at a given time. During a time dt, each occupied patch can become unoccupied with an extinction probability edt. Additionally, 1 − N of the patches are unoccupied. Assuming a constant rate c of propagule generation from each of the N occupied patches, during a time dt, each unoccupied patch can become occupied with a colonization probability cNdt . Accordingly, the time rate of change of occupied patches, dN/dt, is d N d t = c N ( 1 − N ) − e N . {\displaystyle {\frac {dN}{dt}}=cN(1-N)-eN.\,} This equation is mathematically equivalent to the logistic model, with a carrying capacity K given by K = 1 − e c {\displaystyle K=1-{\frac {e}{c}}\,} and growth rate r r = c − e . {\displaystyle r=c-e.\,} At equilibrium, therefore, some fraction of the species's habitat will always be unoccupied. Stochasticity and metapopulations Huffaker's studies of spatial structure and species interactions are an example of early experimentation in metapopulation dynamics. Since the experiments of Huffaker and Levins, models have been created which integrate stochastic factors. These models have shown that the combination of environmental variability (stochasticity) and relatively small migration rates cause indefinite or unpredictable persistence. However, Huffaker's experiment almost guaranteed infinite persistence because of the controlled immigration variable. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) One major drawback of the Levins model is that it is deterministic, whereas the fundamental metapopulation processes are stochastic. Metapopulations are particularly useful when discussing species in disturbed habitats, and the viability of their populations, i.e., how likely they are to become extinct in a given time interval. The Levins model cannot address this issue. A simple way to extend the Levins' model to incorporate space and stochastic considerations is by using the contact process. Simple modifications to this model can also incorporate for patch dynamics. At a given percolation threshold, habitat fragmentation effects take place in these configurations predicting more drastic extinction thresholds. For conservation biology purposes, metapopulation models must include (a) the finite nature of metapopulations (how many patches are suitable for habitat), and (b) the probabilistic nature of extinction and colonisation. Also, note that in order to apply these models, the extinctions and colonisations of the patches must be asynchronous. Microhabitat patches (MHPs) and bacterial metapopulations E. coli metapopulation on a chip. Combining nanotechnology with landscape ecology, synthetic habitat landscapes have been fabricated on a chip by building a collection of bacterial mini-habitats with nano-scale channels providing them with nutrients for habitat renewal, and connecting them by corridors in different topological arrangements, generating a spatial mosaic of patches of opportunity distributed in time. This can be used for landscape experiments by studying the bacteria metapopulations on the chip, for example their evolutionary ecology. Life history evolution Metapopulation models have been used to explain life-history evolution, such as the ecological stability of amphibian metamorphosis in small vernal ponds. Alternative ecological strategies have evolved. For example, some salamanders forgo metamorphosis and sexually mature as aquatic neotenes. The seasonal duration of wetlands and the migratory range of the species determines which ponds are connected and if they form a metapopulation. The duration of the life history stages of amphibians relative to the duration of the vernal pool before it dries up regulates the ecological development of metapopulations connecting aquatic patches to terrestrial patches. See also Competition (biology) Conservation biology Landscape ecology Lotka–Volterra equations Oscillation Population viability analysis Predation Spatial heterogeneity References ^ a b Levins, R. (1969), "Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control", Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America, 15 (3): 237–240, doi:10.1093/besa/15.3.237 ^ a b Kritzer, J. P. & Sale, P. F. (eds) (2006) Marine metapopulations, Academic Press, New York. ^ a b Real, Leslie A. and Brown, James H. 1991. Foundations of Ecology: Classic papers with commentaries. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ^ a b c Huffaker, C.B. (1958), "Experimental Studies on Predation: Dispersion factors and predator–prey oscillations", Hilgardia, 27 (343): 343–383, doi:10.3733/hilg.v27n14p343 ^ Legendre, P.; Fortin, M.J. (1989), "Spatial pattern and ecological analysis", Plant Ecology, 80 (2): 107, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.330.8940, doi:10.1007/BF00048036, S2CID 17101938 ^ Kareiva, P. (1987), "Habitat Fragmentation and the Stability of Predator–Prey Interactions", Nature, 326 (6111): 388–390, Bibcode:1987Natur.326..388K, doi:10.1038/326388a0, S2CID 4335135 ^ Janssen, A. et al. 1997. Metapopulation Dynamics of a Persisting Predator–Prey system. ^ Keymer J.E; P.A. Marquet; J.X. Velasco‐Hernández; S.A. Levin (November 2000). "Extinction Thresholds and Metapopulation Persistence in Dynamic Landscapes". The American Naturalist. 156 (5): 478–4945. doi:10.1086/303407. hdl:10533/172124. PMID 29587508. S2CID 4385886. ^ Keymer J.E.; P. Galajda; C. Muldoon R. & R. Austin (November 2006). "Bacterial metapopulations in nanofabricated landscapes". PNAS. 103 (46): 17290–295. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10317290K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607971103. PMC 1635019. PMID 17090676. ^ Petranka, J. W. (2007), "Evolution of complex life cycles of amphibians: bridging the gap between metapopulation dynamics and life history evolution", Evolutionary Ecology, 21 (6): 751–764, doi:10.1007/s10682-006-9149-1, S2CID 38832436. Bascompte J.; Solé R. V. (1996), "Habitat Fragmentation and Extinction Thresholds in spatially explicit models", Journal of Animal Ecology, 65 (4): 465–473, doi:10.2307/5781, JSTOR 5781. Hanski, I. Metapopulation Ecology Oxford University Press. 1999. ISBN 0-19-854065-5 Fahrig, L. 2003. Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Biodiversity. Annual Review of ecology, evolution, and systematics. 34:1, p. 487. Levin S.A. (1974), "Dispersion and Population Interactions", The American Naturalist, 108 (960): 207, doi:10.1086/282900, S2CID 83630608. External links Helsinki-science: Metapopulation vteEcology: Modelling ecosystems: Trophic componentsGeneral Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Green world hypothesis Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Restoration Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Kinetotrophs Mixotrophs Myco-heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Planktivore Predation Prey switching Decomposers 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The local population (1.) serves as a source for hybridization with surrounding subspecies populations (1.a, 1.b, and 1.c).The populations are normally spatially separated and independent but spatial overlap between them during breeding times allows for gene flow between the populations.A metapopulation consists of a group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level. The term metapopulation was coined by Richard Levins in 1969 to describe a model of population dynamics of insect pests in agricultural fields, but the idea has been most broadly applied to species in naturally or artificially fragmented habitats. In Levins' own words, it consists of \"a population of populations\".[1]A metapopulation is generally considered to consist of several distinct populations together with areas of suitable habitat which are currently unoccupied. In classical metapopulation theory, each population cycles in relative independence of the other populations and eventually goes extinct as a consequence of demographic stochasticity (fluctuations in population size due to random demographic events); the smaller the population, the more chances of inbreeding depression and prone to extinction.Although individual populations have finite life-spans, the metapopulation as a whole is often stable because immigrants from one population (which may, for example, be experiencing a population boom) are likely to re-colonize habitat which has been left open by the extinction of another population. They may also emigrate to a small population and rescue that population from extinction (called the rescue effect). Such a rescue effect may occur because declining populations leave niche opportunities open to the \"rescuers\".The development of metapopulation theory, in conjunction with the development of source–sink dynamics, emphasised the importance of connectivity between seemingly isolated populations. Although no single population may be able to guarantee the long-term survival of a given species, the combined effect of many populations may be able to do this.Metapopulation theory was first developed for terrestrial ecosystems, and subsequently applied to the marine realm.[2] In fisheries science, the term \"sub-population\" is equivalent to the metapopulation science term \"local population\". Most marine examples are provided by relatively sedentary species occupying discrete patches of habitat, with both local recruitment and recruitment from other local populations in the larger metapopulation. Kritzer & Sale have argued against strict application of the metapopulation definitional criteria that extinction risks to local populations must be non-negligible.[2]: 32Finnish biologist Ilkka Hanski of the University of Helsinki was an important contributor to metapopulation theory.","title":"Metapopulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"predation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"link_name":"spatial heterogeneity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_heterogeneity"},{"link_name":"G. F. Gause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gause"},{"link_name":"Lotka–Volterra equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_equation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Real91-3"},{"link_name":"oscillations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillations"},{"link_name":"population cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_cycle"}],"text":"The first experiments with predation and spatial heterogeneity were conducted by G. F. Gause in the 1930s, based on the Lotka–Volterra equation, which was formulated in the mid-1920s, but no further application had been conducted.[3] The Lotka-Volterra equation suggested that the relationship between predators and their prey would result in population oscillations over time based on the initial densities of predator and prey. Gause's early experiments to prove the predicted oscillations of this theory failed because the predator–prey interactions were not influenced by immigration. However, once immigration was introduced, the population cycles accurately depicted the oscillations predicted by the Lotka-Volterra equation, with the peaks in prey abundance shifted slightly to the left of the peaks of the predator densities. Huffaker's experiments expanded on those of Gause by examining how both the factors of migration and spatial heterogeneity lead to predator–prey oscillations.","title":"Predation and oscillations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huffaker1958-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legendre1989-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Real91-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kareiva1987-6"},{"link_name":"spatial heterogeneity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_heterogeneity"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In order to study predation and population oscillations, Huffaker used mite species, one being the predator and the other being the prey.[4] He set up a controlled experiment using oranges, which the prey fed on, as the spatially structured habitat in which the predator and prey would interact.[5] At first, Huffaker experienced difficulties similar to those of Gause in creating a stable predator–prey interaction. By using oranges only, the prey species quickly became extinct followed consequently with predator extinction. However, he discovered that by modifying the spatial structure of the habitat, he could manipulate the population dynamics and allow the overall survival rate for both species to increase. He did this by altering the distance between the prey and oranges (their food), establishing barriers to predator movement, and creating corridors for the prey to disperse.[3] These changes resulted in increased habitat patches and in turn provided more areas for the prey to seek temporary protection. When the prey would become extinct locally at one habitat patch, they were able to reestablish by migrating to new patches before being attacked by predators. This habitat spatial structure of patches allowed for coexistence between the predator and prey species and promoted a stable population oscillation model.[6] Although the term metapopulation had not yet been coined, the environmental factors of spatial heterogeneity and habitat patchiness would later describe the conditions of a metapopulation relating to how groups of spatially separated populations of species interact with one another. Huffaker's experiment is significant because it showed how metapopulations can directly affect the predator–prey interactions and in turn influence population dynamics.[7]","title":"Huffaker's experiments on predator–prey interactions (1958)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extinction probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_probability"},{"link_name":"propagule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagule"},{"link_name":"logistic model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_function"}],"text":"Levins' original model applied to a metapopulation distributed over many patches of suitable habitat with significantly less interaction between patches than within a patch. Population dynamics within a patch were simplified to the point where only presence and absence were considered. Each patch in his model is either populated or not.Let N be the fraction of patches occupied at a given time. During a time dt, each occupied patch can become unoccupied with an extinction probability edt. Additionally, 1 − N of the patches are unoccupied. Assuming a constant rate c of propagule generation from each of the N occupied patches, during a time dt, each unoccupied patch can become occupied with a colonization probability cNdt . Accordingly, the time rate of change of occupied patches, dN/dt, isd\n N\n \n \n d\n t\n \n \n \n =\n c\n N\n (\n 1\n −\n N\n )\n −\n e\n N\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {dN}{dt}}=cN(1-N)-eN.\\,}This equation is mathematically equivalent to the logistic model, with a carrying capacity K given byK\n =\n 1\n −\n \n \n e\n c\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle K=1-{\\frac {e}{c}}\\,}and growth rate rr\n =\n c\n −\n e\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle r=c-e.\\,}At equilibrium, therefore, some fraction of the species's habitat will always be unoccupied.","title":"The Levins model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huffaker1958-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huffaker1958-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levins1969-1"}],"text":"Huffaker's[4] studies of spatial structure and species interactions are an example of early experimentation in metapopulation dynamics. Since the experiments of Huffaker[4] and Levins,[1] models have been created which integrate stochastic factors. These models have shown that the combination of environmental variability (stochasticity) and relatively small migration rates cause indefinite or unpredictable persistence. However, Huffaker's experiment almost guaranteed infinite persistence because of the controlled immigration variable.","title":"Stochasticity and metapopulations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deterministic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic"},{"link_name":"stochastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitats"},{"link_name":"viability of their populations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_viable_population"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"contact process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_process_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"patch dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_dynamics"},{"link_name":"percolation threshold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation_threshold"},{"link_name":"habitat fragmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"conservation biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_biology"},{"link_name":"probabilistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"}],"text":"One major drawback of the Levins model is that it is deterministic, whereas the fundamental metapopulation processes are stochastic. Metapopulations are particularly useful when discussing species in disturbed habitats, and the viability of their populations, i.e., how likely they are to become extinct in a given time interval. The Levins model cannot address this issue. A simple way to extend the Levins' model to incorporate space and stochastic considerations is by using the contact process. Simple modifications to this model can also incorporate for patch dynamics. At a given percolation threshold, habitat fragmentation effects take place in these configurations predicting more drastic extinction thresholds.[8]For conservation biology purposes, metapopulation models must include (a) the finite nature of metapopulations (how many patches are suitable for habitat), and (b) the probabilistic nature of extinction and colonisation. Also, note that in order to apply these models, the extinctions and colonisations of the patches must be asynchronous.","title":"Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecoli_metapopulation.jpg"},{"link_name":"nanotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology"},{"link_name":"landscape ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecology"},{"link_name":"evolutionary ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"E. coli metapopulation on a chip.Combining nanotechnology with landscape ecology, synthetic habitat landscapes have been fabricated on a chip by building a collection of bacterial mini-habitats with nano-scale channels providing them with nutrients for habitat renewal, and connecting them by corridors in different topological arrangements, generating a spatial mosaic of patches of opportunity distributed in time. This can be used for landscape experiments by studying the bacteria metapopulations on the chip, for example their evolutionary ecology.[9]","title":"Microhabitat patches (MHPs) and bacterial metapopulations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ecological stability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_stability"},{"link_name":"amphibian metamorphosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphosis#Amphibian_metamorphosis"},{"link_name":"vernal ponds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernal_pools"},{"link_name":"neotenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoteny"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petranka07-10"}],"text":"Metapopulation models have been used to explain life-history evolution, such as the ecological stability of amphibian metamorphosis in small vernal ponds. Alternative ecological strategies have evolved. For example, some salamanders forgo metamorphosis and sexually mature as aquatic neotenes. The seasonal duration of wetlands and the migratory range of the species determines which ponds are connected and if they form a metapopulation. The duration of the life history stages of amphibians relative to the duration of the vernal pool before it dries up regulates the ecological development of metapopulations connecting aquatic patches to terrestrial patches.[10]","title":"Life history evolution"}]
[{"image_text":"Metapopulations are important in fisheries. The local population (1.) serves as a source for hybridization with surrounding subspecies populations (1.a, 1.b, and 1.c).The populations are normally spatially separated and independent but spatial overlap between them during breeding times allows for gene flow between the populations.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Metapopulation_%281%29.svg/220px-Metapopulation_%281%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"E. coli metapopulation on a chip.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ecoli_metapopulation.jpg/220px-Ecoli_metapopulation.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Competition (biology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_(biology)"},{"title":"Conservation biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_biology"},{"title":"Landscape ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecology"},{"title":"Lotka–Volterra equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_equations"},{"title":"Oscillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillation"},{"title":"Population viability analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_viability_analysis"},{"title":"Predation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"title":"Spatial heterogeneity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_heterogeneity"}]
[{"reference":"Levins, R. (1969), \"Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control\", Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America, 15 (3): 237–240, doi:10.1093/besa/15.3.237","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbesa%2F15.3.237","url_text":"10.1093/besa/15.3.237"}]},{"reference":"Huffaker, C.B. (1958), \"Experimental Studies on Predation: Dispersion factors and predator–prey oscillations\", Hilgardia, 27 (343): 343–383, doi:10.3733/hilg.v27n14p343","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3733%2Fhilg.v27n14p343","url_text":"10.3733/hilg.v27n14p343"}]},{"reference":"Legendre, P.; Fortin, M.J. (1989), \"Spatial pattern and ecological analysis\", Plant Ecology, 80 (2): 107, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.330.8940, doi:10.1007/BF00048036, S2CID 17101938","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.330.8940","url_text":"10.1.1.330.8940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00048036","url_text":"10.1007/BF00048036"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17101938","url_text":"17101938"}]},{"reference":"Kareiva, P. (1987), \"Habitat Fragmentation and the Stability of Predator–Prey Interactions\", Nature, 326 (6111): 388–390, Bibcode:1987Natur.326..388K, doi:10.1038/326388a0, S2CID 4335135","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Natur.326..388K","url_text":"1987Natur.326..388K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F326388a0","url_text":"10.1038/326388a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4335135","url_text":"4335135"}]},{"reference":"Keymer J.E; P.A. Marquet; J.X. Velasco‐Hernández; S.A. Levin (November 2000). \"Extinction Thresholds and Metapopulation Persistence in Dynamic Landscapes\". The American Naturalist. 156 (5): 478–4945. doi:10.1086/303407. hdl:10533/172124. PMID 29587508. S2CID 4385886.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F303407","url_text":"10.1086/303407"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10533%2F172124","url_text":"10533/172124"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29587508","url_text":"29587508"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4385886","url_text":"4385886"}]},{"reference":"Keymer J.E.; P. Galajda; C. Muldoon R. & R. Austin (November 2006). \"Bacterial metapopulations in nanofabricated landscapes\". PNAS. 103 (46): 17290–295. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10317290K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607971103. PMC 1635019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreochromis_aureus
Oreochromis aureus
["1 Description","2 Range and habitat","2.1 Israel","3 Invasive species","3.1 In the United States","4 References"]
Species of fish Oreochromis aureus Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) (Pan-Africa) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cichliformes Family: Cichlidae Genus: Oreochromis Species: O. aureus Binomial name Oreochromis aureus(Steindachner, 1864) Synonyms Chromis aureus Steindachner, 1864 Sarotherodon aureus (Steindachner, 1864) Tilapia aurea (Steindachner, 1864 ) Tilapia nilotica exul Steinitz, 1951 Tilapia aurea exul Steinitz, 1951 Tilapia monodi Daget, 1954 Tilapia lemassoni Blache & Miton, 1960 Tilapia kashabi Elster, 1958 (ambiguous) Tilapia kacherbi Wunder, 1960 (ambiguous) The blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) is a species of tilapia, a fish in the family Cichlidae. Native to Northern and Western Africa, and the Middle East, through introductions it is now also established elsewhere, including parts of the United States, where it has been declared an invasive species and has caused significant environmental damage. It is known as the blue kurper in South Africa. Description In their introduced US range, blue tilapia are usually 120 to 200 millimetres (4+3⁄4 to 7+3⁄4 in) in length, and reach weights up to 5 to 6 lb (2.3 to 2.7 kg). The largest recorded specimen was more than 21 in (53 cm) long and weighed more than 10 lb (4.5 kg). Blue tilapia are mouthbrooders, and broods range from 160 to 1600 eggs per female. O. aureus is primarily herbivorous, but occasionally consumes zooplankton; the young include small invertebrates in their diet. Range and habitat The blue tilapia is native to Northern and Western Africa, and the Middle East. In Africa, it is native to the Senegal, Niger, Benue and lower Nile Rivers. In the Middle East, it is native to the Jordan River. Through introductions, the fish can be found in the United States in Texas, Alabama, Florida, and Nevada. It has also been established in Central and South America, and Southeast Asia. The original stocks of O. aureus in the United States were from Israel. The blue tilapia is primarily a fresh and brackish water fish that occurs in a wide range of habitats such as streams, rivers, lakes and ponds, but it has a high tolerance for salt water and even hypersaline conditions at up to 4.5% salinity (seawater is about 3.5%). It primarily occurs in waters that range from 12 to 32 °C (54–90 °F), but tolerates between 8 and 40 °C (46–104 °F). Israel In Israel, Oreochromis aureus is also known as Jordan St. Peter's fish and was traditionally coming down the Jordan River from Lake Huleh to the Sea of Galilee. It is black and larger than the white "Common St. Peter's fish" or simply "St. Peter's fish" (Coptodon zillii, مشط musht in Arabic and adopted into Modern Hebrew, lit. "comb"). Another "St. Peter's fish" is the "Galilee St. Peter's fish" (mango tilapia, Sarotherodon galileus; Arabic مشط أبيض musht 'abyad), which is white and also larger than C. zillii. Invasive species See also: Tilapia as exotic species Oreochromis aureus has been introduced in many places around the world for use as a food fish, and frequently in order to control aquatic vegetation. Its presence may have in many cases been mis-documented as Oreochromis niloticus, because the two species were only recently distinguished. In the United States Since its introduction into Florida in 1961, the fish has increased its range and frequency of occurrence. It is now the most widespread foreign species in Florida, with established populations as far north as Lake Alice, in Gainesville. It is a major management problem for the National Park Service due to its predominance in Taylor Slough in Everglades National Park, where it has changed the fish community structure. The species is also expanding its range in Texas. It was at one time responsible for inhibition of the population of largemouth bass in Lake Trinidad (in Henderson County) until it was extirpated, and is implicated in the unionid mussel declines in two bodies of water in Texas. It is also blamed for a severe decline in native fish populations in Warm Springs Natural Area, Nevada. References ^ a b Awaïss, A.; Azeroual, A. & Lalèyè, P. (2010). "Oreochromis aureus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T166933A6293372. Retrieved 4 February 2019. ^ a b c d e "Oreochromis aureus". FishBase. Retrieved 2008-06-29. ^ a b c d "Fact Sheet for Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864)". Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission. Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-06-28. ^ "Blue Kurper". Flyloops. Archived from the original on 2018-09-06. Retrieved 2012-03-22. ^ a b c "Florida's Exotic Freshwater Fishes". State of Florida, Division of Freshwater Fisheries. Archived from the original on 2008-07-03. Retrieved 2008-06-29. ^ a b c d e "NAS Species Fact Sheet". US Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2009-01-09. Retrieved 2008-06-30. ^ a b Ford, A.G.P.; et al. (2019). "Molecular phylogeny of Oreochromis (Cichlidae: Oreochromini) reveals mito-nuclear discordance and multiple colonisation of adverse aquatic environments" (PDF). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 136: 215–226. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.008. PMID 30974200. S2CID 109938635. ^ a b Aharon Geva-Kleinberger, Autochthonous Texts in the Arabic Dialect of the Jews of Tiberias, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbanden 2009, volume 046, pp. 67 and 107, ISBN 978-3-447-05934-3 ^ a b "Global Invasive Species Database". Retrieved 31 July 2014. Apparent digestibility coefficients of feed ingredients and their prediction in diets for tilapia Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus (Teleostei, Cichlidae) Raise the flag: South African veterinarian develops three-tiered tilapia-health system Taxon identifiersOreochromis aureus Wikidata: Q1768422 ADW: Oreochromis_aureus AFD: Oreochromis_aureus BOLD: 105550 CoL: 74T3H EUNIS: 124291 FishBase: 1387 GBIF: 2372367 GISD: 1323 iNaturalist: 121302 IRMNG: 10895296 ISC: 72068 ITIS: 553308 NAS: 463 NatureServe: 2.103127 NCBI: 47969 OBIS: 279196 Open Tree of Life: 814693 WoRMS: 279196
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tilapia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia"},{"link_name":"Cichlidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichlidae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishbase-2"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Africa"},{"link_name":"Western Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Africa"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"introductions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"invasive species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"environmental damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSMFC-3"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) is a species of tilapia, a fish in the family Cichlidae.[2] Native to Northern and Western Africa, and the Middle East, through introductions it is now also established elsewhere, including parts of the United States, where it has been declared an invasive species and has caused significant environmental damage.[3] It is known as the blue kurper in South Africa.[4]","title":"Oreochromis aureus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSMFC-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flacons-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flacons-5"},{"link_name":"mouthbrooders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthbrooders"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSMFC-3"},{"link_name":"zooplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSMFC-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishbase-2"}],"text":"In their introduced US range, blue tilapia are usually 120 to 200 millimetres (4+3⁄4 to 7+3⁄4 in) in length,[3] and reach weights up to 5 to 6 lb (2.3 to 2.7 kg).[5] The largest recorded specimen was more than 21 in (53 cm) long and weighed more than 10 lb (4.5 kg).[5] Blue tilapia are mouthbrooders, and broods range from 160 to 1600 eggs per female.[3] O. aureus is primarily herbivorous, but occasionally consumes zooplankton;[3] the young include small invertebrates in their diet.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_River"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River"},{"link_name":"Benue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue_River"},{"link_name":"Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_River"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishbase-2"},{"link_name":"introductions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishbase-2"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAS-6"},{"link_name":"brackish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"hypersaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersaline"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ford2019-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ford2019-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishbase-2"}],"text":"The blue tilapia is native to Northern and Western Africa, and the Middle East. In Africa, it is native to the Senegal, Niger, Benue and lower Nile Rivers. In the Middle East, it is native to the Jordan River.[2] Through introductions, the fish can be found in the United States in Texas, Alabama, Florida, and Nevada. It has also been established in Central and South America, and Southeast Asia.[2] The original stocks of O. aureus in the United States were from Israel.[6]The blue tilapia is primarily a fresh and brackish water fish that occurs in a wide range of habitats such as streams, rivers, lakes and ponds,[1] but it has a high tolerance for salt water and even hypersaline conditions at up to 4.5% salinity (seawater is about 3.5%).[7] It primarily occurs in waters that range from 12 to 32 °C (54–90 °F),[7] but tolerates between 8 and 40 °C (46–104 °F).[2]","title":"Range and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Huleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hula_Valley"},{"link_name":"Sea of Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GevaK-8"},{"link_name":"Coptodon zillii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptodon_zillii"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Modern Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"mango tilapia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_tilapia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GevaK-8"}],"sub_title":"Israel","text":"In Israel, Oreochromis aureus is also known as Jordan St. Peter's fish and was traditionally coming down the Jordan River from Lake Huleh to the Sea of Galilee.[8] It is black and larger than the white \"Common St. Peter's fish\" or simply \"St. Peter's fish\" (Coptodon zillii, مشط musht in Arabic and adopted into Modern Hebrew, lit. \"comb\").Another \"St. Peter's fish\" is the \"Galilee St. Peter's fish\" (mango tilapia, Sarotherodon galileus; Arabic مشط أبيض musht 'abyad), which is white and also larger than C. zillii.[8]","title":"Range and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tilapia as exotic species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia_as_exotic_species"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GISD-9"},{"link_name":"Oreochromis niloticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreochromis_niloticus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GISD-9"}],"text":"See also: Tilapia as exotic speciesOreochromis aureus has been introduced in many places around the world for use as a food fish, and frequently in order to control aquatic vegetation.[9] Its presence may have in many cases been mis-documented as Oreochromis niloticus, because the two species were only recently distinguished.[9]","title":"Invasive species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flacons-5"},{"link_name":"Lake Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Alice_(Gainesville,_Florida)"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAS-6"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"Taylor Slough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Slough"},{"link_name":"Everglades National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everglades_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAS-6"},{"link_name":"largemouth bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largemouth_bass"},{"link_name":"Henderson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"unionid mussel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionid_mussel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAS-6"},{"link_name":"Warm Springs Natural Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Springs_Natural_Area"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAS-6"}],"sub_title":"In the United States","text":"Since its introduction into Florida in 1961,[5] the fish has increased its range and frequency of occurrence. It is now the most widespread foreign species in Florida, with established populations as far north as Lake Alice, in Gainesville.[6] It is a major management problem for the National Park Service due to its predominance in Taylor Slough in Everglades National Park, where it has changed the fish community structure.[6] The species is also expanding its range in Texas. It was at one time responsible for inhibition of the population of largemouth bass in Lake Trinidad (in Henderson County) until it was extirpated, and is implicated in the unionid mussel declines in two bodies of water in Texas.[6] It is also blamed for a severe decline in native fish populations in Warm Springs Natural Area, Nevada.[6]","title":"Invasive species"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Awaïss, A.; Azeroual, A. & Lalèyè, P. (2010). \"Oreochromis aureus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T166933A6293372. Retrieved 4 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/166933/6293372","url_text":"\"Oreochromis aureus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"}]},{"reference":"\"Oreochromis aureus\". FishBase. Retrieved 2008-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1387","url_text":"\"Oreochromis aureus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FishBase","url_text":"FishBase"}]},{"reference":"\"Fact Sheet for Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864)\". Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission. Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080502034844/http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet.php?toc_id=194","url_text":"\"Fact Sheet for Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_States_Marine_Fisheries_Commission","url_text":"Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission"},{"url":"http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet.php?toc_id=194","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blue Kurper\". Flyloops. Archived from the original on 2018-09-06. Retrieved 2012-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180906090347/http://www.flyloops.net/showspecies.php?species_id_search=23","url_text":"\"Blue Kurper\""},{"url":"http://www.flyloops.net/showspecies.php?species_id_search=23","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Florida's Exotic Freshwater Fishes\". State of Florida, Division of Freshwater Fisheries. Archived from the original on 2008-07-03. Retrieved 2008-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080703215953/http://www.floridaconservation.org/Fishing/Fishes/non-native.html#tilapia","url_text":"\"Florida's Exotic Freshwater Fishes\""},{"url":"http://www.floridaconservation.org/fishing/fishes/non-native.html#tilapia","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NAS Species Fact Sheet\". US Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2009-01-09. Retrieved 2008-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090109150549/http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=463","url_text":"\"NAS Species Fact Sheet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Geological_Survey","url_text":"US Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=463","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ford, A.G.P.; et al. (2019). \"Molecular phylogeny of Oreochromis (Cichlidae: Oreochromini) reveals mito-nuclear discordance and multiple colonisation of adverse aquatic environments\" (PDF). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 136: 215–226. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.008. PMID 30974200. S2CID 109938635.","urls":[{"url":"https://boris.unibe.ch/130297/1/1-s2.0-S1055790318305062-main.pdf","url_text":"\"Molecular phylogeny of Oreochromis (Cichlidae: Oreochromini) reveals mito-nuclear discordance and multiple colonisation of adverse aquatic environments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2019.04.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30974200","url_text":"30974200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109938635","url_text":"109938635"}]},{"reference":"\"Global Invasive Species Database\". Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1323","url_text":"\"Global Invasive Species Database\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/166933/6293372","external_links_name":"\"Oreochromis aureus\""},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1387","external_links_name":"\"Oreochromis aureus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080502034844/http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet.php?toc_id=194","external_links_name":"\"Fact Sheet for Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864)\""},{"Link":"http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet.php?toc_id=194","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180906090347/http://www.flyloops.net/showspecies.php?species_id_search=23","external_links_name":"\"Blue Kurper\""},{"Link":"http://www.flyloops.net/showspecies.php?species_id_search=23","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080703215953/http://www.floridaconservation.org/Fishing/Fishes/non-native.html#tilapia","external_links_name":"\"Florida's Exotic Freshwater Fishes\""},{"Link":"http://www.floridaconservation.org/fishing/fishes/non-native.html#tilapia","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090109150549/http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=463","external_links_name":"\"NAS Species Fact Sheet\""},{"Link":"https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=463","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://boris.unibe.ch/130297/1/1-s2.0-S1055790318305062-main.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Molecular phylogeny of Oreochromis (Cichlidae: Oreochromini) reveals mito-nuclear discordance and multiple colonisation of adverse aquatic environments\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2019.04.008","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.008"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30974200","external_links_name":"30974200"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109938635","external_links_name":"109938635"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XbttPRqI9PMC&q=peter%27s&pg=PA107","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1323","external_links_name":"\"Global Invasive Species Database\""},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01021.x","external_links_name":"Apparent digestibility coefficients of feed ingredients and their prediction in diets for tilapia Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus (Teleostei, Cichlidae)"},{"Link":"https://www.aquaculturealliance.org/advocate/raise-the-flag-south-african-veterinarian-develops-three-tiered-tilapia-health-system/","external_links_name":"Raise the flag: South African veterinarian develops three-tiered tilapia-health system"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Oreochromis_aureus/","external_links_name":"Oreochromis_aureus"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Oreochromis_aureus","external_links_name":"Oreochromis_aureus"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=105550","external_links_name":"105550"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/74T3H","external_links_name":"74T3H"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/124291","external_links_name":"124291"},{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/1387","external_links_name":"1387"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2372367","external_links_name":"2372367"},{"Link":"http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1323","external_links_name":"1323"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/121302","external_links_name":"121302"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10895296","external_links_name":"10895296"},{"Link":"https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/72068","external_links_name":"72068"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=553308","external_links_name":"553308"},{"Link":"https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=463","external_links_name":"463"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103127/","external_links_name":"2.103127"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=47969","external_links_name":"47969"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/279196","external_links_name":"279196"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=814693","external_links_name":"814693"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=279196","external_links_name":"279196"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubimet
Ubimet
["1 History","2 Research and development","3 Lightning detection system","4 Data and models","5 References","6 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ubimet" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ubimet GmbHCompany typeLimited liability companyIndustryMeteorological servicesFounded2004HeadquartersVienna, AustriaArea servedWorldwideKey peopleMichael Fassnauer, Manfred SpatziererNumber of employees200-500Websitewww.ubimet.com The Institute for Ubiquitous Meteorology (UBIMET) is a worldwide private provider of weather forecasts and severe weather warnings. History Ubimet was established in Vienna, Austria, by Dr. Michael Fassnauer and Manfred Spatzierer in September 2004 under the name Meteomedia GmbH. It began by providing weather services to institutions such as the German Press Agency, Austrian Federal Railways, and Uniqa Insurance Group. Ubimet went on to build the Austrian Severe Weather Center to forecast extreme weather events. In December 2008, shares of Meteomedia Group were bought back by the company's founders, and the name was changed to UBIMET GmbH. Today, companies in the insurance, media (such as Der Standard and Kronen Zeitung), sports (the International Automobile Federation, Moto GP, Red Bull, the Australian Olympic sailing team, the 2013 European Beach Volleyball Championships), infrastructure (Austrian Federal Railways, Deutsche Bahn), energy (E.on), mining (Austmine), and logistics (STRABAG) industries use UBIMET's corporate services. In 2011, the company opened an office in Melbourne, Australia, with a full-scale operation including meteorologists and business development resources, as well as marketing and infrastructure. In 2012, Ubimet provided weather data for the Red Bull Stratos space diving project during which Felix Baumgartner successfully ascended to 128,100 feet in a stratospheric balloon and free-fell at supersonic speed before parachuting to the ground. In the same year, Red Bull became a company shareholder. Ubimet now provides weather data for many of Red Bull's global sporting events (e.g., the Wings For Life World Run in 2014 and 2015). Since 2014, Ubimet has had a contract with the International Automobile Federation (FIA) to provide weather forecasts for all Formula One Grand Prix races. It did so for the Formula One race on October 5, 2014, in Suzuka, Japan, when Typhoon Phanfone approached the city. Ubimet also provided meteorological data for the 2013 and 2014 Tissot Australian motorcycle Grand Prix. In July 2015, Ubimet launched its flagship consumer product, Morecast, on the Apple App Store and Google Play Store. The app combines weather forecasts, radar and satellite maps for rain and lightning, as well as severe storm warning notifications. Research and development In cooperation with several international research institutes, UBIMET's research and development department is involved in multiple research projects. The company's INDUS project (individualised, nowcasting-based dynamic warning system) won the Centre for Innovation and Technology's "Safe and Secure Vienna" contest at the Viennovation Awards in 2006. In 2007, the Centre for Innovation and Technology selected the company's SITUMET (situation-based ubiquitous meteorological services) project for funding. UBIMET was also named a "Vienna Spot of Excellence". In 2006, UBIMET received the Vienna Chamber of Commerce's "Mercury Prize for the most innovative service" of the year for its WIND IV (weather information on demand) severe weather warning system. In 2011, it was one of three European companies to participate in the launch ceremony of “Future Internet”, a large European research initiative, in Brussels. The company was cited as an example of innovation in Europe's internet future. From January 2011 to April 2014, UBIMET and Uniqa Insurance Group worked with the Fraunhofer Society on Opti-Alert, an international study funded by the European Union. The aim of the study was to improve alert strategies for extreme weather events. Lightning detection system The Ubimet lightning detection system measures lightning at a third of a millionth of a second, using five ground-based antennas to detect the electrical discharge of a strike. Once lightning hits, the electromagnetic waves travel through two copper coils at right angles, inducing a current. This is then registered by an embedded device, transferred to Ubimet's central processing unit and transmitted to meteorologists or paying companies within 30 seconds. Worldwide lightning data is also displayed on the 3D Weather Globe of Ubimet's Morecast App, free of charge. Data and models UBIMET has access to data that is compliant with World Meteorological Organization standards. It also has access to satellite, weather radar, weather buoy, radiosonde, and lightning data. It uses a combination of global and proprietary weather models. References ^ http://www.railwaypro.com/wp/?p=11006 Oebb ^ http://www.austmine.com.au/Directory/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/2135/UBIMET Austmine ^ http://medianet.com.au/releases/release-details?id=797470 Formula 1 ^ Benson, Andrew (4 October 2014). "Japanese Grand Prix: Organizers wait on Typhoon Phanfone arrival". BBC Sport. ^ http://www.motogp.com.au/ubimet MotoGP Australia ^ https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.morecast.weather Morecast App ^ http://www.ubimet.com/en_AU/company/history/ UBIMET Website ^ http://www.rail-weather.net/meteomedia.htm Awards ^ http://www.future-internet.eu/events/eventview/article/future-internet-ppp-launch-ceremony-1.html Future Internet ^ "Morecast". ^ Lott-Lavigna, Ruby (23 October 2016). "The lightning chasers who predict when and where storms will hit". Wired UK. External links http://www.ubimet.com http://www.morecast.com - MORECAST http://www.fokus.fraunhofer.de/1aa18d7737565666 - SITUMET http://www.opti-alert.eu - OPTI ALERT http://www.zit.co.at/en.html - ZIT https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ubimet-detecting-lightning-predicting-storms - WIRED UK
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"weather forecasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecasting"},{"link_name":"severe weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_weather"}],"text":"The Institute for Ubiquitous Meteorology (UBIMET) is a worldwide private provider of weather forecasts and severe weather warnings.","title":"Ubimet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna, Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"German Press Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Press_Agency"},{"link_name":"Austrian Federal Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Federal_Railways"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oebb-1"},{"link_name":"Uniqa Insurance Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniqa_Insurance_Group"},{"link_name":"Der Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Standard"},{"link_name":"Kronen Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronen_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"International Automobile Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA"},{"link_name":"Moto GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moto_GP"},{"link_name":"Red Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2013 European Beach Volleyball Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_European_Beach_Volleyball_Championships"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn"},{"link_name":"E.on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.on"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austmine-2"},{"link_name":"STRABAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STRABAG"},{"link_name":"Melbourne, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"meteorologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorologist"},{"link_name":"Red Bull Stratos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Stratos"},{"link_name":"Felix Baumgartner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Baumgartner"},{"link_name":"free-fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_fall"},{"link_name":"supersonic speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic_speed"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-formula_1-3"},{"link_name":"Suzuka, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuka,_Mie"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Phanfone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Phanfone_(2014)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phanfone-4"},{"link_name":"Australian motorcycle Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_motorcycle_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-motogp-5"},{"link_name":"Morecast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morecast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morecast-6"}],"text":"Ubimet was established in Vienna, Austria, by Dr. Michael Fassnauer and Manfred Spatzierer in September 2004 under the name Meteomedia GmbH. It began by providing weather services to institutions such as the German Press Agency, Austrian Federal Railways,[1] and Uniqa Insurance Group. Ubimet went on to build the Austrian Severe Weather Center to forecast extreme weather events. In December 2008, shares of Meteomedia Group were bought back by the company's founders, and the name was changed to UBIMET GmbH.Today, companies in the insurance, media (such as Der Standard and Kronen Zeitung), sports (the International Automobile Federation, Moto GP, Red Bull, the Australian Olympic sailing team,[citation needed] the 2013 European Beach Volleyball Championships), infrastructure (Austrian Federal Railways, Deutsche Bahn), energy (E.on), mining (Austmine[2]), and logistics (STRABAG) industries use UBIMET's corporate services.In 2011, the company opened an office in Melbourne, Australia, with a full-scale operation including meteorologists and business development resources, as well as marketing and infrastructure. In 2012, Ubimet provided weather data for the Red Bull Stratos space diving project during which Felix Baumgartner successfully ascended to 128,100 feet in a stratospheric balloon and free-fell at supersonic speed before parachuting to the ground. In the same year, Red Bull became a company shareholder. Ubimet now provides weather data for many of Red Bull's global sporting events (e.g., the Wings For Life World Run in 2014 and 2015).Since 2014, Ubimet has had a contract with the International Automobile Federation (FIA) to provide weather forecasts for all Formula One Grand Prix races.[3] It did so for the Formula One race on October 5, 2014, in Suzuka, Japan, when Typhoon Phanfone approached the city.[4] Ubimet also provided meteorological data for the 2013 and 2014 Tissot Australian motorcycle Grand Prix.[5]In July 2015, Ubimet launched its flagship consumer product, Morecast, on the Apple App Store and Google Play Store.[6] The app combines weather forecasts, radar and satellite maps for rain and lightning, as well as severe storm warning notifications.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viennovation-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards-8"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-futureinternet-9"},{"link_name":"Fraunhofer Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"}],"text":"In cooperation with several international research institutes, UBIMET's research and development department is involved in multiple research projects. The company's INDUS project (individualised, nowcasting-based dynamic warning system) won the Centre for Innovation and Technology's \"Safe and Secure Vienna\" contest at the Viennovation Awards in 2006.[7] In 2007, the Centre for Innovation and Technology selected the company's SITUMET (situation-based ubiquitous meteorological services) project for funding. UBIMET was also named a \"Vienna Spot of Excellence\".In 2006, UBIMET received the Vienna Chamber of Commerce's \"Mercury Prize for the most innovative service\" of the year for its WIND IV (weather information on demand) severe weather warning system.[8]In 2011, it was one of three European companies to participate in the launch ceremony of “Future Internet”, a large European research initiative, in Brussels. The company was cited as an example of innovation in Europe's internet future.[9] From January 2011 to April 2014, UBIMET and Uniqa Insurance Group worked with the Fraunhofer Society on Opti-Alert, an international study funded by the European Union. The aim of the study was to improve alert strategies for extreme weather events.","title":"Research and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morecast-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIRED_UK-11"}],"text":"The Ubimet lightning detection system measures lightning at a third of a millionth of a second, using five ground-based antennas to detect the electrical discharge of a strike. Once lightning hits, the electromagnetic waves travel through two copper coils at right angles, inducing a current. This is then registered by an embedded device, transferred to Ubimet's central processing unit and transmitted to meteorologists or paying companies within 30 seconds.Worldwide lightning data is also displayed on the 3D Weather Globe of Ubimet's Morecast App,[10] free of charge.[11]","title":"Lightning detection system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Meteorological Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization"},{"link_name":"satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_satellite"},{"link_name":"weather radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radar"},{"link_name":"weather buoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_buoy"},{"link_name":"radiosonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiosonde"},{"link_name":"lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning"}],"text":"UBIMET has access to data that is compliant with World Meteorological Organization standards. It also has access to satellite, weather radar, weather buoy, radiosonde, and lightning data. It uses a combination of global and proprietary weather models.","title":"Data and models"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_adverb
Locative adverb
["1 Usage in English","2 See also","3 References"]
Adverb that refers to a location This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Locative adverb" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A locative adverb is a type of adverb that refers to a location or to a combination of a location and a relation to that location. Generally, a locative adverb is semantically equivalent to a prepositional phrase involving a locative or directional preposition. In English, for example, homeward is a locative adverb, specifying a location "home" and a relation "toward" (in this case a direction), and is equivalent to the phrase "toward home". The relation need not be a direction, as it can be any relation that can be specified by a locational preposition such as to, from, in, at, near, toward, or away from. For example, the word home is itself a locative adverb in a sentence like "I took him home today" or "I found him home today"; in the former case, it is equivalent to the phrase "to home", and in the latter to the phrase "at home". Pro-form locative adverbs generally form a closed class and are particularly important in a language. Examples in English include there (meaning "at that place"), whither (= "to what place"), and hence (= "from this place"). As can be seen from the examples below, these anaphoric locative adverbs generally have a close relationship with the demonstratives (in English, this and that). They are also usually closely related to locative interrogative adverbs; in English, there is (or, at least, once was) a formal relationship between "where/there/here", "whither/thither/hither", and "whence/thence/hence". Usage in English Demonstrative or interrogative "At" locative "To" locative "From" locative What Where Whither Whence This/these Here Hither Hence That/those There Thither Thence Yon Yond Yonder ^ a b c d e f g h Archaic or obsolete. See also Pro-form References Look up locative adverb in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. vteLexical categories and their featuresNoun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animacy Bare Collective Countable Initial-stress-derived Mass Noun adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal VerbForms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive Verbal noun Types Ambitransitive Andative / Venitive Anticausative Autocausative Auxiliary Captative Catenative Compound Copular Defective Denominal Deponent Ditransitive Dynamic Exceptional case-marking Frequentative Germanic strong Germanic weak Impersonal Inchoative Intransitive Labile Lexical Light Modal Negative Performative Phrasal Predicative Preterite-present Pure Reflexive Regular / Irregular Separable Stative Stretched Transitive Unaccusative Unergative Adjective Anti-intersective Collateral Common Demonstrative Intersective Nominalized Non-intersective Possessive Postpositive Proper Pure intersective Relative subsective Subsective Adverb Conjunctive Flat Genitive Interrogative Locative Prepositional Pronominal Relative Pronoun Bound variable Demonstrative Disjunctive Distributive Donkey Dummy Formal / Informal Gender-neutral / Gender-specific Inclusive / Exclusive Indefinite Intensive Interrogative Personal Possessive Reciprocal Reflexive Relative Resumptive Strong / Weak Subject / Object / Prepositional Adposition Casally modulated Inflected Stranded Determiner Article Demonstrative Interrogative Possessive Quantifier Particle Discourse Interrogative Modal Noun Possessive Other Classifier Measure word Complementizer Conjunction Copula Coverb Interjection Ideophone Onomatopoeia Preverb Procedure word Pro-form Pro-verb / Pro-sentence Prop-word Syntax–semantics interface Yes and no
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adverb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb"},{"link_name":"sentence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Pro-form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-form"},{"link_name":"closed class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_class"},{"link_name":"anaphoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"demonstratives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative"},{"link_name":"interrogative adverbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogative_adverb"}],"text":"A locative adverb is a type of adverb that refers to a location or to a combination of a location and a relation to that location. Generally, a locative adverb is semantically equivalent to a prepositional phrase involving a locative or directional preposition. In English, for example, homeward is a locative adverb, specifying a location \"home\" and a relation \"toward\" (in this case a direction), and is equivalent to the phrase \"toward home\". The relation need not be a direction, as it can be any relation that can be specified by a locational preposition such as to, from, in, at, near, toward, or away from. For example, the word home is itself a locative adverb in a sentence like \"I took him home today\" or \"I found him home today\"; in the former case, it is equivalent to the phrase \"to home\", and in the latter to the phrase \"at home\".Pro-form locative adverbs generally form a closed class and are particularly important in a language. Examples in English include there (meaning \"at that place\"), whither (= \"to what place\"), and hence (= \"from this place\"). As can be seen from the examples below, these anaphoric locative adverbs generally have a close relationship with the demonstratives (in English, this and that). They are also usually closely related to locative interrogative adverbs; in English, there is (or, at least, once was) a formal relationship between \"where/there/here\", \"whither/thither/hither\", and \"whence/thence/hence\".","title":"Locative adverb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_1-7"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h Archaic or obsolete.","title":"Usage in English"}]
[]
[{"title":"Pro-form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-form"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Karnataka
COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka
["1 Timeline of events","1.1 February 2020","1.2 March 2020","1.3 April 2020","1.4 May 2020","2 Early containment efforts","3 Lockdown","3.1 Initial lockdown","3.2 Lockdown 2.0","3.3 Lockdown 3.0","3.4 Lockdown 4.0","4 Lockdown exit strategy","4.1 Unlock-1","5 Initial Success & 5T Policy","5.1 Tracing","5.2 Tracking","5.3 Treatment","5.4 Technology","5.5 Testing","6 Surge after Unlock","6.1 Local lockdowns","7 Impact","7.1 Economy","7.2 Education","7.3 Entertainment","8 Statistics","8.1 Total confirmed cases, active cases, recoveries and deaths","8.2 Daily new cases","8.3 Daily new deaths","8.4 Daily new tests","9 Misinformation","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Karnataka, India This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2021) This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) COVID-19 pandemic in KarnatakaDiseaseCOVID-19Virus strainSARS-CoV-2LocationKarnataka, IndiaIndex caseBengaluru UrbanArrival date8 March 2020(4 years, 3 months and 6 days)Confirmed cases2587827Active cases342010Recovered2217117Deaths28679 Fatality rate1.35%Government websitekarunadu.karnataka.gov.in/hfw The first case of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Indian state of Karnataka was confirmed on 8 March 2020. Two days later, the state became the first in India to invoke the provisions of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897, which was set to last for a year, to curb the spread of the disease. As of 25 October 2022, Karnataka has 40,01,655 confirmed cases and 40,097 deaths. with 39,52,381 recoveries and 9,135 active cases. Timeline of events Main article: Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India February 2020 On 24 February, IT professional who worked at a tech park in the outskirts of Bengaluru and stayed in a PG accommodation. He travelled to Dubai on an assignment on 15 February and returned to Bengaluru on 20 February. He attended office for two days – 20 and 21 February – before taking the bus to Hyderabad in neighbouring Telangana. His samples had tested positive on 24 February in Hyderabad. March 2020 On 8 March, an employee of Dell who traveled from Texas on 28 February via New York City and Dubai, before arriving at Bengaluru on 1 March, tested positive for coronavirus. His wife and daughter along with one of his colleagues are admitted to a hospital. The colleague showed flu-like symptoms. On 10 March, The employee of Mindtree came back to Bengaluru from an overseas trip. He was tested positive. The Dell employee's wife and daughter too have been tested positive and have been isolated under medical supervision. On 12 March, A 26-year-old man, an employee of Google who came from a trip to Greece, is confirmed to be positive for coronavirus, according to the state health department. In addition, his wife did not disclose their travel history and having evaded protocols traveled back to her home town of Agra in Uttar Pradesh. The country's first death due to coronavirus has been reported from Karnataka after the state confirmed that samples of the deceased 76-year-old man from Kalaburagi were positive. The man had returned from Saudi Arabia on 29 February. On 15 March, The new case is the daughter of the 76-year-old Kalaburagi man who died last week and was found to have coronavirus. On 16 March, A 32-year-old man, who returned from the US via London earlier this month, tested positive. He had returned from the US via London on 8 March by the same flight as the patient #4 (Mindtree employee) who had tested positive. On 17 March, Three more cases reported- The first, patient is a 20-year-old woman who had travelled to the United Kingdom. The second one, 63-year-old doctor that treated the senior citizen who died recently of COVID-19 in Kalaburagi. In another case reported, a 67-year-old female resident of Bengaluru returned from Dubai via Goa on 9 March. She is a known case of chronic kidney disease. On 18 March, Three more positive cases reported in Bengaluru. The first, 56-year-old man who returned from the US on 6 March. The second, 26-year-old woman who returned from Spain. The third, 35-year-old man who returned from US on 10 March. On 19 March, One more positive case confirmed in Kodagu with travel history to Saudi Arabia. The person arrived at Bengaluru from Dubai on 15 March. On 21 March, Five positive cases were reported in the state. The first is a 53-year-old woman from Bengaluru. She was a housemaid for case-11, a female of 67-year-old who was confirmed as positive on 17 March. The second and the third are from Bengaluru of age 39 and 21 years respectively. While the former returned from Amsterdam, The Netherlands on 19 March and the latter from Scotland on 17 March. The fourth, a 32-year-old man with travel history to Mecca from Gauribidanur in Chikkaballapura. The fifth, is a 35-year-old male from Mysore who arrived at Bengaluru on 19 March from Dubai. On 23 March, Seven positive cases were reported in the state. Two of them (P27, P33) are from Kerala with travel history to Dubai and currently being treated at Mysuru & Bengaluru respectively. All remaining five cases are from Bengaluru, four with travel history (P28, P29, P31, P32)- from Dubai, UK, UK and Germany and one being a local transmission – P30 who is the wife of P17. On 24 March, Eight new cases were reported including 3 transit passengers of Kerala who have landed in airports and being treated in Karnataka. On 26 March, Four more positive case confirmed in the state. P52 from Mysuru has neither travel history nor contact of him with any other positive cases. On this day COVID-19 pandemic in Davanagere started. On 27 March, 9 new cases were reported. A 65-year-old man with travel history to Delhi, died in Tumakuru. P56 (10-month-old male child) from Dakshina Kannada has no history of travel to COVID-19-affected countries but was taken by parents to nearby Kerala and investigation is underway for tracing. On 29 March, 7 new cases were reported, of which 5 are from the same pharmaceutical company in Nanjanagudu. This is termed as a cluster, and the town has been put under complete lockdown. On 30 March, 5 new cases were reported, of which 4 are from the same pharmaceutical company in Nanjanagudu. P84 from Tumakuru is the son of #P60. On 31 March, 13 new cases were reported, of which 2 are from the same pharmaceutical company in Nanjanagudu, 3 from Ballari had only been to Bengaluru, and one person in Bengaluru with no travel details is in ICU. April 2020 On 2 April, 14 new cases have come out, including 2 from Nanjanagudu trace and 11 from Tablighi Jamaat meet – all in Bidar. On 3 April, Four new cases including 3 from Belagavi who attended Tablighi Jamaat meet, Delhi and 70-year-old man from Bagalkot. On 4 April, 75-year-old man from Bagalkot died. 16 new cases were confirmed. On 10 April, Several new SARI (Severe Acute Respiratory Infection) cases are emerging (8 to date), which has become a mystery for the health department. On 12 April, 567 new cases have been reported. A new case emerged after 21 days of travel! An unknown cluster seems to have emerged in Vijayapura. On 23 April, A cluster emerged in Bangalore with 9 contacts of a migrant labourer from Bihar testing positive. On 30 April, 30 new cases have been reported. May 2020 On 4 May, 37 new cases were reported, of which 20 were contacts of P533 in Davanagere, and 7 were contacts of P590 in Bidar Early containment efforts On 9 March 2020, the Karnataka state government issued a circular ordering the closure of kindergartens and primary classes in all schools in the state. The minister for primary and secondary Education, S. Suresh Kumar, said that this circular was issued as a precautionary measure to prevent the spread of coronavirus. On 31 March, the Government vide its circular, postponed the examinations for class 7 to 9 as a precautionary measure to avoid spread of coronavirus. Then Chief Minister of Karnataka, B.S. Yediyurappa after the State reporting its first death, issued a directive to close all public places with high footfall like malls, universities and colleges, movie theatres, night clubs, marriages and conferences, as a precautionary measure amid the growing scare of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Further, The State closed its borders with Kerala for vehicular traffic in the wake of six people testing positive for coronavirus in bordering Kasargod of Kerala. On Sunday 22 March, after the second meeting of the Task force formed to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. The Government announced further restriction in the form of lockdown of 9 Districts until 31 March. All non-essential services in these districts were suspended. The nine districts where COVID-19 cases were reported were: Bengaluru Rural, Bengaluru Urban, Chikkaballapura, Dakshina Kannada, Dharwad, Kalaburagi, Mysuru, Kodagu and Belagavi. Lockdown Further, to contain community transmission of the virus, the central government decided to lock down the entire country for a period of 21 days beginning 25 March 2020. Initial lockdown To address the plight of migrant workers and the poor, the Government of Karnataka established a toll-free helpline number – 155214 – for providing food to migrant laborers in the state. On April 11, the government issued a circular advising all citizens and health care officials to download, promote and use Aarogya Setu application on their mobile phones to enhance contact tracing of infected persons. The mobile application is designed to give alerts if an infected person comes within the proximity of the person who has installed the application on their phones using Bluetooth and GPS technology. In line with Governments of India's order, Minority Welfare, Waqf and Hajj Department under Government of Karnataka issued an order on 15 April for suspending all the congressional prayers (Salat) during the month of Ramadan in mosques/Dargahs until 3 May 2020, due to current CoVid-19 pandemic in the state. The order also banned all the eateries near mosques. Lockdown 2.0 Further, with states in favor of continuing the term of lockdown for another two weeks. During the fourth address to the nation concerning Coronavirus, Prime Minister Narendra Modi extended the lockdown until 3 May starting 14 April. However, based on the Centers' guidelines issued, the Chief Minister of Karnataka indicated the decision on relaxation would be taken on 20 April after evaluating the extent of public conformity to the lockdown. Following up with the message of the extension of the lockdown. The Central Government announced a fresh set of guidelines to be observed by all States. Circles drawn in front of a Bengaluru store to guide for social distancing All places of social gatherings including religious conventions shall be barred. Most of the Agricultural activities shall be exempted and will be allowed to be operated. All Public work programs linked with employment of daily -wage-labours with social-distancing measures in place. Lockdown 3.0 In line with guidelines issued by the Government of India, the Chief Minister of Karnataka, further extended the lockdown in the state up to 17 May. This time, the Government classified the areas in four main categories: Containment, Red, Orange, and Green zones, based on conducting risk profiling of various districts. Lockdown 4.0 On 18 May 2020, the Chief Minister of Karnataka announced the continuation of the lockdown in the state up to 31 May 2020. Alongside this, he also gave many relaxations after receiving the guidelines from the central Ministry of Home Affairs. During this phase of the lockdown, most of the activities excluding Shopping Malls, Cinema halls, Hotels, Restaurants were permitted to operate between 7 Am to 7 PM, except on Sundays, as the government has decided to enforce a strict lockdown on every Sundays up to 31 May 2020. After a closure of almost two months, all modes of public transport services, including buses, cabs, auto-rickshaws, and intrastate train services were permitted to operate from 19 May 2020. Putting an end to the speculation on raising the fares in state-run buses, caused because of limited seats allowed to travel in a bus, the Chief Minister said: "We will not increase bus fares for now. KSRTC will bear the losses caused due to carrying a limited number of passengers." In the wake of recent spike in the COVID-19 cases reported, the government has decided to allow people from neighbouring states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala in a restricted manner. Lockdown exit strategy The Government of Karnataka, facing severe financial crunch, in an attempt to kick-start the economy, on 23 April announced a conditional relaxing of restrictions in lockdown by exempting some economic activity in the state. However, the relaxations would not apply in the designated containment zones. Most of the Manufacturing, Construction and Food processing units outside municipal limits were exempted. Hotels, Home stays where people were stranded because of lockdown were allowed to open including various services linked with supply chain at Railway stations, sea and airports could function. Most of the services provided by self-employed persons like plumbers, technicians and carpenters were also allowed. However, the officials stressed that, various District Administrations shall clear all the exemptions after examining the compliance by the people of the lockdown guidelines in respective regions and relaxations will be subject to strict adherence of the Social distancing norms and sanitization of the workplaces. Unlock-1 After a nine-week long lockdown, the government of Karnataka, in line with the directions issued by the central government on the guidelines on the fifth phase of the lockdown and termed it "Unlock-I", which was intended towards easing many restrictions imposed on inter-state and inter-state movement of people and goods. During the first phase of unlocking, which was to come into effect from 8 June, more relaxations were provided and a decision towards the opening of the religious places, hotels, malls, etc. was taken. The decision on reopening of educational institutions was deferred to July, the government sources, on the issue said: "The state government will hold consultations at the institution level with parents and other stakeholders." However, the rigorous restrictions shall remain in effect in the containment zones. Initial Success & 5T Policy The policy of trace, track, test, treat and technology (5T) was pioneered by Karnataka to fight the pandemic. During an interaction through the video conferencing, the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, appreciated the state's efforts in combating the COVID-19 spread and steps taken to unlock the economy with the gradual relaxation of the extended lockdown norms. The centre has asked the other states to adopt these best practices to their local context and replicate them for better management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Tracing More than 10,000 well-trained field staff carry out specific responsibilities for contact tracing as per the detailed plan designed by the state which prescribes step-by-step actions to be performed by each designated person. The Contact Tracing mobile app and web application are being used to overcome the huge quantum of work, genuine forgetfulness of the positive persons and attempts to hide facts due to various reasons. To identify, protect and treat high-risk population like the elderly, persons with co-morbidities, pregnant women and those with Influenza-like Illness, Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI) on priority, Karnataka has conducted a physical and phone-based household survey. The survey was carried out during May 2020 and covered 15.3 million households out of a total of 16.8 million total households in Karnataka. Polling Booth Level Officers (BLO) were engaged to collect necessary information by using a Health Survey App as well as a Web Application. The data collected through the survey was complemented by the information already available with the Health Department for pregnant mothers and Tuberculosis, HIV, Dialysis and cancer patients. An outreach campaign through Apthamitra teleconsultation helpline (Call No. 14410) set up by the state government, with support from NASSCOM, is being used to reach out to the households at risk through Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS) and outbound calls. Tracking All persons returning or travelling to Karnataka are required to register on the "Seva Sindhu" portal, which enables the state to follow them for the next few days when they are at home or in institutional quarantine. The 'Quarantine Watch App' is used to assist the field workers in enforcing the quarantine. The state government has also formed Mobile Squads for the enforcement of home quarantine through community participation. In case information about violation of quarantine is received from a neighbour or some member of the public, that violator is moved to institutional quarantine. Treatment According to data from the Karnataka state COVID-19 war room, the state has 84,776 beds in its districts, of which 21,728 have been reserved for COVID-19. A total of 19,639 beds were available in Bengaluru Urban and Rural districts. And of these, 3,470 were reserved for COVID-19 in the two districts. More than 86% of the 21,728 beds were isolation beds — 6,695 with oxygen facilities, 2,105 ICU beds, and 1,000 with ventilators. With the number of COVID-19 cases in Karnataka going up, the hospital bed occupancy in Karnataka which was at less than 2% until 8 May, had shot up to 13.1% by 9 June. The Karnataka Government issued an order to fix the rates for COVID-19 treatment in private hospitals. The rates range from ₹5,200 to ₹25,000 depending on the category and severity of infection and can be availed by both Ayushman Bharat-Arogya Karnataka (AB-ArK) patients and other insurance/cash paying patients. The State Government also directed 50% of beds in private hospitals having facilities to treat COVID-19 patients should be reserved for patients referred from public health authorities. Technology Karnataka was among the many states which decided to turn to technology to help government officials manage the number of tasks cropping up due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a team of in-house programmers, the state rolled out a series of mobile applications in first three months on the pandemic in the country including a contact tracing application. Apart from the application for contact tracing, the state also introduced the 'Quarantine Watch', to keep a watch over and enforce quarantine of travellers who returned to Karnataka, 'Yatri Web App' to track international arrivals and the 'Critical Patient Tracking System' to track all critical patients in the state. Other applications were created like the 'Daily Rail and Air Passenger Arrival Tracking' to track arrivals of people coming into the state and the 'Health Watch App' which recorded data of the door-to-door survey done by health workers and identified vulnerable households. The data collected was transferred to other applications like the Aapthamithra and was used by the health department to follow up. Testing By June 2020, the state was conducting an average of 10,000 tests per day. The state contains 74 laboratories for testing compared to the total of 600 labs in the whole country. Due to the rising COVID cases, the Karnataka government said that it was planning to initially increase testing capacity to 15,000 and then to 25,000 samples a day. The Karnataka Government directed the conduction of random testing using RT-PCR pooled sample technique, for slum dwellers, vendors/bill collectors, delivery boys of food chains and couriers, to ensure effective surveillance in view of recent increase in COVID-19 cases in the state. Indian scientists at Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, using CRISPR gene editing tool developed a low cost paper-strip test for COVID-19, which could give results in an hour. The estimated cost of the paper-strip test could be around ₹500 (US$6.00).Currently, the kits are being tested for its accuracy and sensitivity. The team is awaiting approval from Indian Council of Medical Research. Surge after Unlock Following Unlock-1, there was significant surge in the cases throughout the state, specially in the capital Bengaluru. The number of cases increased from 11,005 just on 26 June to 23,474 by 5 July. Local lockdowns Due to the increasing number of cases in several parts of the state, many districts reintroduced lockdown measures. Chief Minister BS Yediyurappa announced that the Bengaluru will be under lockdown from 14 July for a period of 7 days to control the spread of the disease. Following Bengaluru, a total lockdown was reimposed in three more Karnataka districts– Dakshina Kannada, Dharwad and Kalaburagi– for a period of 7–10 days. Impact Economy Coronavirus clampdown hits over 1 crore jobs, the government's orders on Friday to close down places of commerce, industry and social assembly to prevent coronavirus cases from snowballing has seen the city devolve into a veritable ghost town in just the first 24 hours of the clampdown. At the same time, the city's purchasing and economic power has also dwindled. As financial experts across the gamut scrambled to decipher the scale of the losses, B. T. Manohar, a tax expert for Federation of Karnataka Chambers of Commerce and Industry warned that the loss of Goods & Services tax, and sales tax revenue alone for the state exchequer would amount to a staggering Rs 2,000 crore, if the clampdown lasted for even a single week. Education Due to the national-wide lockdown, the Karnataka government has postponed the SSLC (10th grade) exams indefinitely. The government has also cancelled the annual exams for students up to and including 9th standard. The State Education Department has also issued an order to all schools in the state to postpone their admission processes until further notice. Entertainment Owing to the pandemic and the subsequent lockdown, all the theatres in the state were ordered to close. Film production activities, which provide a livelihood to thousands in the state, were also suspended. Soorappa Babu, a producer of several well-known Kannada films like Kotigobba, opined that pandemic and the lockdown will lead to a loss of nearly ₹ 200 crores for the Kannada film industry. Makers of several small budget Kannada films were considering skipping theatrical releases and opt for OTT platforms like Amazon Prime in the future. Following the pandemic, the shooting of TV shows came to a standstill in Karnataka, forcing makers to re-air old episodes or end their serials abruptly. The pandemic also impacted theatre artists severely. Many theatre groups are dependent on performing at annual fairs and chariot festivals of deities across the State, which occur mostly from January to April. All such gatherings and religious events were not permitted due to the lockdown. Statistics Total confirmed cases, active cases, recoveries and deaths   Total confirmed cases      Active Cases      Recoveries      Deaths Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. Daily new cases   New cases per day Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. Daily new deaths   New deaths per day Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. Daily new tests   New tests per day Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. Misinformation The Department of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries of Karnataka has issued a public notification against rumors that the coronavirus spreads from poultry. It has advised people not to heed to such social media messages as there is no scientific evidence of corona viral infection in poultry. It is made clear that this virus spread from contact with infected persons only. Similarly, an employee of an IT firm was booked by the Bengaluru Central Crime Branch in a case for sharing objectionable content on social media. Some residents of Padarayanapura, a suburb of Bangalore resorted to rioting and destroying BBMP assets at the location and attacked BBMP and health officials, when they arrived at the site to take some of the primary and secondary contacts of infected persons to Government run quarantine facility. The police have registered FIR against 67 residents of the area for rioting. Jameer Ahmad, a local political leader commented; The incident that led to rioting and arson was due to misinformation and lack of awareness among the residents and officials should have taken my permission to visit the site. Some residents, even argued that the officials should take people to quarantine facility in the presence of elected representatives. See also COVID-19 pandemic in India References ^ a b c d "COVID–19, Dashboard". karunadu.karnataka.gov.in. 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Retrieved 15 April 2020. ^ Here You Can Download Karnataka State Board Text Book Solutions Kseeb Solutions For Class 10 S.S.L.C ,kseeb solutions for Class 9,Class 8,Class 7,Class 6 And Class 5,Including kseeb solutions for Science ,kseeb Solutions for Social Science kseeb Solutions for Mathematics ,kseeb Solutions for English ,kseeb Solutions for Kannada And Hindi Solutions ,Also S.S.L.C Previous Year’s Question Papers With Answers And S.S.L.C Model Question Papers With Answers,S.S.L.C Key-Answer Booklets ,KTBS text books Available For Download,Puc Question Papers,Model Papers,Puc Answer Sheets Puc Text Book Solutions Are Available For Download.You Can Download Mathematics Solutions,Physics Solutions,Chemistry  Solutions,Biology Solutions For Puc Science] ^ "Covid, death warrant for some; lifeline for others in Kannada filmdom". 3 May 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020. ^ "Coronavirus pandemic takes its toll on Kannada TV shows, many stop midway". 24 April 2020. 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Hospital (Turkey) COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom NHS Nightingale Hospitals (England) Birmingham London North East North West Yorkshire and the Humber NHS Louisa Jordan (Scotland) Dragon's Heart Hospital (Wales) OrganizationsGlobal By location National Cabinet (Australia) ScienceUpFirst (Canada) Wuhan Institute of Virology (China) Independent SAGE (United Kingdom) Healthinstitutes Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (African Union) Ghana Infectious Disease Centre (Ghana) Department of Health (Hong Kong) Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (South Korea) National Institute for Communicable Diseases (South Africa) Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan) Pandemicinstitutes National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board (Australia) COVID-19 Immunity Task Force (Canada) COVID-19 Supply Council (Canada) PREPARE (European Union) National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19 (India) COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force (Indonesia) National 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Roberto Burioni Chen Wei Kizzmekia Corbett Andrea Crisanti Peter Daszak Christian Drosten Neil Ferguson Dale Fisher George F. Gao Azra Ghani Sarah Gilbert Guan Yi Kentaro Iwata Katalin Karikó Matt Keeling Trudie Lang Li Lanjuan W. Ian Lipkin Ma Xiaowei Shabir Madhi Allison McGeer Camilla Rothe Shi Zhengli Moncef Slaoui Mike Tildesley John Todd Wang Chen Wang Guangfa Drew Weissman Yuen Kwok-yung Zeng Guang Zhang Jixian Zhang Yongzhen Zhong Nanshan OfficialsWHO Tedros Adhanom (Director-General of the WHO) Bruce Aylward (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission) Maria Van Kerkhove (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response) Michael J. Ryan (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme) By location Frank Atherton (Wales) Ashley Bloomfield (New Zealand) Catherine Calderwood (Scotland) Chang Shan-chwen (Taiwan) Anutin Charnvirakul (Thailand) Chen Shih-chung (Taiwan) Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching (Taiwan) Victor Costache (Romania) Fabrizio Curcio (Italy) Carmen Deseda (Puerto Rico) Jaap van Dissel (the Netherlands) Christian Drosten (Germany) Francisco Duque III (Philippines) Anthony Fauci (United States) Francesco Paolo Figliuolo (Italy) Graça Freitas (Portugal) Henrique Gouveia e Melo (Portugal) Matt Hancock (United Kingdom) Hamad Hasan (Lebanon) Greg Hunt (Australia) Tony Holohan (Ireland) Jeong Eun-kyeong (South Korea) Fahrettin Koca (Turkey) Li Keqiang (China) Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez (Mexico) Michael McBride (Northern Ireland) Oriol Mitjà (Andorra) Zweli Mkhize (South Africa) Doni Monardo (Indonesia) Alma Möller (Iceland) Saeed Namaki (Iran) Ala Nemerenco (Moldova) Nguyễn Thanh Long (Vietnam) Noor Hisham 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February 2021 March 2021 April 2021 May 2021 June 2021 July 2021 August 2021 deaths World map by countries: confirmed per capita China Hospital beds by country Lockdowns< Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Comoros Egypt Eswatini Ethiopia Ghana cases chart Ivory Coast Kenya Libya Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara) Mozambique Namibia Nigera cases chart São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa cases chart South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe cases chart Americas Argentina Bolivia Brazil Canada by province vaccinations by province Chile by commune Colombia Costa Rica cases chart Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Mexico cases chart Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru United States by state Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh by division Bhutan cases chart Brunei Cambodia cases chart summary 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Office National Disaster Management Authority Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Cabinet Secretariat Researchand testingPublic National Centre for Disease Control Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases National Institute of Epidemiology National Institute of Virology Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratories Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Central Drug Research Institute Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Institute of Microbial Technology Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology National Chemical Laboratory National Institute of Biomedical Genomics National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories Private Bharat Biotech Biocon Biological E. Limited Cadila Healthcare Cipla Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Hetero Drugs Lupin Limited Mylab Discovery Solutions Roche Diagnostics Serum Institute of India Vaccines BBV154 Covaxin (Bharat Biotech) Corbevax (Biological E. Limited) Covishield (Serum Institute of India) HGC019 (Gennova Biopharmaceuticals) ZyCoV-D (Cadila Healthcare) Others SevenHills COVID-19 Hospital GVK EMRI Indian Red Cross Society St John Ambulance India OfficialsUnion government Narendra Modi (Prime Minister) Amit Shah (Union Home Minster) Harsh Vardhan, Mansukh Mandaviya (Union Health Minister) Rajiv Gauba (Cabinet Secretary) Ajay Kumar Bhalla (Union Home Secretary) Preeti Sudan, Rajesh Bhushan (Union Health Secretary) State governments Chief Ministers Lieutenant Governors and Administrators State Home Ministers State Health Ministers Chief Secretaries State Home Secretaries State Health Secretaries Agency executives Sujeet Kumar Singh (Director, NCDC) Balram Bhargava (Director General, ICMR) Shanta Dutta (Director, NICED) Manoj V. Murhekar (Director, NIE) Priya Abraham (Director, NIV) V. G. Somani (Drug Controller General) Shekhar C. Mande (Director, CSIR) Tapas Kumar Kundu (Director, CDRI) Rakesh Mishra (Director, CCMB) Samit Chattopadhyay (Director, IICB) S. Chandrasekhar (Director, IICT) Ram A. Vishwakarma (Director, IIIM) Sanjeev Khosla (Director, IIMT) Anurag Agrawal (Director, IGIB) Ashwini Kumar Nangia (Director, NCL) D. K. Aswal (Chairman, NABL) G. V. K. Reddy (Chairman, GVK EMRI) R. K. Jain (Secretary General, IRCS) COVID-19 portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic_Diseases_Act,_1897"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karunadu15may-3"}],"text":"The first case of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Indian state of Karnataka was confirmed on 8 March 2020. Two days later, the state became the first in India to invoke the provisions of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897, which was set to last for a year, to curb the spread of the disease.[2] As of 25 October 2022, Karnataka has 40,01,655 confirmed cases and 40,097 deaths.[3] with 39,52,381 recoveries and 9,135 active cases.","title":"COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline of events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Telangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"sub_title":"February 2020","text":"On 24 February, IT professional who worked at a tech park in the outskirts of Bengaluru and stayed in a PG accommodation. He travelled to Dubai on an assignment on 15 February and returned to Bengaluru on 20 February. He attended office for two days – 20 and 21 February – before taking the bus to Hyderabad in neighbouring Telangana. His samples had tested positive on 24 February in Hyderabad.[4]","title":"Timeline of events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"Mindtree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindtree"},{"link_name":"Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Agra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-8"},{"link_name":"Mindtree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindtree"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-11"},{"link_name":"Bengaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-14"},{"link_name":"Kodagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodagu_district"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-15"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Gauribidanur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauribidanur"},{"link_name":"Chikkaballapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikkaballapura_district"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-16"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-18"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Mysuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore"},{"link_name":"Bengaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karunadu23-19"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karunadu24mar-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toi24-21"},{"link_name":"Mysuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bi26-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karunadu26mar-23"},{"link_name":"Davanagere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davanagere"},{"link_name":"Tumakuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumkur"},{"link_name":"Dakshina Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karunadu27-24"},{"link_name":"Nanjanagudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjangud"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karunadu29-25"},{"link_name":"Tumakuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumkur"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karunadu30-26"},{"link_name":"Ballari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellary"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karunadu31mar-27"}],"sub_title":"March 2020","text":"On 8 March, an employee of Dell who traveled from Texas on 28 February via New York City and Dubai, before arriving at Bengaluru on 1 March, tested positive for coronavirus. His wife and daughter along with one of his colleagues are admitted to a hospital. The colleague showed flu-like symptoms.[5]\nOn 10 March, The employee of Mindtree came back to Bengaluru from an overseas trip. He was tested positive. The Dell employee's wife and daughter too have been tested positive and have been isolated under medical supervision.[6]\nOn 12 March, A 26-year-old man, an employee of Google who came from a trip to Greece, is confirmed to be positive for coronavirus, according to the state health department.[7] In addition, his wife did not disclose their travel history and having evaded protocols traveled back to her home town of Agra in Uttar Pradesh. The country's first death due to coronavirus has been reported from Karnataka after the state confirmed that samples of the deceased 76-year-old man from Kalaburagi were positive. The man had returned from Saudi Arabia on 29 February.[5]\nOn 15 March, The new case is the daughter of the 76-year-old Kalaburagi man who died last week and was found to have coronavirus.[8]\nOn 16 March, A 32-year-old man, who returned from the US via London earlier this month, tested positive. He had returned from the US via London on 8 March by the same flight as the patient #4 (Mindtree employee) who had tested positive.[9]\nOn 17 March, Three more cases reported- The first, patient is a 20-year-old woman who had travelled to the United Kingdom. The second one, 63-year-old doctor that treated the senior citizen who died recently of COVID-19 in Kalaburagi.[10][11] In another case reported, a 67-year-old female resident of Bengaluru returned from Dubai via Goa on 9 March. She is a known case of chronic kidney disease.[12]\nOn 18 March, Three more positive cases reported in Bengaluru. The first, 56-year-old man who returned from the US on 6 March. The second, 26-year-old woman who returned from Spain.[13] The third, 35-year-old man who returned from US on 10 March.[14]\nOn 19 March, One more positive case confirmed in Kodagu with travel history to Saudi Arabia. The person arrived at Bengaluru from Dubai on 15 March.[15]\nOn 21 March, Five positive cases were reported in the state. The first is a 53-year-old woman from Bengaluru. She was a housemaid for case-11, a female of 67-year-old who was confirmed as positive on 17 March. The second and the third are from Bengaluru of age 39 and 21 years respectively. While the former returned from Amsterdam, The Netherlands on 19 March and the latter from Scotland on 17 March. The fourth, a 32-year-old man with travel history to Mecca from Gauribidanur in Chikkaballapura.[16] The fifth, is a 35-year-old male from Mysore who arrived at Bengaluru on 19 March from Dubai.[17][18]\nOn 23 March, Seven positive cases were reported in the state. Two of them (P27, P33) are from Kerala with travel history to Dubai and currently being treated at Mysuru & Bengaluru respectively. All remaining five cases are from Bengaluru, four with travel history (P28, P29, P31, P32)- from Dubai, UK, UK and Germany and one being a local transmission – P30 who is the wife of P17.[19]\nOn 24 March, Eight new cases were reported including 3 transit passengers of Kerala who have landed in airports and being treated in Karnataka.[20][21]\nOn 26 March, Four more positive case confirmed in the state. P52 from Mysuru has neither travel history nor contact of him with any other positive cases.[22][23] On this day COVID-19 pandemic in Davanagere started.\nOn 27 March, 9 new cases were reported. A 65-year-old man with travel history to Delhi, died in Tumakuru. P56 (10-month-old male child) from Dakshina Kannada has no history of travel to COVID-19-affected countries but was taken by parents to nearby Kerala and investigation is underway for tracing.[24]\nOn 29 March, 7 new cases were reported, of which 5 are from the same pharmaceutical company in Nanjanagudu. This is termed as a cluster, and the town has been put under complete lockdown.[25]\nOn 30 March, 5 new cases were reported, of which 4 are from the same pharmaceutical company in Nanjanagudu. P84 from Tumakuru is the son of #P60.[26]\nOn 31 March, 13 new cases were reported, of which 2 are from the same pharmaceutical company in Nanjanagudu, 3 from Ballari had only been to Bengaluru, and one person in Bengaluru with no travel details is in ICU.[27]","title":"Timeline of events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tablighi Jamaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat"},{"link_name":"Bidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidar"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toi2apr-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karunadu02apr-29"},{"link_name":"Belagavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgaum"},{"link_name":"Tablighi Jamaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat"},{"link_name":"Bagalkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagalkot"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karunadu3apr-31"},{"link_name":"Bagalkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagalkot"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karunadu4apr-32"},{"link_name":"SARI (Severe Acute Respiratory Infection)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_Acute_Respiratory_Infection"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karunadu10apr-34"},{"link_name":"Vijayapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijapur"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karunadu12apr-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bm23-36"}],"sub_title":"April 2020","text":"On 2 April, 14 new cases have come out, including 2 from Nanjanagudu trace and 11 from Tablighi Jamaat meet – all in Bidar.[28][29]\nOn 3 April, Four new cases including 3 from Belagavi who attended Tablighi Jamaat meet, Delhi and 70-year-old man from Bagalkot.[30][31]\nOn 4 April, 75-year-old man from Bagalkot died. 16 new cases were confirmed.[32]\nOn 10 April, Several new SARI (Severe Acute Respiratory Infection) cases are emerging (8 to date), which has become a mystery for the health department.[33][34]\nOn 12 April, 567 new cases have been reported. A new case emerged after 21 days of travel! An unknown cluster seems to have emerged in Vijayapura.[35]\nOn 23 April, A cluster emerged in Bangalore with 9 contacts of a migrant labourer from Bihar testing positive.[36]\nOn 30 April, 30 new cases have been reported.","title":"Timeline of events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"May 2020","text":"On 4 May, 37 new cases were reported, of which 20 were contacts of P533 in Davanagere, and 7 were contacts of P590 in Bidar","title":"Timeline of events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S. Suresh Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Suresh_Kumar"},{"link_name":"coronavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"coronavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"B.S. Yediyurappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._S._Yediyurappa"},{"link_name":"novel coronavirus (COVID-19)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Kasargod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaragod_district"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"Bengaluru Rural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_Rural_district"},{"link_name":"Chikkaballapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikkaballapura_district"},{"link_name":"Dakshina Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada"},{"link_name":"Dharwad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharwad_district"},{"link_name":"Kalaburagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbarga_district"},{"link_name":"Mysuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_district"},{"link_name":"Kodagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodagu_district"},{"link_name":"Belagavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgaum_district"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"On 9 March 2020, the Karnataka state government issued a circular ordering the closure of kindergartens and primary classes in all schools in the state. The minister for primary and secondary Education, S. Suresh Kumar, said that this circular was issued as a precautionary measure to prevent the spread of coronavirus.[37] On 31 March, the Government vide its circular, postponed the examinations for class 7 to 9 as a precautionary measure to avoid spread of coronavirus.[38]Then Chief Minister of Karnataka, B.S. Yediyurappa after the State reporting its first death, issued a directive to close all public places with high footfall like malls, universities and colleges, movie theatres, night clubs, marriages and conferences, as a precautionary measure amid the growing scare of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19).[39] Further, The State closed its borders with Kerala for vehicular traffic in the wake of six people testing positive for coronavirus in bordering Kasargod of Kerala.[40]On Sunday 22 March, after the second meeting of the Task force formed to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. The Government announced further restriction in the form of lockdown of 9 Districts until 31 March. All non-essential services in these districts were suspended. The nine districts where COVID-19 cases were reported were: Bengaluru Rural, Bengaluru Urban, Chikkaballapura, Dakshina Kannada, Dharwad, Kalaburagi, Mysuru, Kodagu and Belagavi.[41]","title":"Early containment efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_transmission"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Further, to contain community transmission of the virus, the central government decided to lock down the entire country for a period of 21 days beginning 25 March 2020.[42]","title":"Lockdown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"migrant workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workers"},{"link_name":"Government of Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Aarogya Setu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarogya_Setu"},{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlcovid19.karnataka.gov.in-44"},{"link_name":"Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karundau.gov.in-Ramadan-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramadan-DH-46"}],"sub_title":"Initial lockdown","text":"To address the plight of migrant workers and the poor, the Government of Karnataka established a toll-free helpline number – 155214 – for providing food to migrant laborers in the state.[43]On April 11, the government issued a circular advising all citizens and health care officials to download, promote and use Aarogya Setu application on their mobile phones to enhance contact tracing of infected persons. The mobile application is designed to give alerts if an infected person comes within the proximity of the person who has installed the application on their phones using Bluetooth and GPS technology.[44]In line with Governments of India's order, Minority Welfare, Waqf and Hajj Department under Government of Karnataka issued an order on 15 April for suspending all the congressional prayers (Salat) during the month of Ramadan in mosques/Dargahs until 3 May 2020, due to current CoVid-19 pandemic in the state. The order also banned all the eateries near mosques.[45][46]","title":"Lockdown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lockdown-2.0-48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circles_drawn_in_front_of_a_Bengaluru_store_to_guide_for_social_distancing.jpg"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Lockdown 2.0","text":"Further, with states in favor of continuing the term of lockdown for another two weeks. During the fourth address to the nation concerning Coronavirus, Prime Minister Narendra Modi extended the lockdown until 3 May starting 14 April. However, based on the Centers' guidelines issued, the Chief Minister of Karnataka indicated the decision on relaxation would be taken on 20 April after evaluating the extent of public conformity to the lockdown.[47]Following up with the message of the extension of the lockdown. The Central Government announced a fresh set of guidelines to be observed by all States.[48]Circles drawn in front of a Bengaluru store to guide for social distancingAll places of social gatherings including religious conventions shall be barred.\nMost of the Agricultural activities shall be exempted and will be allowed to be operated.\nAll Public work programs linked with employment of daily -wage-labours with social-distancing measures in place.[49]","title":"Lockdown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lockdown-3.0-1-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lockdown_3.0-2-51"}],"sub_title":"Lockdown 3.0","text":"In line with guidelines issued by the Government of India, the Chief Minister of Karnataka, further extended the lockdown in the state up to 17 May. This time, the Government classified the areas in four main categories: Containment, Red, Orange, and Green zones, based on conducting risk profiling of various districts.[50][51]","title":"Lockdown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)"},{"link_name":"KSRTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_State_Road_Transport_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IE-Lockdown-4-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FE-Lockdown-4-53"}],"sub_title":"Lockdown 4.0","text":"On 18 May 2020, the Chief Minister of Karnataka announced the continuation of the lockdown in the state up to 31 May 2020. Alongside this, he also gave many relaxations after receiving the guidelines from the central Ministry of Home Affairs. During this phase of the lockdown, most of the activities excluding Shopping Malls, Cinema halls, Hotels, Restaurants were permitted to operate between 7 Am to 7 PM, except on Sundays, as the government has decided to enforce a strict lockdown on every Sundays up to 31 May 2020. After a closure of almost two months, all modes of public transport services, including buses, cabs, auto-rickshaws, and intrastate train services were permitted to operate from 19 May 2020. Putting an end to the speculation on raising the fares in state-run buses, caused because of limited seats allowed to travel in a bus, the Chief Minister said: \"We will not increase bus fares for now. KSRTC will bear the losses caused due to carrying a limited number of passengers.\" In the wake of recent spike in the COVID-19 cases reported, the government has decided to allow people from neighbouring states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala in a restricted manner.[52][53]","title":"Lockdown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Relaxaion:2-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Relaxation:1-55"}],"text":"The Government of Karnataka, facing severe financial crunch, in an attempt to kick-start the economy, on 23 April announced a conditional relaxing of restrictions in lockdown by exempting some economic activity in the state. However, the relaxations would not apply in the designated containment zones. Most of the Manufacturing, Construction and Food processing units outside municipal limits were exempted. Hotels, Home stays where people were stranded because of lockdown were allowed to open including various services linked with supply chain at Railway stations, sea and airports could function. Most of the services provided by self-employed persons like plumbers, technicians and carpenters were also allowed. However, the officials stressed that, various District Administrations shall clear all the exemptions after examining the compliance by the people of the lockdown guidelines in respective regions and relaxations will be subject to strict adherence of the Social distancing norms and sanitization of the workplaces.[54][55]","title":"Lockdown exit strategy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Unlock-1","text":"After a nine-week long lockdown, the government of Karnataka, in line with the directions issued by the central government on the guidelines on the fifth phase of the lockdown and termed it \"Unlock-I\", which was intended towards easing many restrictions imposed on inter-state and inter-state movement of people and goods. During the first phase of unlocking, which was to come into effect from 8 June, more relaxations were provided and a decision towards the opening of the religious places, hotels, malls, etc. was taken. The decision on reopening of educational institutions was deferred to July, the government sources, on the issue said: \"The state government will hold consultations at the institution level with parents and other stakeholders.\" However, the rigorous restrictions shall remain in effect in the containment zones.[56][57]","title":"Lockdown exit strategy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prime Minister of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India"},{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5T-Policy-1-59"}],"text":"The policy of trace, track, test, treat and technology (5T) was pioneered by Karnataka to fight the pandemic. During an interaction through the video conferencing, the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, appreciated the state's efforts in combating the COVID-19 spread and steps taken to unlock the economy with the gradual relaxation of the extended lockdown norms.[58] The centre has asked the other states to adopt these best practices to their local context and replicate them for better management of the COVID-19 pandemic.[59]","title":"Initial Success & 5T Policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5T-Policy-1-59"},{"link_name":"Influenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza"},{"link_name":"Severe Acute Respiratory Illness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5T-Policy-1-59"},{"link_name":"Tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"Dialysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_dialysis"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"NASSCOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASSCOM"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5T-Policy-1-59"}],"sub_title":"Tracing","text":"More than 10,000 well-trained field staff carry out specific responsibilities for contact tracing as per the detailed plan designed by the state which prescribes step-by-step actions to be performed by each designated person. The Contact Tracing mobile app and web application are being used to overcome the huge quantum of work, genuine forgetfulness of the positive persons and attempts to hide facts due to various reasons.[59]To identify, protect and treat high-risk population like the elderly, persons with co-morbidities, pregnant women and those with Influenza-like Illness, Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI) on priority, Karnataka has conducted a physical and phone-based household survey. The survey was carried out during May 2020 and covered 15.3 million households out of a total of 16.8 million total households in Karnataka. Polling Booth Level Officers (BLO) were engaged to collect necessary information by using a Health Survey App as well as a Web Application.[59]The data collected through the survey was complemented by the information already available with the Health Department for pregnant mothers and Tuberculosis, HIV, Dialysis and cancer patients. An outreach campaign through Apthamitra teleconsultation helpline (Call No. 14410) set up by the state government, with support from NASSCOM, is being used to reach out to the households at risk through Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS) and outbound calls.[59]","title":"Initial Success & 5T Policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5T-Policy-1-59"}],"sub_title":"Tracking","text":"All persons returning or travelling to Karnataka are required to register on the \"Seva Sindhu\" portal, which enables the state to follow them for the next few days when they are at home or in institutional quarantine. The 'Quarantine Watch App' is used to assist the field workers in enforcing the quarantine. The state government has also formed Mobile Squads for the enforcement of home quarantine through community participation. In case information about violation of quarantine is received from a neighbour or some member of the public, that violator is moved to institutional quarantine.[59]","title":"Initial Success & 5T Policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengaluru Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru_Urban"},{"link_name":"Rural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_Rural_district"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Ayushman Bharat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayushman_Bharat"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Treatment","text":"According to data from the Karnataka state COVID-19 war room, the state has 84,776 beds in its districts, of which 21,728 have been reserved for COVID-19. A total of 19,639 beds were available in Bengaluru Urban and Rural districts. And of these, 3,470 were reserved for COVID-19 in the two districts. More than 86% of the 21,728 beds were isolation beds — 6,695 with oxygen facilities, 2,105 ICU beds, and 1,000 with ventilators. With the number of COVID-19 cases in Karnataka going up, the hospital bed occupancy in Karnataka which was at less than 2% until 8 May, had shot up to 13.1% by 9 June.[60]The Karnataka Government issued an order to fix the rates for COVID-19 treatment in private hospitals. The rates range from ₹5,200 to ₹25,000 depending on the category and severity of infection and can be availed by both Ayushman Bharat-Arogya Karnataka (AB-ArK) patients and other insurance/cash paying patients. The State Government also directed 50% of beds in private hospitals having facilities to treat COVID-19 patients should be reserved for patients referred from public health authorities.[61]","title":"Initial Success & 5T Policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Technology","text":"Karnataka was among the many states which decided to turn to technology to help government officials manage the number of tasks cropping up due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a team of in-house programmers, the state rolled out a series of mobile applications in first three months on the pandemic in the country including a contact tracing application. Apart from the application for contact tracing, the state also introduced the 'Quarantine Watch', to keep a watch over and enforce quarantine of travellers who returned to Karnataka, 'Yatri Web App' to track international arrivals and the 'Critical Patient Tracking System' to track all critical patients in the state. Other applications were created like the 'Daily Rail and Air Passenger Arrival Tracking' to track arrivals of people coming into the state and the 'Health Watch App' which recorded data of the door-to-door survey done by health workers and identified vulnerable households. The data collected was transferred to other applications like the Aapthamithra and was used by the health department to follow up.[62]","title":"Initial Success & 5T Policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"RT-PCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-PCR"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Genomics_and_Integrative_Biology"},{"link_name":"CRISPR gene editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Medical_Research"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Testing","text":"By June 2020, the state was conducting an average of 10,000 tests per day. The state contains 74 laboratories for testing compared to the total of 600 labs in the whole country.[63] Due to the rising COVID cases, the Karnataka government said that it was planning to initially increase testing capacity to 15,000 and then to 25,000 samples a day.[64] The Karnataka Government directed the conduction of random testing using RT-PCR pooled sample technique, for slum dwellers, vendors/bill collectors, delivery boys of food chains and couriers, to ensure effective surveillance in view of recent increase in COVID-19 cases in the state.[65]Indian scientists at Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, using CRISPR gene editing tool developed a low cost paper-strip test for COVID-19, which could give results in an hour. The estimated cost of the paper-strip test could be around ₹500 (US$6.00).Currently, the kits are being tested for its accuracy and sensitivity. The team is awaiting approval from Indian Council of Medical Research.[66]","title":"Initial Success & 5T Policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"text":"Following Unlock-1, there was significant surge in the cases throughout the state, specially in the capital Bengaluru. The number of cases increased from 11,005 just on 26 June to 23,474 by 5 July.[67]","title":"Surge after Unlock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Local lockdowns","text":"Due to the increasing number of cases in several parts of the state, many districts reintroduced lockdown measures. Chief Minister BS Yediyurappa announced that the Bengaluru will be under lockdown from 14 July for a period of 7 days to control the spread of the disease.[68] Following Bengaluru, a total lockdown was reimposed in three more Karnataka districts– Dakshina Kannada, Dharwad and Kalaburagi– for a period of 7–10 days.[69]","title":"Surge after Unlock"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Economy","text":"Coronavirus clampdown hits over 1 crore jobs, the government's orders on Friday to close down places of commerce, industry and social assembly to prevent coronavirus cases from snowballing has seen the city devolve into a veritable ghost town in just the first 24 hours of the clampdown. At the same time, the city's purchasing and economic power has also dwindled. As financial experts across the gamut scrambled to decipher the scale of the losses, B. T. Manohar, a tax expert for Federation of Karnataka Chambers of Commerce and Industry warned that the loss of Goods & Services tax, and sales tax revenue alone for the state exchequer would amount to a staggering Rs 2,000 crore, if the clampdown lasted for even a single week.[70]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Due to the national-wide lockdown, the Karnataka government has postponed the SSLC (10th grade) exams indefinitely.[71] The government has also cancelled the annual exams for students up to and including 9th standard.[72] The State Education Department has also issued an order to all schools in the state to postpone their admission processes until further notice.[73]\n[74]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kotigobba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotigobba"},{"link_name":"Kannada film industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_film_industry"},{"link_name":"Amazon Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Entertainment","text":"Owing to the pandemic and the subsequent lockdown, all the theatres in the state were ordered to close. Film production activities, which provide a livelihood to thousands in the state, were also suspended. Soorappa Babu, a producer of several well-known Kannada films like Kotigobba, opined that pandemic and the lockdown will lead to a loss of nearly ₹ 200 crores for the Kannada film industry. Makers of several small budget Kannada films were considering skipping theatrical releases and opt for OTT platforms like Amazon Prime in the future.[75]Following the pandemic, the shooting of TV shows came to a standstill in Karnataka, forcing makers to re-air old episodes or end their serials abruptly.[76] The pandemic also impacted theatre artists severely. Many theatre groups are dependent on performing at annual fairs and chariot festivals of deities across the State, which occur mostly from January to April. All such gatherings and religious events were not permitted due to the lockdown.[77]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"}],"sub_title":"Total confirmed cases, active cases, recoveries and deaths","text":"Total confirmed cases   \n  Active Cases   \n  Recoveries   \n  Deaths\n\n\nGraphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"}],"sub_title":"Daily new cases","text":"New cases per day\n\n\n\nGraphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"}],"sub_title":"Daily new deaths","text":"New deaths per day\n\n\n\nGraphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"}],"sub_title":"Daily new tests","text":"New tests per day\n\n\n\nGraphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"BBMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBMP"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riots-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riot1-83"}],"text":"The Department of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries of Karnataka has issued a public notification against rumors that the coronavirus spreads from poultry. It has advised people not to heed to such social media messages as there is no scientific evidence of corona viral infection in poultry. It is made clear that this virus spread from contact with infected persons only.[78] Similarly, an employee of an IT firm was booked by the Bengaluru Central Crime Branch in a case for sharing objectionable content on social media.[79][80][81]Some residents of Padarayanapura, a suburb of Bangalore resorted to rioting and destroying BBMP assets at the location and attacked BBMP and health officials, when they arrived at the site to take some of the primary and secondary contacts of infected persons to Government run quarantine facility. The police have registered FIR against 67 residents of the area for rioting. Jameer Ahmad, a local political leader commented; The incident that led to rioting and arson was due to misinformation and lack of awareness among the residents and officials should have taken my permission to visit the site. Some residents, even argued that the officials should take people to quarantine facility in the presence of elected representatives.[82][83]","title":"Misinformation"}]
[{"image_text":"Circles drawn in front of a Bengaluru store to guide for social distancing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Circles_drawn_in_front_of_a_Bengaluru_store_to_guide_for_social_distancing.jpg/220px-Circles_drawn_in_front_of_a_Bengaluru_store_to_guide_for_social_distancing.jpg"}]
[{"title":"COVID-19 pandemic in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India"}]
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Deccan Herald. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/three-more-covid-19-cases-in-karnataka-number-goes-up-to-14-815035.html","url_text":"\"Three more COVID-19 cases in Karnataka, number goes up to 14\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200329082829/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/three-more-covid-19-cases-in-karnataka-number-goes-up-to-14-815035.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kodagu records first positive case of COVID-19\". Deccan Herald. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_mapping_theorem
Banach algebra
["1 Examples","2 Properties","3 Spectral theory","4 Ideals and characters","5 Banach *-algebras","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"]
Particular kind of algebraic structure In mathematics, especially functional analysis, a Banach algebra, named after Stefan Banach, is an associative algebra A {\displaystyle A} over the real or complex numbers (or over a non-Archimedean complete normed field) that at the same time is also a Banach space, that is, a normed space that is complete in the metric induced by the norm. The norm is required to satisfy ‖ x y ‖   ≤ ‖ x ‖ ‖ y ‖  for all  x , y ∈ A . {\displaystyle \|x\,y\|\ \leq \|x\|\,\|y\|\quad {\text{ for all }}x,y\in A.} This ensures that the multiplication operation is continuous. A Banach algebra is called unital if it has an identity element for the multiplication whose norm is 1 , {\displaystyle 1,} and commutative if its multiplication is commutative. Any Banach algebra A {\displaystyle A} (whether it has an identity element or not) can be embedded isometrically into a unital Banach algebra A e {\displaystyle A_{e}} so as to form a closed ideal of A e {\displaystyle A_{e}} . Often one assumes a priori that the algebra under consideration is unital: for one can develop much of the theory by considering A e {\displaystyle A_{e}} and then applying the outcome in the original algebra. However, this is not the case all the time. For example, one cannot define all the trigonometric functions in a Banach algebra without identity. The theory of real Banach algebras can be very different from the theory of complex Banach algebras. For example, the spectrum of an element of a nontrivial complex Banach algebra can never be empty, whereas in a real Banach algebra it could be empty for some elements. Banach algebras can also be defined over fields of p {\displaystyle p} -adic numbers. This is part of p {\displaystyle p} -adic analysis. Examples The prototypical example of a Banach algebra is C 0 ( X ) {\displaystyle C_{0}(X)} , the space of (complex-valued) continuous functions, defined on a locally compact Hausdorff space X {\displaystyle X} , that vanish at infinity. C 0 ( X ) {\displaystyle C_{0}(X)} is unital if and only if X {\displaystyle X} is compact. The complex conjugation being an involution, C 0 ( X ) {\displaystyle C_{0}(X)} is in fact a C*-algebra. More generally, every C*-algebra is a Banach algebra by definition. The set of real (or complex) numbers is a Banach algebra with norm given by the absolute value. The set of all real or complex n {\displaystyle n} -by- n {\displaystyle n} matrices becomes a unital Banach algebra if we equip it with a sub-multiplicative matrix norm. Take the Banach space R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} (or C n {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n}} ) with norm ‖ x ‖ = max | x i | {\displaystyle \|x\|=\max _{}|x_{i}|} and define multiplication componentwise: ( x 1 , … , x n ) ( y 1 , … , y n ) = ( x 1 y 1 , … , x n y n ) . {\displaystyle \left(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}\right)\left(y_{1},\ldots ,y_{n}\right)=\left(x_{1}y_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}y_{n}\right).} The quaternions form a 4-dimensional real Banach algebra, with the norm being given by the absolute value of quaternions. The algebra of all bounded real- or complex-valued functions defined on some set (with pointwise multiplication and the supremum norm) is a unital Banach algebra. The algebra of all bounded continuous real- or complex-valued functions on some locally compact space (again with pointwise operations and supremum norm) is a Banach algebra. The algebra of all continuous linear operators on a Banach space E {\displaystyle E} (with functional composition as multiplication and the operator norm as norm) is a unital Banach algebra. The set of all compact operators on E {\displaystyle E} is a Banach algebra and closed ideal. It is without identity if dim ⁡ E = ∞ . {\displaystyle \dim E=\infty .} If G {\displaystyle G} is a locally compact Hausdorff topological group and μ {\displaystyle \mu } is its Haar measure, then the Banach space L 1 ( G ) {\displaystyle L^{1}(G)} of all μ {\displaystyle \mu } -integrable functions on G {\displaystyle G} becomes a Banach algebra under the convolution x y ( g ) = ∫ x ( h ) y ( h − 1 g ) d μ ( h ) {\displaystyle xy(g)=\int x(h)y\left(h^{-1}g\right)d\mu (h)} for x , y ∈ L 1 ( G ) . {\displaystyle x,y\in L^{1}(G).} Uniform algebra: A Banach algebra that is a subalgebra of the complex algebra C ( X ) {\displaystyle C(X)} with the supremum norm and that contains the constants and separates the points of X {\displaystyle X} (which must be a compact Hausdorff space). Natural Banach function algebra: A uniform algebra all of whose characters are evaluations at points of X . {\displaystyle X.} C*-algebra: A Banach algebra that is a closed *-subalgebra of the algebra of bounded operators on some Hilbert space. Measure algebra: A Banach algebra consisting of all Radon measures on some locally compact group, where the product of two measures is given by convolution of measures. The algebra of the quaternions H {\displaystyle \mathbb {H} } is a real Banach algebra, but it is not a complex algebra (and hence not a complex Banach algebra) for the simple reason that the center of the quaternions is the real numbers, which cannot contain a copy of the complex numbers. An affinoid algebra is a certain kind of Banach algebra over a nonarchimedean field. Affinoid algebras are the basic building blocks in rigid analytic geometry. Properties Several elementary functions that are defined via power series may be defined in any unital Banach algebra; examples include the exponential function and the trigonometric functions, and more generally any entire function. (In particular, the exponential map can be used to define abstract index groups.) The formula for the geometric series remains valid in general unital Banach algebras. The binomial theorem also holds for two commuting elements of a Banach algebra. The set of invertible elements in any unital Banach algebra is an open set, and the inversion operation on this set is continuous (and hence is a homeomorphism), so that it forms a topological group under multiplication. If a Banach algebra has unit 1 , {\displaystyle \mathbf {1} ,} then 1 {\displaystyle \mathbf {1} } cannot be a commutator; that is, x y − y x ≠ 1 {\displaystyle xy-yx\neq \mathbf {1} }   for any x , y ∈ A . {\displaystyle x,y\in A.} This is because x y {\displaystyle xy} and y x {\displaystyle yx} have the same spectrum except possibly 0. {\displaystyle 0.} The various algebras of functions given in the examples above have very different properties from standard examples of algebras such as the reals. For example: Every real Banach algebra that is a division algebra is isomorphic to the reals, the complexes, or the quaternions. Hence, the only complex Banach algebra that is a division algebra is the complexes. (This is known as the Gelfand–Mazur theorem.) Every unital real Banach algebra with no zero divisors, and in which every principal ideal is closed, is isomorphic to the reals, the complexes, or the quaternions. Every commutative real unital Noetherian Banach algebra with no zero divisors is isomorphic to the real or complex numbers. Every commutative real unital Noetherian Banach algebra (possibly having zero divisors) is finite-dimensional. Permanently singular elements in Banach algebras are topological divisors of zero, that is, considering extensions B {\displaystyle B} of Banach algebras A {\displaystyle A} some elements that are singular in the given algebra A {\displaystyle A} have a multiplicative inverse element in a Banach algebra extension B . {\displaystyle B.} Topological divisors of zero in A {\displaystyle A} are permanently singular in any Banach extension B {\displaystyle B} of A . {\displaystyle A.} Spectral theory Main article: Spectral theory Unital Banach algebras over the complex field provide a general setting to develop spectral theory. The spectrum of an element x ∈ A , {\displaystyle x\in A,} denoted by σ ( x ) {\displaystyle \sigma (x)} , consists of all those complex scalars λ {\displaystyle \lambda } such that x − λ 1 {\displaystyle x-\lambda \mathbf {1} } is not invertible in A . {\displaystyle A.} The spectrum of any element x {\displaystyle x} is a closed subset of the closed disc in C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } with radius ‖ x ‖ {\displaystyle \|x\|} and center 0 , {\displaystyle 0,} and thus is compact. Moreover, the spectrum σ ( x ) {\displaystyle \sigma (x)} of an element x {\displaystyle x} is non-empty and satisfies the spectral radius formula: sup { | λ | : λ ∈ σ ( x ) } = lim n → ∞ ‖ x n ‖ 1 / n . {\displaystyle \sup\{|\lambda |:\lambda \in \sigma (x)\}=\lim _{n\to \infty }\|x^{n}\|^{1/n}.} Given x ∈ A , {\displaystyle x\in A,} the holomorphic functional calculus allows to define f ( x ) ∈ A {\displaystyle f(x)\in A} for any function f {\displaystyle f} holomorphic in a neighborhood of σ ( x ) . {\displaystyle \sigma (x).} Furthermore, the spectral mapping theorem holds: σ ( f ( x ) ) = f ( σ ( x ) ) . {\displaystyle \sigma (f(x))=f(\sigma (x)).} When the Banach algebra A {\displaystyle A} is the algebra L ( X ) {\displaystyle L(X)} of bounded linear operators on a complex Banach space X {\displaystyle X} (for example, the algebra of square matrices), the notion of the spectrum in A {\displaystyle A} coincides with the usual one in operator theory. For f ∈ C ( X ) {\displaystyle f\in C(X)} (with a compact Hausdorff space X {\displaystyle X} ), one sees that: σ ( f ) = { f ( t ) : t ∈ X } . {\displaystyle \sigma (f)=\{f(t):t\in X\}.} The norm of a normal element x {\displaystyle x} of a C*-algebra coincides with its spectral radius. This generalizes an analogous fact for normal operators. Let A {\displaystyle A} be a complex unital Banach algebra in which every non-zero element x {\displaystyle x} is invertible (a division algebra). For every a ∈ A , {\displaystyle a\in A,} there is λ ∈ C {\displaystyle \lambda \in \mathbb {C} } such that a − λ 1 {\displaystyle a-\lambda \mathbf {1} } is not invertible (because the spectrum of a {\displaystyle a} is not empty) hence a = λ 1 : {\displaystyle a=\lambda \mathbf {1} :} this algebra A {\displaystyle A} is naturally isomorphic to C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } (the complex case of the Gelfand–Mazur theorem). Ideals and characters Let A {\displaystyle A} be a unital commutative Banach algebra over C . {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} .} Since A {\displaystyle A} is then a commutative ring with unit, every non-invertible element of A {\displaystyle A} belongs to some maximal ideal of A . {\displaystyle A.} Since a maximal ideal m {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {m}}} in A {\displaystyle A} is closed, A / m {\displaystyle A/{\mathfrak {m}}} is a Banach algebra that is a field, and it follows from the Gelfand–Mazur theorem that there is a bijection between the set of all maximal ideals of A {\displaystyle A} and the set Δ ( A ) {\displaystyle \Delta (A)} of all nonzero homomorphisms from A {\displaystyle A} to C . {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} .} The set Δ ( A ) {\displaystyle \Delta (A)} is called the "structure space" or "character space" of A , {\displaystyle A,} and its members "characters". A character χ {\displaystyle \chi } is a linear functional on A {\displaystyle A} that is at the same time multiplicative, χ ( a b ) = χ ( a ) χ ( b ) , {\displaystyle \chi (ab)=\chi (a)\chi (b),} and satisfies χ ( 1 ) = 1. {\displaystyle \chi (\mathbf {1} )=1.} Every character is automatically continuous from A {\displaystyle A} to C , {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ,} since the kernel of a character is a maximal ideal, which is closed. Moreover, the norm (that is, operator norm) of a character is one. Equipped with the topology of pointwise convergence on A {\displaystyle A} (that is, the topology induced by the weak-* topology of A ∗ {\displaystyle A^{*}} ), the character space, Δ ( A ) , {\displaystyle \Delta (A),} is a Hausdorff compact space. For any x ∈ A , {\displaystyle x\in A,} σ ( x ) = σ ( x ^ ) {\displaystyle \sigma (x)=\sigma ({\hat {x}})} where x ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {x}}} is the Gelfand representation of x {\displaystyle x} defined as follows: x ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {x}}} is the continuous function from Δ ( A ) {\displaystyle \Delta (A)} to C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } given by x ^ ( χ ) = χ ( x ) . {\displaystyle {\hat {x}}(\chi )=\chi (x).} The spectrum of x ^ , {\displaystyle {\hat {x}},} in the formula above, is the spectrum as element of the algebra C ( Δ ( A ) ) {\displaystyle C(\Delta (A))} of complex continuous functions on the compact space Δ ( A ) . {\displaystyle \Delta (A).} Explicitly, σ ( x ^ ) = { χ ( x ) : χ ∈ Δ ( A ) } . {\displaystyle \sigma ({\hat {x}})=\{\chi (x):\chi \in \Delta (A)\}.} As an algebra, a unital commutative Banach algebra is semisimple (that is, its Jacobson radical is zero) if and only if its Gelfand representation has trivial kernel. An important example of such an algebra is a commutative C*-algebra. In fact, when A {\displaystyle A} is a commutative unital C*-algebra, the Gelfand representation is then an isometric *-isomorphism between A {\displaystyle A} and C ( Δ ( A ) ) . {\displaystyle C(\Delta (A)).} Banach *-algebras A Banach *-algebra A {\displaystyle A} is a Banach algebra over the field of complex numbers, together with a map ∗ : A → A {\displaystyle {}^{*}:A\to A} that has the following properties: ( x ∗ ) ∗ = x {\displaystyle \left(x^{*}\right)^{*}=x} for all x ∈ A {\displaystyle x\in A} (so the map is an involution). ( x + y ) ∗ = x ∗ + y ∗ {\displaystyle (x+y)^{*}=x^{*}+y^{*}} for all x , y ∈ A . {\displaystyle x,y\in A.} ( λ x ) ∗ = λ ¯ x ∗ {\displaystyle (\lambda x)^{*}={\bar {\lambda }}x^{*}} for every λ ∈ C {\displaystyle \lambda \in \mathbb {C} } and every x ∈ A ; {\displaystyle x\in A;} here, λ ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {\lambda }}} denotes the complex conjugate of λ . {\displaystyle \lambda .} ( x y ) ∗ = y ∗ x ∗ {\displaystyle (xy)^{*}=y^{*}x^{*}} for all x , y ∈ A . {\displaystyle x,y\in A.} In other words, a Banach *-algebra is a Banach algebra over C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } that is also a *-algebra. In most natural examples, one also has that the involution is isometric, that is, ‖ x ∗ ‖ = ‖ x ‖  for all  x ∈ A . {\displaystyle \|x^{*}\|=\|x\|\quad {\text{ for all }}x\in A.} Some authors include this isometric property in the definition of a Banach *-algebra. A Banach *-algebra satisfying ‖ x ∗ x ‖ = ‖ x ∗ ‖ ‖ x ‖ {\displaystyle \|x^{*}x\|=\|x^{*}\|\|x\|} is a C*-algebra. See also Approximate identity – more abstractlyPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Kaplansky's conjecture – Numerous conjectures by mathematician Irving KaplanskyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Operator algebra – Branch of functional analysis Shilov boundary Notes ^ Proof: Since every element of a commutative C*-algebra is normal, the Gelfand representation is isometric; in particular, it is injective and its image is closed. But the image of the Gelfand representation is dense by the Stone–Weierstrass theorem. References ^ Conway 1990, Example VII.1.8. ^ a b Conway 1990, Example VII.1.9. ^ Conway 1990, Theorem VII.2.2. ^ García, Miguel Cabrera; Palacios, Angel Rodríguez (1995). "A New Simple Proof of the Gelfand-Mazur-Kaplansky Theorem". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 123 (9): 2663–2666. doi:10.2307/2160559. ISSN 0002-9939. JSTOR 2160559. ^ Takesaki 1979, Proposition 2.8. Bollobás, B (1990). Linear Analysis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38729-9. Bonsall, F. F.; Duncan, J. (1973). Complete Normed Algebras. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-06386-2. Conway, J. B. (1990). A Course in Functional Analysis. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 96. Springer Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97245-5. Dales, H. G.; Aeina, P.; Eschmeier, J; Laursen, K.; Willis, G. A. (2003). Introduction to Banach Algebras, Operators and Harmonic Analysis. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511615429. ISBN 0-521-53584-0. Mosak, R. D. (1975). Banach algebras. Chicago Lectures in Mathematics. University of Chicago Press). ISBN 0-226-54203-3. Takesaki, M. (1979). Theory of Operator Algebras I. Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences. Vol. 124 (1st ed.). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-42248-8. ISSN 0938-0396. vteSpectral theory and *-algebrasBasic concepts Involution/*-algebra Banach algebra B*-algebra C*-algebra Noncommutative topology Projection-valued measure Spectrum Spectrum of a C*-algebra Spectral radius Operator space Main results Gelfand–Mazur theorem Gelfand–Naimark theorem Gelfand representation Polar decomposition Singular value decomposition Spectral theorem Spectral theory of normal C*-algebras Special Elements/Operators Isospectral Normal operator Hermitian/Self-adjoint operator Unitary operator Unit Spectrum Krein–Rutman theorem Normal eigenvalue Spectrum of a C*-algebra Spectral radius Spectral asymmetry Spectral gap Decomposition Decomposition of a spectrum Continuous Point Residual Approximate point Compression Direct integral Discrete Spectral abscissa Spectral Theorem Borel functional calculus Min-max theorem Positive operator-valued measure Projection-valued measure Riesz projector Rigged Hilbert space Spectral theorem Spectral theory of compact operators Spectral theory of normal C*-algebras Special algebras Amenable Banach algebra With an Approximate identity Banach function algebra Disk algebra Nuclear C*-algebra Uniform algebra Von Neumann algebra Tomita–Takesaki theory Finite-Dimensional Alon–Boppana bound Bauer–Fike theorem Numerical range Schur–Horn theorem Generalizations Dirac spectrum Essential spectrum Pseudospectrum Structure space (Shilov boundary) Miscellaneous Abstract index group Banach algebra cohomology Cohen–Hewitt factorization theorem Extensions of symmetric operators Fredholm theory Limiting absorption principle Schröder–Bernstein theorems for operator algebras Sherman–Takeda theorem Unbounded operator Examples Wiener algebra Applications Almost Mathieu operator Corona theorem Hearing the shape of a drum (Dirichlet eigenvalue) Heat kernel Kuznetsov trace formula Lax pair Proto-value function Ramanujan graph Rayleigh–Faber–Krahn inequality Spectral geometry Spectral method Spectral theory of ordinary differential equations Sturm–Liouville theory Superstrong approximation Transfer operator Transform theory Weyl law Wiener–Khinchin theorem vteFunctional analysis (topics – glossary)Spaces Banach Besov Fréchet Hilbert Hölder Nuclear Orlicz Schwartz Sobolev Topological vector Properties Barrelled Complete Dual (Algebraic/Topological) Locally convex Reflexive Separable Theorems Hahn–Banach Riesz representation Closed graph Uniform boundedness principle Kakutani fixed-point Krein–Milman Min–max Gelfand–Naimark Banach–Alaoglu Operators Adjoint Bounded Compact Hilbert–Schmidt Normal Nuclear Trace class Transpose Unbounded Unitary Algebras Banach algebra C*-algebra Spectrum of a C*-algebra Operator algebra Group algebra of a locally compact group Von Neumann algebra Open problems Invariant subspace problem Mahler's conjecture Applications Hardy space Spectral theory of ordinary differential equations Heat kernel Index theorem Calculus of variations Functional calculus Integral operator Jones polynomial Topological quantum field theory Noncommutative geometry Riemann hypothesis Distribution (or Generalized functions) Advanced topics Approximation property Balanced set Choquet theory Weak topology Banach–Mazur distance Tomita–Takesaki theory Category vteBanach space topicsTypes of Banach spaces Asplund Banach list Banach lattice Grothendieck Hilbert Inner product space Polarization identity (Polynomially) Reflexive Riesz L-semi-inner product (B Strictly Uniformly) convex Uniformly smooth (Injective Projective) Tensor product (of Hilbert spaces) Banach spaces are: Barrelled Complete F-space Fréchet tame Locally convex Seminorms/Minkowski functionals Mackey Metrizable Normed norm Quasinormed Stereotype Function space Topologies Banach–Mazur compactum Dual Dual space Dual norm Operator Ultraweak Weak polar operator Strong polar operator Ultrastrong Uniform convergence Linear operators Adjoint Bilinear form operator sesquilinear (Un)Bounded Closed Compact on Hilbert spaces (Dis)Continuous Densely defined Fredholm kernel operator Hilbert–Schmidt Functionals positive Pseudo-monotone Normal Nuclear Self-adjoint Strictly singular Trace class Transpose Unitary Operator theory Banach algebras C*-algebras Operator space Spectrum C*-algebra radius Spectral theory of ODEs Spectral theorem Polar decomposition Singular value decomposition Theorems Anderson–Kadec Banach–Alaoglu Banach–Mazur Banach–Saks Banach–Schauder (open mapping) Banach–Steinhaus (Uniform boundedness) Bessel's inequality Cauchy–Schwarz inequality Closed graph Closed range Eberlein–Šmulian Freudenthal spectral Gelfand–Mazur Gelfand–Naimark Goldstine Hahn–Banach hyperplane separation Kakutani fixed-point Krein–Milman Lomonosov's invariant subspace Mackey–Arens Mazur's lemma M. Riesz extension Parseval's identity Riesz's lemma Riesz representation Robinson-Ursescu Schauder fixed-point Analysis Abstract Wiener space Banach manifold bundle Bochner space Convex series Differentiation in Fréchet spaces Derivatives Fréchet Gateaux functional holomorphic quasi Integrals Bochner Dunford Gelfand–Pettis regulated Paley–Wiener weak Functional calculus Borel continuous holomorphic Measures Lebesgue Projection-valued Vector Weakly / Strongly measurable function Types of sets Absolutely convex Absorbing Affine Balanced/Circled Bounded Convex Convex cone (subset) Convex series related ((cs, lcs)-closed, (cs, bcs)-complete, (lower) ideally convex, (Hx), and (Hwx)) Linear cone (subset) Radial Radially convex/Star-shaped Symmetric Zonotope Subsets / set operations Affine hull (Relative) Algebraic interior (core) Bounding points Convex hull Extreme point Interior Linear span Minkowski addition Polar (Quasi) Relative interior Examples Absolute continuity AC b a ( Σ ) {\displaystyle ba(\Sigma )} c space Banach coordinate BK Besov B p , q s ( R ) {\displaystyle B_{p,q}^{s}(\mathbb {R} )} Birnbaum–Orlicz Bounded variation BV Bs space Continuous C(K) with K compact Hausdorff Hardy Hp Hilbert H Morrey–Campanato L λ , p ( Ω ) {\displaystyle L^{\lambda ,p}(\Omega )} ℓp ℓ ∞ {\displaystyle \ell ^{\infty }} Lp L ∞ {\displaystyle L^{\infty }} weighted Schwartz S ( R n ) {\displaystyle S\left(\mathbb {R} ^{n}\right)} Segal–Bargmann F Sequence space Sobolev Wk,p Sobolev inequality Triebel–Lizorkin Wiener amalgam W ( X , L p ) {\displaystyle W(X,L^{p})} Applications Differential operator Finite element method Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) Validated numerics Authority control databases: National France BnF data Israel United States Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"functional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysis"},{"link_name":"Stefan Banach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Banach"},{"link_name":"associative algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_algebra"},{"link_name":"real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"non-Archimedean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonarchimedean_field"},{"link_name":"normed field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Banach space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_space"},{"link_name":"normed space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normed_space"},{"link_name":"complete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_metric_space"},{"link_name":"metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"continuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function_(topology)"},{"link_name":"identity element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_element"},{"link_name":"commutative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative"},{"link_name":"identity element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_element"},{"link_name":"isometrically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometry"},{"link_name":"closed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_set"},{"link_name":"ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"trigonometric functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_function"},{"link_name":"spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_(functional_analysis)"},{"link_name":"p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n-adic numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic_number"},{"link_name":"p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n-adic analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic_analysis"}],"text":"In mathematics, especially functional analysis, a Banach algebra, named after Stefan Banach, is an associative algebra \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n over the real or complex numbers (or over a non-Archimedean complete normed field) that at the same time is also a Banach space, that is, a normed space that is complete in the metric induced by the norm. The norm is required to satisfy‖\n x\n \n y\n ‖\n  \n ≤\n ‖\n x\n ‖\n \n ‖\n y\n ‖\n \n \n  for all \n \n x\n ,\n y\n ∈\n A\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|x\\,y\\|\\ \\leq \\|x\\|\\,\\|y\\|\\quad {\\text{ for all }}x,y\\in A.}This ensures that the multiplication operation is continuous.A Banach algebra is called unital if it has an identity element for the multiplication whose norm is \n \n \n \n 1\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1,}\n \n and commutative if its multiplication is commutative.\nAny Banach algebra \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n (whether it has an identity element or not) can be embedded isometrically into a unital Banach algebra \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{e}}\n \n so as to form a closed ideal of \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{e}}\n \n. Often one assumes a priori that the algebra under consideration is unital: for one can develop much of the theory by considering \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{e}}\n \n and then applying the outcome in the original algebra. However, this is not the case all the time. For example, one cannot define all the trigonometric functions in a Banach algebra without identity.The theory of real Banach algebras can be very different from the theory of complex Banach algebras. For example, the spectrum of an element of a nontrivial complex Banach algebra can never be empty, whereas in a real Banach algebra it could be empty for some elements.Banach algebras can also be defined over fields of \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n-adic numbers. This is part of \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n-adic analysis.","title":"Banach algebra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"locally compact Hausdorff space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_compact_Hausdorff_space"},{"link_name":"vanish at infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanish_at_infinity"},{"link_name":"compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactness"},{"link_name":"complex conjugation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_conjugation"},{"link_name":"involution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"C*-algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C*-algebra"},{"link_name":"absolute value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_value"},{"link_name":"matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"unital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unital_algebra"},{"link_name":"matrix norm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_norm"},{"link_name":"quaternions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion"},{"link_name":"supremum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremum"},{"link_name":"continuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function_(topology)"},{"link_name":"locally compact space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_compact_space"},{"link_name":"continuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function_(topology)"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_transformation"},{"link_name":"operator norm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_norm"},{"link_name":"compact operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_operator"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"locally compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_compact"},{"link_name":"Hausdorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_space"},{"link_name":"topological group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_group"},{"link_name":"Haar measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haar_measure"},{"link_name":"convolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvnb_conway_1990_example_VII.1.9.-2"},{"link_name":"Uniform algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_algebra"},{"link_name":"Natural Banach function algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_algebra"},{"link_name":"C*-algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C*-algebra"},{"link_name":"Hilbert space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_space"},{"link_name":"Measure algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_algebra"},{"link_name":"Radon measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon_measure"},{"link_name":"locally compact group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_compact_group"},{"link_name":"convolution of measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution#Measures"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvnb_conway_1990_example_VII.1.9.-2"},{"link_name":"quaternions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion"},{"link_name":"rigid analytic geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid_analytic_space"}],"text":"The prototypical example of a Banach algebra is \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n X\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{0}(X)}\n \n, the space of (complex-valued) continuous functions, defined on a locally compact Hausdorff space \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n, that vanish at infinity. \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n X\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{0}(X)}\n \n is unital if and only if \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n is compact. The complex conjugation being an involution, \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n X\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{0}(X)}\n \n is in fact a C*-algebra. More generally, every C*-algebra is a Banach algebra by definition.The set of real (or complex) numbers is a Banach algebra with norm given by the absolute value.\nThe set of all real or complex \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n-by-\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n matrices becomes a unital Banach algebra if we equip it with a sub-multiplicative matrix norm.\nTake the Banach space \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n (or \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} ^{n}}\n \n) with norm \n \n \n \n ‖\n x\n ‖\n =\n \n max\n \n\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|x\\|=\\max _{}|x_{i}|}\n \n and define multiplication componentwise: \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n y\n \n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n y\n \n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n}\\right)\\left(y_{1},\\ldots ,y_{n}\\right)=\\left(x_{1}y_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n}y_{n}\\right).}\n \n\nThe quaternions form a 4-dimensional real Banach algebra, with the norm being given by the absolute value of quaternions.\nThe algebra of all bounded real- or complex-valued functions defined on some set (with pointwise multiplication and the supremum norm) is a unital Banach algebra.\nThe algebra of all bounded continuous real- or complex-valued functions on some locally compact space (again with pointwise operations and supremum norm) is a Banach algebra.\nThe algebra of all continuous linear operators on a Banach space \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n (with functional composition as multiplication and the operator norm as norm) is a unital Banach algebra. The set of all compact operators on \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n is a Banach algebra and closed ideal. It is without identity if \n \n \n \n dim\n ⁡\n E\n =\n ∞\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\dim E=\\infty .}\n \n[1]\nIf \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is a locally compact Hausdorff topological group and \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n is its Haar measure, then the Banach space \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n G\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L^{1}(G)}\n \n of all \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n-integrable functions on \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n becomes a Banach algebra under the convolution \n \n \n \n x\n y\n (\n g\n )\n =\n ∫\n x\n (\n h\n )\n y\n \n (\n \n \n h\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n g\n \n )\n \n d\n μ\n (\n h\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle xy(g)=\\int x(h)y\\left(h^{-1}g\\right)d\\mu (h)}\n \n for \n \n \n \n x\n ,\n y\n ∈\n \n L\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n G\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x,y\\in L^{1}(G).}\n \n[2]\nUniform algebra: A Banach algebra that is a subalgebra of the complex algebra \n \n \n \n C\n (\n X\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C(X)}\n \n with the supremum norm and that contains the constants and separates the points of \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n (which must be a compact Hausdorff space).\nNatural Banach function algebra: A uniform algebra all of whose characters are evaluations at points of \n \n \n \n X\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X.}\n \n\nC*-algebra: A Banach algebra that is a closed *-subalgebra of the algebra of bounded operators on some Hilbert space.\nMeasure algebra: A Banach algebra consisting of all Radon measures on some locally compact group, where the product of two measures is given by convolution of measures.[2]\nThe algebra of the quaternions \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {H} }\n \n is a real Banach algebra, but it is not a complex algebra (and hence not a complex Banach algebra) for the simple reason that the center of the quaternions is the real numbers, which cannot contain a copy of the complex numbers.\nAn affinoid algebra is a certain kind of Banach algebra over a nonarchimedean field. Affinoid algebras are the basic building blocks in rigid analytic geometry.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elementary functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_functions"},{"link_name":"power series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_series"},{"link_name":"exponential function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_function"},{"link_name":"trigonometric functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions"},{"link_name":"entire function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entire_function"},{"link_name":"abstract index groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_index_group"},{"link_name":"geometric series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_series"},{"link_name":"binomial theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_theorem"},{"link_name":"invertible elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertible_element"},{"link_name":"open set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_set"},{"link_name":"topological group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_group"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"commutator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator_(ring_theory)"},{"link_name":"spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_(functional_analysis)"},{"link_name":"division algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_algebra"},{"link_name":"Gelfand–Mazur theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelfand%E2%80%93Mazur_theorem"},{"link_name":"zero divisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_divisor"},{"link_name":"principal ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_ideal"},{"link_name":"closed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_set"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Noetherian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noetherian_ring"},{"link_name":"topological divisors of zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_divisor_of_zero"}],"text":"Several elementary functions that are defined via power series may be defined in any unital Banach algebra; examples include the exponential function and the trigonometric functions, and more generally any entire function. (In particular, the exponential map can be used to define abstract index groups.) The formula for the geometric series remains valid in general unital Banach algebras. The binomial theorem also holds for two commuting elements of a Banach algebra.The set of invertible elements in any unital Banach algebra is an open set, and the inversion operation on this set is continuous (and hence is a homeomorphism), so that it forms a topological group under multiplication.[3]If a Banach algebra has unit \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {1} ,}\n \n then \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {1} }\n \n cannot be a commutator; that is, \n \n \n \n x\n y\n −\n y\n x\n ≠\n \n 1\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle xy-yx\\neq \\mathbf {1} }\n \n  for any \n \n \n \n x\n ,\n y\n ∈\n A\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x,y\\in A.}\n \n This is because \n \n \n \n x\n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle xy}\n \n and \n \n \n \n y\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle yx}\n \n have the same spectrum except possibly \n \n \n \n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0.}The various algebras of functions given in the examples above have very different properties from standard examples of algebras such as the reals. For example:Every real Banach algebra that is a division algebra is isomorphic to the reals, the complexes, or the quaternions. Hence, the only complex Banach algebra that is a division algebra is the complexes. (This is known as the Gelfand–Mazur theorem.)\nEvery unital real Banach algebra with no zero divisors, and in which every principal ideal is closed, is isomorphic to the reals, the complexes, or the quaternions.[4]\nEvery commutative real unital Noetherian Banach algebra with no zero divisors is isomorphic to the real or complex numbers.\nEvery commutative real unital Noetherian Banach algebra (possibly having zero divisors) is finite-dimensional.\nPermanently singular elements in Banach algebras are topological divisors of zero, that is, considering extensions \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n of Banach algebras \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n some elements that are singular in the given algebra \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n have a multiplicative inverse element in a Banach algebra extension \n \n \n \n B\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B.}\n \n Topological divisors of zero in \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n are permanently singular in any Banach extension \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n of \n \n \n \n A\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A.}","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scalars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_space"},{"link_name":"non-empty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-empty"},{"link_name":"spectral radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_radius"},{"link_name":"holomorphic functional calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphic_functional_calculus"},{"link_name":"holomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphic_function"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"operator theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_theory"}],"text":"Unital Banach algebras over the complex field provide a general setting to develop spectral theory. The spectrum of an element \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n A\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in A,}\n \n denoted by \n \n \n \n σ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma (x)}\n \n, consists of all those complex scalars \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n such that \n \n \n \n x\n −\n λ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x-\\lambda \\mathbf {1} }\n \n is not invertible in \n \n \n \n A\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A.}\n \n The spectrum of any element \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n is a closed subset of the closed disc in \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} }\n \n with radius \n \n \n \n ‖\n x\n ‖\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|x\\|}\n \n and center \n \n \n \n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0,}\n \n and thus is compact. Moreover, the spectrum \n \n \n \n σ\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma (x)}\n \n of an element \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n is non-empty and satisfies the spectral radius formula:sup\n {\n \n |\n \n λ\n \n |\n \n :\n λ\n ∈\n σ\n (\n x\n )\n }\n =\n \n lim\n \n n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n ‖\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n 1\n \n /\n \n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup\\{|\\lambda |:\\lambda \\in \\sigma (x)\\}=\\lim _{n\\to \\infty }\\|x^{n}\\|^{1/n}.}Given \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n A\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in A,}\n \n the holomorphic functional calculus allows to define \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n ∈\n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)\\in A}\n \n for any function \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n holomorphic in a neighborhood of \n \n \n \n σ\n (\n x\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma (x).}\n \n Furthermore, the spectral mapping theorem holds:[5]σ\n (\n f\n (\n x\n )\n )\n =\n f\n (\n σ\n (\n x\n )\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma (f(x))=f(\\sigma (x)).}When the Banach algebra \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is the algebra \n \n \n \n L\n (\n X\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L(X)}\n \n of bounded linear operators on a complex Banach space \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n (for example, the algebra of square matrices), the notion of the spectrum in \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n coincides with the usual one in operator theory. For \n \n \n \n f\n ∈\n C\n (\n X\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\in C(X)}\n \n (with a compact Hausdorff space \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n), one sees that:σ\n (\n f\n )\n =\n {\n f\n (\n t\n )\n :\n t\n ∈\n X\n }\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma (f)=\\{f(t):t\\in X\\}.}The norm of a normal element \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n of a C*-algebra coincides with its spectral radius. This generalizes an analogous fact for normal operators.Let \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n be a complex unital Banach algebra in which every non-zero element \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n is invertible (a division algebra). For every \n \n \n \n a\n ∈\n A\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a\\in A,}\n \n there is \n \n \n \n λ\n ∈\n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda \\in \\mathbb {C} }\n \n such that\n\n \n \n \n a\n −\n λ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a-\\lambda \\mathbf {1} }\n \n is not invertible (because the spectrum of \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n is not empty) hence \n \n \n \n a\n =\n λ\n \n 1\n \n :\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a=\\lambda \\mathbf {1} :}\n \n this algebra \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is naturally isomorphic to \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} }\n \n (the complex case of the Gelfand–Mazur theorem).","title":"Spectral theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maximal ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_ideal"},{"link_name":"structure space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_space"},{"link_name":"semisimple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semisimple_algebra"},{"link_name":"Jacobson radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobson_radical"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Let \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n be a unital commutative Banach algebra over \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} .}\n \n Since \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is then a commutative ring with unit, every non-invertible element of \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n belongs to some maximal ideal of \n \n \n \n A\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A.}\n \n Since a maximal ideal \n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {m}}}\n \n in \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is closed, \n \n \n \n A\n \n /\n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A/{\\mathfrak {m}}}\n \n is a Banach algebra that is a field, and it follows from the Gelfand–Mazur theorem that there is a bijection between the set of all maximal ideals of \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n and the set \n \n \n \n Δ\n (\n A\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta (A)}\n \n of all nonzero homomorphisms from \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n to \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} .}\n \n The set \n \n \n \n Δ\n (\n A\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta (A)}\n \n is called the \"structure space\" or \"character space\" of \n \n \n \n A\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A,}\n \n and its members \"characters\".A character \n \n \n \n χ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi }\n \n is a linear functional on \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n that is at the same time multiplicative, \n \n \n \n χ\n (\n a\n b\n )\n =\n χ\n (\n a\n )\n χ\n (\n b\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi (ab)=\\chi (a)\\chi (b),}\n \n and satisfies \n \n \n \n χ\n (\n \n 1\n \n )\n =\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi (\\mathbf {1} )=1.}\n \n Every character is automatically continuous from \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n to \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} ,}\n \n since the kernel of a character is a maximal ideal, which is closed. Moreover, the norm (that is, operator norm) of a character is one. Equipped with the topology of pointwise convergence on \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n (that is, the topology induced by the weak-* topology of \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A^{*}}\n \n), the character space, \n \n \n \n Δ\n (\n A\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta (A),}\n \n is a Hausdorff compact space.For any \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n A\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in A,}σ\n (\n x\n )\n =\n σ\n (\n \n \n \n x\n ^\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma (x)=\\sigma ({\\hat {x}})}x\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {x}}}Gelfand representationx\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}x\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {x}}}Δ\n (\n A\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta (A)}C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} }x\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n χ\n )\n =\n χ\n (\n x\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {x}}(\\chi )=\\chi (x).}x\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {x}},}C\n (\n Δ\n (\n A\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C(\\Delta (A))}Δ\n (\n A\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta (A).}σ\n (\n \n \n \n x\n ^\n \n \n \n )\n =\n {\n χ\n (\n x\n )\n :\n χ\n ∈\n Δ\n (\n A\n )\n }\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma ({\\hat {x}})=\\{\\chi (x):\\chi \\in \\Delta (A)\\}.}As an algebra, a unital commutative Banach algebra is semisimple (that is, its Jacobson radical is zero) if and only if its Gelfand representation has trivial kernel. An important example of such an algebra is a commutative C*-algebra. In fact, when \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is a commutative unital C*-algebra, the Gelfand representation is then an isometric *-isomorphism between \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n and \n \n \n \n C\n (\n Δ\n (\n A\n )\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C(\\Delta (A)).}\n \n[a]","title":"Ideals and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"complex numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"involution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"complex conjugate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_conjugate"},{"link_name":"*-algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*-algebra"},{"link_name":"isometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometry"},{"link_name":"C*-algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C*-algebra"}],"text":"A Banach *-algebra \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is a Banach algebra over the field of complex numbers, together with a map \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n :\n A\n →\n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {}^{*}:A\\to A}\n \n that has the following properties:(\n \n x\n \n ∗\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(x^{*}\\right)^{*}=x}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in A}\n \n (so the map is an involution).\n\n \n \n \n (\n x\n +\n y\n \n )\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n ∗\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x+y)^{*}=x^{*}+y^{*}}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n x\n ,\n y\n ∈\n A\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x,y\\in A.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n (\n λ\n x\n \n )\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n λ\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\lambda x)^{*}={\\bar {\\lambda }}x^{*}}\n \n for every \n \n \n \n λ\n ∈\n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda \\in \\mathbb {C} }\n \n and every \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n A\n ;\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in A;}\n \n here, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n λ\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {\\lambda }}}\n \n denotes the complex conjugate of \n \n \n \n λ\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda .}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n (\n x\n y\n \n )\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n \n y\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n x\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (xy)^{*}=y^{*}x^{*}}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n x\n ,\n y\n ∈\n A\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x,y\\in A.}In other words, a Banach *-algebra is a Banach algebra over \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} }\n \n that is also a *-algebra.In most natural examples, one also has that the involution is isometric, that is,‖\n \n x\n \n ∗\n \n \n ‖\n =\n ‖\n x\n ‖\n \n \n  for all \n \n x\n ∈\n A\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|x^{*}\\|=\\|x\\|\\quad {\\text{ for all }}x\\in A.}A Banach *-algebra satisfying \n \n \n \n ‖\n \n x\n \n ∗\n \n \n x\n ‖\n =\n ‖\n \n x\n \n ∗\n \n \n ‖\n ‖\n x\n ‖\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|x^{*}x\\|=\\|x^{*}\\|\\|x\\|}\n \n is a C*-algebra.","title":"Banach *-algebras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Stone–Weierstrass theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%E2%80%93Weierstrass_theorem"}],"text":"^ Proof: Since every element of a commutative C*-algebra is normal, the Gelfand representation is isometric; in particular, it is injective and its image is closed. But the image of the Gelfand representation is dense by the Stone–Weierstrass theorem.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Approximate identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximate_identity"},{"title":"Kaplansky's conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplansky%27s_conjecture"},{"title":"Operator algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_algebra"},{"title":"Shilov boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilov_boundary"}]
[{"reference":"García, Miguel Cabrera; Palacios, Angel Rodríguez (1995). \"A New Simple Proof of the Gelfand-Mazur-Kaplansky Theorem\". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 123 (9): 2663–2666. doi:10.2307/2160559. ISSN 0002-9939. JSTOR 2160559.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2160559","url_text":"\"A New Simple Proof of the Gelfand-Mazur-Kaplansky Theorem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2160559","url_text":"10.2307/2160559"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9939","url_text":"0002-9939"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2160559","url_text":"2160559"}]},{"reference":"Bollobás, B (1990). Linear Analysis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38729-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bollob%C3%A1s","url_text":"Bollobás, B"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/linearanalysisin0000boll","url_text":"Linear Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-38729-9","url_text":"0-521-38729-9"}]},{"reference":"Bonsall, F. F.; Duncan, J. (1973). Complete Normed Algebras. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-06386-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bonsall","url_text":"Bonsall, F. F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-06386-2","url_text":"0-387-06386-2"}]},{"reference":"Conway, J. B. (1990). A Course in Functional Analysis. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 96. Springer Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97245-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Conway","url_text":"Conway, J. B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Verlag","url_text":"Springer Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-97245-5","url_text":"0-387-97245-5"}]},{"reference":"Dales, H. G.; Aeina, P.; Eschmeier, J; Laursen, K.; Willis, G. A. (2003). Introduction to Banach Algebras, Operators and Harmonic Analysis. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511615429. ISBN 0-521-53584-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Willis","url_text":"Willis, G. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511615429","url_text":"10.1017/CBO9780511615429"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-53584-0","url_text":"0-521-53584-0"}]},{"reference":"Mosak, R. D. (1975). Banach algebras. Chicago Lectures in Mathematics. University of Chicago Press). ISBN 0-226-54203-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-54203-3","url_text":"0-226-54203-3"}]},{"reference":"Takesaki, M. (1979). Theory of Operator Algebras I. Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences. Vol. 124 (1st ed.). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-42248-8. ISSN 0938-0396.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masamichi_Takesaki","url_text":"Takesaki, M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-42248-8","url_text":"978-3-540-42248-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0938-0396","url_text":"0938-0396"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Saylor
Steven Saylor
["1 Bibliography","1.1 Roma Sub Rosa series","1.2 Roma series","1.3 Other books","2 References","3 External links"]
American author of historical novels (born 1956) This article is about the author of historical novels. For the journalist, movie critic and columnist, see Steve Sailer. "Aaron Travis" redirects here. For the English footballer, see Aaron Travis (footballer). Steven SaylorSaylor at the 2012 Texas Book FestivalBorn (1956-03-23) March 23, 1956 (age 68)Port Lavaca, Texas, U.S.OccupationWriterAlma materUniversity of Texas at AustinPeriod1991–presentGenreHistorical fiction, mystery fiction, novel, short storySubjectAncient RomeNotable worksRoma Sub Rosa series Roma: The Novel of Ancient RomeNotable awardsMystery Writers of America Robert L. Fish Memorial Award 1993 Lambda Literary Award 1993 Writers' League of Texas Violet Crown Award 2000 SpouseRichard SolomonWebsitestevensaylor.com Steven Saylor (born March 23, 1956) is an American author of historical novels. He is a graduate of the University of Texas at Austin, where he studied history and classics. Saylor's best-known work is his Roma Sub Rosa historical mystery series, set in ancient Rome. The novels' hero is a detective named Gordianus the Finder, active during the time of Sulla, Cicero, Julius Caesar, and Cleopatra. Outside this crime novel series, Saylor has also written three epic-length historical novels about the city of Rome, Roma, Empire, and Dominus. His work has been published in 21 languages. Saylor has also written two novels set in Texas. A Twist at the End, featuring O. Henry, is set in Austin in the 1880s and based on real-life serial murders and trials (the case of the so-called Servant Girl Annihilator). Have You Seen Dawn? is a contemporary thriller set in a fictional Texas town, Amethyst, based on Saylor's hometown, Goldthwaite, Texas. Saylor contributed autobiographical essays to three anthologies of gay writing edited by John Preston, Hometowns, A Member of the Family, and Friends and Lovers, and prior to his novel-writing career he published gay erotic fiction under the pen name Aaron Travis. Saylor has lived with Richard Solomon since 1976; they registered as domestic partners in San Francisco in 1991 and later dissolved that partnership in order to legally marry in October 2008. The couple split their time between properties in Berkeley, California, and Austin, Texas. Bibliography This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2021) Roma Sub Rosa series Listed in publication order. For a chronological listing, see the separate Roma Sub Rosa article. The Seven Wonders (2012), a fix-up novel, is a prequel recounting the journey of the young Gordianus to see the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World beginning in 92 BC. "Ill Seen in Tyre" (2014), in the cross-genre anthology Rogues, edited by George R. R. Martin and Gardner Dozois, set in 91 BC just before the Epilogue of The Seven Wonders The Alexandrian Cat (90 and 74 BC) Raiders of the Nile (2014) is a direct sequel to The Seven Wonders, about the further adventures of young Gordianus in Egypt and a plot to steal the golden sarcophagus of Alexander the Great, set in 88 BC. Wrath of the Furies (2015) is a direct sequel to Raiders of the Nile, where young Gordianus must travel incognito into the lands ruled by Mithridates the Great, set in 88 BC. Roman Blood (1991), in which Gordianus is hired by the great orator and advocate Cicero in 80 BC. Like several novels in the series, this one is based on a trial oration by Cicero, in this case In Defence of Sextus Roscius of Ameria (Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino). The House of the Vestals (1997), a collection of nine short stories which take place between the first novel and the second, during the period September 80-73 BC. A Gladiator Dies Only Once (2005), another collection of short stories which take place between the first novel and the second. (77-73, 70, and 64 BC) Arms of Nemesis (1992), featuring Crassus, is set during the slave revolt of Spartacus in 72 BC. Catilina's Riddle (1993), featuring Cicero and the title character, Catilina, is set during his rebellion in 63 BC. The Venus Throw (1995), featuring the poet Catullus, is set during the trial of Marcus Caelius in 56 BC for the murder of Dio of Alexandria. A Murder on the Appian Way (1996), set just before the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, focused on the murder of the rabble-rouser Publius Clodius Pulcher on the Appian Way outside Rome. (52 BC) Rubicon (1999), in which Caesar crosses the Rubicon and the members of the Senate flee Rome, plunging the Roman world into civil war. (49 BC) Last Seen in Massilia (2000) takes place in Massilia (now Marseille) during the siege of the city by Caesar's troops. (49 BC) A Mist of Prophecies (2002) is set in the city of Rome during the Roman civil war. (48 BC) The Judgment of Caesar (2004) takes place in Egypt, when Caesar met queen Cleopatra in 48 BC. The Triumph of Caesar (2008) is set in Rome during Caesar's triumphal celebrations in 46 BC. The Throne of Caesar (2018) is set in Rome during Caesar's murder in March 44 BC. Roma series Roma: The Novel of Ancient Rome (2007), a 1000-year novel of the rise of ancient Rome from its first settlement to the assassination of Julius Caesar. "The Eagle and the Rabbit" (2013) - short story set in 146 BC (collected in Future, Present, Past ) Empire: The Novel of Imperial Rome (2010) spans several generations with the end of the reign of Augustus in 14 AD through the reign of Hadrian in 141 AD. Dominus (July 2021) spans several generations from 165 to 325 AD Other books A Twist at the End (UK title: Honour the Dead) (2000), based on the Servant Girl Annihilator killings in the 1880s in Austin, Texas, closely reconstructs the murders and the ensuing trials, with young William Sydney Porter (O. Henry) playing a fictional role. Have You Seen Dawn? (2003) is a modern-day thriller set in a small town in Texas. Future, Present, Past (2013) is a collection of three short stories set in different time periods. My Mother's Ghost (2013) is a collection of three autobiographical essays and a short story. A Bookish Bent (2013) is a collection of various essay and articles. Erotic fiction under the pseudonym Aaron Travis Novels Slaves of the Empire (1985) - set in Rome. The Flesh Fables (1990) Beast of Burden (1993) Big Shots (1993) In the Blood (1995) Novellas Blue Light (1980) Beirut (2012) Crown of Thorns (2012) Eden (2012) Kip (2012) Military Discipline (2012) Short, Brainy, & Hot (2012) Slave (2012) Wild West (2013) Collections Exposed (1994) Tag Team Studs (1997) (with Clay Caldwell) Kudzu and Other Stories (2012) Raw (2012) Wrestling Tales (2012) No Shades of Gray (2012) Anthologies edited QSF x 2 (1995) (with Lars Eighner) References ^ Rapp, Linda (2005). "Saylor, Steven" (PDF). glbtq.com. ^ The complete works published under the Aaron Travis pen name were reissued in Amazon Kindle and Barnes & Noble Nook editions in 2012. External links Official website vteBooks by Steven SaylorRoma Sub Rosa seriesNovels Roman Blood (1991) Arms of Nemesis (1992) Catilina's Riddle (1993) The Venus Throw (1995) A Murder on the Appian Way (1996) Rubicon (1999) Last Seen in Massilia (2000) A Mist of Prophecies (2002) The Judgment of Caesar (2004) The Triumph of Caesar (2008) Raiders of the Nile (2014) Wrath of the Furies (2015) The Throne of Caesar (2018) Short stories The House of the Vestals (1997) A Gladiator Dies Only Once (2005) The Seven Wonders (2012) "Ill Seen in Tyre" (2014) Roma novels Roma (2007) Empire (2010) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic 2 Australia Greece Korea Netherlands Poland People Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Sailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Sailer"},{"link_name":"Aaron Travis (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Travis_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics"},{"link_name":"Roma Sub Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Sub_Rosa"},{"link_name":"historical mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_mystery"},{"link_name":"Gordianus the Finder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordianus_the_Finder"},{"link_name":"Sulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_(2007_novel)"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(Saylor_novel)"},{"link_name":"Dominus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominus_(Saylor_novel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O. Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._Henry"},{"link_name":"Servant Girl Annihilator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servant_Girl_Annihilator"},{"link_name":"Goldthwaite, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldthwaite,_Texas"},{"link_name":"John Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Preston_(American_author)"},{"link_name":"erotic fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_fiction"},{"link_name":"domestic partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_partnership"},{"link_name":"Berkeley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glbtq-1"}],"text":"This article is about the author of historical novels. For the journalist, movie critic and columnist, see Steve Sailer.\"Aaron Travis\" redirects here. For the English footballer, see Aaron Travis (footballer).Steven Saylor (born March 23, 1956) is an American author of historical novels. He is a graduate of the University of Texas at Austin, where he studied history and classics.Saylor's best-known work is his Roma Sub Rosa historical mystery series, set in ancient Rome. The novels' hero is a detective named Gordianus the Finder, active during the time of Sulla, Cicero, Julius Caesar, and Cleopatra. Outside this crime novel series, Saylor has also written three epic-length historical novels about the city of Rome, Roma, Empire, and Dominus. His work has been published in 21 languages.Saylor has also written two novels set in Texas. A Twist at the End, featuring O. Henry, is set in Austin in the 1880s and based on real-life serial murders and trials (the case of the so-called Servant Girl Annihilator). Have You Seen Dawn? is a contemporary thriller set in a fictional Texas town, Amethyst, based on Saylor's hometown, Goldthwaite, Texas.Saylor contributed autobiographical essays to three anthologies of gay writing edited by John Preston, Hometowns, A Member of the Family, and Friends and Lovers, and prior to his novel-writing career he published gay erotic fiction under the pen name Aaron Travis.Saylor has lived with Richard Solomon since 1976; they registered as domestic partners in San Francisco in 1991 and later dissolved that partnership in order to legally marry in October 2008. The couple split their time between properties in Berkeley, California, and Austin, Texas.[1]","title":"Steven Saylor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roma Sub Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Sub_Rosa"},{"link_name":"The Seven Wonders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Wonders_(Roma_Sub_Rosa)"},{"link_name":"fix-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fix-up"},{"link_name":"Seven Wonders of the Ancient World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World"},{"link_name":"Rogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogues_(anthology)"},{"link_name":"The Seven Wonders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Wonders_(Roma_Sub_Rosa)"},{"link_name":"Raiders of the Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Nile"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Wrath of the Furies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrath_of_the_Furies"},{"link_name":"Mithridates the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Roman Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Blood"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"The House of the Vestals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_the_Vestals"},{"link_name":"A Gladiator Dies Only Once","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gladiator_Dies_Only_Once"},{"link_name":"Arms of Nemesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_of_Nemesis"},{"link_name":"Crassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassus"},{"link_name":"Spartacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus"},{"link_name":"Catilina's Riddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catilina%27s_Riddle"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"Catilina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catiline"},{"link_name":"The Venus Throw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Venus_Throw"},{"link_name":"Catullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus"},{"link_name":"Dio of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"A Murder on the Appian Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Murder_on_the_Appian_Way"},{"link_name":"Pompey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey"},{"link_name":"Publius Clodius Pulcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher"},{"link_name":"Appian Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian_Way"},{"link_name":"Rubicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubicon_(Roma_Sub_Rosa)"},{"link_name":"Rubicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubicon"},{"link_name":"Last Seen in Massilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Seen_in_Massilia"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"A Mist of Prophecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mist_of_Prophecies"},{"link_name":"The Judgment of Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Judgment_of_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra"},{"link_name":"The Triumph of Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Caesar"},{"link_name":"The Throne of Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Throne_of_Caesar"}],"sub_title":"Roma Sub Rosa series","text":"Listed in publication order. For a chronological listing, see the separate Roma Sub Rosa article.The Seven Wonders (2012), a fix-up novel, is a prequel recounting the journey of the young Gordianus to see the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World beginning in 92 BC.\n\"Ill Seen in Tyre\" (2014), in the cross-genre anthology Rogues, edited by George R. R. Martin and Gardner Dozois, set in 91 BC just before the Epilogue of The Seven Wonders\nThe Alexandrian Cat (90 and 74 BC)\nRaiders of the Nile (2014) is a direct sequel to The Seven Wonders, about the further adventures of young Gordianus in Egypt and a plot to steal the golden sarcophagus of Alexander the Great, set in 88 BC.\nWrath of the Furies (2015) is a direct sequel to Raiders of the Nile, where young Gordianus must travel incognito into the lands ruled by Mithridates the Great, set in 88 BC.\nRoman Blood (1991), in which Gordianus is hired by the great orator and advocate Cicero in 80 BC. Like several novels in the series, this one is based on a trial oration by Cicero, in this case In Defence of Sextus Roscius of Ameria (Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino).\nThe House of the Vestals (1997), a collection of nine short stories which take place between the first novel and the second, during the period September 80-73 BC.\nA Gladiator Dies Only Once (2005), another collection of short stories which take place between the first novel and the second. (77-73, 70, and 64 BC)\nArms of Nemesis (1992), featuring Crassus, is set during the slave revolt of Spartacus in 72 BC.\nCatilina's Riddle (1993), featuring Cicero and the title character, Catilina, is set during his rebellion in 63 BC.\nThe Venus Throw (1995), featuring the poet Catullus, is set during the trial of Marcus Caelius in 56 BC for the murder of Dio of Alexandria.\nA Murder on the Appian Way (1996), set just before the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, focused on the murder of the rabble-rouser Publius Clodius Pulcher on the Appian Way outside Rome. (52 BC)\nRubicon (1999), in which Caesar crosses the Rubicon and the members of the Senate flee Rome, plunging the Roman world into civil war. (49 BC)\nLast Seen in Massilia (2000) takes place in Massilia (now Marseille) during the siege of the city by Caesar's troops. (49 BC)\nA Mist of Prophecies (2002) is set in the city of Rome during the Roman civil war. (48 BC)\nThe Judgment of Caesar (2004) takes place in Egypt, when Caesar met queen Cleopatra in 48 BC.\nThe Triumph of Caesar (2008) is set in Rome during Caesar's triumphal celebrations in 46 BC.\nThe Throne of Caesar (2018) is set in Rome during Caesar's murder in March 44 BC.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roma: The Novel of Ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_(2007_novel)"},{"link_name":"Empire: The Novel of Imperial Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(Saylor_novel)"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"}],"sub_title":"Roma series","text":"Roma: The Novel of Ancient Rome (2007), a 1000-year novel of the rise of ancient Rome from its first settlement to the assassination of Julius Caesar.\n\"The Eagle and the Rabbit\" (2013) - short story set in 146 BC (collected in Future, Present, Past )\nEmpire: The Novel of Imperial Rome (2010) spans several generations with the end of the reign of Augustus in 14 AD through the reign of Hadrian in 141 AD.\nDominus (July 2021) spans several generations from 165 to 325 AD","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Servant Girl Annihilator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servant_Girl_Annihilator"},{"link_name":"O. Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._Henry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"}],"sub_title":"Other books","text":"A Twist at the End (UK title: Honour the Dead) (2000), based on the Servant Girl Annihilator killings in the 1880s in Austin, Texas, closely reconstructs the murders and the ensuing trials, with young William Sydney Porter (O. Henry) playing a fictional role.\nHave You Seen Dawn? (2003) is a modern-day thriller set in a small town in Texas.\nFuture, Present, Past (2013) is a collection of three short stories set in different time periods.\nMy Mother's Ghost (2013) is a collection of three autobiographical essays and a short story.\nA Bookish Bent (2013) is a collection of various essay and articles.Erotic fiction under the pseudonym Aaron Travis[2]NovelsSlaves of the Empire (1985) - set in Rome.\nThe Flesh Fables (1990)\nBeast of Burden (1993)\nBig Shots (1993)\nIn the Blood (1995)NovellasBlue Light (1980)\nBeirut (2012)\nCrown of Thorns (2012)\nEden (2012)\nKip (2012)\nMilitary Discipline (2012)\nShort, Brainy, & Hot (2012)\nSlave (2012)\nWild West (2013)CollectionsExposed (1994)\nTag Team Studs (1997) (with Clay Caldwell)\nKudzu and Other Stories (2012)\nRaw (2012)\nWrestling Tales (2012)\nNo Shades of Gray (2012)Anthologies editedQSF x 2 (1995) (with Lars Eighner)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_13
December 13
["1 Events","1.1 Pre-1600","1.2 1601–1900","1.3 1901–present","2 Births","2.1 Pre-1600","2.2 1601–1900","2.3 1901–present","3 Deaths","3.1 Pre-1600","3.2 1601–1900","3.3 1901–present","4 Holidays and observances","5 References","6 External links"]
Events on calendar date 13 December << December >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31   2024 December 13 in recent years   2023 (Wednesday)   2022 (Tuesday)   2021 (Monday)   2020 (Sunday)   2019 (Friday)   2018 (Thursday)   2017 (Wednesday)   2016 (Tuesday)   2015 (Sunday)   2014 (Saturday) Day of the yearDecember 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 18 days remain until the end of the year. Events Pre-1600 1294 – Saint Celestine V resigns the papacy after only five months to return to his previous life as an ascetic hermit. 1545 – The Council of Trent begins as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation. 1577 – Sir Francis Drake sets sail from Plymouth, England, on his round-the-world voyage. 1601–1900 1623 – The Plymouth Colony establishes the system of trial by 12-men jury in the American colonies. 1636 – The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians, a date now considered the founding of the National Guard of the United States. 1642 – Abel Tasman is the first recorded European to sight New Zealand. 1643 – English Civil War: The Battle of Alton takes place in Hampshire. 1758 – The English transport ship Duke William sinks in the North Atlantic, killing over 360 people. 1769 – Dartmouth College is founded by the Reverend Eleazar Wheelock, with a royal charter from King George III, on land donated by Royal governor John Wentworth. 1818 – Cyril VI of Constantinople resigns from his position as Ecumenical Patriarch under pressure from the Ottoman Empire. 1862 – American Civil War: At the Battle of Fredericksburg, Confederate General Robert E. Lee defeats Union Major General Ambrose Burnside. 1867 – A Fenian bomb explodes in Clerkenwell, London, killing 12 people and injuring 50. 1901–present 1937 – Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanking: The city of Nanjing, defended by the National Revolutionary Army under the command of General Tang Shengzhi, falls to the Japanese. This is followed by the Nanking Massacre, in which Japanese troops rape and slaughter hundreds of thousands of civilians. 1938 – The Holocaust: The Neuengamme concentration camp opens in the Bergedorf district of Hamburg, Germany. 1939 – The Battle of the River Plate is fought off the coast of Uruguay; the first naval battle of World War II. The Kriegsmarine's Deutschland-class cruiser (pocket battleship) Admiral Graf Spee engages with three Royal Navy cruisers: HMS Ajax, HMNZS Achilles and HMS Exeter. 1943 – World War II: The Massacre of Kalavryta by German occupying forces in Greece. 1949 – The Knesset votes to move the capital of Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. 1957 – The Mw  6.5 Farsinaj earthquake strikes Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII, causing at least 1,119 deaths and damaging over 5,000 homes. 1959 – Archbishop Makarios III becomes the first President of Cyprus. 1960 – While Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia visits Brazil, his Imperial Bodyguard seizes the capital and proclaims him deposed and his son, Crown Prince Asfa Wossen, Emperor. 1962 – NASA launches Relay 1, the first active repeater communications satellite in orbit. 1967 – Constantine II of Greece attempts an unsuccessful counter-coup against the Regime of the Colonels. 1968 – Brazilian President Artur da Costa e Silva issues AI-5 (Institutional Act No. 5), enabling government by decree and suspending habeas corpus. 1972 – Apollo program: Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt begin the third and final extra-vehicular activity (EVA) or "Moonwalk" of Apollo 17. To date they are the last humans to set foot on the Moon. 1974 – Malta becomes a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations. 1974 – In the Vietnam War, the North Vietnamese forces launch their 1975 Spring Offensive (to 30 April 1975), which results in the final capitulation of South Vietnam. 1977 – Air Indiana Flight 216 crashes near Evansville Regional Airport, killing 29, including the University of Evansville basketball team, support staff, and boosters of the team. 1981 – General Wojciech Jaruzelski declares martial law in Poland, largely due to the actions by Solidarity. 1982 – The 6.0 Ms  North Yemen earthquake shakes southwestern Yemen with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), killing 2,800, and injuring 1,500. 1988 – PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat gives a speech at a UN General Assembly meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, after United States authorities refused to grant him a visa to visit UN headquarters in New York. 1989 – The Troubles: Attack on Derryard checkpoint: The Provisional Irish Republican Army launches an attack on a British Army temporary vehicle checkpoint near Rosslea, Northern Ireland. Two British soldiers are killed and two others are wounded. 1994 – Flagship Airlines Flight 3379 crashes in Morrisville, North Carolina, near Raleigh–Durham International Airport, killing 15. 1995 – Banat Air Flight 166 crashes in Sommacampagna near Verona Villafranca Airport in Verona, Italy, killing 49. 2001 – Sansad Bhavan, the building housing the Indian Parliament, is attacked by terrorists. Twelve people are killed, including the terrorists. 2002 – European Union enlargement: The EU announces that Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia will become members on May 1, 2004. 2003 – Iraq War: Operation Red Dawn: Former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein is captured near his home town of Tikrit. 2007 – The Treaty of Lisbon is signed by the EU member states to amend both the Treaty of Rome and the Maastricht Treaty which together form the constitutional basis of the EU. The Treaty of Lisbon is effective from 1 December 2009. Births Pre-1600 1272 – King Frederick III of Sicily (d. 1337) 1363 – Jean Gerson, chancellor of the University of Paris (d. 1429) 1476 – Lucy Brocadelli, Dominican tertiary and stigmatic (d. 1544) 1484 – Paul Speratus, German Lutheran (d. 1551) 1491 – Martín de Azpilcueta, Spanish theologian and economist (d. 1586) 1499 – Justus Menius, German Lutheran pastor (d. 1558) 1521 – Pope Sixtus V (d. 1590) 1533 – Eric XIV of Sweden (d. 1577) 1553 – Henry IV of France (d. 1610) 1560 – Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully, 2nd Prime Minister of France (d. 1641) 1585 – William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet (d. 1649) 1601–1900 1640 – Robert Plot, English chemist and academic (d. 1696) 1662 – Francesco Bianchini, Italian astronomer and philosopher (d. 1729) 1678 – Yongzheng Emperor of China (d. 1735) 1720 – Carlo Gozzi, Italian playwright (d. 1804) 1724 – Franz Aepinus, German astronomer and philosopher (d. 1802) 1769 – James Scarlett Abinger, English judge (d. 1844) 1780 – Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, German chemist, invented the Döbereiner's lamp (d. 1849) 1784 – Archduke Louis of Austria (d. 1864) 1797 – Heinrich Heine, German journalist, poet, and critic (d. 1856) 1804 – Joseph Howe, Canadian journalist and politician, 5th Premier of Nova Scotia (d. 1873) 1814 – Ana Néri, Brazilian nurse and philanthropist (d. 1880) 1816 – Werner von Siemens, German engineer and businessman, founded Siemens (d. 1892) 1818 – Mary Todd Lincoln, 16th First Lady of the United States (d. 1882) 1830 – Mathilde Fibiger, Danish feminist, novelist and telegraphist (d. 1892) 1836 – Franz von Lenbach, German painter and academic (d. 1904) 1854 – Herman Bavinck, Dutch philosopher, theologian, and academic (d. 1921) 1856 – Svetozar Boroević, Croatian-Austrian field marshal (d. 1920) 1860 – Lucien Guitry, French actor (d. 1925) 1864 – Emil Seidel, American woodcarver and politician, 36th Mayor of Milwaukee (d. 1947) 1867 – Kristian Birkeland, Norwegian physicist and author (d. 1917) 1870 – Edward LeSaint, American actor and director (d. 1940) 1871 – Emily Carr, Canadian painter and author (d. 1945) 1874 – Josef Lhévinne, Russian pianist and educator (d. 1944) 1882 – Jane Edna Hunter, African-American social worker (d. 1971) 1883 – Belle da Costa Greene, American librarian and bibliographer (d. 1950) 1884 – Aimilios Veakis, Greek actor, director, and playwright (d. 1951) 1885 – Annie Dale Biddle Andrews, American mathematician (d. 1940) 1887 – George Pólya, Hungarian-American mathematician and academic (d. 1985) 1887 – Alvin C. York, American colonel, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1964) 1895 – Lucía Sánchez Saornil, Spanish anarchist feminist (d. 1970) 1897 – Albert Aalbers, Dutch architect, designed the Savoy Homann Bidakara Hotel (d. 1961) 1897 – Drew Pearson, American journalist and author (d. 1969) 1900 – Jonel Perlea, Romanian-American conductor and educator (d. 1970) 1901–present 1901 – Olev Roomet, Estonian singer, violinist, and bagpipe player (d. 1987) 1902 – Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, Greek philosopher and politician, 138th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1986) 1902 – Talcott Parsons, American sociologist and academic (d. 1979) 1903 – Ella Baker, American activist (d. 1986) 1903 – Carlos Montoya, Spanish guitarist and composer (d. 1993) 1905 – Ann Barzel, American writer and dance critic (d. 2007) 1906 – Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (d. 1968) 1906 – Laurens van der Post, South African-English soldier and author (d. 1996) 1908 – Elizabeth Alexander, English geologist, academic, and physicist (d. 1958) 1908 – Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira, Brazilian historian and activist (d. 1995) 1908 – Van Heflin, American film actor (d. 1971) 1911 – Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian economist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999) 1911 – Kenneth Patchen, American poet and painter (d. 1972) 1912 – Luiz Gonzaga, Brazilian singer-songwriter and accordion player (d. 1989) 1913 – Archie Moore, American boxer and actor (d. 1998) 1914 – Alan Bullock, English historian and author (d. 2004) 1914 – Larry Noble, English comedian and actor (d. 1993) 1915 – B. J. Vorster, South African lawyer and politician, 4th State President of South Africa (d. 1983) 1916 – Leonard Weisgard, American author and illustrator (d. 2000) 1919 – Hans-Joachim Marseille, German captain and pilot (d. 1942) 1920 – George P. Shultz, American economist and politician, 60th United States Secretary of State (d. 2021) 1921 – Turgut Demirağ, Turkish film producer, director and screenwriter (d. 1987) 1923 – Philip Warren Anderson, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020) 1923 – Larry Doby, American baseball player (d. 2003) 1925 – Dick Van Dyke, American actor, singer, and dancer 1927 – James Wright, American poet and academic (d. 1980) 1928 – Solomon Feferman, American philosopher and mathematician (d. 2016) 1929 – Christopher Plummer, Canadian actor and producer (d. 2021) 1933 – Paul Bracq, French automotive designer 1934 – Richard D. Zanuck, American film producer (d. 2012) 1935 – Türkan Saylan, Turkish physician and academic (d. 2009) 1936 – Prince Karim al-Husayn Shāh, Aga Khan IV, Swiss humanitarian and religious leader 1938 – Gus Johnson, American basketball player (d. 1987) 1940 – Sanjaya Lall, Indian economist and academic (d. 2005) 1942 – Howard Brenton, English playwright and screenwriter 1942 – Ferguson Jenkins, Canadian baseball player 1945 – Herman Cain, American businessman, politician, and activist (d. 2020) 1948 – Jeff Baxter, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer 1948 – Lillian Board, British athlete (d. 1970) 1948 – Ted Nugent, American musician 1950 – Wendie Malick, American actress 1952 – Muhsin Kenon, American basketball player 1953 – Ben Bernanke, American economist 1953 – Bob Gainey, Canadian ice hockey player 1956 – Phil Hubbard, American basketball player and coach 1957 – Steve Buscemi, American actor and director 1957 – Morris Day, American musician and actor 1959 – Johnny Whitaker, American actor 1960 – Richard Dent, American football player 1961 – Gary Zimmerman, American football player 1962 – Rex Ryan, American football coach and analyst 1964 – Krišjānis Kariņš, American-Latvian politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Latvia 1967 – Jamie Foxx, American actor, singer, songwriter, producer, and comedian 1969 – Sergei Fedorov, Russian ice hockey player and coach 1971 – Scott Sattler, Australian rugby league player 1972 – Matti Kärki, Swedish heavy metal singer 1975 – Tom DeLonge, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, author, and filmmaker 1975 – James Kyson, American actor 1975 – Matthew LeCroy, American baseball player and manager 1978 – Cameron Douglas, American actor 1981 – Amy Lee, American singer, songwriter and pianist 1982 – Dan Hamhuis, Canadian ice hockey player 1982 – Ricky Nolasco, American baseball player 1983 – Laura Hodges, Australian basketball player 1984 – Santi Cazorla, Spanish footballer 1984 – Hanna-Maria Seppälä, Finnish freestyle swimmer 1988 – Rickie Fowler, American golfer 1989 – Hellen Obiri, Kenyan runner 1989 – Katherine Schwarzenegger, American author 1989 – Taylor Swift, American singer-songwriter 1990 – Fletcher Cox, American football player 1990 – Joseph Garrett, English YouTuber, actor, and author 1990 – Arantxa Rus, Dutch tennis player 1991 – Dave Leduc, Canadian martial artist 1991 – Vladimir Tarasenko, Russian ice hockey player 1993 – Danielle Collins, American tennis player 1993 – Jamal Fogarty, Australian rugby league player 1995 – Emma Corrin, English actor 1996 – Gleyber Torres, Venezuelan baseball player 1999 – Marina Bassols Ribera, Spanish tennis player 2000 – Simona Waltert, Swiss tennis player 2001 – Jayden Goodwin, Australian cricketer Deaths Pre-1600 558 – Childebert I, Frankish king (b. 496) 769 – Du Hongjian, Chinese politician (b. 709) 838 – Pepin I of Aquitaine (b. 797) 859 – Angilbert II, archbishop of Milan 1124 – Pope Callixtus II (b. 1065) 1126 – Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1075) 1204 – Maimonides, Spanish rabbi and philosopher (b. 1135) 1250 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1194) 1272 – Bertold of Regensburg, German preacher 1404 – Albert I, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1336) 1466 – Donatello, Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1386) 1516 – Johannes Trithemius, German cryptographer and historian (b. 1462) 1521 – Manuel I of Portugal (b. 1469) 1557 – Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia, Italian mathematician and engineer (b. 1499) 1565 – Conrad Gessner, Swiss botanist and physician (b. 1516) 1601–1900 1621 – Katarina Stenbock, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1535) 1671 – Antonio Grassi, Italian Roman Catholic priest(b. 1592) 1716 – Charles de La Fosse, French painter (b. 1640) 1721 – Alexander Selkirk, Scottish sailor (b. 1676) 1729 – Anthony Collins, English philosopher and author (b. 1676) 1754 – Mahmud I, Ottoman sultan (b. 1696) 1758 – Noël Doiron, Canadian Acadia leader (b. 1684) 1769 – Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, German poet and hymn-writer (b. 1715) 1783 – Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin, Swedish astronomer and demographer (b. 1717) 1784 – Samuel Johnson, English poet and lexicographer (b. 1709) 1814 – Charles-Joseph, 7th Prince of Ligne, Belgian-Austrian field marshal (b. 1735) 1849 – Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg, German botanist and entomologist (b. 1766) 1862 – Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb, American general, lawyer, and politician (b. 1823) 1863 – Christian Friedrich Hebbel, German poet and playwright (b. 1813) 1868 – Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, German botanist and explorer (b. 1794) 1881 – August Šenoa, Croatian author and poet (b. 1838) 1883 – Victor de Laprade, French poet and critic (b. 1812) 1893 – Georg August Rudolph, German lawyer and politician, 3rd Mayor of Marburg (b. 1816) 1895 – Ányos Jedlik, Hungarian physicist and engineer (b. 1800) 1901–present 1908 – Augustus Le Plongeon, French photographer and historian (b. 1825) 1911 – Reggie Duff, Australian cricketer (b. 1878) 1919 – Woldemar Voigt, German physicist and academic (b. 1850) 1922 – Arthur Wesley Dow, American painter and photographer (b. 1857) 1922 – Hannes Hafstein, Icelandic poet and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1861) 1924 – Samuel Gompers, English-born American labor leader, founded the American Federation of Labor (b. 1850) 1927 – Mehmet Nadir, Turkish mathematician and academic (b. 1856) 1929 – Rosina Heikel, Finnish physician (b. 1842) 1930 – Fritz Pregl, Slovenian-Austrian chemist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1869) 1931 – Gustave Le Bon, French psychologist, sociologist, and anthropologist (b. 1840) 1932 – Georgios Jakobides, Greek painter and sculptor (b. 1853) 1935 – Victor Grignard, French chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1871) 1942 – Wlodimir Ledóchowski, Austrian-Polish religious leader, 26th Superior-General of the Society of Jesus (b. 1866) 1942 – Robert Robinson Taylor, American architect (b. 1868) 1944 – Wassily Kandinsky, Russian-French painter and theorist (b. 1866) 1945 – Irma Grese, German concentration camp guard (b. 1923) 1945 – Josef Kramer, German concentration camp commandant (b. 1906) 1945 – Elisabeth Volkenrath, Polish-German concentration camp supervisor (b. 1919) 1947 – Henry James, American lawyer and author (b. 1879) 1947 – Nicholas Roerich, Russian archaeologist, painter, and philosopher (b. 1874) 1950 – Abraham Wald, Hungarian mathematician and academic (b. 1902) 1954 – John Raymond Hubbell, American director and composer (b. 1879) 1955 – Egas Moniz, Portuguese psychiatrist and neurosurgeon, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874) 1960 – Dora Marsden, English author and activist (b. 1882) 1961 – Grandma Moses, American painter (b. 1860) 1962 – Harry Barris, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1905) 1969 – Raymond A. Spruance, American admiral and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the Philippines (b. 1886) 1973 – Henry Green, English author (b. 1905) 1974 – Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoglu, Egyptian-Turkish journalist, author, and politician (b. 1889) 1975 – Cyril Delevanti, English-American actor (b. 1889) 1975 – Addie Viola Smith, American lawyer and trade commissioner (b. 1893) 1977 – Oguz Atay, Turkish engineer and author (b. 1934) 1979 – Jon Hall, American actor and director (b. 1915) 1979 – Behçet Necatigil, Turkish author, poet and translator (b. 1916) 1983 – Alexander Schmemann, Estonian-American priest and theologian (b. 1921) 1983 – Nichita Stănescu, Romanian poet and critic (b. 1933) 1986 – Heather Angel, British-American actress (b. 1909) 1986 – Ella Baker, American activist (b. 1903) 1986 – Smita Patil, Indian actress and journalist (b. 1955) 1992 – K. C. Irving, Canadian businessman (b. 1899) 1992 – Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1899) 1993 – Vanessa Duriès, French author (b. 1972) 1995 – Ann Nolan Clark, American author and educator (b. 1896) 1996 – Edward Blishen, English author and educator (b. 1920) 1997 – Don E. Fehrenbacher, American historian, author, and academic (b. 1920) 1998 – Lew Grade, Ukrainian-born British impresario and media proprietor (b. 1906) 1998 – Richard Thomas, Royal Naval Officer (b. 1922) 1998 – Wade Watts, civil rights activist (b. 1919) 2002 – Zal Yanovsky, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist who founded The Lovin' Spoonful (b. 1944) 2004 – David Wheeler, English computer scientist and academic (b. 1927) 2005 – Alan Shields, American painter and ferryboat captain (b. 1944) 2006 – Lamar Hunt, American businessman, co-founded the American Football League and World Championship Tennis (b. 1932) 2016 – Alan Thicke, Canadian actor, songwriter, game and talk-show host (b. 1947) 2018 – Noah Klieger, Holocaust survivor who became an award-winning Israeli journalist (b. 1926) 2022 – Stephen "tWitch" Boss, American dancer and media personality (b. 1982) Holidays and observances 13 December is the feast day of St Lucy Further information: December 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Christian feast day: St Antiochus of Sulcis St Judoc aka St Joyce St Lucy St Odile of Alsace Acadian Remembrance Day (Acadians) National Day (Saint Lucia) Martial Law Victims Remembrance Day (Poland) Nanking Massacre Memorial Day (China) Nusantara Day (Indonesia) Republic Day (Malta) Sailor's Day (Brazil) Saint Lucia Day (mainly in Scandinavia) References ^ Townsend, George (1847). 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Tel Aviv: Yedioth Internet. Retrieved 16 January 2021. ^ "Stephen 'tWitch' Boss, Former Ellen DeGeneres Show DJ and SYTYCD All-Star, Dead at 40". Peoplemag. Retrieved 2022-12-15. ^ Calendarium Romanum. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1969. p. 139. ISBN 978-15-68549-91-0. ^ "St Lucia's Day". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Edinburgh. Retrieved 16 January 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to December 13. BBC: On This Day The New York Times: On This Day Historical Events on December 13 vteMonths and days of the yearToday: June 14, 2024 January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Related: List of non-standard dates
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leap years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"}],"text":"Events on calendar date 13 DecemberDay of the yearDecember 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 18 days remain until the end of the year.","title":"December 13"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1294"},{"link_name":"Saint Celestine V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V"},{"link_name":"resigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_resignation"},{"link_name":"papacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"ascetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism"},{"link_name":"hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1545","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1545"},{"link_name":"Council of Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent"},{"link_name":"Counter-Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1577","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1577"},{"link_name":"Francis Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"round-the-world voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_circumnavigation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Pre-1600","text":"1294 – Saint Celestine V resigns the papacy after only five months to return to his previous life as an ascetic hermit.[1]\n1545 – The Council of Trent begins as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.[2]\n1577 – Sir Francis Drake sets sail from Plymouth, England, on his round-the-world voyage.[3]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1623","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1623"},{"link_name":"The Plymouth Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony"},{"link_name":"trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_trial"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1636","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1636"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Bay Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"Pequot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequot_people"},{"link_name":"Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"National Guard of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1642","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1642"},{"link_name":"Abel Tasman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Tasman"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1643","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1643"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Alton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alton"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"1758","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1758"},{"link_name":"Duke William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_William_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"1769","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1769"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"Eleazar Wheelock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleazar_Wheelock"},{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-general#Governors-general_in_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"John Wentworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Wentworth,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"1818","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1818"},{"link_name":"Cyril VI of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_VI_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fredericksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Burnside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867"},{"link_name":"Fenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian"},{"link_name":"Clerkenwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerkenwell"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"1601–1900","text":"1623 – The Plymouth Colony establishes the system of trial by 12-men jury in the American colonies.[4]\n1636 – The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians, a date now considered the founding of the National Guard of the United States.[5]\n1642 – Abel Tasman is the first recorded European to sight New Zealand.[6]\n1643 – English Civil War: The Battle of Alton takes place in Hampshire.[7]\n1758 – The English transport ship Duke William sinks in the North Atlantic, killing over 360 people.[8]\n1769 – Dartmouth College is founded by the Reverend Eleazar Wheelock, with a royal charter from King George III, on land donated by Royal governor John Wentworth.[9]\n1818 – Cyril VI of Constantinople resigns from his position as Ecumenical Patriarch under pressure from the Ottoman Empire.[10]\n1862 – American Civil War: At the Battle of Fredericksburg, Confederate General Robert E. Lee defeats Union Major General Ambrose Burnside.[11]\n1867 – A Fenian bomb explodes in Clerkenwell, London, killing 12 people and injuring 50.[12]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nanking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking"},{"link_name":"Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing"},{"link_name":"National Revolutionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army"},{"link_name":"Tang Shengzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Shengzhi"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Nanking Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacre"},{"link_name":"1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938"},{"link_name":"The Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Neuengamme concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Bergedorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergedorf"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939"},{"link_name":"Battle of the River Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Kriegsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"Deutschland-class cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Admiral Graf Spee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Graf_Spee"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"HMS Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ajax_(22)"},{"link_name":"HMNZS Achilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNZS_Achilles"},{"link_name":"HMS Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Exeter_(68)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943"},{"link_name":"Massacre of Kalavryta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Kalavryta"},{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949"},{"link_name":"Knesset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957"},{"link_name":"Farsinaj earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Farsinaj_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMBRASEYS-15"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archbishops_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Makarios III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarios_III"},{"link_name":"President of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Haile Selassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Imperial Bodyguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebur_Zabagna"},{"link_name":"seizes the capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Ethiopian_coup_attempt"},{"link_name":"Asfa Wossen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amha_Selassie"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Relay 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_program#Relay_1"},{"link_name":"satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967"},{"link_name":"Constantine II of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"counter-coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%9374#The_King's_counter-coup"},{"link_name":"Regime of the Colonels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%9374"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968"},{"link_name":"Artur da Costa e Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_da_Costa_e_Silva"},{"link_name":"AI-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-5"},{"link_name":"habeas corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972"},{"link_name":"Apollo program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program"},{"link_name":"Eugene Cernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Cernan"},{"link_name":"Harrison Schmitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt"},{"link_name":"extra-vehicular activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity"},{"link_name":"Apollo 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"North Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"1975 Spring Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Spring_Offensive"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977"},{"link_name":"Air Indiana Flight 216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Indiana_Flight_216"},{"link_name":"Evansville Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"University of Evansville basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville_Purple_Aces_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Jaruzelski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski"},{"link_name":"martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Solidarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982"},{"link_name":"North Yemen earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_North_Yemen_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Mercalli intensity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scale"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988"},{"link_name":"PLO Chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Palestine_Liberation_Organization"},{"link_name":"Yasser Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat"},{"link_name":"UN General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"visa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_(document)"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989"},{"link_name":"The Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"Attack on Derryard checkpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Derryard_checkpoint"},{"link_name":"Provisional Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Rosslea, Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslea"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994"},{"link_name":"Flagship Airlines Flight 3379","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_Airlines_Flight_3379"},{"link_name":"Morrisville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrisville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Raleigh–Durham International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh%E2%80%93Durham_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995"},{"link_name":"Banat Air Flight 166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat_Air_Flight_166"},{"link_name":"Sommacampagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommacampagna"},{"link_name":"Verona Villafranca Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona_Villafranca_Airport"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001"},{"link_name":"Sansad Bhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansad_Bhavan"},{"link_name":"Indian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India"},{"link_name":"is attacked by terrorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002"},{"link_name":"European Union enlargement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Czechia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Operation Red Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Red_Dawn"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Tikrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikrit"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon"},{"link_name":"EU member states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Maastricht Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"1901–present","text":"1937 – Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanking: The city of Nanjing, defended by the National Revolutionary Army under the command of General Tang Shengzhi, falls to the Japanese. This is followed by the Nanking Massacre, in which Japanese troops rape and slaughter hundreds of thousands of civilians.\n1938 – The Holocaust: The Neuengamme concentration camp opens in the Bergedorf district of Hamburg, Germany.\n1939 – The Battle of the River Plate is fought off the coast of Uruguay; the first naval battle of World War II. The Kriegsmarine's Deutschland-class cruiser (pocket battleship) Admiral Graf Spee engages with three Royal Navy cruisers: HMS Ajax, HMNZS Achilles and HMS Exeter.[13][14]\n1943 – World War II: The Massacre of Kalavryta by German occupying forces in Greece.\n1949 – The Knesset votes to move the capital of Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.\n1957 – The Mw  6.5 Farsinaj earthquake strikes Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII, causing at least 1,119 deaths and damaging over 5,000 homes.[15]\n1959 – Archbishop Makarios III becomes the first President of Cyprus.\n1960 – While Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia visits Brazil, his Imperial Bodyguard seizes the capital and proclaims him deposed and his son, Crown Prince Asfa Wossen, Emperor.\n1962 – NASA launches Relay 1, the first active repeater communications satellite in orbit.\n1967 – Constantine II of Greece attempts an unsuccessful counter-coup against the Regime of the Colonels.\n1968 – Brazilian President Artur da Costa e Silva issues AI-5 (Institutional Act No. 5), enabling government by decree and suspending habeas corpus.\n1972 – Apollo program: Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt begin the third and final extra-vehicular activity (EVA) or \"Moonwalk\" of Apollo 17. To date they are the last humans to set foot on the Moon.\n1974 – Malta becomes a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations.\n1974 – In the Vietnam War, the North Vietnamese forces launch their 1975 Spring Offensive (to 30 April 1975), which results in the final capitulation of South Vietnam.[16]\n1977 – Air Indiana Flight 216 crashes near Evansville Regional Airport, killing 29, including the University of Evansville basketball team, support staff, and boosters of the team.\n1981 – General Wojciech Jaruzelski declares martial law in Poland, largely due to the actions by Solidarity.\n1982 – The 6.0 Ms  North Yemen earthquake shakes southwestern Yemen with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), killing 2,800, and injuring 1,500.\n1988 – PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat gives a speech at a UN General Assembly meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, after United States authorities refused to grant him a visa to visit UN headquarters in New York.\n1989 – The Troubles: Attack on Derryard checkpoint: The Provisional Irish Republican Army launches an attack on a British Army temporary vehicle checkpoint near Rosslea, Northern Ireland. Two British soldiers are killed and two others are wounded.\n1994 – Flagship Airlines Flight 3379 crashes in Morrisville, North Carolina, near Raleigh–Durham International Airport, killing 15.[17]\n1995 – Banat Air Flight 166 crashes in Sommacampagna near Verona Villafranca Airport in Verona, Italy, killing 49.[18]\n2001 – Sansad Bhavan, the building housing the Indian Parliament, is attacked by terrorists. Twelve people are killed, including the terrorists.\n2002 – European Union enlargement: The EU announces that Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia will become members on May 1, 2004.\n2003 – Iraq War: Operation Red Dawn: Former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein is captured near his home town of Tikrit.\n2007 – The Treaty of Lisbon is signed by the EU member states to amend both the Treaty of Rome and the Maastricht Treaty which together form the constitutional basis of the EU. The Treaty of Lisbon is effective from 1 December 2009.[19]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1272"},{"link_name":"Frederick III of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"1363","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1363"},{"link_name":"Jean Gerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gerson"},{"link_name":"University of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"1476","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1476"},{"link_name":"Lucy Brocadelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Brocadelli"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"1484","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1484"},{"link_name":"Paul Speratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Speratus"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"1491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491"},{"link_name":"Martín de Azpilcueta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta"},{"link_name":"1499","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1499"},{"link_name":"Justus Menius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Menius"},{"link_name":"1521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1521"},{"link_name":"Pope Sixtus V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"1533","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1533"},{"link_name":"Eric XIV of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"1553","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1553"},{"link_name":"Henry IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"1560","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1560"},{"link_name":"Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_de_B%C3%A9thune,_Duke_of_Sully"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France"},{"link_name":"1585","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1585"},{"link_name":"William Drummond of Hawthornden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Drummond_of_Hawthornden"}],"sub_title":"Pre-1600","text":"1272 – King Frederick III of Sicily (d. 1337)\n1363 – Jean Gerson, chancellor of the University of Paris (d. 1429)[20]\n1476 – Lucy Brocadelli, Dominican tertiary and stigmatic (d. 1544)[21]\n1484 – Paul Speratus, German Lutheran (d. 1551)[22]\n1491 – Martín de Azpilcueta, Spanish theologian and economist (d. 1586)\n1499 – Justus Menius, German Lutheran pastor (d. 1558)\n1521 – Pope Sixtus V (d. 1590)[23]\n1533 – Eric XIV of Sweden (d. 1577)[24]\n1553 – Henry IV of France (d. 1610)[25]\n1560 – Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully, 2nd Prime Minister of France (d. 1641)\n1585 – William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet (d. 1649)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1640"},{"link_name":"Robert Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Plot"},{"link_name":"1662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1662"},{"link_name":"Francesco Bianchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Bianchini"},{"link_name":"1678","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1678"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"1720","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1720"},{"link_name":"Carlo Gozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Gozzi"},{"link_name":"1724","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1724"},{"link_name":"Franz Aepinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Aepinus"},{"link_name":"1769","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1769"},{"link_name":"James Scarlett Abinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Scarlett_Abinger"},{"link_name":"1780","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1780"},{"link_name":"Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner"},{"link_name":"Döbereiner's lamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6bereiner%27s_lamp"},{"link_name":"1784","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1784"},{"link_name":"Archduke Louis of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Louis_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"1797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1797"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Heine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Heine"},{"link_name":"1804","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804"},{"link_name":"Joseph Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Howe"},{"link_name":"Premier of Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"1814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1814"},{"link_name":"Ana Néri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_N%C3%A9ri"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"1816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816"},{"link_name":"Werner von Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"},{"link_name":"1818","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1818"},{"link_name":"Mary Todd Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"First Lady of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830"},{"link_name":"Mathilde Fibiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathilde_Fibiger"},{"link_name":"1836","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1836"},{"link_name":"Franz von Lenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Lenbach"},{"link_name":"1854","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854"},{"link_name":"Herman Bavinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Bavinck"},{"link_name":"1856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856"},{"link_name":"Svetozar Boroević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetozar_Boroevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"1860","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860"},{"link_name":"Lucien Guitry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Guitry"},{"link_name":"1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864"},{"link_name":"Emil Seidel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Seidel"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867"},{"link_name":"Kristian Birkeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian_Birkeland"},{"link_name":"1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870"},{"link_name":"Edward LeSaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_LeSaint"},{"link_name":"1871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871"},{"link_name":"Emily Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Carr"},{"link_name":"1874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874"},{"link_name":"Josef Lhévinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Lh%C3%A9vinne"},{"link_name":"1882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1882"},{"link_name":"Jane Edna Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Edna_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"1883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1883"},{"link_name":"Belle da Costa Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_da_Costa_Greene"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"1884","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884"},{"link_name":"Aimilios Veakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimilios_Veakis"},{"link_name":"1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885"},{"link_name":"Annie Dale Biddle Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Dale_Biddle_Andrews"},{"link_name":"1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887"},{"link_name":"George Pólya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P%C3%B3lya"},{"link_name":"Alvin C. York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_C._York"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895"},{"link_name":"Lucía Sánchez Saornil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_Saornil"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897"},{"link_name":"Albert Aalbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Aalbers"},{"link_name":"Savoy Homann Bidakara Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Homann_Bidakara_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Drew Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Pearson_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900"},{"link_name":"Jonel Perlea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonel_Perlea"}],"sub_title":"1601–1900","text":"1640 – Robert Plot, English chemist and academic (d. 1696)\n1662 – Francesco Bianchini, Italian astronomer and philosopher (d. 1729)\n1678 – Yongzheng Emperor of China (d. 1735)\n1720 – Carlo Gozzi, Italian playwright (d. 1804)\n1724 – Franz Aepinus, German astronomer and philosopher (d. 1802)\n1769 – James Scarlett Abinger, English judge (d. 1844)\n1780 – Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, German chemist, invented the Döbereiner's lamp (d. 1849)\n1784 – Archduke Louis of Austria (d. 1864)\n1797 – Heinrich Heine, German journalist, poet, and critic (d. 1856)\n1804 – Joseph Howe, Canadian journalist and politician, 5th Premier of Nova Scotia (d. 1873)\n1814 – Ana Néri, Brazilian nurse and philanthropist (d. 1880)[26]\n1816 – Werner von Siemens, German engineer and businessman, founded Siemens (d. 1892)\n1818 – Mary Todd Lincoln, 16th First Lady of the United States (d. 1882)\n1830 – Mathilde Fibiger, Danish feminist, novelist and telegraphist (d. 1892)\n1836 – Franz von Lenbach, German painter and academic (d. 1904)\n1854 – Herman Bavinck, Dutch philosopher, theologian, and academic (d. 1921)\n1856 – Svetozar Boroević, Croatian-Austrian field marshal (d. 1920)\n1860 – Lucien Guitry, French actor (d. 1925)\n1864 – Emil Seidel, American woodcarver and politician, 36th Mayor of Milwaukee (d. 1947)\n1867 – Kristian Birkeland, Norwegian physicist and author (d. 1917)\n1870 – Edward LeSaint, American actor and director (d. 1940)\n1871 – Emily Carr, Canadian painter and author (d. 1945)\n1874 – Josef Lhévinne, Russian pianist and educator (d. 1944)\n1882 – Jane Edna Hunter, African-American social worker (d. 1971)[27]\n1883 – Belle da Costa Greene, American librarian and bibliographer (d. 1950)[28]\n1884 – Aimilios Veakis, Greek actor, director, and playwright (d. 1951)\n1885 – Annie Dale Biddle Andrews, American mathematician (d. 1940)\n1887 – George Pólya, Hungarian-American mathematician and academic (d. 1985)\n1887 – Alvin C. York, American colonel, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1964)\n1895 – Lucía Sánchez Saornil, Spanish anarchist feminist (d. 1970)[29]\n1897 – Albert Aalbers, Dutch architect, designed the Savoy Homann Bidakara Hotel (d. 1961)\n1897 – Drew Pearson, American journalist and author (d. 1969)\n1900 – Jonel Perlea, Romanian-American conductor and educator (d. 1970)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901"},{"link_name":"Olev Roomet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olev_Roomet"},{"link_name":"bagpipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipe"},{"link_name":"1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902"},{"link_name":"Panagiotis Kanellopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiotis_Kanellopoulos"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Talcott Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcott_Parsons"},{"link_name":"1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903"},{"link_name":"Ella Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Baker"},{"link_name":"Carlos Montoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Montoya"},{"link_name":"1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905"},{"link_name":"Ann Barzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Barzel"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906"},{"link_name":"Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marina_of_Greece_and_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Laurens van der Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurens_van_der_Post"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Alexander_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"Van Heflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Heflin"},{"link_name":"1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911"},{"link_name":"Trygve Haavelmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Patchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Patchen"},{"link_name":"1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912"},{"link_name":"Luiz Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"1913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913"},{"link_name":"Archie Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Moore"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914"},{"link_name":"Alan Bullock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bullock"},{"link_name":"Larry Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Noble_(actor)"},{"link_name":"1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915"},{"link_name":"B. J. Vorster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._J._Vorster"},{"link_name":"State President of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916"},{"link_name":"Leonard Weisgard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Weisgard"},{"link_name":"1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919"},{"link_name":"Hans-Joachim Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Marseille"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920"},{"link_name":"George P. Shultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapost-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921"},{"link_name":"Turgut Demirağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgut_Demira%C4%9F"},{"link_name":"1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923"},{"link_name":"Philip Warren Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics"},{"link_name":"Larry Doby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Doby"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925"},{"link_name":"Dick Van Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Van_Dyke"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927"},{"link_name":"James Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wright_(poet)"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928"},{"link_name":"Solomon Feferman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Feferman"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929"},{"link_name":"Christopher Plummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Plummer"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933"},{"link_name":"Paul Bracq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bracq"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTp505-40"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934"},{"link_name":"Richard D. Zanuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D._Zanuck"},{"link_name":"1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935"},{"link_name":"Türkan Saylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkan_Saylan"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936"},{"link_name":"Prince Karim al-Husayn Shāh, Aga Khan IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938"},{"link_name":"Gus Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Johnson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940"},{"link_name":"Sanjaya Lall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjaya_Lall"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942"},{"link_name":"Howard Brenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Brenton"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Ferguson Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"},{"link_name":"Herman Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Cain"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPI-47"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948"},{"link_name":"Jeff Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Baxter"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Lillian Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Board"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Ted Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nugent"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950"},{"link_name":"Wendie Malick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendie_Malick"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952"},{"link_name":"Muhsin Kenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhsin_Kenon"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953"},{"link_name":"Ben Bernanke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Bob Gainey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gainey"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956"},{"link_name":"Phil Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957"},{"link_name":"Steve Buscemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Buscemi"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Morris Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Day"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959"},{"link_name":"Johnny Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Whitaker"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-58"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960"},{"link_name":"Richard Dent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dent"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961"},{"link_name":"Gary Zimmerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Zimmerman"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962"},{"link_name":"Rex Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Ryan"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964"},{"link_name":"Krišjānis Kariņš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturs_Kri%C5%A1j%C4%81nis_Kari%C5%86%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967"},{"link_name":"Jamie Foxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Foxx"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969"},{"link_name":"Sergei Fedorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Fedorov"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971"},{"link_name":"Scott Sattler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Sattler"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972"},{"link_name":"Matti Kärki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matti_K%C3%A4rki"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975"},{"link_name":"Tom DeLonge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeLonge"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"James Kyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kyson"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-58"},{"link_name":"Matthew LeCroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_LeCroy"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978"},{"link_name":"Cameron Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981"},{"link_name":"Amy Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Lee"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982"},{"link_name":"Dan Hamhuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Hamhuis"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Ricky Nolasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Nolasco"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983"},{"link_name":"Laura Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Hodges"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984"},{"link_name":"Santi Cazorla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santi_Cazorla"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Hanna-Maria Seppälä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna-Maria_Sepp%C3%A4l%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_swimming"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988"},{"link_name":"Rickie Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickie_Fowler"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989"},{"link_name":"Hellen Obiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellen_Obiri"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Katherine Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Cox"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Joseph Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Garrett"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-82"},{"link_name":"Arantxa Rus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arantxa_Rus"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991"},{"link_name":"Dave Leduc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Leduc"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Tarasenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Tarasenko"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993"},{"link_name":"Danielle Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Collins"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Jamal Fogarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_Fogarty"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995"},{"link_name":"Emma Corrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Corrin"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996"},{"link_name":"Gleyber Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleyber_Torres"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999"},{"link_name":"Marina Bassols Ribera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Bassols_Ribera"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000"},{"link_name":"Simona Waltert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simona_Waltert"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001"},{"link_name":"Jayden Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayden_Goodwin"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"sub_title":"1901–present","text":"1901 – Olev Roomet, Estonian singer, violinist, and bagpipe player (d. 1987)\n1902 – Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, Greek philosopher and politician, 138th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1986)\n1902 – Talcott Parsons, American sociologist and academic (d. 1979)\n1903 – Ella Baker, American activist (d. 1986)\n1903 – Carlos Montoya, Spanish guitarist and composer (d. 1993)\n1905 – Ann Barzel, American writer and dance critic (d. 2007)[30]\n1906 – Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (d. 1968)\n1906 – Laurens van der Post, South African-English soldier and author (d. 1996)\n1908 – Elizabeth Alexander, English geologist, academic, and physicist (d. 1958)\n1908 – Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira, Brazilian historian and activist (d. 1995)\n1908 – Van Heflin, American film actor (d. 1971)\n1911 – Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian economist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)\n1911 – Kenneth Patchen, American poet and painter (d. 1972)\n1912 – Luiz Gonzaga, Brazilian singer-songwriter and accordion player (d. 1989)\n1913 – Archie Moore, American boxer and actor (d. 1998)[31]\n1914 – Alan Bullock, English historian and author (d. 2004)\n1914 – Larry Noble, English comedian and actor (d. 1993)\n1915 – B. J. Vorster, South African lawyer and politician, 4th State President of South Africa (d. 1983)[32]\n1916 – Leonard Weisgard, American author and illustrator (d. 2000)\n1919 – Hans-Joachim Marseille, German captain and pilot (d. 1942)\n1920 – George P. Shultz, American economist and politician, 60th United States Secretary of State (d. 2021)[33][34]\n1921 – Turgut Demirağ, Turkish film producer, director and screenwriter (d. 1987)\n1923 – Philip Warren Anderson, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020)\n1923 – Larry Doby, American baseball player (d. 2003)[35]\n1925 – Dick Van Dyke, American actor, singer, and dancer[36]\n1927 – James Wright, American poet and academic (d. 1980)\n1928 – Solomon Feferman, American philosopher and mathematician (d. 2016)[37]\n1929 – Christopher Plummer, Canadian actor and producer (d. 2021)[38][39]\n1933 – Paul Bracq, French automotive designer[40]\n1934 – Richard D. Zanuck, American film producer (d. 2012)\n1935 – Türkan Saylan, Turkish physician and academic (d. 2009)[41]\n1936 – Prince Karim al-Husayn Shāh, Aga Khan IV, Swiss humanitarian and religious leader[42]\n1938 – Gus Johnson, American basketball player (d. 1987)[43]\n1940 – Sanjaya Lall, Indian economist and academic (d. 2005)[44]\n1942 – Howard Brenton, English playwright and screenwriter[45]\n1942 – Ferguson Jenkins, Canadian baseball player[46]\n1945 – Herman Cain, American businessman, politician, and activist (d. 2020)[47]\n1948 – Jeff Baxter, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer[48]\n1948 – Lillian Board, British athlete (d. 1970)[49]\n1948 – Ted Nugent, American musician[50]\n1950 – Wendie Malick, American actress[51]\n1952 – Muhsin Kenon, American basketball player[52]\n1953 – Ben Bernanke, American economist[53]\n1953 – Bob Gainey, Canadian ice hockey player[54]\n1956 – Phil Hubbard, American basketball player and coach[55]\n1957 – Steve Buscemi, American actor and director[56]\n1957 – Morris Day, American musician and actor[57]\n1959 – Johnny Whitaker, American actor[58]\n1960 – Richard Dent, American football player[59]\n1961 – Gary Zimmerman, American football player[60]\n1962 – Rex Ryan, American football coach and analyst[61]\n1964 – Krišjānis Kariņš, American-Latvian politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Latvia[62]\n1967 – Jamie Foxx, American actor, singer, songwriter, producer, and comedian[63]\n1969 – Sergei Fedorov, Russian ice hockey player and coach[64]\n1971 – Scott Sattler, Australian rugby league player[65]\n1972 – Matti Kärki, Swedish heavy metal singer[66]\n1975 – Tom DeLonge, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, author, and filmmaker[67]\n1975 – James Kyson, American actor[58]\n1975 – Matthew LeCroy, American baseball player and manager[68]\n1978 – Cameron Douglas, American actor[69]\n1981 – Amy Lee, American singer, songwriter and pianist[70]\n1982 – Dan Hamhuis, Canadian ice hockey player[71]\n1982 – Ricky Nolasco, American baseball player[72]\n1983 – Laura Hodges, Australian basketball player[73]\n1984 – Santi Cazorla, Spanish footballer[74]\n1984 – Hanna-Maria Seppälä, Finnish freestyle swimmer[75]\n1988 – Rickie Fowler, American golfer[76]\n1989 – Hellen Obiri, Kenyan runner[77]\n1989 – Katherine Schwarzenegger, American author[78]\n1989 – Taylor Swift, American singer-songwriter[79]\n1990 – Fletcher Cox, American football player[80]\n1990 – Joseph Garrett, English YouTuber, actor, and author[81][82]\n1990 – Arantxa Rus, Dutch tennis player[83]\n1991 – Dave Leduc, Canadian martial artist[84]\n1991 – Vladimir Tarasenko, Russian ice hockey player[85]\n1993 – Danielle Collins, American tennis player[86]\n1993 – Jamal Fogarty, Australian rugby league player[87]\n1995 – Emma Corrin, English actor[88]\n1996 – Gleyber Torres, Venezuelan baseball player[89]\n1999 – Marina Bassols Ribera, Spanish tennis player[90]\n2000 – Simona Waltert, Swiss tennis player[91][92]\n2001 – Jayden Goodwin, Australian cricketer[93]","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"558","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/558"},{"link_name":"Childebert I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childebert_I"},{"link_name":"769","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/769"},{"link_name":"Du Hongjian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Hongjian"},{"link_name":"838","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/838"},{"link_name":"Pepin I of Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"859","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/859"},{"link_name":"Angilbert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angilbert_II"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"1124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1124"},{"link_name":"Pope Callixtus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II"},{"link_name":"1126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1126"},{"link_name":"Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IX,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"1204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1204"},{"link_name":"Maimonides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides"},{"link_name":"1250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1250"},{"link_name":"Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"1272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1272"},{"link_name":"Bertold of Regensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertold_of_Regensburg"},{"link_name":"1404","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1404"},{"link_name":"Albert I, Duke of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"1466","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1466"},{"link_name":"Donatello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello"},{"link_name":"1516","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1516"},{"link_name":"Johannes Trithemius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Trithemius"},{"link_name":"1521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1521"},{"link_name":"Manuel I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"1557","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Fontana_Tartaglia"},{"link_name":"1565","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1565"},{"link_name":"Conrad Gessner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Gessner"}],"sub_title":"Pre-1600","text":"558 – Childebert I, Frankish king (b. 496)\n769 – Du Hongjian, Chinese politician (b. 709)\n838 – Pepin I of Aquitaine (b. 797)\n859 – Angilbert II, archbishop of Milan\n1124 – Pope Callixtus II (b. 1065)\n1126 – Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1075)\n1204 – Maimonides, Spanish rabbi and philosopher (b. 1135)\n1250 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1194)[94]\n1272 – Bertold of Regensburg, German preacher\n1404 – Albert I, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1336)\n1466 – Donatello, Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1386)\n1516 – Johannes Trithemius, German cryptographer and historian (b. 1462)\n1521 – Manuel I of Portugal (b. 1469)\n1557 – Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia, Italian mathematician and engineer (b. 1499)\n1565 – Conrad Gessner, Swiss botanist and physician (b. 1516)","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1621","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1621"},{"link_name":"Katarina Stenbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Stenbock"},{"link_name":"Gustav I of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"1671","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1671"},{"link_name":"Antonio Grassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Grassi"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"1716","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1716"},{"link_name":"Charles de La Fosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_La_Fosse"},{"link_name":"1721","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1721"},{"link_name":"Alexander Selkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Selkirk"},{"link_name":"1729","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1729"},{"link_name":"Anthony Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"1754","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1754"},{"link_name":"Mahmud I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_I"},{"link_name":"1758","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1758"},{"link_name":"Noël Doiron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Doiron"},{"link_name":"Acadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia"},{"link_name":"1769","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1769"},{"link_name":"Christian Fürchtegott Gellert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_F%C3%BCrchtegott_Gellert"},{"link_name":"1783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1783"},{"link_name":"Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehr_Wilhelm_Wargentin"},{"link_name":"1784","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1784"},{"link_name":"Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"1814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1814"},{"link_name":"Charles-Joseph, 7th Prince of Ligne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Joseph,_7th_Prince_of_Ligne"},{"link_name":"1849","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1849"},{"link_name":"Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Centurius_Hoffmannsegg"},{"link_name":"1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862"},{"link_name":"Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Reade_Rootes_Cobb"},{"link_name":"1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863"},{"link_name":"Christian Friedrich Hebbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Hebbel"},{"link_name":"1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868"},{"link_name":"Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Philipp_von_Martius"},{"link_name":"1881","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1881"},{"link_name":"August Šenoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_%C5%A0enoa"},{"link_name":"1883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1883"},{"link_name":"Victor de Laprade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Laprade"},{"link_name":"1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893"},{"link_name":"Georg August Rudolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_August_Rudolph"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Marburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Marburg"},{"link_name":"1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895"},{"link_name":"Ányos Jedlik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlik"}],"sub_title":"1601–1900","text":"1621 – Katarina Stenbock, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1535)\n1671 – Antonio Grassi, Italian Roman Catholic priest(b. 1592)\n1716 – Charles de La Fosse, French painter (b. 1640)\n1721 – Alexander Selkirk, Scottish sailor (b. 1676)\n1729 – Anthony Collins, English philosopher and author (b. 1676)\n1754 – Mahmud I, Ottoman sultan (b. 1696)\n1758 – Noël Doiron, Canadian Acadia leader (b. 1684)\n1769 – Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, German poet and hymn-writer (b. 1715)\n1783 – Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin, Swedish astronomer and demographer (b. 1717)\n1784 – Samuel Johnson, English poet and lexicographer (b. 1709)\n1814 – Charles-Joseph, 7th Prince of Ligne, Belgian-Austrian field marshal (b. 1735)\n1849 – Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg, German botanist and entomologist (b. 1766)\n1862 – Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb, American general, lawyer, and politician (b. 1823)\n1863 – Christian Friedrich Hebbel, German poet and playwright (b. 1813)\n1868 – Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, German botanist and explorer (b. 1794)\n1881 – August Šenoa, Croatian author and poet (b. 1838)\n1883 – Victor de Laprade, French poet and critic (b. 1812)\n1893 – Georg August Rudolph, German lawyer and politician, 3rd Mayor of Marburg (b. 1816)\n1895 – Ányos Jedlik, Hungarian physicist and engineer (b. 1800)","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908"},{"link_name":"Augustus Le Plongeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Le_Plongeon"},{"link_name":"1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911"},{"link_name":"Reggie Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Duff"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919"},{"link_name":"Woldemar Voigt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woldemar_Voigt"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922"},{"link_name":"Arthur Wesley Dow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wesley_Dow"},{"link_name":"Hannes Hafstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Hafstein"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924"},{"link_name":"Samuel Gompers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gompers"},{"link_name":"American Federation of Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor"},{"link_name":"1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927"},{"link_name":"Mehmet Nadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Nadir"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929"},{"link_name":"Rosina Heikel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosina_Heikel"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930"},{"link_name":"Fritz Pregl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Pregl"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931"},{"link_name":"Gustave Le Bon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932"},{"link_name":"Georgios Jakobides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Jakobides"},{"link_name":"1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935"},{"link_name":"Victor Grignard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Grignard"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942"},{"link_name":"Wlodimir Ledóchowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wlodimir_Led%C3%B3chowski"},{"link_name":"Superior-General of the Society of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior-General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Robert Robinson Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Robinson_Taylor"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944"},{"link_name":"Wassily Kandinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky"},{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"},{"link_name":"Irma Grese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_Grese"},{"link_name":"concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"Josef Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Kramer"},{"link_name":"concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Volkenrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Volkenrath"},{"link_name":"concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947"},{"link_name":"Henry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James_(biographer)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Roerich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950"},{"link_name":"Abraham Wald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Wald"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954"},{"link_name":"John Raymond Hubbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Raymond_Hubbell"},{"link_name":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955"},{"link_name":"Egas Moniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egas_Moniz"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960"},{"link_name":"Dora Marsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Marsden"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961"},{"link_name":"Grandma Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandma_Moses"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962"},{"link_name":"Harry Barris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Barris"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969"},{"link_name":"Raymond A. Spruance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_A._Spruance"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973"},{"link_name":"Henry Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Green"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974"},{"link_name":"Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoglu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakup_Kadri_Karaosmanoglu"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975"},{"link_name":"Cyril Delevanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Delevanti"},{"link_name":"Addie Viola Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addie_Viola_Smith"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977"},{"link_name":"Oguz Atay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oguz_Atay"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979"},{"link_name":"Jon Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Hall_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Behçet Necatigil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beh%C3%A7et_Necatigil"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983"},{"link_name":"Alexander Schmemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schmemann"},{"link_name":"Nichita Stănescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichita_St%C4%83nescu"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986"},{"link_name":"Heather Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Angel_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Ella Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Baker"},{"link_name":"Smita Patil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smita_Patil"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992"},{"link_name":"K. C. Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._C._Irving"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Whitney"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Duriès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Duri%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995"},{"link_name":"Ann Nolan Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Nolan_Clark"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996"},{"link_name":"Edward Blishen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Blishen"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997"},{"link_name":"Don E. Fehrenbacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Fehrenbacher"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998"},{"link_name":"Lew Grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Grade"},{"link_name":"Richard Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thomas_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Wade Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Watts"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002"},{"link_name":"Zal Yanovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zal_Yanovsky"},{"link_name":"The Lovin' Spoonful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lovin%27_Spoonful"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004"},{"link_name":"David Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wheeler_(British_computer_scientist)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005"},{"link_name":"Alan Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Shields"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"},{"link_name":"Lamar Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_Hunt"},{"link_name":"American Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_League"},{"link_name":"World Championship Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championship_Tennis"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016"},{"link_name":"Alan Thicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Thicke"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018"},{"link_name":"Noah Klieger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Klieger"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022"},{"link_name":"Stephen \"tWitch\" Boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_%22tWitch%22_Boss"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"1901–present","text":"1908 – Augustus Le Plongeon, French photographer and historian (b. 1825)\n1911 – Reggie Duff, Australian cricketer (b. 1878)[95]\n1919 – Woldemar Voigt, German physicist and academic (b. 1850)\n1922 – Arthur Wesley Dow, American painter and photographer (b. 1857)\n1922 – Hannes Hafstein, Icelandic poet and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1861)\n1924 – Samuel Gompers, English-born American labor leader, founded the American Federation of Labor (b. 1850)\n1927 – Mehmet Nadir, Turkish mathematician and academic (b. 1856)\n1929 – Rosina Heikel, Finnish physician (b. 1842)[96]\n1930 – Fritz Pregl, Slovenian-Austrian chemist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1869)\n1931 – Gustave Le Bon, French psychologist, sociologist, and anthropologist (b. 1840)\n1932 – Georgios Jakobides, Greek painter and sculptor (b. 1853)\n1935 – Victor Grignard, French chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1871)\n1942 – Wlodimir Ledóchowski, Austrian-Polish religious leader, 26th Superior-General of the Society of Jesus (b. 1866)\n1942 – Robert Robinson Taylor, American architect (b. 1868)\n1944 – Wassily Kandinsky, Russian-French painter and theorist (b. 1866)\n1945 – Irma Grese, German concentration camp guard (b. 1923)\n1945 – Josef Kramer, German concentration camp commandant (b. 1906)\n1945 – Elisabeth Volkenrath, Polish-German concentration camp supervisor (b. 1919)\n1947 – Henry James, American lawyer and author (b. 1879)\n1947 – Nicholas Roerich, Russian archaeologist, painter, and philosopher (b. 1874)\n1950 – Abraham Wald, Hungarian mathematician and academic (b. 1902)\n1954 – John Raymond Hubbell, American director and composer (b. 1879)\n1955 – Egas Moniz, Portuguese psychiatrist and neurosurgeon, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874)\n1960 – Dora Marsden, English author and activist (b. 1882)[97]\n1961 – Grandma Moses, American painter (b. 1860)\n1962 – Harry Barris, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1905)\n1969 – Raymond A. Spruance, American admiral and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the Philippines (b. 1886)\n1973 – Henry Green, English author (b. 1905)\n1974 – Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoglu, Egyptian-Turkish journalist, author, and politician (b. 1889)\n1975 – Cyril Delevanti, English-American actor (b. 1889)\n1975 – Addie Viola Smith, American lawyer and trade commissioner (b. 1893)[98]\n1977 – Oguz Atay, Turkish engineer and author (b. 1934)\n1979 – Jon Hall, American actor and director (b. 1915)\n1979 – Behçet Necatigil, Turkish author, poet and translator (b. 1916)\n1983 – Alexander Schmemann, Estonian-American priest and theologian (b. 1921)\n1983 – Nichita Stănescu, Romanian poet and critic (b. 1933)\n1986 – Heather Angel, British-American actress (b. 1909)\n1986 – Ella Baker, American activist (b. 1903)\n1986 – Smita Patil, Indian actress and journalist (b. 1955)\n1992 – K. C. Irving, Canadian businessman (b. 1899)\n1992 – Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1899)\n1993 – Vanessa Duriès, French author (b. 1972)\n1995 – Ann Nolan Clark, American author and educator (b. 1896)\n1996 – Edward Blishen, English author and educator (b. 1920)\n1997 – Don E. Fehrenbacher, American historian, author, and academic (b. 1920)\n1998 – Lew Grade, Ukrainian-born British impresario and media proprietor (b. 1906)\n1998 – Richard Thomas, Royal Naval Officer (b. 1922)\n1998 – Wade Watts, civil rights activist (b. 1919)\n2002 – Zal Yanovsky, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist who founded The Lovin' Spoonful (b. 1944)[99]\n2004 – David Wheeler, English computer scientist and academic (b. 1927)[100]\n2005 – Alan Shields, American painter and ferryboat captain (b. 1944) [101]\n2006 – Lamar Hunt, American businessman, co-founded the American Football League and World Championship Tennis (b. 1932)[102]\n2016 – Alan Thicke, Canadian actor, songwriter, game and talk-show host (b. 1947)[103]\n2018 – Noah Klieger, Holocaust survivor who became an award-winning Israeli journalist (b. 1926)[104]\n2022 – Stephen \"tWitch\" Boss, American dancer and media personality (b. 1982)[105]","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Niccol%C3%B2_di_Segna_-_Saint_Lucy_-_Walters_37756.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucy"},{"link_name":"December 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_13_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"feast day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day"},{"link_name":"St Antiochus of Sulcis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_of_Sulcis"},{"link_name":"St Judoc aka St Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judoc"},{"link_name":"St Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucy"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"St Odile of Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odile_of_Alsace"},{"link_name":"Acadian Remembrance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadian_Remembrance_Day"},{"link_name":"Acadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadians"},{"link_name":"National Day (Saint Lucia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day_(Saint_Lucia)"},{"link_name":"Martial Law Victims Remembrance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Nanking Massacre Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacre_Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Nusantara Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Republic Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Day_(Malta)"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Sailor's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Day#Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia_Day"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"}],"text":"13 December is the feast day of St LucyFurther information: December 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)Christian feast day:\nSt Antiochus of Sulcis\nSt Judoc aka St Joyce\nSt Lucy[106]\nSt Odile of Alsace\nAcadian Remembrance Day (Acadians)\nNational Day (Saint Lucia)\nMartial Law Victims Remembrance Day (Poland)\nNanking Massacre Memorial Day (China)\nNusantara Day (Indonesia)\nRepublic Day (Malta)\nSailor's Day (Brazil)\nSaint Lucia Day (mainly in Scandinavia)[107]","title":"Holidays and observances"}]
[{"image_text":"13 December is the feast day of St Lucy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Niccol%C3%B2_di_Segna_-_Saint_Lucy_-_Walters_37756.jpg/175px-Niccol%C3%B2_di_Segna_-_Saint_Lucy_-_Walters_37756.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Townsend, George (1847). Ecclesiastical and Civil History, Philosophically Considered. Volume 2. London: Francis & John Rivington. p. 604. OCLC 38171550.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wstHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1","url_text":"Ecclesiastical and Civil History, Philosophically Considered. Volume 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38171550","url_text":"38171550"}]},{"reference":"\"Council of Trent\". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Edinburgh. Retrieved 16 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Trent","url_text":"\"Council of Trent\""}]},{"reference":"Bawlf, Samuel (2004). The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake. London: Penguin Books. p. 1. ISBN 9780141005911.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=olzgzqMSWpIC","url_text":"The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141005911","url_text":"9780141005911"}]},{"reference":"Legrand, Jacques (1989). Chronicle of the World. Ecam Publication. p. 244. ISBN 0-13-133463-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-133463-8","url_text":"0-13-133463-8"}]},{"reference":"Doubler, Michael D. (2008). The National Guard and Reserve: A Reference Handbook. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International. p. 47. ISBN 9780275993252.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pNHbw5H07P4C","url_text":"The National Guard and Reserve: A Reference Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275993252","url_text":"9780275993252"}]},{"reference":"Kirk, Robert W. (2012). Paradise Past: The Transformation of the South Pacific, 1520-1920. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. p. 31. ISBN 9780786469789.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_j8-YmmA7-EC","url_text":"Paradise Past: The Transformation of the South Pacific, 1520-1920"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786469789","url_text":"9780786469789"}]},{"reference":"Rayner, Michael (2004). English Battlefields: An Illustrated Encyclopaedia. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus. p. 31. ISBN 9780752429786.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752429786","url_text":"9780752429786"}]},{"reference":"Lockerby, Earle (Spring 1998). \"The Deportation of the Acadians from Ile St.-Jean, 1758\". Acadiensis. 27 (2): 62. Retrieved December 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/acadiensis/1998-v27-n2-acadiensis_27_2/acad27_2art03/","url_text":"\"The Deportation of the Acadians from Ile St.-Jean, 1758\""}]},{"reference":"Crosby, Nathan (1876). The First Half Century of Dartmouth College. Hanover, N.H.: J.B. Parker. pp. 4–5. OCLC 248807351.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J38MAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The First Half Century of Dartmouth College"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/248807351","url_text":"248807351"}]},{"reference":"Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). Orthodox Christianity. Vol. 1: The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates With Annotated Hierarch Catalogs. San Bernardino, Calif.: Borgo Press. p. 42. ISBN 9781434458766.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QLWqXrW2X-8C","url_text":"Orthodox Christianity. Vol. 1: The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates With Annotated Hierarch Catalogs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781434458766","url_text":"9781434458766"}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, Gary W. (1995). The Fredericksburg Campaign: Decision on the Rappahannock. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. pp. viii–ix. ISBN 9780807821930.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2FjqCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Fredericksburg Campaign: Decision on the Rappahannock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807821930","url_text":"9780807821930"}]},{"reference":"Staniforth, Andrew (2013). Sampson, Fraser (ed.). Routledge Companion to UK Counter Terrorism. London: Routledge. p. 8. ISBN 9780415685856.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pemFtjeWK_UC","url_text":"Routledge Companion to UK Counter Terrorism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415685856","url_text":"9780415685856"}]},{"reference":"Bidlingmaier, Gerhard (1971). \"KM Admiral Graf Spee\". Warship Profile 4. Windsor: Profile Publications. pp. 88–91. OCLC 20229321.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20229321","url_text":"20229321"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Robert, ed. (2001). Kriegsmarine: The Illustrated History of the German Navy in WWII. Osceola: MBI Publishing Company. pp. 64–67. ISBN 978-07-60310-26-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07-60310-26-7","url_text":"978-07-60310-26-7"}]},{"reference":"Ambraseys, N. N.; Moinfar, A. A.; Peronaci, P. (1973). \"The Seismieity of Iran the Farsinaj (Kermanshah) earthquake of 13 December 1957\". Annals of Geophysics. 26 (4). doi:10.4401/ag-5030.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/view/5030","url_text":"\"The Seismieity of Iran the Farsinaj (Kermanshah) earthquake of 13 December 1957\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4401%2Fag-5030","url_text":"10.4401/ag-5030"}]},{"reference":"Viên, Cao Văn (1983). The Final Collapse. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-14-10219-55-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-14-10219-55-8","url_text":"978-14-10219-55-8"}]},{"reference":"Ranter, Harro. \"ASN Aircraft accident British Aerospace 3201 Jetstream 32 N918AE Raleigh/Durham Airport, NC (RDU)\". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivetti_Valentine
Olivetti Valentine
["1 Design and development","2 Advertising and sales","3 In popular culture","4 See also","5 References","6 Explanatory notes","7 External links"]
Italian typewriter introduced in 1969 Olivetti ValentineThe Olivetti Valentinedesigned by Ettore Sottsass(with Perry King and Albert Leclerc)TypePortable typewriterInception1969ManufacturerOlivetti S.p.A. Specifications Materials: ABS plastic, body and caseMetal, interior mechanicalsRubber, case straps Weight: 5 kg Height: 10 cm Width: 34 cm Depth: 36 cm The Olivetti Valentine is a portable, manual typewriter manufactured and marketed by the Italian company, Olivetti, that combined the company's Lettera 32 internal typewriter mechanicals with signature red, glossy plastic bodywork and matching plastic case. Designed in 1968 by Olivetti's Austrian-born consultant, Ettore Sottsass (father of the Memphis Group), assisted by Perry A. King and Albert Leclerc – it was introduced in 1969 and was one of the earliest and most iconic plastic-bodied typewriters. Despite being an expensive, functionally limited and somewhat technically mediocre product which failed to find success in the marketplace, the Valentine "subverted the status quo" of typewriter design, captured the zeitgeist of post-'68 counterculture, and ultimately became a celebrated international icon – largely on account of its expressive design. The Valentine is featured in the permanent collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of Modern Art, and Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum in New York; London's Design Museum and Victoria and Albert Museum; the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney; as well as the Triennale di Milano in Milan. Italy's Association of Industrial Design (ADI) awarded the Valentine its Compasso d'Oro in 1970. Poet Giovanni Giudici, who was employed with Olivetti, described the Valentine as "a Lettera 32 disguised as a sixties girl." Over time, Sottsass himself, who called the Valentine the oggetto rosso, the red object, would tire of its design, calling it "too obvious, a bit like a girl wearing a very short skirt and too much make-up." Design and development Olivetti Valentine (front view) Olivetti Valentine (with case) Olivetti Valentine (another view with case) Video of the Olivetti Valentine in use. Olivetti originally conceived the Valentine as a response to the early 1960s flood of inexpensive pragmatically designed manual typewriters from Japan – e.g., from Brother and Silver Seiko. Believing design should not merely be functional but also sensual and emotionally appealing, Sottsass prototyped his ideas in Moplen  (an early trademarked polypropylene), proposing a very basic but boldly colored and highly affordable design: eliminating lower case letters, exposing its ribbon caps and forgoing a bell for the right hand margin. Sottsass lavished cost-effective and attentive details throughout the design, going so far as to carefully resolve in sketch studies, the negative space around each carriage end. At a time when most typewriter cases featured elaborate zippers and bulky suitcase designs, Sottsass proposed an inexpensive injection-molded, color-matched plastic sleeve with softly rounded corners and a textured-finish, that could mate to the typewriter's plastic bodywork – the rear 'plate' of the typewriter becoming the top of the case, locking onto the typewriter itself via two black rubber straps/tabs on opposite ends of the case thus allowing the Valentine to be carried like a briefcase. The case could likewise serve as a trash can or light duty stool when the typewriter was in use. Art historian Deborah Goldberg said a designer expending so much attention on the typewriter case was itself radical. Olivetti resisted, pushing for more features – and pushing for what would ultimately be a relatively expensive typewriter. Olivetti insisted on more expensive color-impregnated, impact-resistant injection-molded ABS plastic, rather than the prototype's Moplen, as well as both upper and lower case capability – and the right margin bell. Following these disagreements and after having largely completed the design as well as its launch advertising campaign, Sottsass distanced himself from the project. His colleagues, British designer Perry King with Canadian Albert Leclerc, completed the work. The design itself was surprising and non-conformist, largely deconstructing what would typically be the typewriter's bodywork, revealing elements normally concealed, using 'floating keys' and a body-colored plastic 'rail' ahead of the spacebar, visually detached from the typewriter's main body. Sottsass cited the orange nipples and pink breasts in Tom Wesselmann's paintings of nudes as inspiration for the Valentine's orange ribbon caps; he chose the bright red color to emphasize casual creativity rather than the serious monotony of office work. A later Valentine example, highlighted with several prominent changes, made over the course of production: enlarged orange ribbon spool covers, dimples to mitigate scuffing and tab key with tab function on Valentine S models. Details included black plastic keys and white lettering; orange plastic ribbon spool caps, silver metal return arm and paper guide; twin chrome, rabbit-ear style paper supports; black rubber feet; red plastic swing handle at back of typewriter, as well as integral raised "Valentine" lettering along the front – and "olivetti" at the rear plate. At introduction, the user manual was printed on a set of small "tags" held together with a loop of string, with cheeky phrasing describing the main functions, accompanied by simple black and white illustrations. Over the course of production, design revisions included enlarging the orange ribbon caps, and adding two prominent dimples at the top of the bodywork, to help prevent scuffing when removing the typewriter or returning it to its case. Though often called la rossa portatile (the red portable), the Valentine was also subsequently manufactured in very small numbers in white, blue and green, respectively for Italy, France and Germany. A number of similar typewriters either preceded or closely emulated the Valentine's design. Notably, the Valentine shared numerous features – including its bold red color, floating black keys, and ABS typewriter body with a pronounced rear 'plate' that mated to a plastic sleeve case – with the Monpti typewriter, designed by Stefan Lengyel in 1968 (the same year the Valentine was designed) for Zbrojovka Brno NP in Vyškov, Czechia – manufacturer of Consul typewriters. Furthermore, industrial designer Carl Wilhelm Sundberg (Netherlands, 1910–1982), working for Sperry Rand Corporation, patented a plastic-bodied typewriter in 1963 without specifying ABS for the company's forthcoming, red typewriter, the Remington Starfire. On March 31, 1972, Antares SPA of Milan registered a trademark for the Antares Lisa in the US – a typewriter with a similar deconstructionist design (floating keys, floating spacebar, with visually detached body-colored 'rail' ahead of the spacebar). This was ultimately marketed in the US as the Montgomery Ward Model 22. Over the course of time, Sottsass saw the design as cloying and came to openly resent the Valentine, saying: "I worked sixty years of my life, and it seems the only thing I did is this fucking red machine. And it came out a mistake. It was supposed to be a very inexpensive portable, to sell in the market like ... then the people at Olivetti said you cannot sell this." Advertising and sales Sottsass wanted the Valentine to have its own distinct image, that would "prevail over the global image of Olivetti." Together, they committed to creating the market for the Valentine, prioritizing the demographic that might appreciate the typewriter's design statement as a leisure item, as much if not more than its mechanical specification. It would appeal to "young people or people with a youthful sensibility, open to the appeal of the new and fashionable," the advertisements for the Valentine portraying "a desire to be creative and take risks." Olivetti conducted extensive market research. In Olivetti's marketing statement at the Valentine's introduction, Sottsass noted: Since they asked us to think about designing the ad(s) for this product as well, we tried to do something that represented and explained these ideas, and we went to put the Valentine in as many places as possible to see how it behaved and what was happening around it and we took a lot of photographs. So after a while we came into possession of a large documentation, a sort of reportage of the journey made among people by an object instead of a person, and it didn't even go that bad, because everyone was quite happy to play with this Valentine and to be together with her and for the rest she too, this red object, ended up blending in quite well with the things that already exist in the world, the natural things and the artificial things that make this great confusion in which we live. The launch advertising ultimately used a range of graphic artists: Sottsass himself along with Roberto Pieraccini, Walter Ballmer , Egidio Bonfante , Tadaaki Kanasashi, Tesro Itoh, Yoshitaro Isaka, George Leavitt, Graziella Marchi, Adrianus Van Der Elst – and Milton Glaser, playing off the painting The Death of Procris (circa 1495) by Piero di Cosimo, depicted the Valentine in a renaissance setting with a dog, suggesting that "it, too, was man’s best friend." The Valentine was positioned as a mass consumer product that anyone could use anywhere. Large posters were posted on city streets, in subways and railway; radio spots announced its arrival along with advertisements in popular magazines. Olivetti also commissioned a series of short, avant garde video advertising spots (available on Youtube) to be played before movies, during the previews, including: Woman with cigar; Write From the Heart; Woman in Space; Young Japanese; Boy with Motorcycle; Young Hippies; Pinball; and The Red Portable. At Olivetti's 1969 presentation, Sottsass announced, "the portable, today, becomes an object that one carries with him like one wears a jacket, shoes, or hat; I mean those things that we pay attention to and don't pay attention to; things that come and go, things that we tend to demystify more and more". The Valentine was formally introduced on Valentine's Day 1969 – to a largely unreceptive market. Production took place initially in Italy, then later in Spain and Mexico. At introduction in the United States the Valentine retailed for $259, when a Royal Mercury metal bodied ultra-portable retailed for $49. While Olivetti had projected sales in the millions, the Valentine managed sales in the few tens of thousands; it was initially retired and only returned to production by popular demand. In popular culture Brigitte Bardot was photographed with a Valentine; in 1970 Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor were photographed at Heathrow Airport carrying a Valentine; and the Valentine was used by the main character in Stanley Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange (1971). Braun-Designer Dieter Rams owned a Valentine. It appeared in the 2007 film The Witnesses. In 1999, in its home town of Ivrea, the Olivetti Historical Archive mounted an exhibition honouring the 30th Anniversary of the Valentine, titled Rosso, Rosso Valentine, subsequently replicated in Milan, Prague, Budapest, Genoa and Turin. In 2016, David Bowie's Valentine typewriter sold at an auction at Sotheby's in London for £45,000, against a presale estimate of £300–£500. In 2017, Peter Olivetti, great grandson of Camillo Olivetti, founder of the Olivetti corporation, created a tribute to the Valentine – as a bicycle, using the 100th anniversary Cento tubeset created by the Italian company, Columbus. It featured details recalling the typewriter: the color, the three small dots of color recalling the typewriters ribbon selection, and an orange dot on the pump recalling the ribbon caps. See also Olivetti typewriters (all models) Olivetti S.p.A. References ^ a b Joakim Flisberg (December 8, 2023). "Olivetti Valentine En italiensk designikon". Franksgarage.se. ^ a b c d e Rosario Spagnolello (May 28, 2020). "Valentine, Italy's Iconic Ruby Red Typewriter". Elle Decor. ^ "Ettore Sottsass Jr. and Perry King". SFMOMA. Retrieved 2024-01-25. ^ a b c d David Hayes. "Olivetti Valentine: The Macintosh of the '60s". DavidHayes.ca. ^ a b c d e f Antonio Moro (December 27, 2007). "La Olivetti Valentine di Ettore Sottsass (translated from Italian)". Medium.com. ^ a b "Valentine: design and graphics for a cult product". Storiaolivet/. 4 March 2016. ^ "How Ettore Sottsass made the typewriter sexy". Phaidon.com. Archived from the original on 2022-01-18. ^ a b c d e "Valentine". Victoria and Albert Museum. 1969. ^ a b "Olivetti Valentine, Ettore Sottsass, Perry King, Olivetti 1968". Domusweb.it. p. 014/019 (gallery view). ^ a b c d Amber Snider (February 20, 2020). "How the Radical, Rebellious Valentine Typewriter Was Labeled a Mistake". The Culture Trip. ^ a b c "Valentine Portable Typewriter". Metropolitan Museum of Art. ^ "Ettore Sottsass, Perry King. Valentine Portable Typewriter. 1968". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 27 January 2024. ^ "Valentine, Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 18 February 2024. ^ "Powerhouse Collection – Valentine portable typewriter by Olivetti". Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 2024-02-18. ^ "Valentine; Macchina per scrivere; Ettore Sottsass jr., Perry A. King; Olivetti". Triennale di Milano (archivio) (in Italian). Retrieved 28 January 2024. ^ Spagnolello, Rosario (2020-05-21). "Valentine, la Rossa Portatile più glamour d'Italia". ELLE Decor (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-25. ^ "Red Valentine Portable Typewriter". Kirkland Museum. Retrieved 2024-06-04. ^ a b c d e f g "Valentine: design e grafica per un prodotto cult" (in Italian). Associazione Archivio Storico Olivetti (Olivetti Historical Archive). ^ Jonathan Glancey (April 15, 2015). "Design Icons: Why everyone loves the Valentine (video, 3:23)". BBC. ^ a b Adam Richardson (3 February 2015). "Olivetti Valentine Typewriter". Mass Made Soul. ^ Greg Fudacz. "Olivetti Valentine Concept". Antikeychop.com. ^ a b c d e Greg Fudacz. "Valentine 1969–1973 Olivetti SpA Ivrea, Italy". Antikeychop.com. ^ a b c "La Olivetti Valentine di Ettore Sottsass". whatisepic.it. July 15, 2022. ^ "Monpti, 1969". Museo Nicolis. 22 July 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2024. ^ Greg Fudacz. "Remington Starfire (1963–1969)". Antikeychop.com. ^ a b Robert Messenger (September 25, 2012). "Lisa30 and Valentine Portable Typewriters: The Antares-Olivetti Missing Link?". Oztypewriter. ^ Bernice Harrison (February 10, 2018). "Design Moment: Valentine Typewriter, 1969". Irish Times. ^ a b c d Sunny Cheung (September 7, 2023). "My Dear Valentine: How Olivetti's Artful Advertising Imbued Machines with Desire". M+ Museum , Hong Kong. ^ "Olivetti, 110 anni per guardare avanti | Foto". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 20 February 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2024. ^ Ron Kovach (May 27, 2009). "Olivetti manual typewriter". Design Applause. ^ "Study and love; Poster; ca. 1975 (printed)". Victoria and Albert Museum. 1975. Retrieved 30 January 2024. ^ "Rosso, rosso Valentine". Storiaolivetti.it (Olivetti Historical Archive). 22 May 1999. ^ "Olivetti's Valentine: The Apple of Its Time | M+". www.mplus.org.hk. Retrieved 27 January 2024. ^ "Olivetti, modello Valentine, 1969–1989". Sistema Archivistico Nazionale – SAN (in Italian). Retrieved 27 January 2024. ^ "Storia della Valentine di Olivetti, la macchina da scrivere portatile rosso fiammante". Harper's BAZAAR (in Italian). 11 February 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2024. ^ "Perché Valentine è l'oggetto di design assoluto" . Rivista Studio (in Italian). 12 April 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2024. ^ Anne Gilbert (October 21, 2017). "Antiques Detective". Lancaster Farming, page B26. ^ Johanna Agerman (October 7, 2009). "Valentine Typewriter by Adriano Olivetti". Icon. ^ Zuber, Anne (October 10, 2022). "Dieter Rams, Ein Mann räumt auf" . Die Zeit. Retrieved 27 January 2024. ^ Paula Benson (February 9, 2016). "Glossy, sexy and desirable – an original Olivetti 'Valentine' typewriter makes a perfect gift for your lover". Film and Furniture. ^ Gleadell, Colin (2016-11-15). "David Bowie auction: Sale of late artist's personal collection puts iconic Memphis Group on the map". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2024-01-27. ^ Muñoz-Alonso, Lorena (2016-11-03). "Discover the Hidden Gems of the 'Bowie/Collector' Sale". Artnet News. Retrieved 2024-01-27. ^ "A LOVE LETTER TO HISTORY An Olivetti Valentine Like You've Never Seen Before". Sram.com. Explanatory notes ^ The following YouTube links for Valentine publicity spots retrieved on 17 February 2024: Woman with cigar (Italian: Donna con il sigaro) Write from the heart Woman in Space (Italian: Donna nello spazio) Young Japanese (Italian: Adolescente giapponese) Boy with Motorcycle (Italian: Ragazzo con la moto) Young Hippies (Italian: Giovani hippies) Pinball (Italian: Flipper) The Red Portable (Italian: La portatile rossa) ^ (Italian: La portatile, oggi, diventa un oggetto che uno si porta dietro come si porta dietro la giacca, le scarpe, il cappello; voglio dire quelle cose alle quali si bada e non si bada, cose che vanno e vengono, cose che tendiamo a smitizzare sempre di più.) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olivetti Valentine. Olivetti website Collections in Motion: Valentine Typewriter (Brief film by the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum) La Valentine della Olivetti: Macchina da scrivere icona del design (Rai Cultura television programme with Ettore Sottsass) vteOlivettiKey peopleExecutives Camillo Olivetti (founder and president, 1908–1938) Adriano Olivetti (president, 1938–1960) Franco Tatò (head of various divisions, 1956–1990) Designersand engineers Franco Albini Getulio Alviani Gae Aulenti Mario Bellini Natale Capellaro Gianni Colombo Carlo De Benedetti Michele De Lucchi Egon Eiermann Ignazio Gardella Franca Helg James Irvine Louis Kahn Bruno Munari Costantino Nivola Marcello Nizzoli Pier Giorgio Perotto Giovanni Pintori Carlo Scarpa Piero Scaruffi Ettore Sottsass George Sowden Grazia Varisco Lella Vignelli Massimo Vignelli Marco Zanuso ComputersMainframes Elea series (1957–1964) Personalcomputers P6040 (1975) P6060 (1975) P6066 (1975) M20 (1982) M24 (1983) Prodest PC128 (1985) M28 (1986) M19 (1986) Envision (1995) Laptops M10 (1983) Quaderno (1992) Calculators Programma 101 (1965) Divisumma 18 (1972) Typewriters Lettera 22 (1949) Valentine (1969) Locations 500 Park Avenue Olivetti-Underwood Factory Acquisitions Telecom Italia (acquired Olivetti) Triumph-Adler Omnidata Commons category vteTypewritersManufacturers Brother Commodore International E. Remington and Sons IBM Imperial Typewriter Company Oliver Typewriter Company Olivetti Royal Typewriter Company Sharp Silver Seiko Smith Corona Underwood Typewriter Company Xerox Models Blickensderfer typewriter Data Recall Diamond Hammond Typewriter Hansen Writing Ball IBM Selectric Sholes and Glidden typewriter Olivetti Valentine Hermes 3000 Prominent figures Lucien Stephen Crandall Frank Haven Hall James Densmore Carlos Glidden Rasmus Malling-Hansen Henry Mill John Jonathon Pratt Clarence Seamans Christopher Sholes James Fields Smathers Lyman Cornelius Smith Samuel W. Soulé Kyota Sugimoto Ettore Sottsass Components Keyboard layout AZERTY Dvorak QWERTY QWERTZ Platen Accessories Carbon paper Correction fluid Erasing shield Ink ribbon Typewriter desk Typewriter eraser Occupations Copy typist Audio typist Data entry clerk Secretary Speech-to-text reporter Stenographer Typesetting Cultural and health aspects Boston Typewriter Orchestra Etaoin shrdlu Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing Repetitive strain injury Samizdat Speed typing contest The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog Touch typing Authority control databases: National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"typewriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter"},{"link_name":"Olivetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivetti"},{"link_name":"Lettera 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivetti_Lettera_32"},{"link_name":"Ettore Sottsass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettore_Sottsass"},{"link_name":"Memphis Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sottsass-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leclerc-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albertleclerc-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albertleclerc3-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leclerc-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phaidon-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collection-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moplen-9"},{"link_name":"zeitgeist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitgeist"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zeitgeist-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collection-8"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt,_Smithsonian_Design_Museum"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nipples-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Design Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_Museum"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collection-8"},{"link_name":"Powerhouse Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerhouse_Museum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Triennale di Milano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triennale_di_Milano"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Association of Industrial Design (ADI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associazione_per_il_Disegno_Industriale"},{"link_name":"Compasso d'Oro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compasso_d%27Oro"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Giudici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Giudici"},{"link_name":"Lettera 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivetti_Lettera_32"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cult-18"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albertleclerc-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leclerc-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obvious-19"}],"text":"The Olivetti Valentine is a portable, manual typewriter manufactured and marketed by the Italian company, Olivetti, that combined the company's Lettera 32 internal typewriter mechanicals with signature red, glossy plastic bodywork and matching plastic case. Designed in 1968 by Olivetti's Austrian-born consultant, Ettore Sottsass (father of the Memphis Group), assisted by Perry A. King and Albert Leclerc – it was introduced in 1969 and was one of the earliest and most iconic plastic-bodied typewriters.[2][3][4][5][6]Despite being an expensive, functionally limited and somewhat technically mediocre product which failed to find success in the marketplace,[4][7][8] the Valentine \"subverted the status quo\" of typewriter design,[9] captured the zeitgeist of post-'68 counterculture,[10] and ultimately became a celebrated international icon[8] – largely on account of its expressive design.The Valentine is featured in the permanent collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of Modern Art, and Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum in New York;[11][12][13] London's Design Museum and Victoria and Albert Museum;[8] the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney;[14] as well as the Triennale di Milano in Milan.[15] Italy's Association of Industrial Design (ADI) awarded the Valentine its Compasso d'Oro in 1970.[16][17]Poet Giovanni Giudici, who was employed with Olivetti, described the Valentine as \"a Lettera 32 disguised as a sixties girl.\"[18] Over time, Sottsass himself, who called the Valentine the oggetto rosso, the red object,[5] would tire of its design, calling it \"too obvious, a bit like a girl wearing a very short skirt and too much make-up.\"[4][19]","title":"Olivetti Valentine"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MNACTEC_keyboards_(31009370311).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ettore_sottsass_e_perry_king_per_olivetti,_macchina_da_scrivere_portatile_valentine,_1969.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olivetti-Valentine-with-shell_(cut_out).jpg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soul-20"},{"link_name":"Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Industries"},{"link_name":"Silver Seiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Seiko_Ltd."},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appealing-21"},{"link_name":"Moplen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moplen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moplen"},{"link_name":"polypropylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylene"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moplen-9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soul-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perry-22"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collection-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sottsass-2"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perry-22"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zeitgeist-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nipples-11"},{"link_name":"injection-molded ABS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abs-23"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sottsass-2"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perry-22"},{"link_name":"deconstructing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstructivism"},{"link_name":"Tom Wesselmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wesselmann"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nipples-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olivetti-Valentine_Changes_Highlighted.jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abs-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perry-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cult-18"},{"link_name":"Vyškov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy%C5%A1kov"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Sperry Rand Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperry_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starfire-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lisa-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lisa-26"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zeitgeist-10"}],"text":"Olivetti Valentine (front view)Olivetti Valentine (with case)Olivetti Valentine (another view with case)Video of the Olivetti Valentine in use.Olivetti originally conceived the Valentine as a response to the early 1960s flood of inexpensive pragmatically designed manual typewriters from Japan[20] – e.g., from Brother and Silver Seiko.Believing design should not merely be functional but also sensual and emotionally appealing,[21] Sottsass prototyped his ideas in Moplen [it] (an early trademarked polypropylene),[9] proposing a very basic but boldly colored and highly affordable design: eliminating lower case letters, exposing its ribbon caps and forgoing a bell for the right hand margin. Sottsass lavished cost-effective and attentive details throughout the design, going so far as to carefully resolve in sketch studies, the negative space around each carriage end.[20]At a time when most typewriter cases featured elaborate zippers and bulky suitcase designs, Sottsass proposed an inexpensive injection-molded, color-matched plastic sleeve with softly rounded corners and a textured-finish, that could mate to the typewriter's plastic bodywork[22] – the rear 'plate' of the typewriter becoming the top of the case, locking onto the typewriter itself via two black rubber straps/tabs on opposite ends of the case[8] thus allowing the Valentine to be carried like a briefcase.[2] The case could likewise serve as a trash can or light duty stool when the typewriter was in use.[22] Art historian Deborah Goldberg said a designer expending so much attention on the typewriter case was itself radical.[10]Olivetti resisted,[11] pushing for more features – and pushing for what would ultimately be a relatively expensive typewriter. Olivetti insisted on more expensive color-impregnated, impact-resistant injection-molded ABS plastic, rather than the prototype's Moplen,[23] as well as both upper and lower case capability – and the right margin bell. Following these disagreements and after having largely completed the design as well as its launch advertising campaign,[2] Sottsass distanced himself from the project. His colleagues, British designer Perry King with Canadian Albert Leclerc, completed the work.[22]The design itself was surprising and non-conformist, largely deconstructing what would typically be the typewriter's bodywork, revealing elements normally concealed, using 'floating keys' and a body-colored plastic 'rail' ahead of the spacebar, visually detached from the typewriter's main body. Sottsass cited the orange nipples and pink breasts in Tom Wesselmann's paintings of nudes as inspiration for the Valentine's orange ribbon caps; he chose the bright red color to emphasize casual creativity rather than the serious monotony of office work.[11]A later Valentine example, highlighted with several prominent changes, made over the course of production: enlarged orange ribbon spool covers, dimples to mitigate scuffing and tab key with tab function on Valentine S models.Details included black plastic keys and white lettering; orange plastic ribbon spool caps, silver metal return arm and paper guide; twin chrome, rabbit-ear style paper supports; black rubber feet; red plastic swing handle at back of typewriter, as well as integral raised \"Valentine\" lettering along the front – and \"olivetti\" at the rear plate. At introduction, the user manual was printed on a set of small \"tags\" held together with a loop of string, with cheeky phrasing describing the main functions, accompanied by simple black and white illustrations.[23] \nOver the course of production, design revisions included enlarging the orange ribbon caps, and adding two prominent dimples at the top of the bodywork, to help prevent scuffing when removing the typewriter or returning it to its case.[22]Though often called la rossa portatile (the red portable), the Valentine was also subsequently manufactured in very small numbers in white, blue and green, respectively for Italy, France and Germany.[18]A number of similar typewriters either preceded or closely emulated the Valentine's design. Notably, the Valentine shared numerous features – including its bold red color, floating black keys, and ABS typewriter body with a pronounced rear 'plate' that mated to a plastic sleeve case – with the Monpti typewriter, designed by Stefan Lengyel in 1968 (the same year the Valentine was designed) for Zbrojovka Brno NP in Vyškov, Czechia – manufacturer of Consul typewriters.[24] Furthermore, industrial designer Carl Wilhelm Sundberg (Netherlands, 1910–1982), working for Sperry Rand Corporation, patented a plastic-bodied typewriter in 1963 without specifying ABS for the company's forthcoming, red typewriter, the Remington Starfire.[25] On March 31, 1972, Antares SPA of Milan registered a trademark for the Antares Lisa in the US – a typewriter with a similar deconstructionist design (floating keys, floating spacebar, with visually detached body-colored 'rail' ahead of the spacebar).[26] This was ultimately marketed in the US as the Montgomery Ward Model 22.[26]Over the course of time, Sottsass saw the design as cloying and came to openly resent the Valentine, saying: \"I worked sixty years of my life, and it seems the only thing I did is this fucking red machine. And it came out a mistake. It was supposed to be a very inexpensive portable, to sell in the market like [a disposable pen] ... then the people at Olivetti said you cannot sell this.\"[10]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albertleclerc-5"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leisure-27"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cult-18"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albertleclerc-5"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-procris-28"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albertleclerc-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albertleclerc-5"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cult-18"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Walter Ballmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Ballmer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ballmer"},{"link_name":"Egidio Bonfante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egidio_Bonfante&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egidio_Bonfante"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-egidio-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-procris-28"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-procris-28"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leavitt-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Milton Glaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Glaser"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sottsass-2"},{"link_name":"The Death of Procris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Procris"},{"link_name":"Piero di Cosimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-procris-28"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leclerc-4"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cult-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cult-18"},{"link_name":"[Notes 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cult-18"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[Notes 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zeitgeist-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collection-8"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perry-22"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retail-39"},{"link_name":"Royal Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Seiko_Ltd.#Silver_Reed_Silverette_typewriter"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abs-23"}],"text":"Sottsass wanted the Valentine to have its own distinct image, that would \"prevail over the global image of Olivetti.\"[5] Together, they committed to creating the market for the Valentine, prioritizing the demographic that might appreciate the typewriter's design statement as a leisure item,[27] as much if not more than its mechanical specification.[18] It would appeal to \"young people or people with a youthful sensibility, open to the appeal of the new and fashionable,\"[5] the advertisements for the Valentine portraying \"a desire to be creative and take risks.\"[28]Olivetti conducted extensive market research. In Olivetti's marketing statement at the Valentine's introduction, Sottsass noted:Since they asked us to think about designing the ad(s) for this product as well, we tried to do something that represented and explained these ideas, and we went to put the Valentine in as many places as possible to see how it behaved and what was happening around it and we took a lot of photographs.[5]So after a while we came into possession of a large documentation, a sort of reportage of the journey made among people by an object instead of a person, and it didn't even go that bad, because everyone was quite happy to play with this Valentine and to be together with her and for the rest she too, this red object, ended up blending in quite well with the things that already exist in the world, the natural things and the artificial things that make this great confusion in which we live.[5]The launch advertising ultimately used a range of graphic artists: Sottsass himself[18] along with Roberto Pieraccini,[29] Walter Ballmer [it], Egidio Bonfante [it],[30] Tadaaki Kanasashi,[28][31] Tesro Itoh,[28] Yoshitaro Isaka, George Leavitt,[32] Graziella Marchi,[33] Adrianus Van Der Elst[34] – and Milton Glaser,[2] playing off the painting The Death of Procris (circa 1495) by Piero di Cosimo,[28] depicted the Valentine in a renaissance setting with a dog, suggesting that \"it, too, was man’s best friend.\"[4][35]The Valentine was positioned as a mass consumer product that anyone could use anywhere.[18] Large posters were posted on city streets, in subways and railway; radio spots announced its arrival along with advertisements in popular magazines. Olivetti also commissioned a series of short, avant garde video advertising spots (available on Youtube) to be played before movies, during the previews, including: Woman with cigar; Write From the Heart; Woman in Space; Young Japanese; Boy with Motorcycle; Young Hippies; Pinball; and The Red Portable.[18][Notes 1]At Olivetti's 1969 presentation, Sottsass announced, \"the portable, today, becomes an object that one carries with him like one wears a jacket, shoes, or hat; I mean those things that we pay attention to and don't pay attention to; things that come and go, things that we tend to demystify more and more\".[18][36][Notes 2]The Valentine was formally introduced on Valentine's Day 1969[10] – to a largely unreceptive market.[8] Production took place initially in Italy, then later in Spain and Mexico.[22] At introduction in the United States the Valentine retailed for $259,[37] when a Royal Mercury metal bodied ultra-portable retailed for $49. While Olivetti had projected sales in the millions, the Valentine managed sales in the few tens of thousands; it was initially retired and only returned to production by popular demand.[23]","title":"Advertising and sales"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brigitte Bardot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bardot-1"},{"link_name":"Richard Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Burton"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burton-40"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick"},{"link_name":"A Clockwork Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sottsass-2"},{"link_name":"Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braun_(company)"},{"link_name":"Dieter Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Rams"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-braun-41"},{"link_name":"The Witnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Witnesses"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-witnesses-42"},{"link_name":"Ivrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivrea"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albertleclerc3-6"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Camillo Olivetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Olivetti"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(company)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bike-45"}],"text":"Brigitte Bardot was photographed with a Valentine;[1] in 1970 Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor were photographed at Heathrow Airport carrying a Valentine;[38] and the Valentine was used by the main character in Stanley Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange (1971).[2] Braun-Designer Dieter Rams owned a Valentine.[39] It appeared in the 2007 film The Witnesses.[40]In 1999, in its home town of Ivrea, the Olivetti Historical Archive mounted an exhibition honouring the 30th Anniversary of the Valentine, titled Rosso, Rosso Valentine, subsequently replicated in Milan, Prague, Budapest, Genoa and Turin.[6]In 2016, David Bowie's Valentine typewriter sold at an auction at Sotheby's in London for £45,000, against a presale estimate of £300–£500.[41][42]In 2017, Peter Olivetti, great grandson of Camillo Olivetti, founder of the Olivetti corporation, created a tribute to the Valentine – as a bicycle, using the 100th anniversary Cento tubeset created by the Italian company, Columbus. It featured details recalling the typewriter: the color, the three small dots of color recalling the typewriters ribbon selection, and an orange dot on the pump recalling the ribbon caps.[43]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"Woman with cigar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WiV4dAo5vI"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Write from the heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-3TLADDacc"},{"link_name":"Woman in Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUuIFeup8yY"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Young Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=6sIhrz-lIrQ"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Boy with Motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9MMdkkVSMM"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Young Hippies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9rZXR1srZo"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Pinball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=yam0PAOGbrk"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"The Red Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xy0Sd25_5Bg"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"}],"text":"^ The following YouTube links for Valentine publicity spots retrieved on 17 February 2024:\nWoman with cigar (Italian: Donna con il sigaro)\nWrite from the heart\nWoman in Space (Italian: Donna nello spazio)\nYoung Japanese (Italian: Adolescente giapponese)\nBoy with Motorcycle (Italian: Ragazzo con la moto)\nYoung Hippies (Italian: Giovani hippies)\nPinball (Italian: Flipper)\nThe Red Portable (Italian: La portatile rossa)\n\n^ (Italian: La portatile, oggi, diventa un oggetto che uno si porta dietro come si porta dietro la giacca, le scarpe, il cappello; voglio dire quelle cose alle quali si bada e non si bada, cose che vanno e vengono, cose che tendiamo a smitizzare sempre di più.)","title":"Explanatory notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Olivetti Valentine (front view)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/MNACTEC_keyboards_%2831009370311%29.jpg/220px-MNACTEC_keyboards_%2831009370311%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Olivetti Valentine (with case)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ettore_sottsass_e_perry_king_per_olivetti%2C_macchina_da_scrivere_portatile_valentine%2C_1969.jpg/220px-Ettore_sottsass_e_perry_king_per_olivetti%2C_macchina_da_scrivere_portatile_valentine%2C_1969.jpg"},{"image_text":"Olivetti Valentine (another view with case)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Olivetti-Valentine-with-shell_%28cut_out%29.jpg/220px-Olivetti-Valentine-with-shell_%28cut_out%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Video of the Olivetti Valentine in use."},{"image_text":"A later Valentine example, highlighted with several prominent changes, made over the course of production: enlarged orange ribbon spool covers, dimples to mitigate scuffing and tab key with tab function on Valentine S models.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Olivetti-Valentine_Changes_Highlighted.jpg/220px-Olivetti-Valentine_Changes_Highlighted.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Olivetti typewriters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivetti_typewriters"},{"title":"Olivetti S.p.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivetti_S.p.A."}]
[{"reference":"Joakim Flisberg (December 8, 2023). \"Olivetti Valentine En italiensk designikon\". Franksgarage.se.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.franksgarage.se/skrivmaskiner/olivetti/olivetti-valentine/","url_text":"\"Olivetti Valentine En italiensk designikon\""}]},{"reference":"Rosario Spagnolello (May 28, 2020). \"Valentine, Italy's Iconic Ruby Red Typewriter\". Elle Decor.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elledecor.com/it/best-of/a32701120/olivetti-valentine-history/","url_text":"\"Valentine, Italy's Iconic Ruby Red Typewriter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ettore Sottsass Jr. and Perry King\". SFMOMA. Retrieved 2024-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/ettore-sottsass-jr-and-perry-king/","url_text":"\"Ettore Sottsass Jr. and Perry King\""}]},{"reference":"David Hayes. \"Olivetti Valentine: The Macintosh of the '60s\". DavidHayes.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://davidhayes.ca/2016/05/olivetti-valentine-macintosh-60s/","url_text":"\"Olivetti Valentine: The Macintosh of the '60s\""}]},{"reference":"Antonio Moro (December 27, 2007). \"La Olivetti Valentine di Ettore Sottsass (translated from Italian)\". Medium.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://itomi-medium-com.translate.goog/la-olivetti-valentine-di-ettore-sottsass-e059cb31607?_x_tr_sl=it&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp&_x_tr_hist=true/","url_text":"\"La Olivetti Valentine di Ettore Sottsass (translated from Italian)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valentine: design and graphics for a cult product\". Storiaolivet/. 4 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160304190935/http://www.storiaolivetti.it/percorso.asp?idPercorso=636&_x_tr_sl=it&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp","url_text":"\"Valentine: design and graphics for a cult product\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Ettore Sottsass made the typewriter sexy\". Phaidon.com. Archived from the original on 2022-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220118010656/https://de.phaidon.com/agenda/design/articles/2016/september/14/how-ettore-sottsass-made-the-typewriter-sexy/","url_text":"\"How Ettore Sottsass made the typewriter sexy\""},{"url":"https://de.phaidon.com/agenda/design/articles/2016/september/14/how-ettore-sottsass-made-the-typewriter-sexy/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Valentine\". Victoria and Albert Museum. 1969.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O146042/valentine-typewriter-sottsass-ettore/","url_text":"\"Valentine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olivetti Valentine, Ettore Sottsass, Perry King, Olivetti 1968\". 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Valentine Portable Typewriter. 1968\". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 27 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moma.org/collection/works/4576","url_text":"\"Ettore Sottsass, Perry King. Valentine Portable Typewriter. 1968\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valentine, Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum\". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 18 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.edu/es/object/valentine%3Achndm_1986-99-40-a_b","url_text":"\"Valentine, Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Powerhouse Collection – Valentine portable typewriter by Olivetti\". Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 2024-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://collection.powerhouse.com.au/object/11891","url_text":"\"Powerhouse Collection – Valentine portable typewriter by Olivetti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valentine; Macchina per scrivere; Ettore Sottsass jr., Perry A. King; Olivetti\". Triennale di Milano (archivio) (in Italian). Retrieved 28 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archivi.triennale.org/risultati-archivio?archiveId=collezioni&freeText=valenti","url_text":"\"Valentine; Macchina per scrivere; Ettore Sottsass jr., Perry A. King; Olivetti\""}]},{"reference":"Spagnolello, Rosario (2020-05-21). \"Valentine, la Rossa Portatile più glamour d'Italia\". ELLE Decor (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elledecor.com/it/design/a32609340/olivetti-valentine-storia/","url_text":"\"Valentine, la Rossa Portatile più glamour d'Italia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Valentine Portable Typewriter\". Kirkland Museum. Retrieved 2024-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirklandmuseum.org/collections/work/valentine-portable-typewriter/","url_text":"\"Red Valentine Portable Typewriter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valentine: design e grafica per un prodotto cult\" [Valentine: design and graphics for a cult product] (in Italian). 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Antikeychop.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.antikeychop.com/olivetti-valentine","url_text":"\"Olivetti Valentine Concept\""}]},{"reference":"Greg Fudacz. \"Valentine 1969–1973 Olivetti SpA Ivrea, Italy\". Antikeychop.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.antikeychop.com/olivetti-valentine","url_text":"\"Valentine 1969–1973 Olivetti SpA Ivrea, Italy\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Olivetti Valentine di Ettore Sottsass\". whatisepic.it. July 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whatisepic.it/olivetti-valentine/","url_text":"\"La Olivetti Valentine di Ettore Sottsass\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monpti, 1969\". Museo Nicolis. 22 July 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.museonicolis.com/en/1969-monpti/","url_text":"\"Monpti, 1969\""}]},{"reference":"Greg Fudacz. \"Remington Starfire (1963–1969)\". Antikeychop.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.antikeychop.com/starfire","url_text":"\"Remington Starfire (1963–1969)\""}]},{"reference":"Robert Messenger (September 25, 2012). \"Lisa30 and Valentine Portable Typewriters: The Antares-Olivetti Missing Link?\". Oztypewriter.","urls":[{"url":"https://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2012/09/lisa30-and-valentine-portable.html","url_text":"\"Lisa30 and Valentine Portable Typewriters: The Antares-Olivetti Missing Link?\""}]},{"reference":"Bernice Harrison (February 10, 2018). \"Design Moment: Valentine Typewriter, 1969\". Irish Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/interiors/design-moment-valentine-typewriter-1969-1.3384597","url_text":"\"Design Moment: Valentine Typewriter, 1969\""}]},{"reference":"Sunny Cheung (September 7, 2023). \"My Dear Valentine: How Olivetti's Artful Advertising Imbued Machines with Desire\". M+ Museum , Hong Kong.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mplus.org.hk/en/magazine/olivettis-valentine-typewriter-the-apple-of-its-time/","url_text":"\"My Dear Valentine: How Olivetti's Artful Advertising Imbued Machines with Desire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%2B_Museum","url_text":"M+ Museum"}]},{"reference":"\"Olivetti, 110 anni per guardare avanti | Foto\". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 20 February 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://living.corriere.it/design/eventi/gallery/olivetti-110-anni-per-guardare-avanti/","url_text":"\"Olivetti, 110 anni per guardare avanti | Foto\""}]},{"reference":"Ron Kovach (May 27, 2009). \"Olivetti manual typewriter\". Design Applause.","urls":[{"url":"http://designapplause.com/editors-pick/featured/olivetti-manual-typewriter/5164/","url_text":"\"Olivetti manual typewriter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Study and love; Poster; ca. 1975 (printed)\". Victoria and Albert Museum. 1975. 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Sram.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sram.com/en/life/stories/olivetti-valentine-force-axs","url_text":"\"A LOVE LETTER TO HISTORY An Olivetti Valentine Like You've Never Seen Before\""}]}]
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Poster; ca. 1975 (printed)\""},{"Link":"https://www-archiviostoricolivetti-it.translate.goog/news/rosso-rosso-valentine-2/?_x_tr_sl=it&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp","external_links_name":"\"Rosso, rosso Valentine\""},{"Link":"https://www.mplus.org.hk/en/magazine/olivettis-valentine-typewriter-the-apple-of-its-time/","external_links_name":"\"Olivetti's Valentine: The Apple of Its Time | M+\""},{"Link":"https://www.imprese.san.beniculturali.it/web/imprese/gallery/dettaglio-oggetto-digitale?pid=san.dl.SAN:IMG-01375872&titolo_origine=Galleria%20multimediale&css_tit=gallery-result-tit","external_links_name":"\"Olivetti, modello Valentine, 1969–1989\""},{"Link":"https://www.harpersbazaar.com/it/lifestyle/design/a35456172/valentine-olivetti-storia/","external_links_name":"\"Storia della Valentine di Olivetti, la macchina da scrivere portatile rosso fiammante\""},{"Link":"https://www.rivistastudio.com/valentine-olivetti/","external_links_name":"\"Perché Valentine è l'oggetto di design assoluto\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/897167996/?terms=olivetti%20valentine%20typewriter&match=1","external_links_name":"\"Antiques Detective\""},{"Link":"https://www.iconeye.com/back-issues/valentine-typewriter","external_links_name":"\"Valentine Typewriter by Adriano Olivetti\""},{"Link":"https://www.zeit.de/lebensart/2010-10/braun-dieter-rams/seite-2","external_links_name":"\"Dieter Rams, Ein Mann räumt auf\""},{"Link":"https://filmandfurniture.com/2016/02/the-perfect-valentines-gift-a-valentine-typewriter/","external_links_name":"\"Glossy, sexy and desirable – an original Olivetti 'Valentine' typewriter makes a perfect gift for your lover\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/art/david-bowie-auction-sale-of-late-artists-personal-collection-put/","external_links_name":"\"David Bowie auction: Sale of late artist's personal collection puts iconic Memphis Group on the map\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","external_links_name":"0307-1235"},{"Link":"https://news.artnet.com/market/memphis-bowie-collector-sale-sothebys-london-730169","external_links_name":"\"Discover the Hidden Gems of the 'Bowie/Collector' Sale\""},{"Link":"https://www.sram.com/en/life/stories/olivetti-valentine-force-axs","external_links_name":"\"A LOVE LETTER TO HISTORY An Olivetti Valentine Like You've Never Seen Before\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WiV4dAo5vI","external_links_name":"Woman with cigar"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-3TLADDacc","external_links_name":"Write from the heart"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUuIFeup8yY","external_links_name":"Woman in Space"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6sIhrz-lIrQ","external_links_name":"Young Japanese"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9MMdkkVSMM","external_links_name":"Boy with Motorcycle"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9rZXR1srZo","external_links_name":"Young Hippies"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yam0PAOGbrk","external_links_name":"Pinball"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xy0Sd25_5Bg","external_links_name":"The Red Portable"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060615034414/http://www.olivetti.com/site/public/","external_links_name":"Olivetti website"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Collections_in_Motion-_Valentine_Typewriter.webm","external_links_name":"Collections in Motion: Valentine Typewriter"},{"Link":"https://www.raicultura.it/arte/articoli/2018/12/Unicona-del-design-la-Valentine-della-Olivetti-097347af-ec5e-4753-9175-d05dd4494679.html","external_links_name":"La Valentine della Olivetti: Macchina da scrivere icona del design"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1117170519","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_Valley_Mills
Derwent Valley Mills
["1 Location and coverage","2 History","3 Transport","3.1 Cromford canal","3.2 Cromford and High Peak Railway","4 Legacy","5 Preservation","5.1 Museums","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
World Heritage site in Derbyshire, England Derwent Valley MillsUNESCO World Heritage SiteMasson Mills, Derwent ValleyLocationDerbyshire, EnglandCriteriaCultural: ii, ivReference1030Inscription2001 (25th Session)Area1,228.7 haBuffer zone4,362.7002 haWebsitewww.derwentvalleymills.orgCoordinates53°1′44″N 1°29′17″W / 53.02889°N 1.48806°W / 53.02889; -1.48806Location of the millsShow map of DerbyshireDerwent Valley Mills (the United Kingdom)Show map of the United Kingdom Derwent Valley Mills is a World Heritage Site along the River Derwent in Derbyshire, England, designated in December 2001. It is administered by the Derwent Valley Mills Partnership. The modern factory, or 'mill', system was born here in the 18th century to accommodate the new technology for spinning cotton developed by Richard Arkwright. With advancements in technology, it became possible to produce cotton continuously. The system was adopted throughout the valley, and later spread so that by 1788 there were over 200 Arkwright-type mills in Britain. Arkwright's inventions and system of organising labour was exported to Europe and the United States. Water-power was first introduced to England by John Lombe at his silk mill in Derby in 1719, but it was Richard Arkwright who applied water-power to the process of producing cotton in the 1770s. His patent of a water frame allowed cotton to be spun continuously, meaning it could be produced by unskilled workers. Cromford Mill was the site of Arkwright's first mill, with nearby Cromford village significantly expanded for his then-new workforce; this system of production and workers' housing was copied throughout the valley. To ensure the presence of a labour force, it was necessary to construct housing for the mill workers. Thus, new settlements were established by mill owners around the mills – sometimes developing a pre-existing community – with their own amenities such as schools, chapels, and markets. Most of the housing still exists and is still in use. Along with the transport infrastructure form part of the site. A transport infrastructure was built to open new markets for the mills' produce. Mills and workers' settlements were established at Belper, Darley Abbey, and Milford by Arkwright's competitors. Arkwright-type mills were so successful that sometimes they were copied without paying royalties to Richard Arkwright. The cotton industry in the Derwent Valley went into decline in the first quarter of the 19th century as the market shifted towards Lancashire which was better positioned in relation to markets and raw materials. The mills and their associated buildings are well preserved and have been reused since the cotton industry declined. Many of the buildings within the World Heritage Site are also listed buildings and Scheduled Monuments. Some of the mills now contain museums and are open to the public. The Derwent Valley Trust is now involved in the creation of a cycle-way running the entire length of the World Heritage site to promote sustainable tourism and travel. Location and coverage The Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site covers an area of 12.3 km2 (4.7 sq mi) and spans a 24 km (15 mi) stretch of the Derwent Valley, in Derbyshire, from Matlock Bath in the north to Derby city centre in the south. Within the site are mill complexes, settlements including workers' housing, weirs on the River Derwent, and the transport network that supported the mills in the valley. The site consists of the communities of Cromford, Belper, Milford, and Darley Abbey, and includes 838 listed buildings, made up of 16 Grade I, 42 Grade II*, and 780 Grade II. A further nine structures are Scheduled Ancient Monuments. The buildings are a mixture of mills, workers' housing, and structures associated with the mill communities. The Cromford Canal and Cromford and High Peak Railway, which aided the industrialisation of the area, are also part of the World Heritage Site. History Lombe's silk mill In the late 17th century silk making expanded due to demand for silk as part of fashionable garments. In an attempt to increase production through the use of water power, Thomas Cotchett commissioned engineer George Sorocold to build a mill near the centre of Derby on an island in the River Derwent. Although the experiment was unsuccessful, it convinced John Lombe – an employee of Cotchett – that if water power could be perfected there was a market for its produce. He engaged in industrial espionage and gained plans of Italian machines. He patented the design in 1719 and built a five-storey mill 33.5 m × 12 m (110 ft × 39 ft) next to Crotchett's mill. By 1763, 30 years after Lombe's patent had expired, only seven Lombe mills had been built because the silk market was small, but Lombe had introduced a viable form of water powered machinery and had established a template for organised labour that later industrialists would follow. Model of a water frame at the Historical Museum in Wuppertal As silk was a luxury good, the market was small and easily saturated by machine produced goods. The next innovation in machine produced textiles came in the cotton industry which had a much wider market and produced more affordable goods. Spinning cotton was a more complex process than silk production. The water frame for spinning cotton was developed by Richard Arkwright and patented in 1769. The machines could spin yarn continuously and replaced skilled workers with unskilled supervisors to make sure the machines did not break. Water frames varied in size from 4 to 96 spindles. For these reasons, the water frame became popular and widespread. In 1771, Richard Arkwright took a lease on land in Cromford. By 1774, his first mill was operational, and in 1776 he began construction of a second mill at Cromford. During this time, he developed machines for pre-spinning and in 1775 took out his second patent. With spinning mechanised, the other processes involved in producing cotton could not keep up and also required mechanisation. He produced a machine for carding, the process which laid out the cotton fibres parallel, however not all his inventions were successful and cleaning the cotton was performed by hand until the 1790s when an effective machine was invented. Arkwright sought financial assistance, and Peter Nightingale – a local landowner (and grand uncle of Florence Nightingale) – bought the Cromford Estate for £20,000 (£3 million as of 2024). Nightingale also built Rock House as a residence for Arkwright, overlooking the mill, and gave him a further £2,000 (£320,000) to build the second mill and £1,750 (£280,000) for workers' housing. Between 1777 and 1783, Arkwright and his family built mills at Bakewell, Cressbrook, Rocester, and Wirksworth, spread across Derbyshire and Staffordshire. Jedediah Strutt, who was Arkwright's partner in the first Cromford Mill, built mills at Belper and Milford in 1776–1781. Thomas Evans, a landowner in Darley Abbey, bought a further 7.1 ha (18 acres) in the area around Darley Abbey at a cost of £1,140 (£180,000) and in 1782 built a cotton mill in the village. Arkwright was paid royalties by those who had copied his machines, although some people risked prosecution by engaging in piracy. The construction of Masson Mill in Matlock Bath began in 1783, instigated by Arkwright. Contemporaneous with Arkwright's expansionism was the entry of Jedediah Strutt into the cotton spinning industry. Strutt had the advantage that Arkwright had already done all the necessary experimentation with machinery, so he did not have to invest in researching new technology. He established a mill at Belper, about 8 mi (13 km) south of Cromford; it was probably complete in 1781. The site was expanded with the addition of a second mill in 1784. Strutt also built a mill in Milford, about 2 mi (3 km) south of Belper. By 1793, two further mills were added for printing and bleaching. The Strutts estimated that by 1789 they had invested £37,000 (£6,000,000) in theirs mills at Belper and Milford (£26,000 at Belper and £11,000 at Milford), and had a return of £36,000 (£6,000,000) per year. Workers' cottages in Cromford Arkwright had a reputation as a paternalistic employer who was concerned for the well-being of his employees and their families. A Sunday School was built at Cromford in 1785 and provided education to 200 children. By 1789, the Cromford Estate was back in the ownership of the Arkwrights, who actively influenced its structure and construction. Cromford was given a market place to act as a new focus for the village. Arkwright organised a market every Sunday and as incentive to attend, gave annual prizes to those who attended most often. After Arkwright died in 1792 his son, Richard Arkwright junior, took over and sold most of his cotton mills outside Cromford and Matlock Bath. The mills in Cromford and Matlock Bath were probably retained to support the Willersley Estate. Societies and clubs were created in Cromford. The religious affairs of the community were of less interest to Arkwright, and it was not until 1797 that Arkwright junior established Cromford Church; his father had envisaged it as a private chapel for the Arkwright family at Willersley Castle. The family's attempts to make Cromford self-sustaining through establishing a market was successful, and the village expanded until about 1840. This was even though the mills had passed their zenith and begun to enter decline in this period. The foundations of the 1775 Cromford Mill which was destroyed by fire in 1890, with wheel chamber on the right. Richard Arkwright junior was uninterested in the cotton business, and after the death of his father the Arkwright family ceased to invest in the industry. The Strutt family continued to invest, fuelled by the profits of their mills in Milford and Belper. They continued building mills into the 1810s, and by 1833 their business employed 2,000 people and had dominated the cotton industry in the Derwent Valley. As Arkwright had done at Cromford, the Strutts provided housing for their employees. Belper was already an established village with its own market before Jedediah Strutt began building mills, so he was not required to have as active a role in developing the community into a self-sustaining entity as Richard Arkwright did at Cromford. The Strutts provided education, and in 1817 650 and 300 children attended Sunday Schools in Belper and Milford respectively. Compared with Cromford, whose population had plateaued at around 1,200 in the early 19th century, the population of Belper rose from 4,500 in 1801 to 7,890 in 1831 due to the prosperity of the business. Darley Abbey also expanded as a worker's settlement although it had no market place, so providing food for the inhabitants was problematic. The settlement doubled in size between 1788 and 1801, and between 1801 and 1831 the population increased from 615 to 1,170 with the addition of much worker's housing. A Sunday School for 80 children was established in one of the mills and a church and school were built in 1819 and 1826 respectively. Despite being a major power of the cotton industry in the first quarter of the 19th century, the Strutts' company began to lose out to competition from Lancashire mill towns. The problem of shifting markets affected the entire Derwent Valley; Lancashire was better situated than Derbyshire in relation to the raw materials and new markets. The mills run by the Strutt family also suffered from a lack of modernisation; although they were at the forefront of fireproofing technology at the start of the 19th century, as the machines the mills used got bigger and more powerful, the Strutts persevered with child labour where adults would have been more adept at using the machinery. The company declined and in the second half of the 19th century some of its mills were leased or sold off to other companies. Although the cotton industry in the Derwent Valley declined, many of the structures associated with the industrial processes associated with producing cotton and workers' housing has survived and there are 848 listed buildings in the World Heritage Site. Transport Cromford canal Main article: Cromford Canal Cromford Wharf, the terminus of the Cromford Canal The Erewash Canal, begun in 1777, was intended to primarily transport coal. It flowed from the River Trent in Sawley to Langley Mill, 14 mi (23 km) south of Cromford. In 1788, Richard Arkwright asked William Jessop to estimate the cost of building a canal connecting the mills at Cromford to Langley Mill. The figure Jessop came up with was £42,000 (£7 million as of 2024) which was raised within a couple of weeks. Local mill owners Jedediah Strutt and Thomas Evans opposed the proposed canal, fearing it would interfere with the water supply for their own mills, but in 1789 Parliament granted permission to construct the canal. When the Cromford Canal was opened in 1794, it had cost nearly twice Jessop's original estimate. Between Langley Mill and Cromford Wharf, where the canal terminated in the mill complex, the canal crossed two aqueducts, traversed 3,000 yd (2,700 m) of tunnel beneath some ironworks at Bull Bridge, and fourteen locks. Three-quarters of the cargo transported on the canal was coal and coke, while the rest consisted of gritstone, iron ore, and lead. When the Derby and Nottingham Canals were completed by Jessop and Benjamin Outram in 1796, they provided direct routes to the important textile centres of Derby and Nottingham. In January 1845, the Cromford Canal Company decided to have a permanent pump built to provide enough water during dry conditions. This was made by Graham and Company at the Milton Iron Works, Elsecar. The canal was successful until the mid 19th century when the Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway extended its line south of the canal. In 1852, the canal was sold to the railway company which accelerated its decline. By 1889 the canal was mostly used for local traffic. It was eventually closed in 1944 as the costs of maintaining and repairing the canal were too great. Derbyshire County Council acquired the canal in 1974 and the Cromford Canal Society undertook the task of restoring it. Cromford and High Peak Railway Main article: Cromford and High Peak Railway Workshops and offices at High Peak Junction – the southern terminus and the junction with the former Midland Railway now the Derwent Valley Line In the early 19th century, a canal had been proposed to connect the Peak Forest Canal, which terminated at Whaley Bridge, with the Cromford Canal, providing a direct route between markets in Lancashire and Derbyshire. However, costs were prohibitive and the plan was abandoned. Josias Jessop, the son of William Jessop, believed that a wagonway would be much cheaper than a canal. On 2 May 1825 an Act of Parliament for the construction of a railway from Cromford to Whaley Bridge was passed. The proposal – backed by William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire, Richard Arkwright junior, and several Manchester bankers – was ambitious; it was expected that steam locomotives would be used on the line, even though the technology was in its infancy and George Stephenson did not build his revolutionary Rocket until 1829. The south part of the railway, from Cromford Wharf to Hurdlow, south east of Buxton, opened on 29 May 1830, and on 6 July 1831 the rest of the line opened to Whaley Bridge. The first steam locomotive on the line was introduced in 1841; before that, the traffic had been made up entirely of wagons. The railway ascended from 277 ft (84 m) above sea level at Cromford Wharf to a height of 1,264 ft (385 m) above sea level at Ladmanlow, before descending to 747 ft (228 m) at the wharves of the Peak Forest Canal. The changes in height, which would have necessitated many locks for a canal, was relatively easy for a railway. However, for a time the Cromford and High Peak Railway did have the sharpest curve out of all railways in Britain and the steepest incline for vehicles without steam power. The construction of the railway cost was £180,000, higher than the original estimate of £155,000 (£16 million and £14 million respectively as of 2024) but much lower than the £500,000 the canal was predicted to cost (£45 million as of 2024). Having been built to connect the Peak Forest and Cromford Canals, the railways fortunes were closely tied with those of the canals. The line was not profitable as by the time it had opened traffic had declined along the Cromford Canal. In 1855, an Act of Parliament allowed the line to transport passengers as well as freight. Although passenger travel became more important to the railway, it went into decline and closed on 21 April 1967. Legacy Slater Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, incorporated many elements of the factory system developed in the Derwent Valley, and was built by Samuel Slater from Belper. The Derwent Valley is considered the birthplace of the factory system. The machines developed in the Derwent Valley such as the water frame allowed continuous production. Richard Arkwright's Cromford Mill and the associated workers' settlement provided a template for industrial communities, not just in the valley but internationally. The reason a settlement was built contemporaneously with Cromford Mill was to provide housing for the workers; the only way to secure the labour the mill required was if homes were provided for the labourers and their families. The success of Arkwright's model lead to other industrialists copying him. Entrepreneurs such as Peter Nightingale, Jedediah Strutt and Thomas Evans founded the settlements of Belper, Milford, and Darley Abbey within the Derwent Valley for their employees. As well as the economic standpoint of ensuring a supply of labour, the industrialists were also concerned for their employees and families and acted out of a sense of paternalism. Arkwright's innovations were not confined to developing workers' settlements; he also had patents on many technologies used for water-powered spinning. They were so successful that rival industrialists risked legal action by copying his designs. His patents expired in 1785, and by 1788 over 200 Arkwright type mills had been founded in Britain. New Lanark in Scotland – also a World Heritage Site – was directly influenced by Richard Arkwright and the developments in the Derwent Valley; Lanark was identified as a potential site for a mill on a visit by David Dale and Arkwright in 1784. Dale later established four mills at Lanark; they were structurally similar to Arkwright's Masson Mill and at least two of the mills used technology developed in the Derwent Valley, although the factory system was different from that used in the Derwent Valley. New Lanark was acquired by Robert Owen in 1799 who developed paternalism further than had been done in the Derwent Valley, experimenting with education for young and old and social control. Saltaire – another World Heritage Site – was founded in 1853 and featured worker's housing and facilities, as well as other elements of the factory system developed by Arkwright. In 1774, the British government passed an act outlawing the export of "tools or utensils" used in the cotton and linen industries. As a result, the only way for the new technologies being developed in Britain to spread to other countries was through industrial espionage. Carl Delius worked in England and gave plans for many of Arkwright's inventions to Johann Gottfried Brugelmann; Brugelmann used the information to establish a mill in Ratingen, near Düsseldorf, which began production in 1784. He named the settlement associated with the mill Cromford. The mill was the first Arkwright mill in mainland Europe. The techniques for spinning cotton developed in the Derwent Valley were also spread to America. In 1790, the United States had fewer than 2,000 spindles which were powered by spinning jennies, compared to 2.4 million machine driven spindles in Britain at the same time. The Arkwright mill was introduced to America by migrants from England, many of whom were unskilled. Among them was Samuel Slater who was from the Derwent Valley and an apprentice of Jedediah Strutt. He founded Slater Mill at Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Many of the technologies developed in the Derwent Valley Mills endured and were adopted for other textile industries; until the mid-20th century, carding was still performed with machinery invented by Richard Arkwright. The factory system made it possible to produce cheap textiles and clothing. Preservation Cromford Mill was purchased by The Arkwright Society in 1979 after the site was abandoned by its previous owners, a dyes and paints company. Out of the Arkwright Festival held in 1971, The Arkwright Society was formed. The Cromford Mill complex was bought by The Arkwright Society in 1979, saving the buildings associated with the mill from demolition. The charity purchased the site for the purpose of conservation and with the intention of beginning restoration. The mills had been contaminated by industrial processes involving pigments and dyes which were stored in the mills after they stopped processing cotton. With the help of local councils, the East Midlands Development Agency, English Heritage, the Heritage Lottery Fund, and at the cost of £5 million, the mills were restored and decontaminated. Now Cromford Mill is now used by small businesses and used for education. Many of the mills built in the Derwent Valley for the cotton industry survive and were reused after the decline of the industry. Some have been reused. Most of the worker's housing survives and is still used as homes. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, local authorities in partnership with English Heritage attempted to prevent the deterioration of the houses and mills by giving advice to owners and using grants to undertake conservation work. When the application for World Heritage Site status was made in 2000, 26 of the 838 listed buildings in the area were on English Heritage's At Risk Register and were in a state of disrepair. In 2000, the Derwent Valley Mills were nominated to become a World Heritage Site. Along with Blaenavon Industrial Landscape, New Lanark, and Saltaire (all now World Heritage Sites), the site was proposed to increase the representation of industrial archaeology on the list of World Heritage Sites. The proposal was successful and in 2001 the Derwent Valley Mills were designated a World Heritage Site. Its status as a World Heritage Site is intended to ensure its protection; all such sites are considered to be of "outstanding value to humanity". The site was listed under the second and fourth Heritage Site selection criteria. The Derwent Valley Mills pioneered worker's housing as well as much technology developed by Richard Arkwright, producing an industrial landscape and heralding industrial towns. The Derwent Valley Mills Partnership is responsible, on behalf of the British government, for the management of the site. In June 2009, Bath Street Mill in Derby was damaged by fire. The building was part of the World Heritage Site and dated from the 18th century. In 2018, the "Cromford Mills Creative Cluster and World Heritage Site Gateway Project" was listed as a finalist for the "Best Major Regeneration of a Historic Building or Place" in the Historic England Angel Awards. In 2019, the Arkwright Society employed 100 persons at the Cromford Mills site; the restoration expenditure by that time was £48 million. Museums Richard Arkwright's Masson Mill is now a working textile museum with the largest collection of bobbins in the world. Leawood Pumphouse is now a working museum which still does the original job of pumping water from the Derwent to Cromford Canal, Open on selected weekends. At Belper, while much of the site has been converted to other business uses, the Belper North Mill building houses the Derwent Valley Visitor Centre. This features displays of machinery and other items associated with the history of the Derwent Valley textile industry. At the extreme southern end of the site, Lombe's Silk Mill now houses the Derby Industrial Museum. This museum closed on 3 April 2011 and was mothballed for over two years. In October 2013 a programme started to reinvent the silk mill for the 21st Century, incorporating the principles of STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Maths). The museum now opens 4 days a week. The Derby Industrial Museum was re-branded as the Museum of Making in November 2021. It houses a series of exhibits about the history of the Derwent Valley Mills and the wider context of manufacturing. See also Lists of World Heritage Sites References Notes ^ "HOME". Derwent Valley Trust. Retrieved 16 February 2021. ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 13. ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 10. ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 32. ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 93–94. ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 94. ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 96. ^ a b c d Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 94–95. ^ a b c Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 96–97. ^ a b c d e f g h i UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024. ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 106. ^ a b Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 98. ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 101–102. ^ a b c Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 100. ^ a b Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 102–104. ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 103. ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 105. ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 100–104. ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 110. ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 32, 102–103. ^ a b c Derwent Valley Mills, UNESCO, retrieved 28 May 2009 ^ a b Cooper (1983), p. 191. ^ Cooper (1983), p. 192. ^ Cooper (1983), p. 193. ^ Cooper (1983), pp. 199–200. ^ Cooper (1983), p. 200. ^ Cooper (1983), p. 202. ^ Cooper (1983), pp. 200, 202. ^ Cooper (1983), pp. 200, 203. ^ Cooper (1983), pp. 203, 205. ^ Cooper (1983), p. 203. ^ Cooper (1983), p. 206 ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 27. ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 28. ^ New Lanark, UNESCO, retrieved 11 June 2009 ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 29. ^ Saltaire, UNESCO, retrieved 11 June 2009 ^ a b Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 30. ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 30–31. ^ Mason (2004) ^ Conrad Jr (1995), p. 1. ^ a b Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 134. ^ Welcome to Cromford Mill, The Arkwright Society, archived from the original on 24 June 2008, retrieved 9 June 2009 ^ Arkwright Society | Home | Education, The Arkwright Society, archived from the original on 22 July 2012, retrieved 11 June 2011 ^ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 3. ^ World Heritage Committee Inscribes 31 New Sites on the World Heritage List, UNESCO, December 2001, archived from the original on 2 May 2009, retrieved 9 June 2009 ^ About World Heritage, UNESCO, retrieved 9 June 2009 ^ Letter to Derby City Council planning department (PDF), Derby City Council, retrieved 9 June 2009 ^ Historic mill is damaged by fire, BBC Online, 16 June 2009, retrieved 16 June 2009 ^ The Cromford Mills Creative Cluster and World Heritage Site Gateway Project, Derbyshire ^ About Us ^ Inside the £130m 'conservation challenge of the century ^ Masson Mills, Derwent Valley Mills, archived from the original on 27 September 2011, retrieved 28 August 2011 ^ Welcome to Belper North Mill, BelperNorthMill.org.uk, retrieved 10 June 2009 ^ The Silk Mill: Derby's Museum of Industry and History., Derby City Council, archived from the original on 21 February 2009, retrieved 10 June 2009 ^ "Don't allow this valuable museum to be sacrificed". Derby Telegraph. 25 February 2015. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. ^ "Derby Museums". Derby City Council /Derby Museums. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2014. ^ "Museum of Making | Derby Museums". derbymuseums.org. Retrieved 21 July 2021. Bibliography Conrad Jr, James L. (January 1995), ""Drive That Branch": Samuel Slater, the Power Loom, and the Writing of America's Textile History", Technology and Culture, 36 (1): 1–28, doi:10.2307/3106339, JSTOR 3106339, S2CID 112131140 Cooper, Brian (1983), Transformation of a Valley: The Derbyshire Derwent, London: Heinemann Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), Nomination of the Derwent Valley Mills for inscription on the World Heritage List, Derwent Valley Mills Partnership Mason, J. J. (2004), "Strutt, Jedediah", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26683 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Derwent Valley Mills. Derwent Valley Mills official website Leawood pumphouse vtePlaces of Interest in DerbyshireCastles and military sites Ardotalia (Melandra Castle) Bolsover Castle Codnor Castle Duffield Castle Melbourne Castle Peveril Castle Pilsbury Castle Churches and religious sites Anchor Church Chesterfield's Crooked Spire Derby Cathedral Museums and cultural sites Buxton Crescent Buxton Baths Buxton Opera House Buxton Museum and Art Gallery Derby Museum & Art Gallery Devonshire Dome Pickford's House Museum Natural landmarksand outdoor spaces Alport Castles Black Rocks Blue John Cavern Buxton Pavilion Gardens Carsington Water Creswell Crags Derby Arboretum Dovedale Foremark Reservoir Heights of Abraham Howden Reservoir Kinder Scout Ladybower Reservoir Longdendale Reservoir Chain Longdendale Trail Longshaw Estate Mam Tor Monsal Dale Ogston Reservoir Peak Cavern Poole's Cavern Shining Cliff Woods Speedwell Cavern Thorpe Cloud Treak Cliff Cavern Prehistoric landmarks Arbor Low Hob Hurst's House Minninglow Nine Ladies Stone Circle Stately homes Alfreton Hall Barlborough Hall Bradbourne Hall Bradley Hall Bretby Hall Calke Abbey Castleton Hall Chatsworth House Coxbench Hall Ednaston Manor Elvaston Castle Eyam Hall Haddon Hall Hardwick Hall Hartington Hall Ilam Park Kedleston Hall Longford Hall Melbourne Hall Norbury Hall Oakhurst House Parwich Hall Radbourne Hall Renishaw Hall Riber Castle St Helen's House Sudbury Hall Sutton Scarsdale Hall Swarkestone Hall Pavilion Thornbridge Hall Tissington Hall Willersley Castle Wingfield Manor Transport and industry Barrow Hill Roundhouse Cromford and High Peak Railway Cromford Mill Derby Silk Mill Derbyshire Dales Narrow Gauge Railway Derwent Reservoir Derwent Valley Mills Ecclesbourne Valley Railway High Peak Junction Leawood Pump House Magpie Mine Midland Railway – Butterley Millennium Walkway, New Mills National Tramway Museum Odin Mine Peak Rail Royal Crown Derby Visitor Centre Stainsby Mill See also Well dressing Derbyshire portal vteLists of mills in England Bolton Bradford Bradford (borough) Bury Calderdale Chadderton Cheshire Clitheroe Derbyshire Dewsbury Greater Manchester Failsworth Holmfirth Huddersfield Kirklees Lancashire Lancashire Cotton Corporation mills Leeds Longdendale and Glossopdale Manchester North Yorkshire Oldham (borough) Oldham (town) Preston Rochdale Royton Saddleworth Salford Shaw and Crompton South Yorkshire Stockport Tameside Wakefield Wigan Yorkshire Cotton Mills vteWorld Heritage Sites in the United KingdomEngland Bath as part of Great Spa Towns of Europe Blenheim Palace Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey and St Martin's Church Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape Derwent Valley Mills Durham Castle and Cathedral Frontiers of the Roman Empire Hadrian's Wall Ironbridge Gorge Jodrell Bank Observatory Jurassic Coast Kew Royal Botanic Gardens Lake District Maritime Greenwich Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including St Margaret's Church Saltaire Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites Studley Royal Park and Fountains Abbey Tower of London Scotland Edinburgh Old Town and New Town Forth Bridge Frontiers of the Roman Empire Antonine Wall Heart of Neolithic Orkney New Lanark St Kilda Wales Blaenavon Industrial Landscape Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd Beaumaris Castle Caernarfon Castle and Town Walls Conwy Castle and Town Walls Harlech Castle Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales Northern Ireland Giant's Causeway British Overseas Territories Gorham's Cave Complex Gough Island Inaccessible Island Henderson Island Town of St George and Related Fortifications Former Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"River Derwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Derwent,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_system"},{"link_name":"Richard Arkwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Arkwright"},{"link_name":"John Lombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lombe"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby"},{"link_name":"water frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_frame"},{"link_name":"spun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)"},{"link_name":"Cromford Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromford_Mill"},{"link_name":"Cromford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromford"},{"link_name":"Belper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belper"},{"link_name":"Darley Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darley_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Scheduled Monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Monument"},{"link_name":"cycle-way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure"},{"link_name":"sustainable tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_tourism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"World Heritage site in Derbyshire, EnglandDerwent Valley Mills is a World Heritage Site along the River Derwent in Derbyshire, England, designated in December 2001. It is administered by the Derwent Valley Mills Partnership. The modern factory, or 'mill', system was born here in the 18th century to accommodate the new technology for spinning cotton developed by Richard Arkwright. With advancements in technology, it became possible to produce cotton continuously. The system was adopted throughout the valley, and later spread so that by 1788 there were over 200 Arkwright-type mills in Britain. Arkwright's inventions and system of organising labour was exported to Europe and the United States.Water-power was first introduced to England by John Lombe at his silk mill in Derby in 1719, but it was Richard Arkwright who applied water-power to the process of producing cotton in the 1770s. His patent of a water frame allowed cotton to be spun continuously, meaning it could be produced by unskilled workers. Cromford Mill was the site of Arkwright's first mill, with nearby Cromford village significantly expanded for his then-new workforce; this system of production and workers' housing was copied throughout the valley. To ensure the presence of a labour force, it was necessary to construct housing for the mill workers. Thus, new settlements were established by mill owners around the mills – sometimes developing a pre-existing community – with their own amenities such as schools, chapels, and markets. Most of the housing still exists and is still in use. Along with the transport infrastructure form part of the site. A transport infrastructure was built to open new markets for the mills' produce.Mills and workers' settlements were established at Belper, Darley Abbey, and Milford by Arkwright's competitors. Arkwright-type mills were so successful that sometimes they were copied without paying royalties to Richard Arkwright. The cotton industry in the Derwent Valley went into decline in the first quarter of the 19th century as the market shifted towards Lancashire which was better positioned in relation to markets and raw materials. The mills and their associated buildings are well preserved and have been reused since the cotton industry declined. Many of the buildings within the World Heritage Site are also listed buildings and Scheduled Monuments. Some of the mills now contain museums and are open to the public.The Derwent Valley Trust is now involved in the creation of a cycle-way running the entire length of the World Heritage site to promote sustainable tourism and travel.[1]","title":"Derwent Valley Mills"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Matlock Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlock_Bath"},{"link_name":"Derby city centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby"},{"link_name":"weirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cromford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromford"},{"link_name":"Belper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belper"},{"link_name":"Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Darley Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darley_Abbey"},{"link_name":"listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Scheduled Ancient Monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Ancient_Monument"},{"link_name":"Cromford Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromford_Canal"},{"link_name":"Cromford and High Peak Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromford_and_High_Peak_Railway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWM_32-4"}],"text":"The Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site covers an area of 12.3 km2 (4.7 sq mi)[2] and spans a 24 km (15 mi) stretch of the Derwent Valley, in Derbyshire, from Matlock Bath in the north to Derby city centre in the south. Within the site are mill complexes, settlements including workers' housing, weirs on the River Derwent, and the transport network that supported the mills in the valley.[3] The site consists of the communities of Cromford, Belper, Milford, and Darley Abbey, and includes 838 listed buildings, made up of 16 Grade I, 42 Grade II*, and 780 Grade II. A further nine structures are Scheduled Ancient Monuments. The buildings are a mixture of mills, workers' housing, and structures associated with the mill communities. The Cromford Canal and Cromford and High Peak Railway, which aided the industrialisation of the area, are also part of the World Heritage Site.[4]","title":"Location and coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Derby_cotton_mill_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Sorocold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sorocold"},{"link_name":"John Lombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lombe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterframe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wuppertal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuppertal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"water frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_frame"},{"link_name":"Richard Arkwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Arkwright"},{"link_name":"yarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarn"},{"link_name":"spindles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_(textiles)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94-95-8"},{"link_name":"spinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)"},{"link_name":"carding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carding"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWM_96-97-9"},{"link_name":"Florence Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94-95-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"},{"link_name":"Bakewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakewell"},{"link_name":"Cressbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cressbrook"},{"link_name":"Rocester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocester"},{"link_name":"Wirksworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirksworth"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Jedediah Strutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedediah_Strutt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94-95-8"},{"link_name":"Darley Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darley_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"piracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_infringement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94-95-8"},{"link_name":"Masson Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masson_Mill"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVM_98-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cromford_workers_cottages.jpg"},{"link_name":"paternalistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalism"},{"link_name":"Sunday School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_School"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVM_100-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVM_100-14"},{"link_name":"Richard Arkwright junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Arkwright_junior"},{"link_name":"Willersley Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willersley_Castle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVM_98-12"},{"link_name":"Willersley Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willersley_Castle"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVM_100-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cromford_1775_mill.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cromford Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromford_Mill"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVM_102-104-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"mill towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_town"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVM_102-104-15"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWM_UNESCO-21"}],"text":"Lombe's silk millIn the late 17th century silk making expanded due to demand for silk as part of fashionable garments. In an attempt to increase production through the use of water power, Thomas Cotchett commissioned engineer George Sorocold to build a mill near the centre of Derby on an island in the River Derwent. Although the experiment was unsuccessful, it convinced John Lombe – an employee of Cotchett – that if water power could be perfected there was a market for its produce. He engaged in industrial espionage and gained plans of Italian machines. He patented the design in 1719 and built a five-storey mill 33.5 m × 12 m (110 ft × 39 ft) next to Crotchett's mill. By 1763, 30 years after Lombe's patent had expired, only seven Lombe mills had been built because the silk market was small, but Lombe had introduced a viable form of water powered machinery and had established a template for organised labour that later industrialists would follow.[5]Model of a water frame at the Historical Museum in WuppertalAs silk was a luxury good, the market was small and easily saturated by machine produced goods. The next innovation in machine produced textiles came in the cotton industry which had a much wider market and produced more affordable goods. Spinning cotton was a more complex process than silk production.[6] The water frame for spinning cotton was developed by Richard Arkwright and patented in 1769. The machines could spin yarn continuously and replaced skilled workers with unskilled supervisors to make sure the machines did not break. Water frames varied in size from 4 to 96 spindles. For these reasons, the water frame became popular and widespread.[7] In 1771, Richard Arkwright took a lease on land in Cromford. By 1774, his first mill was operational, and in 1776 he began construction of a second mill at Cromford. During this time, he developed machines for pre-spinning and in 1775 took out his second patent.[8] With spinning mechanised, the other processes involved in producing cotton could not keep up and also required mechanisation. He produced a machine for carding, the process which laid out the cotton fibres parallel, however not all his inventions were successful and cleaning the cotton was performed by hand until the 1790s when an effective machine was invented.[9]Arkwright sought financial assistance, and Peter Nightingale – a local landowner (and grand uncle of Florence Nightingale) – bought the Cromford Estate for £20,000 (£3 million as of 2024).[10][8] Nightingale also built Rock House as a residence for Arkwright, overlooking the mill, and gave him a further £2,000 (£320,000)[10] to build the second mill and £1,750 (£280,000)[10] for workers' housing. Between 1777 and 1783, Arkwright and his family built mills at Bakewell, Cressbrook, Rocester, and Wirksworth, spread across Derbyshire and Staffordshire. Jedediah Strutt, who was Arkwright's partner in the first Cromford Mill, built mills at Belper and Milford in 1776–1781.[8] Thomas Evans, a landowner in Darley Abbey, bought a further 7.1 ha (18 acres) in the area around Darley Abbey at a cost of £1,140 (£180,000)[10] and in 1782 built a cotton mill in the village.[11] Arkwright was paid royalties by those who had copied his machines, although some people risked prosecution by engaging in piracy.[8]The construction of Masson Mill in Matlock Bath began in 1783, instigated by Arkwright.[12] Contemporaneous with Arkwright's expansionism was the entry of Jedediah Strutt into the cotton spinning industry. Strutt had the advantage that Arkwright had already done all the necessary experimentation with machinery, so he did not have to invest in researching new technology. He established a mill at Belper, about 8 mi (13 km) south of Cromford; it was probably complete in 1781. The site was expanded with the addition of a second mill in 1784. Strutt also built a mill in Milford, about 2 mi (3 km) south of Belper. By 1793, two further mills were added for printing and bleaching. The Strutts estimated that by 1789 they had invested £37,000 (£6,000,000)[10] in theirs mills at Belper and Milford (£26,000 at Belper and £11,000 at Milford), and had a return of £36,000 (£6,000,000)[10] per year.[13]Workers' cottages in CromfordArkwright had a reputation as a paternalistic employer who was concerned for the well-being of his employees and their families. A Sunday School was built at Cromford in 1785 and provided education to 200 children.[14] By 1789, the Cromford Estate was back in the ownership of the Arkwrights, who actively influenced its structure and construction. Cromford was given a market place to act as a new focus for the village. Arkwright organised a market every Sunday and as incentive to attend, gave annual prizes to those who attended most often.[14] After Arkwright died in 1792 his son, Richard Arkwright junior, took over and sold most of his cotton mills outside Cromford and Matlock Bath. The mills in Cromford and Matlock Bath were probably retained to support the Willersley Estate.[12] Societies and clubs were created in Cromford. The religious affairs of the community were of less interest to Arkwright, and it was not until 1797 that Arkwright junior established Cromford Church; his father had envisaged it as a private chapel for the Arkwright family at Willersley Castle. The family's attempts to make Cromford self-sustaining through establishing a market was successful, and the village expanded until about 1840. This was even though the mills had passed their zenith and begun to enter decline in this period.[14]The foundations of the 1775 Cromford Mill which was destroyed by fire in 1890, with wheel chamber on the right.Richard Arkwright junior was uninterested in the cotton business, and after the death of his father the Arkwright family ceased to invest in the industry. The Strutt family continued to invest, fuelled by the profits of their mills in Milford and Belper. They continued building mills into the 1810s, and by 1833 their business employed 2,000 people and had dominated the cotton industry in the Derwent Valley.[15] As Arkwright had done at Cromford, the Strutts provided housing for their employees. Belper was already an established village with its own market before Jedediah Strutt began building mills, so he was not required to have as active a role in developing the community into a self-sustaining entity as Richard Arkwright did at Cromford.[16] The Strutts provided education, and in 1817 650 and 300 children attended Sunday Schools in Belper and Milford respectively.[17] Compared with Cromford, whose population had plateaued at around 1,200 in the early 19th century, the population of Belper rose from 4,500 in 1801 to 7,890 in 1831 due to the prosperity of the business.[18] Darley Abbey also expanded as a worker's settlement although it had no market place, so providing food for the inhabitants was problematic. The settlement doubled in size between 1788 and 1801, and between 1801 and 1831 the population increased from 615 to 1,170 with the addition of much worker's housing. A Sunday School for 80 children was established in one of the mills and a church and school were built in 1819 and 1826 respectively.[19]Despite being a major power of the cotton industry in the first quarter of the 19th century, the Strutts' company began to lose out to competition from Lancashire mill towns. The problem of shifting markets affected the entire Derwent Valley; Lancashire was better situated than Derbyshire in relation to the raw materials and new markets.[15] The mills run by the Strutt family also suffered from a lack of modernisation; although they were at the forefront of fireproofing technology at the start of the 19th century, as the machines the mills used got bigger and more powerful, the Strutts persevered with child labour where adults would have been more adept at using the machinery. The company declined and in the second half of the 19th century some of its mills were leased or sold off to other companies.[20] Although the cotton industry in the Derwent Valley declined, many of the structures associated with the industrial processes associated with producing cotton and workers' housing has survived and there are 848 listed buildings in the World Heritage Site.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cromford_Wharf_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cromford Wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromford_Wharf"},{"link_name":"Erewash Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erewash_Canal"},{"link_name":"River Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Trent"},{"link_name":"Sawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawley,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Langley Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Mill"},{"link_name":"William Jessop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jessop"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper_191-22"},{"link_name":"locks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper_191-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Canal"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Canal"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Outram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Outram"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_Buxton,_Matlock_and_Midlands_Junction_Railway"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Cromford canal","text":"Cromford Wharf, the terminus of the Cromford CanalThe Erewash Canal, begun in 1777, was intended to primarily transport coal. It flowed from the River Trent in Sawley to Langley Mill, 14 mi (23 km) south of Cromford. In 1788, Richard Arkwright asked William Jessop to estimate the cost of building a canal connecting the mills at Cromford to Langley Mill. The figure Jessop came up with was £42,000 (£7 million as of 2024)[10] which was raised within a couple of weeks. Local mill owners Jedediah Strutt and Thomas Evans opposed the proposed canal, fearing it would interfere with the water supply for their own mills, but in 1789 Parliament granted permission to construct the canal.[22]When the Cromford Canal was opened in 1794, it had cost nearly twice Jessop's original estimate. Between Langley Mill and Cromford Wharf, where the canal terminated in the mill complex, the canal crossed two aqueducts, traversed 3,000 yd (2,700 m) of tunnel beneath some ironworks at Bull Bridge, and fourteen locks.[22] Three-quarters of the cargo transported on the canal was coal and coke, while the rest consisted of gritstone, iron ore, and lead.[23] When the Derby and Nottingham Canals were completed by Jessop and Benjamin Outram in 1796, they provided direct routes to the important textile centres of Derby and Nottingham. In January 1845, the Cromford Canal Company decided to have a permanent pump built to provide enough water during dry conditions. This was made by Graham and Company at the Milton Iron Works, Elsecar. The canal was successful until the mid 19th century when the Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway extended its line south of the canal. In 1852, the canal was sold to the railway company which accelerated its decline. By 1889 the canal was mostly used for local traffic. It was eventually closed in 1944 as the costs of maintaining and repairing the canal were too great. Derbyshire County Council acquired the canal in 1974 and the Cromford Canal Society undertook the task of restoring it.[24]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chpr_workshop.jpg"},{"link_name":"High Peak Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Peak_Junction"},{"link_name":"Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"Derwent Valley Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_Valley_Line"},{"link_name":"Peak Forest Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_Forest_Canal"},{"link_name":"Whaley Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaley_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Josias Jessop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josias_Jessop"},{"link_name":"wagonway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagonway"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Act of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cavendish,_6th_Duke_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"George Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"Rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket"},{"link_name":"Hurdlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdlow_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Cromford and High Peak Railway","text":"Workshops and offices at High Peak Junction – the southern terminus and the junction with the former Midland Railway now the Derwent Valley LineIn the early 19th century, a canal had been proposed to connect the Peak Forest Canal, which terminated at Whaley Bridge, with the Cromford Canal, providing a direct route between markets in Lancashire and Derbyshire. However, costs were prohibitive and the plan was abandoned. Josias Jessop, the son of William Jessop, believed that a wagonway would be much cheaper than a canal.[25] On 2 May 1825 an Act of Parliament for the construction of a railway from Cromford to Whaley Bridge was passed. The proposal – backed by William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire, Richard Arkwright junior, and several Manchester bankers – was ambitious; it was expected that steam locomotives would be used on the line, even though the technology was in its infancy and George Stephenson did not build his revolutionary Rocket until 1829. The south part of the railway, from Cromford Wharf to Hurdlow, south east of Buxton, opened on 29 May 1830, and on 6 July 1831 the rest of the line opened to Whaley Bridge.[26] The first steam locomotive on the line was introduced in 1841; before that, the traffic had been made up entirely of wagons.[27]The railway ascended from 277 ft (84 m) above sea level at Cromford Wharf to a height of 1,264 ft (385 m) above sea level at Ladmanlow, before descending to 747 ft (228 m) at the wharves of the Peak Forest Canal. The changes in height, which would have necessitated many locks for a canal, was relatively easy for a railway. However, for a time the Cromford and High Peak Railway did have the sharpest curve out of all railways in Britain and the steepest incline for vehicles without steam power.[28] The construction of the railway cost was £180,000, higher than the original estimate of £155,000 (£16 million and £14 million respectively as of 2024)[10] but much lower than the £500,000 the canal was predicted to cost (£45 million as of 2024).[10][29] Having been built to connect the Peak Forest and Cromford Canals, the railways fortunes were closely tied with those of the canals. The line was not profitable as by the time it had opened traffic had declined along the Cromford Canal.[30] In 1855, an Act of Parliament allowed the line to transport passengers as well as freight.[31] Although passenger travel became more important to the railway, it went into decline and closed on 21 April 1967.[32]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SlaterMillcropped.JPG"},{"link_name":"Slater Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slater_Mill_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Pawtucket, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Samuel Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Slater"},{"link_name":"Belper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belper"},{"link_name":"factory system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_system"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWM_UNESCO-21"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWM_96-97-9"},{"link_name":"Richard Arkwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Arkwright"},{"link_name":"Thomas Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_William_Evans,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Belper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belper"},{"link_name":"Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Darley Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darley_Abbey"},{"link_name":"paternalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalism"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"New Lanark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Lanark"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"David Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dale"},{"link_name":"Robert Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Saltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltaire"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derwent_Valley_Mills_Partnership_2000_p._30-38"},{"link_name":"industrial espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_espionage"},{"link_name":"Ratingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratingen"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derwent_Valley_Mills_Partnership_2000_p._30-38"},{"link_name":"spinning jennies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_jenny"},{"link_name":"Samuel Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Slater"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Slater Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slater_Mill_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Pawtucket, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWM_96-97-9"}],"text":"Slater Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, incorporated many elements of the factory system developed in the Derwent Valley, and was built by Samuel Slater from Belper.The Derwent Valley is considered the birthplace of the factory system.[21] The machines developed in the Derwent Valley such as the water frame allowed continuous production.[9] Richard Arkwright's Cromford Mill and the associated workers' settlement provided a template for industrial communities, not just in the valley but internationally. The reason a settlement was built contemporaneously with Cromford Mill was to provide housing for the workers; the only way to secure the labour the mill required was if homes were provided for the labourers and their families. The success of Arkwright's model lead to other industrialists copying him. Entrepreneurs such as Peter Nightingale, Jedediah Strutt and Thomas Evans founded the settlements of Belper, Milford, and Darley Abbey within the Derwent Valley for their employees. As well as the economic standpoint of ensuring a supply of labour, the industrialists were also concerned for their employees and families and acted out of a sense of paternalism.[33]Arkwright's innovations were not confined to developing workers' settlements; he also had patents on many technologies used for water-powered spinning. They were so successful that rival industrialists risked legal action by copying his designs. His patents expired in 1785, and by 1788 over 200 Arkwright type mills had been founded in Britain.[34] New Lanark in Scotland – also a World Heritage Site[35] – was directly influenced by Richard Arkwright and the developments in the Derwent Valley; Lanark was identified as a potential site for a mill on a visit by David Dale and Arkwright in 1784. Dale later established four mills at Lanark; they were structurally similar to Arkwright's Masson Mill and at least two of the mills used technology developed in the Derwent Valley, although the factory system was different from that used in the Derwent Valley. New Lanark was acquired by Robert Owen in 1799 who developed paternalism further than had been done in the Derwent Valley, experimenting with education for young and old and social control.[36] Saltaire – another World Heritage Site[37] – was founded in 1853 and featured worker's housing and facilities, as well as other elements of the factory system developed by Arkwright.[38]In 1774, the British government passed an act outlawing the export of \"tools or utensils\" used in the cotton and linen industries. As a result, the only way for the new technologies being developed in Britain to spread to other countries was through industrial espionage. Carl Delius worked in England and gave plans for many of Arkwright's inventions to Johann Gottfried Brugelmann; Brugelmann used the information to establish a mill in Ratingen, near Düsseldorf, which began production in 1784. He named the settlement associated with the mill Cromford. The mill was the first Arkwright mill in mainland Europe.[38] The techniques for spinning cotton developed in the Derwent Valley were also spread to America. In 1790, the United States had fewer than 2,000 spindles which were powered by spinning jennies, compared to 2.4 million machine driven spindles in Britain at the same time. The Arkwright mill was introduced to America by migrants from England, many of whom were unskilled. Among them was Samuel Slater who was from the Derwent Valley[39] and an apprentice of Jedediah Strutt.[40] He founded Slater Mill at Pawtucket, Rhode Island.[41] Many of the technologies developed in the Derwent Valley Mills endured and were adopted for other textile industries; until the mid-20th century, carding was still performed with machinery invented by Richard Arkwright. The factory system made it possible to produce cheap textiles and clothing.[9]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cromford_Mill_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Arkwright Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arkwright_Society"},{"link_name":"The Arkwright Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arkwright_Society"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVM_134-42"},{"link_name":"East Midlands Development Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Development_Agency"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"Heritage Lottery Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"At Risk Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_at_Risk_Register"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVM_134-42"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Blaenavon Industrial Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenavon_Industrial_Landscape"},{"link_name":"industrial archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_archaeology"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"second and fourth Heritage Site selection criteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Cultural_criteria"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWM_UNESCO-21"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Bath Street Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Street_Mill"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"Cromford Mill was purchased by The Arkwright Society in 1979 after the site was abandoned by its previous owners, a dyes and paints company.Out of the Arkwright Festival held in 1971, The Arkwright Society was formed.[42] The Cromford Mill complex was bought by The Arkwright Society in 1979, saving the buildings associated with the mill from demolition. The charity purchased the site for the purpose of conservation and with the intention of beginning restoration. The mills had been contaminated by industrial processes involving pigments and dyes which were stored in the mills after they stopped processing cotton. With the help of local councils, the East Midlands Development Agency, English Heritage, the Heritage Lottery Fund, and at the cost of £5 million, the mills were restored and decontaminated. Now Cromford Mill is now used by small businesses and used for education.[43][44]Many of the mills built in the Derwent Valley for the cotton industry survive and were reused after the decline of the industry. Some have been reused. Most of the worker's housing survives and is still used as homes. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, local authorities in partnership with English Heritage attempted to prevent the deterioration of the houses and mills by giving advice to owners and using grants to undertake conservation work. When the application for World Heritage Site status was made in 2000, 26 of the 838 listed buildings in the area were on English Heritage's At Risk Register and were in a state of disrepair.[42]In 2000, the Derwent Valley Mills were nominated to become a World Heritage Site. Along with Blaenavon Industrial Landscape, New Lanark, and Saltaire (all now World Heritage Sites), the site was proposed to increase the representation of industrial archaeology on the list of World Heritage Sites.[45] The proposal was successful and in 2001 the Derwent Valley Mills were designated a World Heritage Site.[46] Its status as a World Heritage Site is intended to ensure its protection; all such sites are considered to be of \"outstanding value to humanity\".[47] The site was listed under the second and fourth Heritage Site selection criteria. The Derwent Valley Mills pioneered worker's housing as well as much technology developed by Richard Arkwright, producing an industrial landscape and heralding industrial towns.[21] The Derwent Valley Mills Partnership is responsible, on behalf of the British government, for the management of the site.[48] In June 2009, Bath Street Mill in Derby was damaged by fire. The building was part of the World Heritage Site and dated from the 18th century.[49]In 2018, the \"Cromford Mills Creative Cluster and World Heritage Site Gateway Project\" was listed as a finalist for the \"Best Major Regeneration of a Historic Building or Place\" in the Historic England Angel Awards.[50] In 2019, the Arkwright Society employed 100 persons at the Cromford Mills site;[51] the restoration expenditure by that time was £48 million.[52]","title":"Preservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masson Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masson_Mill"},{"link_name":"bobbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbin"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Belper North Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belper_North_Mill"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Lombe's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lombe"},{"link_name":"Derby Industrial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Industrial_Museum"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Derby Industrial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Silk_Mill"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Museums","text":"Richard Arkwright's Masson Mill is now a working textile museum with the largest collection of bobbins in the world.[53]\nLeawood Pumphouse is now a working museum which still does the original job of pumping water from the Derwent to Cromford Canal, Open on selected weekends.\nAt Belper, while much of the site has been converted to other business uses, the Belper North Mill building houses the Derwent Valley Visitor Centre. This features displays of machinery and other items associated with the history of the Derwent Valley textile industry.[54]\nAt the extreme southern end of the site, Lombe's Silk Mill now houses the Derby Industrial Museum.[55] This museum closed on 3 April 2011 and was mothballed for over two years.[56]\nIn October 2013 a programme started to reinvent the silk mill for the 21st Century, incorporating the principles of STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Maths). The museum now opens 4 days a week.[57]\nThe Derby Industrial Museum was re-branded as the Museum of Making in November 2021. It houses a series of exhibits about the history of the Derwent Valley Mills and the wider context of manufacturing.[58]","title":"Preservation"}]
[{"image_text":"Lombe's silk mill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Derby_cotton_mill_2006.jpg/170px-Derby_cotton_mill_2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Model of a water frame at the Historical Museum in Wuppertal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Waterframe.jpg/170px-Waterframe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Workers' cottages in Cromford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cromford_workers_cottages.jpg/220px-Cromford_workers_cottages.jpg"},{"image_text":"The foundations of the 1775 Cromford Mill which was destroyed by fire in 1890, with wheel chamber on the right.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cromford_1775_mill.jpg/300px-Cromford_1775_mill.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cromford Wharf, the terminus of the Cromford Canal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cromford_Wharf_2008.jpg/220px-Cromford_Wharf_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Workshops and offices at High Peak Junction – the southern terminus and the junction with the former Midland Railway now the Derwent Valley Line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chpr_workshop.jpg/220px-Chpr_workshop.jpg"},{"image_text":"Slater Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, incorporated many elements of the factory system developed in the Derwent Valley, and was built by Samuel Slater from Belper.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SlaterMillcropped.JPG/300px-SlaterMillcropped.JPG"},{"image_text":"Cromford Mill was purchased by The Arkwright Society in 1979 after the site was abandoned by its previous owners, a dyes and paints company.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cromford_Mill_2008.jpg/250px-Cromford_Mill_2008.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/100px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Lists of World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_World_Heritage_Sites"}]
[{"reference":"\"HOME\". Derwent Valley Trust. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derwentvalleytrust.org.uk/","url_text":"\"HOME\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Gregory (2017). \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","url_text":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeasuringWorth","url_text":"MeasuringWorth"}]},{"reference":"Derwent Valley Mills, UNESCO, retrieved 28 May 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1030","url_text":"Derwent Valley Mills"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"}]},{"reference":"New Lanark, UNESCO, retrieved 11 June 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/429","url_text":"New Lanark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"}]},{"reference":"Saltaire, UNESCO, retrieved 11 June 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1028","url_text":"Saltaire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"}]},{"reference":"Welcome to Cromford Mill, The Arkwright Society, archived from the original on 24 June 2008, retrieved 9 June 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080624142827/http://www.arkwrightsociety.org.uk/cromford/index.php","url_text":"Welcome to Cromford Mill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arkwright_Society","url_text":"The Arkwright Society"},{"url":"http://www.arkwrightsociety.org.uk/cromford/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Arkwright Society | Home | Education, The Arkwright Society, archived from the original on 22 July 2012, retrieved 11 June 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120722195442/http://www.arkwrightsociety.org.uk/education","url_text":"Arkwright Society | Home | Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arkwright_Society","url_text":"The Arkwright Society"},{"url":"http://www.arkwrightsociety.org.uk/education","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"World Heritage Committee Inscribes 31 New Sites on the World Heritage List, UNESCO, December 2001, archived from the original on 2 May 2009, retrieved 9 June 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/143","url_text":"World Heritage Committee Inscribes 31 New Sites on the World Heritage List"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090502014952/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/143","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"About World Heritage, UNESCO, retrieved 9 June 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/about/","url_text":"About World Heritage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"}]},{"reference":"Letter to Derby City Council planning department (PDF), Derby City Council, retrieved 9 June 2009","urls":[{"url":"http://eplanning.derby.gov.uk/acolnet/DocumentsOnline/documents/25731_6.pdf","url_text":"Letter to Derby City Council planning department"}]},{"reference":"Historic mill is damaged by fire, BBC Online, 16 June 2009, retrieved 16 June 2009","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/derbyshire/8103925.stm","url_text":"Historic mill is damaged by fire"}]},{"reference":"Masson Mills, Derwent Valley Mills, archived from the original on 27 September 2011, retrieved 28 August 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927032035/http://www.derwentvalleymills.org/history/key-sites/62-masson-mill","url_text":"Masson Mills"},{"url":"http://www.derwentvalleymills.org/history/key-sites/62-masson-mill","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Welcome to Belper North Mill, BelperNorthMill.org.uk, retrieved 10 June 2009","urls":[{"url":"http://www.belpernorthmill.org.uk/","url_text":"Welcome to Belper North Mill"}]},{"reference":"The Silk Mill: Derby's Museum of Industry and History., Derby City Council, archived from the original on 21 February 2009, retrieved 10 June 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090221113752/http://www.derby.gov.uk/LeisureCulture/MuseumsGalleries/Derby_Industrial_Museum.htm","url_text":"The Silk Mill: Derby's Museum of Industry and History."},{"url":"http://www.derby.gov.uk/LeisureCulture/MuseumsGalleries/Derby_Industrial_Museum.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Don't allow this valuable museum to be sacrificed\". Derby Telegraph. 25 February 2015. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120527085009/http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/news/Don-t-allow-valuable-museum-sacrificed/article-3268056-detail/article.html","url_text":"\"Don't allow this valuable museum to be sacrificed\""},{"url":"http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/news/Don-t-allow-valuable-museum-sacrificed/article-3268056-detail/article.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Derby Museums\". Derby City Council /Derby Museums. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131210221707/http://www.derbymuseums.org/thesilkmill/","url_text":"\"Derby Museums\""},{"url":"http://www.derbymuseums.org/thesilkmill/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Museum of Making | Derby Museums\". derbymuseums.org. Retrieved 21 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derbymuseums.org/museum-of-making/","url_text":"\"Museum of Making | Derby Museums\""}]},{"reference":"Conrad Jr, James L. (January 1995), \"\"Drive That Branch\": Samuel Slater, the Power Loom, and the Writing of America's Textile History\", Technology and Culture, 36 (1): 1–28, doi:10.2307/3106339, JSTOR 3106339, S2CID 112131140","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3106339","url_text":"10.2307/3106339"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3106339","url_text":"3106339"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:112131140","url_text":"112131140"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Brian (1983), Transformation of a Valley: The Derbyshire Derwent, London: Heinemann","urls":[]},{"reference":"Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), Nomination of the Derwent Valley Mills for inscription on the World Heritage List, Derwent Valley Mills Partnership","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mason, J. J. (2004), \"Strutt, Jedediah\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26683","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26683","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/26683"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbles_(chimpanzee)
Bubbles (chimpanzee)
["1 Life","1.1 Acquisition","1.2 Late 1980s","1.3 Relocations","1.4 Death of Jackson","2 Media coverage","3 Legacy","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
Chimpanzee once owned by Michael Jackson BubblesBubbles held in Michael Jackson's arm circa 1986SpeciesCommon chimpanzeeSexMaleBorn1983 (age 40–41) Austin, Texas, U.S.Known forBeing the pet of Michael JacksonOwnerMichael Jackson (1985–2005)Center for Great Apes (2005–present)Weight185 lb (84 kg) Bubbles (born 1983) is a chimpanzee once kept as a pet by the American singer Michael Jackson, who bought him from a Texas research facility in the 1980s. Bubbles frequently traveled with Jackson, drawing attention in the media. In 1987, during the Bad world tour, Bubbles and Jackson drank tea with the mayor of Osaka, Japan. Bubbles was initially kept at the Jackson family home in Encino, Los Angeles, but was moved to Jackson's home, Neverland Ranch, in 1988. There, he slept in a crib in Jackson's bedroom, used Jackson's toilet and ate Jackson's candy in the Neverland movie theater. By 2003, Bubbles had matured into a large and aggressive adult chimpanzee unsuitable as a pet, like many captive chimpanzees, and was sent to a California animal trainer. When the trainer closed his operation in 2004, Bubbles was moved to the Center for Great Apes, a sanctuary in Wauchula, Florida, where he has lived since 2005. Life Acquisition Bubbles was born in 1983 in a research facility in Austin, Texas, that bred primates for animal testing. There are conflicting reports as to how he came into Jackson's possession; many state that Jackson had purchased him when he was eight months old. The acquisition was said to have been supervised by Bob Dunn, then one of Hollywood's most famous suppliers and trainers of animals for films, photoshoots and advertisements. Late 1980s Bubbles was kept at the Jackson family's Encino home until 1988, when he was moved to Jackson's new home, Neverland Ranch, in Santa Barbara County, California. Bubbles slept in a crib in Jackson's bedroom, ate candy in the Neverland movie theater, was fed at the dining table, wore a diaper, and used Jackson's toilet. At Jackson's 2005 trial, Jackson said that his chimpanzees helped with housekeeping chores: "They run around, help me clean the room. They help me dust, clean the window." Jackson's housekeepers testified that they disapproved of the chimpanzee behavior. One said she had to clean feces hurled at the bedroom wall, and another described a chimpanzee tearing off his diaper before crawling into Jackson's bed.Michael Jackson had Bubbles accompany him throughout the late 1980s. During the late 1980s, Jackson took Bubbles on outings and would often talk to him. According to reports, he showed him how to moonwalk. Bubbles had an agent and was rumored to have his own bodyguard. He sat in for the recording of Jackson's album Bad (1987)— Jackson insisted that Bubbles and Jackson's pet snake attend as spectators—and accompanied Jackson for the filming of the "Bad" music video. Bubbles made a cameo in the video for "Liberian Girl". When the Bad world tour began in September 1987, Bubbles and Jackson shared a two-bedroom hotel suite in Tokyo. Bubbles and Jackson made a social visit to the Mayor of Osaka, Yasushi Oshima; there, Bubbles drank Japanese green tea while seated quietly next to Jackson. Oshima said that he and his fellow officials were "surprised to see the chimpanzee, but we understand he is good friend ... This is the first time an animal ever entered City Hall." Though allowed to travel to Japan, Bubbles was unable to enter Britain and Sweden due to strict quarantine laws. Jackson also brought Bubbles for tea at Elizabeth Taylor's house. Taylor did not mind that Jackson had brought a chimpanzee. At a party to celebrate and promote Bad, Bubbles reportedly "worked the room" and was "the life of the party". Around this time, Bubbles and Jackson were photographed by Kenny Rogers for his book, Your Friends and Mine. The photo shows Bubbles held on Jackson's hip. In the black and white photograph, Bubbles is dressed casually in a long sleeved shirt and overalls. Jackson is also dressed casually; he wears jeans and a simple shirt. Rogers said: "Bubbles was so human it was almost frightening. He would take Christopher by the hand, walk over to the refrigerator, open it, take out a banana and hand it to him. Christopher was amazed... we all were." According to author David Wigg, Queen singer Freddie Mercury grew frustrated trying to record a duet with Jackson, "There Must Be More to Life Than This", because of his insistence that Bubbles be in the studio. According to Wigg, "Michael made Bubbles sit between them and would turn to the chimp between takes and ask, 'Don't you think that was lovely?' Or, 'Do you think we should do that again?' After a few days of this, Freddie just exploded ... 'I'm not performing with a fucking chimp sitting next to me each night.'" Mercury left the project and released the song as a solo artist in 1985. The duet with Jackson was not released until the Queen members Brian May and Roger Taylor discovered it and included it on the album Queen Forever in 2014. Relocations Bubbles lived at Jackson's home, Neverland Ranch, until he became too aggressive. In the 2003 documentary Living with Michael Jackson, Jackson told the journalist Martin Bashir that Bubbles had become pugnacious. He was moved to an animal sanctuary over fears he might attack Jackson's newborn son, Prince Michael II. Jackson bought two more baby chimpanzees, Max and Action Jackson; the public believed these chimpanzees were also Bubbles. Bubbles' removal was a source of regret for Jackson. During the interview, Bashir was also told of how Jackson had planned to hold a "celebrity animal party" for Bubbles; Cheeta, the chimpanzee from Tarzan, Benji and Lassie were to be invited. Bubbles was relocated to Bob Dunn's ranch in Sylmar, California. Dunn said at the time: "Bubbles is an adult chimp and a wild animal. We don't let him out to play." According to CNN, Jackson and his children visited Bubbles and played with the other animals at the ranch. " still acts like a kid around them", Dunn said. The Washington Times, however, claimed Jackson did not visit Bubbles, despite Jackson's representative having stated that he would like to meet him again. Shortly afterward, in December 2003, it was claimed that Bubbles had attempted suicide. He was supposedly taken to a hospital in time to be saved. Since the closure of Dunn's facility in 2004, Bubbles has been kept at the Center for Great Apes in Wauchula, Florida, where he is said to enjoy painting and listening to flute music. The annual care for each animal at the center costs around $17,000 as of 2009. Patti Ragan, director for the Center for Great Apes, commented on the animals' daily routine at the sanctuary: "They relax. They take naps together. They might go up in the top of the cupola. They go out in the chutes and lie under a tree in the tunnel system. They groom each other and they fight and they have arguments, too." According to animal keepers at the center, Bubbles—whose facial features have changed since his time with Jackson—is now "huge and ugly", weighing 185 pounds (84 kg), but has a "sweet character". In 2009, Bubbles was spending most of his time sitting quietly in trees with Sam, a 40-year-old chimpanzee. Death of Jackson Main article: Death of Michael Jackson On June 25, 2009, Jackson died at the age of 50 following a cardiac arrest. Dunn, speaking to the News of the World, said: "Bubbles definitely missed when they parted and will miss him now. Chimpanzees are intelligent. They remember people and stuff. Bubbles and Michael were close friends and playmates. The last time Michael visited, Bubbles definitely recognized and remembered him." Dunn said that Jackson thought of Bubbles as his first child, and added that he hoped Jackson's children would keep in touch with their "stepbrother" following their father's death. In 2010, Jackson's sister La Toya visited Bubbles at the Center for Great Apes in Florida. According to the Center for Great Apes website, Jackson's estate has continued to support the costs of Bubbles' care. Media coverage The public perception of what Michael is as a human being has been highly exaggerated. Those articles are hard for me to relate to. For instance, Bubbles is more fun than a lot of people I know. I saw Bubbles at a wedding in a tux. He has great table manners. Quincy Jones According to the journalist Steve Huey, Bubbles formed a public perception of Jackson as a "bizarre eccentric, obsessed with recapturing his childhood". According to Robert Thompson, professor of popular culture at Syracuse University, Jackson's acquisition of Bubbles was "when the weirdness began to reach mythic proportions". Jackson and Bubbles' bond, as well as Jackson's other alleged eccentricities, contributed to the media nickname "Wacko Jacko", which Jackson came to despise. The media often focused on Bubbles, rather than Jackson's music, and published false stories, such as the allegation that Bubbles was not a single ape, but one of several. A later claim suggested that Bubbles had died; Jackson's press agent Lee Solters told reporters that "when Bubbles heard about his demise he went bananas ... Like Mark Twain, his death is grossly exaggerated and he's alive and doing well." The media also falsely reported that Bubbles would be the ringbearer at Elizabeth Taylor's wedding at Neverland Ranch in 1991; according to The New York Times, it was "an idea that some newspapers found too delightful not to report." The National Enquirer claimed that the musician Prince had used extrasensory perception to turn Bubbles crazy. According to the story, Jackson said: "What kind of sicko would mess with a monkey? This is the final straw. Poor, poor Bubbles." Jackson found the story hilarious; his staff reported that they had never seen him laugh so much. Legacy Jackson launched Michael's Pets, a range of soft toys based on the animals he owned, in November 1986. "He was very instrumental in designing the toys", said Bob Michaelson, who was responsible for developing them. "He was very instrumental in how it should be programmed... he's got tremendous intuition." Jackson, in approving the toys, stipulated that the manufacturers donate $1 per sale to a children's charity. In 1988, the artist Jeff Koons made three identical porcelain sculptures, Michael Jackson and Bubbles, as part of his Banality exhibit. At the time, each sculpture was said to be worth $250,000. Koons once said: "If I could be one other living person, it would probably be Michael Jackson." The piece became one of Koons' best known works. The figure shows Jackson and Bubbles wearing gold military-style suits. In 2001, one of the figures was put up for auction and was expected to fetch between $3 million and $4 million. The figure sold to an anonymous telephone bidder for $5.6 million, a record for a work by Koons. The Daily Telegraph reported in August 2009 that Bubbles was to publish a "tell-all memoir" about his time with Jackson. The book, Bubbles: My Secret Diary, From Swaziland to Neverland, is a spoof diary by journalist John Blake, and the book fictionally documents the "darker aspects" of Bubbles' life, including a "$2,000-a-day banana addiction, depression, romantic conquests, and 'vicious rivalry' with Tarzan star Cheeta". The "collection of very personal and honest entries from diary" was released in October 2009. Blake said: Behind his seemingly-perfect life of glamorous friends, gold-plated tyre swings, and personal chefs, there is a dark history of medical experiments, addiction and loss. But Bubbles has fought against his personal and professional problems and, with his help of man-pet Michael Jackson, he has grown to become bigger than King Kong—figuratively speaking. See also Primates portal List of individual apes Pet monkey Notes ^ Primatologist Jane Goodall writes that while some chimpanzees may be seen as "cute, funny and even lovable", to think that they would make good pets is inaccurate. She notes that at about 6 to 8 years of age, the animals become strong and indocile. ^ Reports on "animal suicide" can be traced back decades. While there is no consensus on the topic and modern naturalistic studies have found little evidence of self-harming behaviour among nonhuman species, it has been noted that there are "strong cross-species parallels" and that traits linked with suicide in humans have been found in rodents. Author You-Sheng Li wrote in a 2005 book that it was doubtful that chimpanzees have the mental capacity to attempt suicide. She added that some animals, however, may give up their lives in certain circumstances. ^ Jane Goodall notes that chimpanzees become more relaxed around individuals they recognize. References ^ a b c d e f "Bubbles the Chimpanzee – Center for Great Apes". Center for Great Apes. Retrieved February 15, 2021. ^ a b Yourse, Robyn-Denise (July 1, 2009). "M.J.'s Bubbles OK". The Washington Times. News World Communications. Retrieved August 18, 2009. ^ a b c d Segal, Kim; Zarrella, John (July 2, 2009). "Jackson's chimp Bubbles enjoys life out of public eye". CNN. Time Warner Inc. Retrieved July 25, 2009. ^ Ayres, Chris (March 24, 2005). "What does Hollywood do when a screen chimp turns nasty? Shoot it dead and call in a cartoon". The Times. London: News Corporation. Retrieved February 2, 2010. ^ "Michael Jackson joins the over-30 crowd". Deseret News. Deseret Management Corporation. August 29, 1988. Archived from the original on July 4, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2009. ^ a b c d e f Goldberg, Michael (September 16, 1987). "Is singer Michael Jackson for real?". Deseret News. Deseret Management Corporation. Retrieved April 3, 2009. ^ a b Taraborrelli, p. 455 ^ a b "Monkey business in the loo". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. May 12, 2005. Retrieved April 3, 2009. ^ Lartigue, Michael J. "Is Michael Still a Thriller?". The Harvard Crimson. Harvard University. Archived from the original on November 8, 2004. Retrieved April 3, 2009. ^ Anderson, p. 159 ^ Rees, p. 261 ^ Barnes, Ken (September 10, 2001). "Michael: Thrilling, bad, dangerous and more". USA Today. Gannett Company. Retrieved April 3, 2009. ^ "Just Who Was Bubbles, Michael Jackson's Famous Chimp?". MTV. Viacom. June 26, 2009. Archived from the original on June 27, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2009. ^ "Chimp's tea party" (Payment required to access full article). Toronto Star. Torstar. September 20, 1987. Retrieved February 3, 2010. ^ Wire, From (September 19, 1987). "People" (Payment required to access full article). The Dallas Morning News. A. H. Belo Corporation. Retrieved February 3, 2010. ^ "Tour goes on without chimp". Rome News-Tribune. News Publishing Company. June 30, 1988. Retrieved July 25, 2009. ^ "Sorry Bubbles, you have to stay home". Boca Raton News. South Florida Media Company. March 12, 1988. Retrieved July 25, 2009. ^ Taraborrelli, p. 511 ^ a b Campbell, pp. 128–129 ^ "Freddie Mercury angered by Jacko's chimp". Bang Showbiz. Yahoo! News. November 10, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2020. ^ Ayres, Chris (February 8, 2005). "Neverland, or Iraq? That's an easy one. Hand me that flak jacket, will you..." The Times. London: News Corporation. Retrieved April 2, 2009. ^ Goodall, Jane (February 25, 2009). "Loving chimps to death". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 4, 2010. ^ Flett, Kathryn (February 9, 2003). "Bashir'd, but not beaten". The Guardian. London. Retrieved August 1, 2009. ^ Elsworth, Catherine (May 13, 2005). "Like Princess Di, my love for children is pure, says Jackson". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved August 21, 2009. ^ a b c d Miller, Samantha (July 29, 2002). "Michael Jackson may face a cash crunch". CNN. Time Warner Inc. Retrieved April 2, 2009. ^ "Taking Names". The Washington Times. News World Communications. July 1, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2009. ^ "Animals that commit suicide". Pittsburgh Press. E. W. Scripps Company. October 5, 1919. Retrieved February 2, 2010. ^ Preti, Antonio (2005). "Suicide among animals : Clues from folklore that may prevent suicidal behaviour in human beings". Psychological Reports. 97 (2). Psychological Reports, Missoula, MT, ETATS-UNIS (1955) (Revue): 547–558. doi:10.2466/pr0.97.6.547-558. ISSN 0033-2941. PMID 16342583. Retrieved February 2, 2009. ^ Malkesman, Oz; Pine, Daniel S.; Tragon, Tyson (April 2009). "Animal models of suicide-trait-related behaviors". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 30 (4). Austin, Daniel R.;, Henter, Ioline D.; Chen, Guang; Manji. Husseini K. Elsevier Ltd: 165–173. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2009.01.004. PMC 2788815. PMID 19269045. ^ Li, p. 140 ^ a b c Copping, Jasper (June 28, 2009). "Michael Jackson: pet chimpanzee Bubbles pines for former owner". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved June 28, 2009. ^ a b "And misfortune strikes MJ". The Times of India. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. December 23, 2003. Retrieved April 2, 2009. ^ a b "Bubbles the Chimp not invited to Michael Jackson's funeral". independent.ie. Retrieved April 15, 2021. ^ "Singer Michael Jackson dead at 50-Legendary pop star had been preparing for London comeback tour". Today.com. NBC Universal, Inc. June 25, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2009. ^ Goodall, p. 238 ^ "La Toya & Bubbles Reunited". National Ledger. June 24, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2010. ^ Campbell, p. 133 ^ Stout, Gene (October 28, 1988). "Michael Jackson superstar's weird but wonderful". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved April 3, 2009. ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 370–373 ^ Huey, Steve. "Michael Jackson biography". MTV.com. MTV Networks. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2009. ^ Leung, Rebecca (November 22, 2003). "Behind The Mask". CBS News. CBS Corporation. Retrieved April 3, 2009. ^ Taraborrelli, p. 364 ^ Taraborrelli, p. 380 ^ Martin, Douglas (May 21, 2009). "Lee Solters, Razzle-Dazzle Press Agent, Dies at 89". The New York Times. Retrieved July 25, 2009. ^ "Pop star's chimp is alive and well". Gadsden Times. The New York Times Company. January 24, 1990. Retrieved February 3, 2010. ^ Mydans, Seth (October 7, 1991). "California Journal; Liz Taylor's 8th: Old Role, New Lead". The New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2009. ^ Taraborrelli, p. 383 ^ a b Campbell, p. 127 ^ Well-known celebrities help little-known causes. Johnson Publishing Company. May 6, 1985. Retrieved August 21, 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ a b c d Bennett, Will (June 5, 2001). "Mystery buyer pays £4m for golden vision of Jackson and his chimp". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved April 2, 2009. ^ Dewan, Shaila K. (June 6, 2000). "No Walking, Just Watering for This Puppy". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2009. ^ "Art foundry flounders after sculptor's suit". Central Penn Business Journal. Journal Publications, Inc. March 27, 1998. ^ Rohleder, Anna. "Trouble Ahead For Art Market". Forbes. Retrieved April 2, 2009. ^ Multimillion-dollar sculpture. Johnson Publishing Company. June 4, 2001. Retrieved August 21, 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Mason, Christopher (May 20, 2001). "That Cool, That Suit: Sotheby's 007". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2009. ^ a b c d Irvine, Chris (August 5, 2009). "Bubbles the chimp to 'publish' tell-all memoir about Michael Jackson". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved August 15, 2009. Bibliography Anderson, Christopher P. (1994). Michael Jackson Unauthorized. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-89239-5. Campbell, Lisa (1993). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop. Branden. ISBN 978-0-8283-1957-7. Goodall, Jane (2000). Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-05677-4. Li, You-Sheng (2005). A New Interpretation of Chinese Taoist Philosophy: An Anthropological/Psychological View. Taoist Recovery Centre. ISBN 978-0-9738410-0-8. Rees, Dafydd; Crampton, Luke (1991). Rock Movers & Shakers. Billboard Books. ISBN 978-0-8230-7609-3. Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2004). The Magic and the Madness. Headline. ISBN 978-0-330-42005-1. Warner, Jay (2006). On this Day in Black Music History. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-0-634-09926-7. External links Bubbles' profile at the Center for Great Apes vteNotable non-human apesList of individual apesList of individual monkeysMonkeys and apes in spaceList of fictional primatesBonobos Kanzi Nyota Panbanisha Chimpanzees Ai Ayumu Azalea Bonzo Pierre Brassau Bubbles Cheeta Congo Enos Gregoire Gua Ham Jiggs Jimmy Jinx Jo Mendi II Julius Kasakela chimpanzee community Kokomo Jr. Lana Little Mama Loulis Lucy Macaco Tião Marquis Chimps Mitumba chimpanzee community Moja J. Fred Muggs Nim Chimpsky Oliver Pankun Panpanzee Sami Santino Sarah Sultan Travis Viki Washoe Gorillas Alfred the Gorilla Babec Binti Jua Bobo Bokito Charles the Gorilla Colo Fatou Gargantua Guy the Gorilla Harambe Ivan Jambo Jenny John Daniel Jumoke Koko Kokomo Louis Massa Max Michael Nico Ndume Ozzie Pattycake Pogo Samson Shabani Snowflake Timmy Titus Trudy Toto Willie B. Orangutans Abang Ah Meng Azy Bonnie Chantek Jenny Joe Martin Karen Karta Ken Allen Manis Nonja (Austria) Nonja (Malaysia) Sam Sandra Tonda vteMichael Jackson Albums Singles Songs Videography Unreleased songs Awards Records and achievements Cultural impact Philanthropy Sexual abuse allegations Studio albums Got to Be There Ben Music & Me Forever, Michael Off the Wall Thriller Bad Dangerous HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I Invincible Posthumous albums Michael Xscape Anniversary reissues Thriller 25 Bad 25 Thriller 40 Remix albums The Original Soul of Michael Jackson Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix The Stripped Mixes The Remix Suite Soundtracks The Wiz E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Michael Jackson's This Is It Immortal Compilations The Best of Michael Jackson One Day in Your Life 18 Greatest Hits Farewell My Summer Love Looking Back to Yesterday The Michael Jackson Mix 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Michael Jackson Love Songs Number Ones The Essential Michael Jackson King of Pop The Definitive Collection Icon Scream Box sets Anthology The Ultimate Collection Visionary: The Video Singles The Motown Years The Collection Hello World: The Motown Solo Collection Concert tours Bad World Tour Dangerous World Tour HIStory World Tour This Is It (planned) Specials Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever Super Bowl XXVII halftime show MJ & Friends Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration United We Stand: What More Can I Give Live at the Apollo Video albums Dangerous: The Short Films Video Greatest Hits – HIStory HIStory on Film, Volume II Number Ones The One Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour Michael Jackson's Vision Live at Wembley July 16, 1988 Films The Wiz Michael Jackson's Thriller Captain EO Moonwalker Michael Jackson's Ghosts Michael Jackson's Private Home Movies Michael Jackson's This Is It Television Free to Be... You and Me The Jacksons "Stark Raving Dad" (The Simpsons) Michael Jackson Talks ... to Oprah Move Like Michael Jackson Living with Michael Jackson The Michael Jackson Interview: The Footage You Were Never Meant To See "The Jeffersons" (South Park) "Michael" (Glee) Michael Jackson's Halloween Video games Michael Jackson's Moonwalker Michael Jackson: The Experience Planet Michael Ready 2 Rumble Boxing: Round 2 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Space Channel 5 Space Channel 5: Part 2 Dreamcast Collection Books Moonwalk Dancing the Dream Documentaries Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon Bad 25 Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoots Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall Square One: Michael Jackson Killing Michael Jackson Thriller 40 Biographical filmsTheatrical films Michael Television films The Jacksons: An American Dream (miniseries) Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story Searching for Neverland Stage shows Thriller – Live Michael Forever – The Tribute Concert Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour Motown: The Musical Michael Jackson: One MJ the Musical Personal life Health and appearance Personal relationships Jackson family Paris Jackson Lisa Marie Presley Debbie Rowe Sexual abuse allegations 2005 trial Posthumous allegations FBI files Death Memorial service Conrad Murray trial Influence Moonwalk Robot Cover versions Monuments, memorials and namesakes Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni Thrill the World Thriller viral video World Vitiligo Day Sonic the Hedgehog Ulala Impersonators Michael Jackson fandom Michael Jackson: On the Wall Heal the World Foundation Related The Jackson 5 The Jackson 5 discography The Jackson 5ive Estate of Michael Jackson Thriller jacket Fulham F.C. statue Michael Jackson: The Magic and the Madness Michael Jackson and Bubbles MJ Gallery at Ponte 16 Behind the Mask "We Had Him" You Are Not Alone Michael Jackson, Inc. Hayvenhurst Neverland Ranch Thriller Villa The MJCast Northern Songs Sony/ATV Music Publishing Bubbles Peter Pan syndrome Mister Lonely We Are the World Mind Is the Magic: Anthem for the Las Vegas Show Never Can Say Goodbye: The Music of Michael Jackson Rava on the Dance Floor Unity: The Latin Tribute to Michael Jackson "Better on the Other Side" "Home" "Eat It" "Fat" Return of the Moonwalker Sheikh Jackson The Last Days of Michael Jackson Neverland Firsthand: Investigating the Michael Jackson Documentary Michael Jackson: Chase the Truth MJ (album) Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chimpanzee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Bad world tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_(tour)"},{"link_name":"Osaka, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka,_Japan"},{"link_name":"Jackson family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_family"},{"link_name":"Encino, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encino,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Neverland Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neverland_Ranch"},{"link_name":"Center for Great Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Great_Apes"},{"link_name":"Wauchula, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wauchula,_Florida"}],"text":"Chimpanzee once owned by Michael JacksonBubbles (born 1983) is a chimpanzee once kept as a pet by the American singer Michael Jackson, who bought him from a Texas research facility in the 1980s. Bubbles frequently traveled with Jackson, drawing attention in the media. In 1987, during the Bad world tour, Bubbles and Jackson drank tea with the mayor of Osaka, Japan.Bubbles was initially kept at the Jackson family home in Encino, Los Angeles, but was moved to Jackson's home, Neverland Ranch, in 1988. There, he slept in a crib in Jackson's bedroom, used Jackson's toilet and ate Jackson's candy in the Neverland movie theater. By 2003, Bubbles had matured into a large and aggressive adult chimpanzee unsuitable as a pet, like many captive chimpanzees, and was sent to a California animal trainer. When the trainer closed his operation in 2004, Bubbles was moved to the Center for Great Apes, a sanctuary in Wauchula, Florida, where he has lived since 2005.","title":"Bubbles (chimpanzee)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"animal testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bubblescenter-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M.J.'s_Bubbles_OK-2"},{"link_name":"Bob Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Dunn_(animal_trainer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNNJuly2009-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-What_does_Hollywood_do_when_a_screen_chimp_turns_nasty?_Shoot_it_dead_and_call_in_a_cartoon-4"}],"sub_title":"Acquisition","text":"Bubbles was born in 1983 in a research facility in Austin, Texas, that bred primates for animal testing.[1][2] There are conflicting reports as to how he came into Jackson's possession; many state that Jackson had purchased him when he was eight months old. The acquisition was said to have been supervised by Bob Dunn, then one of Hollywood's most famous suppliers and trainers of animals for films, photoshoots and advertisements.[3][4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jackson family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_family"},{"link_name":"Encino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encino,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Neverland Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neverland_Ranch"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_Jackson_joins_the_over-30_crowd-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Is_singer_Michael_Jackson_for_real?-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tara_455-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Is_singer_Michael_Jackson_for_real?-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tara_455-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monkey_business_in_the_loo-8"},{"link_name":"Jackson's 2005 trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monkey_business_in_the_loo-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson,_1988_(46845017052).jpg"},{"link_name":"moonwalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk_(dance)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Is_Michael_Still_a_Thriller?-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Is_singer_Michael_Jackson_for_real?-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anderson_159-10"},{"link_name":"Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_(album)"},{"link_name":"Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_(Michael_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Is_singer_Michael_Jackson_for_real?-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rees_261-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael:_Thrilling,_bad,_dangerous_and_more-12"},{"link_name":"Liberian Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberian_Girl"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Just_Who_Was_Bubbles,_Michael_Jackson's_Famous_Chimp?-13"},{"link_name":"Bad world tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_(tour)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Is_singer_Michael_Jackson_for_real?-6"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chimp's_tea_party-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-15"},{"link_name":"quarantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tour_goes_on_without_chimp-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sorry_Bubbles,_you_have_to_stay_home-17"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tara_511-18"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Is_singer_Michael_Jackson_for_real?-6"},{"link_name":"Kenny Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Rogers"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campbell_128_129-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campbell_128_129-19"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"Freddie Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mercury"},{"link_name":"There Must Be More to Life Than This","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_Must_Be_More_to_Life_Than_This"},{"link_name":"Brian May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May"},{"link_name":"Roger Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Taylor_(Queen_drummer)"},{"link_name":"Queen Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Forever"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freddie_Mercury-20"}],"sub_title":"Late 1980s","text":"Bubbles was kept at the Jackson family's Encino home until 1988, when he was moved to Jackson's new home, Neverland Ranch, in Santa Barbara County, California.[5] Bubbles slept in a crib in Jackson's bedroom,[6] ate candy in the Neverland movie theater,[7] was fed at the dining table,[6] wore a diaper, and used Jackson's toilet.[7][8] At Jackson's 2005 trial, Jackson said that his chimpanzees helped with housekeeping chores: \"They run around, help me clean the room. They help me dust, clean the window.\" Jackson's housekeepers testified that they disapproved of the chimpanzee behavior. One said she had to clean feces hurled at the bedroom wall, and another described a chimpanzee tearing off his diaper before crawling into Jackson's bed.[8]Michael Jackson had Bubbles accompany him throughout the late 1980s.During the late 1980s, Jackson took Bubbles on outings and would often talk to him. According to reports, he showed him how to moonwalk.[9] Bubbles had an agent and was rumored to have his own bodyguard.[6][10] He sat in for the recording of Jackson's album Bad (1987)— Jackson insisted that Bubbles and Jackson's pet snake attend as spectators—and accompanied Jackson for the filming of the \"Bad\" music video.[6][11][12] Bubbles made a cameo in the video for \"Liberian Girl\".[13]When the Bad world tour began in September 1987, Bubbles and Jackson shared a two-bedroom hotel suite in Tokyo.[6] Bubbles and Jackson made a social visit to the Mayor of Osaka, Yasushi Oshima; there, Bubbles drank Japanese green tea while seated quietly next to Jackson. Oshima said that he and his fellow officials were \"surprised to see the chimpanzee, but we understand he is [Michael's] good friend ... This is the first time an animal ever entered City Hall.\"[14][15] Though allowed to travel to Japan, Bubbles was unable to enter Britain and Sweden due to strict quarantine laws.[16][17] Jackson also brought Bubbles for tea at Elizabeth Taylor's house. Taylor did not mind that Jackson had brought a chimpanzee.[18] At a party to celebrate and promote Bad, Bubbles reportedly \"worked the room\" and was \"the life of the party\".[6]Around this time, Bubbles and Jackson were photographed by Kenny Rogers for his book, Your Friends and Mine. The photo shows Bubbles held on Jackson's hip. In the black and white photograph, Bubbles is dressed casually in a long sleeved shirt and overalls. Jackson is also dressed casually; he wears jeans and a simple shirt.[19] Rogers said: \"Bubbles was so human it was almost frightening. He would take Christopher [Rogers' son] by the hand, walk over to the refrigerator, open it, take out a banana and hand it to him. Christopher was amazed... we all were.\"[19]According to author David Wigg, Queen singer Freddie Mercury grew frustrated trying to record a duet with Jackson, \"There Must Be More to Life Than This\", because of his insistence that Bubbles be in the studio. According to Wigg, \"Michael made Bubbles sit between them and would turn to the chimp between takes and ask, 'Don't you think that was lovely?' Or, 'Do you think we should do that again?' After a few days of this, Freddie just exploded ... 'I'm not performing with a fucking chimp sitting next to me each night.'\" Mercury left the project and released the song as a solo artist in 1985. The duet with Jackson was not released until the Queen members Brian May and Roger Taylor discovered it and included it on the album Queen Forever in 2014.[20]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial-NeverlandZoo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neverland Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neverland_Ranch"},{"link_name":"Living with Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_with_Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Martin Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bashir"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neverland,_or_Iraq?_That's_an_easy_one._Hand_me_that_flak_jacket,_will_you...-21"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bashir'd,_but_not_beaten-24"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bubblescenter-1"},{"link_name":"Cheeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheeta"},{"link_name":"Tarzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzan_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Benji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benji"},{"link_name":"Lassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassie"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Like_Princess_Di,_my_love_for_children_is_pure,_says_Jackson-25"},{"link_name":"Sylmar, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylmar,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNNJuly2009-3"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_Jackson_may_face_a_cash_crunch-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_Jackson_may_face_a_cash_crunch-26"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_Jackson_may_face_a_cash_crunch-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_Jackson_may_face_a_cash_crunch-26"},{"link_name":"The Washington Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taking_Names-27"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_Jackson:_pet_chimpanzee_Bubbles_pines_for_former_owner-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-And_misfortune_strikes_MJ-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-And_misfortune_strikes_MJ-34"},{"link_name":"Center for Great Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Great_Apes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNNJuly2009-3"},{"link_name":"cupola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupola"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNNJuly2009-3"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bubbles_the_Chimp_not_invited_to_Michael_Jackson's_funeral-35"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M.J.'s_Bubbles_OK-2"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bubbles_the_Chimp_not_invited_to_Michael_Jackson's_funeral-35"}],"sub_title":"Relocations","text":"Bubbles lived at Jackson's home, Neverland Ranch, until he became too aggressive.In the 2003 documentary Living with Michael Jackson, Jackson told the journalist Martin Bashir that Bubbles had become pugnacious.[21] He was moved to an animal sanctuary over fears he might attack Jackson's newborn son, Prince Michael II.[nb 1][23] Jackson bought two more baby chimpanzees, Max and Action Jackson;[1] the public believed these chimpanzees were also Bubbles. Bubbles' removal was a source of regret for Jackson. During the interview, Bashir was also told of how Jackson had planned to hold a \"celebrity animal party\" for Bubbles; Cheeta, the chimpanzee from Tarzan, Benji and Lassie were to be invited.[24]Bubbles was relocated to Bob Dunn's ranch in Sylmar, California.[3][25] Dunn said at the time: \"Bubbles is an adult chimp and a wild animal. We don't let him out to play.\"[25] According to CNN, Jackson and his children visited Bubbles and played with the other animals at the ranch.[25] \"[Jackson] still acts like a kid around them\", Dunn said.[25] The Washington Times, however, claimed Jackson did not visit Bubbles, despite Jackson's representative having stated that he would like to meet him again.[26] Shortly afterward, in December 2003, it was claimed that Bubbles had attempted suicide.[nb 2][31][32] He was supposedly taken to a hospital in time to be saved.[32]Since the closure of Dunn's facility in 2004, Bubbles has been kept at the Center for Great Apes in Wauchula, Florida, where he is said to enjoy painting and listening to flute music.[3] The annual care for each animal at the center costs around $17,000 as of 2009. Patti Ragan, director for the Center for Great Apes, commented on the animals' daily routine at the sanctuary: \"They relax. They take naps together. They might go up in the top of the cupola. They go out in the chutes and lie under a tree in the tunnel system. They groom each other and they fight and they have arguments, too.\"[3] According to animal keepers at the center, Bubbles—whose facial features have changed since his time with Jackson—is now \"huge and ugly\", weighing 185 pounds (84 kg), but has a \"sweet character\".[33][2] In 2009, Bubbles was spending most of his time sitting quietly in trees with Sam, a 40-year-old chimpanzee.[33]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cardiac arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSNBC-36"},{"link_name":"News of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"[nb 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_Jackson:_pet_chimpanzee_Bubbles_pines_for_former_owner-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_Jackson:_pet_chimpanzee_Bubbles_pines_for_former_owner-33"},{"link_name":"La Toya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Toya_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bubblescenter-1"}],"sub_title":"Death of Jackson","text":"On June 25, 2009, Jackson died at the age of 50 following a cardiac arrest.[34] Dunn, speaking to the News of the World, said: \"Bubbles definitely missed [Jackson] when they parted and will miss him now. Chimpanzees are intelligent. They remember people and stuff. Bubbles and Michael were close friends and playmates. The last time Michael visited, Bubbles definitely recognized and remembered him.\"[nb 3][31] Dunn said that Jackson thought of Bubbles as his first child, and added that he hoped Jackson's children would keep in touch with their \"stepbrother\" following their father's death.[31] In 2010, Jackson's sister La Toya visited Bubbles at the Center for Great Apes in Florida.[36] According to the Center for Great Apes website, Jackson's estate has continued to support the costs of Bubbles' care.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campbell_133-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_Jackson_superstar's_weird_but_wonderful-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tara_370%E2%80%93373-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_Jackson_biography-43"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Behind_The_Mask-44"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tara_370%E2%80%93373-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tara_364-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tara_380-46"},{"link_name":"Lee Solters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Solters"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee_Solters,_Razzle-Dazzle_Press_Agent,_Dies_at_89-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pop_star's_chimp_is_alive_and_well-48"},{"link_name":"ringbearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringbearer"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-California_Journal;_Liz_Taylor's_8th:_Old_Role,_New_Lead-49"},{"link_name":"The National Enquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Enquirer"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"extrasensory perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasensory_perception"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tara_383-50"}],"text":"The public perception of what Michael is as a human being has been highly exaggerated. Those articles are hard for me to relate to. For instance, Bubbles is more fun than a lot of people I know. I saw Bubbles at a wedding in a tux. He has great table manners.\n\n\nQuincy Jones[37]According to the journalist Steve Huey, Bubbles formed a public perception of Jackson as a \"bizarre eccentric, obsessed with recapturing his childhood\".[38][39][40] According to Robert Thompson, professor of popular culture at Syracuse University, Jackson's acquisition of Bubbles was \"when the weirdness began to reach mythic proportions\".[41]Jackson and Bubbles' bond, as well as Jackson's other alleged eccentricities, contributed to the media nickname \"Wacko Jacko\", which Jackson came to despise.[39] The media often focused on Bubbles, rather than Jackson's music, and published false stories, such as the allegation that Bubbles was not a single ape, but one of several.[42][43] A later claim suggested that Bubbles had died; Jackson's press agent Lee Solters told reporters that \"when Bubbles heard about his demise he went bananas ... Like Mark Twain, his death is grossly exaggerated and he's alive and doing well.\"[44][45]The media also falsely reported that Bubbles would be the ringbearer at Elizabeth Taylor's wedding at Neverland Ranch in 1991; according to The New York Times, it was \"an idea that some newspapers found too delightful not to report.\"[46] The National Enquirer claimed that the musician Prince had used extrasensory perception to turn Bubbles crazy. According to the story, Jackson said: \"What kind of sicko would mess with a monkey? This is the final straw. Poor, poor Bubbles.\" Jackson found the story hilarious; his staff reported that they had never seen him laugh so much.[47]","title":"Media coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campbell_127-51"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campbell_127-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Well-known_celebrities_help_little-known_causes-52"},{"link_name":"Jeff Koons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Koons"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson and Bubbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson_and_Bubbles_(work_of_art)"},{"link_name":"Banality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banality_(sculpture_series)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mystery_buyer_pays_%C2%A34m_for_golden_vision_of_Jackson_and_his_chimp-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-No_Walking,_Just_Watering_for_This_Puppy-54"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mystery_buyer_pays_%C2%A34m_for_golden_vision_of_Jackson_and_his_chimp-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art_foundry_flounders_after_sculptor's_suit-55"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mystery_buyer_pays_%C2%A34m_for_golden_vision_of_Jackson_and_his_chimp-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trouble_Ahead_For_Art_Market-56"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mystery_buyer_pays_%C2%A34m_for_golden_vision_of_Jackson_and_his_chimp-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Multimillion-dollar_sculpture-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-That_Cool,_That_Suit:_Sotheby's_007-58"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"John Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Blake_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bubbles_the_chimp_to_'publish'_tell-all_memoir_about_Michael_Jackson-59"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bubbles_the_chimp_to_'publish'_tell-all_memoir_about_Michael_Jackson-59"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bubbles_the_chimp_to_'publish'_tell-all_memoir_about_Michael_Jackson-59"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bubbles_the_chimp_to_'publish'_tell-all_memoir_about_Michael_Jackson-59"}],"text":"Jackson launched Michael's Pets, a range of soft toys based on the animals he owned, in November 1986. \"He [Jackson] was very instrumental in designing the toys\", said Bob Michaelson, who was responsible for developing them.[48] \"He was very instrumental in how it should be programmed... he's got tremendous intuition.\"[48] Jackson, in approving the toys, stipulated that the manufacturers donate $1 per sale to a children's charity.[49]In 1988, the artist Jeff Koons made three identical porcelain sculptures, Michael Jackson and Bubbles, as part of his Banality exhibit.[50] At the time, each sculpture was said to be worth $250,000.[51] Koons once said: \"If I could be one other living person, it would probably be Michael Jackson.\"[50] The piece became one of Koons' best known works.[52] The figure shows Jackson and Bubbles wearing gold military-style suits.[50] In 2001, one of the figures was put up for auction and was expected to fetch between $3 million and $4 million.[53] The figure sold to an anonymous telephone bidder for $5.6 million,[50][54] a record for a work by Koons.[55]The Daily Telegraph reported in August 2009 that Bubbles was to publish a \"tell-all memoir\" about his time with Jackson. The book, Bubbles: My Secret Diary, From Swaziland to Neverland, is a spoof diary by journalist John Blake,[56] and the book fictionally documents the \"darker aspects\" of Bubbles' life, including a \"$2,000-a-day banana addiction, depression, romantic conquests, and [his] 'vicious rivalry' with Tarzan star Cheeta\".[56] The \"collection of very personal and honest entries from [Bubbles'] diary\" was released in October 2009.[56] Blake said:Behind his seemingly-perfect life of glamorous friends, gold-plated tyre swings, and personal chefs, there is a dark history of medical experiments, addiction and loss. But Bubbles has fought against his personal and professional problems and, with his help of man-pet Michael Jackson, he has grown to become bigger than King Kong—figuratively speaking.[56]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Jane Goodall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Goodall"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loving_chimps_to_death-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Animals_that_commit_suicide-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suicide_among_animals_:_Clues_from_folklore_that_may_prevent_suicidal_behaviour_in_human_beings-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scholars-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-li_140-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goodall_238-37"}],"text":"^ Primatologist Jane Goodall writes that while some chimpanzees may be seen as \"cute, funny and even lovable\", to think that they would make good pets is inaccurate. She notes that at about 6 to 8 years of age, the animals become strong and indocile.[22]\n\n^ Reports on \"animal suicide\" can be traced back decades.[27] While there is no consensus on the topic and modern naturalistic studies have found little evidence of self-harming behaviour among nonhuman species, it has been noted that there are \"strong cross-species parallels\" and that traits linked with suicide in humans have been found in rodents.[28][29] Author You-Sheng Li wrote in a 2005 book that it was doubtful that chimpanzees have the mental capacity to attempt suicide. She added that some animals, however, may give up their lives in certain circumstances.[30]\n\n^ Jane Goodall notes that chimpanzees become more relaxed around individuals they recognize.[35]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Jackson Unauthorized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/michaeljacksonun00ande"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-671-89239-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-89239-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8283-1957-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8283-1957-7"},{"link_name":"Goodall, Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Goodall"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-618-05677-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-05677-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9738410-0-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9738410-0-8"},{"link_name":"Billboard Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8230-7609-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-7609-3"},{"link_name":"Taraborrelli, J. Randy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Randy_Taraborrelli"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-330-42005-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-42005-1"},{"link_name":"On this Day in Black Music History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/onthisdayinblack00warn"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-634-09926-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-634-09926-7"}],"text":"Anderson, Christopher P. (1994). Michael Jackson Unauthorized. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-89239-5.\nCampbell, Lisa (1993). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop. Branden. ISBN 978-0-8283-1957-7.\nGoodall, Jane (2000). Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-05677-4.\nLi, You-Sheng (2005). A New Interpretation of Chinese Taoist Philosophy: An Anthropological/Psychological View. Taoist Recovery Centre. ISBN 978-0-9738410-0-8.\nRees, Dafydd; Crampton, Luke (1991). Rock Movers & Shakers. Billboard Books. ISBN 978-0-8230-7609-3.\nTaraborrelli, J. Randy (2004). The Magic and the Madness. Headline. ISBN 978-0-330-42005-1.\nWarner, Jay (2006). On this Day in Black Music History. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-0-634-09926-7.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Michael Jackson had Bubbles accompany him throughout the late 1980s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Michael_Jackson%2C_1988_%2846845017052%29.jpg/170px-Michael_Jackson%2C_1988_%2846845017052%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bubbles lived at Jackson's home, Neverland Ranch, until he became too aggressive.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Aerial-NeverlandZoo.jpg/220px-Aerial-NeverlandZoo.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Man_of_the_woods.JPG"},{"title":"Primates portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Primates"},{"title":"List of individual apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individual_apes"},{"title":"Pet monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_monkey"}]
[{"reference":"\"Bubbles the Chimpanzee – Center for Great Apes\". Center for Great Apes. Retrieved February 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://centerforgreatapes.org/chimpanzee/bubbles/","url_text":"\"Bubbles the Chimpanzee – Center for Great Apes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Great_Apes","url_text":"Center for Great Apes"}]},{"reference":"Yourse, Robyn-Denise (July 1, 2009). \"M.J.'s Bubbles OK\". The Washington Times. News World Communications. Retrieved August 18, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://find.galegroup.com.lsproxy.austincc.edu/gtx/infomark.do?contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T004&prodId=SPN.SP00&docId=CJ202708988&srcprod=SP00&userGroupName=txshracd2487&version=1.0","url_text":"\"M.J.'s Bubbles OK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times","url_text":"The Washington Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_World_Communications","url_text":"News World Communications"}]},{"reference":"Segal, Kim; Zarrella, John (July 2, 2009). \"Jackson's chimp Bubbles enjoys life out of public eye\". CNN. Time Warner Inc. Retrieved July 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/02/michael.jackson.bubbles/index.html","url_text":"\"Jackson's chimp Bubbles enjoys life out of public eye\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner","url_text":"Time Warner Inc"}]},{"reference":"Ayres, Chris (March 24, 2005). \"What does Hollywood do when a screen chimp turns nasty? Shoot it dead and call in a cartoon\". The Times. London: News Corporation. Retrieved February 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article435783.ece?print=yes&randnum=1151003209000","url_text":"\"What does Hollywood do when a screen chimp turns nasty? Shoot it dead and call in a cartoon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)","url_text":"News Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Jackson joins the over-30 crowd\". Deseret News. Deseret Management Corporation. August 29, 1988. Archived from the original on July 4, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090704084539/http://archive.deseretnews.com/archive/print/15744/MICHAEL-JACKSON-JOINS-THE-OVER-30-CROWD.html","url_text":"\"Michael Jackson joins the over-30 crowd\""},{"url":"http://archive.deseretnews.com/archive/print/15744/MICHAEL-JACKSON-JOINS-THE-OVER-30-CROWD.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Michael (September 16, 1987). \"Is singer Michael Jackson for real?\". Deseret News. Deseret Management Corporation. Retrieved April 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YQcPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6935,297033","url_text":"\"Is singer Michael Jackson for real?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_Management_Corporation","url_text":"Deseret Management Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Monkey business in the loo\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. May 12, 2005. Retrieved April 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/People/Monkey-business-in-the-loo/2005/05/12/1115843291343.html","url_text":"\"Monkey business in the loo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax Media"}]},{"reference":"Lartigue, Michael J. \"Is Michael Still a Thriller?\". The Harvard Crimson. Harvard University. Archived from the original on November 8, 2004. Retrieved April 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041108061218/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx","url_text":"\"Is Michael Still a Thriller?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University","url_text":"Harvard University"},{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Ken (September 10, 2001). \"Michael: Thrilling, bad, dangerous and more\". USA Today. Gannett Company. Retrieved April 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/2001-09-07-jackson-sidebar.htm","url_text":"\"Michael: Thrilling, bad, dangerous and more\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett_Company","url_text":"Gannett Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Just Who Was Bubbles, Michael Jackson's Famous Chimp?\". MTV. Viacom. June 26, 2009. Archived from the original on June 27, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090627210452/http://newsroom.mtv.com/2009/06/26/bubbles-michael-jacksons-famous-chimp/","url_text":"\"Just Who Was Bubbles, Michael Jackson's Famous Chimp?\""},{"url":"http://newsroom.mtv.com/2009/06/26/bubbles-michael-jacksons-famous-chimp/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chimp's tea party\" (Payment required to access full article). Toronto Star. Torstar. September 20, 1987. Retrieved February 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/473035521.html?dids=473035521:473035521&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+20%2C+1987&author=&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Chimp%27s+tea+party&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Chimp's tea party\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torstar","url_text":"Torstar"}]},{"reference":"Wire, From (September 19, 1987). \"People\" (Payment required to access full article). The Dallas Morning News. A. H. Belo Corporation. Retrieved February 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3CF5CE5525C39&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D","url_text":"\"People\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News","url_text":"The Dallas Morning News"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour goes on without chimp\". Rome News-Tribune. News Publishing Company. June 30, 1988. Retrieved July 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2UYHAAAAIBAJ&pg=5105,7325720","url_text":"\"Tour goes on without chimp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_News-Tribune","url_text":"Rome News-Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Sorry Bubbles, you have to stay home\". Boca Raton News. South Florida Media Company. March 12, 1988. Retrieved July 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Xd0PAAAAIBAJ&pg=5459,3612872","url_text":"\"Sorry Bubbles, you have to stay home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Raton_News","url_text":"Boca Raton News"}]},{"reference":"\"Freddie Mercury angered by Jacko's chimp\". Bang Showbiz. Yahoo! News. November 10, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/freddie-mercury-angered-jackos-chimp-160000294.html","url_text":"\"Freddie Mercury angered by Jacko's chimp\""}]},{"reference":"Ayres, Chris (February 8, 2005). \"Neverland, or Iraq? That's an easy one. Hand me that flak jacket, will you...\" The Times. London: News Corporation. Retrieved April 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/chris_ayres/article511812.ece","url_text":"\"Neverland, or Iraq? That's an easy one. Hand me that flak jacket, will you...\""}]},{"reference":"Goodall, Jane (February 25, 2009). \"Loving chimps to death\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 4, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2009/feb/25/opinion/oe-goodall25","url_text":"\"Loving chimps to death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Flett, Kathryn (February 9, 2003). \"Bashir'd, but not beaten\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved August 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2003/feb/09/features.review137","url_text":"\"Bashir'd, but not beaten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Elsworth, Catherine (May 13, 2005). \"Like Princess Di, my love for children is pure, says Jackson\". The Daily Telegraph. 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That's an easy one. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/349th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)
349th Infantry Division
["1 History","2 Source"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (October 2023) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "349th Infantry Division" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 349th Infantry Division349th Volksgrenadier-DivisionGerman: 349. Infanterie-Division349. Volksgrenadier-DivisionActiveNovember 1943 - August 1944September 1944 - March 1945Country Nazi GermanyBranchArmyTypeInfantrySizeDivisionEngagementsWorld War IIMilitary unit The 349th Infantry Division was a German military unit which fought during World War II. History The division was originally formed on 25 November 1943 in St. Omer near Calais, France, and fought mostly on the Eastern Front, being effectively destroyed near Zolochiv by the Soviet Army's Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive in July 1944, and disbanded in August 1944. Its commander was Infantry General Otto Lasch. The division was reformed in September 1944 to the Volksgrenadier standard as 349th Volks-Grenadier-Division, commanded by Major-General Karl Koetz. During the East Prussian Offensive in January 1945, it was encircled in the Heiligenbeil pocket near Mehlsack and destroyed. Source Lexikon der Wehrmacht vteNumbered infantry divisions of the German Army (1935–1945)1st – 99th1st – 9th 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10th – 19th 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20th – 29th 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30th – 39th 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 39 40th – 49th 41 44 45 46 47 48 49 50th – 59th 50 52 56 57 58 59 60th – 69th 60 61 62 63 64 65 68 69 70th – 79th 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80th – 89th 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90th – 99th 91 92 93 94 95 96 98 100th – 199th100th – 119th 102 106 110 111 112 113 121st – 129th 121 122 123 125 126 129 130th – 149th 131 132 134 137 148 150th – 159th 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160th – 169th 160 161 162 162nd (Turk.) 163 164 166 167 168 169 170th – 189th 170 174 176 180 181 182 183 189 190th – 199th 190 196 197 198 199 200th – 299th200th – 209th 201 203 205 206 207 208 209 210th – 219th 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220th – 229th 221 223 225 226 227 228 230th – 239th 230 231 232 237 239 240th – 249th 240 242 243 244 245 246 249 250th – 259th 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 260th – 269th 260 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270th – 279th 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280th – 289th 280 281 282 286 290th – 299th 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300th – 399th300th – 309th 301 302 303 304 305 306 309 310th – 329th 311 319 320 321 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330th – 339th 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340th – 349th 340 342 343 344 346 347 348 349 350th – 359th 351 352 353 355 356 357 358 359 360th – 369th 361 362 363 364 365 367 369 370th – 379th 370 371 372 373 376 377 379 380th – 389th 383 384 385 387 389 390th – 399th 392 393 395 399 400th – 719th400th – 499th 416 430 462 500th – 599th 521 526 554 555 556 557 600th – 699th 600 606 650 700th – 709th 702 703 704 707 708 709 710th – 719th 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 See also: List of German divisions in World War II, AufstellungswellevteVolksgrenadier divisions of the German Army, 1944–451st– 199th 6 9 12 16 18 19 22 26 31 36 45 46 47 61 62 78 79 98 167 183 200th – 299th 211 212 246 256 257 271 272 276 277 278 300th – 540th 320 326 334 337 340 347 349 352 361 363 462 541st – 549th 541 542 544 545 547 548 549 551st – 559th 551 553 558 559 560th – 569th 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570th – 579th 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580th – 589th 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 590th – 709th 708 See also: List of German divisions in World War II This German World War II article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Military unitThe 349th Infantry Division was a German military unit which fought during World War II.","title":"349th Infantry Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Zolochiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolochiv,_Lviv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lvov-Sandomierz_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Otto Lasch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Lasch"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"Volksgrenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksgrenadier"},{"link_name":"Karl Koetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Koetz"},{"link_name":"East Prussian Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussian_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Heiligenbeil pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiligenbeil_pocket"},{"link_name":"Mehlsack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehlsack"}],"text":"The division was originally formed on 25 November 1943 in St. Omer near Calais, France, and fought mostly on the Eastern Front, being effectively destroyed near Zolochiv by the Soviet Army's Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive in July 1944, and disbanded in August 1944. Its commander was Infantry General Otto Lasch.The division was reformed in September 1944 to the Volksgrenadier standard as 349th Volks-Grenadier-Division, commanded by Major-General Karl Koetz. During the East Prussian Offensive in January 1945, it was encircled in the Heiligenbeil pocket near Mehlsack and destroyed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lexikon der Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Gliederungen/Infanteriedivisionen/349ID-R.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Numbered_infantry_divisions_of_the_Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Numbered_infantry_divisions_of_the_Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numbered_infantry_divisions_of_the_Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"German Army 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of German divisions in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_divisions_in_World_War_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wehrmacht_template.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=349th_Infantry_Division&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Germany-WWII-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Germany-WWII-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany-WWII-stub"}],"text":"Lexikon der WehrmachtvteNumbered infantry divisions of the German Army (1935–1945)1st – 99th1st – 9th\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n\n10th – 19th\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n\n20th – 29th\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\n27\n28\n29\n\n30th – 39th\n30\n31\n32\n33\n34\n35\n36\n38\n39\n\n40th – 49th\n41\n44\n45\n46\n47\n48\n49\n\n50th – 59th\n50\n52\n56\n57\n58\n59\n\n60th – 69th\n60\n61\n62\n63\n64\n65\n68\n69\n\n70th – 79th\n70\n71\n72\n73\n74\n75\n76\n77\n78\n79\n\n80th – 89th\n80\n81\n82\n83\n84\n85\n86\n87\n88\n89\n\n90th – 99th\n91\n92\n93\n94\n95\n96\n98\n100th – 199th100th – 119th\n102\n106\n110\n111\n112\n113\n\n121st – 129th\n121\n122\n123\n125\n126\n129\n\n130th – 149th\n131\n132\n134\n137\n148\n\n150th – 159th\n153\n154\n155\n156\n157\n158\n159\n\n160th – 169th\n160\n161\n162\n162nd (Turk.)\n163\n164\n166\n167\n168\n169\n\n170th – 189th\n170\n174\n176\n180\n181\n182\n183\n189\n\n190th – 199th\n190\n196\n197\n198\n199\n200th – 299th200th – 209th\n201\n203\n205\n206\n207\n208\n209\n\n210th – 219th\n210\n211\n212\n213\n214\n215\n216\n217\n218\n219\n\n220th – 229th\n221\n223\n225\n226\n227\n228\n\n230th – 239th\n230\n231\n232\n237\n239\n\n240th – 249th\n240\n242\n243\n244\n245\n246\n249\n\n250th – 259th\n250\n251\n252\n253\n254\n255\n256\n257\n258\n\n260th – 269th\n260\n262\n263\n264\n265\n266\n267\n268\n269\n\n270th – 279th\n270\n271\n272\n273\n274\n275\n276\n277\n278\n279\n\n280th – 289th\n280\n281\n282\n286\n\n290th – 299th\n290\n291\n292\n293\n294\n295\n296\n297\n298\n299\n300th – 399th300th – 309th\n301\n302\n303\n304\n305\n306\n309\n\n310th – 329th\n311\n319\n320\n321\n323\n324\n325\n326\n327\n328\n329\n\n330th – 339th\n330\n331\n332\n333\n334\n335\n336\n337\n338\n339\n\n340th – 349th\n340\n342\n343\n344\n346\n347\n348\n349\n\n350th – 359th\n351\n352\n353\n355\n356\n357\n358\n359\n\n360th – 369th\n361\n362\n363\n364\n365\n367\n369\n\n370th – 379th\n370\n371\n372\n373\n376\n377\n379\n\n380th – 389th\n383\n384\n385\n387\n389\n\n390th – 399th\n392\n393\n395\n399\n400th – 719th400th – 499th\n416\n430\n462\n\n500th – 599th\n521\n526\n554\n555\n556\n557\n\n600th – 699th\n600\n606\n650\n\n700th – 709th\n702\n703\n704\n707\n708\n709\n\n710th – 719th\n710\n711\n712\n713\n714\n715\n716\n717\n718\n719\nSee also: List of German divisions in World War II, AufstellungswellevteVolksgrenadier divisions of the German Army, 1944–451st– 199th\n6\n9\n12\n16\n18\n19\n22\n26\n31\n36\n45\n46\n47\n61\n62\n78\n79\n98\n167\n183\n\n200th – 299th\n211\n212\n246\n256\n257\n271\n272\n276\n277\n278\n\n300th – 540th\n320\n326\n334\n337\n340\n347\n349\n352\n361\n363\n462\n\n541st – 549th\n541\n542\n544\n545\n547\n548\n549\n\n551st – 559th\n551\n553\n558\n559\n\n560th – 569th\n560\n561\n562\n563\n564\n565\n566\n567\n568\n569\n\n570th – 579th\n570\n571\n572\n573\n574\n575\n576\n577\n578\n579\n\n580th – 589th\n580\n581\n582\n583\n584\n585\n586\n587\n588\n\n590th – 709th\n708\nSee also: List of German divisions in World War IIThis German World War II article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Source"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor-Leste
East Timor
["1 Name","2 History","2.1 Prehistory and Classical era","2.2 Portuguese era (1769–1975)","2.3 Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)","2.4 Contemporary era","3 Politics and government","4 Foreign relations and military","5 Administrative divisions","6 Geography","6.1 Fauna","7 Economy","8 Demographics","8.1 Ethnicity and language","8.2 Education","8.3 Religion","9 Culture","9.1 Media","10 See also","11 Notes","12 References","13 Bibliography","14 External links"]
Coordinates: 8°33′S 125°34′E / 8.55°S 125.56°E / -8.55; 125.56Country in Southeast Asia This article is about the current country. For the former Indonesian province, see East Timor (province). Democratic Republic of Timor-LesteRepública Democrática de Timor-Leste (Portuguese)Repúblika Demokrátika de Timór-Leste (Tetum) Flag Emblem Motto: Unidade, Acção, Progresso (Portuguese)"Unity, Action, Progress"Anthem: Pátria (Portuguese)"Fatherland"Capitaland largest cityDili8°33′S 125°34′E / 8.55°S 125.56°E / -8.55; 125.56Official languages Portuguese Tetuma National languages 15 languages Atauru Baikeno Bekais Bunak Fataluku Galoli Habun Idalaka Kawaimina Kemak Makalero Makasae Makuva Mambai Tokodede Working languages English Indonesian Religion (2015 census) 99.53% Christianity 97.57% Catholicism 1.96% Protestantism 0.24% Islam0.23% otherDemonym(s) East Timorese Timorese Maubere (informal) GovernmentUnitary semi-presidential republic• President José Ramos-Horta• Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão LegislatureNational ParliamentIndependence from Portugal and Indonesia• Portuguese Timor Early 18th century• Independence declared 28 November 1975• Annexation by Indonesia 17 July 1976• Administered by UNTAET 25 October 1999• Independence restored 20 May 2002 Area • Total14,950 km2 (5,770 sq mi) (154th)• Water (%)NegligiblePopulation• 2023 estimate1,354,662 (153rd)• 2022 census1,341,737• Density89.7/km2 (232.3/sq mi) (137th)GDP (PPP)2023 estimate• Total $5 billion (173rd)• Per capita $3,747 (157th)GDP (nominal)2023 estimate• Total $2 billion (183rd)• Per capita $1,497 (151st)Gini (2014)28.7lowHDI (2022)0.566medium (155th)CurrencyUnited States dollarb East Timor Centavo (USD)Time zoneUTC+9 (Timor-Leste Time)Driving sideleftCalling code+670ISO 3166 codeTLInternet TLD.tlc Fifteen further "national languages" are recognised by the ConstitutionCentavo coins also usedFormer use of .tp has been phased out East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor - of which the western half is administered by Indonesia - the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-western half, and the minor islands of Atauro and Jaco. Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea. The country's size is 14,950 square kilometres (5,770 sq mi). Dili, on the north coast of Timor, is its capital and largest city. East Timor was settled by waves of Austronesian and Papuan peoples, which are reflected in the country's diverse mix of cultures and languages reflecting its links to Southeast Asia and Melanesia despite its small area. East Timor came under Portuguese influence in the sixteenth century, remaining a Portuguese colony until 1975. Internal conflict preceded a unilateral declaration of independence and an Indonesian invasion and annexation. Resistance continued throughout Indonesian rule, and, in 1999, a United Nations–sponsored act of self-determination led to Indonesia relinquishing control of the territory. On 20 May 2002, as Timor-Leste, it became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century. That same year, relations with Indonesia were established and normalized, with Indonesia also supporting East Timor's accession into ASEAN. The national government runs on a semi-presidential system, with the popularly elected president sharing power with a prime minister appointed by the National Parliament. Power is centralised under the national government, although many local leaders have informal influence. The country maintains a policy of international cooperation, and is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, an observer of the Pacific Islands Forum, and an applicant for ASEAN membership. The country remains relatively poor, with an economy that relies heavily on natural resources, especially oil, and foreign aid. Aside from oil, coffee is one of East Timor's largest exports, and makes up a substantial percentage of its agricultural output. East Timor also remains one of the most isolated countries in the world, with roughly only 27% of the population having access to the internet in 2017, and having a limited number of direct international flights from nearby areas such as Singapore, Bali, and Darwin. However, despite these challenges, East Timor has built a mostly successful democracy and is regularly considered one of the most free countries in Asia, being ranked as the only fully free and fair democracy in Southeast Asia, and ranking tenth in world press freedom as of 2023, with very high levels of voter participation, independent media, and civil discussion. The total population is over 1.34 million at the 2022 Census, and is heavily skewed towards young people due to a high fertility rate. Education has led to increasing literacy over the past half-century, especially in the two official languages of Portuguese and Tetum. High ethnic and linguistic diversity is reflected by the 30 indigenous languages spoken in the country. The majority of the population is Catholic, which coexists alongside strong local traditions and beliefs, especially in rural areas. Name "Timor" is derived from Malay/Indonesian timur, meaning 'east', thus resulting in a tautological place name meaning 'East East'. In Indonesian, this results in the name Timor Timur (the name of the former de facto Indonesian province; Timor Leste is used instead to refer to the country). In Portuguese, the country is called Timor-Leste (Leste meaning 'east'). In Tetum, it is Timór Lorosa'e (Lorosa'e can be literally translated as 'where the sun rises'). The official names under its constitution are "Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste" in English, "República Democrática de Timor-Leste" in Portuguese, and "Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste" in Tetum. The official short form of the name is "Timor-Leste", and it uses the ISO codes TLS & TL. History Main article: History of East Timor Prehistory and Classical era Main article: Pre-colonial Timor See also: Greater India Cultural remains at Jerimalai on the eastern tip of East Timor have been dated to 42,000 years ago. The first known inhabitants are those who arrived during the Australo-Melanesian migration through the region, likely bringing the precursors to today's Papuan languages. A later migration of Austroasiatic-speakers is suspected, although no such languages remain. The arrival of Austronesian peoples brought new languages, and merged with existing cultures on the island. Timorese origin myths recount settlers sailing around the eastern end of the island before landing in the south. These people are sometimes noted as being from the Malay Peninsula or the Minangkabau highlands of Sumatra. Austronesian migration to Timor may be associated with the development of agriculture on the island. While information is limited about the political system of Timor during this period, the island had developed an interconnected series of polities governed by customary law. Small communities, centred around a particular sacred house, were part of wider sucos (or principalities), which were themselves part of larger kingdoms led by a liurai. Authority within these kingdoms was held by two individuals, with the worldly power of the liurai balanced by the spiritual power of a rai nain, who was generally associated with the primary sacred house of the kingdom. These polities were numerous and saw shifting alliances and relations, but many were stable enough that they survived from initial European documentation in the 16th century until the end of Portuguese rule.: 11–15  From perhaps the thirteenth century, the island exported sandalwood,: 267  which was valued both for its use in crafting and as a source of perfume. Timor was included in Southeast Asian, Chinese, and Indian trading networks by the fourteenth century, exporting sandalwood, honey, and wax. The island was recorded by the Majapahit Empire as a source of tribute.: 89  It was sandalwood that attracted European explorers to the island in the early sixteenth century. Early European presence was limited to trade, with the first Portuguese settlement being on the nearby island of Solor.: 90  Portuguese era (1769–1975) Main article: Portuguese Timor The Battle of Cailaco in 1726, part of a rebellion following the introduction of a new head tax. Early Portuguese presence on Timor was very limited; trade was directed through Portuguese settlements on nearby islands. Only in the 17th century did they establish a more direct presence on the island, a consequence of being driven out of other islands by the Dutch.: 267  After Solor was lost in 1613 the Portuguese moved to Flores. In 1646 the capital moved to Kupang on Timor's west, before Kupang too was lost to the Dutch in 1652. The Portuguese then moved to Lifau, in what is now East Timor's Oecusse exclave.: 90  Effective European occupation in the east of the island only began in 1769, when the city of Dili was founded, although actual control remained highly limited. A definitive border between the Dutch and Portuguese parts of the island was established by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in 1914 and remains the international boundary between the successor states Indonesia and East Timor, respectively. For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post, with minimal investment in infrastructure and education, until the late nineteenth century. Even when Portugal established actual control over the interior of its colony, investment remained minimal.: 269, 273  Sandalwood continued to be the main export crop and coffee exports became significant in the mid-nineteenth century. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering domestic economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, which was met with East Timorese resistance. The colony was seen as an economic burden during the Great Depression and received little support or management from Portugal.: 269  During World War II, Dili was occupied by the Allies in 1941, and later by the Japanese beginning in 1942. The mountainous interior of the colony became the scene of a guerrilla campaign, known as the Battle of Timor. Waged by East Timorese volunteers and Allied forces against the Japanese, the struggle killed between 40,000 and 70,000 East Timorese civilians. The Japanese eventually drove the last of the Australian and Allied forces out in early 1943. Portuguese control resumed, however, after Japanese surrender at the end of World War II. Portugal began investment in the colony in the 1950s, funding education and promoting coffee exports, but the economy did not improve substantially and infrastructure improvements were limited.: 269  Growth rates remained low, near 2%. Following the 1974 Portuguese revolution, Portugal effectively abandoned its colony in Timor, and civil war between East Timorese political parties broke out in 1975. The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) resisted a Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) coup attempt in August 1975, and unilaterally declared independence on 28 November 1975. Fearing a communist state within the Indonesian Archipelago, the Indonesian military launched an invasion of East Timor on 7 December 1975. Indonesia declared East Timor its 27th province on 17 July 1976. The United Nations Security Council opposed the invasion, and the territory's nominal status in the UN remained as "non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration". Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) Main articles: Indonesian occupation of East Timor and Timor Timur A demonstration for independence from Indonesia held in Australia during September 1999 Fretilin resisted the invasion, initially as an army, holding territory until November 1978, and then as a guerrilla resistance. The Indonesian occupation of Timor was marked by violence and brutality. A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a minimum of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period between 1974 and 1999, including approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 excess deaths from hunger and illness. The total number of conflict-related deaths during this period is difficult to determine due to a lack of data. One estimate based on Portuguese, Indonesian, and Catholic Church data suggests it may have been as high as 200,000. Repression and restrictions counteracted improvements in health and education infrastructure and services, meaning there was little overall improvement in living standards; economic growth mostly benefited immigrants from elsewhere in Indonesia.: 271  A huge expansion of education was intended to increase Indonesian language use and internal security as much as it was for development. The 1991 massacre of more than 200 demonstrators by the Indonesian military was a turning point for the independence cause, and brought increased international pressure on Indonesia. Following the resignation of Indonesian President Suharto, the new President BJ Habibie, prompted by a letter from Australian Prime Minister John Howard, decided to hold a referendum on independence. A UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal allowed for a UN-supervised popular referendum in August 1999. A clear vote for independence was met with a punitive campaign of violence by East Timorese pro-integration militias supported by elements of the Indonesian military. In response, the Indonesian government allowed a multinational peacekeeping force, INTERFET, to restore order and aid East Timorese refugees and internally displaced persons. On 25 October 1999, the administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET). INTERFET deployment ended in February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN. Contemporary era See also: East Timor independence and United Nations Administered East Timor José Ramos-Horta, 1996 Nobel Peace Prize winner, fourth and seventh president of East Timor On 30 August 2001, the East Timorese voted in their first election organised by the UN to elect members of the Constituent Assembly. On 22 March 2002, the Constituent Assembly approved the Constitution. By May 2002, more than 205,000 refugees had returned. On 20 May 2002, the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor came into force and East Timor was recognised as independent by the UN. The Constituent Assembly was renamed the National Parliament, and Xanana Gusmão was elected as the country's first president. On 27 September 2002 the country became a UN member state. In 2006, a crisis of unrest and factional fighting forced 155,000 people to flee their homes; the United Nations sent in security forces to restore order. The following year, Gusmão declined to run for another term. While there were minor incidents in the build-up to the mid-year presidential elections, the process was peaceful overall and José Ramos-Horta was elected president. In June 2007, Gusmão ran in the parliamentary elections and became prime minister at the head of the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT) party. In February 2008, Ramos-Horta was critically injured in an attempted assassination; Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed. Australian reinforcements were immediately sent to help keep order. In March 2011, the UN handed over operational control of the police force to the East Timor authorities. The United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission on 31 December 2012. Francisco Guterres of the centre-left Fretilin party became president in May 2017. The leader of Fretilin, Mari Alkatiri, formed a coalition government after the July 2017 parliamentary election. This government soon fell, leading to a second general election in May 2018. In June 2018, former president and independence fighter, Taur Matan Ruak, became the new prime minister. José Ramos-Horta again became president on 20 May 2022 after winning the April 2022 presidential election runoff against Francisco Guterres. Politics and government Main article: Politics of East Timor Xanana Gusmão, the first East Timorese president after the end of Indonesian occupation The political system of East Timor is semi-presidential, based upon the Portuguese system.: 175  The constitution establishes both this separation of executive powers between the president and the prime minister; and the separation of powers between the executive, legislature, and judiciary.: 12  Individuals are not allowed to participate in both the legislature and the executive branch. The legislature is intended to provide a check on the executive; in practice the executive has maintained control of the legislature under all political parties, reflecting the dominance of individual leaders within political parties and coalitions.: 174  The executive, through the council of ministers, also holds some formal legislative powers.: 175  The judiciary operates independently, although there are instances of executive interference.: 13, 39  Some courts shift between locations, to improve access for those in more isolated areas. Despite political rhetoric, the constitution and democratic institutions have been followed by politicians, and changes of government are peaceful.: 15, 42  Elections are run by an independent body,: 216  and turnout is high, ranging from around 70% to 85%.: 17  The political system has wide public acceptance.: 17 : 106  The head of state of East Timor is the president of the republic, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term,: 244  and can serve a maximum of two terms. Formally, the directly elected president holds relatively limited powers compared to those in similar systems, with no power over the appointment and dismissal of the prime minister and the council of ministers. However, as they are directly elected, past presidents have wielded great informal power and influence.: 175  The president does have the power to veto government legislation, initiate referendums, and to dissolve parliament in the event that it is unable to form a government or pass a budget.: 244  If the president vetoes a legislative action, the parliament can overturn the veto with a two-thirds majority.: 10  The prime minister is chosen by the parliament, with the president appointing the leader of the majority party or coalition as prime minister of East Timor and the cabinet on the proposal of the latter.: 10  As head of government, the prime minister presides over the cabinet. The National Parliament, fronted by flags of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Representatives in the unicameral National Parliament are elected by popular vote to a five-year term. The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five. Parties must achieve 3% of the vote to enter parliament, with seats for qualifying parties allocated using the D'Hondt method. Elections occur within the framework of a competitive multi-party system. Upon independence, power was held by the Fretilin political party, which was formed shortly before the Indonesian invasion and led its resistance. Given its history, Fretilin viewed itself as the natural party of government and supported a multi-party system, expecting the development of a dominant-party system. Support from the United Nations and the international community, both before and after independence, allowed the nascent political system to survive shocks such as the 2006 crisis.: 173  Candidates in parliamentary elections run in a single national district in a party-list system. One in three of all candidates presented by political parties must be women. This system promotes a diversity of political parties, but gives voters little influence over the individual candidates selected by each party.: 175–176  Women hold more than a third of parliamentary seats, with parties required by law to run female candidates, but they are less prominent at other levels and within party leadership. Political divisions exist along class lines and along geographical lines. There is broadly a divide between eastern and western areas of the country, stemming from differences that arose under Indonesian rule. Fretilin in particular is strongly linked to the Eastern areas.: 176–177  Political parties are more closely associated with prominent personalities more than with ideology.: 16  The National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction became the main opposition to Fretilin, following its establishment to allow Xanana Gusmão to run for Prime Minister in the 2007 parliamentary elections.: 168–169  While both major parties have been relatively stable, they remain led by an "old guard" of individuals who came to prominence during the resistance against Indonesia.: 175 : 10–11  Politics and administration is centred in the capital Dili, with the national government responsible for most civil services.: 9, 36  Oecusse, separated from the rest of the country by Indonesian territory, is a special administrative region with some autonomy.: 180  The National Police of East Timor and Timor Leste Defence Force have held a monopoly on violence since 2008 and very few guns are present outside of these organisations.: 8  While there are allegations of abuse of power, there is some judicial oversight of police and public trust in the institution has grown. An active civil society functions independently of the government, as do media outlets.: 11–12  Civil society organisations are concentrated in the capital, including student groups. Due to the structure of the economy, there are no powerful trade unions.: 17  The Catholic Church has strong influence in the country.: 40  Foreign relations and military Main articles: Foreign relations of East Timor and Timor Leste Defence Force Demonstration against Australia in December 2013 International cooperation has always been important to East Timor; donor funds made up 80% of the budget before oil revenues began to replace them.: 42–44  International forces also provided security, with five UN missions sent to the country from 1999. The final one, the United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor, began after the 2006 East Timorese crisis and concluded in 2012.: 4, 14  East Timor formally applied to join ASEAN in 2011,: 42–44  and was granted observer status and accepted "in principle" in November 2022. Despite the nationalist political leadership promoting closer ties with Melanesian states, the country has targeted ASEAN membership since before its independence, with its leaders stating that joining Pacific bodies would have precluded ASEAN membership. ASEAN membership was sought for economic and security reasons, including to improve the relationship with Indonesia. Nonetheless, the process has been slow due to a lack of support from some ASEAN states.: 10–11  East Timor is thus an observer to the Pacific Islands Forum and the Melanesian Spearhead Group. More broadly, the country is a leader within the Group of Seven Plus (g7+), an organisation of fragile states. It is also a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.: 42–44  Continuing bilateral donors include Australia, Portugal, Germany, and Japan, and East Timor has a reputation for effectively and transparently using donor funds. Good relations with Australia and with Indonesia are a policy goal for the government, despite historical and more-recent tensions. These countries are important economic partners and provide most transport links to the country.: 42–44  China has also increased its presence by contributing to infrastructure in Dili.: 12  The relationship with Australia was dominated from before independence by disputes over natural resources in the ocean between them, hampering the establishment of a mutually agreed border. The dominance of Australian hard power led East Timor to utilise public diplomacy and forums for international law to push their case. The dispute was resolved in 2018 following conciliation procedures before the Permanent Court of Arbitration, when the two states established by treaty a maritime boundary between them along with an agreement on natural resource revenues. The Timor Leste Defence Force (F-FDTL) was established in 2001, replacing Falintil, and was restructured following the events of 2006. It is responsible not only for safeguarding against external threats, but also for addressing violent crime, a role it shares with the National Police of East Timor. These forces remain small: 2,200 soldiers in the regular army and 80 in a naval component. A single aircraft and seven patrol boats are operated, and there are plans to expand the naval component. There is some military cooperation with Australia, Portugal, and the United States. Administrative divisions Main articles: Municipalities of East Timor, Administrative posts of East Timor, and Sucos of East Timor The fourteen municipalities of East Timor East Timor is divided into fourteen municipalities, which in turn are subdivided into 64 administrative posts, 442 sucos (villages), and 2,225 aldeias (hamlets). The municipalities are: Aileu, Ainaro, Atauro, Baucau, Bobonaro, Cova Lima, Dili, Ermera, Lautém, Liquiçá, Manatuto, Manufahi, Oecusse, and Viqueque. The existing system of municipalities and administrative posts was established during Portuguese rule.: 3  While decentralisation is mentioned in the constitution, administrative powers generally remain with the national government operating out of Dili.: 2  Upon independence there was debate about how to implement decentralisation; various proposed models would create different levels of administration between the sucos and the central government. In most proposals, there were no specific provisions for suco-level governance, and they were expected to continue to exist as mostly traditional spaces, identifying communities rather than being part of the civil administration. In the end, the existing districts were kept and renamed municipalities in 2009, and received very few powers.: 88–92  In 2016 changes were made so that each municipality is led by a civil servant appointed by the central government. This civil servant is advised by locally elected leaders.: 4, 7  The isolated Oecusse municipality, which has a strong identity and is fully surrounded by Indonesian territory, is specified by Articles 5 and 71 of the 2002 constitution to be governed by a special administrative policy and economic regime. Law 3/2014 of 18 June 2014 implemented this constitutional provision, which went into effect in January 2015, turning Oecusse into a Special Administrative Region. The region began operating its own civil service in June 2015. In January 2022 the island of Atauro, formerly an Administrative Post of Dili, became its own municipality. Administration in the lowest levels of the administrative system of East Timor, the aldeias and sucos, generally reflects traditional customs,: 1  reflecting community identity and relationships between local households.: 4  Sucos generally contain 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants. Their long persistence and links to local governance means the sucos are the level of government that is linked to community identities, rather than any high level of administration.: 89  Such relationships, however, are associated specifically with the kinship groups within that land, rather than the land itself.: 52–53  Relationships between sucos also reflect customary practices, for example through the reciprocal exchanging of support for local initiatives.: 9  Laws passed in 2004 provided for the election of some suco officials, but assigned these positions no formal powers. An updated law in 2009 established the expected mandate of these positions, although it continued to leave them outside of the formal state system, reliant on municipal governments to provide formal administration and services.: 94–97  Further clarification was given in 2016, which entrenched the treatment of sucos and aldeias more as communities than formal levels of administration. Despite this lack of formal association with the state, suco leaders hold great influence and are often seen by their community as representatives of the state. They have responsibilities usually associated with civic administration.: 7–10  Geography Main article: Geography of East Timor Map of East Timor Located between Southeast Asia and the South Pacific,: 2  the island of Timor is the largest of the Lesser Sunda Islands, which lie within the Malay Archipelago, As such, Timor forms part of the Wallacea region, the boundary region between Asia and Oceania, along with the Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi, and the Maluku Islands.: 1  The island is surrounded by the Ombai and Wetar Straits of the rougher Banda Sea in the north, and the calmer Timor Sea in the south.: 2  East Timor shares the island with Indonesia, with Indonesian territory separating the Oecusse exclave from the rest of the country. The island of Atauro lies north of the mainland,: 2  with the fourth area being the small island of Jaco. The Savu Sea lies north of Oecusse.: 1  The country is about 265 kilometres (165 mi) long and 97 kilometres (60 mi) wide, with a total land area of 14,950 square kilometres (5,770 sq mi).: 1  This territory is situated between 8′15S – 10′30S latitude and 125′50E – 127′30E longitude.: 2  The country's coastline covers around 700 kilometres (430 mi),: 27  while the main land border with Indonesia is 125 kilometres (78 mi) long, and the Oecusse land border is around 100 kilometres (62 mi) long.: 1  Maritime borders exist with Australia to the south and Indonesia elsewhere. East Timor has an exclusive economic zone of 77,051 km2 (29,750 sq mi). The interior of the country is mountainous,: 2  with ridges of inactive volcanic mountains extending along the island.: 2  Almost half of the country has a slope of at least 40%. The south is slightly less mountainous, and has some plains near the coastline.: 2  The highest point is Tatamailau (also known as Mount Ramelau) at 2,963 metres (9,721 ft). Most rivers dry up at least partially during the dry season.: 2  Outside of some coastal areas and river valleys, the soil is shallow and prone to erosion, and its quality is poor.: 13 : 2  The capital and largest city is Dili. The second-largest city is the eastern town of Baucau.: 22  Land cover The climate is tropical with relatively stable temperatures throughout the year. A wet season lasts from December to May throughout the country, and lasts slightly longer in the south: 5  and the interior due to the effect of a monsoon from Australia.: 2  During this period, rainfall can reach 222–252 millimetres (8.7–9.9 in) per month. In the dry season, it drops to 12–18 millimetres (0.47–0.71 in).: 5  The country is vulnerable to flooding and landslides that occur as a result of heavy rain, especially when rainfall levels are increased by the La Niña effect.: 13  The mountainous interior is cooler than the coasts. Coastal areas are heavily dependent on groundwater, which faces pressure from mismanagement, deforestation, and climate change.: 14  While the temperature is thought to have experienced a small increase due to climate change, there has been little change in annual rainfall.: 6  Coastal ecosystems around the country are diverse and varied, with vary spatially between the north and south coastlines, as well as between the eastern tip and areas more to the west. These ecosystems include coral reefs, as the country's waters are part of the Coral Triangle biodiversity hotspot.: 28  The easternmost area of East Timor consists of the Paitchau Range and the Lake Ira Lalaro area, which contains the country's first conservation area, the Nino Konis Santana National Park. It contains the last remaining tropical dry forested area within the country. It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated. The northern coast is characterised by a number of coral reef systems that have been determined to be at risk. There are around 41,000 terrestrial plant species in the country. Forests covered 35% of East Timor's land in the mid-2010s.: 1  The forests of the northern coast, central uplands, and southern coast are distinct.: 2  East Timor is home to the Timor and Wetar deciduous forests ecoregion. There is some environmental protection in law, but it has not been a government priority.: 27 : 10–14  In addition to climate change, local ecosystems are threatened by deforestation, land degradation, overfishing, and pollution.: 2–3  Fauna East Timor's fauna is diverse and contains a number of endemic and threatened species. The Timor and Wetar deciduous forests region, which covers the entire island, has 38 mammal species. East Timor's two endemic mammal species are the Timor shrew and the Timorese horseshoe bat. The country's and region's largest mammal, the Javan rusa, and its only native marsupial, the Northern common cuscus, are both believed to have been introduced to the island in prehistoric times by settlers from the Lesser Sunda Islands and New Guinea, respectively. Other mammals found in East Timor include the Crab-eating macaque, a large number of species of bats, and the aquatic mammal, the Dugong. East Timor also has its own native horse breed, the Timor pony. East Timor's terrestrial biodiversity is most visible in its native bird species. As of 2022, a total of 289 bird species are found in East Timor. Significantly threatened bird species include the endangered Timor green pigeon and Wetar ground dove and the critically endangered Yellow-crested cockatoo. East Timor has an endemic subspecies of the Iris lorikeet, S. i. rubripileum. Along with the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia, East Timor is one of the countries located in the Coral Triangle, the site of the most biodiverse coral reefs in the world. In particular, Atauro Island's coral reefs have been recognized as having the highest average fish biodiversity of any site surveyed, with reef sites off Atauro carrying an average of 253 different species. The highest number of species recorded from a single site in East Timor was 642 different fish species, ranking second out of surveyed sites after Indonesia's Raja Ampat Islands. Additionally, the reefs appeared to have suffered limited damage from coral bleaching and rising ocean temperatures compared to other sites in the Coral Triangle. However, despite being in relatively pristine condition, the reefs remain threatened by climate change and habitat destruction, especially blast fishing. It is believed that this has most affected large marine species such as sharks; despite the diversity of the reefs, there were a significant lack of sharks recorded in the surveys of 2016. East Timor's isolation and lack of tourism are believed to have helped preserve the reefs, as opposed to tourist-heavy locales such as Bali, where the abundance of tourism has negatively affected the health of the reefs. The Timorese government and local residents of Atauro have made attempts to preserve the reefs through education of local citizens, rejecting harmful development projects, and placing emphasis on traditional laws of preserving nature, called Tara Bandu. Economy Main article: Economy of East Timor Nominal GDP of East Timor (previous and data) The economy of East Timor is a market economy, although it is dependent upon the export of a few commodities and has a large public sector. Internally, market operations are limited by widespread poverty.: 20  The country uses the United States dollar, producing its own coins to facilitate smaller transactions. The economy is generally open to foreign investment, although a prohibition on foreigners owning land means many require a local partner in the country.: 20  Competition is limited by the small size of the economy, rather than any government barriers. There are far more imports than exports,: 21  and prices for goods are often higher than in nearby countries.: 27  Inflation is strongly affected by government spending.: 257  Growth has been slow, averaging just 2.5% per year from 2011 to 2021.: 24  Most of the country is very poor, with just more than 40% living under the national poverty line. This poverty is especially prevalent in rural areas, where many are subsistence farmers or fishermen. Even in urban areas, the majority are poor. Overall, women are poorer than men, often being employed in lower-paying careers.: 18  Malnutrition is common, with over half of children showing stunted growth.: 255  While 91% of married working age (15–49) men were employed as of 2016, only 43% of married working age women were. There are small disparities in favour of men in terms of home and land ownership and owning a bank account.: 14  The eastern three municipalities, which contain around a quarter of the population, has less poverty than the western areas, which contain 50% of the population.: 214  Sixty-six per cent of families are in part supported by subsistence activities; however, the country as a whole does not produce enough food to be self-sustaining, and thus relies on imports.: 16  Agricultural work carries the implication of poverty, and the sector receives little investment from the government.: 260  Ninety-four per cent of domestic fish catch comes from the ocean, especially coastal fisheries.: 17  Those in the capital of Dili are on average better off, although they remain poor by international standards.: 257  The small size of the private sector means the government is often the customer of public businesses. A quarter of the national population works in the informal economy, with the official public and private sectors employing 9% each.: 18  Of those of working age, around 23% are in the formal sector, 21% are students, and 27% are subsistence farmers and fishers.: 21  The economy is mostly cash-based, with little commercial credit available from banks.: 11–12  Remittances from overseas workers add up to around $100 million annually.: 257  Fractional coins, "centavos", used locally as part of the United States dollar This poverty belies significant wealth in terms of natural resources, which at the time of independence had per capita value equivalent to the wealth of an upper-middle income country. Over half of this was in oil, and over a quarter natural gas. The Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund was established in 2005 to turn these non-renewable resources into a more sustainable form of wealth.: 4–6  From 2005 to 2021, $23 billion earned from oil sales has entered the fund. $8 billion has been generated from investments, while $12 billion has been spent.: 30  A decrease in oil and gas reserves led to decreasing HDI beginning in 2010.: 18–19  Eighty per cent of government spending comes from this fund, which as of 2021 had $19 billion, 10 times greater than the size of the national budget. As oil income has decreased, the fund is at risk of being exhausted. Withdrawals have exceeded sustainable levels almost every year since 2009.: 23  Resources within the Bayu-Undan field are expected to soon run out, while extracting those within the so far undeveloped Greater Sunrise field has proven technically and politically challenging. Remaining potential reserves are also losing value as oil and gas become less favoured sources of energy.: 264–272  The country's economy is dependent on government spending and, to a lesser extent, assistance from foreign donors. Government spending decreased beginning in 2012, which had knock-on effects in the private sector over the following years. The government and its state-owned oil company often invest in large private projects. Decreasing government spending was matched with a decrease in GDP growth.: 18  After the petroleum fund, the second largest source of government income is taxes. Tax revenue is less than 8% of GDP, lower than many other countries in the region and with similarly sized economies. Other government income comes from 23 "autonomous agencies", which include port authorities, infrastructure companies, and the National University of East Timor.: 13, 28–309  Overall, government spending remains among the highest in the world,: 12  although investment into education, health, and water infrastructure is negligible.: 260  Private sector development has lagged due to human capital shortages, infrastructure weakness, an incomplete legal system, and an inefficient regulatory environment. Property rights remain ill-defined, with conflicting titles from Portuguese and Indonesian rule, as well as needing to accommodate traditional customary rights.: 23  As of 2010, 87.7% of urban (321,043 people) and 18.9% of rural (821,459 people) households have electricity, for an overall average of 38.2%. The private sector shrank between 2014 and 2018, despite a growing working age population. Agriculture and manufacturing are less productive per capita than at independence.: 255–256  Non-oil economic sectors have failed to develop, and growth in construction and administration is dependent on oil revenue.: 256  The dependence on oil shows some aspects of a resource curse. Coffee made up 90% of all non-fossil fuel exports from 2013 to 2019, with all such exports totalling to around US$20 million annually.: 257  In 2017, the country was visited by 75,000 tourists. Demographics Main article: Demographics of East Timor Population pyramid East Timor recorded a population of 1,183,643 in its 2015 census, which rose to 1,341,737 at the 2022 Census. The population lives mainly along the coastline, where all urban areas are located.: 27  Those in urban areas generally have more formal education, employment prospects, and healthcare. While a strong gender disparity exists throughout the country, it is less severe in the urban capital. The wealthy minority often go abroad for health, education and other purposes.: 25  The population is young, with the median age being under 20.: 29  In particular, a large proportion of the population (almost 45% in 2015) are males between the ages of 15 and 24, the third largest male 'youth bulge' in the world.: 212  The Government of Timor-Leste's website lists the English-language demonym for East Timor as Timorese. Other reference sources list it as East Timorese. The word Maubere  formerly used by the Portuguese to refer to native East Timorese and often employed as synonymous with the illiterate and uneducated, was adopted by Fretilin as a term of pride. Healthcare received 6% of the national budget in 2021.: 24  From 1990 to 2019 life expectancy rose from 48.5 to 69.5. Expected years of schooling rose from 9.8 to 12.4 between 2000 and 2010, while mean years of schooling rose from 2.8 to 4.4. Progress since 2010 for these has been limited. Gross national income per capita similarly peaked in 2010, and has decreased since.: 3  As of 2016, 45.8% of East Timorese were impoverished, 16.3% severely so.: 6  The fertility rate, which at the time of independence was the highest in the world at 7.8, dropped to 4.2 by 2016. It is relatively higher in rural areas, and among poorer: 3  and less literate households. As of 2016, the average household size was 5.3, with 41% of people aged under 15, and 18% of households headed by women.: 2  Infant mortality stood at 30 per 1,000, down from 60 per 1,000 in 2003.: 7  46% of children under 5 showed stunted growth, down from 58% in 2010. Working age adult obesity increased from 5% to 10% during the same time period. As of 2016, 40% of children, 23% of women, and 13% of men had anemia.: 11     Largest cities and towns in East Timorwww.citypopulation.de/en/timor/cities/ Rank Name Municipalities Municipal pop. 1 Dili Dili 244,584 2 Baucau Baucau 17,357 3 Maliana Bobonaro 12,787 4 Lospalos Lautém 12,471 5 Pante Macassar Oecusse 12,421 6 Suai Cova Lima 9,130 7 Ermera Ermera 8,045 8 Same Manufahi 7,332 9 Viqueque Viqueque 6,530 10 Ainaro Ainaro 6,250 Ethnicity and language Main article: Languages of East Timor Major language groups in East Timor by suco Timorese communities are not strictly defined by ethnic background or linguistic group. Separate communities may share ethnicity or language, and many areas show overlaps and hybridisation between ethnic and linguistic groups.: 44  Familial relations and descent, which are interlinked with sacred house affiliation, are a more important indicator of identity.: 47  Each family group generally identifies with a single language or dialect.: 49  With this immense local variation in mind, there is a broad cultural and identity distinction between the east (Bacau, Lautém, and Viqueque Municipalities) and the west of the country, a product of history more than it is of linguistic and ethnic differences,: 45–47  although it is very loosely associated with the two language groups.: 142–143  There is a small mestiço population of mixed Portuguese and local descent. There is also a small Chinese minority, most of whom are Hakka. Many Chinese left in the mid-1970s as many were disproportionately targeted during the Indonesian occupation, but a significant number have also returned to East Timor following the end of Indonesian occupation. East Timor has a small community of Timorese Indian, specifically of Goan descent, as well as historical immigration from Africa, particularly Mozambique, and Yemen. Members of these immigrant minority groups have played important roles in East Timor's history: Nobel Peace Prize laureate, former Prime Minister, and current President José Ramos-Horta, and current Prime Minister and former President Xanana Gusmão are both of Portuguese-Timorese mestiço background, while former Prime Minister and FRETILIN secretary-general Mari Alkatiri is a Hadhrami Arab whose ancestors were from Yemen. Likely reflecting the mixed origins of the different ethnolinguistic groups of the island, the indigenous languages fall into two language families: Austronesian and Papuan.: 10  Depending on how they are classified, there are up to 19 indigenous languages with up to 30 dialects.: 136  Aside from Tetum, Ethnologue lists the following indigenous languages: Adabe, Baikeno, Bunak, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idaté, Kairui-Midiki, Kemak, Lakalei, Makasae, Makuv'a, Mambae, Nauete, Tukudede, and Waima'a. According to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, there are six endangered languages in East Timor: Adabe, Habu, Kairui-Midiki, Maku'a, Naueti, and Waima'a. The largest Malayo-Polynesian group is the Tetum, mostly around Dili or the western border. Other Malayo-Polynesian languages with native speakers of more than 40,000 are Mambai in the central mountains south of Dili, Baikeno in Oecusse, Kemak in the north-west interior, and Tokodede on the northwest coast. The main Papuan languages spoken are Bunak in the centre of Timor, especially within Bobonaro Municipality; Makasae in the eastern Baucau and Viqueque municipalities; and Fataluku in the eastern Lautém Municipality.: 43  The 2015 census found that the most commonly spoken mother tongues were Tetum Prasa (mother tongue for 30.6% of the population), Mambai (16.6%), Makasai (10.5%), Tetum Terik (6.05%), Baikenu (5.87%), Kemak (5.85%), Bunak (5.48%), Tokodede (3.97%), and Fataluku (3.52%). Other indigenous languages accounted for 10.47%, while 1.09% of the population spoke foreign languages natively. An extinct Portuguese creole language, Bidau Creole Portuguese, was spoken in the Dili suburb of Bidau, Nain Feto, spoken by the Portuguese-Timorese mestiço population; it went extinct by the 1960s. A dialect of Malay-based local creole called Dili Malay is spoken by a number of residents in the capital Dili. East Timor's two official languages are Portuguese and Tetum. It is the only sovereign state in Asia where Portuguese is an official language. In addition, English and Indonesian are designated by the constitution as "working languages".: 3  This is within the Final and Transitional Provisions, which do not set a final date. In 2012, 35% could speak, read, and write Portuguese, which is up significantly from less than 5% in the 2006 UN Development Report. Portuguese is recovering as it has now been made the main official language of Timor, and is being taught in most schools. The use of Portuguese for government information and in the court system provides some barriers to access for those who do not speak it. Tetum is also not understood by everyone in the country.: 11  According to the Observatory of the Portuguese Language, the East Timorese literacy rate was 77.8% in Tetum, 55.6% in Indonesian, and 39.3% in Portuguese, and that the primary literacy rate increased from 73% in 2009 to 83% in 2012. According to the 2015 census, 50% of the population between the ages of 14 and 24 can speak and understand Portuguese. The 2015 census found around 15% of those over the age of five were literate in English. Education Escola Portuguesa Ruy Cinatti, the Portuguese School of Díli East Timor's adult literacy rate was 68% among adults, and 84% among those aged 15–24, as of 2021. It is slightly higher among women than men.: 27  More girls than boys attend school, although some drop out upon reaching puberty.: 25  As of 2016 22% of working age women (15–49) and 19% of working age men had no education, 15% of women and 18% of men had some primary education, 52% of women and 51% of men had some secondary education, and 11% of women and 12% of men had higher education. Overall, 75% of women and 82% of men were literate.: 2  Primary schools exist throughout the country, although the quality of materials and teaching is often poor. Secondary schools are generally limited to municipal capitals. Education takes up 10% of the national budget.: 27  The country's main university is the National University of East Timor. There are also four colleges. Since independence, both Indonesian and Tetum have lost ground as media of instruction, while Portuguese has increased: in 2001 only 8.4% of primary school and 6.8% of secondary school students attended a Portuguese-medium school; by 2005 this had increased to 81.6% for primary and 46.3% for secondary schools. Indonesian formerly played a considerable role in education, being used by 73.7% of all secondary school students as a medium of instruction, but by 2005 Portuguese was used by most schools in Baucau, Manatuto, as well as the capital district. Portugal provides support to about 3% of the public schools in East Timor, focused on those in urban areas, further encouraging the use of the Portuguese language.: 28  Religion Main article: Religion in East Timor Igreja da Imaculada Conceição church, in Viqueque While the Constitution of East Timor enshrines the principles of freedom of religion and separation of church and state, Section 45 Comma 1 also acknowledges "the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national liberation" in its preamble. Upon independence, the country joined the Philippines to become the only two predominantly Catholic states in Asia, although nearby parts of eastern Indonesia such as Flores and parts of Western New Guinea also have Catholic majorities. According to the 2022 census, 97.6% of the population is Catholic; 1.979% Protestant; 0.24% Muslim; 0.08% Traditional; 0.05% Buddhist; 0.02% Hindu, and 0.08% other religions. A 2016 survey conducted by the Demographic and Health Survey programme showed that Catholics made up 98.3% of the population, Protestants 1.2%, and Muslims 0.3%. The number of churches grew from 100 in 1974 to more than 800 in 1994, with Church membership having grown considerably under Indonesian rule as Pancasila, Indonesia's state ideology, requires all citizens to believe in God and historically did not recognise traditional beliefs. East Timorese animist belief systems did not fit with Indonesia's constitutional monotheism, resulting in mass conversions to Christianity. Portuguese clergy were replaced with Indonesian priests and Latin and Portuguese Mass was replaced by Indonesian Mass. While just 20% of East Timorese called themselves Catholics at the time of the 1975 invasion, the figure surged to reach 95% by the end of the first decade after the invasion. The Catholic Church divides East Timor into three dioceses: the Archdiocese of Díli, the Diocese of Baucau, and the Diocese of Maliana. In rural areas, Catholicism is often syncretised with local animist beliefs. The number of Timorese Protestants and Muslims declined significantly after September 1999, as these groups were disproportionately represented among supporters of integration with Indonesia. Fewer than half of previous Protestant congregations existed after September 1999, and many Protestants were among those who remained in West Timor. Culture Main article: Culture of East Timor Traditional Timorese dancers The many cultures within East Timor stem from the several waves of Austronesian and Melanesian migration that led to the current population, with unique identities and traditions developing within each petty kingdom. Portuguese authorities built upon traditional structures, blending Portuguese influence into the existing political and social systems.: 91–92  The presence of the Catholic Church created a point of commonality across the various ethnic groups, despite full conversion remaining limited. The Portuguese language also provided common linkages, even if direct Portuguese impact was limited.: 97–98  Under Indonesian rule, resistance strengthened cultural links to Catholicism and the Portuguese language. At the same time, Indonesian cultural influence was spread through schools and administration.: 98–99  The preservation of traditional beliefs in the face of Indonesian attempts to suppress them became linked to the creation of the country's national identity.: 7–13  This national identity only began to emerge at the very end of Portuguese rule, and further developed during Indonesian rule.: 134–136  Following independence, a civic identity began to develop. This was most clearly expressed through enthusiasm for national-level democracy,: 155–156  and was reflected in politics through a shift from resistance narratives to development ones.: 3  The capital has developed a more cosmopolitan culture, while rural areas maintain stronger traditional practices.: 30  Internal migration into urban areas, especially Dili, creates cultural links between these areas and rural hinterlands. Those in urban areas often continue to identify with a specific rural area, even those with multiple generations born in Dili.: 53–54  The presence of so many ethnic and linguistic groups means cultural practices vary across the country.: 11  These practices reflect historical social structures and practices, where political leaders were regarded as having spiritual powers. Ancestry was an important part of cultural practices, and partly signified leadership. Leaders often had influence over land use, and these leaders continue to play an informal role in land disputes and other aspects of community practice today. An important traditional concept is lulik, or sacredness. Some lulik ceremonies continue to reflect animist beliefs, for example through divination ceremonies which vary throughout the country. Sacred status can also be associated with objects, such as Portuguese flags which have been passed down within families.: 7–13  Sacred house (lee teinu) in Lospalos Community life is centred around sacred houses (Uma Lulik), physical structures which serve as a representative symbol and identifier for each community.: 47–49  The architectural style of these houses varies between different parts of the country, although following widespread destruction by Indonesian forces many were rebuilt with cheap modern materials.: 22–25  The house as a concept extends beyond the physical object to the surrounding community.: 92–93, 96  Kinship systems exist within and between houses. Traditional leaders, who stem from historically important families, retain key roles in administering justice and resolving disputes through methods that vary between communities.: 47–49  Such leaders are often elected to official leadership positions, merging cultural and historical status with modern political status.: 52  The concept of being part of a communal house has been extended to the nation, with Parliament serving as the national sacred house.: 96  Art styles vary throughout the various ethnolinguistic groups of the island. Nonetheless, similar artistic motifs are present throughout, such as large animals and particular geometric patterns. Some art is traditionally associated with particular genders. For example, the Tais textiles that play a widespread role in traditional life throughout the island are traditionally handwoven by women. Different tais patterns are associated with different communities, and more broadly with linguistic groups.: 137  Many buildings within central Dili maintain historical Portuguese architecture.: I-5  Traditional rituals remain important, often mixed in with more modern aspects.: 137  A strong oral history is highlighted in individuals able to recite long stories or poetry. This history, or Lia nain, passes down traditional knowledge.: 16  There remains a strong tradition of poetry. Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet, earning the moniker "poet warrior". In the field of cinema, East Timor released its first feature-length film, a period thriller titled Beatriz's War, in 2013. 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Paris: Indes savantes. ISBN 2-84654-012-8., a bibliographic reference, launched by PM Xanana Gusmão East Timor, politics and elections (in Chinese)/ 东帝汶政治与选举 (2001–2006): 国家建设及前景展望, Jean A. Berlie, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies of Jinan University editor, Jinan, China, published in 2007. Lundahl, Mats; Sjöholm, Fredrik (2019). The Creation of the East Timorese Economy. Vol. 1–2. Cham: Springer. External links East Timor at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTravel information from Wikivoyage Struggle for Independence 8 Sep 1999 account of the United Nations ballot on East Timorese independence Government Timor-Leste official government website Timor-Leste official tourism website Chief of State and Cabinet Members (archived 10 December 2008) General information Timor-Leste. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. East Timor from UCB Libraries GovPubs (archived 29 October 2008) Timor-Leste at Curlie East Timor at Encyclopædia Britannica East Timor profile BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of East Timor Key Development Forecasts for Timor-Leste from International Futures Timor Leste Studies Association (archived 26 March 2019) vteEast Timor articlesHistory Timeline Pre-colonial Timor Portuguese rule Colonial governors Japanese invasion Japanese occupation Democratic Republic of East Timor (1975) Indonesian invasion Indonesian occupation Provisional government Province of East Timor Dili massacre 1999 referendum 1999 crisis United Nations Administered East Timor International Force UNTAET Independence Tribunals 2006 crisis 2008 crisis Geography Border Cities, towns and villages Municipalities Islands Timor Atauro Jaco Protected areas Rivers Administrative posts Sucos Tatamailau Wildlife Plants Politics Constitution Elections Foreign aid Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister United Nations mission Economy Agriculture Centavo coins Energy Foreign aid Poverty Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Cuisine Culture Demographics Education Health care Languages Literature Music Notable people Prostitution Religion Sex trafficking Sports Smoking Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Flag OutlineIndex Category Related articles vteMunicipalities of East Timor Aileu Ainaro Atauro Baucau Bobonaro Cova Lima Dili Ermera Lautém Liquiçá Manatuto Manufahi Oecusse (SAR) Viqueque vteCapitals of Municipalities of East Timor Aileu Ainaro Baucau Dili Gleno Liquiçá Lospalos Maliana Manatuto Pante Macassar Same Suai Viqueque vteAdministrative posts of East TimorAileu Aileu Laulara Lequidoe Remexio Ainaro Ainaro Hato-Udo Hatu-Builico Maubisse Baucau Baguia Baucau Laga Quelicai Vemasse Venilale Bobonaro Atabae Balibo Bobonaro Cailaco Lolotoe Maliana Cova Lima Fatululic Fatumean Fohorem Maucatar Suai Tilomar Zumalai Dili Cristo Rei Dom Aleixo Metinaro Nain Feto Vera Cruz Ermera Atsabe Ermera Hatulia Hatulia B Letefoho Railaco Lautém Iliomar Lautém Loré Lospalos Luro Tutuala Liquiçá Bazartete Liquiçá Maubara Manatuto Barique Laclo Laclubar Laleia Manatuto Soibada Manufahi Alas Fatuberlio Same Turiscai Oecusse Nitibe Oesilo Pante Macassar Passabe Viqueque Lacluta Ossu Uato-Lari Uatucarbau Viqueque vteSucos of East Timor Aisirimou Bandudatu Betano Fahiria Fatisi Fatubosa Funar Hoholau Lahae Lausi Lifau Liurai Malere Mape Matai Saboria Seloi Craic Seloi Malere vteCountries and dependencies of AsiaSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia2 Azerbaijan1 Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus2 East Timor Egypt1 Georgia1 India Indonesia1 Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan1 North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia1 Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey1 Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia2 Northern Cyprus2 Palestine South Ossetia2 Taiwan DependentterritoriesAustralia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Greece Kastellorizo United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia2 (Sovereign Base Areas) British Indian Ocean Territory (British Overseas Territory) Special administrativeregions of China Hong Kong Macau 1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"East Timor (province)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor_(province)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"exclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclave"},{"link_name":"Oecusse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecusse"},{"link_name":"Atauro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atauro_Island"},{"link_name":"Jaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaco_Island"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Timor Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_Sea"},{"link_name":"Dili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dili"},{"link_name":"Austronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Papuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Melanesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesia"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Portuguese colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Timor"},{"link_name":"Indonesian invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"annexation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor_(province)"},{"link_name":"United Nations–sponsored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"self-determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination"},{"link_name":"sovereign state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"accession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_East_Timor_to_ASEAN"},{"link_name":"ASEAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN"},{"link_name":"semi-presidential system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_republic"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"National Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parliament_(East_Timor)"},{"link_name":"Community of Portuguese Language Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islands Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum"},{"link_name":"ASEAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN"},{"link_name":"economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"total population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Tetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum_language"},{"link_name":"30 indigenous languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_East_Timor"}],"text":"Country in Southeast AsiaThis article is about the current country. For the former Indonesian province, see East Timor (province).East Timor,[a] also known as Timor-Leste,[b] officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor - of which the western half is administered by Indonesia - the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-western half, and the minor islands of Atauro and Jaco. Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea. The country's size is 14,950 square kilometres (5,770 sq mi). Dili, on the north coast of Timor, is its capital and largest city.East Timor was settled by waves of Austronesian and Papuan peoples, which are reflected in the country's diverse mix of cultures and languages reflecting its links to Southeast Asia and Melanesia despite its small area. East Timor came under Portuguese influence in the sixteenth century, remaining a Portuguese colony until 1975. Internal conflict preceded a unilateral declaration of independence and an Indonesian invasion and annexation. Resistance continued throughout Indonesian rule, and, in 1999, a United Nations–sponsored act of self-determination led to Indonesia relinquishing control of the territory. On 20 May 2002, as Timor-Leste, it became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century. That same year, relations with Indonesia were established and normalized, with Indonesia also supporting East Timor's accession into ASEAN.The national government runs on a semi-presidential system, with the popularly elected president sharing power with a prime minister appointed by the National Parliament. Power is centralised under the national government, although many local leaders have informal influence. The country maintains a policy of international cooperation, and is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, an observer of the Pacific Islands Forum, and an applicant for ASEAN membership. The country remains relatively poor, with an economy that relies heavily on natural resources, especially oil, and foreign aid. Aside from oil, coffee is one of East Timor's largest exports, and makes up a substantial percentage of its agricultural output. East Timor also remains one of the most isolated countries in the world, with roughly only 27% of the population having access to the internet in 2017, and having a limited number of direct international flights from nearby areas such as Singapore, Bali, and Darwin. However, despite these challenges, East Timor has built a mostly successful democracy and is regularly considered one of the most free countries in Asia, being ranked as the only fully free and fair democracy in Southeast Asia, and ranking tenth in world press freedom as of 2023, with very high levels of voter participation, independent media, and civil discussion.[9][10]The total population is over 1.34 million at the 2022 Census, and is heavily skewed towards young people due to a high fertility rate. Education has led to increasing literacy over the past half-century, especially in the two official languages of Portuguese and Tetum. High ethnic and linguistic diversity is reflected by the 30 indigenous languages spoken in the country. The majority of the population is Catholic, which coexists alongside strong local traditions and beliefs, especially in rural areas.","title":"East Timor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tautological place name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautological_place_name"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"former de facto Indonesian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor_(province)"},{"link_name":"Tetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum_language"},{"link_name":"literally translated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tetun.org-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConstitENG-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNGEGN2011-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConstitPORT-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConstitTETUM-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNGEGN2011-16"},{"link_name":"ISO codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"}],"text":"\"Timor\" is derived from Malay/Indonesian timur, meaning 'east', thus resulting in a tautological place name meaning 'East East'. In Indonesian, this results in the name Timor Timur (the name of the former de facto Indonesian province; Timor Leste is used instead to refer to the country). In Portuguese, the country is called Timor-Leste (Leste meaning 'east'). In Tetum, it is Timór Lorosa'e (Lorosa'e can be literally translated as 'where the sun rises').[11][12]The official names under its constitution are \"Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste\" in English,[13][14] \"República Democrática de Timor-Leste\" in Portuguese,[15] and \"Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste\" in Tetum.[16] The official short form of the name is \"Timor-Leste\",[14] and it uses the ISO codes TLS & TL.[9]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_India"},{"link_name":"Jerimalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerimalai"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"Australo-Melanesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australo-Melanesian"},{"link_name":"Papuan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_languages"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Austroasiatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Austronesian peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"new languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Malay Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor_2003_378-23"},{"link_name":"Austronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"two individuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyad_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundhal2019-26"},{"link_name":"sandalwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalwood"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundhal2019-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Villiers1994-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwarz1994-28"},{"link_name":"Majapahit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulino2011-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leibosteven-30"},{"link_name":"Solor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solor"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulino2011-29"}],"sub_title":"Prehistory and Classical era","text":"See also: Greater IndiaCultural remains at Jerimalai on the eastern tip of East Timor have been dated to 42,000 years ago.[10] The first known inhabitants are those who arrived during the Australo-Melanesian migration through the region, likely bringing the precursors to today's Papuan languages.[17] A later migration of Austroasiatic-speakers is suspected, although no such languages remain.[18][19] The arrival of Austronesian peoples brought new languages, and merged with existing cultures on the island.[20] Timorese origin myths recount settlers sailing around the eastern end of the island before landing in the south. These people are sometimes noted as being from the Malay Peninsula or the Minangkabau highlands of Sumatra.[21] Austronesian migration to Timor may be associated with the development of agriculture on the island.[22][23]While information is limited about the political system of Timor during this period, the island had developed an interconnected series of polities governed by customary law. Small communities, centred around a particular sacred house, were part of wider sucos (or principalities), which were themselves part of larger kingdoms led by a liurai. Authority within these kingdoms was held by two individuals, with the worldly power of the liurai balanced by the spiritual power of a rai nain, who was generally associated with the primary sacred house of the kingdom. These polities were numerous and saw shifting alliances and relations, but many were stable enough that they survived from initial European documentation in the 16th century until the end of Portuguese rule.[24]: 11–15From perhaps the thirteenth century, the island exported sandalwood,[24]: 267  which was valued both for its use in crafting and as a source of perfume.[25] Timor was included in Southeast Asian, Chinese, and Indian trading networks by the fourteenth century, exporting sandalwood,[26] honey, and wax. The island was recorded by the Majapahit Empire as a source of tribute.[27]: 89  It was sandalwood that attracted European explorers to the island in the early sixteenth century. Early European presence was limited to trade,[28] with the first Portuguese settlement being on the nearby island of Solor.[27]: 90","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belagerung_Cailacos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cailaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cailaco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"head tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_tax"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundhal2019-26"},{"link_name":"Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores"},{"link_name":"Kupang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupang"},{"link_name":"Lifau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifau"},{"link_name":"Oecusse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecusse"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulino2011-29"},{"link_name":"Dili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dili"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Indonesia_border"},{"link_name":"Permanent Court of Arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundhal2019-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Villiers1994-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwarz1994-28"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundhal2019-26"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"guerrilla campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"Battle of Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Timor_(1942%E2%80%9343)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASNCE-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levi1946-35"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundhal2019-26"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TL-36"},{"link_name":"1974 Portuguese revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Front_for_an_Independent_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Timorese Democratic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timorese_Democratic_Union"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"unilaterally declared independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorese_declaration_of_independence"},{"link_name":"invasion of East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"East Timor its 27th province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor_(province)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Portuguese era (1769–1975)","text":"The Battle of Cailaco in 1726, part of a rebellion following the introduction of a new head tax.Early Portuguese presence on Timor was very limited; trade was directed through Portuguese settlements on nearby islands. Only in the 17th century did they establish a more direct presence on the island, a consequence of being driven out of other islands by the Dutch.[24]: 267  After Solor was lost in 1613 the Portuguese moved to Flores. In 1646 the capital moved to Kupang on Timor's west, before Kupang too was lost to the Dutch in 1652. The Portuguese then moved to Lifau, in what is now East Timor's Oecusse exclave.[27]: 90  Effective European occupation in the east of the island only began in 1769, when the city of Dili was founded, although actual control remained highly limited.[29] A definitive border between the Dutch and Portuguese parts of the island was established by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in 1914 and remains the international boundary between the successor states Indonesia and East Timor, respectively.[30]For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post, with minimal investment in infrastructure and education, until the late nineteenth century. Even when Portugal established actual control over the interior of its colony, investment remained minimal.[24]: 269, 273  Sandalwood continued to be the main export crop and coffee exports became significant in the mid-nineteenth century.[25]At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering domestic economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, which was met with East Timorese resistance.[26] The colony was seen as an economic burden during the Great Depression and received little support or management from Portugal.[24]: 269During World War II, Dili was occupied by the Allies in 1941, and later by the Japanese beginning in 1942. The mountainous interior of the colony became the scene of a guerrilla campaign, known as the Battle of Timor. Waged by East Timorese volunteers and Allied forces against the Japanese, the struggle killed between 40,000 and 70,000 East Timorese civilians.[31] The Japanese eventually drove the last of the Australian and Allied forces out in early 1943.[32] Portuguese control resumed, however, after Japanese surrender at the end of World War II.[33]Portugal began investment in the colony in the 1950s, funding education and promoting coffee exports, but the economy did not improve substantially and infrastructure improvements were limited.[24]: 269  Growth rates remained low, near 2%.[34] Following the 1974 Portuguese revolution, Portugal effectively abandoned its colony in Timor, and civil war between East Timorese political parties broke out in 1975.The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) resisted a Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) coup attempt in August 1975,[35] and unilaterally declared independence on 28 November 1975. Fearing a communist state within the Indonesian Archipelago, the Indonesian military launched an invasion of East Timor on 7 December 1975.[36] Indonesia declared East Timor its 27th province on 17 July 1976.[37] The United Nations Security Council opposed the invasion, and the territory's nominal status in the UN remained as \"non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration\".[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Timor_Demo.jpg"},{"link_name":"independence from Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Fretilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretilin"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niner2000-41"},{"link_name":"Indonesian occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Reception,_Truth_and_Reconciliation_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"excess deaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excess_death"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundhal2019-26"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"1991 massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_massacre"},{"link_name":"resignation of Indonesian President Suharto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niner2000-41"},{"link_name":"BJ Habibie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._J._Habibie"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister John Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_John_Howard"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorese_independence_referendum,_1999"},{"link_name":"a punitive campaign of violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis"},{"link_name":"pro-integration militias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Indonesia_militia"},{"link_name":"INTERFET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Force_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-45"},{"link_name":"United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)","text":"A demonstration for independence from Indonesia held in Australia during September 1999Fretilin resisted the invasion, initially as an army, holding territory until November 1978, and then as a guerrilla resistance.[39] The Indonesian occupation of Timor was marked by violence and brutality. A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a minimum of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period between 1974 and 1999, including approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 excess deaths from hunger and illness. The total number of conflict-related deaths during this period is difficult to determine due to a lack of data. One estimate based on Portuguese, Indonesian, and Catholic Church data suggests it may have been as high as 200,000.[40] Repression and restrictions counteracted improvements in health and education infrastructure and services, meaning there was little overall improvement in living standards; economic growth mostly benefited immigrants from elsewhere in Indonesia.[24]: 271  A huge expansion of education was intended to increase Indonesian language use and internal security as much as it was for development.[41]The 1991 massacre of more than 200 demonstrators by the Indonesian military was a turning point for the independence cause, and brought increased international pressure on Indonesia. Following the resignation of Indonesian President Suharto,[39] the new President BJ Habibie, prompted by a letter from Australian Prime Minister John Howard, decided to hold a referendum on independence.[42] A UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal allowed for a UN-supervised popular referendum in August 1999. A clear vote for independence was met with a punitive campaign of violence by East Timorese pro-integration militias supported by elements of the Indonesian military. In response, the Indonesian government allowed a multinational peacekeeping force, INTERFET, to restore order and aid East Timorese refugees and internally displaced persons.[43] On 25 October 1999, the administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET).[44][45] INTERFET deployment ended in February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN.[46]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Timor independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor_independence"},{"link_name":"United Nations Administered East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Administered_East_Timor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A4sidentschaftswalhkampf_JRH_2007.JPG"},{"link_name":"José Ramos-Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConstitENG-15"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNOct01-49"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConstitENG-15"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"recognised as independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor_independence"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNOct01-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Xanana Gusmão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanana_Gusm%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aucoin2010-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"a crisis of unrest and factional fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timorese_crisis"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc_2012-12-30-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"mid-year presidential elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorese_presidential_election,_2007"},{"link_name":"José Ramos-Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorese_parliamentary_election,_2007"},{"link_name":"National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_for_Timorese_Reconstruction"},{"link_name":"an attempted assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_East_Timorese_assassination_attempts"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc_2012-12-30-54"},{"link_name":"Francisco Guterres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Guterres"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Mari Alkatiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Alkatiri"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Taur Matan Ruak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taur_Matan_Ruak"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"José Ramos-Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta"},{"link_name":"presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_East_Timorese_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Contemporary era","text":"See also: East Timor independence and United Nations Administered East TimorJosé Ramos-Horta, 1996 Nobel Peace Prize winner, fourth and seventh president of East TimorOn 30 August 2001, the East Timorese voted in their first election organised by the UN to elect members of the Constituent Assembly.[13][47] On 22 March 2002, the Constituent Assembly approved the Constitution.[13] By May 2002, more than 205,000 refugees had returned.[48] On 20 May 2002, the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor came into force and East Timor was recognised as independent by the UN.[47][49] The Constituent Assembly was renamed the National Parliament, and Xanana Gusmão was elected as the country's first president.[50] On 27 September 2002 the country became a UN member state.[51]In 2006, a crisis of unrest and factional fighting forced 155,000 people to flee their homes; the United Nations sent in security forces to restore order.[52][53] The following year, Gusmão declined to run for another term. While there were minor incidents in the build-up to the mid-year presidential elections, the process was peaceful overall and José Ramos-Horta was elected president.[54][55] In June 2007, Gusmão ran in the parliamentary elections and became prime minister at the head of the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT) party. In February 2008, Ramos-Horta was critically injured in an attempted assassination; Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed. Australian reinforcements were immediately sent to help keep order.[56] In March 2011, the UN handed over operational control of the police force to the East Timor authorities. The United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission on 31 December 2012.[52]Francisco Guterres of the centre-left Fretilin party became president in May 2017.[57] The leader of Fretilin, Mari Alkatiri, formed a coalition government after the July 2017 parliamentary election. This government soon fell, leading to a second general election in May 2018.[58] In June 2018, former president and independence fighter, Taur Matan Ruak, became the new prime minister.[59] José Ramos-Horta again became president on 20 May 2022 after winning the April 2022 presidential election runoff against Francisco Guterres.[60]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xanana_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Xanana Gusmão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanana_Gusm%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"semi-presidential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_system"},{"link_name":"Portuguese system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpL-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoesmith2020-64"},{"link_name":"separation of powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoesmith2020-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoesmith2020-64"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FreedomHouse2021-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FreedomHouse2021-66"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croissant2020-67"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feij%C3%B32015-69"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"president of the republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Divided-4"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FreedomHouse2021-66"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoesmith2020-64"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Divided-4"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition"},{"link_name":"prime minister of East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EUEOM2012-70"},{"link_name":"head of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EUEOM2012-70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Parliament_building,_Dili,_2018_(01).jpg"},{"link_name":"National Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parliament_(East_Timor)"},{"link_name":"Community of Portuguese Language Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"National Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parliament_(East_Timor)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FreedomHouse2021-66"},{"link_name":"D'Hondt method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Hondt_method"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EUEOM2012-70"},{"link_name":"Fretilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretilin"},{"link_name":"dominant-party system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant-party_system"},{"link_name":"the 2006 crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timorese_crisis"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoesmith2020-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoesmith2020-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FreedomHouse2021-66"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoesmith2020-64"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_for_Timorese_Reconstruction"},{"link_name":"Xanana Gusmão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanana_Gusm%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"the 2007 parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_East_Timorese_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoesmith2020-64"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoesmith2020-64"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Dili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dili"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"Oecusse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecusse"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoesmith2020-64"},{"link_name":"National Police of East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Timor Leste Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_Leste_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"monopoly on violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FreedomHouse2021-66"},{"link_name":"civil society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"}],"text":"Xanana Gusmão, the first East Timorese president after the end of Indonesian occupationThe political system of East Timor is semi-presidential, based upon the Portuguese system.[61][62]: 175  The constitution establishes both this separation of executive powers between the president and the prime minister; and the separation of powers between the executive, legislature, and judiciary.[63]: 12  Individuals are not allowed to participate in both the legislature and the executive branch. The legislature is intended to provide a check on the executive; in practice the executive has maintained control of the legislature under all political parties, reflecting the dominance of individual leaders within political parties and coalitions.[62]: 174  The executive, through the council of ministers, also holds some formal legislative powers.[62]: 175  The judiciary operates independently, although there are instances of executive interference.[63]: 13, 39 [64] Some courts shift between locations, to improve access for those in more isolated areas.[64] Despite political rhetoric, the constitution and democratic institutions have been followed by politicians, and changes of government are peaceful.[63]: 15, 42  Elections are run by an independent body,[65]: 216  and turnout is high, ranging from around 70% to 85%.[63]: 17 [66] The political system has wide public acceptance.[63]: 17 [67]: 106The head of state of East Timor is the president of the republic, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term,[4]: 244  and can serve a maximum of two terms.[64] Formally, the directly elected president holds relatively limited powers compared to those in similar systems, with no power over the appointment and dismissal of the prime minister and the council of ministers. However, as they are directly elected, past presidents have wielded great informal power and influence.[62]: 175  The president does have the power to veto government legislation, initiate referendums, and to dissolve parliament in the event that it is unable to form a government or pass a budget.[4]: 244  If the president vetoes a legislative action, the parliament can overturn the veto with a two-thirds majority.[63]: 10  The prime minister is chosen by the parliament, with the president appointing the leader of the majority party or coalition as prime minister of East Timor and the cabinet on the proposal of the latter.[63]: 10 [68] As head of government, the prime minister presides over the cabinet.[68]The National Parliament, fronted by flags of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.Representatives in the unicameral National Parliament are elected by popular vote to a five-year term.[64] The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five. Parties must achieve 3% of the vote to enter parliament, with seats for qualifying parties allocated using the D'Hondt method.[68] Elections occur within the framework of a competitive multi-party system. Upon independence, power was held by the Fretilin political party, which was formed shortly before the Indonesian invasion and led its resistance. Given its history, Fretilin viewed itself as the natural party of government and supported a multi-party system, expecting the development of a dominant-party system. Support from the United Nations and the international community, both before and after independence, allowed the nascent political system to survive shocks such as the 2006 crisis.[62]: 173Candidates in parliamentary elections run in a single national district in a party-list system. One in three of all candidates presented by political parties must be women. This system promotes a diversity of political parties, but gives voters little influence over the individual candidates selected by each party.[62]: 175–176  Women hold more than a third of parliamentary seats, with parties required by law to run female candidates, but they are less prominent at other levels and within party leadership.[64]Political divisions exist along class lines and along geographical lines. There is broadly a divide between eastern and western areas of the country, stemming from differences that arose under Indonesian rule. Fretilin in particular is strongly linked to the Eastern areas.[62]: 176–177  Political parties are more closely associated with prominent personalities more than with ideology.[63]: 16 [69] The National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction became the main opposition to Fretilin, following its establishment to allow Xanana Gusmão to run for Prime Minister in the 2007 parliamentary elections.[62]: 168–169 [70] While both major parties have been relatively stable, they remain led by an \"old guard\" of individuals who came to prominence during the resistance against Indonesia.[62]: 175 [63]: 10–11 [71][72]Politics and administration is centred in the capital Dili, with the national government responsible for most civil services.[63]: 9, 36  Oecusse, separated from the rest of the country by Indonesian territory, is a special administrative region with some autonomy.[62]: 180  The National Police of East Timor and Timor Leste Defence Force have held a monopoly on violence since 2008 and very few guns are present outside of these organisations.[63]: 8  While there are allegations of abuse of power, there is some judicial oversight of police and public trust in the institution has grown.[64] An active civil society functions independently of the government, as do media outlets.[63]: 11–12  Civil society organisations are concentrated in the capital, including student groups. Due to the structure of the economy, there are no powerful trade unions.[63]: 17  The Catholic Church has strong influence in the country.[63]: 40","title":"Politics and government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_demo_Timor_2013.JPG"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Integrated_Mission_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"2006 East Timorese crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timorese_crisis"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sahin2014-75"},{"link_name":"formally applied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_East_Timor_to_ASEAN"},{"link_name":"ASEAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sahin2014-75"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islands Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum"},{"link_name":"Melanesian Spearhead Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group"},{"link_name":"Group of Seven Plus (g7+)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven_Plus_(g7%2B)"},{"link_name":"fragile states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_state"},{"link_name":"Community of Portuguese Language Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"with Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93East_Timor_relations"},{"link_name":"with Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sahin2014-75"},{"link_name":"natural resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resources"},{"link_name":"ocean between them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_Gap"},{"link_name":"hard power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_power"},{"link_name":"public diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_diplomacy"},{"link_name":"international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ta-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Permanent Court of Arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Falintil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falintil"},{"link_name":"National Police of East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"single aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_172"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"Demonstration against Australia in December 2013International cooperation has always been important to East Timor; donor funds made up 80% of the budget before oil revenues began to replace them.[63]: 42–44  International forces also provided security, with five UN missions sent to the country from 1999. The final one, the United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor, began after the 2006 East Timorese crisis and concluded in 2012.[73]: 4, 14East Timor formally applied to join ASEAN in 2011,[63]: 42–44 [74] and was granted observer status and accepted \"in principle\" in November 2022.[75] Despite the nationalist political leadership promoting closer ties with Melanesian states, the country has targeted ASEAN membership since before its independence, with its leaders stating that joining Pacific bodies would have precluded ASEAN membership. ASEAN membership was sought for economic and security reasons, including to improve the relationship with Indonesia. Nonetheless, the process has been slow due to a lack of support from some ASEAN states.[73]: 10–11  East Timor is thus an observer to the Pacific Islands Forum and the Melanesian Spearhead Group. More broadly, the country is a leader within the Group of Seven Plus (g7+), an organisation of fragile states. It is also a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.[63]: 42–44 [76]Continuing bilateral donors include Australia, Portugal, Germany, and Japan, and East Timor has a reputation for effectively and transparently using donor funds. Good relations with Australia and with Indonesia are a policy goal for the government, despite historical and more-recent tensions. These countries are important economic partners and provide most transport links to the country.[63]: 42–44  China has also increased its presence by contributing to infrastructure in Dili.[73]: 12The relationship with Australia was dominated from before independence by disputes over natural resources in the ocean between them, hampering the establishment of a mutually agreed border. The dominance of Australian hard power led East Timor to utilise public diplomacy and forums for international law to push their case.[77][78] The dispute was resolved in 2018 following conciliation procedures[79] before the Permanent Court of Arbitration, when the two states established by treaty a maritime boundary between them along with an agreement on natural resource revenues.[80][81]The Timor Leste Defence Force (F-FDTL) was established in 2001, replacing Falintil, and was restructured following the events of 2006. It is responsible not only for safeguarding against external threats, but also for addressing violent crime, a role it shares with the National Police of East Timor. These forces remain small: 2,200 soldiers in the regular army and 80 in a naval component. A single aircraft and seven patrol boats are operated, and there are plans to expand the naval component. There is some military cooperation with Australia, Portugal, and the United States.[82]","title":"Foreign relations and military"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Municipalities_of_Timor-Leste.png"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009divisions-85"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AtauroTatoli2022-87"},{"link_name":"Aileu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileu_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Ainaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainaro_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Atauro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atauro"},{"link_name":"Baucau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucau_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Bobonaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobonaro_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Cova Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cova_Lima_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Dili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dili_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Ermera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermera_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Lautém","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut%C3%A9m_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Liquiçá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liqui%C3%A7%C3%A1_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Manatuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatuto_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Manufahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufahi_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Oecusse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecusse"},{"link_name":"Viqueque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viqueque_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009divisions-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AtauroTatoli2022-87"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simi%C3%A3o2020-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoesmith2010-89"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feij%C3%B32015-69"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simi%C3%A3o2020-88"},{"link_name":"Oecusse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecusse"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Atauro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atauro"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AtauroTatoli2022-87"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoesmith2010-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butterworth2010-92"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feij%C3%B32015-69"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scambary2019-93"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butterworth2010-92"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feij%C3%B32015-69"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simi%C3%A3o2020-88"}],"text":"The fourteen municipalities of East TimorEast Timor is divided into fourteen municipalities, which in turn are subdivided into 64 administrative posts, 442 sucos (villages), and 2,225 aldeias (hamlets).[83][84][85] The municipalities are: Aileu, Ainaro, Atauro, Baucau, Bobonaro, Cova Lima, Dili, Ermera, Lautém, Liquiçá, Manatuto, Manufahi, Oecusse, and Viqueque.[83][85]The existing system of municipalities and administrative posts was established during Portuguese rule.[86]: 3  While decentralisation is mentioned in the constitution, administrative powers generally remain with the national government operating out of Dili.[87]: 2  Upon independence there was debate about how to implement decentralisation; various proposed models would create different levels of administration between the sucos and the central government. In most proposals, there were no specific provisions for suco-level governance, and they were expected to continue to exist as mostly traditional spaces, identifying communities rather than being part of the civil administration. In the end, the existing districts were kept and renamed municipalities in 2009, and received very few powers.[67]: 88–92In 2016 changes were made so that each municipality is led by a civil servant appointed by the central government. This civil servant is advised by locally elected leaders.[86]: 4, 7  The isolated Oecusse municipality, which has a strong identity and is fully surrounded by Indonesian territory, is specified by Articles 5 and 71 of the 2002 constitution to be governed by a special administrative policy and economic regime. Law 3/2014 of 18 June 2014 implemented this constitutional provision, which went into effect in January 2015, turning Oecusse into a Special Administrative Region. The region began operating its own civil service in June 2015.[88][89] In January 2022 the island of Atauro, formerly an Administrative Post of Dili, became its own municipality.[85]Administration in the lowest levels of the administrative system of East Timor, the aldeias and sucos, generally reflects traditional customs,[87]: 1  reflecting community identity and relationships between local households.[90]: 4  Sucos generally contain 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants. Their long persistence and links to local governance means the sucos are the level of government that is linked to community identities, rather than any high level of administration.[67]: 89  Such relationships, however, are associated specifically with the kinship groups within that land, rather than the land itself.[91]: 52–53  Relationships between sucos also reflect customary practices, for example through the reciprocal exchanging of support for local initiatives.[90]: 9  Laws passed in 2004 provided for the election of some suco officials, but assigned these positions no formal powers. An updated law in 2009 established the expected mandate of these positions, although it continued to leave them outside of the formal state system, reliant on municipal governments to provide formal administration and services.[67]: 94–97  Further clarification was given in 2016, which entrenched the treatment of sucos and aldeias more as communities than formal levels of administration. Despite this lack of formal association with the state, suco leaders hold great influence and are often seen by their community as representatives of the state. They have responsibilities usually associated with civic administration.[86]: 7–10","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TL_A0_HShade_101113-001.png"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlie2017ch1-94"},{"link_name":"Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor"},{"link_name":"Lesser Sunda Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands"},{"link_name":"Malay Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Wallacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallacea"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"Maluku Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBG2009-95"},{"link_name":"Ombai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombai_Strait"},{"link_name":"Wetar Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetar_Strait"},{"link_name":"Banda Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Sea"},{"link_name":"Timor Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_Sea"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlie2017ch1-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molnar2009-96"},{"link_name":"Oecusse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecusse"},{"link_name":"Atauro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atauro"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlie2017ch1-94"},{"link_name":"island of Jaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaco_Island"},{"link_name":"Savu Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savu_Sea"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deeley2001-97"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBG2009-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADBWBG2021-98"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBG2009-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deeley2001-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"exclusive economic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlie2017ch1-94"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundhal2019-26"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADBWBG2021-98"},{"link_name":"Tatamailau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatamailau"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molnar2009-96"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gb-102"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deeley2001-97"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADBWBG2021-98"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundhal2019-26"},{"link_name":"Baucau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucau"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TL-Land_Cover_Map_A4_111313-001.png"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADBWBG2021-98"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundhal2019-26"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADBWBG2021-98"},{"link_name":"La Niña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADBWBG2021-98"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molnar2009-96"},{"link_name":"groundwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADBWBG2021-98"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADBWBG2021-98"},{"link_name":"coral reefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef"},{"link_name":"Coral Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Triangle"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBG2009-95"},{"link_name":"Paitchau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paitchau"},{"link_name":"Ira Lalaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Lalaro"},{"link_name":"Nino Konis Santana National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Konis_Santana_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"tropical dry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_dry"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"coral reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB20162020-107"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deeley2001-97"},{"link_name":"Timor and Wetar deciduous forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_and_Wetar_deciduous_forests"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-108"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBG2009-95"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB20162020-107"}],"text":"Map of East TimorLocated between Southeast Asia and the South Pacific,[92]: 2  the island of Timor is the largest of the Lesser Sunda Islands, which lie within the Malay Archipelago, As such, Timor forms part of the Wallacea region, the boundary region between Asia and Oceania, along with the Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi, and the Maluku Islands.[93]: 1  The island is surrounded by the Ombai and Wetar Straits of the rougher Banda Sea in the north, and the calmer Timor Sea in the south.[92]: 2 [94] East Timor shares the island with Indonesia, with Indonesian territory separating the Oecusse exclave from the rest of the country. The island of Atauro lies north of the mainland,[92]: 2  with the fourth area being the small island of Jaco. The Savu Sea lies north of Oecusse.[95]: 1  The country is about 265 kilometres (165 mi) long and 97 kilometres (60 mi) wide, with a total land area of 14,950 square kilometres (5,770 sq mi).[93]: 1  This territory is situated between 8′15S – 10′30S latitude and 125′50E – 127′30E longitude.[96]: 2  The country's coastline covers around 700 kilometres (430 mi),[93]: 27  while the main land border with Indonesia is 125 kilometres (78 mi) long, and the Oecusse land border is around 100 kilometres (62 mi) long.[95]: 1  Maritime borders exist with Australia to the south and Indonesia elsewhere.[97][98] East Timor has an exclusive economic zone of 77,051 km2 (29,750 sq mi).[99]The interior of the country is mountainous,[92]: 2  with ridges of inactive volcanic mountains extending along the island.[24]: 2  Almost half of the country has a slope of at least 40%. The south is slightly less mountainous, and has some plains near the coastline.[96]: 2  The highest point is Tatamailau (also known as Mount Ramelau) at 2,963 metres (9,721 ft).[94][100] Most rivers dry up at least partially during the dry season.[95]: 2  Outside of some coastal areas and river valleys, the soil is shallow and prone to erosion, and its quality is poor.[96]: 13 [24]: 2  The capital and largest city is Dili. The second-largest city is the eastern town of Baucau.[63]: 22Land coverThe climate is tropical with relatively stable temperatures throughout the year. A wet season lasts from December to May throughout the country, and lasts slightly longer in the south[96]: 5  and the interior due to the effect of a monsoon from Australia.[24]: 2  During this period, rainfall can reach 222–252 millimetres (8.7–9.9 in) per month. In the dry season, it drops to 12–18 millimetres (0.47–0.71 in).[96]: 5  The country is vulnerable to flooding and landslides that occur as a result of heavy rain, especially when rainfall levels are increased by the La Niña effect.[96]: 13  The mountainous interior is cooler than the coasts.[94] Coastal areas are heavily dependent on groundwater, which faces pressure from mismanagement, deforestation, and climate change.[96]: 14  While the temperature is thought to have experienced a small increase due to climate change, there has been little change in annual rainfall.[96]: 6Coastal ecosystems around the country are diverse and varied, with vary spatially between the north and south coastlines, as well as between the eastern tip and areas more to the west. These ecosystems include coral reefs, as the country's waters are part of the Coral Triangle biodiversity hotspot.[93]: 28  The easternmost area of East Timor consists of the Paitchau Range and the Lake Ira Lalaro area, which contains the country's first conservation area, the Nino Konis Santana National Park.[101] It contains the last remaining tropical dry forested area within the country. It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated.[102] The northern coast is characterised by a number of coral reef systems that have been determined to be at risk.[103][104]There are around 41,000 terrestrial plant species in the country. Forests covered 35% of East Timor's land in the mid-2010s.[105]: 1  The forests of the northern coast, central uplands, and southern coast are distinct.[95]: 2  East Timor is home to the Timor and Wetar deciduous forests ecoregion.[106] There is some environmental protection in law, but it has not been a government priority.[63]: 27 [93]: 10–14  In addition to climate change, local ecosystems are threatened by deforestation, land degradation, overfishing, and pollution.[105]: 2–3","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timor shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_shrew"},{"link_name":"Timorese horseshoe bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timorese_horseshoe_bat"},{"link_name":"Javan rusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rusa"},{"link_name":"Northern common cuscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_common_cuscus"},{"link_name":"Lesser Sunda Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Crab-eating macaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque"},{"link_name":"Dugong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugong"},{"link_name":"Timor pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_Pony"},{"link_name":"Timor green pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_green_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Wetar ground dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetar_ground_dove"},{"link_name":"Yellow-crested cockatoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-crested_cockatoo"},{"link_name":"Iris lorikeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_lorikeet"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Coral Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Triangle"},{"link_name":"Atauro Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atauro"},{"link_name":"Raja Ampat Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"sub_title":"Fauna","text":"East Timor's fauna is diverse and contains a number of endemic and threatened species. The Timor and Wetar deciduous forests region, which covers the entire island, has 38 mammal species. East Timor's two endemic mammal species are the Timor shrew and the Timorese horseshoe bat. The country's and region's largest mammal, the Javan rusa, and its only native marsupial, the Northern common cuscus, are both believed to have been introduced to the island in prehistoric times by settlers from the Lesser Sunda Islands and New Guinea, respectively. Other mammals found in East Timor include the Crab-eating macaque, a large number of species of bats, and the aquatic mammal, the Dugong. East Timor also has its own native horse breed, the Timor pony.East Timor's terrestrial biodiversity is most visible in its native bird species. As of 2022, a total of 289 bird species are found in East Timor. Significantly threatened bird species include the endangered Timor green pigeon and Wetar ground dove and the critically endangered Yellow-crested cockatoo. East Timor has an endemic subspecies of the Iris lorikeet, S. i. rubripileum.Along with the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia, East Timor is one of the countries located in the Coral Triangle, the site of the most biodiverse coral reefs in the world. In particular, Atauro Island's coral reefs have been recognized as having the highest average fish biodiversity of any site surveyed, with reef sites off Atauro carrying an average of 253 different species. The highest number of species recorded from a single site in East Timor was 642 different fish species, ranking second out of surveyed sites after Indonesia's Raja Ampat Islands.[107]Additionally, the reefs appeared to have suffered limited damage from coral bleaching and rising ocean temperatures compared to other sites in the Coral Triangle.[108][109][110] However, despite being in relatively pristine condition, the reefs remain threatened by climate change and habitat destruction, especially blast fishing. It is believed that this has most affected large marine species such as sharks; despite the diversity of the reefs, there were a significant lack of sharks recorded in the surveys of 2016.East Timor's isolation and lack of tourism are believed to have helped preserve the reefs, as opposed to tourist-heavy locales such as Bali, where the abundance of tourism has negatively affected the health of the reefs. The Timorese government and local residents of Atauro have made attempts to preserve the reefs through education of local citizens, rejecting harmful development projects, and placing emphasis on traditional laws of preserving nature, called Tara Bandu.[111]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Economy_of_East_Timor_(nominal_GDP)(previous_and_data).png"},{"link_name":"market economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debrowser-114"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"United States dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"its own coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor_centavo_coins"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheiner2021-117"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBG2021-118"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"Malnutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition"},{"link_name":"stunted growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunted_growth"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheiner2021-117"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DHS2018-119"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croissant2020-67"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADBWBG2021-98"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheiner2021-117"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADBWBG2021-98"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheiner2021-117"},{"link_name":"informal economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_economy"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"formal sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_sector"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBG2021-118"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheiner2021-117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timor_Lorosa%27e_centavo_coin_-2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fractional coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor_centavo_coins"},{"link_name":"United States dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor-Leste_Petroleum_Fund"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBG2009-95"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"HDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"Bayu-Undan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayu-Undan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greater Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater_Sunrise&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheiner2021-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-us-dos-121"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"National University of East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBG2021-118"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBG2021-118"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheiner2021-117"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-us-dos-121"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheiner2021-117"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheiner2021-117"},{"link_name":"resource curse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_curse"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheiner2021-117"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"text":"Nominal GDP of East Timor (previous and data)The economy of East Timor is a market economy, although it is dependent upon the export of a few commodities[112] and has a large public sector. Internally, market operations are limited by widespread poverty.[63]: 20  The country uses the United States dollar, producing its own coins to facilitate smaller transactions.[113][114] The economy is generally open to foreign investment, although a prohibition on foreigners owning land means many require a local partner in the country.[63]: 20  Competition is limited by the small size of the economy, rather than any government barriers. There are far more imports than exports,[63]: 21  and prices for goods are often higher than in nearby countries.[63]: 27  Inflation is strongly affected by government spending.[115]: 257  Growth has been slow, averaging just 2.5% per year from 2011 to 2021.[116]: 24Most of the country is very poor, with just more than 40% living under the national poverty line. This poverty is especially prevalent in rural areas, where many are subsistence farmers or fishermen. Even in urban areas, the majority are poor. Overall, women are poorer than men, often being employed in lower-paying careers.[63]: 18  Malnutrition is common, with over half of children showing stunted growth.[115]: 255  While 91% of married working age (15–49) men were employed as of 2016, only 43% of married working age women were. There are small disparities in favour of men in terms of home and land ownership and owning a bank account.[117]: 14  The eastern three municipalities, which contain around a quarter of the population, has less poverty than the western areas, which contain 50% of the population.[65]: 214Sixty-six per cent of families are in part supported by subsistence activities; however, the country as a whole does not produce enough food to be self-sustaining, and thus relies on imports.[96]: 16  Agricultural work carries the implication of poverty, and the sector receives little investment from the government.[115]: 260  Ninety-four per cent of domestic fish catch comes from the ocean, especially coastal fisheries.[96]: 17  Those in the capital of Dili are on average better off, although they remain poor by international standards.[115]: 257  The small size of the private sector means the government is often the customer of public businesses. A quarter of the national population works in the informal economy, with the official public and private sectors employing 9% each.[63]: 18  Of those of working age, around 23% are in the formal sector, 21% are students, and 27% are subsistence farmers and fishers.[63]: 21  The economy is mostly cash-based, with little commercial credit available from banks.[116]: 11–12  Remittances from overseas workers add up to around $100 million annually.[115]: 257Fractional coins, \"centavos\", used locally as part of the United States dollarThis poverty belies significant wealth in terms of natural resources, which at the time of independence had per capita value equivalent to the wealth of an upper-middle income country. Over half of this was in oil, and over a quarter natural gas. The Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund was established in 2005 to turn these non-renewable resources into a more sustainable form of wealth.[93]: 4–6  From 2005 to 2021, $23 billion earned from oil sales has entered the fund. $8 billion has been generated from investments, while $12 billion has been spent.[63]: 30  A decrease in oil and gas reserves led to decreasing HDI beginning in 2010.[63]: 18–19  Eighty per cent of government spending comes from this fund, which as of 2021 had $19 billion, 10 times greater than the size of the national budget. As oil income has decreased, the fund is at risk of being exhausted. Withdrawals have exceeded sustainable levels almost every year since 2009.[63]: 23  Resources within the Bayu-Undan field are expected to soon run out, while extracting those within the so far undeveloped Greater Sunrise field has proven technically and politically challenging. Remaining potential reserves are also losing value as oil and gas become less favoured sources of energy.[115]: 264–272 [118]The country's economy is dependent on government spending and, to a lesser extent, assistance from foreign donors.[119] Government spending decreased beginning in 2012, which had knock-on effects in the private sector over the following years. The government and its state-owned oil company often invest in large private projects. Decreasing government spending was matched with a decrease in GDP growth.[63]: 18  After the petroleum fund, the second largest source of government income is taxes. Tax revenue is less than 8% of GDP, lower than many other countries in the region and with similarly sized economies. Other government income comes from 23 \"autonomous agencies\", which include port authorities, infrastructure companies, and the National University of East Timor.[116]: 13, 28–309  Overall, government spending remains among the highest in the world,[116]: 12  although investment into education, health, and water infrastructure is negligible.[115]: 260Private sector development has lagged due to human capital shortages, infrastructure weakness, an incomplete legal system, and an inefficient regulatory environment.[119] Property rights remain ill-defined, with conflicting titles from Portuguese and Indonesian rule, as well as needing to accommodate traditional customary rights.[63]: 23  As of 2010, 87.7% of urban (321,043 people) and 18.9% of rural (821,459 people) households have electricity, for an overall average of 38.2%.[120] The private sector shrank between 2014 and 2018, despite a growing working age population. Agriculture and manufacturing are less productive per capita than at independence.[115]: 255–256  Non-oil economic sectors have failed to develop,[121] and growth in construction and administration is dependent on oil revenue.[115]: 256  The dependence on oil shows some aspects of a resource curse.[122] Coffee made up 90% of all non-fossil fuel exports from 2013 to 2019, with all such exports totalling to around US$20 million annually.[115]: 257  In 2017, the country was visited by 75,000 tourists.[123]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timor-Lestepop.svg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-5"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBG2009-95"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croissant2020-67"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Maubere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maubere&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maubere"},{"link_name":"Fretilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretilin"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"life expectancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy"},{"link_name":"Gross national income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_national_income"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNDPHDR2020-130"},{"link_name":"impoverished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNDPHDR2020-130"},{"link_name":"fertility rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_rate"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DHS2018-119"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DHS2018-119"},{"link_name":"Infant mortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DHS2018-119"},{"link_name":"stunted growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunted_growth"},{"link_name":"anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DHS2018-119"},{"link_name":"www.citypopulation.de/en/timor/cities/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.citypopulation.de/en/timor/cities/"},{"link_name":"Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Dili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dili"},{"link_name":"Dili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dili_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Baucau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucau"},{"link_name":"Baucau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucau_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Maliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliana"},{"link_name":"Bobonaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobonaro_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Lospalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lospalos"},{"link_name":"Lautém","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut%C3%A9m_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Pante Macassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pante_Macassar"},{"link_name":"Oecusse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecusse"},{"link_name":"Suai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suai,_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Cova Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cova_Lima_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Ermera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermera"},{"link_name":"Ermera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermera_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Same","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same,_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Manufahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufahi_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Viqueque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viqueque"},{"link_name":"Viqueque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viqueque_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Ainaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainaro"},{"link_name":"Ainaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainaro_Municipality"}],"text":"Population pyramidEast Timor recorded a population of 1,183,643 in its 2015 census,[5] which rose to 1,341,737 at the 2022 Census. The population lives mainly along the coastline, where all urban areas are located.[93]: 27  Those in urban areas generally have more formal education, employment prospects, and healthcare. While a strong gender disparity exists throughout the country, it is less severe in the urban capital. The wealthy minority often go abroad for health, education and other purposes.[63]: 25  The population is young, with the median age being under 20.[63]: 29  In particular, a large proportion of the population (almost 45% in 2015) are males between the ages of 15 and 24, the third largest male 'youth bulge' in the world.[65]: 212The Government of Timor-Leste's website lists the English-language demonym for East Timor as Timorese.[124] Other reference sources list it as East Timorese.[125][126] The word Maubere [de] formerly used by the Portuguese to refer to native East Timorese and often employed as synonymous with the illiterate and uneducated, was adopted by Fretilin as a term of pride.[127]Healthcare received 6% of the national budget in 2021.[63]: 24  From 1990 to 2019 life expectancy rose from 48.5 to 69.5. Expected years of schooling rose from 9.8 to 12.4 between 2000 and 2010, while mean years of schooling rose from 2.8 to 4.4. Progress since 2010 for these has been limited. Gross national income per capita similarly peaked in 2010, and has decreased since.[128]: 3  As of 2016, 45.8% of East Timorese were impoverished, 16.3% severely so.[128]: 6  The fertility rate, which at the time of independence was the highest in the world at 7.8,[129] dropped to 4.2 by 2016. It is relatively higher in rural areas, and among poorer[117]: 3  and less literate households.[130] As of 2016, the average household size was 5.3, with 41% of people aged under 15, and 18% of households headed by women.[117]: 2  Infant mortality stood at 30 per 1,000, down from 60 per 1,000 in 2003.[117]: 7  46% of children under 5 showed stunted growth, down from 58% in 2010. Working age adult obesity increased from 5% to 10% during the same time period. As of 2016, 40% of children, 23% of women, and 13% of men had anemia.[117]: 11Largest cities and towns in East Timorwww.citypopulation.de/en/timor/cities/\n\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nMunicipalities\n\nMunicipal pop.\n\n\n\n1\nDili\nDili\n244,584\n\n\n2\nBaucau\nBaucau\n17,357\n\n\n3\nMaliana\nBobonaro\n12,787\n\n\n4\nLospalos\nLautém\n12,471\n\n\n5\nPante Macassar\nOecusse\n12,421\n\n\n6\nSuai\nCova Lima\n9,130\n\n\n7\nErmera\nErmera\n8,045\n\n\n8\nSame\nManufahi\n7,332\n\n\n9\nViqueque\nViqueque\n6,530\n\n\n10\nAinaro\nAinaro\n6,250","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sprachen_Osttimors-en.png"},{"link_name":"suco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucos_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scambary2019-93"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scambary2019-93"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scambary2019-93"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scambary2019-93"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingsbury2010-133"},{"link_name":"mestiço","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boac2001-134"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Hakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_people#East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Goan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goans"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boac2001-134"},{"link_name":"José Ramos-Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta"},{"link_name":"Xanana Gusmão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanana_Gusm%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Mari Alkatiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Alkatiri"},{"link_name":"Hadhrami Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhrami_people"},{"link_name":"Austronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Papuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_languages"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundhal2019-26"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingsbury2010-133"},{"link_name":"Ethnologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue"},{"link_name":"Adabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adabe_language"},{"link_name":"Galoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galoli_language"},{"link_name":"Habun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habun_language"},{"link_name":"Idaté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idat%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Kairui-Midiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairui-Midiki_language"},{"link_name":"Lakalei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakalei_language"},{"link_name":"Makuv'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuv%27a"},{"link_name":"Nauete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauete_language"},{"link_name":"Waima'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waima%27a_language"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger"},{"link_name":"Adabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adabe"},{"link_name":"Habu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habu_language"},{"link_name":"Kairui-Midiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairui-Midiki"},{"link_name":"Maku'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maku%27a_language"},{"link_name":"Naueti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naueti_language"},{"link_name":"Waima'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waima%27a_language"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Malayo-Polynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Tetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum_language"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Mambai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambai_language_(Timor)"},{"link_name":"Baikeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikeno"},{"link_name":"Kemak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemak_language"},{"link_name":"Tokodede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokodede_language"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Papuan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Bunak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunak_language"},{"link_name":"Bobonaro Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobonaro_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Makasae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makasae"},{"link_name":"Baucau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucau_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Viqueque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viqueque_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Fataluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fataluku_language"},{"link_name":"Lautém Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut%C3%A9m_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scambary2019-93"},{"link_name":"mother tongues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_tongue"},{"link_name":"Tetum Prasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum_language"},{"link_name":"Mambai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambai_language_(Timor)"},{"link_name":"Makasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makasai"},{"link_name":"Tetum Terik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum_language"},{"link_name":"Baikenu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikenu"},{"link_name":"Kemak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemak_language"},{"link_name":"Bunak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunak_language"},{"link_name":"Tokodede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokodede"},{"link_name":"Fataluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fataluku_language"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Bidau Creole Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidau_Creole_Portuguese"},{"link_name":"Dili Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Dili_Malay"},{"link_name":"Dili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dili"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Tetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlie2017ch1-94"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thejakartapost.com-145"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thejakartapost.com-145"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FreedomHouse2021-66"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundhal2019-26"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ILLP-147"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"}],"sub_title":"Ethnicity and language","text":"Major language groups in East Timor by sucoTimorese communities are not strictly defined by ethnic background or linguistic group. Separate communities may share ethnicity or language, and many areas show overlaps and hybridisation between ethnic and linguistic groups.[91]: 44  Familial relations and descent, which are interlinked with sacred house affiliation, are a more important indicator of identity.[91]: 47  Each family group generally identifies with a single language or dialect.[91]: 49  With this immense local variation in mind, there is a broad cultural and identity distinction between the east (Bacau, Lautém, and Viqueque Municipalities) and the west of the country, a product of history more than it is of linguistic and ethnic differences,[91]: 45–47  although it is very loosely associated with the two language groups.[131]: 142–143  There is a small mestiço population of mixed Portuguese and local descent.[132] There is also a small Chinese minority, most of whom are Hakka.[133][134] Many Chinese left in the mid-1970s as many were disproportionately targeted during the Indonesian occupation, but a significant number have also returned to East Timor following the end of Indonesian occupation.[135] East Timor has a small community of Timorese Indian, specifically of Goan descent,[136] as well as historical immigration from Africa, particularly Mozambique, and Yemen.[132] Members of these immigrant minority groups have played important roles in East Timor's history: Nobel Peace Prize laureate, former Prime Minister, and current President José Ramos-Horta, and current Prime Minister and former President Xanana Gusmão are both of Portuguese-Timorese mestiço background, while former Prime Minister and FRETILIN secretary-general Mari Alkatiri is a Hadhrami Arab whose ancestors were from Yemen.Likely reflecting the mixed origins of the different ethnolinguistic groups of the island, the indigenous languages fall into two language families: Austronesian and Papuan.[24]: 10  Depending on how they are classified, there are up to 19 indigenous languages with up to 30 dialects.[131]: 136  Aside from Tetum, Ethnologue lists the following indigenous languages: Adabe, Baikeno, Bunak, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idaté, Kairui-Midiki, Kemak, Lakalei, Makasae, Makuv'a, Mambae, Nauete, Tukudede, and Waima'a.[137] According to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, there are six endangered languages in East Timor: Adabe, Habu, Kairui-Midiki, Maku'a, Naueti, and Waima'a.[138] The largest Malayo-Polynesian group is the Tetum,[139] mostly around Dili or the western border. Other Malayo-Polynesian languages with native speakers of more than 40,000 are Mambai in the central mountains south of Dili, Baikeno in Oecusse, Kemak in the north-west interior, and Tokodede on the northwest coast.[140][141] The main Papuan languages spoken are Bunak in the centre of Timor, especially within Bobonaro Municipality; Makasae in the eastern Baucau and Viqueque municipalities; and Fataluku in the eastern Lautém Municipality.[91]: 43  The 2015 census found that the most commonly spoken mother tongues were Tetum Prasa (mother tongue for 30.6% of the population), Mambai (16.6%), Makasai (10.5%), Tetum Terik (6.05%), Baikenu (5.87%), Kemak (5.85%), Bunak (5.48%), Tokodede (3.97%), and Fataluku (3.52%). Other indigenous languages accounted for 10.47%, while 1.09% of the population spoke foreign languages natively.[142] An extinct Portuguese creole language, Bidau Creole Portuguese, was spoken in the Dili suburb of Bidau, Nain Feto, spoken by the Portuguese-Timorese mestiço population; it went extinct by the 1960s. A dialect of Malay-based local creole called Dili Malay is spoken by a number of residents in the capital Dili.East Timor's two official languages are Portuguese and Tetum. It is the only sovereign state in Asia where Portuguese is an official language. In addition, English and Indonesian are designated by the constitution as \"working languages\".[92]: 3 [143] This is within the Final and Transitional Provisions, which do not set a final date. In 2012, 35% could speak, read, and write Portuguese, which is up significantly from less than 5% in the 2006 UN Development Report. Portuguese is recovering as it has now been made the main official language of Timor, and is being taught in most schools.[143][144] The use of Portuguese for government information and in the court system provides some barriers to access for those who do not speak it.[64] Tetum is also not understood by everyone in the country.[24]: 11  According to the Observatory of the Portuguese Language, the East Timorese literacy rate was 77.8% in Tetum, 55.6% in Indonesian, and 39.3% in Portuguese, and that the primary literacy rate increased from 73% in 2009 to 83% in 2012.[145] According to the 2015 census, 50% of the population between the ages of 14 and 24 can speak and understand Portuguese.[146] The 2015 census found around 15% of those over the age of five were literate in English.[147]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portuguese_School_of_D%C3%ADli,_Timor-Leste.jpg"},{"link_name":"Escola Portuguesa Ruy Cinatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_Portuguesa_Ruy_Cinatti"},{"link_name":"literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DHS2018-119"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"National University of East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robinson-150"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"media of instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_of_instruction"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edulang-151"},{"link_name":"Baucau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucau_District"},{"link_name":"Manatuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatuto_District"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edulang-151"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Escola Portuguesa Ruy Cinatti, the Portuguese School of DíliEast Timor's adult literacy rate was 68% among adults, and 84% among those aged 15–24, as of 2021. It is slightly higher among women than men.[63]: 27  More girls than boys attend school, although some drop out upon reaching puberty.[63]: 25  As of 2016 22% of working age women (15–49) and 19% of working age men had no education, 15% of women and 18% of men had some primary education, 52% of women and 51% of men had some secondary education, and 11% of women and 12% of men had higher education. Overall, 75% of women and 82% of men were literate.[117]: 2  Primary schools exist throughout the country, although the quality of materials and teaching is often poor. Secondary schools are generally limited to municipal capitals. Education takes up 10% of the national budget.[63]: 27  The country's main university is the National University of East Timor. There are also four colleges.[148]Since independence, both Indonesian and Tetum have lost ground as media of instruction, while Portuguese has increased: in 2001 only 8.4% of primary school and 6.8% of secondary school students attended a Portuguese-medium school; by 2005 this had increased to 81.6% for primary and 46.3% for secondary schools.[149] Indonesian formerly played a considerable role in education, being used by 73.7% of all secondary school students as a medium of instruction, but by 2005 Portuguese was used by most schools in Baucau, Manatuto, as well as the capital district.[149] Portugal provides support to about 3% of the public schools in East Timor, focused on those in urban areas, further encouraging the use of the Portuguese language.[63]: 28","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:8-Igreja_da_Imaculada_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Viqueque_2015-08-22.jpg"},{"link_name":"Viqueque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viqueque_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Constitution of East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"freedom of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion"},{"link_name":"separation of church and state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constitution-152"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores"},{"link_name":"Western New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-religion-1"},{"link_name":"Demographic and Health Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_and_Health_Survey"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DHS_2013-155"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robinson-150"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Pancasila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancasila_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"animist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animist"},{"link_name":"Indonesia's constitutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"monotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor,_Jean_Gelman_2003,_p.381-156"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor,_Jean_Gelman_2003,_p.381-156"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"three dioceses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_dioceses_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Díli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_D%C3%ADli"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Baucau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Baucau"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Maliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Maliana"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"syncretised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_syncretism"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"West Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Timor"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-160"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Igreja da Imaculada Conceição church, in ViquequeWhile the Constitution of East Timor enshrines the principles of freedom of religion and separation of church and state, Section 45 Comma 1 also acknowledges \"the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national liberation\" in its preamble.[150] Upon independence, the country joined the Philippines to become the only two predominantly Catholic states in Asia, although nearby parts of eastern Indonesia such as Flores and parts of Western New Guinea also have Catholic majorities.[151][152]According to the 2022 census, 97.6% of the population is Catholic; 1.979% Protestant; 0.24% Muslim; 0.08% Traditional; 0.05% Buddhist; 0.02% Hindu, and 0.08% other religions.[1] A 2016 survey conducted by the Demographic and Health Survey programme showed that Catholics made up 98.3% of the population, Protestants 1.2%, and Muslims 0.3%.[153]The number of churches grew from 100 in 1974 to more than 800 in 1994,[148] with Church membership having grown considerably under Indonesian rule as Pancasila, Indonesia's state ideology, requires all citizens to believe in God and historically did not recognise traditional beliefs. East Timorese animist belief systems did not fit with Indonesia's constitutional monotheism, resulting in mass conversions to Christianity.Portuguese clergy were replaced with Indonesian priests and Latin and Portuguese Mass was replaced by Indonesian Mass.[154] While just 20% of East Timorese called themselves Catholics at the time of the 1975 invasion, the figure surged to reach 95% by the end of the first decade after the invasion.[154][155] The Catholic Church divides East Timor into three dioceses: the Archdiocese of Díli, the Diocese of Baucau, and the Diocese of Maliana.[156] In rural areas, Catholicism is often syncretised with local animist beliefs.[157]The number of Timorese Protestants and Muslims declined significantly after September 1999, as these groups were disproportionately represented among supporters of integration with Indonesia. Fewer than half of previous Protestant congregations existed after September 1999, and many Protestants were among those who remained in West Timor.[158]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timorese_Dancers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Austronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_people"},{"link_name":"Melanesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesia"},{"link_name":"petty kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_kingdom"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulino2011-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulino2011-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulino2011-29"},{"link_name":"national identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identity"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlie2017ch1-94"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingsbury2010-133"},{"link_name":"civic identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingsbury2010-133"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leach2016-161"},{"link_name":"rural areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_area"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTI2022-65"},{"link_name":"Internal migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_migration"},{"link_name":"urban areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scambary2019-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlie2017ch1-94"},{"link_name":"land use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlie2017ch1-94"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lospalos_klein.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lospalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lospalos"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scambary2019-93"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UWA2022-162"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulino2011-29"},{"link_name":"Kinship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scambary2019-93"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scambary2019-93"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulino2011-29"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Tais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tais"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingsbury2010-133"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JICA2016-165"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingsbury2010-133"},{"link_name":"oral history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_history"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UWA2022-162"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poetxan-168"},{"link_name":"Beatriz's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatriz%27s_War"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH-169"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"}],"text":"Traditional Timorese dancersThe many cultures within East Timor stem from the several waves of Austronesian and Melanesian migration that led to the current population, with unique identities and traditions developing within each petty kingdom. Portuguese authorities built upon traditional structures, blending Portuguese influence into the existing political and social systems.[27]: 91–92  The presence of the Catholic Church created a point of commonality across the various ethnic groups, despite full conversion remaining limited. The Portuguese language also provided common linkages, even if direct Portuguese impact was limited.[27]: 97–98  Under Indonesian rule, resistance strengthened cultural links to Catholicism and the Portuguese language. At the same time, Indonesian cultural influence was spread through schools and administration.[27]: 98–99The preservation of traditional beliefs in the face of Indonesian attempts to suppress them became linked to the creation of the country's national identity.[92]: 7–13  This national identity only began to emerge at the very end of Portuguese rule, and further developed during Indonesian rule.[131]: 134–136  Following independence, a civic identity began to develop. This was most clearly expressed through enthusiasm for national-level democracy,[131]: 155–156  and was reflected in politics through a shift from resistance narratives to development ones.[159]: 3  The capital has developed a more cosmopolitan culture, while rural areas maintain stronger traditional practices.[63]: 30  Internal migration into urban areas, especially Dili, creates cultural links between these areas and rural hinterlands. Those in urban areas often continue to identify with a specific rural area, even those with multiple generations born in Dili.[91]: 53–54The presence of so many ethnic and linguistic groups means cultural practices vary across the country.[92]: 11  These practices reflect historical social structures and practices, where political leaders were regarded as having spiritual powers. Ancestry was an important part of cultural practices, and partly signified leadership. Leaders often had influence over land use, and these leaders continue to play an informal role in land disputes and other aspects of community practice today. An important traditional concept is lulik, or sacredness. Some lulik ceremonies continue to reflect animist beliefs, for example through divination ceremonies which vary throughout the country. Sacred status can also be associated with objects, such as Portuguese flags which have been passed down within families.[92]: 7–13Sacred house (lee teinu) in LospalosCommunity life is centred around sacred houses (Uma Lulik), physical structures which serve as a representative symbol and identifier for each community.[91]: 47–49  The architectural style of these houses varies between different parts of the country, although following widespread destruction by Indonesian forces many were rebuilt with cheap modern materials.[160]: 22–25  The house as a concept extends beyond the physical object to the surrounding community.[27]: 92–93, 96  Kinship systems exist within and between houses. Traditional leaders, who stem from historically important families, retain key roles in administering justice and resolving disputes through methods that vary between communities.[91]: 47–49  Such leaders are often elected to official leadership positions, merging cultural and historical status with modern political status.[91]: 52  The concept of being part of a communal house has been extended to the nation, with Parliament serving as the national sacred house.[27]: 96Art styles vary throughout the various ethnolinguistic groups of the island. Nonetheless, similar artistic motifs are present throughout, such as large animals and particular geometric patterns. Some art is traditionally associated with particular genders.[161] For example, the Tais textiles that play a widespread role in traditional life throughout the island are traditionally handwoven by women.[162] Different tais patterns are associated with different communities, and more broadly with linguistic groups.[131]: 137  Many buildings within central Dili maintain historical Portuguese architecture.[163]: I-5Traditional rituals remain important, often mixed in with more modern aspects.[131]: 137  A strong oral history is highlighted in individuals able to recite long stories or poetry.[164] This history, or Lia nain, passes down traditional knowledge.[160]: 16  There remains a strong tradition of poetry.[165] Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet, earning the moniker \"poet warrior\".[166]In the field of cinema, East Timor released its first feature-length film, a period thriller titled Beatriz's War, in 2013.[167] Shot with a limited budget by a mix of local filmmakers and a volunteer Australian film crew, the film depicted East Timorese life under Indonesian occupation in the 1970s, with producer Lurdes Pires acknowledging their aim to diverge from the government's \"friendship and forgiveness\" policy for its past conflicts by telling a story of truth-seeking and justice.[168]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Media","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"/ˈtiːmɔːr/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/En-us-East_Timor.ogg/En-us-East_Timor.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-East_Timor.ogg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"/tiˈmɔːr ˈlɛʃteɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[tiˈmoɾ ˈlɛʃtɨ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"}],"text":"^ /ˈtiːmɔːr/ ⓘ\n\n^ /tiˈmɔːr ˈlɛʃteɪ/; Portuguese pronunciation: [tiˈmoɾ ˈlɛʃtɨ])","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B000NPHGX6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B000NPHGX6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87436-928-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87436-928-2"},{"link_name":"Dunn, James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9749575989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9749575989"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-616-215-124-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-215-124-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"988987640X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/988987640X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"972-9418-69-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/972-9418-69-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780810867543","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810867543"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.26530/oapen_408241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.26530%2Foapen_408241"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20.500.12657/34566","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F34566"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-6718-378-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6718-378-9"},{"link_name":"Kingsbury, Damien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Kingsbury"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781876924492","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781876924492"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-333-98716-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-98716-2"},{"link_name":"Kingsbury, Damien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Kingsbury"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780877277897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877277897"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780415778862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415778862"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-313-01574-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-01574-0"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2226008"},{"link_name":"SSRN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2226008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2226008"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230326152321/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2226008"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85649-840-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-840-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781315534992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315534992"},{"link_name":"Berlie, Jean A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Berlie"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-84654-012-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84654-012-8"},{"link_name":"Xanana Gusmão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanana_Gusm%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"East Timor, politics and elections (in Chinese)/ 东帝汶政治与选举 (2001–2006): 国家建设及前景展望","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040321134359/http://kyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/issue/issue2/article_232.doc"},{"link_name":"Jean A. Berlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Berlie"}],"text":"Cashmore, Ellis (1988). Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations. New York: Routledge. ASIN B000NPHGX6.\nCharny, Israel W., ed. (1999). Encyclopedia of Genocide. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 0-87436-928-2.\nDunn, James (1996). East Timor: A People Betrayed. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation.\nDurand, Frédéric (2006). East Timor: A Country at the Crossroads of Asia and the Pacific, a Geo-Historical Atlas. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. ISBN 9749575989.\nDurand, Frédéric (2016). History of Timor Leste. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. ISBN 978-616-215-124-8.\nGroshong, Daniel J (2006). Timor-Leste: Land of Discovery. Hong Kong: Tayo Photo Group. ISBN 988987640X.\nGunn, Geoffrey C. (1999). Timor Loro Sae: 500 Years. Macau: Livros do Oriente. ISBN 972-9418-69-1.\nGunn, Geoffrey C (2011). Historical Dictionary of East Timor. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810867543.\nHägerdal, Hans (2012). Lords of the land, lords of the sea; Conflict and adaptation in early colonial Timor, 1600-1800. Leiden: KITLV Press. doi:10.26530/oapen_408241. hdl:20.500.12657/34566. ISBN 978-90-6718-378-9 – via Oapen.\nKingsbury, Damien; Leach, Michael (2007). East Timor: Beyond Independence. Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, no 65. Clayton, Vic: Monash University Press. ISBN 9781876924492.\nHill, H; Saldanha, J, eds. (2002). East Timor: Development Challenges for the World's Newest Nation. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-0-333-98716-2.\nLeach, Michael; Kingsbury, Damien, eds. (2013). The Politics of Timor-Leste: Democratic Consolidation After Intervention. Studies on Southeast Asia, no 59. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program Publications. ISBN 9780877277897.\nLevinson, David (1998). Ethnic Relations: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio.\nMolnar, Andrea Katalin (2010). Timor Leste: Politics, History, and Culture. Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia series, 27. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415778862.\nRudolph, Joseph R., ed. (2003). Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 101–106. ISBN 0-313-01574-0.\nShelton, Dinah L., ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Detroit: Thomson Gale. SSRN 2226008. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2022.\nTaylor, John G. (1999). East Timor: The Price of Freedom. Annandale: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-1-85649-840-1.\nViegas, Susana de Matos; Feijó, Rui Graça, eds. (2017). Transformations in Independent Timor-Leste: Dynamics of Social and Cultural Cohabitations. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781315534992.\nBerlie, Jean A. (2001). East Timor: A Bibliography. Paris: Indes savantes. ISBN 2-84654-012-8., a bibliographic reference, launched by PM Xanana Gusmão\nEast Timor, politics and elections (in Chinese)/ 东帝汶政治与选举 (2001–2006): 国家建设及前景展望, Jean A. Berlie, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies of Jinan University editor, Jinan, China, published in 2007.\nLundahl, Mats; Sjöholm, Fredrik (2019). The Creation of the East Timorese Economy. Vol. 1–2. Cham: Springer.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"The Battle of Cailaco in 1726, part of a rebellion following the introduction of a new head tax.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Belagerung_Cailacos.jpg/220px-Belagerung_Cailacos.jpg"},{"image_text":"A demonstration for independence from Indonesia held in Australia during September 1999","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/East_Timor_Demo.jpg/220px-East_Timor_Demo.jpg"},{"image_text":"José Ramos-Horta, 1996 Nobel Peace Prize winner, fourth and seventh president of East Timor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pr%C3%A4sidentschaftswalhkampf_JRH_2007.JPG/170px-Pr%C3%A4sidentschaftswalhkampf_JRH_2007.JPG"},{"image_text":"Xanana Gusmão, the first East Timorese president after the end of Indonesian occupation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Xanana_2011.jpg/170px-Xanana_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"The National Parliament, fronted by flags of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/National_Parliament_building%2C_Dili%2C_2018_%2801%29.jpg/220px-National_Parliament_building%2C_Dili%2C_2018_%2801%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Demonstration against Australia in December 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Oil_demo_Timor_2013.JPG/220px-Oil_demo_Timor_2013.JPG"},{"image_text":"The fourteen municipalities of East Timor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Municipalities_of_Timor-Leste.png/440px-Municipalities_of_Timor-Leste.png"},{"image_text":"Map of East Timor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/TL_A0_HShade_101113-001.png/220px-TL_A0_HShade_101113-001.png"},{"image_text":"Land cover","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/TL-Land_Cover_Map_A4_111313-001.png/220px-TL-Land_Cover_Map_A4_111313-001.png"},{"image_text":"Nominal GDP of East Timor (previous and data)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Economy_of_East_Timor_%28nominal_GDP%29%28previous_and_data%29.png/220px-Economy_of_East_Timor_%28nominal_GDP%29%28previous_and_data%29.png"},{"image_text":"Fractional coins, \"centavos\", used locally as part of the United States dollar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Timor_Lorosa%27e_centavo_coin_-2.JPG/170px-Timor_Lorosa%27e_centavo_coin_-2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Population pyramid","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Timor-Lestepop.svg/220px-Timor-Lestepop.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Major language groups in East Timor by suco","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sprachen_Osttimors-en.png/300px-Sprachen_Osttimors-en.png"},{"image_text":"Escola Portuguesa Ruy Cinatti, the Portuguese School of Díli","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Portuguese_School_of_D%C3%ADli%2C_Timor-Leste.jpg/220px-Portuguese_School_of_D%C3%ADli%2C_Timor-Leste.jpg"},{"image_text":"Igreja da Imaculada Conceição church, in Viqueque","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/8-Igreja_da_Imaculada_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Viqueque_2015-08-22.jpg/220px-8-Igreja_da_Imaculada_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Viqueque_2015-08-22.jpg"},{"image_text":"Traditional Timorese dancers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Timorese_Dancers.jpg/170px-Timorese_Dancers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sacred house (lee teinu) in Lospalos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lospalos_klein.jpg/170px-Lospalos_klein.jpg"}]
[{"title":"East Timor portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:East_Timor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg"},{"title":"Asia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia"},{"title":"Outline of East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_East_Timor"},{"title":"Index of East Timor-related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_East_Timor-related_articles"},{"title":"List of topics on the Portuguese Empire in the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_on_the_Portuguese_Empire_in_the_East"}]
[{"reference":"\"Nationality, Citizenship, and Religion\". Government of Timor-Leste. 25 October 2015. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190714155507/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/3_2015-V2-Nationality-Citizenship-Religion.xls","url_text":"\"Nationality, Citizenship, and Religion\""},{"url":"http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/3_2015-V2-Nationality-Citizenship-Religion.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hicks, David (15 September 2014). Rhetoric and the Decolonization and Recolonization of East Timor. Routledge. ISBN 9781317695356. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2020 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EEKDBAAAQBAJ&q=east+timor+maubere&pg=PA199","url_text":"Rhetoric and the Decolonization and Recolonization of East Timor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317695356","url_text":"9781317695356"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326152310/https://books.google.com/books?id=EEKDBAAAQBAJ&q=east+timor+maubere&pg=PA199","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Adelman, Howard (28 June 2011). No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231526906. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2020 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WRpHAAAAQBAJ&q=east+timor+maubere&pg=PA281","url_text":"No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231526906","url_text":"9780231526906"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326152323/https://books.google.com/books?id=WRpHAAAAQBAJ&q=east+timor+maubere&pg=PA281","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shoesmith, Dennis (2003). \"Timor-Leste: Divided Leadership in a Semi-Presidential System\". Asian Survey. 43 (2): 231–252. doi:10.1525/as.2003.43.2.231. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020. The semi-presidential system in the new state of Timor-Leste has institutionalized a political struggle between the president, Xanana Gusmão, and the prime minister, Mari Alkatiri. This has polarized political alliances and threatens the viability of the new state. This paper explains the ideological divisions and the history of rivalry between these two key political actors. The adoption of Marxism by Fretilin in 1977 led to Gusmão's repudiation of the party in the 1980s and his decision to remove Falintil, the guerrilla movement, from Fretilin control. The power struggle between the two leaders is then examined in the transition to independence. This includes an account of the politicization of the defense and police forces and attempts by Minister of Internal Administration Rogério Lobato to use disaffected Falintil veterans as a counterforce to the Gusmão loyalists in the army. The December 4, 2002, Dili riots are explained in the context of this political struggle.","urls":[{"url":"http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:1248","url_text":"\"Timor-Leste: Divided Leadership in a Semi-Presidential System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Survey","url_text":"Asian Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2003.43.2.231","url_text":"10.1525/as.2003.43.2.231"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210414231057/http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:1248","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Population by Age & Sex\". Government of Timor-Leste. 25 October 2015. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200125141940/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2_2015-V2-Population-by-Age-Sex.xls","url_text":"\"Population by Age & Sex\""},{"url":"http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2_2015-V2-Population-by-Age-Sex.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023\". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=537,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2024&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1","url_text":"\"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund","url_text":"International Monetary Fund"}]},{"reference":"\"Gini Index coefficient\". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/","url_text":"\"Gini Index coefficient\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24\" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. pp. 274–277.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf","url_text":"\"HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme","url_text":"United Nations Development Programme"}]},{"reference":"\"TL\". ISO. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:TL","url_text":"\"TL\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160617031837/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:TL","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marwick, Ben; Clarkson, Chris; O'Connor, Sue; Collins, Sophie (2016). \"Early Modern Human Lithic Technology from Jerimalai, East Timor\". Journal of Human Evolution (Submitted manuscript). 101: 45–64. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.09.004. PMID 27886810. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/4268","url_text":"\"Early Modern Human Lithic Technology from Jerimalai, East Timor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2016.09.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.09.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27886810","url_text":"27886810"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180827010511/http://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/4268/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Amy Ochoa Carson (2007). \"East Timor's Land Tenure Problems: A Consideration of Land Reform Programs in South Africa and Zimbabwe\" (PDF). Indiana International & Comparative Law Review. 17 (2): 395. doi:10.18060/17554 (inactive 13 April 2024). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/iiclr/pdf/vol17p395.pdf","url_text":"\"East Timor's Land Tenure Problems: A Consideration of Land Reform Programs in South Africa and Zimbabwe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18060%2F17554","url_text":"10.18060/17554"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220327234251/https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/iiclr/pdf/vol17p395.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"tetun.org\". tetun.org. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tetun.org/","url_text":"\"tetun.org\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210507181507/https://tetun.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste\" (PDF). Government of Timor-Leste. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constitution_RDTL_ENG.pdf","url_text":"\"Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151231/http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constitution_RDTL_ENG.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"UNGEGN list of country names\" (PDF). United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. 2–6 May 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/26th-gegn-docs/WP/WP54_UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%202011.pdf","url_text":"\"UNGEGN list of country names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names","url_text":"United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811023432/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/26th-gegn-docs/WP/WP54_UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%202011.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Constituição da República Democrática de Timor\" (PDF). Government of Timor-Leste. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constituicao_RDTL_PT.pdf","url_text":"\"Constituição da República Democrática de Timor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191114050305/http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constituicao_RDTL_PT.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Konstituisaun Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste\" (PDF). Government of Timor-Leste. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constituicao_RDTL_TT.pdf","url_text":"\"Konstituisaun Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170517092735/http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constituicao_RDTL_TT.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gomes, Sibylle M.; Bodner, Martin; Souto, Luis; Zimmermann, Bettina; Huber, Gabriela; Strobl, Christina; Röck, Alexander W.; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Torroni, Antonio; Côrte-Real, Francisco; Parson, Walther (14 February 2015). \"Human settlement history between Sunda and Sahul: a focus on East Timor (Timor-Leste) and the Pleistocenic mtDNA diversity\". BMC Genomics. 16 (1): 2, 14. doi:10.1186/s12864-014-1201-x. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 4342813. PMID 25757516.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4342813","url_text":"\"Human settlement history between Sunda and Sahul: a focus on East Timor (Timor-Leste) and the Pleistocenic mtDNA diversity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12864-014-1201-x","url_text":"10.1186/s12864-014-1201-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2164","url_text":"1471-2164"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4342813","url_text":"4342813"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25757516","url_text":"25757516"}]},{"reference":"Oliveira, Sandra; Nägele, Kathrin; Carlhoff, Selina; Pugach, Irina; Koesbardiati, Toetik; Hübner, Alexander; Meyer, Matthias; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Takenaka, Masami; Katagiri, Chiaki; Murti, Delta Bayu; Putri, Rizky Sugianto; Mahirta; Petchey, Fiona; Higham, Thomas (9 June 2022). \"Ancient genomes from the last three millennia support multiple human dispersals into Wallacea\". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (7): 1024–1034. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01775-2. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 9262713. PMID 35681000.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9262713","url_text":"\"Ancient genomes from the last three millennia support multiple human dispersals into Wallacea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01775-2","url_text":"10.1038/s41559-022-01775-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X","url_text":"2397-334X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9262713","url_text":"9262713"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35681000","url_text":"35681000"}]},{"reference":"Truman Simanjuntak (24 March 2017). \"The Western Route Migration: A Second Probable Neolithic Diffusion to Indonesia\" (PDF). In Piper, Philip; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Bulbeck, David (eds.). New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory (1st ed.). ANU Press. doi:10.22459/ta45.03.2017. ISBN 978-1-76046-094-5. Archived from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n2320/pdf/ch11.pdf","url_text":"\"The Western Route Migration: A Second Probable Neolithic Diffusion to Indonesia\""},{"url":"http://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/terra-australis/new-perspectives-southeast-asian-and-pacific-prehistory-terra","url_text":"New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.22459%2Fta45.03.2017","url_text":"10.22459/ta45.03.2017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-094-5","url_text":"978-1-76046-094-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180602120340/https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/terra-australis/new-perspectives-southeast-asian-and-pacific-prehistory-terra","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O’Connor, Sue (15 October 2015). \"Rethinking the Neolithic in Island Southeast Asia, with Particular Reference to the Archaeology of Timor‑Leste and Sulawesi\". Archipel (90): 15–47. doi:10.4000/archipel.362. ISSN 0044-8613. S2CID 204467392. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/362","url_text":"\"Rethinking the Neolithic in Island Southeast Asia, with Particular Reference to the Archaeology of Timor‑Leste and Sulawesi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Farchipel.362","url_text":"10.4000/archipel.362"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0044-8613","url_text":"0044-8613"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204467392","url_text":"204467392"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221024140750/https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/362","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 378. ISBN 978-0-300-10518-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean","url_text":"Indonesia: Peoples and Histories"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/378","url_text":"378"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10518-6","url_text":"978-0-300-10518-6"}]},{"reference":"O’Connor, Sue (2015). \"Rethinking the Neolithic in Island Southeast Asia, with Particular Reference to the Archaeology of Timor‑Leste and Sulawesi\". Archipel. 90. doi:10.4000/archipel.362. S2CID 204467392. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/362","url_text":"\"Rethinking the Neolithic in Island Southeast Asia, with Particular Reference to the Archaeology of Timor‑Leste and Sulawesi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Farchipel.362","url_text":"10.4000/archipel.362"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204467392","url_text":"204467392"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221024140750/https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/362","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Donohue, Mark; Denham, Tim (April 2010). \"Farming and Language in Island Southeast Asia Reframing Austronesian History\". Current Anthropology. 51 (2): 223–256. doi:10.1086/650991. S2CID 4815693. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/650991","url_text":"\"Farming and Language in Island Southeast Asia Reframing Austronesian History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F650991","url_text":"10.1086/650991"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4815693","url_text":"4815693"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220804043702/http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/650991","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lundahl, Mats; Sjöholm, Fredrik (17 July 2019). The Creation of the East Timorese Economy: Volume 1: History of a Colony. Springer. ISBN 9783030194666. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jkGjDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Creation of the East Timorese Economy: Volume 1: History of a Colony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030194666","url_text":"9783030194666"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326152238/https://books.google.com/books?id=jkGjDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Villiers, John (July 1994). \"The Vanishing Sandalwood of Portuguese Timor\". Itinerario. 18 (2): 89–93. doi:10.1017/S0165115300022518. S2CID 162012899. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/itinerario/article/abs/vanishing-sandalwood-of-portuguese-timor/29971F19F8EDC85DF7D8F866EA3DEA13","url_text":"\"The Vanishing Sandalwood of Portuguese Timor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0165115300022518","url_text":"10.1017/S0165115300022518"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162012899","url_text":"162012899"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221023111224/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/itinerario/article/abs/vanishing-sandalwood-of-portuguese-timor/29971F19F8EDC85DF7D8F866EA3DEA13","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. p. 198–199. ISBN 978-1-86373-635-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw/page/198","url_text":"A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw/page/198","url_text":"198–199"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86373-635-0","url_text":"978-1-86373-635-0"}]},{"reference":"Paulino, Vincente (2011). \"Remembering the Portuguese Presence in Timor and its Contribution to the Making of Timor's National and Cultural Identity\". In Jarnagin, Laura (ed.). Culture and Identity in the Luso-Asian World. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814345507. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4A_RzBG4DjIC&pg=PA88","url_text":"\"Remembering the Portuguese Presence in Timor and its Contribution to the Making of Timor's National and Cultural Identity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814345507","url_text":"9789814345507"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221009025549/https://books.google.com/books?id=4A_RzBG4DjIC&pg=PA88","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leibo, Steven (2012), East and Southeast Asia 2012 (45 ed.), Lanham, MD: Stryker Post, pp. 161–165, ISBN 978-1-6104-8885-3","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781610488853/page/161","url_text":"East and Southeast Asia 2012"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781610488853/page/161","url_text":"161–165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6104-8885-3","url_text":"978-1-6104-8885-3"}]},{"reference":"\"The Portuguese Colonization and the Problem of East Timorese Nationalism\". Archived from the original on 23 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061123193421/http://www.lusotopie.sciencespobordeaux.fr/carneiroSousa.rtf","url_text":"\"The Portuguese Colonization and the Problem of East Timorese Nationalism\""},{"url":"http://www.lusotopie.sciencespobordeaux.fr/carneiroSousa.rtf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Deeley, Neil (2001). The International Boundaries of East Timor. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Department of Defence (Australia), 2002, \"A Short History of East Timor\"\". Archived from the original on 3 January 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060103133824/http://www.defence.gov.au/army/asnce/history.htm","url_text":"\"Department of Defence (Australia), 2002, \"A Short History of East Timor\"\""},{"url":"http://www.defence.gov.au/army/asnce/history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Operations and Evacuation of the 2/4th\". Western Australian Museum. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://museum.wa.gov.au/debt-of-honour/operations-and-evacuation-24th","url_text":"\"Operations and Evacuation of the 2/4th\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221023150750/https://museum.wa.gov.au/debt-of-honour/operations-and-evacuation-24th","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Levi, Werner (17 July 1946). \"Portuguese Timor and the War\". Far Eastern Survey. 15 (14): 221–223. doi:10.2307/3023062. JSTOR 3023062. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. 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Retrieved 24 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timor-leste.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/2015%20Census%20Gender%20Dimensions%20Analytical%20Report.pdf","url_text":"\"Timor-Leste Population and Housing Census 2015 Analytical Report on Gender Dimensions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221024132844/https://timor-leste.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/2015%20Census%20Gender%20Dimensions%20Analytical%20Report.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Geoffrey (2010). If You Leave Us Here, We Will Die: How Genocide Was Stopped in East Timor. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 72.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Table 5.7 – Profile Of Students That Attended The 2004/05 Academic Year By Rural And Urban Areas And By District\". Direcção Nacional de Estatística. Archived from the original on 14 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091114124605/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/TLSLS/StatisticalData/5_Education/Main%20Tables/table5.7.htm","url_text":"\"Table 5.7 – Profile Of Students That Attended The 2004/05 Academic Year By Rural And Urban Areas And By District\""},{"url":"http://dne.mof.gov.tl/TLSLS/StatisticalData/5_Education/Main%20Tables/table5.7.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste\" (PDF). Governo de Timor-Leste. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2019. 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The Catholic World Report. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2019/04/24/timor-leste-a-young-nation-with-strong-faith-and-heavy-burdens/","url_text":"\"Timor-Leste: A young nation with strong faith and heavy burdens\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200408004941/https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2019/04/24/timor-leste-a-young-nation-with-strong-faith-and-heavy-burdens/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Timor-Leste: Demographic and Health Survey, 2016\" (PDF). General Directorate of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and Finance & Ministry of Health. p. 35. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR329/FR329.pdf","url_text":"\"Timor-Leste: Demographic and Health Survey, 2016\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180422133047/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR329/FR329.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. Yale University Press. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-300-10518-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean","url_text":"Indonesia: Peoples and Histories"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/381","url_text":"381"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10518-6","url_text":"978-0-300-10518-6"}]},{"reference":"Head, Jonathan (5 April 2005). \"East Timor mourns 'catalyst' Pope\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. 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ISBN 978-1-74059-020-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/easttimorphraseb00haje","url_text":"East Timor Phrasebook"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/easttimorphraseb00haje/page/56","url_text":"56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-020-4","url_text":"978-1-74059-020-4"}]},{"reference":"Leach, Michael (8 December 2016). Nation-Building and National Identity in Timor-Leste. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781315311647. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iiglDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Nation-Building and National Identity in Timor-Leste"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315311647","url_text":"9781315311647"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326152316/https://books.google.com/books?id=iiglDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rosangela Tenorio; Jairo da Costa Junior, eds. (3 March 2022). Homan Futuru: Timor-Leste Traditional Housing. University of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/uwaschoolofdesign/docs/timor_catalogue","url_text":"Homan Futuru: Timor-Leste Traditional Housing"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221015151433/https://issuu.com/uwaschoolofdesign/docs/timor_catalogue","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nico de Jonge (2013). \"Traditional Arts in Timorese Cultures\". Dallas Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.dma.org/essay/JAxJqGNn","url_text":"\"Traditional Arts in Timorese Cultures\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221015134919/https://collections.dma.org/essay/JAxJqGNn","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tais, traditional textile\". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/tais-traditional-textile-01688","url_text":"\"Tais, traditional textile\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220214130258/https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/tais-traditional-textile-01688","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Project for Study on Dili Urban Master Plan in the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste\" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. October 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12268603.pdf","url_text":"\"The Project for Study on Dili Urban Master Plan in the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184610/https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12268603.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Chris (1992). \"The People of East Timor\". A Traveller's Dictionary in Tetun-English and English-Tetun. Baba Dook Books. ISBN 9780959192223. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/software/tetum/contributors/cliffMorris-xhtml/ch02.html","url_text":"\"The People of East Timor\""},{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/software/tetum/contributors/cliffMorris-xhtml/index.html","url_text":"A Traveller's Dictionary in Tetun-English and English-Tetun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780959192223","url_text":"9780959192223"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220818161243/http://www.gnu.org/software/tetum/contributors/cliffMorris-xhtml/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Literatura timorense em língua portuguesa\" [Timorese literature in the Portuguese language]. lusofonia.x10.mx (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 29 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190929080148/http://lusofonia.x10.mx/timor.htm","url_text":"\"Literatura timorense em língua portuguesa\""},{"url":"http://lusofonia.x10.mx/timor.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"East Timor's president accepts Xanana Gusmao's resignation\". ABC News. 9 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-09/xanana-gusmao-resignation-profile/6081170","url_text":"\"East Timor's president accepts Xanana Gusmao's resignation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005344/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-09/xanana-gusmao-resignation-profile/6081170","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fresh start for East Timor's film scene\". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/fresh-start-for-east-timors-film-scene-20131002-2urxt.html","url_text":"\"Fresh start for East Timor's film scene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131114121658/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/fresh-start-for-east-timors-film-scene-20131002-2urxt.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Craig, Natalie (10 July 2014). \"East Timor's first feature film: a quest for truth on a shoestring budget\". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/2014/jul/10/east-timors-first-feature-film-a-quest-for-truth-on-a-shoestring-budget","url_text":"\"East Timor's first feature film: a quest for truth on a shoestring budget\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group","url_text":"Guardian News & Media Limited"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230101083810/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/2014/jul/10/east-timors-first-feature-film-a-quest-for-truth-on-a-shoestring-budget","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cashmore, Ellis (1988). Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations. New York: Routledge. ASIN B000NPHGX6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000NPHGX6","url_text":"B000NPHGX6"}]},{"reference":"Charny, Israel W., ed. (1999). Encyclopedia of Genocide. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 0-87436-928-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87436-928-2","url_text":"0-87436-928-2"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, James (1996). East Timor: A People Betrayed. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(diplomat)","url_text":"Dunn, James"}]},{"reference":"Durand, Frédéric (2006). East Timor: A Country at the Crossroads of Asia and the Pacific, a Geo-Historical Atlas. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. ISBN 9749575989.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9749575989","url_text":"9749575989"}]},{"reference":"Durand, Frédéric (2016). History of Timor Leste. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. ISBN 978-616-215-124-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-215-124-8","url_text":"978-616-215-124-8"}]},{"reference":"Groshong, Daniel J (2006). Timor-Leste: Land of Discovery. Hong Kong: Tayo Photo Group. ISBN 988987640X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/988987640X","url_text":"988987640X"}]},{"reference":"Gunn, Geoffrey C. (1999). Timor Loro Sae: 500 Years. Macau: Livros do Oriente. ISBN 972-9418-69-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/972-9418-69-1","url_text":"972-9418-69-1"}]},{"reference":"Gunn, Geoffrey C (2011). Historical Dictionary of East Timor. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810867543.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810867543","url_text":"9780810867543"}]},{"reference":"Hägerdal, Hans (2012). Lords of the land, lords of the sea; Conflict and adaptation in early colonial Timor, 1600-1800. Leiden: KITLV Press. doi:10.26530/oapen_408241. hdl:20.500.12657/34566. ISBN 978-90-6718-378-9 – via Oapen.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.26530%2Foapen_408241","url_text":"10.26530/oapen_408241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F34566","url_text":"20.500.12657/34566"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6718-378-9","url_text":"978-90-6718-378-9"}]},{"reference":"Kingsbury, Damien; Leach, Michael (2007). East Timor: Beyond Independence. Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, no 65. Clayton, Vic: Monash University Press. ISBN 9781876924492.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Kingsbury","url_text":"Kingsbury, Damien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781876924492","url_text":"9781876924492"}]},{"reference":"Hill, H; Saldanha, J, eds. (2002). East Timor: Development Challenges for the World's Newest Nation. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-0-333-98716-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-98716-2","url_text":"978-0-333-98716-2"}]},{"reference":"Leach, Michael; Kingsbury, Damien, eds. (2013). The Politics of Timor-Leste: Democratic Consolidation After Intervention. Studies on Southeast Asia, no 59. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program Publications. ISBN 9780877277897.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Kingsbury","url_text":"Kingsbury, Damien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877277897","url_text":"9780877277897"}]},{"reference":"Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Relations: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Molnar, Andrea Katalin (2010). Timor Leste: Politics, History, and Culture. Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia series, 27. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415778862.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415778862","url_text":"9780415778862"}]},{"reference":"Rudolph, Joseph R., ed. (2003). Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 101–106. ISBN 0-313-01574-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-01574-0","url_text":"0-313-01574-0"}]},{"reference":"Shelton, Dinah L., ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Detroit: Thomson Gale. SSRN 2226008. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2226008","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2226008","url_text":"2226008"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326152321/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2226008","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, John G. (1999). East Timor: The Price of Freedom. Annandale: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-1-85649-840-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-840-1","url_text":"978-1-85649-840-1"}]},{"reference":"Viegas, Susana de Matos; Feijó, Rui Graça, eds. (2017). Transformations in Independent Timor-Leste: Dynamics of Social and Cultural Cohabitations. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781315534992.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315534992","url_text":"9781315534992"}]},{"reference":"Berlie, Jean A. (2001). East Timor: A Bibliography. Paris: Indes savantes. ISBN 2-84654-012-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Berlie","url_text":"Berlie, Jean A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84654-012-8","url_text":"2-84654-012-8"}]},{"reference":"Lundahl, Mats; Sjöholm, Fredrik (2019). The Creation of the East Timorese Economy. Vol. 1–2. Cham: Springer.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_Observation_Corps
Ground Observer Corps
["1 World War II organization","2 Cold War organization","3 Popular culture","4 See also","5 References"]
United States civil defense organizations Russian Lullaby—Do the Russian leaders really want peace or to lull us into a sense of false security? We Americans want to believe that the Kremlin peace overtures are sincere. We hope that the Soviet government genuinely desires to settle the differences between East and West in a peaceful manner over the conference table. But, while we listen willingly to any of their peace proposals, we must not let ourselves be lulled into a sense of false security. Not while the Kremlin still has about 1000 long-range bombers which can strike any part of the United States. Our Air Force and Army Anti-Aircraft defenses are on round-the-clock duty guarding against the threat of enemy air attack. But they need the help of an active and alert Ground Observer Corps to spot low-flying enemy planes that might sneak under our radar network. So, if you are not already one of the 300,000 civilian volunteer plane spotters in the Ground Observer Corps, join now. Remember, so long as the Iron Curtain exists we must always be on guard. Never forget that eternal vigilance is still the price of liberty. —Newspaper post in January 1955 The Ground Observer Corps (GOC), sometimes erroneously referred to as the Ground Observation Corps, was the name of two American civil defense organizations during the middle 20th century. World War II organization WW2-era Ground Observer Corps recruitment poster The first Ground Observer Corps was a World War II Civil Defense program of the United States Army Air Forces to protect United States territory against air attack. The 1.5 million civilian observers at 14,000 coastal observation posts performed naked eye and binocular searches to detect German or Japanese aircraft. Observations were telephoned to filter centers, which forwarded authenticated reports to the Aircraft Warning Service, which also received reports from Army radar stations. The program ended in 1944. A few Aircraft Warning Service Observation Towers survive as relics. Cold War organization The second Ground Observer Corps, with programmatic aims and methodologies similar to the first, was organized in early 1950, during the Cold War. Its creation was prompted by the similar organization formed in Canada in 1950, the RCAF Ground Observer Corps. Operating as an arm of the United States Air Force Civil Defense service, the second GOC supplemented the Lashup Radar Network and the Permanent System radar stations. Observations were telephoned directly to filter centers and the information was relayed to Air Defense Command ground control interception centers. By 1952 the GOC program was expanded into Operation Skywatch, consisting of 750,000 volunteers aged 7 to 86 years old working in shifts at over 16,000 posts and 73 filter centers. Extant examples of observation platforms used by GOC/Skywatch volunteers include the Cairo Skywatch Tower, the West Island tower in Fairhaven, Massachusetts (originally part of a World War II-era anti-submarine Fire-control system), and a tower in Soda Springs, Idaho. The second GOC program ended in 1958 with the advent of automated Army (Missile Master) and Air Force (SAGE) radar systems. GOC volunteers were encouraged to continue their service in the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES). 1950s civilian GOC pin1950s civilian Skywatch recruiting stickerMap of Ground Observer Corps stations Popular culture The GOC was a story element in the 1957 science fiction film The Deadly Mantis. External image 1952 map See also Aircraft recognition Aircraft Identity Corps (Canada) Volunteer Air Observers Corps (Australia) Royal Observer Corps (United Kingdom) Aircraft Detection Corps Newfoundland References ^ "Russian Lullaby?". The Independent Record. Helena, Montana, U.S. January 8, 1955. p. 5. U.S. Government work, "Contributed as a public service by The Independent Record". ^ Morgan, Mark L; Berhow, Mark A (2002). Rings of Supersonic Steel (Google Books) (second ed.). Hole in the Head Press. ISBN 0-615-12012-1. Retrieved September 13, 2011. ^ a b "Less Than Half Spotter Time Filled In Week" (Google News Archive). The Gettysburg Times. Times and News Publishing Company. April 5, 1954. Retrieved January 4, 2012. ^ Winkler, David F (1997). Searching the skies: the legacy of the United States Cold War defense radar program. Prepared for United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command. ^ "News of Southington". Meriden Record. Meriden, Connecticut. February 22, 1954. The meeting will be addressed by Lieut. Wenzel of the New Haven Filter Center,... ^ Schaffel, Kenneth (1991). The Emerging Shield: The Air Force and the Evolution of Continental Air Defense, 1945–1960. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on November 13, 2005. ^ "Before decent radar, the U.S. enlisted 800,000 children, hobbyists, and other Americans as lookouts". www.timeline.com. September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017. ^ "The Ground Observed Corps". radomes.org. Retrieved June 12, 2017. ^ "Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)" (Searchable database). Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Retrieved July 1, 2016. Note: This includes John M. Harris; Angela Bowen; Ben Ross (July 2001). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Cairo Skywatch Tower" (PDF). Retrieved July 1, 2016. and Accompanying photographs ^ "WW II Fire Control Tower". Town Beach at West Island. westislandweather.com. Retrieved January 19, 2021. ^ "Ground Observation Corps Soda Springs Post Historical Marker". The Historical Marker Database (HMdb.org). J. J. Prats. Retrieved October 31, 2017. ^ "Filter Center 'In Reserve'". The Milwaukee Sentinel. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. January 1, 1958. ^ Rimkunas, Barbara (April 25, 2019). "Historically Speaking: The Ground Observer Corps in Exeter". The Portsmouth Herald. Gannett Co., Inc. Retrieved January 19, 2021. This United States military history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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But they need the help of an active and alert Ground Observer Corps to spot low-flying enemy planes that might sneak under our radar network.\nSo, if you are not already one of the 300,000 civilian volunteer plane spotters in the Ground Observer Corps, join now. Remember, so long as the Iron Curtain exists we must always be on guard. Never forget that eternal vigilance is still the price of liberty.\n\n\n—Newspaper post in January 1955[1]The Ground Observer Corps (GOC), sometimes erroneously referred to as the Ground Observation Corps, was the name of two American civil defense organizations during the middle 20th century.","title":"Ground Observer Corps"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Guide_the_Fighter_Planes._Join_the_Army_Air_Forces._Ground_Observer_Corps.%22_-_NARA_-_514429.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Civil Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Defense"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Aircraft Warning Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Warning_Service"},{"link_name":"Army radar stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashup_Radar_Network"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Aircraft Warning Service Observation Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Warning_Service_Observation_Tower"}],"text":"WW2-era Ground Observer Corps recruitment posterThe first Ground Observer Corps was a World War II Civil Defense program of the United States Army Air Forces to protect United States territory against air attack. The 1.5 million civilian observers at 14,000 coastal observation posts performed naked eye and binocular searches to detect German or Japanese aircraft. Observations were telephoned to filter centers, which forwarded authenticated reports to the Aircraft Warning Service, which also received reports from Army radar stations. The program ended in 1944.[2] A few Aircraft Warning Service Observation Towers survive as relics.","title":"World War II organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GT1954-3"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"RCAF Ground Observer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCAF_Ground_Observer_Corps"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Civil Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Defense"},{"link_name":"Lashup Radar Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashup_Radar_Network"},{"link_name":"Permanent System radar stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_System_radar_stations"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GT1954-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Air Defense Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defense_Command"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schaffel-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeline-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cairo Skywatch Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Skywatch_Tower"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHAARD-9"},{"link_name":"West Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Island_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Fairhaven, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairhaven,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Fire-control system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control_system"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Soda Springs, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_Springs,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Missile Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_Master"},{"link_name":"SAGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment"},{"link_name":"Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Amateur_Civil_Emergency_Service"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_force_ground_observer_corps_pin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skywatch_ground_observer_corps.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ground_Observer_Corps.jpg"}],"text":"The second Ground Observer Corps,[3] with programmatic aims and methodologies similar to the first, was organized in early 1950, during the Cold War. Its creation was prompted by the similar organization formed in Canada in 1950, the RCAF Ground Observer Corps.Operating as an arm of the United States Air Force Civil Defense service, the second GOC supplemented the Lashup Radar Network and the Permanent System radar stations.[4] Observations were telephoned directly to filter centers[3][5] and the information was relayed to Air Defense Command ground control interception centers.[6] By 1952 the GOC program was expanded into Operation Skywatch, consisting of 750,000 volunteers aged 7 to 86 years old working in shifts at over 16,000 posts and 73 filter centers.[7][8] Extant examples of observation platforms used by GOC/Skywatch volunteers include the Cairo Skywatch Tower,[9] the West Island tower in Fairhaven, Massachusetts (originally part of a World War II-era anti-submarine Fire-control system),[10] and a tower in Soda Springs, Idaho.[11]The second GOC program ended in 1958[12] with the advent of automated Army (Missile Master) and Air Force (SAGE) radar systems. GOC volunteers were encouraged to continue their service in the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES).[13]1950s civilian GOC pin1950s civilian Skywatch recruiting stickerMap of Ground Observer Corps stations","title":"Cold War organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Deadly Mantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deadly_Mantis"}],"text":"The GOC was a story element in the 1957 science fiction film The Deadly Mantis.","title":"Popular culture"}]
[{"image_text":"WW2-era Ground Observer Corps recruitment poster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%22Guide_the_Fighter_Planes._Join_the_Army_Air_Forces._Ground_Observer_Corps.%22_-_NARA_-_514429.jpg/220px-%22Guide_the_Fighter_Planes._Join_the_Army_Air_Forces._Ground_Observer_Corps.%22_-_NARA_-_514429.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Aircraft recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_recognition"},{"title":"Aircraft Identity Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Identity_Corps"},{"title":"Volunteer Air Observers Corps (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Air_Observers_Corps_(Australia)"},{"title":"Royal Observer Corps (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Observer_Corps"},{"title":"Aircraft Detection Corps Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Detection_Corps_Newfoundland"}]
[{"reference":"\"Russian Lullaby?\". The Independent Record. Helena, Montana, U.S. January 8, 1955. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/helena-independent-record-jan-08-1955-p-5/","url_text":"\"Russian Lullaby?\""}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Mark L; Berhow, Mark A (2002). Rings of Supersonic Steel (Google Books) (second ed.). Hole in the Head Press. ISBN 0-615-12012-1. Retrieved September 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vagljMKPYrkC&pg=PA60","url_text":"Rings of Supersonic Steel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-615-12012-1","url_text":"0-615-12012-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Less Than Half Spotter Time Filled In Week\" (Google News Archive). The Gettysburg Times. Times and News Publishing Company. April 5, 1954. Retrieved January 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=riYmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Bf4FAAAAIBAJ&dq=round-hill%20gettysburg&pg=2238%2C4455496","url_text":"\"Less Than Half Spotter Time Filled In Week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gettysburg_Times","url_text":"The Gettysburg Times"}]},{"reference":"Winkler, David F (1997). Searching the skies: the legacy of the United States Cold War defense radar program. Prepared for United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"News of Southington\". Meriden Record. Meriden, Connecticut. February 22, 1954. The meeting will be addressed by Lieut. Wenzel of the New Haven Filter Center,...","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B6NHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-v4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1160,4794388&dq=observation-corps&hl=en","url_text":"\"News of Southington\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriden_Record","url_text":"Meriden Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriden,_Connecticut","url_text":"Meriden, Connecticut"}]},{"reference":"Schaffel, Kenneth (1991). The Emerging Shield: The Air Force and the Evolution of Continental Air Defense, 1945–1960. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. Archived from the original on November 13, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051113175706/https://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/Publications/Annotations/schaffelemerging.htm","url_text":"The Emerging Shield: The Air Force and the Evolution of Continental Air Defense, 1945–1960"},{"url":"http://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/Publications/Annotations/schaffelemerging.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Before decent radar, the U.S. enlisted 800,000 children, hobbyists, and other Americans as lookouts\". www.timeline.com. September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://timeline.com/ground-observer-corps-history-beb9d0957e92","url_text":"\"Before decent radar, the U.S. enlisted 800,000 children, hobbyists, and other Americans as lookouts\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ground Observed Corps\". radomes.org. Retrieved June 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radomes.org/museum/documents/GOC/GOC.html","url_text":"\"The Ground Observed Corps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)\" (Searchable database). Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Retrieved July 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/welcome.html","url_text":"\"Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)\""}]},{"reference":"John M. Harris; Angela Bowen; Ben Ross (July 2001). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Cairo Skywatch Tower\" (PDF). Retrieved July 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/1ca48/N/Cairo_Skywatch_Tower_Tippecanoe_CO_Nom_(NR-1646).pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Cairo Skywatch Tower\""}]},{"reference":"\"WW II Fire Control Tower\". Town Beach at West Island. westislandweather.com. Retrieved January 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mlbaron.webs.com/west-island-ww-ii-tower","url_text":"\"WW II Fire Control Tower\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ground Observation Corps Soda Springs Post Historical Marker\". The Historical Marker Database (HMdb.org). J. J. Prats. Retrieved October 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=106250","url_text":"\"Ground Observation Corps Soda Springs Post Historical Marker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Filter Center 'In Reserve'\". The Milwaukee Sentinel. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. January 1, 1958.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VukVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dBAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1611,526065&dq=filter-center&hl=en","url_text":"\"Filter Center 'In Reserve'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Milwaukee_Sentinel","url_text":"The Milwaukee Sentinel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin","url_text":"Milwaukee, Wisconsin"}]},{"reference":"Rimkunas, Barbara (April 25, 2019). \"Historically Speaking: The Ground Observer Corps in Exeter\". The Portsmouth Herald. Gannett Co., Inc. Retrieved January 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seacoastonline.com/news/20190425/historically-speaking-ground-observer-corps-in-exeter","url_text":"\"Historically Speaking: The Ground Observer Corps in Exeter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portsmouth_Herald","url_text":"The Portsmouth Herald"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.radomes.org/museum/documents/GOC/GOC.html","external_links_name":"1952 map"},{"Link":"https://newspaperarchive.com/helena-independent-record-jan-08-1955-p-5/","external_links_name":"\"Russian Lullaby?\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vagljMKPYrkC&pg=PA60","external_links_name":"Rings of Supersonic Steel"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=riYmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Bf4FAAAAIBAJ&dq=round-hill%20gettysburg&pg=2238%2C4455496","external_links_name":"\"Less Than Half Spotter Time Filled In Week\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B6NHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-v4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1160,4794388&dq=observation-corps&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"News of Southington\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051113175706/https://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/Publications/Annotations/schaffelemerging.htm","external_links_name":"The Emerging Shield: The Air Force and the Evolution of Continental Air Defense, 1945–1960"},{"Link":"http://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/Publications/Annotations/schaffelemerging.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://timeline.com/ground-observer-corps-history-beb9d0957e92","external_links_name":"\"Before decent radar, the U.S. enlisted 800,000 children, hobbyists, and other Americans as lookouts\""},{"Link":"http://www.radomes.org/museum/documents/GOC/GOC.html","external_links_name":"\"The Ground Observed Corps\""},{"Link":"https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/welcome.html","external_links_name":"\"Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)\""},{"Link":"https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/1ca48/N/Cairo_Skywatch_Tower_Tippecanoe_CO_Nom_(NR-1646).pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Cairo Skywatch Tower\""},{"Link":"https://mlbaron.webs.com/west-island-ww-ii-tower","external_links_name":"\"WW II Fire Control Tower\""},{"Link":"https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=106250","external_links_name":"\"Ground Observation Corps Soda Springs Post Historical Marker\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VukVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dBAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1611,526065&dq=filter-center&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Filter Center 'In Reserve'\""},{"Link":"https://www.seacoastonline.com/news/20190425/historically-speaking-ground-observer-corps-in-exeter","external_links_name":"\"Historically Speaking: The Ground Observer Corps in Exeter\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ground_Observer_Corps&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/87th_Academy_Awards
87th Academy Awards
["1 Winners and nominees","1.1 Awards","1.2 Governors Awards","1.3 Films with multiple nominations and awards","2 Presenters and performers","2.1 Presenters","2.2 Performers","3 Ceremony information","3.1 Box office performance of nominated films","3.2 Criticism regarding lack of diversity among nominees","3.3 Critical reception","3.4 Ratings and reception","4 In Memoriam","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
Award ceremony for films of 2014 87th Academy AwardsOfficial posterDateFebruary 22, 2015SiteDolby TheatreHollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S.Hosted byNeil Patrick HarrisPreshow hosts Jess Cagle Robin Roberts Lara Spencer Michael Strahan Joe Zee Produced by Neil Meron Craig Zadan Directed byHamish HamiltonHighlightsBest PictureBirdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)Most awardsBirdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) and The Grand Budapest Hotel (4)Most nominationsBirdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) and The Grand Budapest Hotel (9)TV in the United StatesNetworkABCDuration3 hours, 43 minutesRatings 37.26 million 20.6% (Nielsen ratings) ← 86th Academy Awards 88th → The 87th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2014 and took place on February 22, 2015, at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC, produced by Neil Meron and Craig Zadan and directed by Hamish Hamilton. Actor Neil Patrick Harris hosted the ceremony for the first time. In related events, the Academy held its 6th Annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 8, 2014. On February 7, 2015, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Margot Robbie and Miles Teller. Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) won four awards, including Best Picture. Other winners included The Grand Budapest Hotel with four awards, Whiplash with three, and American Sniper, Big Hero 6, Boyhood, Citizenfour, Crisis Hotline: Veterans Press 1, Feast, Ida, The Imitation Game, Interstellar, The Phone Call, Selma, Still Alice, and The Theory of Everything with one. The telecast garnered more than 37 million viewers in the United States. Winners and nominees Actor Chris Pine and Academy President Cheryl Boone Isaacs (left) and directors J. J. Abrams and Alfonso Cuarón (right) at the 87th Academy Awards nominations announcement The nominees for the 87th Academy Awards were announced on January 15, 2015, at 5:30 a.m. PST (13:30 UTC), at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by directors J. J. Abrams and Alfonso Cuarón, Academy president Cheryl Boone Isaacs and actor Chris Pine. For the first time, nominations for all 24 competitive categories were announced. Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) and The Grand Budapest Hotel tied for the most nominations with nine each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 22, 2015. For the first time since the expansion of the Best Picture nominee roster at the 82nd ceremony in 2010, every Best Picture nominee won at least one award. Birdman was the first film to win Best Picture without an editing nomination since Ordinary People (1980). Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the second consecutive Mexican to win for Best Director after Cuarón who won for helming Gravity. At age 84, Robert Duvall was the oldest male acting nominee in Oscar history. Having won for his work on Gravity the year before, Emmanuel Lubezki became the fourth person to win two consecutive Best Cinematography awards. John Toll was the last one who accomplished this feat for his work on 1994's Legends of the Fall and 1995's Braveheart. Awards Alejandro González Iñárritu, Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay co-winner, and Best Director winner Eddie Redmayne, Best Actor winner Julianne Moore, Best Actress winner J. K. Simmons, Best Supporting Actor winner Patricia Arquette, Best Supporting Actress winner Armando Bó, Best Original Screenplay co-winner Graham Moore, Best Adapted Screenplay winner Chris Williams, Best Animated Feature Film co-winner Paweł Pawlikowski, Best Foreign Language Film winner Laura Poitras, Best Documentary - Feature co-winner Patrick Osborne, Best Animated Short Film co-winner Kristina Reed, Best Animated Short Film co-winner Alexandre Desplat, Best Original Score winner John Legend, Best Original Song co-winner Common, Best Original Song co-winner Craig Mann, Best Sound Mixing co-winner Milena Canonero, Best Costume Design winner Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡). Best Picture Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) – Alejandro G. Iñárritu, John Lesher, and James W. Skotchdopole‡ American Sniper – Clint Eastwood, Robert Lorenz, Andrew Lazar, Bradley Cooper, and Peter Morgan Boyhood – Richard Linklater and Cathleen Sutherland The Grand Budapest Hotel – Wes Anderson, Scott Rudin, Steven Rales and Jeremy Dawson The Imitation Game – Nora Grossman, Ido Ostrowsky, and Teddy Schwarzman Selma – Christian Colson, Oprah Winfrey, Dede Gardner, and Jeremy Kleiner The Theory of Everything – Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lisa Bruce, and Anthony McCarten Whiplash – Jason Blum, Helen Estabrook, and David Lancaster Best Director Alejandro G. Iñárritu – Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)‡ Richard Linklater – Boyhood Bennett Miller – Foxcatcher Wes Anderson – The Grand Budapest Hotel Morten Tyldum – The Imitation Game Best Actor Eddie Redmayne – The Theory of Everything as Stephen Hawking‡ Steve Carell – Foxcatcher as John Eleuthère du Pont Bradley Cooper – American Sniper as Chris Kyle Benedict Cumberbatch – The Imitation Game as Alan Turing Michael Keaton – Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) as Riggan Thomson Best Actress Julianne Moore – Still Alice as Alice Howland‡ Marion Cotillard – Two Days, One Night as Sandra Bya Felicity Jones – The Theory of Everything as Jane Wilde Hawking Rosamund Pike – Gone Girl as Amy Elliott-Dunne Reese Witherspoon – Wild as Cheryl Strayed Best Supporting Actor J. K. Simmons – Whiplash as Terence Fletcher‡ Robert Duvall – The Judge as Judge Joseph Palmer Ethan Hawke – Boyhood as Mason Evans, Sr. Edward Norton – Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) as Mike Shiner Mark Ruffalo – Foxcatcher as Dave Schultz Best Supporting Actress Patricia Arquette – Boyhood as Olivia Evans‡ Laura Dern – Wild as Bobbi Grey Keira Knightley – The Imitation Game as Joan Clarke Emma Stone – Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) as Sam Thomson Meryl Streep – Into the Woods as The Witch Best Original Screenplay Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) – Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Nicolás Giacobone, Alexander Dinelaris Jr., and Armando Bo‡ Boyhood – Richard Linklater Foxcatcher – E. Max Frye and Dan Futterman The Grand Budapest Hotel – Wes Anderson and Hugo Guinness Nightcrawler – Dan Gilroy Best Adapted Screenplay The Imitation Game – Graham Moore; based on the book Alan Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges‡ American Sniper – Jason Hall; based on the book by Chris Kyle with Scott McEwen and Jim DeFelice Inherent Vice – Paul Thomas Anderson; based on the novel by Thomas Pynchon The Theory of Everything – Anthony McCarten; based on the book Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen by Jane Wilde Hawking Whiplash – Damien Chazelle; based on his short film Best Animated Feature Film Big Hero 6 – Don Hall, Chris Williams, and Roy Conli‡ The Boxtrolls – Anthony Stacchi, Graham Annable, and Travis Knight How to Train Your Dragon 2 – Dean DeBlois and Bonnie Arnold Song of the Sea – Tomm Moore and Paul Young The Tale of the Princess Kaguya – Isao Takahata and Yoshiaki Nishimura Best Foreign Language Film Ida (Poland) in Polish – Directed by Paweł Pawlikowski‡ Leviathan (Russia) in Russian – Directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev Tangerines (Estonia) in Estonian and Russian – Directed by Zaza Urushadze Timbuktu (Mauritania) in French  – Directed by Abderrahmane Sissako Wild Tales (Argentina) in Spanish  – Directed by Damián Szifron Best Documentary – Feature Citizenfour – Laura Poitras, Mathilde Bonnefoy, and Dirk Wilutzky‡ Finding Vivian Maier – John Maloof and Charlie Siskel Last Days in Vietnam – Rory Kennedy and Keven McAlester The Salt of the Earth – Wim Wenders, Juliano Ribeiro Salgado and David Rosier Virunga – Orlando von Einsiedel and Joanna Natasegara Best Documentary – Short Subject Crisis Hotline: Veterans Press 1 – Ellen Goosenberg Kent and Dana Perry‡ Joanna – Aneta Kopacz Our Curse – Tomasz Śliwiński and Maciej Ślesicki The Reaper – Gabriel Serra Arguello White Earth – J. Christian Jensen Best Live Action Short Film The Phone Call – Mat Kirkby and James Lucas‡ Aya – Oded Binnun and Mihal Brezis Boogaloo and Graham – Michael Lennox and Ronan Blaney Butter Lamp – Hu Wei and Julien Féret Parvaneh – Talkhon Hamzavi and Stefan Eichenberger Best Animated Short Film Feast – Patrick Osborne and Kristina Reed‡ The Bigger Picture – Daisy Jacobs and Christopher Hees The Dam Keeper – Robert Kondo and Dice Tsutsumi Me and My Moulton – Torill Kove A Single Life – Joris Oprins Best Original Score The Grand Budapest Hotel – Alexandre Desplat‡ The Imitation Game – Alexandre Desplat Interstellar – Hans Zimmer Mr. Turner – Gary Yershon The Theory of Everything – Jóhann Jóhannsson Best Original Song "Glory" from Selma – Music and Lyrics by John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn‡ "Everything Is Awesome" from The Lego Movie – Music and Lyrics by Shawn Patterson "Grateful" from Beyond the Lights – Music and Lyrics by Diane Warren "I'm Not Gonna Miss You" from Glen Campbell: I'll Be Me – Music and Lyrics by Glen Campbell and Julian Raymond "Lost Stars" from Begin Again – Music and Lyrics by Gregg Alexander and Danielle Brisebois Best Sound Editing American Sniper – Alan Robert Murray and Bub Asman‡ Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) – Martin Hernández and Aaron Glascock The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies – Brent Burge and Jason Canovas Interstellar – Richard King Unbroken – Becky Sullivan and Andrew DeCristofaro Best Sound Mixing Whiplash – Craig Mann, Ben Wilkins, and Thomas Curley‡ American Sniper – John T. Reitz, Gregg Rudloff, and Walt Martin (posthumous nomination) Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) – Jon Taylor, Frank A. Montaño, and Thomas Varga Interstellar – Gary A. Rizzo, Gregg Landaker, and Mark Weingarten Unbroken – Jon Taylor, Frank A. Montaño, and David Lee Best Production Design The Grand Budapest Hotel – Production Design: Adam Stockhausen; Set Decoration: Anna Pinnock‡ The Imitation Game – Production Design: Maria Djurkovic; Set Decoration: Tatiana Macdonald Interstellar – Production Design: Nathan Crowley; Set Decoration: Gary Fettis Into the Woods – Production Design: Dennis Gassner; Set Decoration: Anna Pinnock Mr. Turner – Production Design: Suzie Davies; Set Decoration: Charlotte Watts Best Cinematography Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) – Emmanuel Lubezki‡ The Grand Budapest Hotel – Robert Yeoman Ida – Łukasz Żal and Ryszard Lenczewski Mr. Turner – Dick Pope Unbroken – Roger Deakins Best Makeup and Hairstyling The Grand Budapest Hotel – Frances Hannon and Mark Coulier‡ Foxcatcher – Bill Corso and Dennis Liddiard Guardians of the Galaxy – Elizabeth Yianni-Georgiou and David White Best Costume Design The Grand Budapest Hotel – Milena Canonero‡ Inherent Vice – Mark Bridges Into the Woods – Colleen Atwood Maleficent – Anna B. Sheppard Mr. Turner – Jacqueline Durran Best Film Editing Whiplash – Tom Cross‡ American Sniper – Joel Cox and Gary D. Roach Boyhood – Sandra Adair The Grand Budapest Hotel – Barney Pilling The Imitation Game – William Goldenberg Best Visual Effects Interstellar – Paul Franklin, Andrew Lockley, Ian Hunter, and Scott Fisher‡ Captain America: The Winter Soldier – Dan DeLeeuw, Russell Earl, Bryan Grill, and Dan Sudick Dawn of the Planet of the Apes – Joe Letteri, Dan Lemmon, Daniel Barrett, and Erik Winquist Guardians of the Galaxy – Stephane Ceretti, Nicolas Aithadi, Jonathan Fawkner, and Paul Corbould X-Men: Days of Future Past – Richard Stammers, Lou Pecora, Tim Crosbie, and Cameron Waldbauer Governors Awards The Academy held its 6th Annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 8, 2014, during which the following awards were presented: Honorary Academy Awards Jean-Claude Carrière — Whose elegantly crafted screenplays elevate the art of screenwriting to the level of literature. Hayao Miyazaki — A master storyteller whose animated artistry has inspired filmmakers and audiences around the world. Maureen O'Hara — One of Hollywood's brightest stars, whose inspiring performances glowed with passion, warmth and strength. Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Harry Belafonte — For a lifetime of demonstrating how art is ennobled by ceaseless courage and conscience. Films with multiple nominations and awards The following 17 films received multiple nominations: Films that received multiple nominations Nominations Film 9 Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) The Grand Budapest Hotel 8 The Imitation Game 6 American Sniper Boyhood 5 Foxcatcher Interstellar The Theory of Everything Whiplash 4 Mr. Turner 3 Into the Woods Unbroken 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Ida Inherent Vice Selma Wild The following three films received multiple awards: Films that received multiple awards Awards Film 4 Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) The Grand Budapest Hotel 3 Whiplash Presenters and performers The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. Presenters Name(s) Role Cedering Fox Announcer for the 87th annual Academy Awards Lupita Nyong'o Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actor Liam Neeson Presenter of the films The Grand Budapest Hotel and American Sniper on the Best Picture segment Dakota Johnson Introducer of the performance of Best Original Song nominee "Lost Stars" Jennifer LopezChris Pine Presenters of the award for Best Costume Design Reese Witherspoon Presenter of the award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling Channing Tatum Introducer of the six winners of the Team Oscar contest Chiwetel EjioforNicole Kidman Presenters of the award for Best Foreign Language Film Shirley MacLaine Presenter of the films Boyhood, The Theory of Everything and Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) on the Best Picture segment Marion Cotillard Introducer of the performance of Best Original Song nominee "Everything Is Awesome" Jason BatemanKerry Washington Presenters of the awards for Best Live Action Short Film and Best Documentary Short Subject Viola Davis Presenter of the segment of the Honorary Academy Awards and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Gwyneth Paltrow Introducer of the performance of Best Original Song nominee "I'm Not Gonna Miss You" Margot RobbieMiles Teller Presenters of the segment of the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement and the Gordon E. Sawyer Award Chris EvansSienna Miller Presenters of the awards for Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing Jared Leto Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actress Josh Hutcherson Introducer of the performance of Best Original Song nominee "Grateful" Ansel ElgortChloë Grace Moretz Presenters of the award for Best Visual Effects Kevin HartAnna Kendrick Presenters of the award for Best Animated Short Film Dwayne JohnsonZoe Saldana Presenters of the award for Best Animated Feature Film Cheryl Boone Isaacs (AMPAS president) Special presentation highlighting the benefits of film and creativity Felicity JonesChris Pratt Presenters of the award for Best Production Design Jessica ChastainIdris Elba Presenters of the award for Best Cinematography Meryl Streep Presenter of the In Memoriam tribute Benedict CumberbatchNaomi Watts Presenters of the award for Best Film Editing Terrence Howard Presenter of the films Whiplash, The Imitation Game, and Selma on the Best Picture segment Jennifer AnistonDavid Oyelowo Presenters of the award for Best Documentary Feature Octavia Spencer Introducer of the performance of Best Original Song nominee "Glory" Idina MenzelJohn Travolta Presenters of the award for Best Original Song Scarlett Johansson Introducer of The Sound of Music 50th anniversary tribute and the performance of "The Sound of Music", "My Favorite Things", "Edelweiss" and "Climb Ev'ry Mountain" by Lady Gaga Julie Andrews Presenter of the award for Best Original Score Eddie Murphy Presenter of the award for Best Original Screenplay Oprah Winfrey Presenter of the award for Best Adapted Screenplay Ben Affleck Presenter of the award for Best Director Cate Blanchett Presenter of the award for Best Actor Matthew McConaughey Presenter of the award for Best Actress Sean Penn Presenter of the award for Best Picture ^ Introduced as "Glom Gazingo" in this segment Performers Name(s) Role Performed Stephen Oremus Musical arranger and conductor Orchestral Neil Patrick HarrisAnna KendrickJack Black Performers "Moving Pictures" during the opening segment Maroon 5 Performers "Lost Stars" from Begin Again Tegan and SaraThe Lonely IslandWill Arnett?uestloveMark Mothersbaugh Performers "Everything Is Awesome" from The Lego Movie Tim McGraw Performer "I'm Not Gonna Miss You" from Glen Campbell: I'll Be Me Rita Ora Performer "Grateful" from Beyond the Lights Jennifer Hudson Performer "I Can't Let Go" during the annual In Memoriam tribute CommonJohn Legend Performers "Glory" from Selma Lady Gaga Performer "The Sound of Music", "My Favorite Things", "Edelweiss", and "Climb Ev'ry Mountain" from The Sound of Music Ceremony information Neil Patrick Harris hosted the 87th Academy Awards. Riding on the success of the previous year's ceremony which garnered its highest viewership figures in over a decade, the Academy rehired producers Neil Meron and Craig Zadan for the third consecutive year. "Their showmanship has elevated the show to new heights and we are excited to keep the momentum going with this creative partnership," said AMPAS president Cheryl Boone Isaacs in a press release announcing the selection. In October 2014, actor Neil Patrick Harris, who previously hosted four Tony Awards ceremonies between 2009 and 2013 and two Primetime Emmy Awards telecasts in 2009 and 2013, was chosen as host of the 2015 gala. Meron and Zadan explained their decision to hire the television and theatre star saying, "We are thrilled to have Neil host the Oscars. We have known him his entire adult life, and we have watched him explode as a great performer in feature films, television and stage. To work with him on the Oscars is the perfect storm, all of his resources and talent coming together on a global stage." Harris expressed that it was truly an honor and a thrill to be asked to host Academy Awards commenting, "I grew up watching the Oscars and was always in such awe of some of the greats who hosted the show. To be asked to follow in the footsteps of Johnny Carson, Billy Crystal, Ellen DeGeneres, and everyone else who had the great fortune of hosting is a bucket list dream come true." Shortly after his selection, several reports were released indicating that DeGeneres and other comedians such as 2005 ceremony host Chris Rock and actress Julia Louis-Dreyfus declined the offer to host the program, and Harris was a last-minute choice as emcee. Nevertheless, both Meron and Zadan denied such allegations and insisted that Harris was their only choice saying, "After every Oscar show there is always a discussion as to who will host the next one. Many names are discussed and sometimes even floated without there being any formal offers. At times, these casual discussions take on a life of their own, and some are eager to break a story without knowing the facts. Neil Patrick Harris received the Academy's formal offer." Several other people were also involved with the production of the ceremony. Stephen Oremus served as musical director and conductor for the event. Derek McLane returned to design a new set and stage design for the show. During the ceremony, actor Channing Tatum introduced a group called "Team Oscar", which consisted of six young film students from colleges across the country selected by AMPAS whose role was to deliver Oscar statuettes to the presenters during the gala. Oscar-winning husband-and-wife songwriters Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez composed Harris's opening number entitled "Moving Pictures". Musicians Questlove and Mark Mothersbaugh and actor Will Arnett made cameos during the performance of Best Original Song nominee "Everything Is Awesome". Box office performance of nominated films North American box office gross for Best Picture nominees Film Pre-nomination(Before Jan. 16) Post-nomination(Jan. 16-Feb. 22) Post-awards(After Feb. 22) Total American Sniper $3.4 million $316 million $30.1 million $350 million Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) $26.6 million $11.2 million $4.6 million $42.3 million Boyhood $24.4 million $942,668 $36,767 $25.3 million The Grand Budapest Hotel $59.1 million N/A N/A $59.1 million The Imitation Game $42.8 million $41.1 million $7.2 million $91.2 million Selma $16.6 million $33.0 million $2.5 million $52.1 million The Theory of Everything $26.2 million $7.9 million $1.8 million $35.9 million Whiplash $6.2 million $5.1 million $1.8 million $13.1 million For the first time since 2007, none of the Best Picture nominees had grossed $100 million before the nominations were announced (compared with three from the previous year). The combined gross of the eight Best Picture nominees at the American and Canadian box offices was $205 million, with an average of $25.6 million per film. None of the eight Best Picture nominees was among the top 50 release in box office during nominations. When the nominations were announced on January 15, 2015, The Grand Budapest Hotel was the highest-grossing film among the Best Picture nominees with $59.1 million in domestic box office receipts. The Imitation Game was the second-highest-grossing film with $42.7 million; this was followed by Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) ($26.6 million), The Theory of Everything ($26.2 million), Boyhood ($24.3 million), Selma ($16.5 million), Whiplash ($6.2 million), and finally American Sniper ($3.3 million). Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 23 nominations went to 13 films on the list. Only Big Hero 6 (9th), How to Train Your Dragon 2 (16th), and Into the Woods (25th) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature or any of the directing, acting or screenwriting awards. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Guardians of the Galaxy (1st), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (3rd), The Lego Movie (4th), Maleficent (6th), The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (7th), X-Men: Days of Future Past (8th), Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (10th), Interstellar (15th), and Unbroken (27th). This was the first time since the 73rd Academy Awards in 2000 the highest-grossing film of the year worldwide (Mission Impossible 2) had no Oscar nominations. The highest-grossing film of 2014 worldwide was Transformers: Age of Extinction but didn't receive any Oscar nominations. Criticism regarding lack of diversity among nominees Shortly after the nominations were announced, many news media outlets highlighted the lack of racial diversity amongst the nominees in major award categories. According to Tatiana Siegel of The Hollywood Reporter, it was the second time since 1998 that all 20 acting nominees were of Caucasian descent. The New York Times columnist David Carr pointed out the omission of Ava DuVernay and David Oyelowo in directing and lead acting categories. He also noted that these nominations heavily contrasted last year's nominations that included Best Picture winner 12 Years a Slave and Best Supporting Actress winner Lupita Nyong'o. As a result, the Academy was ridiculed by the Black Twitter community and became the target of hashtag movements such as #OscarsSoWhite and #WhiteOscars. In addition, U.S. Democratic Party Congressman Tony Cárdenas wrote a letter voicing his concerns regarding AMPAS and diversity, stating: "While the issue of diversity in the entertainment industry is a much deeper problem, without an easy solution, it is unfortunate to see such a revered American institution fail to fully reflect our nation." Cárdenas went on to say that he was willing to work with Academy officials in making the entertainment industry more representative of different ethnicities. In response to criticism about lack of diversity, AMPAS President Isaacs told reporter Sandy Cohen from the Associated Press that the Academy was "committed to seeking out diversity of voice and opinion." She refrained from addressing the lack of diversity of that year's nominees, although stated that she was proud of all the nominees and praised Selma as a "fantastic motion picture". Several days before the awards gala, the National Action Network led by civil rights activist Al Sharpton and several other organizations planned to demonstrate near the ceremony at the Dolby Theatre before and during the telecast. However, the protest was canceled in light of DuVernay pleading with black activists to instead pursue a direct dialogue with Academy leadership. Critical reception The show received a mixed reception from media publications. Some media outlets were more critical of the show. HitFix television columnist Alan Sepinwall commented, "It ran on and on and on and on so much that when host Neil Patrick Harris finally got around to paying off a running gag about his Oscar predictions being locked in a box on stage left, he had to stop to explain the bit to us all over again." In addition, he observed, "Either the production consumed Harris, the writing failed him, or he picked a very strange night to go off-brand." Hal Boedeker of the Orlando Sentinel wrote, "Harris headlined a blah production number to start the show. His running shtick about Oscar predictions grew tiresome." He concluded his review saying, "The music saved this Oscar telecast, but it was still a long, tedious show. The highlight reel will make it look better than it was." Television critic Alessandra Stanley from The New York Times said, "Oscar nights almost always drag on too long, but this one was a slog almost from the very beginning." She also quipped, "The political speeches were somber, but they turned out to be more lively and bracing than any of Harris' skits." Other media outlets received the broadcast more positively. Television critic Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe commented, "Neil Patrick Harris was very Neil Patrick Harrisy Sunday night in his first round as Oscars host. He was calm and cheerful and vanilla as usual, always ready with a lightly snarky joke and always eager to jump into a big production number involving old-timey choreography. He's a pro at hosting, after his Tony and Emmy gigs, and it showed during the ABC telecast in his endlessly relaxed and open energy." He also wrote despite several production gaffes and an uneven pace, the show moved along "with a minimum of pain." The Times-Picayune columnist Dave Walker wrote, "Harris played it like he was basically born to do it—light on his feet working the crowd or at center stage without his pants, winkingly self-deprecating, moving-right-along when his prepared material didn't land (which was too often)—and he now may have a job for life if he wants it." Furthermore, praised the cast and several musical numbers from the show. David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter quipped, "Harris displayed winning charm and appealing insouciance, sprinkling the gags with moments of self-deprecation." In addition, he remarked that several of the acceptance speeches and musical numbers provided a mix of humor, fun, and sincerity. Ratings and reception The American telecast on ABC drew in an average 37.26 million people over it length, which was a 15% decrease from the previous year's ceremony. An estimated 63 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards. The show also earned lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 20.6% of households watching over a 33 share. In addition, the program scored a lower 18–49 demo rating with an 11.0 ratings over a 26 share. It was the lowest viewership for an Academy Awards telecast since the 81st ceremony held in 2009. In July 2015, the ceremony presentation received eight nominations for the 67th Primetime Emmys. The following month, the ceremony won one of those nominations for Outstanding Technical Direction, Camera Work, and Video Control for a Limited Series, Movie, or Special (Technical Directors: Eric Becker, Rick Edwards, John Pritchett, and Rod Wardell; Cameras: Rob Balton, Danny Bonilla, Robert Del Russo, David Eastwood, Suzanne Ebner, Pat Gleason, Ed Horton, Marc Hunter, Jay Kulick, Brian Lataille, Tore Livia, Steve Martyniuk, Lyn Noland, Rob Palmer, David Plakos, Camera, Jofre Romero, Danny Webb, Mark Whitman, and Easter Xua; Video Control: Terrance Ho, Guy Jones, and Keith Winikoff). In Memoriam The annual In Memoriam segment was presented by actress Meryl Streep. The montage featured an excerpt of the "Love Theme" from Sophie's Choice by Marvin Hamlisch. At the conclusion of the tribute, singer Jennifer Hudson performed the song "I Can't Let Go" from the television series Smash. Mickey Rooney – Actor Paul Mazursky – Director, screenwriter Geoffrey Holder – Actor Nadia Bronson – Marketing executive James Garner – Actor Elizabeth Peña – Actress Alan Hirschfield – Executive Edward Herrmann – Actor Maya Angelou – Poet Lorenzo Semple, Jr. – Screenwriter George L. Little – Costume designer James Rebhorn – Actor Menahem Golan – Producer, director James Shigeta – Actor Anita Ekberg – Actress Paul Apted – Sound editor H. R. Giger – Special effects artist Sanford E. Reisenbach – Marketing executive Malik Bendjelloul – Documentarian Virna Lisi – Actress Louis Jourdan – Actor Gordon Willis – Cinematographer Richard Attenborough – Actor, director Oswald Morris – Cinematographer Tom Rolf – Film editor L. M. Kit Carson – Writer, actor Ruby Dee – Actress Samuel Goldwyn, Jr. – Producer Martha Hyer – Actress Andrew V. McLaglen – Director Jimmy T. Murakami – Animator, director Robin Williams – Actor William Greaves – Documentarian Joseph Viskocil – Special effects artist Rod Taylor – Actor Stewart Stern – Writer Luise Rainer – Actress Dick Smith – Makeup artist Lauren Bacall – Actress Walt Martin – Sound mixer Charles Champlin – Film critic Pennie Dupont – Casting director Herb Jeffries – Actor Misty Upham – Actress Eli Wallach – Actor Gabriel García Márquez – Writer Frank Yablans – Studio executive Alain Resnais – Director Bob Hoskins – Actor Mike Nichols – Director See also 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards 35th Golden Raspberry Awards 57th Grammy Awards 67th Primetime Emmy Awards 68th British Academy Film Awards 69th Tony Awards 72nd Golden Globe Awards List of submissions to the 87th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film Notes A^ : American Sniper opened in wide release on January 16, where it became the number-one film at the American box office for three consecutive weekends. 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Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 87th Academy Awards. Official websites Academy Awards Official website Archived September 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Official website Archived January 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Oscar's Channel Archived February 26, 2019, at the Wayback Machine at YouTube (run by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences) News resources Oscars 2015 Archived May 22, 2019, at the Wayback Machine BBC News Oscars 2015 The Guardian Analysis 2014 Academy Awards Winners and History Archived October 30, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Filmsite Academy Awards, USA: 2015 Archived December 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Internet Movie Database Other resources The Oscars (2015) at IMDb vteAcademy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) Records most wins per ceremony Academy Aperture 2025 Oscar season Oscar speech Oscar bait Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Film International Feature Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Film Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Production Design Sound Visual Effects Proposed awards Popular Film Special awardsGovernors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Special Achievement Academy Award Academy Scientificand Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit (non-competitive) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awardsMerit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Sound Editing Story Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Ceremonies(years of film release) 1927/28 1928/29 1929/30 1930/31 1931/32 1932/33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020/21 2021 2022 2023 Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"films of 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_in_film"},{"link_name":"Dolby Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"PST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"EST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Neil Meron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Meron"},{"link_name":"Craig Zadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Zadan"},{"link_name":"Hamish Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton_(director)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Neil Patrick Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Patrick_Harris"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Governors Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_Awards"},{"link_name":"Hollywood and Highland Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_and_Highland_Center"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Governors-11"},{"link_name":"Beverly Wilshire Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Wilshire_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards for Technical Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Technical_Achievement"},{"link_name":"Margot Robbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Robbie"},{"link_name":"Miles Teller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Teller"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdman_(film)"},{"link_name":"Best Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Grand Budapest Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Whiplash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiplash_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"American Sniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sniper"},{"link_name":"Big Hero 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Hero_6_(film)"},{"link_name":"Boyhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyhood_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Citizenfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenfour"},{"link_name":"Crisis Hotline: Veterans Press 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_Hotline:_Veterans_Press_1"},{"link_name":"Feast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Ida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Imitation Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imitation_Game"},{"link_name":"Interstellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Phone Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phone_Call_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Selma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_(film)"},{"link_name":"Still Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Alice"},{"link_name":"The Theory of Everything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_Everything_(2014_film)"}],"text":"Award ceremony for films of 2014The 87th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2014 and took place on February 22, 2015, at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC, produced by Neil Meron and Craig Zadan and directed by Hamish Hamilton.[8][9] Actor Neil Patrick Harris hosted the ceremony for the first time.[10]In related events, the Academy held its 6th Annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 8, 2014.[11] On February 7, 2015, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Margot Robbie and Miles Teller.[12]Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) won four awards, including Best Picture.[13][14] Other winners included The Grand Budapest Hotel with four awards, Whiplash with three, and American Sniper, Big Hero 6, Boyhood, Citizenfour, Crisis Hotline: Veterans Press 1, Feast, Ida, The Imitation Game, Interstellar, The Phone Call, Selma, Still Alice, and The Theory of Everything with one. The telecast garnered more than 37 million viewers in the United States.","title":"87th Academy Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chris_Pine,_actor,_and_Academy_President_Cheryl_Boone_Isaacs_at_the_87th_Oscars_Nominations_Announcement.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Directors_J.J._Abrams_and_Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n_at_the_87th_Oscars_Nominations_Announcement.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chris Pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pine"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Boone Isaacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Boone_Isaacs"},{"link_name":"J. J. Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Abrams"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Cuarón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"Samuel Goldwyn Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn_Theater"},{"link_name":"J. J. Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Abrams"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Cuarón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Boone Isaacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Boone_Isaacs"},{"link_name":"Chris Pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLM-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLM-15"},{"link_name":"Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdman_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Grand Budapest Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Best Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture"},{"link_name":"82nd ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ordinary People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_People"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Alejandro G. Iñárritu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu"},{"link_name":"Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"Gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Robert Duvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Duvall"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Lubezki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Lubezki"},{"link_name":"Best Cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"John Toll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Toll"},{"link_name":"Legends of the Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_the_Fall"},{"link_name":"Braveheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braveheart"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Actor Chris Pine and Academy President Cheryl Boone Isaacs (left) and directors J. J. Abrams and Alfonso Cuarón (right) at the 87th Academy Awards nominations announcementThe nominees for the 87th Academy Awards were announced on January 15, 2015, at 5:30 a.m. PST (13:30 UTC), at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by directors J. J. Abrams and Alfonso Cuarón, Academy president Cheryl Boone Isaacs and actor Chris Pine.[15] For the first time, nominations for all 24 competitive categories were announced.[15] Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) and The Grand Budapest Hotel tied for the most nominations with nine each.[16]The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 22, 2015.[17] For the first time since the expansion of the Best Picture nominee roster at the 82nd ceremony in 2010, every Best Picture nominee won at least one award.[18] Birdman was the first film to win Best Picture without an editing nomination since Ordinary People (1980).[19] Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the second consecutive Mexican to win for Best Director after Cuarón who won for helming Gravity.[20] At age 84, Robert Duvall was the oldest male acting nominee in Oscar history.[21]\nHaving won for his work on Gravity the year before, Emmanuel Lubezki became the fourth person to win two consecutive Best Cinematography awards. John Toll was the last one who accomplished this feat for his work on 1994's Legends of the Fall and 1995's Braveheart.[22]","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alejandro González Iñárritu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eddie_Redmayne_%26_Aisha_Tyler_(43718217081)_Cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eddie Redmayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Julianne_Moore_(15011443428)_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Julianne Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julianne_Moore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JK_Simmons_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"J. K. Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K._Simmons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PatriciaArquette.jpg"},{"link_name":"Patricia Arquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Arquette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ARMANDO_BO_.jpg"},{"link_name":"Armando Bó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_B%C3%B3_(screenwriter)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graham_Moore-0228.jpg"},{"link_name":"Graham Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Moore_(writer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chris_Williams_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chris Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Williams_(director)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pawel_Pawlikowski_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Paweł Pawlikowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Pawlikowski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laura_Poitras_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laura Poitras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Poitras"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patrick_OsborneCC2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Patrick Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Osborne_(animator)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kristina_Reed_SM_(3_of_3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kristina Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Reed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlexandreDesplat-gros-plan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Desplat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Desplat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Legend_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Legend"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Common_at_BRIC_Celebrate_Brooklyn_(27813357667)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_(rapper)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Director_Craig_Mann_at_the_Master_Class_on_Sound_Mixing,_during_the_48th_International_Film_Festival_of_India_(IFFI-2017),_in_Panaji,_Goa_on_November_22,_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Craig Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Mann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milena_Canonero_Berlinale_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Milena Canonero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_Canonero"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"Alejandro González Iñárritu, Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay co-winner, and Best Director winner\nEddie Redmayne, Best Actor winner\nJulianne Moore, Best Actress winner\nJ. K. Simmons, Best Supporting Actor winner\nPatricia Arquette, Best Supporting Actress winner\nArmando Bó, Best Original Screenplay co-winner\nGraham Moore, Best Adapted Screenplay winner\nChris Williams, Best Animated Feature Film co-winner\nPaweł Pawlikowski, Best Foreign Language Film winner\nLaura Poitras, Best Documentary - Feature co-winner\nPatrick Osborne, Best Animated Short Film co-winner\nKristina Reed, Best Animated Short Film co-winner\nAlexandre Desplat, Best Original Score winner\nJohn Legend, Best Original Song co-winner\nCommon, Best Original Song co-winner\nCraig Mann, Best Sound Mixing co-winner\nMilena Canonero, Best Costume Design winnerWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡).[23]","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governors Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_Awards"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Governors-11"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Carrière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Carri%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honorary-25"},{"link_name":"Hayao Miyazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honorary-25"},{"link_name":"Maureen O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honorary-25"},{"link_name":"Harry Belafonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Belafonte"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honorary-25"}],"sub_title":"Governors Awards","text":"The Academy held its 6th Annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 8, 2014, during which the following awards were presented:[11][24]Honorary Academy AwardsJean-Claude Carrière — Whose elegantly crafted screenplays elevate the art of screenwriting to the level of literature.[25]\nHayao Miyazaki — A master storyteller whose animated artistry has inspired filmmakers and audiences around the world.[25]\nMaureen O'Hara — One of Hollywood's brightest stars, whose inspiring performances glowed with passion, warmth and strength.[25]Jean Hersholt Humanitarian AwardHarry Belafonte — For a lifetime of demonstrating how art is ennobled by ceaseless courage and conscience.[25]","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdman_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Grand Budapest Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel"},{"link_name":"The Imitation Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imitation_Game"},{"link_name":"American Sniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sniper"},{"link_name":"Boyhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyhood_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Foxcatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxcatcher"},{"link_name":"Interstellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Theory of Everything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_Everything_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Whiplash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiplash_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Mr. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Turner"},{"link_name":"Into the Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Woods_(film)"},{"link_name":"Unbroken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbroken_(film)"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_(film)"},{"link_name":"Inherent Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inherent_Vice_(film)"},{"link_name":"Selma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_(film)"},{"link_name":"Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdman_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Grand Budapest Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Whiplash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiplash_(2014_film)"}],"sub_title":"Films with multiple nominations and awards","text":"The following 17 films received multiple nominations:\n\n\nFilms that received multiple nominations\n\n\nNominations\n\nFilm\n\n\n9\n\nBirdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)\n\n\nThe Grand Budapest Hotel\n\n\n8\n\nThe Imitation Game\n\n\n6\n\nAmerican Sniper\n\n\nBoyhood\n\n\n5\n\nFoxcatcher\n\n\nInterstellar\n\n\nThe Theory of Everything\n\n\nWhiplash\n\n\n4\n\nMr. Turner\n\n\n3\n\nInto the Woods\n\n\nUnbroken\n\n\n2\n\nGuardians of the Galaxy\n\n\nIda\n\n\nInherent Vice\n\n\nSelma\n\n\nWild\n\n\n\n\n\nThe following three films received multiple awards:\n\n\nFilms that received multiple awards\n\n\nAwards\n\nFilm\n\n\n4\n\nBirdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)\n\n\nThe Grand Budapest Hotel\n\n\n3\n\nWhiplash","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burlingame-27"}],"text":"The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers.[26][27]","title":"Presenters and performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"}],"sub_title":"Presenters","text":"^ Introduced as \"Glom Gazingo\" in this segment","title":"Presenters and performers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Performers","title":"Presenters and performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5.3.10NeilPatrickHarrisByDavidShankbone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neil Patrick Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Patrick_Harris"},{"link_name":"previous year's ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Neil Meron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Meron"},{"link_name":"Craig Zadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Zadan"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Boone Isaacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Boone_Isaacs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Producing_team-3"},{"link_name":"Neil Patrick Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Patrick_Harris"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd_Tony_Awards"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67th_Tony_Awards"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Johnny Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Carson"},{"link_name":"Billy Crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Crystal"},{"link_name":"Ellen DeGeneres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"2005 ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Chris Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Rock"},{"link_name":"Julia Louis-Dreyfus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Louis-Dreyfus"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Stephen Oremus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Oremus"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burlingame-27"},{"link_name":"Derek McLane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_McLane"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Channing Tatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channing_Tatum"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Robert Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Kristen Anderson-Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Anderson-Lopez"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Questlove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questlove"},{"link_name":"Mark Mothersbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mothersbaugh"},{"link_name":"Will Arnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Arnett"},{"link_name":"Everything Is Awesome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Is_Awesome"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Neil Patrick Harris hosted the 87th Academy Awards.Riding on the success of the previous year's ceremony which garnered its highest viewership figures in over a decade, the Academy rehired producers Neil Meron and Craig Zadan for the third consecutive year. \"Their showmanship has elevated the show to new heights and we are excited to keep the momentum going with this creative partnership,\" said AMPAS president Cheryl Boone Isaacs in a press release announcing the selection.[3] In October 2014, actor Neil Patrick Harris, who previously hosted four Tony Awards ceremonies between 2009 and 2013 and two Primetime Emmy Awards telecasts in 2009 and 2013, was chosen as host of the 2015 gala.[28] Meron and Zadan explained their decision to hire the television and theatre star saying, \"We are thrilled to have Neil host the Oscars. We have known him his entire adult life, and we have watched him explode as a great performer in feature films, television and stage. To work with him on the Oscars is the perfect storm, all of his resources and talent coming together on a global stage.\"[29] Harris expressed that it was truly an honor and a thrill to be asked to host Academy Awards commenting, \"I grew up watching the Oscars and was always in such awe of some of the greats who hosted the show. To be asked to follow in the footsteps of Johnny Carson, Billy Crystal, Ellen DeGeneres, and everyone else who had the great fortune of hosting is a bucket list dream come true.\"[30]Shortly after his selection, several reports were released indicating that DeGeneres and other comedians such as 2005 ceremony host Chris Rock and actress Julia Louis-Dreyfus declined the offer to host the program, and Harris was a last-minute choice as emcee.[31] Nevertheless, both Meron and Zadan denied such allegations and insisted that Harris was their only choice saying, \"After every Oscar show there is always a discussion as to who will host the next one. Many names are discussed and sometimes even floated without there being any formal offers. At times, these casual discussions take on a life of their own, and some are eager to break a story without knowing the facts. Neil Patrick Harris received the Academy's formal offer.\"[32]Several other people were also involved with the production of the ceremony. Stephen Oremus served as musical director and conductor for the event.[27] Derek McLane returned to design a new set and stage design for the show.[33] During the ceremony, actor Channing Tatum introduced a group called \"Team Oscar\", which consisted of six young film students from colleges across the country selected by AMPAS whose role was to deliver Oscar statuettes to the presenters during the gala.[34] Oscar-winning husband-and-wife songwriters Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez composed Harris's opening number entitled \"Moving Pictures\".[35] Musicians Questlove and Mark Mothersbaugh and actor Will Arnett made cameos during the performance of Best Original Song nominee \"Everything Is Awesome\".[36]","title":"Ceremony information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoxOffice-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoxOffice-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoxOffice-38"},{"link_name":"[A]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_BoxOffice"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxofficemojooscars-41"},{"link_name":"73rd Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/73rd_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Mission Impossible 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Impossible_2"},{"link_name":"Transformers: Age of Extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_Age_of_Extinction"}],"sub_title":"Box office performance of nominated films","text":"For the first time since 2007, none of the Best Picture nominees had grossed $100 million before the nominations were announced (compared with three from the previous year).[38][39] The combined gross of the eight Best Picture nominees at the American and Canadian box offices was $205 million, with an average of $25.6 million per film.[37]None of the eight Best Picture nominees was among the top 50 release in box office during nominations. When the nominations were announced on January 15, 2015, The Grand Budapest Hotel was the highest-grossing film among the Best Picture nominees with $59.1 million in domestic box office receipts.[37] The Imitation Game was the second-highest-grossing film with $42.7 million; this was followed by Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) ($26.6 million), The Theory of Everything ($26.2 million), Boyhood ($24.3 million), Selma ($16.5 million), Whiplash ($6.2 million), and finally American Sniper ($3.3 million).[37][A]Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 23 nominations went to 13 films on the list. Only Big Hero 6 (9th), How to Train Your Dragon 2 (16th), and Into the Woods (25th) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature or any of the directing, acting or screenwriting awards. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Guardians of the Galaxy (1st), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (3rd), The Lego Movie (4th), Maleficent (6th), The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (7th), X-Men: Days of Future Past (8th), Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (10th), Interstellar (15th), and Unbroken (27th).[40]This was the first time since the 73rd Academy Awards in 2000 the highest-grossing film of the year worldwide (Mission Impossible 2) had no Oscar nominations. The highest-grossing film of 2014 worldwide was Transformers: Age of Extinction but didn't receive any Oscar nominations.","title":"Ceremony information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_race"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"David Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carr_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Ava DuVernay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_DuVernay"},{"link_name":"David Oyelowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Oyelowo"},{"link_name":"12 Years a Slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Years_a_Slave_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lupita Nyong'o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Black Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Twitter"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Tony Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_C%C3%A1rdenas"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syracuse-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syracuse-50"},{"link_name":"National Action Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Action_Network"},{"link_name":"Al Sharpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sharpton"},{"link_name":"Dolby Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Criticism regarding lack of diversity among nominees","text":"Shortly after the nominations were announced, many news media outlets highlighted the lack of racial diversity amongst the nominees in major award categories.[41][42][43] According to Tatiana Siegel of The Hollywood Reporter, it was the second time since 1998 that all 20 acting nominees were of Caucasian descent.[44] The New York Times columnist David Carr pointed out the omission of Ava DuVernay and David Oyelowo in directing and lead acting categories. He also noted that these nominations heavily contrasted last year's nominations that included Best Picture winner 12 Years a Slave and Best Supporting Actress winner Lupita Nyong'o.[45]As a result, the Academy was ridiculed by the Black Twitter community and became the target of hashtag movements such as #OscarsSoWhite and #WhiteOscars.[46][47] In addition, U.S. Democratic Party Congressman Tony Cárdenas wrote a letter voicing his concerns regarding AMPAS and diversity, stating: \"While the issue of diversity in the entertainment industry is a much deeper problem, without an easy solution, it is unfortunate to see such a revered American institution fail to fully reflect our nation.\" Cárdenas went on to say that he was willing to work with Academy officials in making the entertainment industry more representative of different ethnicities.[48]In response to criticism about lack of diversity, AMPAS President Isaacs told reporter Sandy Cohen from the Associated Press that the Academy was \"committed to seeking out diversity of voice and opinion.\"[49] She refrained from addressing the lack of diversity of that year's nominees, although stated that she was proud of all the nominees and praised Selma as a \"fantastic motion picture\".[49]Several days before the awards gala, the National Action Network led by civil rights activist Al Sharpton and several other organizations planned to demonstrate near the ceremony at the Dolby Theatre before and during the telecast.[50] However, the protest was canceled in light of DuVernay pleading with black activists to instead pursue a direct dialogue with Academy leadership.[51]","title":"Ceremony information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HitFix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HitFix"},{"link_name":"Alan Sepinwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Sepinwall"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Orlando Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Alessandra Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandra_Stanley"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"The Times-Picayune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times-Picayune"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"The show received a mixed reception from media publications. Some media outlets were more critical of the show. HitFix television columnist Alan Sepinwall commented, \"It ran on and on and on and on so much that when host Neil Patrick Harris finally got around to paying off a running gag about his Oscar predictions being locked in a box on stage left, he had to stop to explain the bit to us all over again.\" In addition, he observed, \"Either the production consumed Harris, the writing failed him, or he picked a very strange night to go off-brand.\"[52] Hal Boedeker of the Orlando Sentinel wrote, \"Harris headlined a blah production number to start the show. His running shtick about Oscar predictions grew tiresome.\" He concluded his review saying, \"The music saved this Oscar telecast, but it was still a long, tedious show. The highlight reel will make it look better than it was.\"[53] Television critic Alessandra Stanley from The New York Times said, \"Oscar nights almost always drag on too long, but this one was a slog almost from the very beginning.\" She also quipped, \"The political speeches were somber, but they turned out to be more lively and bracing than any of Harris' skits.\"[54]Other media outlets received the broadcast more positively. Television critic Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe commented, \"Neil Patrick Harris was very Neil Patrick Harrisy Sunday night in his first round as Oscars host. He was calm and cheerful and vanilla as usual, always ready with a lightly snarky joke and always eager to jump into a big production number involving old-timey choreography. He's a pro at hosting, after his Tony and Emmy gigs, and it showed during the ABC telecast in his endlessly relaxed and open energy.\" He also wrote despite several production gaffes and an uneven pace, the show moved along \"with a minimum of pain.\"[55] The Times-Picayune columnist Dave Walker wrote, \"Harris played it like he was basically born to do it—light on his feet working the crowd or at center stage without his pants, winkingly self-deprecating, moving-right-along when his prepared material didn't land (which was too often)—and he now may have a job for life if he wants it.\" Furthermore, praised the cast and several musical numbers from the show.[56] David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter quipped, \"Harris displayed winning charm and appealing insouciance, sprinkling the gags with moments of self-deprecation.\" In addition, he remarked that several of the acceptance speeches and musical numbers provided a mix of humor, fun, and sincerity.[57]","title":"Ceremony information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"previous year's ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weekly_ratings-6"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Nielsen ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_ratings"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nielsen-7"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"81st ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81st_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"67th Primetime Emmys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Technical Direction, Camera Work, and Video Control for a Limited Series, Movie, or Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Technical_Direction,_Camerawork,_Video_Control_for_a_Limited_Series,_Movie,_or_Special"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Ratings and reception","text":"The American telecast on ABC drew in an average 37.26 million people over it length, which was a 15% decrease from the previous year's ceremony.[6] An estimated 63 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards.[58] The show also earned lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 20.6% of households watching over a 33 share.[7] In addition, the program scored a lower 18–49 demo rating with an 11.0 ratings over a 26 share.[59] It was the lowest viewership for an Academy Awards telecast since the 81st ceremony held in 2009.[60]In July 2015, the ceremony presentation received eight nominations for the 67th Primetime Emmys.[61] The following month, the ceremony won one of those nominations for Outstanding Technical Direction, Camera Work, and Video Control for a Limited Series, Movie, or Special (Technical Directors: Eric Becker, Rick Edwards, John Pritchett, and Rod Wardell; Cameras: Rob Balton, Danny Bonilla, Robert Del Russo, David Eastwood, Suzanne Ebner, Pat Gleason, Ed Horton, Marc Hunter, Jay Kulick, Brian Lataille, Tore Livia, Steve Martyniuk, Lyn Noland, Rob Palmer, David Plakos, Camera, Jofre Romero, Danny Webb, Mark Whitman, and Easter Xua; Video Control: Terrance Ho, Guy Jones, and Keith Winikoff).[62]","title":"Ceremony information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meryl Streep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl_Streep"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Sophie's Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie%27s_Choice_(film)"},{"link_name":"Marvin Hamlisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Hamlisch"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Hudson"},{"link_name":"I Can't Let Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Let_Go_(Smash_song)"},{"link_name":"Smash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Mickey Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Rooney"},{"link_name":"Paul Mazursky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mazursky"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Holder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Holder"},{"link_name":"James Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garner"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Pe%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Alan Hirschfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hirschfield"},{"link_name":"Edward Herrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Herrmann"},{"link_name":"Maya Angelou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Angelou"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Semple, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Semple,_Jr."},{"link_name":"George L. Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_L._Little"},{"link_name":"James Rebhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rebhorn"},{"link_name":"Menahem Golan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Golan"},{"link_name":"James Shigeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Shigeta"},{"link_name":"Anita Ekberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Ekberg"},{"link_name":"Paul Apted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Apted"},{"link_name":"H. R. Giger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._R._Giger"},{"link_name":"Sanford E. Reisenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_E._Reisenbach"},{"link_name":"Malik Bendjelloul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Bendjelloul"},{"link_name":"Virna Lisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virna_Lisi"},{"link_name":"Louis Jourdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jourdan"},{"link_name":"Gordon Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Willis"},{"link_name":"Richard Attenborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Attenborough"},{"link_name":"Oswald Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Morris"},{"link_name":"Tom Rolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Rolf"},{"link_name":"L. M. Kit Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._M._Kit_Carson"},{"link_name":"Ruby Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Dee"},{"link_name":"Samuel Goldwyn, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Martha Hyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Hyer"},{"link_name":"Andrew V. McLaglen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_V._McLaglen"},{"link_name":"Jimmy T. Murakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_T._Murakami"},{"link_name":"Robin Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Williams"},{"link_name":"William Greaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Greaves"},{"link_name":"Joseph Viskocil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Viskocil"},{"link_name":"Rod Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Stewart Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Stern"},{"link_name":"Luise Rainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Rainer"},{"link_name":"Dick Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Smith_(make-up_artist)"},{"link_name":"Lauren Bacall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Bacall"},{"link_name":"Walt Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Martin"},{"link_name":"Charles Champlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Champlin"},{"link_name":"Herb Jeffries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Jeffries"},{"link_name":"Misty Upham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misty_Upham"},{"link_name":"Eli Wallach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Wallach"},{"link_name":"Gabriel García Márquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez"},{"link_name":"Frank Yablans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Yablans"},{"link_name":"Alain Resnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Resnais"},{"link_name":"Bob Hoskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hoskins"},{"link_name":"Mike Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Nichols"}],"text":"The annual In Memoriam segment was presented by actress Meryl Streep.[63] The montage featured an excerpt of the \"Love Theme\" from Sophie's Choice by Marvin Hamlisch.[64] At the conclusion of the tribute, singer Jennifer Hudson performed the song \"I Can't Let Go\" from the television series Smash.[65]Mickey Rooney – Actor\nPaul Mazursky – Director, screenwriter\nGeoffrey Holder – Actor\nNadia Bronson – Marketing executive\nJames Garner – Actor\nElizabeth Peña – Actress\nAlan Hirschfield – Executive\nEdward Herrmann – Actor\nMaya Angelou – Poet\nLorenzo Semple, Jr. – Screenwriter\nGeorge L. Little – Costume designer\nJames Rebhorn – Actor\nMenahem Golan – Producer, director\nJames Shigeta – Actor\nAnita Ekberg – Actress\nPaul Apted – Sound editor\nH. R. Giger – Special effects artist\nSanford E. Reisenbach – Marketing executive\nMalik Bendjelloul – Documentarian\nVirna Lisi – Actress\nLouis Jourdan – Actor\nGordon Willis – Cinematographer\nRichard Attenborough – Actor, director\nOswald Morris – Cinematographer\nTom Rolf – Film editor\nL. M. Kit Carson – Writer, actor\nRuby Dee – Actress\nSamuel Goldwyn, Jr. – Producer\nMartha Hyer – Actress\nAndrew V. McLaglen – Director\nJimmy T. Murakami – Animator, director\nRobin Williams – Actor\nWilliam Greaves – Documentarian\nJoseph Viskocil – Special effects artist\nRod Taylor – Actor\nStewart Stern – Writer\nLuise Rainer – Actress\nDick Smith – Makeup artist\nLauren Bacall – Actress\nWalt Martin – Sound mixer\nCharles Champlin – Film critic\nPennie Dupont – Casting director\nHerb Jeffries – Actor\nMisty Upham – Actress\nEli Wallach – Actor\nGabriel García Márquez – Writer\nFrank Yablans – Studio executive\nAlain Resnais – Director\nBob Hoskins – Actor\nMike Nichols – Director","title":"In Memoriam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_BoxOffice"},{"link_name":"number-one film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2015_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"A^ : American Sniper opened in wide release on January 16, where it became the number-one film at the American box office for three consecutive weekends.[66] The film eventually became the highest grossing film at the American and Canadian box office released in 2014.[67]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Alejandro González Iñárritu, Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay co-winner, and Best Director winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu_2014.jpg/150px-Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eddie Redmayne, Best Actor winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Eddie_Redmayne_%26_Aisha_Tyler_%2843718217081%29_Cropped.jpg/150px-Eddie_Redmayne_%26_Aisha_Tyler_%2843718217081%29_Cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Julianne Moore, Best Actress winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Julianne_Moore_%2815011443428%29_%282%29.jpg/150px-Julianne_Moore_%2815011443428%29_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"J. K. Simmons, Best Supporting Actor winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/JK_Simmons_2009.jpg/150px-JK_Simmons_2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"Patricia Arquette, Best Supporting Actress winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PatriciaArquette.jpg/150px-PatriciaArquette.jpg"},{"image_text":"Armando Bó, Best Original Screenplay co-winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ARMANDO_BO_.jpg/150px-ARMANDO_BO_.jpg"},{"image_text":"Graham Moore, Best Adapted Screenplay winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Graham_Moore-0228.jpg/150px-Graham_Moore-0228.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chris Williams, Best Animated Feature Film co-winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chris_Williams_2022.jpg/150px-Chris_Williams_2022.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paweł Pawlikowski, Best Foreign Language Film winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Pawel_Pawlikowski_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Pawel_Pawlikowski_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Laura Poitras, Best Documentary - Feature co-winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Laura_Poitras_2014.jpg/150px-Laura_Poitras_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Patrick Osborne, Best Animated Short Film co-winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Patrick_OsborneCC2016.jpg/150px-Patrick_OsborneCC2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kristina Reed, Best Animated Short Film co-winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kristina_Reed_SM_%283_of_3%29.jpg/150px-Kristina_Reed_SM_%283_of_3%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alexandre Desplat, Best Original Score winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AlexandreDesplat-gros-plan.jpg/150px-AlexandreDesplat-gros-plan.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Legend, Best Original Song co-winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/John_Legend_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg/150px-John_Legend_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg"},{"image_text":"Common, Best Original Song co-winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Common_at_BRIC_Celebrate_Brooklyn_%2827813357667%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Common_at_BRIC_Celebrate_Brooklyn_%2827813357667%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Craig Mann, Best Sound Mixing co-winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_Director_Craig_Mann_at_the_Master_Class_on_Sound_Mixing%2C_during_the_48th_International_Film_Festival_of_India_%28IFFI-2017%29%2C_in_Panaji%2C_Goa_on_November_22%2C_2017.jpg/150px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Milena Canonero, Best Costume Design winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Milena_Canonero_Berlinale_2017.jpg/150px-Milena_Canonero_Berlinale_2017.jpg"},{"image_text":"Neil Patrick Harris hosted the 87th Academy Awards.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/5.3.10NeilPatrickHarrisByDavidShankbone.jpg/170px-5.3.10NeilPatrickHarrisByDavidShankbone.jpg"}]
[{"title":"21st Screen Actors Guild Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards"},{"title":"35th Golden Raspberry Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Golden_Raspberry_Awards"},{"title":"57th Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Grammy_Awards"},{"title":"67th Primetime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"title":"68th British Academy Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68th_British_Academy_Film_Awards"},{"title":"69th Tony Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69th_Tony_Awards"},{"title":"72nd Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72nd_Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"title":"List of submissions to the 87th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_87th_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antillean_guilder
Netherlands Antillean guilder
["1 Naming","2 History","3 Coins","4 Banknotes","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
Currency of Curaçao and Sint Maarten Netherlands Antillean guilderAntilliaanse gulden (Dutch) Modern 10 guilder note, in circulation 2009Modern 100 guilder note, in circulation 2009 ISO 4217CodeANG (numeric: 532)Subunit0.01UnitPluralguildersSymbolNAƒ, NAf, ƒ or f‎DenominationsSubunit 1⁄100centPlural centcentsBanknotes Freq. usedƒ10, ƒ25, ƒ50, ƒ100Coins1, 5, 10, 25, 50 cent, ƒ1, ƒ2+1⁄2, ƒ5DemographicsUser(s) Curaçao and  Sint Maarten (scheduled to end in 2025)  Netherlands Antilles until 10 October 2010  Caribbean Netherlands until 1 January 2011 IssuanceCentral bankCentral Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten Websitewww.centralbank.cwPrinterJoh. Enschedé Websitewww.joh-enschede.nlValuationInflation3.6% SourceBank van de Nederlandse Antillen, 2006 Q1 MethodCPIPegged withU.S. dollar = ƒ1.79 The Netherlands Antillean guilder (Dutch: gulden) is the currency of Curaçao and Sint Maarten, which until 2010 formed the Netherlands Antilles along with Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius. It is subdivided into 100 cents (Dutch plural: centen). The guilder was replaced on 1 January 2011 on the islands of Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius by the United States dollar. In Curaçao and Sint Maarten, a new currency, the Caribbean guilder, has been proposed, but has been stalled indefinitely by negotiations over the establishment of a separate central bank for Curaçao. In November 2020, the Central Bank announced the introduction of the replacement guilder, which was planned for implementation in the first half of 2021; however, release of the new currency has been delayed several times. Naming In Papiamentu, the local language of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao, the guilder is called a "florin". The first two letters of the currency's ISO 4217 code, ANG, are the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code assigned to the Netherlands Antilles, and the third letter, G, comes from Gulden. NAFl, sometimes used as an abbreviation for the currency, is derived from Netherlands Antilles Florin. History In the 18th century, the Dutch guilder circulated in the Netherlands Antilles. This was supplemented in 1794 by an issue of coins specific for the Dutch holdings in the West Indies. At this time, the guilder was subdivided into 20 stuiver. Between 1799 and 1828, the reaal circulated on the islands, with 1 reaal = 6 stuiver or 3+1⁄3 reaal = 1 guilder. The Dutch guilder was reintroduced in 1828, subdivided into 100 cents. When currency began again to be issued specifically for use in the Netherlands Antilles, it was issued in the name of Curaçao, with the first banknotes and coins, denominated in the Dutch currency, introduced in 1892 and 1900, respectively. The name "Netherlands Antilles" (Nederlandse Antillen) was introduced in 1952. In 1940, following the German occupation of the Netherlands, the link to the Dutch currency was broken, with a peg to the U.S. dollar of 1.88585 guilders = 1 dollar established. The peg was adjusted to 1.79 guilders = 1 dollar in 1971. In 1986, Aruba gained a status aparte and left the Netherlands Antilles. Shortly after that, Aruba began to issue its own currency, the Aruban florin, which replaced the Netherlands Antillean guilder at par. In 2011, a year after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius switched to the United States dollar, and the Netherlands Antillean guilder ceased to be legal tender in those territories. Curaçao and Sint Maarten intended to replace their currency, ceasing production thereof, but as of December 2020, these territories still use the Antillean guilder. Current banknotes and coins now require replacement, and only two years of Antilles guilder physical currency remaining for use. There has been talk that the islands could opt for the euro or possibly the US dollar in lieu of implementing their own new currency. In November 2019, Curaçao Finance Minister Kenneth Gijsbertha confirmed the introduction of the Caribbean guilder, and the Central Bank announced the same a year later. By August 2021, it was reported that the new guilder was expected to launch in either 2023 or 2024. In September 2022, however, CBCS announced an introduction date of 2024. Then in July 2023, release was postponed to 2025 at the latest. Coins A one cent coin from 1998. In 1794, silver coins were issued for use in the Dutch West Indies in denominations of 2 stuiver, 1⁄4, 1, and 3 guilders. The Dutch guilder was reintroduced in 1828, and some 1 guilder coins were cut into quarters and stamped with a "C" in 1838 to produce 1⁄4-guilder coins. In 1900 and 1901, silver 1⁄10 and 1⁄4-guilder coins were introduced, which circulated alongside Dutch coins. Following the German occupation of the Netherlands and the separation of the Netherlands Antillean currency from the Dutch, a bronze 1-cent coin was introduced in 1942, followed by a cupro-nickel 5-cent coin in 1943. Bronze 2+1⁄2 cent and silver 1 and 2+1⁄2 guilders were introduced in 1944. The coinage of 1941–44 was minted in the United States and carried "P" or "D" mintmarks, and for most denominations a small palm tree. This money was also intended for use in Suriname. The alternate Dutch names for some of these coins are: 5 cent—stuiver; 10 cent—dubbeltje; 25 cent—kwartje; and 2+1⁄2 guilders—rijksdaalder. From 1952, the name "Nederlandse Antillen" appeared on the coins. In 1970, nickel replaced silver, although the 2+1⁄2-guilder coin was not reintroduced until 1978. Aluminium 1 and 2+1⁄2 cents were introduced in 1979. In 1989, aluminium 1 and 5 cents, nickel-bonded-steel 10 and 25 cents, and aureate-steel 50 cents, 1 and 2+1⁄2 guilders were introduced. Aureate-steel 5-guilder coins followed in 1998. The five-guilder coin is produced from aureate steel. The spots on the obverse are the result of corrosion, and are not a typical feature of the coin. Octagonal ridges are built into the face to help distinguish it from the similar one-guilder coin. The obverse features Beatrix of the Netherlands, while the reverse has the coat of arms of the Netherlands Antilles. The one-guilder coin is produced from aureate steel. The obverse features Beatrix of the Netherlands, while the reverse has the coat of arms of the Netherlands Antilles. The 50-cent coin is diamond-shaped. It is the only modern Antillean coin in this form, but an earlier version of the five-cent piece was also in this shape. Banknotes In 1892, the Curaçaosche Bank introduced notes in denominations of 25 and 50 cents, 1 and 2+1⁄2 guilders. This was the only issue of the cent denominations. Notes for 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 guilders followed in 1900. The 1 and 2+1⁄2 guilder notes were suspended after 1920 but reintroduced by the government in 1942 as muntbiljet. From 1954, the name "Nederlandse Antillen" appeared on the reverse of the notes of the Curaçaosche Bank and, from 1955, the muntbiljet (2+1⁄2 guilders only) was issued in the name of the Nederlandse Antillen. In 1962, the bank's name was changed to the Bank van de Nederlandse Antillen. Starting in 1969, notes dated 28 AUGUSTUS 1967 began to be introduced. The front of these notes all feature the Statuut monument at front left instead of the allegorical seated woman found on the preceding issues, and on the back there is a new coat of arms. In 1970, a final issue of muntbiljet was made in denominations of both 1 and 2+1⁄2 guilders. The 500 guilder note was not issued after 1962. The 5 and the 250 guilder notes were not issued after 1998. The 5 guilder was replaced with a coin. The 10 guilder note is illustrated with a hummingbird. Security features include a surface foil tag, an embedded hologram under the hummingbird, and an orange moiré pattern contrasting with the green note. The 25 guilder note is illustrated with a Caribbean flamingo. Security features include a surface foil tag, an embedded hologram under the flamingo, and a green moiré pattern contrasting with the pink note. The 50 guilder note has an rufous-collared sparrow on the face. Security features include a surface foil tag, an embedded hologram under the sparrow, and a green moiré pattern contrasting with the orange note. The 100 guilder note has a bananaquit on the face. Security features include a surface foil tag, an embedded hologram under the bananaquit, and a green moiré pattern contrasting with the brown note. Current ANG exchange rates From Google Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD EUR JPY USD From Yahoo! Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD EUR JPY USD From XE.com: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD EUR JPY USD From OANDA: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD EUR JPY USD See also Economy of the Netherlands Antilles Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean Notes ^ a b (in Dutch) Rijksoverheid.nl – Wat is er veranderd sinds de staatkundige herindeling van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Antilliaanse gulden wordt aangehouden in 2012". dushi-curacao.info (in Dutch). 14 September 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2011. ^ "Jardim: Research Monetary Union Is Not A Priority". Curaçao Chronicle. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2015. ^ a b "Central Bank announces introduction of Caribbean Guilder in 2021". StMaartenNews.com. 15 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020. ^ Ratzlaff, Betty. Papiamentu/Ingles Dikshonario, second print, pg. 81, ISBN 99904-0-030-X ^ "Banknotes and coins should soon be replaced". Curaçao Chronicle. 15 February 2016. ^ "Only two years worth of Antillean guilders left". The Daily Herald. 13 June 2018. Archived 19 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Caribbean guilder becomes reality". Curaçao Chronicle. 14 November 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2020. ^ "Doornbosch: 'Curaçao economy for 80 percent of foreign exchange reserves and Sint Maarten 20 percent'". Curaçao Chronicle. 17 August 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021. ^ "CBCS moves ahead with the Introduction of the Caribbean Guilder" (PDF). Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten (Press release). 5 September 2022. ^ "Introduction of Caribbean Guilder delayed again, possibly pushed to 2025". Curaçao Chronicle. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023. ^ Linzmayer, Owen (2012). "Netherlands Antilles". The Banknote Book. San Francisco, CA: www.BanknoteNews.com. References Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1978). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1979 Edition. Colin R. Bruce II (senior editor) (5th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873410203. Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501. Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9. External links Media related to Money of the Netherlands Antilles at Wikimedia Commons Banknotes of the Netherlands Antilles All banknotes vteCurrencies named florin or similarCirculating Aruban florin Hungarian forint Netherlands Antillean guilder Polish zloty Defunct Austro-Hungarian florin (Gulden, forint, zlatý) Baden gulden Bavarian gulden British Guianan guilder Conventionsgulden Danzig gulden Dutch guilder East African florin Fribourg gulden Guldengroschen Lombardo-Venetian florin Luzern Gulden Netherlands Indies gulden Japanese occupation Dutch New Guinean gulden Neuchâtel gulden Rhenish gulden Schwyz Gulden South German Gulden Surinamese guilder Tuscan florin Württemberg Gulden As a denomination Florin (British coin) Florin (English coin) Florin (Irish coin) Florin (Italian coin) Proposed Caribbean guilder See also Florin sign (ƒ) {{Groschen}} • {{Pfennig}} • {{Thaler}} vteCurrencies of the AmericasNorth Bermudian dollar Canadian dollar Danish krone Greenland Euro Saint Pierre and Miquelon Mexican peso U.S. dollar Caribbean Aruban florin Bahamian dollar Barbadian dollar Cayman Islands dollar Cuban peso Dominican peso East Caribbean dollar Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Dominica Grenada Montserrat Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Euro Guadeloupe Martinique Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Sint Maarten Haitian gourde Jamaican dollar Netherlands Antillean guilder Curaçao Sint Maarten Trinidad and Tobago dollar U.S. dollar Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands Caribbean Netherlands Turks and Caicos Islands Central Bitcoin El Salvador Belize dollar Costa Rican colón Guatemalan quetzal Honduran lempira Nicaraguan córdoba Panamanian balboa U.S. dollar El Salvador Panama South Argentine peso Bolivian boliviano Brazilian real Chilean peso Colombian peso Euro French Guiana Falkland Islands pound Guyanese dollar Paraguayan guaraní Peruvian sol Sterling South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Surinamese dollar Uruguayan peso U.S. dollar Ecuador, with local coins Venezuelan bolívar Proposed Caribbean guilder starting 2025 Portals: Caribbean Money Netherlands Numismatics
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This was supplemented in 1794 by an issue of coins specific for the Dutch holdings in the West Indies. At this time, the guilder was subdivided into 20 stuiver.Between 1799 and 1828, the reaal circulated on the islands, with 1 reaal = 6 stuiver or 3+1⁄3 reaal = 1 guilder. The Dutch guilder was reintroduced in 1828, subdivided into 100 cents. When currency began again to be issued specifically for use in the Netherlands Antilles, it was issued in the name of Curaçao, with the first banknotes and coins, denominated in the Dutch currency, introduced in 1892 and 1900, respectively. The name \"Netherlands Antilles\" (Nederlandse Antillen) was introduced in 1952.In 1940, following the German occupation of the Netherlands, the link to the Dutch currency was broken, with a peg to the U.S. dollar of 1.88585 guilders = 1 dollar established. The peg was adjusted to 1.79 guilders = 1 dollar in 1971.In 1986, Aruba gained a status aparte and left the Netherlands Antilles. Shortly after that, Aruba began to issue its own currency, the Aruban florin, which replaced the Netherlands Antillean guilder at par.In 2011, a year after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius switched to the United States dollar, and the Netherlands Antillean guilder ceased to be legal tender in those territories.Curaçao and Sint Maarten intended to replace their currency, ceasing production thereof, but as of December 2020[update], these territories still use the Antillean guilder. Current banknotes and coins now require replacement,[6] and only two years of Antilles guilder physical currency remaining for use. There has been talk that the islands could opt for the euro or possibly the US dollar in lieu of implementing their own new currency.[7]In November 2019, Curaçao Finance Minister Kenneth Gijsbertha confirmed the introduction of the Caribbean guilder,[8] and the Central Bank announced the same a year later.[4]By August 2021, it was reported that the new guilder was expected to launch in either 2023 or 2024.[9] In September 2022, however, CBCS announced an introduction date of 2024.[10] Then in July 2023, release was postponed to 2025 at the latest.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Netherlands_Antilles_coin.jpg"},{"link_name":"mintmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintmark"},{"link_name":"palm tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_tree"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"stuiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuiver"},{"link_name":"dubbeltje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbeltje"},{"link_name":"kwartje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwartje&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"rijksdaalder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksdaalder"},{"link_name":"Aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"}],"text":"A one cent coin from 1998.In 1794, silver coins were issued for use in the Dutch West Indies in denominations of 2 stuiver, 1⁄4, 1, and 3 guilders. The Dutch guilder was reintroduced in 1828, and some 1 guilder coins were cut into quarters and stamped with a \"C\" in 1838 to produce 1⁄4-guilder coins.In 1900 and 1901, silver 1⁄10 and 1⁄4-guilder coins were introduced, which circulated alongside Dutch coins. Following the German occupation of the Netherlands and the separation of the Netherlands Antillean currency from the Dutch, a bronze 1-cent coin was introduced in 1942, followed by a cupro-nickel 5-cent coin in 1943. Bronze 2+1⁄2 cent and silver 1 and 2+1⁄2 guilders were introduced in 1944. The coinage of 1941–44 was minted in the United States and carried \"P\" or \"D\" mintmarks, and for most denominations a small palm tree. This money was also intended for use in Suriname. The alternate Dutch names for some of these coins are: 5 cent—stuiver; 10 cent—dubbeltje; 25 cent—kwartje; and 2+1⁄2 guilders—rijksdaalder.From 1952, the name \"Nederlandse Antillen\" appeared on the coins. In 1970, nickel replaced silver, although the 2+1⁄2-guilder coin was not reintroduced until 1978. Aluminium 1 and 2+1⁄2 cents were introduced in 1979. In 1989, aluminium 1 and 5 cents, nickel-bonded-steel 10 and 25 cents, and aureate-steel 50 cents, 1 and 2+1⁄2 guilders were introduced. Aureate-steel 5-guilder coins followed in 1998.","title":"Coins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 1892, the Curaçaosche Bank introduced notes in denominations of 25 and 50 cents, 1 and 2+1⁄2 guilders. This was the only issue of the cent denominations. Notes for 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 guilders followed in 1900. The 1 and 2+1⁄2 guilder notes were suspended after 1920 but reintroduced by the government in 1942 as muntbiljet.From 1954, the name \"Nederlandse Antillen\" appeared on the reverse of the notes of the Curaçaosche Bank and, from 1955, the muntbiljet (2+1⁄2 guilders only) was issued in the name of the Nederlandse Antillen. In 1962, the bank's name was changed to the Bank van de Nederlandse Antillen. Starting in 1969, notes dated 28 AUGUSTUS 1967 began to be introduced. The front of these notes all feature the Statuut monument at front left instead of the allegorical seated woman found on the preceding issues, and on the back there is a new coat of arms.[12] In 1970, a final issue of muntbiljet was made in denominations of both 1 and 2+1⁄2 guilders. The 500 guilder note was not issued after 1962. The 5 and the 250 guilder notes were not issued after 1998. The 5 guilder was replaced with a coin.","title":"Banknotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-watiserveranderd_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-watiserveranderd_1-1"},{"link_name":"Wat is er veranderd sinds de staatkundige herindeling van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/vragen-en-antwoorden/wat-is-er-veranderd-sinds-de-staatkundige-herindeling-van-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120320054536/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/vragen-en-antwoorden/wat-is-er-veranderd-sinds-de-staatkundige-herindeling-van-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Antilliaanse gulden wordt aangehouden in 2012\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dushi-curacao.info/archive-2011/antilliaanse-gulden-wordt-aangehouden-in-2012.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Jardim: Research Monetary Union Is Not A Priority\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//curacaochronicle.com/main/jardim-research-monetary-union-is-not-a-priority/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stmaarten_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stmaarten_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Central Bank announces introduction of Caribbean Guilder in 2021\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//stmaartennews.com/news/central-bank-announces-introduction-of-caribbean-guilder-in-2021/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"99904-0-030-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/99904-0-030-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Banknotes and coins should soon be replaced\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//curacaochronicle.com/economy/banknotes-and-coins-should-soon-be-replaced/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Only two years worth of Antillean guilders left\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/77595-only-two-years-worth-of-antillean-guilders-left"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191019031147/https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/77595-only-two-years-worth-of-antillean-guilders-left"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Caribbean guilder becomes reality\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/caribbean-guilder-becomes-reality/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Doornbosch: 'Curaçao economy for 80 percent of foreign exchange reserves and Sint Maarten 20 percent'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/doornbosch-curacao-economy-for-80-percent-of-foreign-exchange-reserves-and-sint-maarten-20-percent/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"CBCS moves ahead with the Introduction of the Caribbean Guilder\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cdn.centralbank.cw/media/press_releases_2022/20220905_pb2022_033_cbcs_continues_project_cmg_en.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Introduction of Caribbean Guilder delayed again, possibly pushed to 2025\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/introduction-of-caribbean-guilder-delayed-again-possibly-pushed-to-2025/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"The Banknote Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.banknotebook.com"}],"text":"^ a b (in Dutch) Rijksoverheid.nl – Wat is er veranderd sinds de staatkundige herindeling van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"Antilliaanse gulden wordt aangehouden in 2012\". dushi-curacao.info (in Dutch). 14 September 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2011.\n\n^ \"Jardim: Research Monetary Union Is Not A Priority\". Curaçao Chronicle. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2015.\n\n^ a b \"Central Bank announces introduction of Caribbean Guilder in 2021\". StMaartenNews.com. 15 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.\n\n^ Ratzlaff, Betty. Papiamentu/Ingles Dikshonario, second print, pg. 81, ISBN 99904-0-030-X\n\n^ \"Banknotes and coins should soon be replaced\". Curaçao Chronicle. 15 February 2016.\n\n^ \"Only two years worth of Antillean guilders left\". The Daily Herald. 13 June 2018. Archived 19 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"Caribbean guilder becomes reality\". Curaçao Chronicle. 14 November 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2020.\n\n^ \"Doornbosch: 'Curaçao economy for 80 percent of foreign exchange reserves and Sint Maarten 20 percent'\". Curaçao Chronicle. 17 August 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.\n\n^ \"CBCS moves ahead with the Introduction of the Caribbean Guilder\" (PDF). Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten (Press release). 5 September 2022.\n\n^ \"Introduction of Caribbean Guilder delayed again, possibly pushed to 2025\". Curaçao Chronicle. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.\n\n^ Linzmayer, Owen (2012). \"Netherlands Antilles\". The Banknote Book. San Francisco, CA: www.BanknoteNews.com.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"A one cent coin from 1998.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Netherlands_Antilles_coin.jpg/220px-Netherlands_Antilles_coin.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Economy of the Netherlands Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles"},{"title":"Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Caribbean"}]
[{"reference":"\"Antilliaanse gulden wordt aangehouden in 2012\". dushi-curacao.info (in Dutch). 14 September 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dushi-curacao.info/archive-2011/antilliaanse-gulden-wordt-aangehouden-in-2012.html","url_text":"\"Antilliaanse gulden wordt aangehouden in 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jardim: Research Monetary Union Is Not A Priority\". Curaçao Chronicle. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://curacaochronicle.com/main/jardim-research-monetary-union-is-not-a-priority/","url_text":"\"Jardim: Research Monetary Union Is Not A Priority\""}]},{"reference":"\"Central Bank announces introduction of Caribbean Guilder in 2021\". StMaartenNews.com. 15 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://stmaartennews.com/news/central-bank-announces-introduction-of-caribbean-guilder-in-2021/","url_text":"\"Central Bank announces introduction of Caribbean Guilder in 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banknotes and coins should soon be replaced\". Curaçao Chronicle. 15 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://curacaochronicle.com/economy/banknotes-and-coins-should-soon-be-replaced/","url_text":"\"Banknotes and coins should soon be replaced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Only two years worth of Antillean guilders left\". The Daily Herald. 13 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/77595-only-two-years-worth-of-antillean-guilders-left","url_text":"\"Only two years worth of Antillean guilders left\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caribbean guilder becomes reality\". Curaçao Chronicle. 14 November 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/caribbean-guilder-becomes-reality/","url_text":"\"Caribbean guilder becomes reality\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doornbosch: 'Curaçao economy for 80 percent of foreign exchange reserves and Sint Maarten 20 percent'\". Curaçao Chronicle. 17 August 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/doornbosch-curacao-economy-for-80-percent-of-foreign-exchange-reserves-and-sint-maarten-20-percent/","url_text":"\"Doornbosch: 'Curaçao economy for 80 percent of foreign exchange reserves and Sint Maarten 20 percent'\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBCS moves ahead with the Introduction of the Caribbean Guilder\" (PDF). Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten (Press release). 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.centralbank.cw/media/press_releases_2022/20220905_pb2022_033_cbcs_continues_project_cmg_en.pdf","url_text":"\"CBCS moves ahead with the Introduction of the Caribbean Guilder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction of Caribbean Guilder delayed again, possibly pushed to 2025\". Curaçao Chronicle. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/introduction-of-caribbean-guilder-delayed-again-possibly-pushed-to-2025/","url_text":"\"Introduction of Caribbean Guilder delayed again, possibly pushed to 2025\""}]},{"reference":"Linzmayer, Owen (2012). \"Netherlands Antilles\". The Banknote Book. San Francisco, CA: www.BanknoteNews.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.banknotebook.com/","url_text":"The Banknote Book"}]},{"reference":"Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1978). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1979 Edition. Colin R. Bruce II (senior editor) (5th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873410203.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Catalog_of_World_Coins","url_text":"Standard Catalog of World Coins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873410203","url_text":"0873410203"}]},{"reference":"Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Catalog_of_World_Coins","url_text":"Standard Catalog of World Coins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873411501","url_text":"0873411501"}]},{"reference":"Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Catalog_of_World_Paper_Money","url_text":"Standard Catalog of World Paper Money"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-207-9","url_text":"0-87341-207-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Health,_Labour,_and_Welfare
Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare
["1 List of ministers of health, labour and welfare (2001–)","2 References","3 External links"]
Minister in the government of Japan Minister of Health, Labour and WelfareEmblem of the Government of JapanIncumbentKeizō Takemisince 13 September 2023Ministry of Health, Labour and WelfareStyleHis ExcellencyMember ofCabinet of JapanReports toPrime Minister of JapanNominatorPrime Minister of JapanAppointerEmperor of Japanattested to by the EmperorPrecursorMinister of HealthMinister of LaborFormationJanuary 6, 2001; 23 years ago (2001-01-06)DeputyState Minister of Health and LabourSalary¥20,916,000 The Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare (厚生労働大臣, Kousei-Rodou Daijin) is a member of the Cabinet of Japan and is the leader and chief executive of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The minister is nominated by the Prime Minister of Japan and is appointed by the Emperor of Japan. Minister Keizō Takemi took office on 13 September 2023. List of ministers of health, labour and welfare (2001–)   Liberal Democratic   Democratic   Komeito Minister Term of office Prime Minister # Portrait Name Took office Left office Days 1 Chikara Sakaguchi January 6, 2001 September 27, 2004 1360 Yoshirō Mori Junichiro Koizumi 2 Hidehisa Otsuji September 27, 2004 October 31, 2005 399 3 Jirō Kawasaki October 31, 2005 September 26, 2006 330 4 Hakuo Yanagisawa September 26, 2006 August 27, 2007 335 Shinzō Abe 5 Yōichi Masuzoe August 27, 2007 September 16, 2009 751 Yasuo Fukuda Tarō Asō 6 Akira Nagatsuma September 16, 2009 September 17, 2010 366 Yukio Hatoyama Naoto Kan 7 Ritsuo Hosokawa September 17, 2010 September 2, 2011 350 8 Yoko Komiyama September 2, 2011 October 1, 2012 395 Yoshihiko Noda 9 Wakio Mitsui October 1, 2012 December 26, 2012 86 10 Norihisa Tamura December 26, 2012 September 3, 2014 616 Shinzō Abe 11 Yasuhisa Shiozaki September 3, 2014 August 3, 2017 1065 12 Katsunobu Katō August 3, 2017 October 2, 2018 425 13 Takumi Nemoto October 2, 2018 September 11, 2019 344 (12) Katsunobu Katō September 11, 2019 September 16, 2020 371 (10) Norihisa Tamura September 16, 2020 October 4, 2021 383 Yoshihide Suga 14 Shigeyuki Goto October 4, 2021 August 10, 2022 310 Fumio Kishida (12) Katsunobu Katō August 10, 2022 September 13, 2023 399 15 Keizō Takemi September 13, 2023 Incumbent 157 References External links Official website vteJapanese government ministries and agencies Cabinet Cabinet Secretariat Cabinet Legislation Bureau National Security Council National Personnel Authority Cabinet Office Imperial Household Agency Fair Trade Commission National Public Safety Commission and National Police Agency Personal Information Protection Commission Financial Services Agency Consumer Affairs Agency Casino Regulatory Commission Children and Families Agency  Digital Agency Reconstruction Agency Internal Affairs and Communications (List) Justice (List) Foreign Affairs (List) Finance (List) Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (List) Health, Labour, and Welfare (List) Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (List) Economy, Trade and Industry (List) Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (List) Environment (List) Defense (List) Board of Audit (constitutionally independent) This article related to government in Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Arlington,_New_Jersey
North Arlington, New Jersey
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","3.3 Crime","4 Economy","5 Sports","6 Parks and recreation","7 Government","7.1 Local government","7.2 Federal, state and county representation","7.3 Politics","8 Education","9 Emergency services","9.1 Police","9.2 Fire","9.3 Ambulance","10 Transportation","10.1 Roads and highways","10.2 Public transportation","11 Notable people","12 References","13 Related reading","14 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°47′11″N 74°07′34″W / 40.786256°N 74.12622°W / 40.786256; -74.12622Borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States Borough in New JerseyNorth Arlington, New JerseyBoroughBelleville Turnpike Bridge SealLocation of North Arlington in Bergen County highlighted in red (left). Inset map: Location of Bergen County in New Jersey highlighted in orange (right).Census Bureau map of North Arlington, New JerseyNorth ArlingtonLocation in Bergen CountyShow map of Bergen County, New JerseyNorth ArlingtonLocation in New JerseyShow map of New JerseyNorth ArlingtonLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 40°47′11″N 74°07′34″W / 40.786256°N 74.12622°W / 40.786256; -74.12622Country United StatesState New JerseyCountyBergenIncorporatedMarch 9, 1896Government • TypeBorough • BodyBorough Council • MayorDaniel H. Pronti (R, term ends December 31, 2026) • AdministratorStephen Lo Iacono • Municipal clerkKathleen MooreArea • Total2.53 sq mi (6.55 km2) • Land2.48 sq mi (6.43 km2) • Water0.04 sq mi (0.12 km2)  1.78% • Rank372th of 565 in state38th of 70 in countyElevation85 ft (26 m)Population (2020) • Total16,457 • Estimate (2022)16,309 • Rank161st of 565 in state20th of 70 in county • Density6,625.2/sq mi (2,558.0/km2)  • Rank75th of 565 in state23rd of 70 in countyTime zoneUTC−05:00 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (Eastern (EDT))ZIP Code07031Area code(s)201FIPS code3400352320GNIS feature ID0885323Websitewww.northarlington.org North Arlington is a borough in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 16,457, an increase of 1,065 (+6.9%) from the 2010 census count of 15,392, which in turn reflected an increase of 211 (+1.4%) from the 15,181 counted in the 2000 census. As the site of Holy Cross Cemetery, which has interred almost 290,000 individuals since its establishment in 1915, and with another Jewish cemetery including several thousand more burials, North Arlington has almost 20 times more dead people than living, with more burials than the living population of Newark, the state's largest city. Holy Cross has an average of 2,600 interments each year, of which about 65% are burials, with the remainder split between entombment in mausoleums or crypts and burial of cremated remains. Expansion of the mausoleum will bring its capacity to nearly 36,000 interments, with the cemetery's total capacity of about 750,000 expected to last past the year 2090. The cemetery covers 208 acres (84 ha) and was assessed at $185 million, though its non-profit status means that the municipality generates no tax revenue from a property that covers almost an eighth of the borough's land area. North Arlington was ranked eighth by Money magazine on its list of "Best Places to Live 2017", which cited the borough's healthy economy, affordable homes and a high quality of life. History North Arlington erected a 9/11 memorial at the James Zadroga Soccer Field. North Arlington was originally part of an area called "New Barbadoes Neck". Copper was mined at the Schuyler Copper Mine in present-day North Arlington during the 18th and 19th centuries. It was one of the first true copper mines in North America. In 1755, the first steam engine in North America was assembled in North Arlington. The Newcomen steam engine was imported from England by John Schuyler to pump water out of his copper mine. He hired engineer Josiah Hornblower to assemble the machinery. North Arlington was formed by a referendum passed on March 9, 1896, and incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 11, 1896, from area taken from Union Township. It was called North Arlington because it was north of the Arlington section of Kearny, which had been named from the Arlington Station on the Erie Railroad. North Arlington, together with Lyndhurst and Rutherford, was the site of the EnCap project, an effort to remediate landfills on the 785-acre (3.18 km2) site and construct homes and golf courses on top of the cleaned up site. On May 27, 2008, the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission terminated its agreement with EnCap Golf Holdings, the company that had the contract to redevelop the site, after the company had missed targets to clean up the landfills as part of the project. On November 18, 2015, North Arlington approved plans for FedEx to build a 139,000-square-foot (12,900 m2) freight distribution facility on a former steel dumping ground on Porete Avenue. FedEx pledged to build a new access road to Porete Avenue from Belleville Turnpike, complete with a signalized traffic light, as part of construction. The company planned to hire 225 people to work at the facility. FedEx planned to complete the building by early 2017. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 2.53 square miles (6.55 km2), including 2.48 square miles (6.43 km2) of land and 0.05 square miles (0.12 km2) of water (1.78%). The borough borders the municipalities of Lyndhurst in Bergen County; Belleville in Essex County; and Kearny in Hudson County. Route 7 (Belleville Turnpike) occupies much of the border of between Bergen County to the north and Hudson County to the south, with North Arlington on one side and Kearny on the other. The bordering neighborhood in Kearny is called Arlington, from which the name North Arlington is derived. Cemeteries lie along both sides of the route, with North Arlington Jewish Cemetery in Bergen and Arlington Memorial Park in Hudson. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1900290—191043750.7%19201,767304.3%19308,263367.6%19409,90419.9%195015,97061.2%196017,4779.4%197018,0963.5%198016,587−8.3%199013,790−16.9%200015,18110.1%201015,3921.4%202016,4576.9%2022 (est.)16,309−0.9%Population sources:1900–1920 1900–19101910–1930 1900–20202000 2010 2020 2010 census The 2010 United States census counted 15,392 people, 6,295 households, and 4,117 families in the borough. The population density was 6,010.3 per square mile (2,320.6/km2). There were 6,573 housing units at an average density of 2,566.6 per square mile (991.0/km2). The racial makeup was 82.59% (12,712) White, 1.43% (220) Black or African American, 0.23% (36) Native American, 7.87% (1,211) Asian, 0.01% (2) Pacific Islander, 6.03% (928) from other races, and 1.84% (283) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.86% (3,211) of the population. Of the 6,295 households, 25.4% had children under the age of 18; 49.4% were married couples living together; 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present and 34.6% were non-families. Of all households, 29.4% were made up of individuals and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.05. 17.6% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 28.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.5 years. For every 100 females, the population had 91.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 88.2 males. The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $71,232 (with a margin of error of +/− $6,829) and the median family income was $87,854 (+/− $9,834). Males had a median income of $56,437 (+/− $4,127) versus $47,794 (+/− $4,233) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $34,265 (+/− $2,555). About 4.6% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over. Same-sex couples headed 39 households in 2010, an increase from the 28 counted in 2000. 2000 census As of the 2000 United States census there were 15,181 people, 6,392 households, and 4,129 families residing in the borough. The population density was 5,880.7 inhabitants per square mile (2,270.6/km2). There were 6,529 housing units at an average density of 2,529.2 per square mile (976.5/km2). The ethnic makeup of the borough was 89.61% White, 0.46% African American, 0.14% Native American, 5.61% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.29% from other races, and 1.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.57% of the population. There were 6,392 households, out of which 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.4% were non-families. 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.00. In the borough the population was spread out, with 18.0% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.1 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $51,787, and the median income for a family was $62,483. Males had a median income of $41,512 versus $34,769 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $24,441. About 3.4% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.2% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over. Crime According to the FBI's 2011 Uniform Crime Report, there were 263 crimes in the borough in 2011 (vs. 200 in 2010), of which 19 were violent crimes (vs. 12 in 2010) and 244 non-violent crimes (vs. 188 in the previous year). The 2011 total crime rate per thousand residents was 17.1 (vs. 13.0 in 2010), compared to 13.6 in Bergen County and 24.7 statewide. The violent crime rate was 1.2 per thousand in 2011 (up from 0.8 in the previous year), while the rate was 1.0 in the county and 3.1 in New Jersey. Economy Companies based in North Arlington include Pizza Land, located at 260 Belleville Turnpike, which was featured in the opening credits of The Sopranos. Additionally, in Law & Order episode 10.6, "Marathon" (1999), a pizza box from the restaurant was used by a suspect to transport and conceal firearms. Sports The Inline Skating Club of America is a skating facility that is the home of the New Jersey Grizzlies of the Professional Inline Hockey Association Pro Division and the Wallington Grizzlies of the Professional Inline Hockey Association Minor League. North Arlington offers an extensive public athletic/recreation program for youth, offering a boys and girls basketball leagues, a recreation bowling league, a girls softball league, little league baseball, a soccer association, and a popular football and cheerleading program, the "Junior Vikings", named after the North Arlington High School "Vikings". Additionally, to meet the needs of a growing population of children with special needs, North Arlington recreation offers "Recreation for Developmentally Challenged Children". This program includes cooperation from neighboring towns, and consists of Spring baseball and soccer. The recreation program serves adults with an adult men's basketball league as well as an adult women's volleyball program. Parks and recreation Riverside County Park is a Bergen County Park covering 85 acres (34 ha), located on River Road between Lyndhurst and North Arlington. It has a playground, athletic fields, tennis courts, a Bocce ball court and fitness center. Government Local government North Arlington is governed under the borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 564) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of a mayor and a borough council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The borough council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The borough form of government used by North Arlington is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. As of 2023, the mayor of North Arlington is Republican Daniel H. Pronti, whose term of office ends December 31, 2026. Pronti, who won the 2018 mayoral election, replaced Joseph P. Bianchi on the ballot, following Biaanchi's death on October 10, 2018; Bianchi, a volunteer firefighter in the borough, who responded to Ground Zero after the September 11 terror attacks, died of cancer he initially contracted at the site. Members of the North Arlington Borough Council are Council President Mario L. Karcic Jr. (R, 2023), Council Vice President Kirk Del Russo (R, 2025), Donna Bocchino (R, 2023), Lynette Cavadas (R, 2025), Brian A. Fitzhenry (R, 2024) and Allison C. Sheedy (R, 2024). In January 2019, Kirk DelRusso was unanimously selected from a list of three candidates nominated by the Republican municipal committee to fill the seat expiring in December 2020 that became vacant when Daniel H. Pronti was sworn in to the mayor's position. In January 2015, the borough council selected Brian Fitzhenry from a list of three candidates nominated by the Republican municipal committee to fill the council seat that was vacated by Joseph Bianchi when he took office as mayor; Fitzhenry would serve on an interim basis until the November 2015 election. Republicans swept the November 2015 general election, giving the party full control of municipal government. Brian Fitzhenry and Allison Sheedy were elected to full three-year terms, while Mario Karcic Jr., was elected to fill the balance of Joseph Bianchi's council seat expiring in 2016. Peter Norcia was appointed in February 2013 to fill the vacant seat of Steve Tanelli, who won a seat on the Board of Chosen Freeholders. List of mayors of North Arlington # Name Term Length Party 1 George Bayliss* April 28, 1896 - July, 1909 Republican 2 William Brandenburg Jr. July, 1909 - December 31, 1919 Democrat 3 Harry McKinlay January 1, 1920 - December 31, 1921 Republican 4 Alfred F. Barnard January 1, 1922 - December 31, 1930 Republican 5 Daniel Rentschler January 1, 1931 - December 31, 1936 Republican 6 Alexander Allan January 1, 1937 - December 31, 1944 Republican 7 John R. Manson January 1, 1945 - December 31, 1946 Unknown 8 Louis E. Gaeckle January 1, 1947 - December 31, 1950 Unknown 9 Walter J. O'Connell January 1, 1951 - December 31, 1954 Unknown 10 Leonard Barnett** January 1, 1955 - May, 1956 Democrat 11 Peter R. Tonner May, 1956 - December 31, 1964 Democrat 12 William D. McDowell January 1, 1965 - December 31, 1968 Republican 13 Theodore R. Lapinski January 1, 1969 - December 31, 1970 Republican 14 Edward J. Slodowski January 1, 1971 - December 31, 1974 Democrat 15 Ernest T. Cerone January 1, 1975 - December 31, 1978 Republican 16 Edward Martone January 1, 1979 - December 31, 1982 Democrat 17 Leonard R. Kaiser January 1, 1983 - December 31, 2002 Republican 18 Russell L. Pitman January 1, 2003 - December 31, 2006 Democrat 19 Peter Massa January 1, 2007 - December 31, 2013 Democrat 20 Joesph Bianchi*** January 1, 2014 - October 10, 2018 Republican 21 Daniel Pronti January 1, 2019 - currently serving Republican *Resigned in July of 1909, Councilman Brandenburg elected to succeed him **Resigned in May of 1956 to move to Florida for business reasons, Councilman Tonner elected to succeed him ***Passed away while serving in office, council did not elect new mayor immediately, Pronti elected via mayoral race Federal, state and county representation North Arlington is located in the 9th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 36th state legislative district. For the 118th United States Congress, New Jersey's 9th congressional district is represented by Bill Pascrell (D, Paterson). New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2027) and Bob Menendez (Englewood Cliffs, term ends 2025). For the 2024-2025 session, the 36th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Paul Sarlo (D, Wood-Ridge) and in the General Assembly by Clinton Calabrese (D, Cliffside Park) and Gary Schaer (D, Passaic). Bergen County is governed by a directly elected County Executive, with legislative functions performed by a Board of County Commissioners comprised of seven members who are elected at-large to three-year terms in partisan elections on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats coming up for election each November; a Chairman and Vice Chairman are selected from among its seven members at a reorganization meeting held every January. As of 2024, the county executive is James J. Tedesco III (D, Paramus), whose four-year term of office ends December 31, 2026. Bergen County's Commissioners are: Thomas J. Sullivan Jr. (D, Montvale, 2025), Chair Germaine M. Ortiz (D, Emerson, 2025), Joan Voss (D, Fort Lee, 2026), Vice Chair Mary J. Amoroso (D, Mahwah, 2025), Rafael Marte (D, Bergenfield, 2026), Steven A. Tanelli (D, North Arlington, 2024) and Tracy Silna Zur (D, Franklin Lakes, 2024). Bergen County's constitutional officials are: Clerk John S. Hogan (D, Northvale, 2026), Sheriff Anthony Cureton (D, Englewood, 2024) and Surrogate Michael R. Dressler (D, Cresskill, 2026). Politics As of March 2011, there were a total of 8,594 registered voters in North Arlington, of which 2,839 (33.0% vs. 31.7% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 1,603 (18.7% vs. 21.1%) were registered as Republicans and 4,146 (48.2% vs. 47.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 6 voters registered as Libertarians or Greens. Among the borough's 2010 Census population, 55.8% (vs. 57.1% in Bergen County) were registered to vote, including 67.8% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 73.7% countywide). In the 2016 presidential election, Republican Donald Trump received 3,392 votes (48.4% vs. 41.1% countywide), ahead of Democrat Hillary Clinton with 3,351 votes (47.8% vs. 54.2%) and other candidates with 269 votes (3.8% vs. 4.6%), among the 7,097 ballots cast by the borough's 9,594 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.0% (vs. 72.5% in Bergen County). In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 3,706 votes (56.7% vs. 54.8% countywide), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 2,703 votes (41.3% vs. 43.5%) and other candidates with 55 votes (0.8% vs. 0.9%), among the 6,541 ballots cast by the borough's 9,138 registered voters, for a turnout of 71.6% (vs. 70.4% in Bergen County). In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 3,500 votes (49.1% vs. 44.5% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 3,454 votes (48.5% vs. 53.9%) and other candidates with 76 votes (1.1% vs. 0.8%), among the 7,124 ballots cast by the borough's 9,317 registered voters, for a turnout of 76.5% (vs. 76.8% in Bergen County). In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 3,376 votes (49.3% vs. 47.2% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 3,370 votes (49.2% vs. 51.7%) and other candidates with 51 votes (0.7% vs. 0.7%), among the 6,847 ballots cast by the borough's 9,072 registered voters, for a turnout of 75.5% (vs. 76.9% in the whole county). In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 60.0% of the vote (2,477 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 39.1% (1,613 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (38 votes), among the 4,256 ballots cast by the borough's 8,783 registered voters (128 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 48.5%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 2,131 votes (47.6% vs. 45.8% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 1,953 votes (43.6% vs. 48.0%), Independent Chris Daggett with 295 votes (6.6% vs. 4.7%) and other candidates with 30 votes (0.7% vs. 0.5%), among the 4,476 ballots cast by the borough's 8,940 registered voters, yielding a 50.1% turnout (vs. 50.0% in the county). Education Students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade are educated by the North Arlington School District. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of five schools, had an enrollment of 1,869 students and 135.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.8:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 school enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Thomas Jefferson Elementary School with 298 students in grades K–5, Franklin Roosevelt Elementary School with 226 students in grades K–5, George Washington Elementary School with 357 students in grades K–5, North Arlington Middle School with 422 students in grades 6–8 and North Arlington High School with 532 students in grades 9–12. In 2010, Roosevelt Elementary School was recognized with the National Blue Ribbon Schools Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education. In the 1970s and 1980s, declining enrollment led North Arlington to be one of the few school districts in the state that featured involuntary "combined classes" whereby classes at their Roosevelt School for grades 4 and 5 and for grades 6 and 7 were combined into a single classroom with a single teacher for each pair of grades. Public school students from the borough, and all of Bergen County, are eligible to attend the secondary education programs offered by the Bergen County Technical Schools, which include the Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, Applied Technology High School on Bergen Community College Campus, and the Bergen Tech campus in Teterboro or Paramus. The district offers programs on a shared-time or full-time basis, with admission based on a selective application process and tuition covered by the student's home school district. Queen of Peace, a Roman Catholic parish, operates a parochial school, Queen of Peace Elementary School, which was founded in 1923 and serves Pre-K to 8th grade, under the auspices of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. Queen of Peace High School, which served 9th–12th grades and was founded in 1930, closed after the 2016–17 school year. Despite a fundraising campaign that raised $1 million, in May 2017, the Archdiocese of Newark announced the closing of the high school as of June 30, 2017, in the wake of sharply dropping enrollment and financial challenges, though the affiliated K–8 grammar school remained open. Emergency services Police The North Arlington Police Department (NAPD) protects and services the citizens of North Arlington. The Chief of Police is Scott Hedenberg. The police department is located at 214 Ridge Road. Fire The North Arlington Fire Department (NAFD) is an all-volunteer fire department organized in 1910. The department is staffed by 80 fully trained firefighters. There are three separate firehouses. The three separate firehouses are manned by three fire companies: Hose Company 1 (established in 1910), Schuyler Engine Company 2 (established in 1916), and Eagle Truck Company 3 (established in 1923). Apparatus Stationed at Company 1: Engine 1 and Special Service Unit 39-SSU Stationed at Company 2: Engine 2 and Engine 6 Stationed at Company 3: Ladder 3 and Rescue 5 Chiefs 39-00 – Chief John Nichols 39-10 – Assistant Chief Brian Heinzman 39-20 – Deputy Chief Thomas Kropp Ambulance The North Arlington Volunteer Emergency Squad works with a paid staff Monday thru Friday 6am - 6pm and volunteer staff from 6pm to 6am Monday through Friday and day and night Saturday and Sunday. The North Arlington Volunteer Emergency Squad (NAVES), was founded on June 2, 1972. The squad consists of 55 members(2018) ranging in ages from 16 to 58 years of age. NAVES currently operates four ambulances and a First Responder/ Command Vehicle. Operations Staff consists of a captain and three lieutenants. There is a crew chief on each tour that reports to a lieutenant. Executive board staff Consists of president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, and two trustees. NAVES has a youth squad and a growing auxiliary which assist in non-riding functions such as fundraising and administrative duties. Transportation View north along Route 17 in North Arlington Roads and highways As of May 2010, the borough had a total of 31.14 miles (50.11 km) of roadways, of which 25.90 miles (41.68 km) were maintained by the municipality, 3.06 miles (4.92 km) by Bergen County and 2.18 miles (3.51 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Route 7 and Route 17 meet at the intersection of Ridge Road (Route 17) and Belleville Turnpike (Route 7), the latter of which crosses the Passaic River on the Belleville Turnpike Bridge. The bridge, also known as the Rutgers Street Bridge, connects the borough to Belleville in Essex County. The bridge was formally renamed on July 4, 2013, as the "Lance Corporal Osbrany Montes de Oca Memorial Bridge" in memory of a United States Marine Corps infantryman from North Arlington who was killed in February 2012 while serving in Afghanistan. Public transportation NJ Transit bus routes 30, 40 and 76 provide service to and from Newark. Notable people See also: Category:People from North Arlington, New Jersey People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with North Arlington include: Heinrich Gebhard (1878–1963), pianist, composer and piano teacher Derek Jeter (born 1974), shortstop who played his entire career for the New York Yankees William D. McDowell (1927–2007), politician who served as Bergen County's first County Executive and had been Mayor of North Arlington Diane Ruggiero (born 1969), screenwriter for Veronica Mars Frank Sowinski, former professional basketball player. James Thomas, guitarist and composer, of the San Francisco psychedelic instrumental band The Mermen James Zadroga (1971–2006), NYPD officer, participant in the cleanup after the September 11 terrorist attacks and namesake of the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010 References ^ a b c d e 2019 Census Gazetteer Files: New Jersey Places, United States Census Bureau. Accessed July 1, 2020. ^ a b US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014. ^ a b Home Page, Borough of North Arlington. Accessed March 14, 2023. Click on the "Elected Officials" tab. ^ 2023 New Jersey Mayors Directory, New Jersey Department of Community Affairs, updated February 8, 2023. Accessed February 10, 2023. ^ Administration Department, Borough of North Arlington. Accessed March 10, 2023. ^ Borough Clerk, Borough of North Arlington. Accessed July 16, 2022. ^ a b 2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book, Rutgers University Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, March 2013, p. 154. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 11, 2022. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Borough of North Arlington, Geographic Names Information System. Accessed March 8, 2013. ^ a b c d e QuickFacts North Arlington borough, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 31, 2023. ^ a b c Total Population: Census 2010 - Census 2020 New Jersey Municipalities, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed December 1, 2022. ^ a b Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Jersey: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022, United States Census Bureau, released May 2023. Accessed May 18, 2023. ^ a b Population Density by County and Municipality: New Jersey, 2020 and 2021, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed March 1, 2023. ^ Look Up a ZIP Code for North Arlington, NJ, United States Postal Service. Accessed December 15, 2011. ^ Zip Codes, State of New Jersey. Accessed August 18, 2013. ^ Area Code Lookup - NPA NXX for North Arlington, NJ, Area-Codes.com. Accessed August 28, 2013. ^ a b U.S. Census website, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014. ^ Geographic Codes Lookup for New Jersey, Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed April 1, 2022. ^ US Board on Geographic Names, United States Geological Survey. Accessed September 4, 2014. ^ a b c d e DP-1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for North Arlington borough, Bergen County, New Jersey Archived 2020-02-12 at archive.today, United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 28, 2012. ^ a b Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for North Arlington borough Archived 2012-05-06 at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed June 28, 2012. ^ Table 7. Population for the Counties and Municipalities in New Jersey: 1990, 2000 and 2010, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, February 2011. Accessed May 1, 2023. ^ Levin, Jay. "North Arlington's sprawling cemetery a somber source of civic pride", The Record, August 18, 2013. Accessed August 19, 2013. "For every living soul in North Arlington, there are 20 who have ceased to be.... Some 289,600 people are interred in Holy Cross, which sprawls over 208 manicured acres, one-eighth of the borough's area. Several blocks away are several thousand graves in a small Jewish cemetery. That makes North Arlington, population 15,500, the resting place of close to 300,000 people — greater than the population of Newark and equivalent to that of Cincinnati." ^ Holy Cross Cemetery & Mausoleum, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. Accessed August 19, 2013. ^ Staff. "Best Places to Live 2017 - No. 8: North Arlington, New Jersey", Money. Accessed September 24, 2017. ^ From the Hackensacks to the Dutch, Lyndhurst Historical Society. Accessed December 15, 2011. "Since Major Kingsland was stationed on Barbados and the shape of the territory he purchased here was a neck of land between two rivers, he named his acquisition 'New Barbadoes Neck.' In June 1671, Nathaniel Kingsland sold the southern third of New Barbadoes Neck (Harrison, East Newark, Kearny and North Arlington) to William Sanford for 200 pounds." ^ Schuyler Copper Mine, accessed December 29, 2006. ^ NA History, Borough of North Arlington. Accessed September 10, 2015. "In the 1750s, it was the site of the first working steam engine in America, used to pump water from the copper mine located there." ^ Manuscript Group 1508, Stoudinger-Alofsen-Fulton Drawings, New Jersey Historical Society. Accessed December 29, 2006. ^ Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 82. Accessed June 28, 2012. ^ History, Town of Kearny. Accessed October 3, 2019. ^ Belson, Ken. "Meadowlands Commission Cuts Ties With Developer", The New York Times, May 8, 2008. Accessed May 25, 2008. ^ Na, Myles. "FedEx to build distribution center in North Arlington", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, November 18, 2015, updated January 17, 2019. Accessed October 3, 2019. "The borough has approved plans for FedEx to build a 139,000-square-foot freight distribution facility on a former steel dumping ground on Porete Avenue." ^ Areas touching North Arlington, MapIt. Accessed March 1, 2020. ^ Bergen County Map of Municipalities, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed February 28, 2020. ^ New Jersey Municipal Boundaries, New Jersey Department of Transportation. Accessed November 15, 2019. ^ Compendium of censuses 1726-1905: together with the tabulated returns of 1905, New Jersey Department of State, 1906. Accessed August 13, 2013. ^ Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910: Population by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions, 1910, 1900, 1890, United States Census Bureau, p. 335. Accessed June 28, 2012. ^ Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 - Population Volume I, United States Census Bureau, p. 714. Accessed December 15, 2011. ^ Table 6: New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1940 - 2000, Workforce New Jersey Public Information Network, August 2001. Accessed May 1, 2023. ^ Historical Population Trends in Bergen County 1900-2020, Bergen County, New Jersey Department of Planning and Engineering, 2022. Accessed May 1, 2023. ^ a b c d e Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for North Arlington borough Archived 2012-05-29 at the Wayback Machine, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 15, 2011. ^ a b c d e DP-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 - Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data for North Arlington borough, Bergen County, New Jersey Archived 2020-02-12 at archive.today, United States Census Bureau. Accessed October 23, 2012. ^ DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for North Arlington borough, Bergen County, New Jersey Archived 2020-02-12 at archive.today, United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 28, 2012. ^ Lipman, Harvy; and Sheingold, Dave. "North Jersey sees 30% growth in same-sex couples", The Record, August 14, 2011, backed up by the Internet Archive as of February 3, 2013. Accessed October 12, 2014. ^ 2011 Uniform Crime Report, New Jersey State Police. Accessed August 18, 2013. ^ Rosenblum, Dan. "New owner puts 'Sopranos'-famous Pizza Land back on the map in North Arlington", The Jersey Journal, March 29, 2012. Accessed November 1, 2014. "Though the big letters spelling out the name of Pizza Land are known nationally for their appearance during the credits of The Sopranos, their food is best enjoyed locally." ^ Solares, Nick. "Pizzaland: The Pizza Place in the 'Sopranos' Opening Credits", Serious Eats, May 14, 2010. Accessed November 1, 2014. "'What style of pizza is this?' I asked Al Pawlowicz, owner and pizza maker at Pizzaland, the New Jersey pizzeria immortalized in the opening credits of HBO series The Sopranos." ^ 'Law & Order': Marathon episode 10.6, TV.com. Accessed November 1, 2014. ^ Our History, Inline Skating Club of America. Accessed October 3, 2019. ^ Recreation, Borough of North Arlington. Accessed December 15, 2011. North Arlington is home to the Garden State Rollergirls who are a part of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association. ^ Riverside County Park Archived 2014-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed November 1, 2014. ^ Inventory of Municipal Forms of Government in New Jersey, Rutgers University Center for Government Studies, July 1, 2011. Accessed June 1, 2023. ^ Cerra, Michael F. "Forms of Government: Everything You've Always Wanted to Know, But Were Afraid to Ask" Archived 2014-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey State League of Municipalities. Accessed November 30, 2014. ^ "Forms of Municipal Government in New Jersey", p. 6. Rutgers University Center for Government Studies. Accessed June 1, 2023. ^ Mayor, Borough of North Arlington. Accessed March 14, 2023. ^ Sheldon, Chris. "9/11-related cancer claims life of North Arlington mayor 17 years after attack", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, October 10, 2018. Accessed October 11, 2018. "North Arlington Mayor Joseph Bianchi, a lifelong borough resident and longtime firefighter, died Wednesday after a long battle with cancer, borough officials confirmed.... Pronti said Bianchi, who was a 26-year member of North Arlington Fire Department, died of '9/11-related cancer.' Bianchi, with the rest of the fire department, responded to Ground Zero on Sept. 11." ^ 2022 Municipal Data Sheet, Borough of North Arlington. Accessed July 16, 2022. ^ 2023 County and Municipal Directory, Bergen County, New Jersey, March 2023. Accessed June 1, 2023. ^ Bergen County November 8, 2022 General Election Statement of Vote, Bergen County, New Jersey Clerk, updated November 21, 2022. Accessed January 1, 2023. ^ Bergen County Statement of Vote November 2, 2021 Official results, Bergen County, New Jersey, updated November 17, 2021. Accessed January 1, 2022. ^ Precinct Summary Results Report - Combined 2020 Bergen County General Election - November 3, 2020 Official Results, Bergen County, New Jersey, December 3, 2020. Accessed January 1, 2021. ^ Canessa, Kevin. "A Solemn Oath — Del Russo replaces Pronti on N.A. Council", The Observer Online, January 23, 2019. Accessed October 3, 2019. "When Daniel Pronti became North Arlington’s mayor in November, having succeeded the late Mayor Joseph Bianchi, he knew he would have to give up his vote and council seat once he took office. And, that opening was filled last week when the Borough Council voted 5-0, across party lines, to appoint real estate agent and NJ Turnpike Authority Supervisor Kirk Del Russo to the seat effective immediately." ^ Croce, Zachary. "NA Council fill vacant seat", South Bergenite, January 25, 2015. Accessed May 20, 2016. "The North Arlington borough council voted unanimously to appoint Brian Fitzhenry to the council seat vacated by Mayor Joe Bianchi." ^ Croce, Zachary. "Republicans sweep the council election in North Arlington; McDermott re-elected to Board of Education", South Bergenite, November 9, 2015. Accessed May 20, 2016. "North Arlington will have an all-Republican council after a close race. Republican Councilman Brian Fitzhenry and newcomer Allison Sheedy defeated Democratic incumbents Al Granell and Tom Zammatore while Republican Mario Karcic beat out Democrat Kelly Velez for the one-year unexpired term of Joe Bianchi, who was elected mayor last year." ^ Klein, Corey. "North Arlington Borough Council names Peter Norcia to replace Tanelli", South Bergenite, February 7, 2013. Accessed March 19, 2013. "At its Jan. 24 meeting, the Borough Council chose Peter Norcia to fill the vacancy left by Steve Tanelli, the former Democrat councilman who recently joined the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders." ^ Plan Components Report, New Jersey Redistricting Commission, December 23, 2011. Accessed February 1, 2020. ^ Municipalities Sorted by 2011-2020 Legislative District, New Jersey Department of State. Accessed February 1, 2020. ^ 2019 New Jersey Citizen's Guide to Government, New Jersey League of Women Voters. Accessed October 30, 2019. ^ Districts by Number for 2011-2020, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 6, 2013. ^ Directory of Representatives: New Jersey, United States House of Representatives. Accessed January 3, 2019. ^ Biography, Congressman Bill Pascrell. Accessed January 3, 2019. "A native son of Paterson, N.J., Congressman Bill Pascrell, Jr. has built a life of public service upon the principles he learned while growing up on the south side of the Silk City." ^ U.S. Sen. Cory Booker cruises past Republican challenger Rik Mehta in New Jersey, PhillyVoice. Accessed April 30, 2021. "He now owns a home and lives in Newark's Central Ward community." ^ Biography of Bob Menendez, United States Senate, January 26, 2015. "Menendez, who started his political career in Union City, moved in September from Paramus to one of Harrison's new apartment buildings near the town's PATH station.." ^ Home, sweet home: Bob Menendez back in Hudson County. nj.com. Accessed April 30, 2021. "Booker, Cory A. - (D - NJ) Class II; Menendez, Robert - (D - NJ) Class I" ^ Legislative Roster for District 36, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 20, 2024. ^ County Executive, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023. ^ Vice Chairman Commissioner Chairman Thomas J. Sullivan, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023. ^ Commissioner Vice Chairwoman Germaine M. Ortiz, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023. ^ Commissioner Chair Pro Tempore Dr. Joan M. Voss, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023. ^ Commissioner Mary J. Amoroso, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023. ^ Cattafi, Kristie. "Democrats pick Bergenfield councilman to fill vacancy on Bergen County commissioners board", The Record, March 13, 2023. Accessed March 16, 2023. "A Democratic councilman from Bergenfield will be sworn in as a Bergen County commissioner Wednesday night, filling a vacancy on the governing body for almost 1 million residents. Rafael Marte will serve until Dec. 31, taking on the unexpired term left by former Commissioner Ramon Hache, a Democrat who resigned last week to lead the Ridgewood YMCA as its chief executive officer." ^ Commissioner Steven A. Tanelli, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023. ^ Commissioner Tracy Silna Zur, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023. ^ Board of County Commissioners, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023. ^ 2022 County Data Sheet, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023. ^ a b 2022 County and Municipal Directory, Bergen County, New Jersey, March 2022. Accessed January 30, 2023. ^ Bergen County November 8, 2022 General Election Statement of Vote, Bergen County, New Jersey Clerk, updated November 21, 2022. Accessed January 1, 2023. ^ Bergen County Statement of Vote November 2, 2021 Official results, Bergen County, New Jersey, updated November 17, 2021. Accessed January 1, 2022. ^ Precinct Summary Results Report - Combined 2020 Bergen County General Election - November 3, 2020 Official Results, Bergen County, New Jersey, December 3, 2020. Accessed January 1, 2021. ^ Bergen County November 5, 2019 General Election Statement of Vote, Bergen County, New Jersey Clerk, updated December 10, 2019. Accessed January 1, 2020. ^ About the Clerk, Bergen County Clerk. Accessed March 16, 2023. ^ Clerks, Constitutional Officers Association of New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023. ^ Sheriff Anthony Cureton, Bergen County Sheriff's Office. Accessed March 16, 2023. ^ Sheriffs, Constitutional Officers Association of New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023. ^ Michael R. Dressler, Bergen County Surrogate's Court. Accessed March 16, 2023. ^ Surrogates, Constitutional Officers Association of New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023. ^ Constitutional Officers, Bergen County, New Jersey. Accessed March 16, 2023. ^ a b Voter Registration Summary - Bergen, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, March 23, 2011. Accessed December 11, 2013. ^ GCT-P7: Selected Age Groups: 2010 - State -- County Subdivision; 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey Archived 2020-02-12 at archive.today, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 11, 2013. ^ Presidential November 8, 2016 General Election Results - Bergen County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, November 8, 2016. Accessed June 6, 2018. ^ Presidential November 6, 2012 General Election Results - Bergen County Archived September 26, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, March 15, 2013. Accessed December 14, 2013. ^ Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast November 6, 2012 General Election Results - Bergen County Archived September 26, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, March 15, 2013. Accessed December 14, 2013. ^ 2008 Presidential General Election Results: Bergen County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 23, 2008. Accessed December 11, 2013. ^ 2008 General Election Results for North Arlington, The Record. Accessed December 15, 2011. ^ 2004 Presidential Election: Bergen County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 13, 2004. Accessed December 11, 2013. ^ "Governor - Bergen County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014. ^ "Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 5, 2013 - General Election Results - Bergen County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014. ^ 2009 Governor: Bergen County Archived 2018-11-28 at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 31, 2009. Accessed December 11, 2013. ^ North Arlington Board of Education District Policy 0110 - Identification, North Arlington School District. Accessed June 9, 2020. "Purpose: The Board of Education exists for the purpose of providing a thorough and efficient system of free public education in grades Pre-Kindergarten through twelve in the North Arlington School District. Composition: The North Arlington School District is comprised of all the area within the municipal boundaries of the Borough of North Arlington." ^ District information for North Arlington School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed April 1, 2020. ^ School Data for the North Arlington School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed April 1, 2020. ^ Thomas Jefferson Elementary School, North Arlington School District. Accessed June 9, 2020. ^ Franklin Roosevelt Elementary School, North Arlington School District. Accessed June 9, 2020. ^ George Washington Elementary School, North Arlington School District. Accessed June 9, 2020. ^ North Arlington Middle School, North Arlington School District. Accessed June 9, 2020. ^ North Arlington High School, North Arlington School District. Accessed June 9, 2020. ^ New Jersey School Directory for the North Arlington School District, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed December 29, 2016. ^ National Blue Ribbon Schools Program Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2016, United States Department of Education. Accessed September 24, 2017. ^ Mancino, Colleen. "For students in smallest district, combined classes are a way of life", The Record, October 5, 1988. Accessed June 9, 2020. "The students in the seventh grade at Roosevelt School love their school. But they don'y like sharing a teacher and a classroom with the sixth grade.... Combined classes came out of dwindling enrollment and budgets that could not support individual classes with few students." ^ About Us, Bergen County Technical Schools. Accessed December 11, 2013. ^ Admissions, Bergen County Technical Schools. Accessed December 29, 2016. ^ About Us, Queen of Peace Elementary School. Accessed August 13, 2013. ^ Bergen County Catholic Elementary Schools, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. Accessed January 31, 2023. ^ Grant, Meghan. "It's official: Queen of Peace High School to close in June", The Record, May 8, 2017. Accessed September 24, 2017. "The class of 2017 will be the last to graduate from the 86-year-old Queen of Peace High School. The school, which raised $1 million in just over a month last year to stay open, will be closing its doors at the end of June, the Archdiocese of Newark announced Monday. Archdiocese officials said the Catholic high school in North Arlington would cease operations as of June 30, due to low projected enrollment and 'financial shortfalls.' The K-8 Queen of Peace Grammar School will remain open." ^ Police Department, Borough of North Arlington. Accessed January 31, 2023. ^ Fire Departments Accessed May 12, 2009 ^ Fire Department, Borough of North Arlington. Accessed October 3, 2019. ^ Home Page, North Arlington Volunteer Emergency Squad. Accessed October 17, 2018. ^ Bergen County Mileage by Municipality and Jurisdiction, New Jersey Department of Transportation, May 2010. Accessed December 11, 2013. ^ Route 7 Straight Line Diagram, New Jersey Department of Transportation, updated May 2015. Accessed July 16, 2022. ^ Route 17 Straight Line Diagram, New Jersey Department of Transportation, updated May 2017. Accessed July 16, 2022. ^ Hickey, James P. "North Arlington looking for answers on De Oca Bridge sign", South Bergenite, July 25, 2013. Accessed August 21, 2013. ^ Assembly, No. 2676 State of New Jersey 215th Legislature, New Jersey General Assembly, introduced March 8, 2012. Accessed August 21, 2013. "Designates State Highway Route 7 bridge between Township of Belleville and Borough of North Arlington 'Lance Corporal Osbrany Montes de Oca Memorial Bridge.'" ^ Bergen County Bus / Rail Connections, NJ Transit, backed up by the Internet Archive as of May 22, 2009. Accessed December 15, 2011. ^ Bergen County System Map, NJ Transit. Accessed September 14, 2016. ^ Staff. "Heinrich Gebhard, Pianist And Teacher", The New York Times, May 6, 1963. Accessed August 26, 2018. "North Arlington, N. J., May 5 - Heinrich Gebhard, pianist, teacher and composer, died here today at the age of 84. He had lived with his daughter, Mrs. John Petrick of 5 Millar Place." ^ Mills, Cliff. "Derek Jeter", p. 15. Infobase Publishing, 2009. ISBN 9781438100456. Accessed December 11, 2013. "When Derek was four years old, his family moved from North Arlington, New Jersey, to Kalamazoo, Michigan." ^ Carmiel, Oshrat; and Lamb, William. "William D. McDowell, 80, Bergen leader", The Record, April 14, 2007. Accessed June 16, 2015. "He attended Seton Hall University and moved to North Arlington in 1952. He was elected to the borough council and in 1964 was elected mayor." ^ Weinraub, Bernard. "Jersey Girl Makes It Big, at Least on TV", The New York Times, June 20, 2000. Accessed November 25, 2012. "After years of struggling as a writer and working as a waitress and bartender in and around the working- and middle-class North Jersey towns North Arlington and East Rutherford, Ms. Ruggiero (ROUGE-ear-oh) has been plucked from obscurity to write and help produce a new autobiographical television comedy series, That's Life, on CBS.... At the moment, Ms. Ruggiero, who is candid, funny and self-deprecating, is temporarily moving from her big $600-a-month apartment in North Arlington ('If I had the same apartment in Manhattan I'd have to, like, hire call girls to work for me so I could afford it') to Los Angeles." ^ "Journey to Jadwin - Frank Sowinski", Princeton Tigers, May 14, 2020. Accessed August 14, 2022. "The grandson of coal miners, Sowinski was born in North Arlington, New Jersey, then moved to East Hanover, New Jersey, when he was two." ^ Crouch, Lisa Marie. "Mermen Go Their Own Way, Swimmingly", The Record, June 14, 1996. Accessed March 19, 2013. ^ James Zadroga Archived 2010-12-20 at the Wayback Machine, Detectives' Endowment Association of New York City. Accessed October 23, 2012. "Zadroga grew up in North Arlington, New Jersey where his father was a police chief." ^ Hayes, Melissa. "Cars honk as they pass North Arlington's Zadroga Field" Archived 2015-04-28 at the Wayback Machine, The Record, May 2, 2011. Accessed October 23, 2012. "Zadroga, a North Arlington native who died in 2006 of respiratory disease, was a New York City police officer who aided in the rescue and recovery effort at the World Trade Center following the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks." Related reading Municipal Incorporations of the State of New Jersey (according to Counties) prepared by the Division of Local Government, Department of the Treasury (New Jersey); December 1, 1958. Clayton, W. Woodford; and Nelson, William. History of Bergen and Passaic Counties, New Jersey, with Biographical Sketches of Many of its Pioneers and Prominent Men., Philadelphia: Everts and Peck, 1882. Harvey, Cornelius Burnham (ed.), Genealogical History of Hudson and Bergen Counties, New Jersey. New York: New Jersey Genealogical Publishing Co., 1900. Van Valen, James M. History of Bergen County, New Jersey. New York: New Jersey Publishing and Engraving Co., 1900. Westervelt, Frances A. (Frances Augusta), 1858–1942, History of Bergen County, New Jersey, 1630–1923, Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1923. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Arlington, New Jersey. North Arlington official website North Arlington School District School Performance Reports for the North Arlington School District, New Jersey Department of Education School Data for the North Arlington School District, National Center for Education Statistics North Arlington High School Band vteMunicipalities and communities of Bergen County, New Jersey, United StatesCounty seat: HackensackCities Englewood Garfield Hackensack Map of New Jersey highlighting Bergen CountyBoroughs Allendale Alpine Bergenfield Bogota Carlstadt Cliffside Park Closter Cresskill Demarest Dumont East Rutherford Edgewater Elmwood Park Emerson Englewood Cliffs Fair Lawn Fairview Fort Lee Franklin Lakes Glen Rock Harrington Park Hasbrouck Heights Haworth Hillsdale Ho-Ho-Kus Leonia Little Ferry Lodi Maywood Midland Park Montvale Moonachie New Milford North Arlington Northvale Norwood Oakland Old Tappan Oradell Palisades Park Paramus Park Ridge Ramsey Ridgefield River Edge Rockleigh Rutherford Saddle River Tenafly Teterboro Upper Saddle River Waldwick Wallington Westwood Wood-Ridge Woodcliff Lake Townships Lyndhurst Mahwah River Vale Rochelle Park Saddle Brook South Hackensack Teaneck Washington Wyckoff Villages Ridgefield Park Ridgewood CDP Ramapo College of New Jersey Unincorporatedcommunities Grantwood Kingsland Morsemere Radburn West Englewood Wortendyke New Jersey portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Bergen County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2020-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWD2020-11"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2010-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWD2010-21"},{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Holy Cross Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Cross_Cemetery,_North_Arlington"},{"link_name":"another Jewish cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Arlington_Jewish_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United StatesBorough in New JerseyNorth Arlington is a borough in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 16,457,[10][11] an increase of 1,065 (+6.9%) from the 2010 census count of 15,392,[20][21] which in turn reflected an increase of 211 (+1.4%) from the 15,181 counted in the 2000 census.[22]As the site of Holy Cross Cemetery, which has interred almost 290,000 individuals since its establishment in 1915, and with another Jewish cemetery including several thousand more burials, North Arlington has almost 20 times more dead people than living, with more burials than the living population of Newark, the state's largest city. Holy Cross has an average of 2,600 interments each year, of which about 65% are burials, with the remainder split between entombment in mausoleums or crypts and burial of cremated remains. Expansion of the mausoleum will bring its capacity to nearly 36,000 interments, with the cemetery's total capacity of about 750,000 expected to last past the year 2090. The cemetery covers 208 acres (84 ha) and was assessed at $185 million, though its non-profit status means that the municipality generates no tax revenue from a property that covers almost an eighth of the borough's land area.[23][24]North Arlington was ranked eighth by Money magazine on its list of \"Best Places to Live 2017\", which cited the borough's healthy economy, affordable homes and a high quality of life.[25]","title":"North Arlington, New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zadroga_9-11_memorial.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Barbadoes Neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Barbadoes_Neck"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"Schuyler Copper Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuyler_Copper_Mine"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Newcomen steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomen_steam_engine"},{"link_name":"copper mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuyler_Copper_Mine"},{"link_name":"Josiah Hornblower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Hornblower"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Union Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Township,_Bergen_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-30"},{"link_name":"Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Kearny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearny,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Erie Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Lyndhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndhurst,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"EnCap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnCap"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Meadowlands Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Meadowlands_Commission"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"FedEx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"North Arlington erected a 9/11 memorial at the James Zadroga Soccer Field.North Arlington was originally part of an area called \"New Barbadoes Neck\".[26]Copper was mined at the Schuyler Copper Mine in present-day North Arlington during the 18th and 19th centuries.[27] It was one of the first true copper mines in North America.In 1755, the first steam engine in North America was assembled in North Arlington.[28] The Newcomen steam engine was imported from England by John Schuyler to pump water out of his copper mine. He hired engineer Josiah Hornblower to assemble the machinery.[29]North Arlington was formed by a referendum passed on March 9, 1896, and incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 11, 1896, from area taken from Union Township.[30] It was called North Arlington because it was north of the Arlington section of Kearny, which had been named from the Arlington Station on the Erie Railroad.[31]North Arlington, together with Lyndhurst and Rutherford, was the site of the EnCap project, an effort to remediate landfills on the 785-acre (3.18 km2) site and construct homes and golf courses on top of the cleaned up site. On May 27, 2008, the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission terminated its agreement with EnCap Golf Holdings, the company that had the contract to redevelop the site, after the company had missed targets to clean up the landfills as part of the project.[32]On November 18, 2015, North Arlington approved plans for FedEx to build a 139,000-square-foot (12,900 m2) freight distribution facility on a former steel dumping ground on Porete Avenue. FedEx pledged to build a new access road to Porete Avenue from Belleville Turnpike, complete with a signalized traffic light, as part of construction. The company planned to hire 225 people to work at the facility. FedEx planned to complete the building by early 2017.[33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CensusArea-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-2"},{"link_name":"Lyndhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndhurst,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Belleville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Essex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Kearny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearny,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Hudson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Hudson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Kearny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearny,_New_Jersey"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 2.53 square miles (6.55 km2), including 2.48 square miles (6.43 km2) of land and 0.05 square miles (0.12 km2) of water (1.78%).[1][2]The borough borders the municipalities of Lyndhurst in Bergen County; Belleville in Essex County; and Kearny in Hudson County.[34][35][36]Route 7 (Belleville Turnpike) occupies much of the border of between Bergen County to the north and Hudson County to the south, with North Arlington on one side and Kearny on the other. The bordering neighborhood in Kearny is called Arlington, from which the name North Arlington is derived. Cemeteries lie along both sides of the route, with North Arlington Jewish Cemetery in Bergen and Arlington Memorial Park in Hudson.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Black or African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census#Race"},{"link_name":"Hispanic or Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2010-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2010-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2010-20"},{"link_name":"American Community Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey"},{"link_name":"inflation-adjusted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_adjustment"},{"link_name":"median household income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_household_income"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Same-sex couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_partnership"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"The 2010 United States census counted 15,392 people, 6,295 households, and 4,117 families in the borough. The population density was 6,010.3 per square mile (2,320.6/km2). There were 6,573 housing units at an average density of 2,566.6 per square mile (991.0/km2). The racial makeup was 82.59% (12,712) White, 1.43% (220) Black or African American, 0.23% (36) Native American, 7.87% (1,211) Asian, 0.01% (2) Pacific Islander, 6.03% (928) from other races, and 1.84% (283) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.86% (3,211) of the population.[20]Of the 6,295 households, 25.4% had children under the age of 18; 49.4% were married couples living together; 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present and 34.6% were non-families. Of all households, 29.4% were made up of individuals and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.05.[20]17.6% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 28.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.5 years. For every 100 females, the population had 91.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 88.2 males.[20]The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $71,232 (with a margin of error of +/− $6,829) and the median family income was $87,854 (+/− $9,834). Males had a median income of $56,437 (+/− $4,127) versus $47,794 (+/− $4,233) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $34,265 (+/− $2,555). About 4.6% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over.[44]Same-sex couples headed 39 households in 2010, an increase from the 28 counted in 2000.[45]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-17"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000SF1-43"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000SF1-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000SF1-43"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000SF1-43"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the 2000 United States census[17] there were 15,181 people, 6,392 households, and 4,129 families residing in the borough. The population density was 5,880.7 inhabitants per square mile (2,270.6/km2). There were 6,529 housing units at an average density of 2,529.2 per square mile (976.5/km2). The ethnic makeup of the borough was 89.61% White, 0.46% African American, 0.14% Native American, 5.61% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.29% from other races, and 1.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.57% of the population.[42][43]There were 6,392 households, out of which 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.4% were non-families. 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.00.[42][43]In the borough the population was spread out, with 18.0% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.1 males.[42][43]The median income for a household in the borough was $51,787, and the median income for a family was $62,483. Males had a median income of $41,512 versus $34,769 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $24,441. About 3.4% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.2% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.[42][43]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Uniform Crime Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Crime","text":"According to the FBI's 2011 Uniform Crime Report, there were 263 crimes in the borough in 2011 (vs. 200 in 2010), of which 19 were violent crimes (vs. 12 in 2010) and 244 non-violent crimes (vs. 188 in the previous year). The 2011 total crime rate per thousand residents was 17.1 (vs. 13.0 in 2010), compared to 13.6 in Bergen County and 24.7 statewide. The violent crime rate was 1.2 per thousand in 2011 (up from 0.8 in the previous year), while the rate was 1.0 in the county and 3.1 in New Jersey.[46]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pizza Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_Land"},{"link_name":"The Sopranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sopranos"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Law & Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"pizza box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_box"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Companies based in North Arlington include Pizza Land, located at 260 Belleville Turnpike, which was featured in the opening credits of The Sopranos.[47][48] Additionally, in Law & Order episode 10.6, \"Marathon\" (1999), a pizza box from the restaurant was used by a suspect to transport and conceal firearms.[49]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inline Skating Club of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_Skating_Club_of_America"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"The Inline Skating Club of America is a skating facility that is the home of the New Jersey Grizzlies of the Professional Inline Hockey Association Pro Division and the Wallington Grizzlies of the Professional Inline Hockey Association Minor League.[50]North Arlington offers an extensive public athletic/recreation program for youth, offering a boys and girls basketball leagues, a recreation bowling league, a girls softball league, little league baseball, a soccer association, and a popular football and cheerleading program, the \"Junior Vikings\", named after the North Arlington High School \"Vikings\". Additionally, to meet the needs of a growing population of children with special needs, North Arlington recreation offers \"Recreation for Developmentally Challenged Children\". This program includes cooperation from neighboring towns, and consists of Spring baseball and soccer. The recreation program serves adults with an adult men's basketball league as well as an adult women's volleyball program.[51]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyndhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndhurst,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"Riverside County Park is a Bergen County Park covering 85 acres (34 ha), located on River Road between Lyndhurst and North Arlington. It has a playground, athletic fields, tennis courts, a Bocce ball court and fitness center.[52]","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"at-large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-large"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DataBook-7"},{"link_name":"weak mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_mayor"},{"link_name":"veto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto"},{"link_name":"override","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto_override"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Arlington,_New_Jersey&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayor-56"},{"link_name":"September 11 terror attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_terror_attacks"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Officials-3"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BergenCountyDirectory-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergen2022-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergen2021-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergen2020-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Local government","text":"North Arlington is governed under the borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 564) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey.[53] The governing body is comprised of a mayor and a borough council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The borough council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle.[7] The borough form of government used by North Arlington is a \"weak mayor / strong council\" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council.[54][55]As of 2023[update], the mayor of North Arlington is Republican Daniel H. Pronti, whose term of office ends December 31, 2026.[56] Pronti, who won the 2018 mayoral election, replaced Joseph P. Bianchi on the ballot, following Biaanchi's death on October 10, 2018; Bianchi, a volunteer firefighter in the borough, who responded to Ground Zero after the September 11 terror attacks, died of cancer he initially contracted at the site.[57] Members of the North Arlington Borough Council are Council President Mario L. Karcic Jr. (R, 2023), Council Vice President Kirk Del Russo (R, 2025), Donna Bocchino (R, 2023), Lynette Cavadas (R, 2025), Brian A. Fitzhenry (R, 2024) and Allison C. Sheedy (R, 2024).[3][58][59][60][61][62]In January 2019, Kirk DelRusso was unanimously selected from a list of three candidates nominated by the Republican municipal committee to fill the seat expiring in December 2020 that became vacant when Daniel H. Pronti was sworn in to the mayor's position.[63]In January 2015, the borough council selected Brian Fitzhenry from a list of three candidates nominated by the Republican municipal committee to fill the council seat that was vacated by Joseph Bianchi when he took office as mayor; Fitzhenry would serve on an interim basis until the November 2015 election.[64] Republicans swept the November 2015 general election, giving the party full control of municipal government. Brian Fitzhenry and Allison Sheedy were elected to full three-year terms, while Mario Karcic Jr., was elected to fill the balance of Joseph Bianchi's council seat expiring in 2016.[65]Peter Norcia was appointed in February 2013 to fill the vacant seat of Steve Tanelli, who won a seat on the Board of Chosen Freeholders.[66]*Resigned in July of 1909, Councilman Brandenburg elected to succeed him**Resigned in May of 1956 to move to Florida for business reasons, Councilman Tonner elected to succeed him***Passed away while serving in office, council did not elect new mayor immediately, Pronti elected via mayoral race","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCR2012-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Districts2011-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWV2019-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"118th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"New Jersey's 9th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_9th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Bill Pascrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Pascrell"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Cory Booker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Booker"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Bob Menendez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Menendez"},{"link_name":"Englewood Cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englewood_Cliffs,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"2024-2025 session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221st_New_Jersey_Legislature"},{"link_name":"36th legislative district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_36th_legislative_district"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislature"},{"link_name":"State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate"},{"link_name":"Paul Sarlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sarlo"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Wood-Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood-Ridge,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Clinton Calabrese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Calabrese"},{"link_name":"Cliffside Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliffside_Park,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Gary Schaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Schaer"},{"link_name":"Passaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Bergen County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"County Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County_Executive"},{"link_name":"Board of County Commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_County_Commissioners_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"at-large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-large"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Arlington,_New_Jersey&action=edit"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Paramus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramus,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Montvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montvale,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Joan Voss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Voss"},{"link_name":"Fort Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Mahwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahwah,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Bergenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergenfield,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"North Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Franklin Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Lakes,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TemplateDirectory_Bergen_County-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Template2022-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Template2021-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Template2020-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Template2019-91"},{"link_name":"Northvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northvale,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Englewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englewood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Cresskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresskill,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TemplateDirectory_Bergen_County-87"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Federal, state and county representation","text":"North Arlington is located in the 9th Congressional District[67] and is part of New Jersey's 36th state legislative district.[68][69][70]For the 118th United States Congress, New Jersey's 9th congressional district is represented by Bill Pascrell (D, Paterson).[71][72] New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2027)[73] and Bob Menendez (Englewood Cliffs, term ends 2025).[74][75]For the 2024-2025 session, the 36th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Paul Sarlo (D, Wood-Ridge) and in the General Assembly by Clinton Calabrese (D, Cliffside Park) and Gary Schaer (D, Passaic).[76]Bergen County is governed by a directly elected County Executive, with legislative functions performed by a Board of County Commissioners comprised of seven members who are elected at-large to three-year terms in partisan elections on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats coming up for election each November; a Chairman and Vice Chairman are selected from among its seven members at a reorganization meeting held every January. As of 2024[update], the county executive is James J. Tedesco III (D, Paramus), whose four-year term of office ends December 31, 2026.[77]Bergen County's Commissioners are: \nThomas J. Sullivan Jr. (D, Montvale, 2025),[78]\nChair Germaine M. Ortiz (D, Emerson, 2025),[79] Joan Voss (D, Fort Lee, 2026),[80]\nVice Chair Mary J. Amoroso (D, Mahwah, 2025),[81]\nRafael Marte (D, Bergenfield, 2026),[82] \nSteven A. Tanelli (D, North Arlington, 2024)[83] and \nTracy Silna Zur (D, Franklin Lakes, 2024).[84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91]Bergen County's constitutional officials are: \nClerk John S. Hogan (D, Northvale, 2026),[92][93]\nSheriff Anthony Cureton (D, Englewood, 2024)[94][95] and Surrogate Michael R. Dressler (D, Cresskill, 2026).[96][97][87][98][needs update]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Unaffiliated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unaffiliated_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Libertarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoterRegistration-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoterRegistration-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"2016 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey,_2016"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"2012 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey,_2012"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"2008 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey,_2008"},{"link_name":"John McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Results2008-105"},{"link_name":"2004 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey,_2004"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"2013 gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election,_2013"},{"link_name":"Chris Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Christie"},{"link_name":"Barbara Buono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Buono"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013Elections-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013VoterReg-108"},{"link_name":"2009 gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election,_2009"},{"link_name":"Jon Corzine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Corzine"},{"link_name":"Chris Daggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Daggett"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"As of March 2011, there were a total of 8,594 registered voters in North Arlington, of which 2,839 (33.0% vs. 31.7% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 1,603 (18.7% vs. 21.1%) were registered as Republicans and 4,146 (48.2% vs. 47.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 6 voters registered as Libertarians or Greens.[99] Among the borough's 2010 Census population, 55.8% (vs. 57.1% in Bergen County) were registered to vote, including 67.8% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 73.7% countywide).[99][100]In the 2016 presidential election, Republican Donald Trump received 3,392 votes (48.4% vs. 41.1% countywide), ahead of Democrat Hillary Clinton with 3,351 votes (47.8% vs. 54.2%) and other candidates with 269 votes (3.8% vs. 4.6%), among the 7,097 ballots cast by the borough's 9,594 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.0% (vs. 72.5% in Bergen County).[101] In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 3,706 votes (56.7% vs. 54.8% countywide), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 2,703 votes (41.3% vs. 43.5%) and other candidates with 55 votes (0.8% vs. 0.9%), among the 6,541 ballots cast by the borough's 9,138 registered voters, for a turnout of 71.6% (vs. 70.4% in Bergen County).[102][103] In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 3,500 votes (49.1% vs. 44.5% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 3,454 votes (48.5% vs. 53.9%) and other candidates with 76 votes (1.1% vs. 0.8%), among the 7,124 ballots cast by the borough's 9,317 registered voters, for a turnout of 76.5% (vs. 76.8% in Bergen County).[104][105] In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 3,376 votes (49.3% vs. 47.2% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 3,370 votes (49.2% vs. 51.7%) and other candidates with 51 votes (0.7% vs. 0.7%), among the 6,847 ballots cast by the borough's 9,072 registered voters, for a turnout of 75.5% (vs. 76.9% in the whole county).[106]In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 60.0% of the vote (2,477 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 39.1% (1,613 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (38 votes), among the 4,256 ballots cast by the borough's 8,783 registered voters (128 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 48.5%.[107][108] In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 2,131 votes (47.6% vs. 45.8% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 1,953 votes (43.6% vs. 48.0%), Independent Chris Daggett with 295 votes (6.6% vs. 4.7%) and other candidates with 30 votes (0.7% vs. 0.5%), among the 4,476 ballots cast by the borough's 8,940 registered voters, yielding a 50.1% turnout (vs. 50.0% in the county).[109]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre-kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-kindergarten"},{"link_name":"twelfth grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_grade"},{"link_name":"North Arlington School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Arlington_School_District"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"FTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_equivalent"},{"link_name":"student–teacher ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%E2%80%93teacher_ratio"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCES-111"},{"link_name":"National Center for Education Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"North Arlington High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Arlington_High_School"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"National Blue Ribbon Schools Award of Excellence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Blue_Ribbon_Schools_Program"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Bergen County Technical Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County_Technical_Schools"},{"link_name":"Bergen County Academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County_Academies"},{"link_name":"Hackensack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackensack,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bergen Tech campus in Teterboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County_Technical_High_School,_Teterboro_Campus"},{"link_name":"Paramus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County_Technical_High_School,_Paramus_Campus"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"parochial school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parochial_school"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Newark"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Queen of Peace High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Peace_High_School_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"text":"Students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade are educated by the North Arlington School District.[110] As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of five schools, had an enrollment of 1,869 students and 135.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.8:1.[111] Schools in the district (with 2018–19 school enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics[112]) are \nThomas Jefferson Elementary School[113] with 298 students in grades K–5, \nFranklin Roosevelt Elementary School[114] with 226 students in grades K–5, \nGeorge Washington Elementary School[115] with 357 students in grades K–5, \nNorth Arlington Middle School[116] with 422 students in grades 6–8 and \nNorth Arlington High School[117] with 532 students in grades 9–12.[118] In 2010, Roosevelt Elementary School was recognized with the National Blue Ribbon Schools Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education.[119]In the 1970s and 1980s, declining enrollment led North Arlington to be one of the few school districts in the state that featured involuntary \"combined classes\" whereby classes at their Roosevelt School for grades 4 and 5 and for grades 6 and 7 were combined into a single classroom with a single teacher for each pair of grades.[120]Public school students from the borough, and all of Bergen County, are eligible to attend the secondary education programs offered by the Bergen County Technical Schools, which include the Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, Applied Technology High School on Bergen Community College Campus, and the Bergen Tech campus in Teterboro or Paramus. The district offers programs on a shared-time or full-time basis, with admission based on a selective application process and tuition covered by the student's home school district.[121][122]Queen of Peace, a Roman Catholic parish, operates a parochial school, Queen of Peace Elementary School, which was founded in 1923 and serves Pre-K to 8th grade, under the auspices of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark.[123][124] Queen of Peace High School, which served 9th–12th grades and was founded in 1930, closed after the 2016–17 school year. Despite a fundraising campaign that raised $1 million, in May 2017, the Archdiocese of Newark announced the closing of the high school as of June 30, 2017, in the wake of sharply dropping enrollment and financial challenges, though the affiliated K–8 grammar school remained open.[125]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Emergency services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"sub_title":"Police","text":"The North Arlington Police Department (NAPD) protects and services the citizens of North Arlington. The Chief of Police is Scott Hedenberg. The police department is located at 214 Ridge Road.[126]","title":"Emergency services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"all-volunteer fire department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_fire_department"},{"link_name":"firefighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighter"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"firehouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_station"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"}],"sub_title":"Fire","text":"The North Arlington Fire Department (NAFD) is an all-volunteer fire department organized in 1910. The department is staffed by 80 fully trained firefighters.[127] There are three separate firehouses. The three separate firehouses are manned by three fire companies: Hose Company 1 (established in 1910), Schuyler Engine Company 2 (established in 1916), and Eagle Truck Company 3 (established in 1923).ApparatusStationed at Company 1: Engine 1 and Special Service Unit 39-SSU\nStationed at Company 2: Engine 2 and Engine 6\nStationed at Company 3: Ladder 3 and Rescue 5Chiefs[128]39-00 – Chief John Nichols\n39-10 – Assistant Chief Brian Heinzman\n39-20 – Deputy Chief Thomas Kropp","title":"Emergency services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"sub_title":"Ambulance","text":"The North Arlington Volunteer Emergency Squad works with a paid staff Monday thru Friday 6am - 6pm and volunteer staff from 6pm to 6am Monday through Friday and day and night Saturday and Sunday.The North Arlington Volunteer Emergency Squad (NAVES), was founded on June 2, 1972. The squad consists of 55 members(2018) ranging in ages from 16 to 58 years of age. \nNAVES currently operates four ambulances and a First Responder/ Command Vehicle. Operations Staff consists of a captain and three lieutenants. There is a crew chief on each tour that reports to a lieutenant. Executive board staff Consists of president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, and two trustees. NAVES has a youth squad and a growing auxiliary which assist in non-riding functions such as fundraising and administrative duties.[129]","title":"Emergency services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018-07-19_10_17_40_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_17_(Ridge_Road)_just_north_of_New_Jersey_State_Route_7_and_County_Route_507_(Belleville_Turnpike)_in_North_Arlington,_Bergen_County,_New_Jersey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Route 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_17"}],"text":"View north along Route 17 in North Arlington","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Arlington,_New_Jersey&action=edit"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Route 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_7"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Route 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_17"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Passaic River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic_River"},{"link_name":"Belleville Turnpike Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville_Turnpike_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Belleville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Essex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"}],"sub_title":"Roads and highways","text":"As of May 2010[update], the borough had a total of 31.14 miles (50.11 km) of roadways, of which 25.90 miles (41.68 km) were maintained by the municipality, 3.06 miles (4.92 km) by Bergen County and 2.18 miles (3.51 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.[130]Route 7[131] and Route 17[132] meet at the intersection of Ridge Road (Route 17) and Belleville Turnpike (Route 7), the latter of which crosses the Passaic River on the Belleville Turnpike Bridge. The bridge, also known as the Rutgers Street Bridge, connects the borough to Belleville in Essex County. The bridge was formally renamed on July 4, 2013, as the \"Lance Corporal Osbrany Montes de Oca Memorial Bridge\" in memory of a United States Marine Corps infantryman from North Arlington who was killed in February 2012 while serving in Afghanistan.[133][134]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NJ Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJ_Transit"},{"link_name":"30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_(New_Jersey_bus)"},{"link_name":"40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40_(New_Jersey_bus)"},{"link_name":"76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76_(New_Jersey_bus)"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"}],"sub_title":"Public transportation","text":"NJ Transit bus routes 30, 40 and 76 provide service to and from Newark.[135][136]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from North Arlington, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_North_Arlington,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Gebhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Gebhard"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Derek Jeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Jeter"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"William D. McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._McDowell"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Diane Ruggiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Ruggiero"},{"link_name":"Veronica Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Mars"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Frank Sowinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sowinski"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"James Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thomas_(Mermen)"},{"link_name":"The Mermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mermen"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"James Zadroga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Zadroga"},{"link_name":"NYPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"September 11 terrorist attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_terrorist_attacks"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"}],"text":"See also: Category:People from North Arlington, New JerseyPeople who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with North Arlington include:Heinrich Gebhard (1878–1963), pianist, composer and piano teacher[137]\nDerek Jeter (born 1974), shortstop who played his entire career for the New York Yankees[138]\nWilliam D. McDowell (1927–2007), politician who served as Bergen County's first County Executive and had been Mayor of North Arlington[139]\nDiane Ruggiero (born 1969), screenwriter for Veronica Mars[140]\nFrank Sowinski, former professional basketball player.[141]\nJames Thomas, guitarist and composer, of the San Francisco psychedelic instrumental band The Mermen[142]\nJames Zadroga (1971–2006), NYPD officer, participant in the cleanup after the September 11 terrorist attacks and namesake of the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010[143][144]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Bergen and Passaic Counties, New Jersey, with Biographical Sketches of Many of its Pioneers and Prominent Men.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofbergen00clay"},{"link_name":"Genealogical History of Hudson and Bergen Counties, New Jersey.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/genealogicalhist00harv"},{"link_name":"History of Bergen County, New Jersey.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historybergenco00valegoog"},{"link_name":"History of Bergen County, New Jersey, 1630–1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=As8wAQAAMAAJ"}],"text":"Municipal Incorporations of the State of New Jersey (according to Counties) prepared by the Division of Local Government, Department of the Treasury (New Jersey); December 1, 1958.\nClayton, W. Woodford; and Nelson, William. History of Bergen and Passaic Counties, New Jersey, with Biographical Sketches of Many of its Pioneers and Prominent Men., Philadelphia: Everts and Peck, 1882.\nHarvey, Cornelius Burnham (ed.), Genealogical History of Hudson and Bergen Counties, New Jersey. New York: New Jersey Genealogical Publishing Co., 1900.\nVan Valen, James M. History of Bergen County, New Jersey. New York: New Jersey Publishing and Engraving Co., 1900.\nWestervelt, Frances A. (Frances Augusta), 1858–1942, History of Bergen County, New Jersey, 1630–1923, Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1923.","title":"Related reading"}]
[{"image_text":"North Arlington erected a 9/11 memorial at the James Zadroga Soccer Field.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Zadroga_9-11_memorial.jpg/220px-Zadroga_9-11_memorial.jpg"},{"image_text":"View north along Route 17 in North Arlington","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/2018-07-19_10_17_40_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_17_%28Ridge_Road%29_just_north_of_New_Jersey_State_Route_7_and_County_Route_507_%28Belleville_Turnpike%29_in_North_Arlington%2C_Bergen_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of New Jersey highlighting Bergen County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Map_of_New_Jersey_highlighting_Bergen_County.svg/80px-Map_of_New_Jersey_highlighting_Bergen_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2734%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Governor - Bergen County\" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013-results/2013-general-election-results-governor-bergen.pdf","url_text":"\"Governor - Bergen County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 5, 2013 - General Election Results - Bergen County\" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013-results/2013-general-election-ballotscast-bergen.pdf","url_text":"\"Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 5, 2013 - General Election Results - Bergen County\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art,_Rio_de_Janeiro
Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro
["1 Architecture","2 Scope","3 1978 fire","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 22°54′S 43°09′W / 22.900°S 43.150°W / -22.900; -43.150You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (May 2011) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,504 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. 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Art museum in Rio de Janeiro, BrazilMuseum of Modern Art, Rio de JaneiroMuseu de Arte Moderna do Rio de JaneiroThe museum in 2013Location of Museum of Modern Art in Rio de JaneiroEstablished1948 (1948)LocationRio de Janeiro, BrazilCoordinates22°54′48″S 43°10′19″W / 22.913375°S 43.171980°W / -22.913375; -43.171980TypeArt museumVisitors250,000 (2012)DirectorFabio SzwarcwaldCuratorFernando CocchiaraleArchitectAffonso Eduardo ReidyWebsitemam.rio The Museum of Modern Art in Rio de Janeiro (MAM) (Portuguese: Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro) is a museum located in northeastern Flamengo Park, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is in the Centro district, west of Santos Dumont Airport, on Guanabara Bay. Architecture Flamengo Park was an urban planning project on the coast of Rio under the direction of Roberto Burle Marx (1909-1994) in the 1950s and 1960s. The Modernist concrete museum building, designed by Affonso Eduardo Reidy (1909-1964), was completed in 1955. The museum's landmark Modernist gardens were designed by Burle Marx. The main building has a dramatic cadence of external pillar elements, connected by longitudinal beams, providing a galley level free of internal columns or structural walls. The park was created on landfill in the bay, so the pillars footings reach 20 metres (66 ft) down. A large outdoor terrace is framed by the entrance façades of the main building and theater wing. The northern façade has aluminum shutters to control the amount of (low) natural light entering the gallery space during the winter solstice period. The windows of the gallery are oriented to the north and south. An inner courtyard was also designed by Burle Marx. A broad spiral ramp element reaches an upper level, with a roof terrace, restaurant, bar, and lounge overlooking Guanabara Bay, Sugarloaf, and Rio's other granitic mountain formations. Scope Affonso Eduardo Reidy's essay for the meaning of the museum expressed: "The cultural influence of a modern art museum is not only drawn from the collection of works of art and of courses of study and conferences held there, but more particularly the creation of their own intellectual atmosphere in which the artist is to enrich their own work and ideas in which the public can absorb the artistic culture required by the mind of modern man. " The museum's scope is as an arts center, and includes: exhibitions — galleries for the permanent collection and travelling shows. school of art — with lecture and studio spaces. theater — for concerts, plays, classical ballets, film exhibitions, and conferences. operations — public services (dining, etc.), workshops, collections warehouses, and administration offices. 1978 fire On July 8, 1978, a rough fire caused by a cigarette or due to an electrical failure, destroyed 90% of the artworks – including artworks from Pablo Picasso ("Cubist Head" and "Portrait of Dora Maar"), Miró ("Persons in a Landscape"), Salvador Dalí ("Egg on a Plate, Without the Plate"), Max Ernst, Paul Klee, Diego Rivera, René Magritte, Louis Van Lint, Ivan Serpa, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Manabu Mabe and others – and all artworks showed in a big retrospective of artist Joaquín Torres-García. See also Ministry of Education and Health Building (Gustavo Capanema Palace), Rio de Janeiro — Affonso Eduardo Reidy part of architectural team. References ^ Museos do Rio: Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro - MAM-Rio; website: http://mamrio.org.br/; Av. Infante Dom Henrique, nº 85, Glória; Schedule: Tuesdays to Sundays,12:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m./ Sat, Sun and Holidays,12:00 p.m. - 7:00 p.m. ^ a b c d e f Wikiarquitectura: Museum of Modern Art in Rio de Janeiro. accessed 11.23.2013. ^ Mimoa.eu: MAM—Modern Arts Museum of Rio de Janeiro Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine . accessed 11.23.2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro. (in Portuguese)–Museos do Rio: Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro - MAM-Rio — Museum of Modern Art of Rio de Janeiro- MAM-Rio). 22°54′S 43°09′W / 22.900°S 43.150°W / -22.900; -43.150 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel Academics CiNii
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The museum's landmark Modernist gardens were designed by Burle Marx.[2][3]The main building has a dramatic cadence of external pillar elements, connected by longitudinal beams, providing a galley level free of internal columns or structural walls. The park was created on landfill in the bay, so the pillars footings reach 20 metres (66 ft) down.[2]A large outdoor terrace is framed by the entrance façades of the main building and theater wing. The northern façade has aluminum shutters to control the amount of (low) natural light entering the gallery space during the winter solstice period. The windows of the gallery are oriented to the north and south.[2]An inner courtyard was also designed by Burle Marx. A broad spiral ramp element reaches an upper level, with a roof terrace, restaurant, bar, and lounge overlooking Guanabara Bay, Sugarloaf, and Rio's other granitic mountain formations.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arquitectura-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arquitectura-2"}],"text":"Affonso Eduardo Reidy's essay for the meaning of the museum expressed:\"The cultural influence of a modern art museum is not only drawn from the collection of works of art and of courses of study and conferences held there, but more particularly the creation of their own intellectual atmosphere in which the artist is to enrich their own work and ideas in which the public can absorb the artistic culture required by the mind of modern man. \"[2]The museum's scope is as an arts center, and includes:[2]exhibitions — galleries for the permanent collection and travelling shows.\nschool of art — with lecture and studio spaces.\ntheater — for concerts, plays, classical ballets, film exhibitions, and conferences.\noperations — public services (dining, etc.), workshops, collections warehouses, and administration offices.","title":"Scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pablo Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Miró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Max Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Ernst"},{"link_name":"Paul Klee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Klee"},{"link_name":"Diego Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Rivera"},{"link_name":"René Magritte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte"},{"link_name":"Louis Van Lint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Van_Lint"},{"link_name":"Ivan Serpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Serpa"},{"link_name":"David Alfaro Siqueiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros"},{"link_name":"Manabu Mabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manabu_Mabe"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Torres-García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Torres-Garc%C3%ADa"}],"text":"On July 8, 1978, a rough fire caused by a cigarette or due to an electrical failure, destroyed 90% of the artworks – including artworks from Pablo Picasso (\"Cubist Head\" and \"Portrait of Dora Maar\"), Miró (\"Persons in a Landscape\"), Salvador Dalí (\"Egg on a Plate, Without the Plate\"), Max Ernst, Paul Klee, Diego Rivera, René Magritte, Louis Van Lint, Ivan Serpa, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Manabu Mabe and others – and all artworks showed in a big retrospective of artist Joaquín Torres-García.","title":"1978 fire"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_City,_Virginia
Dale City, Virginia
["1 History","2 Communities","3 Attractions and culture","4 Geography","5 Demographics","6 Economy","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°38′54″N 77°20′32″W / 38.64833°N 77.34222°W / 38.64833; -77.34222Not to be confused with Daleville, Virginia. Census-designated place in Virginia, United StatesDale City, VirginiaCensus-designated place (CDP)Motto: The Friendliest Little City AroundLocation in Prince William County and the state of Virginia.Coordinates: 38°38′54″N 77°20′32″W / 38.64833°N 77.34222°W / 38.64833; -77.34222CountryUnited StatesStateVirginiaCountyPrince WilliamArea • Total14.25 sq mi (39.0 km2) • Land14.23 sq mi (39.0 km2) • Water0.2 sq mi (0.0 km2)Elevation230 ft (70 m)Population (2020) • Total72,088 • Density5,156.9/sq mi (1,881.6/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP code22193Area code(s)571, 703FIPS code51-21088GNIS feature ID1496866 Dale City is a census-designated place (CDP) in Prince William County, Virginia, United States, located 25 miles (40 km) south west of Washington, D.C. It is an annex of Woodbridge, Virginia. As of 2020, the total population was 72,088. The community is roughly bounded by Hoadly Road to the northwest, Prince William Parkway to the north, Smoketown Road to the northeast, Gideon Drive to the east, and Cardinal Drive to the south. History Dale City was the idea of a real estate developer, Cecil Don Hylton, who chose the term because it aptly describes the "hills and dales" of the rolling Virginia Piedmont, where he developed the community. Hylton began his career as a "huckster", a young man who sold farm goods and produce at the farmers' market in Washington, DC. He later began a sod business after several requests from his regular clients. He ran several dozen trucks and pioneered new technologies in the industry. After the post-war housing boom, he moved into homebuilding. Throughout his career, he constructed apartments, commercial shopping centers, and over 22,000 homes. Along the way, he began his own sewer company, Dale Service Company, as well as the first cable television companies in Prince William County. His company, Hylton Enterprises, began Dale City in 1960 approximately 1 mile east of Interstate 95 and continued to build west towards Hoadly Road (State Route 642). By 1969, the first six communities were completed. Many more were added in the 1970s and 1980s. Several places in Dale City are named after Hylton, such as C.D. Hylton High School and the Hylton Memorial Chapel. More recently, the Hylton Foundation underwrote a major new addition to Potomac Hospital in nearby Woodbridge. Hylton's companies have branched into new markets, especially real estate of existing houses. Hylton Realty now sells property in and near Dale City. Hylton Enterprises manages commercial properties still controlled by the Hylton family, including several shopping centers, as well as several oddly-shaped parcels of unimproved land. These parcels were land that could not be built on or were proffered to the county; Andrew Leitch Park is one such parcel that has been given to the local Park Authority. Because Dale City was built before most of eastern Prince William County was developed, it has its own water and sewer systems, separate from the ones in Occoquan, Woodbridge, Dumfries, Triangle, and Lake Ridge. Water service is provided by Virginia-American Water Company, and since 2013, Virginia-American also provides sewer service to Dale City through their purchase of the Dale Service Corporation. Russell House and Store is a historic early 19th century building, located on Minnieville Road. Communities Each of the communities (often referred to as neighborhoods) ends in 'dale'. The streets along Dale Boulevard (generally) proceed alphabetically when followed from east to west starting from Gideon Blvd. and ending at Hoadly Rd.: Ashdale, Barksdale, Birchdale, Cherrydale, Cloverdale, Darbydale, Emberdale, Evansdale, Forestdale, Glendale, Hillendale, Kerrydale, Kirkdale, Lindendale (which includes Surrydale Ct.), Mapledale, Nottingdale, Orangedale, Princedale, Queensdale, Ridgedale, Silverdale, and Trentdale. Most street names in each neighborhood begin with the first letter of the neighborhood. Attractions and culture Dale City is near Potomac Mills Mall, the second largest shopping mall in Northern Virginia, and the largest outlet mall in the United States. Across from the Nottingdale and next to the Mapledale communities is Andrew Leitch Park, which includes a water park. Geography Dale City is located at 38°38′54″N 77°20′32″W / 38.64833°N 77.34222°W / 38.64833; -77.34222 (38.648284, −77.342350). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 15.0 square miles (39.0 km2), all of it land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 201065,969—202072,0889.3% As of the 2010 census, the racial breakdown was as follows: 35.1% White 28.8% Black 7.9% Asian 0.7% Native American or Native Alaskan 0.2% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 27.2% Hispanic (10.7% Salvadoran, 3.6% Mexican, 2.3% Puerto Rican, 1.4% Honduran, 1.3% Guatemalan, 1.2% Peruvian, 1.0% Bolivian) According to the U.S. census American Community Survey of 2006, there were 63,616 people, 20,866 households, and 17,072 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 4,241.1 people per square mile (1,631.2/km2). There were 22,054 housing units at an average density of 1,470.3/sq mi (535/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 43.4% White, 21.06% African American, 0.2% Native American, 11.22% Asian, 0.45% Pacific Islander, 19.12% from other races, and 4.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29.28% of the population. In addition, 31.3% of Dale City's population is foreign born. There were 20,866 households, out of which 47.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.7% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.2% were non-families. 13.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.05 and the average family size was 3.23. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.1% under the age of 18 and 4.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $71,179, and the median income for a family was $72,021 (these figures had risen to $79,075 and $80,382 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $50,920 versus $43,389 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $26,864. About 3.3% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.2% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over. Dale City is part of Virginia's 31st House of Delegates district; as of 10 January 2018] ], residents are represented by Elizabeth Guzmán. Economy The Consulate-General of El Salvador in Woodbridge is located at 14572 Potomac Mills Road in the Dale City CDP. References ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Tennessean, The. "Dale City CDP, Virginia Demographics and Housing 2020 Decennial Census". The Tennessean. ^ Shin, Annys (December 30, 2011). "Facing a Holiday Foreclosure". The Washington Post. p. B1, B5. ^ a b "Date City Civic Association". Retrieved August 7, 2023. ^ "The Quiet Tycoon of Prince William County". washingtonpost.com. April 2, 1984. Retrieved August 7, 2023. ^ "Virginia American water to buy Dale Service Corp". INSIDENOVA.COM. May 2, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2015. ^ "American Water Completes Purchase of Dale Service Corporation" (PDF) (Press release). American Water. November 14, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2015. ^ "Potomac Mills Mall". www.virginia.org. Retrieved March 5, 2017. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder - Community Facts". factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2018. ^ "Norte América Archived January 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." Consulate-General of El Salvador in Miami. Retrieved on February 1, 2009. ^ "Dale City CDP Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine." United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on February 1, 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dale City, Virginia. Centerpoint Church Dale City Virginia Prince William County Government Dale City Volunteer Fire Department Places adjacent to Dale City, Virginia Canova Lake Ridge Occoquan Brentsville Dale City Woodbridge Independent Hill Montclair Potomac River vte Prince William County, Virginia Northern Virginia Washington Metropolitan Area Administration Prince William Board of County Supervisors Prince William County Public Schools Prince William County Department of Parks & Recreation Prince William County Public Library Prince William County Department of Fire and Rescue Prince William County Police Department Prince William County Sheriff's Office Organizations Prince William Chamber of Commerce Landmarks National Museum of the Marine Corps Marine Corps Base Quantico Hylton Performing Arts Center Manassas National Battlefield Park Jiffy Lube Live Old Dominion Speedway Prince William Forest Park Leesylvania State Park Potomac Mills Transportation OmniRide Manassas Regional Airport Prince William Parkway Virginia State Route 234 Interstate 66 Interstate 95 U.S. Route 1 CultureBattles First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Events Dale City 4th of July Parade Education George Mason University Northern Virginia Community College Strayer University vteMunicipalities and communities of Prince William County, Virginia, United StatesCounty seat: ManassasTowns Dumfries Haymarket Occoquan Quantico Map of Virginia highlighting Prince William CountyCDPs Buckhall Bull Run Bull Run Mountain Estates Cherry Hill County Center Dale City Gainesville Independent Hill Innovation Lake Ridge Leesylvania Linton Hall Loch Lomond Montclair Nokesville Potomac Mills Quantico Base‡ Sudley Triangle Woodbridge Yorkshire Unincorporatedcommunities Aden Agnewville Antioch Batestown Bethel Brentsville Bristow Buckland Canova Catharpin Cornwell Featherstone Greenwich Groveton Hickory Ridge Hoadly Joplin Kopp Locust Hill Minnieville Rixlew Southbridge Sudley Springs Thoroughfare Wellington West Gate Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Virginia portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
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It is an annex of Woodbridge, Virginia. As of 2020, the total population was 72,088.[3]The community is roughly bounded by Hoadly Road to the northwest, Prince William Parkway to the north, Smoketown Road to the northeast, Gideon Drive to the east, and Cardinal Drive to the south.[4]","title":"Dale City, Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_region_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dalecity-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dalecity-5"},{"link_name":"C.D. Hylton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Hylton_High_School"},{"link_name":"Woodbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia-American Water Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Water_(company)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Russell House and Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_House_and_Store"}],"text":"Dale City was the idea of a real estate developer, Cecil Don Hylton, who chose the term because it aptly describes the \"hills and dales\" of the rolling Virginia Piedmont,[5] where he developed the community. Hylton began his career as a \"huckster\", a young man who sold farm goods and produce at the farmers' market in Washington, DC. He later began a sod business after several requests from his regular clients. He ran several dozen trucks and pioneered new technologies in the industry. After the post-war housing boom, he moved into homebuilding. Throughout his career, he constructed apartments, commercial shopping centers, and over 22,000 homes. Along the way, he began his own sewer company, Dale Service Company, as well as the first cable television companies in Prince William County.[6]His company, Hylton Enterprises, began Dale City in 1960 approximately 1 mile east of Interstate 95 and continued to build west towards Hoadly Road (State Route 642). By 1969, the first six communities were completed. Many more were added in the 1970s and 1980s.[5]Several places in Dale City are named after Hylton, such as C.D. Hylton High School and the Hylton Memorial Chapel. More recently, the Hylton Foundation underwrote a major new addition to Potomac Hospital in nearby Woodbridge. Hylton's companies have branched into new markets, especially real estate of existing houses. Hylton Realty now sells property in and near Dale City. Hylton Enterprises manages commercial properties still controlled by the Hylton family, including several shopping centers, as well as several oddly-shaped parcels of unimproved land. These parcels were land that could not be built on or were proffered to the county; Andrew Leitch Park is one such parcel that has been given to the local Park Authority.Because Dale City was built before most of eastern Prince William County was developed, it has its own water and sewer systems, separate from the ones in Occoquan, Woodbridge, Dumfries, Triangle, and Lake Ridge. Water service is provided by Virginia-American Water Company, and since 2013, Virginia-American also provides sewer service to Dale City through their purchase of the Dale Service Corporation.[7][8]Russell House and Store is a historic early 19th century building, located on Minnieville Road.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dale Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Boulevard"}],"text":"Each of the communities (often referred to as neighborhoods) ends in 'dale'. The streets along Dale Boulevard (generally) proceed alphabetically when followed from east to west starting from Gideon Blvd. and ending at Hoadly Rd.: Ashdale, Barksdale, Birchdale, Cherrydale, Cloverdale, Darbydale, Emberdale, Evansdale, Forestdale, Glendale, Hillendale, Kerrydale, Kirkdale, Lindendale (which includes Surrydale Ct.), Mapledale, Nottingdale, Orangedale, Princedale, Queensdale, Ridgedale, Silverdale, and Trentdale. Most street names in each neighborhood begin with the first letter of the neighborhood.","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Potomac Mills Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_Mills_(shopping_mall)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Dale City is near Potomac Mills Mall, the second largest shopping mall in Northern Virginia, and the largest outlet mall in the United States.[9]Across from the Nottingdale and next to the Mapledale communities is Andrew Leitch Park, which includes a water park.","title":"Attractions and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"38°38′54″N 77°20′32″W / 38.64833°N 77.34222°W / 38.64833; -77.34222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dale_City,_Virginia&params=38_38_54_N_77_20_32_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-10"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Dale City is located at 38°38′54″N 77°20′32″W / 38.64833°N 77.34222°W / 38.64833; -77.34222 (38.648284, −77.342350).[10]According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 15.0 square miles (39.0 km2), all of it land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"American Community Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"foreign born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_born"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"Virginia's 31st House of Delegates district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s_31st_House_of_Delegates_district"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Guzm%C3%A1n"}],"text":"As of the 2010 census, the racial breakdown was as follows:35.1% White\n28.8% Black\n7.9% Asian\n0.7% Native American or Native Alaskan\n0.2% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander\n27.2% Hispanic (10.7% Salvadoran, 3.6% Mexican, 2.3% Puerto Rican, 1.4% Honduran, 1.3% Guatemalan, 1.2% Peruvian, 1.0% Bolivian)According to the U.S. census[1] American Community Survey of 2006, there were 63,616 people, 20,866 households, and 17,072 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 4,241.1 people per square mile (1,631.2/km2). There were 22,054 housing units at an average density of 1,470.3/sq mi (535/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 43.4% White, 21.06% African American, 0.2% Native American, 11.22% Asian, 0.45% Pacific Islander, 19.12% from other races, and 4.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29.28% of the population. In addition, 31.3% of Dale City's population is foreign born.There were 20,866 households, out of which 47.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.7% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.2% were non-families. 13.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.05 and the average family size was 3.23.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.1% under the age of 18 and 4.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $71,179, and the median income for a family was $72,021 (these figures had risen to $79,075 and $80,382 respectively as of a 2007 estimate[11]). Males had a median income of $50,920 versus $43,389 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $26,864. About 3.3% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.2% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over.Dale City is part of Virginia's 31st House of Delegates district; as of 10 January 2018[[[Virginia House of Delegates election, 2017]] [ref]], residents are represented by Elizabeth Guzmán.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Consulate-General of El Salvador in Woodbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Consulate-General of El Salvador in Woodbridge is located at 14572 Potomac Mills Road in the Dale City CDP.[12][13]","title":"Economy"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Virginia highlighting Prince William County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Prince_William_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Prince_William_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Tennessean, The. \"Dale City CDP, Virginia Demographics and Housing 2020 Decennial Census\". The Tennessean.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.tennessean.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/dale-city-cdp-virginia/160-5121088/","url_text":"\"Dale City CDP, Virginia Demographics and Housing 2020 Decennial Census\""}]},{"reference":"Shin, Annys (December 30, 2011). \"Facing a Holiday Foreclosure\". The Washington Post. p. B1, B5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/in-virginia-foreclosures-can-be-the-end-of-year-uglies-for-homeowners/2011/12/28/gIQAQ1hRPP_story.html","url_text":"\"Facing a Holiday Foreclosure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Date City Civic Association\". Retrieved August 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dalecitycivic.org/pages/about.html","url_text":"\"Date City Civic Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Quiet Tycoon of Prince William County\". washingtonpost.com. April 2, 1984. Retrieved August 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/04/02/the-quiet-tycoon-of-prince-william-county/d3d936f0-cca8-43ee-b7dc-e32e18da27ea/","url_text":"\"The Quiet Tycoon of Prince William County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Virginia American water to buy Dale Service Corp\". INSIDENOVA.COM. May 2, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidenova.com/news/local/dale_city/virginia-american-water-to-buy-dale-service-corp/article_a5eb6456-b39e-11e2-83c4-001a4bcf887a.html","url_text":"\"Virginia American water to buy Dale Service Corp\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Water Completes Purchase of Dale Service Corporation\" (PDF) (Press release). American Water. November 14, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pr.amwater.com/common/download/download.cfm?CompanyID=AMERPR&FileID=707017&FileKey=8375F550-A071-4888-9257-E9D0CC490FB5&filename=AWK_News_2013_11_14_Corporate.pdf","url_text":"\"American Water Completes Purchase of Dale Service Corporation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Water_(company)","url_text":"American Water"}]},{"reference":"\"Potomac Mills Mall\". www.virginia.org. Retrieved March 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.virginia.org/listings/shopping/potomacmillsmall/","url_text":"\"Potomac Mills Mall\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Bureau, U.S. Census. \"American FactFinder - Community Facts\". factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200211181333/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US4970850&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US49%7C16000US4970850&_street=&_county=dale+city&_cityTown=dale+city&_state=04000US51&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null:null&_keyword=&_industry=","url_text":"\"American FactFinder - Community Facts\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US4970850&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US49%7C16000US4970850&_street=&_county=dale+city&_cityTown=dale+city&_state=04000US51&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null:null&_keyword=&_industry=","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Trinity_College_Dublin
Library of Trinity College Dublin
["1 Constituent buildings","2 History","3 Legal deposit library status","4 Long Room","4.1 In popular culture","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°20′38″N 6°15′24.5″W / 53.34389°N 6.256806°W / 53.34389; -6.256806Library in Dublin, Ireland For the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, see Wren Library. The Library of Trinity College DublinThe Long Room in the Old Library53°20′38″N 6°15′24.5″W / 53.34389°N 6.256806°W / 53.34389; -6.256806LocationCollege Street, Dublin 2, IrelandTypeAcademic libraryEstablished1592CollectionItems collectedBooks, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, databases, maps, prints and manuscriptsSizec. 7,000,000 volumesCriteria for collectionAcquisition through purchase, bequest and legal depositLegal depositRepublic of Ireland (Copyright and Related Rights Act, 2000) and United Kingdom (Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003)Access and useAccess requirementsStaff, graduates (reading privileges only) and students of the university. Other readers admitted under cross-institutional arrangements, or if material is unavailable elsewhere. Old Library and Library Gift Shop open to publicOther informationDirectorCollege Librarian and Archivist Helen ShentonEmployeesAround 120Websitewww.tcd.ie/library/ The Old Library Building Arnaldo Pomodoro's Sfera con Sfera (Sphere Within Sphere) at The Berkeley Library The Library of Trinity College Dublin (Irish: Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide) serves Trinity College. It is a legal deposit or "copyright library", under which, publishers in Ireland must deposit a copy of all their publications there, without charge. It is the only Irish library to hold such rights for works published in the United Kingdom. The Library is the permanent home to the Brian Boru harp which is a national symbol of Ireland, a copy of the 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic, and the Book of Kells. One of the four volumes of the Book of Kells is on public display at any given time. The volumes and pages shown are regularly changed; a new display case installed in 2020 facilitated all pages to be displayed including many which had not been seen in public for several decades. Members of the University of Dublin also have access to the libraries of Tallaght University Hospital and the Irish School of Ecumenics, Milltown. Constituent buildings The library proper occupies several buildings, six of which are at the Trinity College campus itself, with another part of the Trinity Centre at St James's Hospital, Dublin: The oldest library building, now known as the Old Library, is Thomas Burgh's magnum opus. Construction began in 1712. A large building which took twenty years to complete in its original form, it towered over the university and city after its completion in 1732. Even today, surrounded by similarly scaled buildings, it is imposing and dominates the view of the university from Nassau Street. The Book of Kells is located in the Old Library, along with the Book of Durrow, the Garland of Howth and other ancient texts. Also incorporating the Long Room, the Old Library is one of Ireland's biggest tourist attractions and holds thousands of rare, and in many cases very early, volumes. In the 18th century, the college received the Brian Boru harp, one of the three surviving medieval Gaelic harps, and a national symbol of Ireland, which is now housed in the Library. Housed within the Old Library are: Early Printed Books and Special Collections. Manuscripts & Archives. The Berkeley/Lecky/Ussher (BLU) Libraries complex, incorporating: The Berkeley Library, in Fellows' Square. Designed by Paul Koralek of ABK Architects, an imposing Brutalist structure opened in 1967 as the "New Library". The Berkeley name was adopted in 1978. In April 2023, the college decided to "dename" the library due to the fact that Berkeley owned and worked slaves on his property in Rhode Island. The library will be renamed in the future. The Lecky Library, attached to the Arts Building. Also designed by ABK, officially opened in 1978. The Ussher Library, overlooking College Park. Designed by McCullough Mulvin Architects, officially opened in 2003. The Glucksman Map Library. The Preservation and Conservation Department. The Hamilton Science and Engineering Library, located within the Hamilton Building. The 1937 Reading Room (for postgraduate use). The John Stearne Medical Library (JSML), housed at St James's Hospital. Further materials are held in storage in Stacks, either in closed access within College or at a book depository in the Dublin suburb of Santry. History The Library began with the founding of Trinity College in 1592. In 1661, Henry Jones presented it with the Book of Kells, its most famous manuscript. James Ussher (1625–56), Archbishop of Armagh, whose most important works were Veterum Epistolarum Hibernicarum Sylloge (1632) and Brittanicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates (1639), left his valuable library, comprising several thousand printed books and manuscripts, to the Library. His complete works were published by the Library in twenty-four volumes. In 1801, the Library was given legal deposit rights, making it the only library in Ireland to have such rights for the United Kingdom at that time. Legal deposit library status In accordance with the Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000, the library is entitled, along with the National Library of Ireland and the libraries of the National University of Ireland, the University of Limerick, and Dublin City University, to receive a copy of all works published in the Republic of Ireland. Also, as a result of the British Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003, which continues a more ancient right dating from 1801, the Library is entitled, along with the Bodleian Library at Oxford, Cambridge University Library, the National Library of Wales and the National Library of Scotland, to receive a copy on request of all works published in the United Kingdom. Many works are now being received electronically rather than in print under new UK regulations which came into force in April 2013. Long Room Detail of Long Room shelving Watercolour of Long Room before the roof was raised The 65-metre-long (213 ft) main chamber of the Old Library, the Long Room, was built between 1712 and 1732 and houses 200,000 of the Library's oldest books. Initially, The Long Room had a flat ceiling, shelving for books only on the lower level, and an open gallery. By the 1850s the room had to be expanded as the shelves were filled due to the fact that the Library had been given permission to obtain a free copy of every book that had been published in Ireland and Britain. In 1860, The Long Room's roof was raised to accommodate an upper gallery. The Long Room is lined with marble busts. The marble bust collection was formed when 14 busts from the sculptor Peter Scheemakers were acquired by the college. Many of the busts are of great philosophers, writers, and men who supported the college. The most outstanding bust in the collection is of the writer Jonathan Swift, created by Louis François Roubiliac. In November 2020, Trinity College announced the addition of four marble busts featuring female scholars: Rosalind Franklin, Ada Lovelace, Augusta Gregory, and Mary Wollstonecraft. Notably, it is "the first time in over a century that Trinity has commissioned new sculptures for the Long Room of the Old Library." Following the unveiling, Trinity archivist Helen Shenton remarked, “As the first woman Librarian in the College’s 428-year history, I am especially delighted to champion this initiative to address the historic inequity in the Long Room.” The Long Room also holds one of the last remaining copies of the 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic. This proclamation was read by Patrick Pearse near the General Post Office on 24 April 1916. Visitors may also view the Trinity College harp (also known as the "Brian Boru harp") in the Long Room that is the oldest of its kind in Ireland dating back to the 15th century. The harp is made out of oak and willow and includes 29 brass strings. Beginning in 2022, the Long Room will be closed to the public as Trinity librarians undergo a €90m restoration project, utilizing €25m of government funding. The project is said to have "taken on a degree of urgency following the catastrophic fire which destroyed Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral in 2019." Accordingly, the project will prioritize the modernization of environmental control and fire protection measures. In popular culture The Jedi archives of the Jedi Temple in the movie Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones bear a startling resemblance to the Long Room of the Trinity College Library. This resemblance resulted in controversy as permission had not been sought to use the building's likeness in the film. However, Lucasfilm denied that the Long Room was the basis for the Jedi archives, and officials from Trinity College Library decided not to take any legal action. In the Foundation TV series the Long Room was a stand-in for a reading room in the imperial capital of Trantor. References ^ "College Administrative, Executive and other Officers". College Calendar, Trinity College Dublin (PDF). 2022. p. H11. ^ a b "Legal Deposit (Copyright Libraries)". Trinity College Dublin. Retrieved 16 November 2018. ^ "The Old Library and the Book of Kells". Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ "Trinity unveils New Book of Kells Treasury and Display Case". Tcd.ie. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ "Trinity College Dublin to dename the Berkeley Library" (Press release). Trinity College Library. 26 April 2023. ^ a b "History of the Library". Tcd.ie. Retrieved 28 January 2013. ^ Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000, s. 198: Delivery of certain materials to libraries (No. 28 of 2000, s. 198). Enacted on 10 July 2000. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book. ^ O'Keeffe, Hazel; Gaffney, John (2005). "The Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000". The Journal of World Intellectual Property. 5 (4): 613–629. doi:10.1111/j.1747-1796.2002.tb00175.x. ^ "Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003: Section 13", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 30 October 2003, c. 28 (s. 13) ^ "Electronic Legal Deposit (UK)". The Library of Trinity College Dublin. Retrieved 26 February 2019. ^ a b c "The Long Room". Tcd.ie. Retrieved 20 April 2017. ^ "Four statues of female scholars to be added to the Long Room". 26 November 2020. ^ "Trinity College to move 750,000 books during restoration of Old Library". The Irish Times. ^ O’Loughlin, Ed (28 May 2022). "An Irish National Treasure Gets Set for a Long-Needed Restoration". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 May 2022. ^ Williams, Eoghan (29 September 2002). "Trinity to strike back at return of the Jedi". The Irish Independent. Retrieved 30 July 2015. ^ "Jedi Archives Clones Long Room, Trinity Attacks". Archiseek. 6 October 2002. Retrieved 30 July 2015. ^ Power, Ed. "Foundation: It stars Jared Harris, was filmed in Ireland and cost $45m to make. So is it any good?". The Irish Times. Retrieved 5 October 2021. Further reading Fox, Peter Treasures of the Library: Trinity College Dublin. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1986 ISBN 978-0-901714-45-9 Fox, Peter. Trinity College Library Dublin: A History (Cambridge University Press, 2014). Fox, Peter "The Librarians of Trinity College", in: Vincent Kinane, Anne Walsh, eds., Essays on the History of Trinity College Library, Dublin. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000 ISBN 1-85182-467-7 Rogers, Charles. "Notes in the History of Sir Jerome Alexander, Second Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, and Founder of the Alexander Library, Trinity College Dublin." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1 (1872): 220–40. doi:10.2307/3677907 online. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trinity College Library. The Library of Trinity College Dublin Search the Library's catalogue The Library of Trinity College Dublin at Google Cultural Institute 360-degree panorama of the Long Room Library vteUniversity of Dublin, Trinity CollegePeople Chancellor: Mary McAleese Provost: Linda Doyle People Professorships Scholars Universityand college Trinity College Library Trinity Business School School of Engineering School of Law School of Medicine School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Centre for Asian Studies Centre for Deaf Studies Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices Science Gallery Marino Institute of Education School of Ecumenics Oscar Wilde Centre Academic dress Donnellan Lectures Parliamentary representation Student life Students' Union List of student organisations Trinity News The University Times Trinity Hall Cumann Gaelach Historical Society College Theological Society Icarus Laurentian Society Philosophical Society The Piranha Trinitones Sport American football Association football Cricket Fencing Rifle Rugby union Boat club (Men) Boat club (Women) Competitions The Colours Match Categories Academics Alumni Buildings and structures Library Sport Teaching hospitals Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Vatican Artists ULAN Other IdRef 53°20′38″N 6°15′24.5″W / 53.34389°N 6.256806°W / 53.34389; -6.256806
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It is a legal deposit or \"copyright library\", under which, publishers in Ireland must deposit a copy of all their publications there, without charge.[2] It is the only Irish library to hold such rights for works published in the United Kingdom.[2]The Library is the permanent home to the Brian Boru harp which is a national symbol of Ireland, a copy of the 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic, and the Book of Kells. One of the four volumes of the Book of Kells is on public display at any given time.[3] The volumes and pages shown are regularly changed; a new display case installed in 2020 facilitated all pages to be displayed including many which had not been seen in public for several decades.[4] Members of the University of Dublin also have access to the libraries of Tallaght University Hospital and the Irish School of Ecumenics, Milltown.","title":"Library of Trinity College Dublin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St James's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Thomas Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Burgh_(1670%E2%80%931730)"},{"link_name":"Book of Durrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Durrow"},{"link_name":"Garland of Howth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_of_Howth"},{"link_name":"Brian Boru harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Harp"},{"link_name":"Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Paul Koralek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Koralek"},{"link_name":"ABK Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABK_Architects"},{"link_name":"Brutalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalist_architecture"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lecky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edward_Hartpole_Lecky"},{"link_name":"ABK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABK_Architects"},{"link_name":"Ussher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ussher"},{"link_name":"College Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Park,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"McCullough Mulvin Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Mulvin"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"John Stearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stearne_(physician)"},{"link_name":"Santry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santry"}],"text":"The library proper occupies several buildings, six of which are at the Trinity College campus itself, with another part of the Trinity Centre at St James's Hospital, Dublin:The oldest library building, now known as the Old Library, is Thomas Burgh's magnum opus. Construction began in 1712. A large building which took twenty years to complete in its original form, it towered over the university and city after its completion in 1732. Even today, surrounded by similarly scaled buildings, it is imposing and dominates the view of the university from Nassau Street. The Book of Kells is located in the Old Library, along with the Book of Durrow, the Garland of Howth and other ancient texts. Also incorporating the Long Room, the Old Library is one of Ireland's biggest tourist attractions and holds thousands of rare, and in many cases very early, volumes. In the 18th century, the college received the Brian Boru harp, one of the three surviving medieval Gaelic harps, and a national symbol of Ireland, which is now housed in the Library. Housed within the Old Library are:\nEarly Printed Books and Special Collections.\nManuscripts & Archives.\nThe Berkeley/Lecky/Ussher (BLU) Libraries complex, incorporating:\nThe Berkeley Library, in Fellows' Square. Designed by Paul Koralek of ABK Architects, an imposing Brutalist structure opened in 1967 as the \"New Library\". The Berkeley name was adopted in 1978. In April 2023, the college decided to \"dename\" the library due to the fact that Berkeley owned and worked slaves on his property in Rhode Island. The library will be renamed in the future.[5]\nThe Lecky Library, attached to the Arts Building. Also designed by ABK, officially opened in 1978.\nThe Ussher Library, overlooking College Park. Designed by McCullough Mulvin Architects, officially opened in 2003.\nThe Glucksman Map Library.\nThe Preservation and Conservation Department.\nThe Hamilton Science and Engineering Library, located within the Hamilton Building.\nThe 1937 Reading Room (for postgraduate use).\nThe John Stearne Medical Library (JSML), housed at St James's Hospital.Further materials are held in storage in Stacks, either in closed access within College or at a book depository in the Dublin suburb of Santry.","title":"Constituent buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jones_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Book of Kells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Kells"},{"link_name":"James Ussher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ussher"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Armagh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Library_History-6"},{"link_name":"legal deposit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_deposit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Library_History-6"}],"text":"The Library began with the founding of Trinity College in 1592. In 1661, Henry Jones presented it with the Book of Kells, its most famous manuscript. James Ussher (1625–56), Archbishop of Armagh, whose most important works were Veterum Epistolarum Hibernicarum Sylloge (1632) and Brittanicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates (1639), left his valuable library, comprising several thousand printed books and manuscripts, to the Library. His complete works were published by the Library in twenty-four volumes.[6]In 1801, the Library was given legal deposit rights, making it the only library in Ireland to have such rights for the United Kingdom at that time.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Library of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"National University of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"University of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Dublin City University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_City_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Deposit_Libraries_Act_2003"},{"link_name":"Bodleian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Library"},{"link_name":"National Library of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"National Library of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In accordance with the Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000, the library is entitled, along with the National Library of Ireland and the libraries of the National University of Ireland, the University of Limerick, and Dublin City University, to receive a copy of all works published in the Republic of Ireland.[7][8]Also, as a result of the British Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003, which continues a more ancient right dating from 1801, the Library is entitled, along with the Bodleian Library at Oxford, Cambridge University Library, the National Library of Wales and the National Library of Scotland, to receive a copy on request of all works published in the United Kingdom.[9] Many works are now being received electronically rather than in print under new UK regulations which came into force in April 2013.[10]","title":"Legal deposit library status"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:County_Dublin_-_Long_Room-Trinity_College_-_20180703092642.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Malton_Trinity_College_Library_Dublin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ireland and Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Old_Library-11"},{"link_name":"Peter Scheemakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Scheemakers"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift"},{"link_name":"Louis François Roubiliac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_Roubiliac"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Old_Library-11"},{"link_name":"Rosalind Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Ada Lovelace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace"},{"link_name":"Augusta Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gregory"},{"link_name":"Mary Wollstonecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft"},{"link_name":"Helen Shenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Shenton"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Proclamation of the Irish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Patrick Pearse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse"},{"link_name":"Trinity College harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_harp"},{"link_name":"Brian Boru harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Boru_harp"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Old_Library-11"},{"link_name":"Notre-Dame de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Detail of Long Room shelvingWatercolour of Long Room before the roof was raisedThe 65-metre-long (213 ft) main chamber of the Old Library, the Long Room, was built between 1712 and 1732 and houses 200,000 of the Library's oldest books. Initially, The Long Room had a flat ceiling, shelving for books only on the lower level, and an open gallery. By the 1850s the room had to be expanded as the shelves were filled due to the fact that the Library had been given permission to obtain a free copy of every book that had been published in Ireland and Britain. In 1860, The Long Room's roof was raised to accommodate an upper gallery.[11]\nThe Long Room is lined with marble busts. The marble bust collection was formed when 14 busts from the sculptor Peter Scheemakers were acquired by the college. Many of the busts are of great philosophers, writers, and men who supported the college. The most outstanding bust in the collection is of the writer Jonathan Swift, created by Louis François Roubiliac.[11]In November 2020, Trinity College announced the addition of four marble busts featuring female scholars: Rosalind Franklin, Ada Lovelace, Augusta Gregory, and Mary Wollstonecraft. Notably, it is \"the first time in over a century that Trinity has commissioned new sculptures for the Long Room of the Old Library.\" Following the unveiling, Trinity archivist Helen Shenton remarked, “As the first woman Librarian in the College’s 428-year history, I am especially delighted to champion this initiative to address the historic inequity in the Long Room.”[12]The Long Room also holds one of the last remaining copies of the 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic. This proclamation was read by Patrick Pearse near the General Post Office on 24 April 1916. Visitors may also view the Trinity College harp (also known as the \"Brian Boru harp\") in the Long Room that is the oldest of its kind in Ireland dating back to the 15th century. The harp is made out of oak and willow and includes 29 brass strings.[11]Beginning in 2022, the Long Room will be closed to the public as Trinity librarians undergo a €90m restoration project, utilizing €25m of government funding. The project is said to have \"taken on a degree of urgency following the catastrophic fire which destroyed Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral in 2019.\" Accordingly, the project will prioritize the modernization of environmental control and fire protection measures.[13][14]","title":"Long Room"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones"},{"link_name":"Lucasfilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasfilm"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Trantor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trantor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"In popular culture","text":"The Jedi archives of the Jedi Temple in the movie Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones bear a startling resemblance to the Long Room of the Trinity College Library. This resemblance resulted in controversy as permission had not been sought to use the building's likeness in the film. However, Lucasfilm denied that the Long Room was the basis for the Jedi archives, and officials from Trinity College Library decided not to take any legal action.[15][16]In the Foundation TV series the Long Room was a stand-in for a reading room in the imperial capital of Trantor.[17]","title":"Long Room"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fox_(librarian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-901714-45-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901714-45-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85182-467-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85182-467-7"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3677907"}],"text":"Fox, Peter Treasures of the Library: Trinity College Dublin. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1986 ISBN 978-0-901714-45-9\nFox, Peter. Trinity College Library Dublin: A History (Cambridge University Press, 2014).\nFox, Peter \"The Librarians of Trinity College\", in: Vincent Kinane, Anne Walsh, eds., Essays on the History of Trinity College Library, Dublin. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000 ISBN 1-85182-467-7\nRogers, Charles. \"Notes in the History of Sir Jerome Alexander, Second Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, and Founder of the Alexander Library, Trinity College Dublin.\" Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1 (1872): 220–40. doi:10.2307/3677907 online.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The Old Library Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Trinity_college_library.jpg/220px-Trinity_college_library.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arnaldo Pomodoro's Sfera con Sfera (Sphere Within Sphere) at The Berkeley Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Arnaldo_Pomodoro%27s_%27Sfera_con_Sfera%27_at_The_Berkeley_Library%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin.JPG/220px-Arnaldo_Pomodoro%27s_%27Sfera_con_Sfera%27_at_The_Berkeley_Library%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin.JPG"},{"image_text":"Detail of Long Room shelving","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/County_Dublin_-_Long_Room-Trinity_College_-_20180703092642.jpg/220px-County_Dublin_-_Long_Room-Trinity_College_-_20180703092642.jpg"},{"image_text":"Watercolour of Long Room before the roof was raised","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/James_Malton_Trinity_College_Library_Dublin.jpg/220px-James_Malton_Trinity_College_Library_Dublin.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"College Administrative, Executive and other Officers\". College Calendar, Trinity College Dublin (PDF). 2022. p. H11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcd.ie/calendar/general-information/complete-part-I.pdf","url_text":"College Calendar, Trinity College Dublin"}]},{"reference":"\"Legal Deposit (Copyright Libraries)\". Trinity College Dublin. Retrieved 16 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcd.ie/library/about/legal-deposit.php","url_text":"\"Legal Deposit (Copyright Libraries)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Old Library and the Book of Kells\". Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcd.ie/library/old-library/","url_text":"\"The Old Library and the Book of Kells\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trinity unveils New Book of Kells Treasury and Display Case\". Tcd.ie. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcd.ie/library/news/trinity-unveils-new-book-of-kells-treasury-and-display-case/","url_text":"\"Trinity unveils New Book of Kells Treasury and Display Case\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trinity College Dublin to dename the Berkeley Library\" (Press release). Trinity College Library. 26 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcd.ie/library/news/trinity-college-dublin-to-dename-the-berkeley-library/","url_text":"\"Trinity College Dublin to dename the Berkeley Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Library\". Tcd.ie. Retrieved 28 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcd.ie/Library/epb/history.php","url_text":"\"History of the Library\""}]},{"reference":"O'Keeffe, Hazel; Gaffney, John (2005). \"The Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000\". The Journal of World Intellectual Property. 5 (4): 613–629. doi:10.1111/j.1747-1796.2002.tb00175.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1796.2002.tb00175.x","url_text":"\"The Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1747-1796.2002.tb00175.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1747-1796.2002.tb00175.x"}]},{"reference":"\"Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003: Section 13\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 30 October 2003, c. 28 (s. 13)","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga//28/section/13/","url_text":"\"Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003: Section 13\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Electronic Legal Deposit (UK)\". The Library of Trinity College Dublin. Retrieved 26 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcd.ie/library/using-library/eLD/","url_text":"\"Electronic Legal Deposit (UK)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Long Room\". Tcd.ie. Retrieved 20 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcd.ie/library/old-library/long-room/","url_text":"\"The Long Room\""}]},{"reference":"\"Four statues of female scholars to be added to the Long Room\". 26 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://trinitynews.ie/2020/11/four-statues-of-female-scholars-to-be-added-to-the-long-room/","url_text":"\"Four statues of female scholars to be added to the Long Room\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trinity College to move 750,000 books during restoration of Old Library\". The Irish Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/trinity-college-to-move-750-000-books-during-restoration-of-old-library-1.4570808","url_text":"\"Trinity College to move 750,000 books during restoration of Old Library\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"O’Loughlin, Ed (28 May 2022). \"An Irish National Treasure Gets Set for a Long-Needed Restoration\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/28/world/europe/dublin-trinity-library-restoration.html","url_text":"\"An Irish National Treasure Gets Set for a Long-Needed Restoration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Eoghan (29 September 2002). \"Trinity to strike back at return of the Jedi\". The Irish Independent. Retrieved 30 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/trinity-to-strike-back-at-return-of-the-jedi-26244343.html","url_text":"\"Trinity to strike back at return of the Jedi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jedi Archives Clones Long Room, Trinity Attacks\". Archiseek. 6 October 2002. Retrieved 30 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiseek.com/2002/jedi-archives-clones-long-room-trinity-attacks/","url_text":"\"Jedi Archives Clones Long Room, Trinity Attacks\""}]},{"reference":"Power, Ed. \"Foundation: It stars Jared Harris, was filmed in Ireland and cost $45m to make. So is it any good?\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 5 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/tv-radio-web/foundation-it-stars-jared-harris-was-filmed-in-ireland-and-cost-45m-to-make-so-is-it-any-good-1.4682747","url_text":"\"Foundation: It stars Jared Harris, was filmed in Ireland and cost $45m to make. So is it any good?\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Park,_Florida
Winter Park, Florida
["1 History","1.1 Presidential visits","1.2 Winter Park Public Library","1.3 Peacocks","1.4 The Winter Park Sinkhole","1.5 The Langford Resort Hotel","1.6 The Temple Grove","1.7 The Winter Park Sidewalk Art Festival","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Economy","4.1 Personal income","4.2 Tourism","4.3 Industry","5 Education","5.1 Elementary schools","5.2 Middle school","5.3 High schools","5.4 Private schools","5.5 Higher learning","6 Transportation","6.1 Public Transit","6.2 Major Roads","7 Sites of interest","8 Notable people","8.1 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 28°35′46″N 81°20′48″W / 28.59611°N 81.34667°W / 28.59611; -81.34667 City in Florida, United StatesWinter Park, FloridaCityCity of Winter ParkKnowles Memorial ChapelDowntown Winter ParkCasa FelizWinter Park stationAnnie Russell TheatreRollins CollegeWinter Park Historical MuseumWinter Park City HallAlbin Polasek House and Studio FlagSealMotto(s): "City of culture and heritage"Location in Orange County and the state of FloridaWinter ParkLocation within FloridaShow map of FloridaWinter ParkLocation within the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 28°35′46″N 81°20′48″W / 28.59611°N 81.34667°W / 28.59611; -81.34667CountryUnited StatesStateFloridaCountyOrangeIncorporated (Town)October 21, 1887Incorporated (City)May 8, 1925Government • MayorPhillip Marion Anderson Jr.Area • Total10.38 sq mi (26.89 km2) • Land8.76 sq mi (22.70 km2) • Water1.62 sq mi (4.19 km2)Elevation92 ft (28 m)Population (2020) • Total29,795 • Density3,400.09/sq mi (1,312.71/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code(s)32789, 32790 (PO box), 32792, 32793 (PO box)Area code(s)407, 689FIPS code12-78300GNIS feature ID0293428Websitecityofwinterpark.org Winter Park is a city in Orange County, Florida, United States. The population was 29,795 according to the 2020 census. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. Winter Park was founded as a resort community by northern business magnates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries^ . Its main street, called Park Avenue, is located in the middle of town. It includes civic buildings, retail, art galleries, a private liberal arts college (Rollins College), museums, a park, a train station, a golf course country club, a historic cemetery, and a beach and boat launch. History Lake Osceola c. 1906 The Winter Park area's first human residents were migrant Muscogee people who had earlier intermingled with the Choctaw and other indigenous people. In a process of ethnogenesis, the Native Americans formed a new culture which they called "Seminole", a derivative of the Mvskoke' (a Creek language) word simano-li, an adaptation of the Spanish cimarrón which means "wild" (in their case, "wild men"), or "runaway" . The site was first inhabited by Europeans in 1858, when David Mizell Jr. bought an 8-acre (32,000 m2) homestead between Lakes Virginia, Mizell, and Berry. A settlement, called Lake View by the inhabitants, grew up around Mizell's plot. It got a post office and a new name—Osceola—in 1870. The area did not develop rapidly until 1880, when a South Florida Railroad track connecting Orlando and Sanford was laid a few miles west of Osceola. Shortly afterwards, Loring Chase came to Orange County from Chicago to recuperate from a lung disease. In his travels, he discovered the pretty group of lakes just east of the railbed. He enlisted a wealthy New Englander, Oliver E. Chapman, and they assembled a very large tract of land for $13,000 on July 4, 1881. They planned the town of Winter Park on this piece of land. Over the next four years they plotted the town, opened streets, built a town hall and a store, planted orange trees, and required all buildings to meet stylistic and architectural standards. Winter Park was a heavily planned city, something that is still evident in its streets’ grid-like organization. The town was then promoted heavily, especially to snow birds in the north looking for a place to hibernate in the winter. During this founding time, the Winter Park Post Office opened, and the railroad constructed a depot, connected to Osceola by a dirt road. Kraft Azalea Park, located alongside of Lake Maitland In 1885, a group of businessmen started the Winter Park Company and incorporated it with the Florida Legislature; Chase and Chapman sold the town to the new company. In a land bubble characteristic of Florida history, land prices soared from less than $2 per acre to over $200, with at least one sale recorded at $300 per acre. This land bubble concept would never go away, with towns and counties directly surrounding the area with exponentially cheaper land prices. The Hotel Alabama c. 1922 Veranda at the Hotel Alabama c. 1922 In 1885, the Congregational Assembly of Florida started Rollins College, the state's first four-year college. Rollins College today remains one of the hallmarks of Winter Park, an integral part of Winter Park's history and culture. It is the second most expensive college in the state, as of the 2023-2024 academic year the tuition at Rollins is $58,300 per year. Rollins is a relatively good liberal arts school, with a smaller student population, counted as roughly just over 2,000 students. The school also features an MBA program, at the Crummer Graduate School of Business. Back in 1886, the Seminole Hotel on Lake Osceola opened. This was a resort complete with the luxuries of the day: gas lights, steam heating, a string orchestra, a formal dining room, a bowling alley, and long covered porches. Today, this street is a cul de sac called Kiwi Circle that is part of one of the nicest neighborhoods in the town. Presidential visits The first president to visit was Chester A. Arthur, who reported that Winter Park was "the prettiest place I have seen in Florida",. President Grover Cleveland visited the area and was given a huge reception at the Seminole Hotel on February 23, 1888. He enjoyed the Bounding Horse Cart ride and stated that it was the most pleasant diversion of his Florida trip. The New York Times reported on his visit that "The Philadelphian and Bostonian founders had done a good job with the town." The following four years both hotel and the town became a fashionable winter resort for northern visitors. The next president to visit the area was Franklin D. Roosevelt in March 1936. He was conferred an honorary degree in literature at Rollins College. President Barack Obama visited Rollins College on August 2, 2012, to give a speech that was part of his re-election campaign. An interesting note on recent Presidential elections is that Orange County, the county Winter Park is in, was one of the bluest counties in Florida. Although Winter Park is a large mix of both conservative and liberal constituents. However, this mix is evident in US Congressional District 7's last two representatives. Former Republican Congressman John Mica lost reelection in 2016 to newcomer and Democrat Stephanie Murphy. Both have had a lot of support from both sides of the aisle and Murphy is credited with being one of the most centrist representatives in Congress today. Winter Park Public Library The Winter Park Public Library was historically located at 460 E. New England Avenue in the heart of Winter Park. Its origins date back to 1885, when nine women organized to create a lending library for their small community, which was still in its infancy at the time. The Winter Park Public Library underwent major changes and moved to a new site. It opened in late 2021 on a new world-class campus designed by world-renowned architect Sir David Adjaye. Peacocks In 1904, Charles Hosmer Morse became the biggest landowner in Winter Park. His patronage continued in the 1920s, when he purchased a 200-acre parcel between lakes Virginia, Berry, and Mizell. In 1945, Morse's granddaughter Jeannette and her husband Hugh McKean moved to the land, and soon after they added peacocks. Now, the land is a nature preserve that houses an orange grove and over 30 peacocks. Winter Park locals consider the peacock to be a pet to the entire community. The peacock is on the official Winter Park seal, is featured in a number of official city documents, and is protected by the community. Peacocks often roam around in neighborhoods, especially throughout the community of Windsong, where residents are often seen taking care of them. The Winter Park Sinkhole It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Winter Park sinkhole. (Discuss) (December 2021) U.S. Geological Survey photo showing large size of 1981 Winter Park, Florida, sinkhole In 1972, Henry Swanson, an agricultural agent and "resident layman expert on Central Florida water," wrote a letter to the editor warning Orange County mayors of the sinkhole danger that could be posed by overdevelopment and excessive groundwater use. Swanson predicted that the west Winter Park area would be especially at risk. In May 1981, during a period of record-low water levels in Florida's limestone aquifer, a massive sinkhole opened near the corner of Denning Drive and Fairbanks Avenue. The sinkhole first appeared on the evening of May 8, 1981, near the house of Winter Park resident Mae Rose Williams. Within a few hours, a 40-year-old sycamore tree near her house had fallen into the sinkhole. The next morning, the hole expanded to nearly 40 feet (12 m) wide. In a story in the Orlando Sentinel, she said that as the sun rose, she heard a noise "like giant beavers chewing" as the hole began to devour more of her land. The hole was collapsing rapidly. By noon, as she realized that her home was slipping into the expanding hole, she and the family evacuated and removed their belongings. That afternoon her house fell into the sinkhole, and within a few hours the house was irrevocably on its way into the sinkhole's center, headed to unknown depths. The hole eventually widened to 320 feet (98 m) and to a depth of 90 feet (27 m). The following fell into the sinkhole: five Porsches at a repair shop, a pickup truck with camper top, the Winter Park municipal pool, and large portions of Denning Drive. By May 9, nearly 250,000 cubic yards (190,000 m3) of earth had fallen into the sinkhole. Damage was estimated at $2 million to $4 million. On May 9, 1981, the sinkhole grew to a record size, gulping down 250,000 cubic yards of soil and taking with it the deep end of an Olympic-size swimming pool, chunks of two streets and Williams' three-bedroom home and yard. Florida engineers have described the event as "the largest sinkhole event witnessed by man as a result of natural geological reasons or conditions." They based their statements on his study of 2,000 sinkholes over more than 40 years. That opinion was echoed by Ardaman & Associates, a local engineering consulting firm. The sinkhole drew national attention and became a popular tourist attraction during the summer of 1981. A carnival-like atmosphere arose around the area, with vendors selling food, balloons, and T-shirts to visitors. The city of Winter Park sold sinkhole photographs for promotional and educational purposes. On July 9, 1981, Winter Park began selling sinkhole photographs to educate the community about sinkholes and to promote tourism. The sinkhole began to fill with water that summer, but on July 19, the water level suddenly dropped by a reported 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6.1 m). As the novelty wore off, the city worked to repair the damage. Workers were able to recover four of the six vehicles that fell into the sinkhole, including the travel trailer, whose owner drove it away, and three of the five Porsches. The other two remain at the bottom of the lake with Mae Rose Owens' home. Engineers filled in the bottom with dirt and concrete. Diver reports from 2009 suggest that the lake has since been used to dispose of unwanted vehicles. Besides a 1987 incident in which the bottom of the lake suddenly dropped 20 feet (6.1 m), causing erosion on the southern rim, the stabilized sinkhole has been generally quiet. The Langford Resort Hotel The Langford Hotel served as a gateway to "Old Florida" attractions in Central Florida and a community social hub for decades. Famous guests included Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, Ray Charles, Larry King, Hugh Hefner, John Denver, Langford winter resident Lady Bird Johnson, and President Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy Reagan, who celebrated their 24th wedding anniversary there. Reagan gave a campaign speech at Rollins College and stayed at the Langford in 1976. The Langford was celebrated in a party in late 1999, closed, and was demolished. A portion of the former Langford property (as of mid-2009) has been developed into luxury mid-rise condominiums. The remaining parcel was redeveloped and in 2014, a boutique hotel named the Alfond Inn, owned and operated by Rollins College opened at the site of the original Langford Hotel. The Alfond Inn was built with a $12.5 million grant from the Harold Alfond Foundation. Net operating income from the Inn is directed to The Alfond Scholars program fund, the College's premier scholarship fund. The Temple Grove An orange grove, known as the Temple Grove, stood on the south side of Palmer Avenue just east of Temple Drive. The temple orange was grown on the old Wyeth grove on Palmer Avenue (later Temple Grove) owned at the time by Louis A. Hakes, whose son was the first to notify Temple of the different quality of the new orange. The orange was introduced and cataloged by Buckeye Nursery in 1917, the year W. C. Temple died. Myron E. Gillett and his son D. Collins Gillett later went on to plant the largest orange grove in the world in the 1920s (5,000 acres (2,000 ha)) in Temple Terrace, Florida. The Winter Park Sidewalk Art Festival The Winter Park Sidewalk Art Festival is one of the nation's oldest, largest juried outdoor art festivals, rated among the top shows by Sunshine Artist and American Style magazines. In 2012, about 1,200 artists from around the world applied for entry, and an independent panel of judges selected 225 national and international artists to attend the show. The National Endowment for the Arts, the White House, Congress, and many others have lauded the Festival for promoting art and art education in Central Florida. An all-volunteer board of directors runs the annual festival. Geography A canal in Winter Park The city is northeast of and adjacent to Orlando. Elevation ranges between 66 and 97 feet (20 and 30 m) above sea level. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.2 square miles (26.3 km2), of which 8.7 square miles (22.5 km2) is land and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2) (14.62%) is water. It is nestled among the Winter Park Chain of Lakes, a series of lakes interconnected by a series of navigable canals, which were originally created for flood control and to run logs to a sawmill on present-day Lake Virginia. The lakes are popular for boating, watersports, fishing and swimming. The city is traversed by the old East Florida and Atlantic Railroad ("Dinky Line") railroad bed, which until the 1960s had a stop at Lake Virginia/Rollins College at the city park now known as Dinky Dock. Much of this right of way has been converted to a rail-trail pedestrian/biking path in the form of the Cady Way Trail, which leads from Cady Way Park toward the Baldwin Park neighborhood and downtown Orlando, and in the opposite direction to Oviedo and beyond (via the Florida Trail), due to a new pedestrian bridge spanning Semoran Boulevard (SR 436) in Orange County. SunRail operates a rail line through Winter Park on the former Atlantic Coast Line, with an Amtrak and SunRail commuter rail station in downtown's historic Central Park. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1890270—190036635.6%191057055.7%19201,07889.1%19303,686241.9%19404,71527.9%19508,25075.0%196017,162108.0%197021,89527.6%198022,3392.0%199022,242−0.4%200024,0908.3%201027,85215.6%202029,7957.0%U.S. Decennial CensusFlorida Department of Agriculture Winter Park racial composition (Hispanics excluded from racial categories) (NH = Non-Hispanic) Race Pop 2010 Pop 2020 % 2010 % 2020 White (NH) 22,755 21,852 81.70% 73.34% Black or African American (NH) 2,034 2,055 7.30% 6.90% Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 35 40 0.13% 0.13% Asian (NH) 632 1,061 2.27% 3.56% Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian (NH) 5 8 0.02% 0.03% Some other race (NH) 52 143 0.19% 0.48% Two or more races/Multiracial (NH) 396 1,119 1.42% 3.76% Hispanic or Latino (any race) 1,943 3,517 6.98% 11.80% Total 27,852 29,795 As of the 2020 United States census, there were 29,795 people, 13,072 households, and 7,055 families residing in the city. As of the census of 2020, the population density was 3,401.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,283.97/km2). There were 14,073 housing units at an average density of 1,606.5 per square mile (620.3/km2). In 2020, there were 13,072 households, out of which 22.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.0% were married couples living together, 33.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 7.3% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.96. In 2020, in the city the population was spread out, with 3.5% under the age of 5, 17.3% under the age of 18, 82.7% aged 18 years and over, and 22.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.3 years. As of the 2010 United States census, there were 27,852 people, 11,995 households, and 6,419 families residing in the city. Economy Personal income As of 2020, the median income for a household in the city was $80,500, and the median income for a family was $130,120. Males had a median income of $83,738 versus $58,277 for females. The per capita income for the city was $65,481. About 7.0% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.4% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over. However, also in 2020, these incomes are very divided based on where you live within Winter Park. The area to the northeast of Park Ave is the most affluent part with an average household income of $44,000. There are still houses with significant higher incomes within these parts. The “Via” streets are one of the most affluent neighborhoods. This area includes the Isle of Sicily, a private drive that juts out into Lake Maitland with extremely expensive houses and residents such as Doc Rivers and Carrot Top. To the east of Park Ave, the area is slightly less affluent with an average household income of $32,000. Many of these are still very expensive lakefront properties. The lowest income area is to the west of Park Ave with an average household income of $23,000. Many of these houses include those built by the non-profit organization Habitat for Humanity. There is no local middle or elementary school for this area. Tourism Downtown Winter Park Scenic Olde Winter Park area is punctuated by small, winding brick streets, and a canopy of old southern live oak and camphor trees, draped with Spanish moss. There are hundreds of thousands of visitors to annual festivals including the Bach Festival, the nationally ranked Sidewalk Art Festival, and the Winter Park Concours d'Elegance. Winter Park is often seen as a popular tourist destination for those visiting Orlando that want an escape from the typical tourist scene of the Orlando theme parks. There is a quaint, local feel to the town even though there are a lot of tourists, especially during the winter months and holidays. Within the city is the Mead Botanical Garden which is a 47.6 acres (19.3 ha) park that encompasses several ecosystems. It has an amphitheater, butterfly garden, discovery barn and a recreation center. Many structures are more than 100 years old. Industry Bonnier Corporation is based in Winter Park. D100 Radio was founded here and is still present in Winter Park. According to the City's 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: # Employer # of Employees 1 AdventHealth Winter Park 1,600 2 Gecos Inc 1,400 3 Orange County Public Schools 650 4 Rollins College 645 5 City of Winter Park 535 6 Publix Super Markets 300 Education Annie Russell Theatre, located on the campus of Rollins College Winter Park is served by Orange County Public Schools. Elementary schools Aloma Elementary School Brookshire Elementary School Lakemont Elementary School Middle school Glenridge Middle School High schools Lake Howell High School Winter Park High School Private schools Chesterton Academy of Orlando St. Margaret Mary Catholic School (K-8) The Geneva School (K-12) The Parke House Academy Trinity Preparatory School Higher learning Crealde School of Art Fortis College, Winter Park Campus Full Sail University Rollins College Valencia College, Winter Park Campus Winter Park Tech Transportation A SunRail commuter train at Winter Park Station. Public Transit Lynx Winter Park station (SunRail/Amtrak) Major Roads I-4 (Interstate 4) US 17 / US 92 (Orlando Avenue) SR 423 (Lee Road) SR 426 (Fairbanks Avenue / Aloma Avenue) SR 527 (Orange Avenue) Sites of interest All Saints Episcopal Church Woman's Club of Winter Park Albin Polasek Museum and Sculpture Gardens All Saints Episcopal Church Annie Russell Theatre Casa Feliz Historic House Museum Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art Comstock-Harris House D100 Studio One (closed to the public) Downtown Winter Park Historic District Edward Hill Brewer House Hannibal Square Hannibal Square Heritage Center Knowles Memorial Chapel Kraft Azalea Park Lake Baldwin Park Mead Botanical Garden Mount Moriah Missionary Baptist Church Rollins Museum of Art Scenic Boat Tours off East Morse Boulevard Winter Park Historical Museum Winter Park Farmers' Market Winter Park Public Library Winter Park Sidewalk Art Festival Woman's Club of Winter Park Notable people Comstock-Harris House Edward Hill Brewer House Dorothy Deming, nurse and author. George Eddy, US-French basketball player and basketball commentator. Theodore Miller Edison, youngest son of inventor Thomas Edison. Samuel Gibbs French, Confederate Major General. Logan Gilbert, Baseball Player. Bruce Magruder, US Army major general. Chris McKay, American film director. Stephanie Murphy, Congressperson. Moshe Reuven, Hasidic Billboard charting music artist and 30 Under 30 Tech entrepreneur Fred Rogers, television host and children's entertainer. Rogers graduated from Winter Park's Rollins College, where he also met his future wife, Joanne. In later years, they spent most winters in the town. Austin Russell, billionaire tech CEO. Willie Snead, National Football League wide receiver. Forrest Wall, professional baseball player See also List of people from Winter Park, Florida References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 2, 2021. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ , Rollins College. Accessed August 28, 2023. ^ , Rollins College: Tuition & Fees. Accessed August 28, 2023. ^ "2023 Most Expensive Florida Colleges", College Tuition Prepare. Accessed August 28, 2023. ^ , Crummer Graduate School of Business. Accessed August 28, 2023. ^ Mooney, Anne (July 14, 2022). "Beware the Cock of the Walk". Winter Park Voice: A Policy & Issues News Magazine. Retrieved January 29, 2023. ^ "Peacock preserve". West Orange Times & Observer. August 12, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2023. ^ a b c d e Robinson, Jim (December 27, 1987). "A Sinkhole Chronology". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved March 5, 2013. In letters to all of the mayors in Orange County, Henry Swanson, agricultural agent and resident layman expert on Central Florida water, warns that if local governments continue to allow too much water to be drawn from the ground and allow developers to cover the land with buildings and parking lots, they can expect sinkholes, especially in the west Winter Park area. ^ a b c Grove, Jim (November 15, 1996). "In 1981, World Was Riveted by the Saga of the Sinkhole". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved March 5, 2013. On Friday evening, May 8, 1981, Mae Rose Owens - now Mae Rose Williams - was playing with her dog, Muffin, in the front yard of her home on West Comstock Avenue on the west side of Winter Park when she heard a 'queer, swishing' noise. ^ "Pictures: Winter Park sinkhole". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 5, 2013. In 1981, Mae Rose Williams with her dog Muffin, the pooch who stood outside barking fiercely when the Winter Park sinkhole started to open. ^ a b c d e Rajtar, Gayle and Steve (May 2010). "That Sinking Feeling: When Mae Rose Owens heard a 'ploop' back in May 1981, she didn't realize just how big a hole she was in". Winter Park Magazine. Retrieved March 5, 2013. When she looked outside, she saw a sycamore tree disappear as if it were being pulled downward by the roots, making a sound that she described as a 'ploop.' ^ "Winter Park sinkhole photo gallery". Chicago Tribune. ^ Facts taken from original Langford Hotel property promotional material. ^ "Langford Hotel History". Wppl.org. Retrieved January 5, 2012. ^ "Rollins seeks developer, architect for proposed inn". Orlando Business Journal. February 8, 2010. ^ "THE BOUTIQUE HOTELS FLORIDA EXPERIENCE". The Alfond Inn. Retrieved February 1, 2022. ^ "Show Review Archives". Sunshine Magazine. ^ "51st Annual Winter Park Sidewalk Art Festival". WFTV. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Winter Park city, Florida". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2012. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved October 11, 2020. ^ Florida Department of Agriculture (1906). Census of the State of Florida. Urbana, I.L.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Winter Park city, Florida". United States Census Bureau. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Winter Park city, Florida". United States Census Bureau. ^ "S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2020: Winter Park city, Florida". United States Census Bureau. ^ "S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2010: Winter Park city, Florida". United States Census Bureau. ^ "The Oppurtunity Atlas". opportunityatlas.org. ^ Connolly, Patrick (March 17, 2022). "Winter Park Sidewalk Art Festival returns with 215 artists on Park Avenue". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved October 20, 2022. ^ "Mead Botanical Garden". City of Winter Park. Retrieved October 6, 2022. ^ "History of Mead Botanical Garden". Mead Botanical Garden. Retrieved October 6, 2022. ^ "City of Winter Park 2021 ACFR" (PDF). Retrieved October 5, 2022. ^ "Aloma Elementary School". Eal.ocps.net. Retrieved January 5, 2012. ^ "Crealde School of Art". Crealde.org. Retrieved January 5, 2012. ^ "Winter Park Historical Association & Museum". Winterparkhistorical.com. Retrieved January 5, 2012. ^ "Winter Park Public Library". Wppl.org. December 6, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2012. ^ McLeod, Emily (March 30, 2023). "Look inside historic Winter Park home of Tom Edison's son, now up for sale". WKMG. Retrieved May 13, 2023. ^ "General, 70, Dies Here; Long Career". Orlando Evening Sentinel. Orlando, FL. July 24, 1953. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Chris McKay". IMDb. Retrieved May 13, 2023. ^ Owen, Rob (March 18, 2022). "Spend a beautiful day in Mister Rogers' Florida neighborhood". TribLIVE.com. Retrieved May 13, 2023. ^ McClain, James (December 9, 2021). "Turns Out a 26-Year-Old Billionaire Bought That $83 Million Palisades House". DIRT. Retrieved May 13, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winter Park, Florida. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Winter Park. City of Winter Park official website Winter Park Police Department Winter Park Fire-Rescue Department Winter Park Public Library Winter Park Citrus Grove History Explore Winter Park, community website Winter Park sinkhole archive footage vteWinter Park, FloridaGeographyAreas Kraft Azalea Park Lake Osceola EducationPrimary and secondary schools Orange County Public Schools Winter Park High School Seminole County Public Schools Lake Howell High School The Geneva School (K-12) Trinity Preparatory School Other education Crealdé School of Art Fortis College Full Sail University Rollins College Valencia College Winter Park Library OtherLandmarks Albin Polasek House and Studio All Saints Episcopal Church Annie Russell Theatre Casa Feliz Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art Comstock-Harris House Downtown Winter Park Historic District Edward Hill Brewer House Hannibal Square Heritage Center Knowles Memorial Chapel Mount Moriah Missionary Baptist Church Rollins Museum of Art Winter Park 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orange County, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Orlando"},{"link_name":"business magnates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_magnate"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Founded_on_July_4,_1881_%E2%80%93_Tales_of_Winter_Park"},{"link_name":"Rollins College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollins_College"}],"text":"City in Florida, United StatesWinter Park is a city in Orange County, Florida, United States. The population was 29,795 according to the 2020 census. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.Winter Park was founded as a resort community by northern business magnates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries^ . Its main street, called Park Avenue, is located in the middle of town. It includes civic buildings, retail, art galleries, a private liberal arts college (Rollins College), museums, a park, a train station, a golf course country club, a historic cemetery, and a beach and boat launch.","title":"Winter Park, Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Osceola_in_Winter_Park,_Florida.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake Osceola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Osceola"},{"link_name":"Muscogee people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_people"},{"link_name":"Choctaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw"},{"link_name":"ethnogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnogenesis"},{"link_name":"Seminole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole"},{"link_name":"Mvskoke'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskogean_languages"},{"link_name":"Creek language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_language"},{"link_name":"Europeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ethnic_groups"},{"link_name":"South Florida Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Loring Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loring_Chase"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"lung disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_disease"},{"link_name":"New Englander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kraft_entrance.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kraft Azalea Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_Azalea_Park"},{"link_name":"Winter Park Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Park_Company"},{"link_name":"Florida Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Legislature"},{"link_name":"land bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_bubble"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotel_Alabama,_Winter_Park,_FL.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_from_Hotel_Alabama,_Winter_Park,_FL.jpg"},{"link_name":"Veranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veranda"},{"link_name":"Congregational Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church"},{"link_name":"Rollins College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollins_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lake Osceola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Osceola"},{"link_name":"gas lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_lighting"},{"link_name":"steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam"},{"link_name":"string orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_orchestra"},{"link_name":"bowling alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_alley"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Lake Osceola c. 1906The Winter Park area's first human residents were migrant Muscogee people who had earlier intermingled with the Choctaw and other indigenous people. In a process of ethnogenesis, the Native Americans formed a new culture which they called \"Seminole\", a derivative of the Mvskoke' (a Creek language) word simano-li, an adaptation of the Spanish cimarrón which means \"wild\" (in their case, \"wild men\"), or \"runaway\" [men]. The site was first inhabited by Europeans in 1858, when David Mizell Jr. bought an 8-acre (32,000 m2) homestead between Lakes Virginia, Mizell, and Berry. A settlement, called Lake View by the inhabitants, grew up around Mizell's plot. It got a post office and a new name—Osceola—in 1870.The area did not develop rapidly until 1880, when a South Florida Railroad track connecting Orlando and Sanford was laid a few miles west of Osceola. Shortly afterwards, Loring Chase came to Orange County from Chicago to recuperate from a lung disease. In his travels, he discovered the pretty group of lakes just east of the railbed. He enlisted a wealthy New Englander, Oliver E. Chapman, and they assembled a very large tract of land for $13,000 on July 4, 1881. They planned the town of Winter Park on this piece of land. Over the next four years they plotted the town, opened streets, built a town hall and a store, planted orange trees, and required all buildings to meet stylistic and architectural standards. Winter Park was a heavily planned city, something that is still evident in its streets’ grid-like organization. The town was then promoted heavily, especially to snow birds in the north looking for a place to hibernate in the winter. During this founding time, the Winter Park Post Office opened, and the railroad constructed a depot, connected to Osceola by a dirt road.Kraft Azalea Park, located alongside of Lake MaitlandIn 1885, a group of businessmen started the Winter Park Company and incorporated it with the Florida Legislature; Chase and Chapman sold the town to the new company. In a land bubble characteristic of Florida history, land prices soared from less than $2 per acre to over $200, with at least one sale recorded at $300 per acre. This land bubble concept would never go away, with towns and counties directly surrounding the area with exponentially cheaper land prices.The Hotel Alabama c. 1922Veranda at the Hotel Alabama c. 1922In 1885, the Congregational Assembly of Florida started Rollins College, the state's first four-year college. Rollins College today remains one of the hallmarks of Winter Park, an integral part of Winter Park's history and culture.[4] It is the second most expensive college in the state, as of the 2023-2024 academic year the tuition at Rollins is $58,300 per year.[5][6] Rollins is a relatively good liberal arts school, with a smaller student population, counted as roughly just over 2,000 students. The school also features an MBA program, at the Crummer Graduate School of Business.[7] Back in 1886, the Seminole Hotel on Lake Osceola opened. This was a resort complete with the luxuries of the day: gas lights, steam heating, a string orchestra, a formal dining room, a bowling alley, and long covered porches.[citation needed] Today, this street is a cul de sac called Kiwi Circle that is part of one of the nicest neighborhoods in the town.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chester A. Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"February 23, 1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Florida_History"},{"link_name":"winter resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_resort"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"March 1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Florida_History"},{"link_name":"Rollins College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollins_College"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"}],"sub_title":"Presidential visits","text":"The first president to visit was Chester A. Arthur, who reported that Winter Park was \"the prettiest place I have seen in Florida\",. President Grover Cleveland visited the area and was given a huge reception at the Seminole Hotel on February 23, 1888. He enjoyed the Bounding Horse Cart ride and stated that it was the most pleasant diversion of his Florida trip. The New York Times reported on his visit that \"The Philadelphian and Bostonian founders had done a good job with the town.\"The following four years both hotel and the town became a fashionable winter resort for northern visitors. The next president to visit the area was Franklin D. Roosevelt in March 1936. He was conferred an honorary degree in literature at Rollins College.President Barack Obama visited Rollins College on August 2, 2012, to give a speech that was part of his re-election campaign. An interesting note on recent Presidential elections is that Orange County, the county Winter Park is in, was one of the bluest counties in Florida. Although Winter Park is a large mix of both conservative and liberal constituents. However, this mix is evident in US Congressional District 7's last two representatives. Former Republican Congressman John Mica lost reelection in 2016 to newcomer and Democrat Stephanie Murphy. Both have had a lot of support from both sides of the aisle and Murphy is credited with being one of the most centrist representatives in Congress today.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winter Park Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Park_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"David Adjaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Adjaye"}],"sub_title":"Winter Park Public Library","text":"The Winter Park Public Library was historically located at 460 E. New England Avenue in the heart of Winter Park. Its origins date back to 1885, when nine women organized to create a lending library for their small community, which was still in its infancy at the time. The Winter Park Public Library underwent major changes and moved to a new site. It opened in late 2021 on a new world-class campus designed by world-renowned architect Sir David Adjaye.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Peacocks","text":"In 1904, Charles Hosmer Morse became the biggest landowner in Winter Park. His patronage continued in the 1920s, when he purchased a 200-acre parcel between lakes Virginia, Berry, and Mizell. In 1945, Morse's granddaughter Jeannette and her husband Hugh McKean moved to the land, and soon after they added peacocks. Now, the land is a nature preserve that houses an orange grove and over 30 peacocks. Winter Park locals consider the peacock to be a pet to the entire community. The peacock is on the official Winter Park seal, is featured in a number of official city documents, and is protected by the community. Peacocks often roam around in neighborhoods, especially throughout the community of Windsong, where residents are often seen taking care of them.[8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winter-park-florida-sinkhole-1981-11-USGS.png"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeline-10"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"aquifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer"},{"link_name":"sinkhole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhole"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sentinel-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muffin-12"},{"link_name":"sycamore tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platanus_occidentalis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sentinel-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinking-Feeling-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinking-Feeling-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinking-Feeling-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toilets-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeline-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinking-Feeling-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeline-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeline-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sentinel-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinking-Feeling-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeline-10"}],"sub_title":"The Winter Park Sinkhole","text":"U.S. Geological Survey photo showing large size of 1981 Winter Park, Florida, sinkholeIn 1972, Henry Swanson, an agricultural agent and \"resident layman expert on Central Florida water,\" wrote a letter to the editor warning Orange County mayors of the sinkhole danger that could be posed by overdevelopment and excessive groundwater use. Swanson predicted that the west Winter Park area would be especially at risk.[10] In May 1981, during a period of record-low water levels in Florida's limestone aquifer, a massive sinkhole opened near the corner of Denning Drive and Fairbanks Avenue.The sinkhole first appeared on the evening of May 8, 1981, near the house of Winter Park resident Mae Rose Williams.[11][12] Within a few hours, a 40-year-old sycamore tree near her house had fallen into the sinkhole.[11][13] The next morning, the hole expanded to nearly 40 feet (12 m) wide.[13] In a story in the Orlando Sentinel, she said that as the sun rose, she heard a noise \"like giant beavers chewing\" as the hole began to devour more of her land. The hole was collapsing rapidly.[13] By noon, as she realized that her home was slipping into the expanding hole, she and the family evacuated and removed their belongings. That afternoon her house fell into the sinkhole, and within a few hours the house was irrevocably on its way into the sinkhole's center, headed to unknown depths.The hole eventually widened to 320 feet (98 m) and to a depth of 90 feet (27 m). The following fell into the sinkhole: five Porsches at a repair shop, a pickup truck with camper top, the Winter Park municipal pool, and large portions of Denning Drive.[14] By May 9, nearly 250,000 cubic yards (190,000 m3) of earth had fallen into the sinkhole. Damage was estimated at $2 million to $4 million.[10] On May 9, 1981, the sinkhole grew to a record size, gulping down 250,000 cubic yards of soil and taking with it the deep end of an Olympic-size swimming pool, chunks of two streets and Williams' three-bedroom home and yard. Florida engineers have described the event as \"the largest sinkhole event witnessed by man as a result of natural geological reasons or conditions.\"[13] They based their statements on his study of 2,000 sinkholes over more than 40 years. That opinion was echoed by Ardaman & Associates, a local engineering consulting firm.The sinkhole drew national attention and became a popular tourist attraction during the summer of 1981. A carnival-like atmosphere arose around the area, with vendors selling food, balloons, and T-shirts to visitors. The city of Winter Park sold sinkhole photographs for promotional and educational purposes.[10] On July 9, 1981, Winter Park began selling sinkhole photographs to educate the community about sinkholes and to promote tourism. The sinkhole began to fill with water that summer, but on July 19, the water level suddenly dropped by a reported 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6.1 m).[10]As the novelty wore off, the city worked to repair the damage. Workers were able to recover four of the six vehicles that fell into the sinkhole, including the travel trailer, whose owner drove it away, and three of the five Porsches. The other two remain at the bottom of the lake with Mae Rose Owens' home. Engineers filled in the bottom with dirt and concrete.[11] Diver reports from 2009 suggest that the lake has since been used to dispose of unwanted vehicles.[13] Besides a 1987 incident in which the bottom of the lake suddenly dropped 20 feet (6.1 m), causing erosion on the southern rim, the stabilized sinkhole has been generally quiet.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dean Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"Larry King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_King"},{"link_name":"Hugh Hefner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hefner"},{"link_name":"John Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Denver"},{"link_name":"Lady Bird Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Nancy Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Reagan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RollinsHotel-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"The Langford Resort Hotel","text":"The Langford Hotel served as a gateway to \"Old Florida\" attractions in Central Florida and a community social hub for decades.Famous guests included Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, Ray Charles, Larry King, Hugh Hefner, John Denver, Langford winter resident Lady Bird Johnson, and President Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy Reagan, who celebrated their 24th wedding anniversary there.[15] Reagan gave a campaign speech at Rollins College and stayed at the Langford in 1976.The Langford was celebrated in a party in late 1999, closed, and was demolished.[16] A portion of the former Langford property (as of mid-2009) has been developed into luxury mid-rise condominiums. The remaining parcel was redeveloped and in 2014, a boutique hotel named the Alfond Inn, owned and operated by Rollins College[17] opened at the site of the original Langford Hotel. The Alfond Inn was built with a $12.5 million grant from the Harold Alfond Foundation. Net operating income from the Inn is directed to The Alfond Scholars program fund, the College's premier scholarship fund.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"temple orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangor"},{"link_name":"Temple Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Terrace"}],"sub_title":"The Temple Grove","text":"An orange grove, known as the Temple Grove, stood on the south side of Palmer Avenue just east of Temple Drive. The temple orange was grown on the old Wyeth grove on Palmer Avenue (later Temple Grove) owned at the time by Louis A. Hakes, whose son was the first to notify Temple of the different quality of the new orange. The orange was introduced and cataloged by Buckeye Nursery in 1917, the year W. C. Temple died. Myron E. Gillett and his son D. Collins Gillett later went on to plant the largest orange grove in the world in the 1920s (5,000 acres (2,000 ha)) in Temple Terrace, Florida.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunshine-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51st-20"}],"sub_title":"The Winter Park Sidewalk Art Festival","text":"The Winter Park Sidewalk Art Festival is one of the nation's oldest, largest juried outdoor art festivals, rated among the top shows by Sunshine Artist and American Style magazines.[19] In 2012, about 1,200 artists from around the world applied for entry, and an independent panel of judges selected 225 national and international artists to attend the show. The National Endowment for the Arts, the White House, Congress, and many others have lauded the Festival for promoting art and art education in Central Florida. An all-volunteer board of directors runs the annual festival.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winter_park_canal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"flood control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_control"},{"link_name":"logs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging"},{"link_name":"East Florida and Atlantic Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Florida_and_Atlantic_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Dinky Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinky_Line_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Oviedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviedo,_Florida"},{"link_name":"SunRail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunRail"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Line_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Park_(Amtrak_station)"}],"text":"A canal in Winter ParkThe city is northeast of and adjacent to Orlando. Elevation ranges between 66 and 97 feet (20 and 30 m) above sea level.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.2 square miles (26.3 km2), of which 8.7 square miles (22.5 km2) is land and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2) (14.62%) is water.[21] It is nestled among the Winter Park Chain of Lakes, a series of lakes interconnected by a series of navigable canals, which were originally created for flood control and to run logs to a sawmill on present-day Lake Virginia. The lakes are popular for boating, watersports, fishing and swimming.The city is traversed by the old East Florida and Atlantic Railroad (\"Dinky Line\") railroad bed, which until the 1960s had a stop at Lake Virginia/Rollins College at the city park now known as Dinky Dock. Much of this right of way has been converted to a rail-trail pedestrian/biking path in the form of the Cady Way Trail, which leads from Cady Way Park toward the Baldwin Park neighborhood and downtown Orlando, and in the opposite direction to Oviedo and beyond (via the Florida Trail), due to a new pedestrian bridge spanning Semoran Boulevard (SR 436) in Orange County.SunRail operates a rail line through Winter Park on the former Atlantic Coast Line, with an Amtrak and SunRail commuter rail station in downtown's historic Central Park.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"2010 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 29,795 people, 13,072 households, and 7,055 families residing in the city.[26]As of the census of 2020, the population density was 3,401.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,283.97/km2). There were 14,073 housing units at an average density of 1,606.5 per square mile (620.3/km2).In 2020, there were 13,072 households, out of which 22.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.0% were married couples living together, 33.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 7.3% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.96.In 2020, in the city the population was spread out, with 3.5% under the age of 5, 17.3% under the age of 18, 82.7% aged 18 years and over, and 22.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.3 years.As of the 2010 United States census, there were 27,852 people, 11,995 households, and 6,419 families residing in the city.[27]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Personal income","text":"As of 2020, the median income for a household in the city was $80,500, and the median income for a family was $130,120. Males had a median income of $83,738 versus $58,277 for females. The per capita income for the city was $65,481. About 7.0% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.4% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over.However, also in 2020,[28] these incomes are very divided based on where you live within Winter Park. The area to the northeast of Park Ave is the most affluent part with an average household income of $44,000. There are still houses with significant higher incomes within these parts. The “Via” streets are one of the most affluent neighborhoods. This area includes the Isle of Sicily, a private drive that juts out into Lake Maitland with extremely expensive houses and residents such as Doc Rivers and Carrot Top. To the east of Park Ave, the area is slightly less affluent with an average household income of $32,000. Many of these are still very expensive lakefront properties. The lowest income area is to the west of Park Ave with an average household income of $23,000. Many of these houses include those built by the non-profit organization Habitat for Humanity. There is no local middle or elementary school for this area.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winter_Park_FL_Downtown_HD07.jpg"},{"link_name":"Downtown Winter Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Winter_Park_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"live oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_oak"},{"link_name":"camphor trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphor_tree"},{"link_name":"Spanish moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_moss"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Garden"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Tourism","text":"Downtown Winter ParkScenic Olde Winter Park area is punctuated by small, winding brick streets, and a canopy of old southern live oak and camphor trees, draped with Spanish moss. There are hundreds of thousands of visitors to annual festivals [29] including the Bach Festival, the nationally ranked Sidewalk Art Festival, and the Winter Park Concours d'Elegance. Winter Park is often seen as a popular tourist destination for those visiting Orlando that want an escape from the typical tourist scene of the Orlando theme parks. There is a quaint, local feel to the town even though there are a lot of tourists, especially during the winter months and holidays.Within the city is the Mead Botanical Garden which is a 47.6 acres (19.3 ha) park that encompasses several ecosystems. It has an amphitheater, butterfly garden, discovery barn and a recreation center.[30] Many structures are more than 100 years old.[31]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bonnier Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnier_Corporation"},{"link_name":"D100 Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D100_Radio_New_York"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Industry","text":"Bonnier Corporation is based in Winter Park. D100 Radio was founded here and is still present in Winter Park.According to the City's 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[32] the top employers in the city are:","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rollins_College_Russell_Theatre06.jpg"},{"link_name":"Annie Russell Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Russell_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Orange County Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Public_Schools"}],"text":"Annie Russell Theatre, located on the campus of Rollins CollegeWinter Park is served by Orange County Public Schools.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aloma Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloma_Elementary_School"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Brookshire Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.brookshire.ocps.net/"},{"link_name":"Lakemont Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elk.ocps.net/"}],"sub_title":"Elementary schools","text":"Aloma Elementary School[33]\nBrookshire Elementary School\nLakemont Elementary School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glenridge Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenridge_Middle_School"}],"sub_title":"Middle school","text":"Glenridge Middle School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Howell High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Howell_High_School"},{"link_name":"Winter Park High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Park_High_School"}],"sub_title":"High schools","text":"Lake Howell High School\nWinter Park High School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chesterton Academy of Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//chestertonorlando.com"},{"link_name":"The Geneva School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geneva_School"},{"link_name":"The Parke House Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theparkehouseacademy.com/"},{"link_name":"Trinity Preparatory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Preparatory_School"}],"sub_title":"Private schools","text":"Chesterton Academy of Orlando\nSt. Margaret Mary Catholic School (K-8)\nThe Geneva School (K-12)\nThe Parke House Academy\nTrinity Preparatory School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crealde School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crealde_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Fortis College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortis_College"},{"link_name":"Full Sail University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Sail_University"},{"link_name":"Rollins College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollins_College"},{"link_name":"Valencia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_College"},{"link_name":"Winter Park Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wpt.ocps.net/"}],"sub_title":"Higher learning","text":"Crealde School of Art[34]\nFortis College, Winter Park Campus\nFull Sail University\nRollins College\nValencia College, Winter Park Campus\nWinter Park Tech","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SunRail_Train_109_(30807437854).jpg"}],"text":"A SunRail commuter train at Winter Park Station.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_(Orlando)"},{"link_name":"Winter Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Park_station"}],"sub_title":"Public Transit","text":"Lynx\nWinter Park station (SunRail/Amtrak)","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_4"},{"link_name":"Interstate 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_4"},{"link_name":"US 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_17_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"US 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_92"},{"link_name":"Orlando Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_17_in_Florida#Concurrency_with_US_92"},{"link_name":"SR 423","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_423"},{"link_name":"Lee Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_423"},{"link_name":"SR 426","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_426"},{"link_name":"Fairbanks Avenue / Aloma Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_426"},{"link_name":"SR 527","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_527"},{"link_name":"Orange Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_527"}],"sub_title":"Major Roads","text":"I-4 (Interstate 4)\n US 17 / US 92 (Orlando Avenue)\n SR 423 (Lee Road)\n SR 426 (Fairbanks Avenue / Aloma Avenue)\n SR 527 (Orange Avenue)","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winter_Park_All_Saints_Episcopal01.jpg"},{"link_name":"All Saints Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Episcopal_Church_(Winter_Park,_Florida)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winter_Park_Woman%27s_Club_Florida01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Woman's Club of Winter Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_Winter_Park"},{"link_name":"Albin Polasek Museum and Sculpture Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_Polasek_Museum_and_Sculpture_Gardens"},{"link_name":"All Saints Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Episcopal_Church_(Winter_Park,_Florida)"},{"link_name":"Annie Russell Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Russell_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Casa Feliz Historic House Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Barbour_House"},{"link_name":"Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hosmer_Morse_Museum_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"Comstock-Harris House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comstock-Harris_House"},{"link_name":"D100 Studio One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D100_Radio_New_York"},{"link_name":"Downtown Winter Park Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Winter_Park_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Edward Hill Brewer House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hill_Brewer_House"},{"link_name":"Hannibal Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hannibalsquare.com/"},{"link_name":"Hannibal Square Heritage Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Square_Heritage_Center"},{"link_name":"Knowles Memorial Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowles_Memorial_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Kraft Azalea Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_Azalea_Park"},{"link_name":"Lake Baldwin Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ffpp.org/"},{"link_name":"Mead Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.meadgarden.org/"},{"link_name":"Mount Moriah Missionary Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Moriah_Missionary_Baptist_Church"},{"link_name":"Rollins Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollins_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Winter Park Historical Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Park_Historical_Museum"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Winter Park Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Park_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Winter Park Sidewalk Art Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wpsaf.org"},{"link_name":"Woman's Club of Winter Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_Winter_Park"}],"text":"All Saints Episcopal ChurchWoman's Club of Winter ParkAlbin Polasek Museum and Sculpture Gardens\nAll Saints Episcopal Church\nAnnie Russell Theatre\nCasa Feliz Historic House Museum\nCharles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art\nComstock-Harris House\nD100 Studio One (closed to the public)\nDowntown Winter Park Historic District\nEdward Hill Brewer House\nHannibal Square\nHannibal Square Heritage Center\nKnowles Memorial Chapel\nKraft Azalea Park\nLake Baldwin Park\nMead Botanical Garden \nMount Moriah Missionary Baptist Church\nRollins Museum of Art\nScenic Boat Tours off East Morse Boulevard\nWinter Park Historical Museum[35]\nWinter Park Farmers' Market\nWinter Park Public Library[36]\nWinter Park Sidewalk Art Festival \nWoman's Club of Winter Park","title":"Sites of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winter_Park_Comstock-Harris_House01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Comstock-Harris House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comstock-Harris_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winter_Park_Brewer_House01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward Hill Brewer House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hill_Brewer_House"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Deming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Deming"},{"link_name":"George Eddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eddy"},{"link_name":"Theodore Miller Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Miller_Edison"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Samuel Gibbs French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gibbs_French"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Logan Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Bruce Magruder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Magruder"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dies-38"},{"link_name":"Chris McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_McKay"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Moshe Reuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Reuven"},{"link_name":"Hasidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic"},{"link_name":"Billboard charting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"Fred Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Rollins College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollins_College"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Austin Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Russell_(entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Willie Snead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Snead"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Forrest Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Wall"}],"text":"Comstock-Harris HouseEdward Hill Brewer HouseDorothy Deming, nurse and author.\nGeorge Eddy, US-French basketball player and basketball commentator.\nTheodore Miller Edison, youngest son of inventor Thomas Edison.[37]\nSamuel Gibbs French, Confederate Major General.\nLogan Gilbert, Baseball Player.\nBruce Magruder, US Army major general.[38]\nChris McKay, American film director.[39]\nStephanie Murphy, Congressperson.\nMoshe Reuven, Hasidic Billboard charting music artist and 30 Under 30 Tech entrepreneur\nFred Rogers, television host and children's entertainer. Rogers graduated from Winter Park's Rollins College, where he also met his future wife, Joanne. In later years, they spent most winters in the town.[40]\nAustin Russell, billionaire tech CEO.[41]\nWillie Snead, National Football League wide receiver.\nForrest Wall, professional baseball player","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of people from Winter Park, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Winter_Park,_Florida"}],"sub_title":"See also","text":"List of people from Winter Park, Florida","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Lake Osceola c. 1906","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lake_Osceola_in_Winter_Park%2C_Florida.jpg/220px-Lake_Osceola_in_Winter_Park%2C_Florida.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kraft Azalea Park, located alongside of Lake Maitland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kraft_entrance.jpg/220px-Kraft_entrance.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Hotel Alabama c. 1922","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hotel_Alabama%2C_Winter_Park%2C_FL.jpg/220px-Hotel_Alabama%2C_Winter_Park%2C_FL.jpg"},{"image_text":"Veranda at the Hotel Alabama c. 1922","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/View_from_Hotel_Alabama%2C_Winter_Park%2C_FL.jpg/220px-View_from_Hotel_Alabama%2C_Winter_Park%2C_FL.jpg"},{"image_text":"U.S. Geological Survey photo showing large size of 1981 Winter Park, Florida, sinkhole","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Winter-park-florida-sinkhole-1981-11-USGS.png/220px-Winter-park-florida-sinkhole-1981-11-USGS.png"},{"image_text":"A canal in Winter Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Winter_park_canal.jpg/150px-Winter_park_canal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Downtown Winter Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Winter_Park_FL_Downtown_HD07.jpg/220px-Winter_Park_FL_Downtown_HD07.jpg"},{"image_text":"Annie Russell Theatre, located on the campus of Rollins College","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rollins_College_Russell_Theatre06.jpg/220px-Rollins_College_Russell_Theatre06.jpg"},{"image_text":"A SunRail commuter train at Winter Park Station.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SunRail_Train_109_%2830807437854%29.jpg/220px-SunRail_Train_109_%2830807437854%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"All Saints Episcopal Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Winter_Park_All_Saints_Episcopal01.jpg/220px-Winter_Park_All_Saints_Episcopal01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Woman's Club of Winter Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Winter_Park_Woman%27s_Club_Florida01.jpg/220px-Winter_Park_Woman%27s_Club_Florida01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Comstock-Harris House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Winter_Park_Comstock-Harris_House01.jpg/220px-Winter_Park_Comstock-Harris_House01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Edward Hill Brewer House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Winter_Park_Brewer_House01.jpg/220px-Winter_Park_Brewer_House01.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Map_of_Florida_highlighting_Orange_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Florida_highlighting_Orange_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_12.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"American FactFinder\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212221153/http://factfinder.census.gov/main.html","url_text":"\"American FactFinder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Mooney, Anne (July 14, 2022). \"Beware the Cock of the Walk\". Winter Park Voice: A Policy & Issues News Magazine. Retrieved January 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://winterparkvoice.com/beware-the-cock-of-the-walk/","url_text":"\"Beware the Cock of the Walk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peacock preserve\". West Orange Times & Observer. August 12, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orangeobserver.com/news/2010/aug/12/peacock-preserve/","url_text":"\"Peacock preserve\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Jim (December 27, 1987). \"A Sinkhole Chronology\". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved March 5, 2013. In letters to all of the mayors in Orange County, Henry Swanson, agricultural agent and resident layman expert on Central Florida water, warns that if local governments continue to allow too much water to be drawn from the ground and allow developers to cover the land with buildings and parking lots, they can expect sinkholes, especially in the west Winter Park area.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1987-12-27/news/0170120189_1_sinkhole-winter-park-mae-rose","url_text":"\"A Sinkhole Chronology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Grove, Jim (November 15, 1996). \"In 1981, World Was Riveted by the Saga of the Sinkhole\". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved March 5, 2013. On Friday evening, May 8, 1981, Mae Rose Owens - now Mae Rose Williams - was playing with her dog, Muffin, in the front yard of her home on West Comstock Avenue on the west side of Winter Park when she heard a 'queer, swishing' noise.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1996-11-15/features/9611080408_1_sinkhole-winter-park-rose-williams","url_text":"\"In 1981, World Was Riveted by the Saga of the Sinkhole\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"\"Pictures: Winter Park sinkhole\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 5, 2013. In 1981, Mae Rose Williams with her dog Muffin, the pooch who stood outside barking fiercely when the Winter Park sinkhole started to open.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/os-fla360-pictures-winter-park-sinkhole-20121113,0,5366877.photogallery","url_text":"\"Pictures: Winter Park sinkhole\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Rajtar, Gayle and Steve (May 2010). \"That Sinking Feeling: When Mae Rose Owens heard a 'ploop' back in May 1981, she didn't realize just how big a hole she was in\". Winter Park Magazine. Retrieved March 5, 2013. When she looked outside, she saw a sycamore tree disappear as if it were being pulled downward by the roots, making a sound that she described as a 'ploop.'","urls":[{"url":"http://winterparkmag.com/winterparkmag/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=676&Itemid=78","url_text":"\"That Sinking Feeling: When Mae Rose Owens heard a 'ploop' back in May 1981, she didn't realize just how big a hole she was in\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winter Park sinkhole photo gallery\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/os-fla360-pictures-winter-park-sinkhole-20121113,0,5366877.photogallery","url_text":"\"Winter Park sinkhole photo gallery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Langford Hotel History\". Wppl.org. Retrieved January 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wppl.org/wphistory/LangfordHotel/index.html","url_text":"\"Langford Hotel History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rollins seeks developer, architect for proposed inn\". Orlando Business Journal. February 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://orlando.bizjournals.com/orlando/stories/2010/02/08/story10.html","url_text":"\"Rollins seeks developer, architect for proposed inn\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE BOUTIQUE HOTELS FLORIDA EXPERIENCE\". The Alfond Inn. Retrieved February 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://thealfondinn.com/the-hotel/the-alfond-experience/","url_text":"\"THE BOUTIQUE HOTELS FLORIDA EXPERIENCE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Show Review Archives\". Sunshine Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sunshineartist.com/reviews/200907.asp","url_text":"\"Show Review Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"51st Annual Winter Park Sidewalk Art Festival\". WFTV.","urls":[{"url":"http://wftv.zipscene.com/events/view/2349772-51st-annual-winter-park-sidewalk-art-festival-winter-park","url_text":"\"51st Annual Winter Park Sidewalk Art Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Winter Park city, Florida\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212221153/http://factfinder.census.gov/main.html","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Winter Park city, Florida\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved October 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile/Winter_Park_city,_Florida?g=1600000US1278300l","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"Florida Department of Agriculture (1906). Census of the State of Florida. Urbana, I.L.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rn0zAQAAMAAJ&q=Census+of+the+State+of+Florida","url_text":"Census of the State of Florida"}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Winter Park city, Florida\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=Winter+Park+city;+Florida+&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Winter Park city, Florida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Winter Park city, Florida\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=Winter+Park+city;+Florida+&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Winter Park city, Florida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2020: Winter Park city, Florida\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=Winter+Park+city;+Florida+&tid=ACSST5Y2020.S1101","url_text":"\"S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2020: Winter Park city, Florida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2010: Winter Park city, Florida\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=Winter+Park+city;+Florida+&tid=ACSST5Y2010.S1101","url_text":"\"S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2010: Winter Park city, Florida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"The Oppurtunity Atlas\". opportunityatlas.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://opportunityatlas.org/","url_text":"\"The Oppurtunity Atlas\""}]},{"reference":"Connolly, Patrick (March 17, 2022). \"Winter Park Sidewalk Art Festival returns with 215 artists on Park Avenue\". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved October 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment/events/os-et-winter-park-sidewalk-art-festival-preview-2022-20220317-hiro4eofi5ejfafrhvwdft3uje-story.html","url_text":"\"Winter Park Sidewalk Art Festival returns with 215 artists on Park Avenue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"\"Mead Botanical Garden\". City of Winter Park. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cityofwinterpark.org/departments/parks-recreation/parks-playgrounds/parks/mead-botanical-garden/","url_text":"\"Mead Botanical Garden\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Mead Botanical Garden\". Mead Botanical Garden. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.meadgarden.org/about/history/","url_text":"\"History of Mead Botanical Garden\""}]},{"reference":"\"City of Winter Park 2021 ACFR\" (PDF). Retrieved October 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://flauditor.gov/pages/mun_efile%20rpts/2021%20winter%20park.pdf","url_text":"\"City of Winter Park 2021 ACFR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aloma Elementary School\". Eal.ocps.net. Retrieved January 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eal.ocps.net/","url_text":"\"Aloma Elementary School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crealde School of Art\". Crealde.org. Retrieved January 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crealde.org/","url_text":"\"Crealde School of Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winter Park Historical Association & Museum\". Winterparkhistorical.com. Retrieved January 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.winterparkhistorical.com/","url_text":"\"Winter Park Historical Association & Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winter Park Public Library\". Wppl.org. December 6, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wppl.org/","url_text":"\"Winter Park Public Library\""}]},{"reference":"McLeod, Emily (March 30, 2023). \"Look inside historic Winter Park home of Tom Edison's son, now up for sale\". WKMG. Retrieved May 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2023/03/30/look-inside-historic-winter-park-home-of-tom-edisons-son-now-up-for-sale/","url_text":"\"Look inside historic Winter Park home of Tom Edison's son, now up for sale\""}]},{"reference":"\"General, 70, Dies Here; Long Career\". Orlando Evening Sentinel. Orlando, FL. July 24, 1953. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58157156/magruder-dies/","url_text":"\"General, 70, Dies Here; Long Career\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Evening Sentinel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris McKay\". IMDb. Retrieved May 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0003021/","url_text":"\"Chris McKay\""}]},{"reference":"Owen, Rob (March 18, 2022). \"Spend a beautiful day in Mister Rogers' Florida neighborhood\". TribLIVE.com. Retrieved May 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://triblive.com/lifestyles/travel/spend-a-beautiful-day-in-mister-rogers-florida-neighborhood/","url_text":"\"Spend a beautiful day in Mister Rogers' Florida neighborhood\""}]},{"reference":"McClain, James (December 9, 2021). \"Turns Out a 26-Year-Old Billionaire Bought That $83 Million Palisades House\". DIRT. Retrieved May 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dirt.com/gallery/moguls/tech/austin-russell-house-pacific-palisades-1203441198/","url_text":"\"Turns Out a 26-Year-Old Billionaire Bought That $83 Million Palisades House\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappingers_Falls,_New_York
Wappingers Falls, New York
["1 History","1.1 Channingville","2 Historic places","3 Places of worship","3.1 Zion Episcopal Church","3.2 Bethel Missionary Baptist Church","3.3 First Presbyterian Church","3.4 United Methodist Church of Wappingers Falls","3.5 St. Mary's Church","3.6 Mount Alvernia and the Monastery of St. Clare","4 Geography","5 Demographics","6 Entertainment and the arts","7 Education","8 Transportation","9 Notable people","10 Books","11 References","12 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°35′57″N 73°55′5″W / 41.59917°N 73.91806°W / 41.59917; -73.91806 For the Native American tribe, see Wappinger. For the town, see Wappinger, New York. Village in New York, United StatesWappingers Falls, New YorkVillageDowntown Wappingers Falls SealLocation of Wappingers Falls, New YorkCoordinates: 41°35′57″N 73°55′5″W / 41.59917°N 73.91806°W / 41.59917; -73.91806CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyDutchessTownsWappinger, PoughkeepsieIncorporated1871Area • Total1.20 sq mi (3.11 km2) • Land1.12 sq mi (2.90 km2) • Water0.08 sq mi (0.20 km2)Elevation154 ft (47 m)Population (2020) • Total6,103 • Density5,444.25/sq mi (2,102.14/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP Code12590Area code845FIPS code36-78168GNIS feature ID0968775Websitewww.wappingersfallsny.gov Wappingers Falls is a village in the towns of Poughkeepsie and Wappinger, in Dutchess County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 5,522. The community was named for the cascade in Wappinger Creek. The Wappingers Falls post office covers areas in the towns of Wappinger, Poughkeepsie, Fishkill, East Fishkill, and LaGrange. This can result in some confusion when residents of the outlying towns, who do not live in the village, give their address as "Wappingers Falls". Grinnell Library, located in the village, is the sixth-oldest library in the state. History See also: Wappinger Panoramic map of Wappingers Falls from 1889 with list of landmarks by L.R. Burleigh The Wappinger were an Algonquian-speaking confederacy of Native Americans whose territory in the 17th century extended along the eastern bank of the Hudson River. Primarily based in what is now Dutchess County, their territory was bordered by Manhattan Island to the south, the Mahican territory bounded by the Roeliff Jansen Kill to the north, and extended east into parts of Connecticut. Wappinger means "easterner" in most Algonquian languages. The area was part of the Rombout Patent. In 1741, two Dutchmen, Nicholas and Adolphus Brewer, purchased 750 acres (300 ha) of land around the falls and built the first stone house in the village near the present Mill Street. In 1742, the Brewers built a mill on the east side of Wappinger Creek. Nicholas Brewer built the Mesier Homestead, which he sold in 1777 to Matthew VanBenschoten, who, in turn, sold it to Peter Mesier Sr., a merchant from New York City. In May 1777, soldiers and local residents attacked Peter Mesier's house in Wappingers Falls, disputing the price of tea for sale in a small store inside his home. Mesier was a merchant from New York City and a Loyalist. The angry mob struck Mesier, beat his slaves, and drank wine stored in the cellar. They also took the tea and left a small amount of money behind. The local waterfall was important for early industrial development. In 1819 a small cotton mill was built in the hollow created by the creek as it descends from Wappinger Lake to drain into the Hudson River. By 1856 it had become one of the largest printworks in the country. A fire that year destroyed the original buildings completely, but they were immediately rebuilt and continued in operation until 1931. The streets on the hillside opposite the mill are lined with frame houses, mostly duplexes, built by the mill for its workers. The two halves of the village are connected by an 1884 stone arch bridge that replaced earlier wooden structures. The village of Wappingers Falls was incorporated in 1871 and included the adjacent community on the west side of the Wappinger Creek, by then called Channingville. The east side was known as Franklindale. In 1885 the Franklindale Cotton Mill, which employed about 130 people, was destroyed by fire. During President Grover Cleveland’s second administration, the Independent Comb Factory on the corner of Fulton and Prospect streets was forced to close. The repeal of the tariff made it impossible for the company to compete with German-made combs. In 1909, the Garner Print Works were sold and became the Dutchess Bleachery. The plant, which at times employed as many as 1,150 people, stopped printing calico but continued as a bleachery and dye works. On June 3, 2017 downtown Wappingers Falls had a devastating structure fire that left more than 30 people displaced and six businesses temporarily closed. No one was injured during the fire, which spread through a strip of buildings in the East Main Street corridor on Saturday afternoon. Channingville Bain Commercial Building, Wappingers Falls That portion of the village lying north of the creek, in the town of Poughkeepsie, was originally known as "Ednam". It later became known as Channingville (sometimes rendered "Chiningville"), which name is derived from the Channing family, who owned the farm on which it mostly lies. The first merchant in this part of the village was a cooper, John Crilley, from Ireland by way of Glenham. In 1842 he built the first brick building erected on either side of the creek. By 1836, Ednam had about thirty dwellings and a cotton factory with 2,400 spindles and 90 looms, making 500,000 yards of cloth per annum. J.J. O'Riley's North American Hotel and Eagan's Opera House (built in 1876 by John Eagan, with a seating capacity for five hundred people) were located here. The village's first post office was established here in 1840. The post office bore the name of the creek. The Bain Commercial Building is located at the corner of Church and West Main (NY 9D) streets. The Bain family is believed to have built the building in 1875, shortly after Channingville became part of the village. It was both their residence and their place of business. It is a late 19th-century brick building that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Historic places Downtown Wappingers Falls The Wappingers Falls Historic District includes downtown, several adjacent residential neighborhoods, and Mesier Park & Homestead. Mesier Park has been a public park since ca. 1891, and hosts many annual events that focus around the bandstand and tree-lined paths of the park. In 1984 the district was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The Dutchess Company Superintendent's House is located on Market Street in the western corner of the village. It is a large brick residence that was built as housing for the manager of the Dutchess Company, a large local printing works, shortly after the plant was built in 1848. It remained in company ownership until the company failed in the 20th century. In 1984 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Police Station, former post office listed on the NRHP The Police Station is located at the corner of South Avenue (NY 9D) and East Main Street. It was originally built in 1940 as the village's new post office, a WPA project. President Franklin D. Roosevelt took a personal interest in the project, as he had with other new post offices in Dutchess County. He wanted it to be built of fieldstone in the style of many Dutch colonial houses in the area, and chose the Brewer-Mesier House in the village as the model for its design. The old post office contains two Treasury Section of Fine Arts murals by Henry Billings. The paintings show two views of the town's waterfall at different points in time, one from 1780 and the other from 1880, facing each other from opposite ends of the small building. Places of worship Zion Episcopal Church Henry Yates Satterlee Zion Episcopal Church began in 1820 under the shade of an apple tree when Joanna Mesier, wife of Matthew Mesier, began a Sunday school. There were only seven or eight families living in the area at the time. The class was subsequently moved to a corn barn near the Mesier homestead where the village flagpole now stands. The Mesiers attended Trinity Church in Fishkill, the nearest Episcopal church, but felt the need for a church less distant for the farmers of the area and their families. In 1833, the Reverend Doctor George B. Andrews moved to a farm, "Highmount", between Hughsonville and New Hamburg. On July 14 of that year he conducted the first official service of the Episcopal Church somewhere on the north side of Wappingers Creek. He continued to be driven up from his farm with his family and servants to spend Sundays near the falls. In December 1833, Matthew Mesier gave a small tract of land between the burial ground and the turnpike (now Main Street) in front of what was then Mr. Givens' place. One month later plans were made to construct a church. The stone for the church came from the property of Benjamin Clapp, much of which he hauled himself. Zion Protestant Episcopal Church was dedicated by Bishop Onderdonk on May 6, 1836. Mr. Andrews served as pastor, not only to the church in Wappingers, but often found time to row across the Hudson to conduct services in Marlboro. The church's most notable pastor was Henry Yates Satterlee, assistant rector 1865-75 and senior rector 1875–83, who was elected the first bishop of the Washington Diocese in 1896 and there established the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, popularly known as Washington National Cathedral. Bethel Missionary Baptist Church The Franklindale Baptist Church was organized in 1838. Benjamin Clapp, former warden of Zion Episcopal, converted to the Baptist faith and donated land on the corner of Prospect Street and South Avenue. The church building was dedicated on December 5, 1847. In 1967 the Bethel Baptist community purchased Franklindale Baptist, which was dedicated as Bethel Missionary Baptist Church on October 15, 1967. In 1997 the need for additional space brought the purchase of the house across Prospect Street, which had belonged to Dr. Kerrigan. Referred to as "Bethel Annex", the 1830s building provided space for the church school and events. In the mid-2000s, the Kerrigan House was sold and transported across South Avenue to be replaced by a new church building. First Presbyterian Church The Presbyterian Church at Wappingers Falls owed it existence to Mrs. John Fisher Sheafe, whose country seat was near New Hamburg. She asked the Rev. John D. Wells, who was then preaching at Ellessdie Chapel, situated two miles north of New Hamburg on the river road, to see if there was a need for a church in Wappingers. This resulted in the organization of the Presbyterian Society in 1848, and the same year a church edifice and parsonage were built by Mrs. Sheafe on Fulton Street. During the pastorate of Rev. O.A. Kingsbury (1879-1883) the Fulton Street property was sold and the present brick structure on South Avenue erected. The new church was dedicated July 23, 1872. The church lasted for just over 150 years before it closed, holding its final service on January 13, 2023. United Methodist Church, designed by George E. Harney United Methodist Church of Wappingers Falls The first Methodist Episcopal Church in the area of Wappingers Falls was started by noted circuit riding preacher Freeborn Garrettson in 1788. By 1824, services were held in the home of Joseph C. Smith at Middlebush, before moving to a schoolhouse. In 1827, the Methodist Society purchased the former Baptist meeting house, also at Middlebush. In 1841 it became part of the Johnsville circuit. John Given donated land in the then village of Ednam, at the falls west of the Wappingers Creek. Ednamville was established as a mission church served by preachers who rode circuit to Middlebush and New Hamburg. In 1845, a church was built at the corner of West Main and Church Streets. In the spring of 1868, with the idea of merging the Wappingers Falls and Middlebush congregations, land was purchased from the estate of Margaret Reese. The old Middlebush church was taken down and the materials used to construct a barn on the new church property on Mesier Avenue. The church was known as the Methodist Episcopal Church until 1939 when the name was changed to The Methodist Church. In 1968, it was changed to the United Methodist Church. In 1974, with the merger with the New Hamburg Methodist Church it became known as The United Methodist Church of Wappingers. In early 2020 the church merged with the Poughkeepsie United Methodist Church and the building was sold. St. Mary's Church Main article: St. Mary's Church (Wappingers Falls, New York) Roman Catholics of what is now Wappingers Falls were cared for by priests from St. Peter's Church in Poughkeepsie until 1845 when the parish was founded to serve southern Dutchess County. In 1850, the first pastor took up residence. Masses were offered in local homes until a church was constructed on Clinton Street. The current church building was consecrated in 1879, although the interior has been renovated a number of times, the last being in the early 2000's. The parish also has a cemetery which is still in operation and a school which closed in 2019. Mount Alvernia and the Monastery of St. Clare Mount Alvernia Retreat Center sits on 204 acres overlooking the Hudson Valley and is run by the Franciscan Friars of the New York Province of the Immaculate Conception. It was built in 1950 and until 1967 served as a seminary to train Franciscan friars for the Roman Catholic priesthood. Its chapel offers daily Mass while the former seminary building hosts retreats and other events. On the property of the Retreat Center is the Monastery of St. Clare built in 2004 for the Poor Clares, Franciscan nuns who moved to Wappingers Falls from Throgs Neck in the Bronx. Geography Mesier Homestead Wappingers Falls is situated at the head of navigation on Wappinger Creek, about 2 miles (3 km) above (northeast of) its confluence with the Hudson River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.2 square miles (3.1 km2), of which 1.1 square miles (2.9 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km2), or 6.45%, is water. Wappinger Creek flows through the village. The Wappingers Falls post office serves both the village of Wappingers Falls and the town of Wappinger (as well as portions of Fishkill, East Fishkill, Poughkeepsie and LaGrange) under the ZIP code "Wappingers Falls, NY 12590". US 9 passes through the village, as well as NY 9D. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18702,263—18903,718—19003,504−5.8%19103,195−8.8%19203,2351.3%19303,3363.1%19403,4272.7%19503,4901.8%19604,44727.4%19705,60726.1%19805,110−8.9%19904,605−9.9%20004,9297.0%20105,52212.0%20206,10310.5%U.S. Decennial Census Grinnell Library As of the 2010 census, the total population of the village was 5,522. The racial makeup of the village was 72.5% white, 7.4% African American, .03% Native American, 4.8% Asian, 10.2% from other races, and 4.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26.2% of the population. The median age was 35.5 years. The median income for a household in the village was $39,123, and the median income for a family was $50,000. Males had a median income of $38,147 versus $26,607 for females. The per capita income for the village was $20,491. About 10.4% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.1% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over. It is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. Entertainment and the arts County Players Falls Theatre, a volunteer, non-profit community theatre is located on West Main Street in the village, in the former Academy Theatre building. TV stations, with antenna pointed north to Albany, include WRGB-TV-6, WTEN-TV-10, WMHT-TV-17 and WCWN-45. Education St. Mary Elementary School was a Catholic K-8 school of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York in Wappingers Falls that opened in September 1893 and closed in June 2019. It had 118 students when it closed. The Village of Wappingers Falls is part of the Wappingers Central School District. Since the closing of St. Mary's Elementary School there are no schools within the village, although James S. Evans Elementary School and Wappingers Junior High School border the village. Transportation The New Hamburg station on Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line serves Wappinger's Falls. Stewart International Airport is located just over the Newburgh–Beacon Bridge, and offers domestic and international flights. Notable people See also: Category:People from Wappingers Falls, New York Dan Brouthers, One of the baseball's first early sluggers, was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York in 1945. Dan lived in the village and is buried in St. Mary's Cemetery. Jack Mulhall, Silent film actor, was born in Wappingers Falls. John Regan, Highly-acclaimed bass guitar player Frederick W. Rowe, U.S. Representative Wallace Worsley, Actor Tyler Adams, U.S. Men's National Team, Professional soccer player for AFC Bournemouth Jeh Johnson, 4th United States Secretary of Homeland Security Books Ward Moore's 1953 alternate history novel Bring the Jubilee is partially set in Wappingers Falls. References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Wappingers Falls village, New York". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2015. ^ "The History of Grinnell Library". Grinnell Library. Retrieved January 13, 2012. ^ Ruttenber, E.M. (1906). "Footprints of the Red Men –- Indian Geographical Names in the Valley of Hudson's River, the Valley of the Mohawk, and on the Delaware: Their location and the probable meaning of some of them". Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association - the Annual Meeting, with Constitution, By-Laws and List of Members. New York State Historical Association. 7th Annual: 40 (RA1-PA38). Retrieved October 31, 2010. ^ Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. p. 256. ^ "Wappinger Indians". ^ "Mesier Park & Homestead :: Wappingers Historical Society :: Preserving the history of Wappingers Falls". wappingershistoricalsociety.org. Retrieved August 14, 2018. ^ a b c Clapp, Clinton W. "The Town of Wappinger" in Hasbrouck's History of Dutchess County ^ "History of St. Mary's". Retrieved August 14, 2018. ^ "Cause of 'devastating' Wappingers Falls fire under investigation". USA Today. Retrieved August 14, 2018. ^ Holley, Orville Luther, The New-York State Register, for 1845, J. Disturnell, New York, 1845 ^ a b Gordon, Thomas Francis. Gazetteer of the State of New York, New York, 1836, p. 433 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b Smith, James Hadden, History of Dutchess County with Illustrations and Biographical Sketch, p.366, Syracuse, D. Mason & Co., 1882 ^ Musso, Anthony P. (December 24, 2019). "Wappingers' Zion Episcopal Church evolved from humble, outdoor roots: Dateline". www.poughkeepsiejournal.com. Retrieved December 24, 2019. ^ "History - zionwf". sites.google.com. Retrieved August 14, 2018. ^ ""Celebrating Four Decades of Church History", Bethel Missionary Baptist Church". Retrieved August 14, 2018. ^ "A 175-year-old Wappingers Falls Landmark Closes", The Wolf, January 16, 2023 ^ Wappingers Falls UMC ^ "Dutchess County Historical and Genealogical Record Chapter 1". genealogytrails.com. Genealogy Trails History Group. Retrieved August 14, 2018. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "DTV Reception Maps | Federal Communications Commission". www.fcc.gov. Retrieved January 28, 2024. ^ Schutzman, Nina (February 5, 2019). "Catholic school in Wappingers Falls to close after 125 years". Poughkeepsie Journal. Retrieved May 5, 2020. ^ Kerr, Roy (2013). Big Dan Brouthers: Baseball's First Great Slugger. McFarland. ISBN 9780786475605 ^ Katchmer, George A. (2002). A Biographical Dictionary of Silent Film Western Actors and Actresses. McFarland. p. 273. ISBN 9780786446933. Retrieved June 24, 2017. External links Hudson Valley portal Village of Wappingers Falls official website Wappingers Historical Society Grinnell Library Association Summary history of the Wappinger tribe vteMunicipalities and communities of Dutchess County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: PoughkeepsieCities Beacon Poughkeepsie Towns Amenia Beekman Clinton Dover East Fishkill Fishkill Hyde Park LaGrange Milan North East Pawling Pine Plains Pleasant Valley Poughkeepsie Red Hook Rhinebeck Stanford Union Vale Wappinger Washington Villages Fishkill Millbrook Millerton Pawling Red Hook Rhinebeck Tivoli Wappingers Falls CDPs Amenia Arlington Bard College Barrytown Brinckerhoff Chelsea Cove Crown Heights Dover Plains Fairview Freedom Plains Haviland Hillside Lake Hopewell Junction Hyde Park MacDonnell Heights Marist College Merritt Park Myers Corner New Hackensack New Hamburg Pine Plains Pleasant Valley Red Oaks Mill Rhinecliff Salt Point Shorehaven Spackenkill Staatsburg Titusville Upper Red Hook Vassar College Wassaic Wingdale Otherhamlets Annandale-on-Hudson Bangall Boston Corner‡ Castle Point Chelsea Glenham Holmes Linden Acres Lithgow Mabbettsville Oniontown Pleasant Plains Quaker Hill Rock City Shekomeko Silvernails Sylvan Lake Van Keurens Verbank Former communities New Guinea Community Site Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties New York portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wappinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappinger"},{"link_name":"Wappinger, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappinger,_New_York"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Village"},{"link_name":"Poughkeepsie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poughkeepsie_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Wappinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappinger,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Dutchess County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutchess_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-4"},{"link_name":"Wappinger Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappinger_Creek"},{"link_name":"Fishkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishkill_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"East Fishkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Fishkill"},{"link_name":"LaGrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGrange,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For the Native American tribe, see Wappinger. For the town, see Wappinger, New York.Village in New York, United StatesWappingers Falls is a village in the towns of Poughkeepsie and Wappinger, in Dutchess County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 5,522.[4] The community was named for the cascade in Wappinger Creek. The Wappingers Falls post office covers areas in the towns of Wappinger, Poughkeepsie, Fishkill, East Fishkill, and LaGrange. This can result in some confusion when residents of the outlying towns, who do not live in the village, give their address as \"Wappingers Falls\".Grinnell Library, located in the village, is the sixth-oldest library in the state.[5]","title":"Wappingers Falls, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wappinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappinger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappingers_Falls,_N.Y._LOC_75694863.tif"},{"link_name":"Panoramic map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoramic_map"},{"link_name":"L.R. Burleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.R._Burleigh"},{"link_name":"Wappinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappinger"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Island"},{"link_name":"Mahican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahican"},{"link_name":"Roeliff Jansen Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roeliff_Jansen_Kill"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proceedings-6"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-americana-7"},{"link_name":"Algonquian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_languages"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rombout Patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rombout_Patent"},{"link_name":"Wappinger Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappinger_Creek"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Peter Mesier Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mesier_Sr."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clapp-10"},{"link_name":"Loyalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"tariff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff"},{"link_name":"calico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chintz"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"See also: WappingerPanoramic map of Wappingers Falls from 1889 with list of landmarks by L.R. BurleighThe Wappinger were an Algonquian-speaking confederacy of Native Americans whose territory in the 17th century extended along the eastern bank of the Hudson River. Primarily based in what is now Dutchess County, their territory was bordered by Manhattan Island to the south, the Mahican territory bounded by the Roeliff Jansen Kill to the north,[6] and extended east into parts of Connecticut.[7] Wappinger means \"easterner\" in most Algonquian languages.[8]The area was part of the Rombout Patent. In 1741, two Dutchmen, Nicholas and Adolphus Brewer, purchased 750 acres (300 ha) of land around the falls and built the first stone house in the village near the present Mill Street. In 1742, the Brewers built a mill on the east side of Wappinger Creek.[9] Nicholas Brewer built the Mesier Homestead, which he sold in 1777 to Matthew VanBenschoten, who, in turn, sold it to Peter Mesier Sr., a merchant from New York City.[10]In May 1777, soldiers and local residents attacked Peter Mesier's house in Wappingers Falls, disputing the price of tea for sale in a small store inside his home. Mesier was a merchant from New York City and a Loyalist. The angry mob struck Mesier, beat his slaves, and drank wine stored in the cellar. They also took the tea and left a small amount of money behind.The local waterfall was important for early industrial development. In 1819 a small cotton mill was built in the hollow created by the creek as it descends from Wappinger Lake to drain into the Hudson River. By 1856 it had become one of the largest printworks in the country. A fire that year destroyed the original buildings completely, but they were immediately rebuilt and continued in operation until 1931. The streets on the hillside opposite the mill are lined with frame houses, mostly duplexes, built by the mill for its workers. The two halves of the village are connected by an 1884 stone arch bridge that replaced earlier wooden structures.The village of Wappingers Falls was incorporated in 1871 and included the adjacent community on the west side of the Wappinger Creek, by then called Channingville. The east side was known as Franklindale. In 1885 the Franklindale Cotton Mill, which employed about 130 people, was destroyed by fire. During President Grover Cleveland’s second administration, the Independent Comb Factory on the corner of Fulton and Prospect streets was forced to close. The repeal of the tariff made it impossible for the company to compete with German-made combs. In 1909, the Garner Print Works were sold and became the Dutchess Bleachery. The plant, which at times employed as many as 1,150 people, stopped printing calico but continued as a bleachery and dye works.[11]On June 3, 2017 downtown Wappingers Falls had a devastating structure fire that left more than 30 people displaced and six businesses temporarily closed. No one was injured during the fire, which spread through a strip of buildings in the East Main Street corridor on Saturday afternoon.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bain_Commercial_Building,_Wappingers_Falls,_NY.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon-14"},{"link_name":"Bain Commercial Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bain_Commercial_Building"}],"sub_title":"Channingville","text":"Bain Commercial Building, Wappingers FallsThat portion of the village lying north of the creek, in the town of Poughkeepsie, was originally known as \"Ednam\".[13] It later became known as Channingville (sometimes rendered \"Chiningville\"), which name is derived from the Channing family, who owned the farm on which it mostly lies.The first merchant in this part of the village was a cooper, John Crilley, from Ireland by way of Glenham. In 1842 he built the first brick building erected on either side of the creek. By 1836, Ednam had about thirty dwellings and a cotton factory with 2,400 spindles and 90 looms, making 500,000 yards of cloth per annum.[14]J.J. O'Riley's North American Hotel and Eagan's Opera House (built in 1876 by John Eagan, with a seating capacity for five hundred people) were located here. The village's first post office was established here in 1840.[15] The post office bore the name of the creek.[14]The Bain Commercial Building is located at the corner of Church and West Main (NY 9D) streets. The Bain family is believed to have built the building in 1875, shortly after Channingville became part of the village. It was both their residence and their place of business. It is a late 19th-century brick building that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DTnew.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wappingers Falls Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappingers_Falls_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Dutchess Company Superintendent's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutchess_Company_Superintendent%27s_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappingers_Falls_Village_Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Police Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappingers_Falls_Village_Hall"},{"link_name":"Police Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappingers_Falls_Village_Hall"},{"link_name":"WPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"fieldstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldstone"},{"link_name":"Henry Billings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Billings"}],"text":"Downtown Wappingers FallsThe Wappingers Falls Historic District includes downtown, several adjacent residential neighborhoods, and Mesier Park & Homestead. Mesier Park has been a public park since ca. 1891, and hosts many annual events that focus around the bandstand and tree-lined paths of the park. In 1984 the district was added to the National Register of Historic Places.The Dutchess Company Superintendent's House is located on Market Street in the western corner of the village. It is a large brick residence that was built as housing for the manager of the Dutchess Company, a large local printing works, shortly after the plant was built in 1848. It remained in company ownership until the company failed in the 20th century. In 1984 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.Police Station, former post office listed on the NRHPThe Police Station is located at the corner of South Avenue (NY 9D) and East Main Street. It was originally built in 1940 as the village's new post office, a WPA project. President Franklin D. Roosevelt took a personal interest in the project, as he had with other new post offices in Dutchess County. He wanted it to be built of fieldstone in the style of many Dutch colonial houses in the area, and chose the Brewer-Mesier House in the village as the model for its design. The old post office contains two Treasury Section of Fine Arts murals by Henry Billings. The paintings show two views of the town's waterfall at different points in time, one from 1780 and the other from 1880, facing each other from opposite ends of the small building.","title":"Historic places"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Places of worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_master_builder,_being_the_life_and_letters_of_Henry_Yates_Satterlee,_first_bishop_of_Washington_(1916)_(14780517001).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sunday school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_school"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Fishkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishkill,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Hughsonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughsonville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hamburg,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Marlboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlboro,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Henry Yates Satterlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Yates_Satterlee"},{"link_name":"Washington National Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral"}],"sub_title":"Zion Episcopal Church","text":"Henry Yates SatterleeZion Episcopal Church began in 1820 under the shade of an apple tree when Joanna Mesier, wife of Matthew Mesier, began a Sunday school.[16] There were only seven or eight families living in the area at the time. The class was subsequently moved to a corn barn near the Mesier homestead where the village flagpole now stands. The Mesiers attended Trinity Church in Fishkill, the nearest Episcopal church, but felt the need for a church less distant for the farmers of the area and their families. In 1833, the Reverend Doctor George B. Andrews moved to a farm, \"Highmount\", between Hughsonville and New Hamburg. On July 14 of that year he conducted the first official service of the Episcopal Church somewhere on the north side of Wappingers Creek. He continued to be driven up from his farm with his family and servants to spend Sundays near the falls. In December 1833, Matthew Mesier gave a small tract of land between the burial ground and the turnpike (now Main Street) in front of what was then Mr. Givens' place. One month later plans were made to construct a church. The stone for the church came from the property of Benjamin Clapp, much of which he hauled himself. Zion Protestant Episcopal Church was dedicated by Bishop Onderdonk on May 6, 1836. Mr. Andrews served as pastor, not only to the church in Wappingers, but often found time to row across the Hudson to conduct services in Marlboro.[17] The church's most notable pastor was Henry Yates Satterlee, assistant rector 1865-75 and senior rector 1875–83, who was elected the first bishop of the Washington Diocese in 1896 and there established the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, popularly known as Washington National Cathedral.","title":"Places of worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clapp-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Bethel Missionary Baptist Church","text":"The Franklindale Baptist Church was organized in 1838. Benjamin Clapp, former warden of Zion Episcopal, converted to the Baptist faith and donated land on the corner of Prospect Street and South Avenue. The church building was dedicated on December 5, 1847.[10] In 1967 the Bethel Baptist community purchased Franklindale Baptist, which was dedicated as Bethel Missionary Baptist Church on October 15, 1967. In 1997 the need for additional space brought the purchase of the house across Prospect Street, which had belonged to Dr. Kerrigan. Referred to as \"Bethel Annex\", the 1830s building provided space for the church school and events.[18] In the mid-2000s, the Kerrigan House was sold and transported across South Avenue to be replaced by a new church building.","title":"Places of worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presbyterian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clapp-10"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Methodist_Church_of_Wappingers_Falls_NY.jpg"},{"link_name":"George E. Harney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edward_Harney"}],"sub_title":"First Presbyterian Church","text":"The Presbyterian Church at Wappingers Falls owed it existence to Mrs. John Fisher Sheafe, whose country seat was near New Hamburg. She asked the Rev. John D. Wells, who was then preaching at Ellessdie Chapel, situated two miles north of New Hamburg on the river road, to see if there was a need for a church in Wappingers. This resulted in the organization of the Presbyterian Society in 1848, and the same year a church edifice and parsonage were built by Mrs. Sheafe on Fulton Street. During the pastorate of Rev. O.A. Kingsbury (1879-1883) the Fulton Street property was sold and the present brick structure on South Avenue erected. The new church was dedicated July 23, 1872.[10] The church lasted for just over 150 years before it closed, holding its final service on January 13, 2023.[19]United Methodist Church, designed by George E. Harney","title":"Places of worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Methodist Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"Freeborn Garrettson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeborn_Garrettson"},{"link_name":"Middlebush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappinger,_New_York#Hamlets"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-15"}],"sub_title":"United Methodist Church of Wappingers Falls","text":"The first Methodist Episcopal Church in the area of Wappingers Falls was started by noted circuit riding preacher Freeborn Garrettson in 1788. By 1824, services were held in the home of Joseph C. Smith at Middlebush, before moving to a schoolhouse. In 1827, the Methodist Society purchased the former Baptist meeting house, also at Middlebush. In 1841 it became part of the Johnsville circuit.[20] John Given donated land in the then village of Ednam, at the falls west of the Wappingers Creek. Ednamville was established as a mission church served by preachers who rode circuit to Middlebush and New Hamburg. In 1845, a church was built at the corner of West Main and Church Streets. In the spring of 1868, with the idea of merging the Wappingers Falls and Middlebush congregations, land was purchased from the estate of Margaret Reese. The old Middlebush church was taken down and the materials used to construct a barn on the new church property on Mesier Avenue.[15] \nThe church was known as the Methodist Episcopal Church until 1939 when the name was changed to The Methodist Church. In 1968, it was changed to the United Methodist Church. In 1974, with the merger with the New Hamburg Methodist Church it became known as The United Methodist Church of Wappingers. In early 2020 the church merged with the Poughkeepsie United Methodist Church and the building was sold.","title":"Places of worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"}],"sub_title":"St. Mary's Church","text":"Roman Catholics of what is now Wappingers Falls were cared for by priests from St. Peter's Church in Poughkeepsie until 1845 when the parish was founded to serve southern Dutchess County. In 1850, the first pastor took up residence. Masses were offered in local homes until a church was constructed on Clinton Street. The current church building was consecrated in 1879, although the interior has been renovated a number of times, the last being in the early 2000's. The parish also has a cemetery which is still in operation and a school which closed in 2019.","title":"Places of worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hudson Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Valley"},{"link_name":"Franciscan Friars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan_Friars"},{"link_name":"Poor Clares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Clares"}],"sub_title":"Mount Alvernia and the Monastery of St. Clare","text":"Mount Alvernia Retreat Center sits on 204 acres overlooking the Hudson Valley and is run by the Franciscan Friars of the New York Province of the Immaculate Conception. It was built in 1950 and until 1967 served as a seminary to train Franciscan friars for the Roman Catholic priesthood. Its chapel offers daily Mass while the former seminary building hosts retreats and other events. \nOn the property of the Retreat Center is the Monastery of St. Clare built in 2004 for the Poor Clares, Franciscan nuns who moved to Wappingers Falls from Throgs Neck in the Bronx.","title":"Places of worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MesierHomestead.JPG"},{"link_name":"Wappinger Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappinger_Creek"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-4"},{"link_name":"Fishkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishkill_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"East Fishkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Fishkill,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Poughkeepsie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poughkeepsie_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"LaGrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGrange,_New_York"},{"link_name":"US 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_9_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 9D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_9D"}],"text":"Mesier HomesteadWappingers Falls is situated at the head of navigation on Wappinger Creek, about 2 miles (3 km) above (northeast of) its confluence with the Hudson River.[21] According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.2 square miles (3.1 km2), of which 1.1 square miles (2.9 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km2), or 6.45%, is water.[4]Wappinger Creek flows through the village. The Wappingers Falls post office serves both the village of Wappingers Falls and the town of Wappinger (as well as portions of Fishkill, East Fishkill, Poughkeepsie and LaGrange) under the ZIP code \"Wappingers Falls, NY 12590\". US 9 passes through the village, as well as NY 9D.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grinnell.JPG"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"Poughkeepsie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poughkeepsie_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Newburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburgh_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Middletown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown,_Orange_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bridgeport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"NJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"PA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Combined Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"Grinnell LibraryAs of the 2010 census, the total population of the village was 5,522. The racial makeup of the village was 72.5% white, 7.4% African American, .03% Native American, 4.8% Asian, 10.2% from other races, and 4.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26.2% of the population. The median age was 35.5 years.The median income for a household in the village was $39,123, and the median income for a family was $50,000. Males had a median income of $38,147 versus $26,607 for females. The per capita income for the village was $20,491. About 10.4% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.1% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.It is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WRGB-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRGB-TV"},{"link_name":"WTEN-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTEN-TV"},{"link_name":"WMHT-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMHT-TV"},{"link_name":"WCWN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCWN"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"County Players Falls Theatre, a volunteer, non-profit community theatre is located on West Main Street in the village, in the former Academy Theatre building.TV stations, with antenna pointed north to Albany, include WRGB-TV-6, WTEN-TV-10, WMHT-TV-17 and WCWN-45.[23]","title":"Entertainment and the arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K-8 school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-8_school"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Wappingers Central School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappingers_Central_School_District"},{"link_name":"Wappingers Junior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wappingers_Junior_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"St. Mary Elementary School was a Catholic K-8 school of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York in Wappingers Falls that opened in September 1893 and closed in June 2019. It had 118 students when it closed.[24]The Village of Wappingers Falls is part of the Wappingers Central School District. Since the closing of St. Mary's Elementary School there are no schools within the village, although James S. Evans Elementary School and Wappingers Junior High School border the village.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Hamburg station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hamburg_station"},{"link_name":"Metro-North Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Hudson Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Line_(Metro-North)"},{"link_name":"Stewart International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Newburgh–Beacon Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburgh%E2%80%93Beacon_Bridge"}],"text":"The New Hamburg station on Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line serves Wappinger's Falls. Stewart International Airport is located just over the Newburgh–Beacon Bridge, and offers domestic and international flights.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from Wappingers Falls, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Wappingers_Falls,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Dan Brouthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Brouthers"},{"link_name":"Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Cooperstown, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperstown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church_(Wappingers_Falls,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Jack Mulhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Mulhall"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bd-26"},{"link_name":"John Regan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Regan_(bassist)"},{"link_name":"Frederick W. Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_W._Rowe"},{"link_name":"Wallace Worsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Worsley"},{"link_name":"Tyler Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Adams"},{"link_name":"Jeh Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeh_Johnson"}],"text":"See also: Category:People from Wappingers Falls, New YorkDan Brouthers, One of the baseball's first early sluggers, was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York in 1945. Dan lived in the village and is buried in St. Mary's Cemetery.[25]\nJack Mulhall, Silent film actor, was born in Wappingers Falls.[26]\nJohn Regan, Highly-acclaimed bass guitar player\nFrederick W. Rowe, U.S. Representative\nWallace Worsley, Actor\nTyler Adams, U.S. Men's National Team, Professional soccer player for AFC Bournemouth\nJeh Johnson, 4th United States Secretary of Homeland Security","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ward Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Moore"},{"link_name":"Bring the Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_the_Jubilee"}],"text":"Ward Moore's 1953 alternate history novel Bring the Jubilee is partially set in Wappingers Falls.","title":"Books"}]
[{"image_text":"Panoramic map of Wappingers Falls from 1889 with list of landmarks by L.R. Burleigh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wappingers_Falls%2C_N.Y._LOC_75694863.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Wappingers_Falls%2C_N.Y._LOC_75694863.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bain Commercial Building, Wappingers Falls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bain_Commercial_Building%2C_Wappingers_Falls%2C_NY.jpg/220px-Bain_Commercial_Building%2C_Wappingers_Falls%2C_NY.jpg"},{"image_text":"Downtown Wappingers Falls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DTnew.jpg/220px-DTnew.jpg"},{"image_text":"Police Station, former post office listed on the NRHP","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wappingers_Falls_Village_Hall.jpg/220px-Wappingers_Falls_Village_Hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Henry Yates Satterlee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/A_master_builder%2C_being_the_life_and_letters_of_Henry_Yates_Satterlee%2C_first_bishop_of_Washington_%281916%29_%2814780517001%29.jpg/220px-A_master_builder%2C_being_the_life_and_letters_of_Henry_Yates_Satterlee%2C_first_bishop_of_Washington_%281916%29_%2814780517001%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"United Methodist Church, designed by George E. Harney","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/United_Methodist_Church_of_Wappingers_Falls_NY.jpg/220px-United_Methodist_Church_of_Wappingers_Falls_NY.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mesier Homestead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MesierHomestead.JPG/220px-MesierHomestead.JPG"},{"image_text":"Grinnell Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Grinnell.JPG/220px-Grinnell.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Dutchess_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Dutchess_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Wappingers Falls village, New York\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213090713/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US3678168","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Wappingers Falls village, New York\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US3678168","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Grinnell Library\". Grinnell Library. Retrieved January 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grinnell-library.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=63","url_text":"\"The History of Grinnell Library\""}]},{"reference":"Ruttenber, E.M. (1906). \"Footprints of the Red Men –- Indian Geographical Names in the Valley of Hudson's River, the Valley of the Mohawk, and on the Delaware: Their location and the probable meaning of some of them\". Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association - the Annual Meeting, with Constitution, By-Laws and List of Members. New York State Historical Association. 7th Annual: 40 (RA1-PA38). Retrieved October 31, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i3kSAAAAYAAJ&q=wapani&pg=RA1-PA38","url_text":"\"Footprints of the Red Men –- Indian Geographical Names in the Valley of Hudson's River, the Valley of the Mohawk, and on the Delaware: Their location and the probable meaning of some of them\""}]},{"reference":"Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. p. 256.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Wappinger Indians\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mountgulian.org/wappinger.html","url_text":"\"Wappinger Indians\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mesier Park & Homestead :: Wappingers Historical Society :: Preserving the history of Wappingers Falls\". wappingershistoricalsociety.org. Retrieved August 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://wappingershistoricalsociety.org/mesier.shtml","url_text":"\"Mesier Park & Homestead :: Wappingers Historical Society :: Preserving the history of Wappingers Falls\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of St. Mary's\". Retrieved August 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://catholic-church.org/saintmarys/history.htm","url_text":"\"History of St. Mary's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cause of 'devastating' Wappingers Falls fire under investigation\". USA Today. Retrieved August 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/local/2017/06/05/cause-devastating-wappingers-falls-fire-under-investigation/369789001/","url_text":"\"Cause of 'devastating' Wappingers Falls fire under investigation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Musso, Anthony P. (December 24, 2019). \"Wappingers' Zion Episcopal Church evolved from humble, outdoor roots: Dateline\". www.poughkeepsiejournal.com. Retrieved December 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/life/2019/12/24/wappingers-zion-episcopal-church-evolved-humble-outdoor-roots/2732892001/","url_text":"\"Wappingers' Zion Episcopal Church evolved from humble, outdoor roots: Dateline\""}]},{"reference":"\"History - zionwf\". sites.google.com. Retrieved August 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/zionwf/home/history","url_text":"\"History - zionwf\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Celebrating Four Decades of Church History\", Bethel Missionary Baptist Church\". Retrieved August 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bethelwappingersfalls.org/aboutbmbc/ourhistory.html","url_text":"\"\"Celebrating Four Decades of Church History\", Bethel Missionary Baptist Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dutchess County Historical and Genealogical Record Chapter 1\". genealogytrails.com. Genealogy Trails History Group. Retrieved August 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://genealogytrails.com/ny/dutchess/history/chapter2.html","url_text":"\"Dutchess County Historical and Genealogical Record Chapter 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"DTV Reception Maps | Federal Communications Commission\". www.fcc.gov. Retrieved January 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcc.gov/media/engineering/dtvmaps","url_text":"\"DTV Reception Maps | Federal Communications Commission\""}]},{"reference":"Schutzman, Nina (February 5, 2019). \"Catholic school in Wappingers Falls to close after 125 years\". Poughkeepsie Journal. Retrieved May 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/education/2019/02/05/catholic-school-wappingers-falls-close-after-125-years/2774549002/","url_text":"\"Catholic school in Wappingers Falls to close after 125 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poughkeepsie_Journal","url_text":"Poughkeepsie Journal"}]},{"reference":"Katchmer, George A. (2002). A Biographical Dictionary of Silent Film Western Actors and Actresses. McFarland. p. 273. ISBN 9780786446933. Retrieved June 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qkOeCQAAQBAJ&q=%22Jack+Mulhall%22+actor&pg=PA273","url_text":"A Biographical Dictionary of Silent Film Western Actors and Actresses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786446933","url_text":"9780786446933"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wappingers_Falls,_New_York&params=41_35_57_N_73_55_5_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°35′57″N 73°55′5″W / 41.59917°N 73.91806°W / 41.59917; -73.91806"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wappingers_Falls,_New_York&params=41_35_57_N_73_55_5_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°35′57″N 73°55′5″W / 41.59917°N 73.91806°W / 41.59917; -73.91806"},{"Link":"http://www.wappingersfallsny.gov/","external_links_name":"www.wappingersfallsny.gov"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200213090713/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US3678168","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Wappingers Falls village, New York\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US3678168","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.grinnell-library.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=63","external_links_name":"\"The History of Grinnell Library\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i3kSAAAAYAAJ&q=wapani&pg=RA1-PA38","external_links_name":"\"Footprints of the Red Men –- Indian Geographical Names in the Valley of Hudson's River, the Valley of the Mohawk, and on the Delaware: Their location and the probable meaning of some of them\""},{"Link":"http://www.mountgulian.org/wappinger.html","external_links_name":"\"Wappinger Indians\""},{"Link":"http://wappingershistoricalsociety.org/mesier.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Mesier Park & Homestead :: Wappingers Historical Society :: Preserving the history of Wappingers Falls\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028853327#page/466/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Clapp, Clinton W. \"The Town of Wappinger\" in Hasbrouck's History of Dutchess County"},{"Link":"http://catholic-church.org/saintmarys/history.htm","external_links_name":"\"History of St. Mary's\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/local/2017/06/05/cause-devastating-wappingers-falls-fire-under-investigation/369789001/","external_links_name":"\"Cause of 'devastating' Wappingers Falls fire under investigation\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/newyorkstateregi00hollrich#page/52/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Holley, Orville Luther, The New-York State Register, for 1845, J. Disturnell, New York, 1845"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wPztAAAAMAAJ&dq=New+Hamburg%2C+New+York&pg=RA1-PA433","external_links_name":"Gordon, Thomas Francis. Gazetteer of the State of New York, New York, 1836, p. 433"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924100747272","external_links_name":"Smith, James Hadden, History of Dutchess County with Illustrations and Biographical Sketch, p.366"},{"Link":"https://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/life/2019/12/24/wappingers-zion-episcopal-church-evolved-humble-outdoor-roots/2732892001/","external_links_name":"\"Wappingers' Zion Episcopal Church evolved from humble, outdoor roots: Dateline\""},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/zionwf/home/history","external_links_name":"\"History - zionwf\""},{"Link":"http://www.bethelwappingersfalls.org/aboutbmbc/ourhistory.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Celebrating Four Decades of Church History\", Bethel Missionary Baptist Church\""},{"Link":"https://hudsonvalleycountry.com/a-175-year-old-wappingers-falls-new-york-landmark-closes/","external_links_name":"\"A 175-year-old Wappingers Falls Landmark Closes\", The Wolf, January 16, 2023"},{"Link":"http://www.wappingersfallsumc.com/About-Us.html","external_links_name":"Wappingers Falls UMC"},{"Link":"http://genealogytrails.com/ny/dutchess/history/chapter2.html","external_links_name":"\"Dutchess County Historical and Genealogical Record Chapter 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.fcc.gov/media/engineering/dtvmaps","external_links_name":"\"DTV Reception Maps | Federal Communications Commission\""},{"Link":"https://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/education/2019/02/05/catholic-school-wappingers-falls-close-after-125-years/2774549002/","external_links_name":"\"Catholic school in Wappingers Falls to close after 125 years\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qkOeCQAAQBAJ&q=%22Jack+Mulhall%22+actor&pg=PA273","external_links_name":"A Biographical Dictionary of Silent Film Western Actors and Actresses"},{"Link":"http://www.wappingersfallsny.gov/","external_links_name":"Village of Wappingers Falls official website"},{"Link":"http://wappingershistoricalsociety.org/","external_links_name":"Wappingers Historical Society"},{"Link":"http://grinnell.wappingers.lib.ny.us/","external_links_name":"Grinnell Library Association"},{"Link":"http://www.dickshovel.com/wap.html","external_links_name":"Summary history of the Wappinger tribe"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/141913415","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564518205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82047973","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watkins_Glen,_New_York
Watkins Glen, New York
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Notable events and attractions","4.1 Watkins Glen State Park","4.2 Auto racing at Watkins Glen","4.3 International Motor Racing Research Center","4.4 Personal Watercraft racing at Watkins Glen","4.5 1973 Summer Jam at Watkins Glen Rock Festival","4.6 Phish festivals","4.7 True Love schooner","4.8 Farm animal protection movement","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°22′52″N 76°52′16″W / 42.38111°N 76.87111°W / 42.38111; -76.87111 CDP in New York, United StatesWatkins Glen, New YorkCDPFranklin Street in Watkins GlenWatkins GlenLocation within the state of New YorkShow map of New YorkWatkins GlenWatkins Glen (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 42°22′52″N 76°52′16″W / 42.38111°N 76.87111°W / 42.38111; -76.87111CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountySchuylerSettled1791; 233 years ago (1791)Named1842; 182 years ago (1842)as JeffersonNamed1852; 172 years ago (1852)as Watkins GlenGovernment • MayorLaurie DeNardoArea • Total1.94 sq mi (5.03 km2) • Land1.56 sq mi (4.04 km2) • Water0.38 sq mi (0.99 km2)Elevation463 ft (141 m)Population (2020) • Total1,863 • Density1,194.23/sq mi (461.05/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code14891Area code607FIPS code36-78696GNIS feature ID0974082Websitewww.watkinsglen.us Watkins Glen is a village and census-designated place in and the county seat of Schuyler County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,829. Watkins Glen lies within the towns of Dix and Reading. To the southwest of the village is the Watkins Glen International race track, which hosts annual NASCAR Cup Series and WeatherTech SportsCar Championship races, and formerly hosted the Formula One United States Grand Prix and various IndyCar races. The village was the recipient of the ten-million-dollar Downtown Revitalization Initiative (DRI) grant in July 2017 to revitalize the Mixed Use Village Center (VC). Former governor of New York Andrew M. Cuomo awarded fourteen projects in hopes that they would be catalysts for increased private investment in the village. This grant was largely secured by the work of local government officials and the Schuyler County Partnership for Economic Development (SCOPED). As of December 2023, the majority of the awarded projects have been completed. History The settlement of the village began in 1791. First named "Jefferson" in 1842, the village was later renamed in 1852 to honor Dr. Samuel Watkins. Watkins' older brother John purchased property around the gorge in 1794 and constructed mills. After his brother's death, Samuel Watkins inherited the property and spent four decades building up the area with roads, shops, and a hotel. The newspaper Watkins Glen Review & Express has served the area since 1854. Geography Watkins Glen State Park Watkins Glen is located at 42°22′52″N 76°52′16″W / 42.38111°N 76.87111°W / 42.38111; -76.87111 (42.380984, -76.871079). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.7 km2), of which 1.9 square miles (4.9 km2) of the village is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2) (17.41%) is water. New York State Route 14 joins New York State Route 79 and New York State Route 414 by Watkins Glen. NY-14 is one of the principal streets in Watkins Glen. New York State Route 329 and New York State Route 409 lead into Watkins Glen from the west. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18702,039—18802,71633.2%18902,604−4.1%19002,94313.0%19102,817−4.3%19202,785−1.1%19302,9566.1%19402,913−1.5%19503,0524.8%19602,813−7.8%19702,716−3.4%19802,440−10.2%19902,207−9.5%20002,149−2.6%20101,859−13.5%20201,829−1.6%2022 (est.)2,22821.8%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2010, there were 1,859 people, 873 households, and 442 families residing in the village. The population density was 845 inhabitants per square mile (326/km2). There were 977 housing units at an average density of 444 per square mile (171/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.2% White, 0.50% African American, 0.40% Native American, 0.50% Asian, 0.70% from other races, and 1.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.40% of the population. There were 873 households, out of which 22.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.70% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.40% were non-families. 42.40% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.86. In the village, the age distribution of the population was spread out, with 22.70% under the age of 20, 5.40% from 20 to 24, 31.80% from 25 to 50, and 17.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.20 years old. The Village of Watkins Glen had 866 male and 993 female residents. The median income for a household in the village was $34,969 and the median income for a family was $55,357. Males had a median income of $37,885 versus $29,000 for females. The per capita income for the village was $24,116. 5.0% of the population and 1.70% of families lived below the poverty line. 3.6% of those under 18 and 6.80% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Notable events and attractions Seneca Lake from Watkins Glen Watkins Glen State Park Main article: Watkins Glen State Park Watkins Glen State Park is a 778-acre park with a 400-foot-deep (120 m) narrow gorge featuring 19 waterfalls throughout less than two miles. It is considered a "flagship" park by the State of New York. Auto racing at Watkins Glen The Sahlen's Six Hours of The Glen at Watkins Glen International Watkins Glen is noted for its role in auto racing, being the home of a street course used in road racing, a famous racetrack, Watkins Glen International, one of the premier automobile road racing tracks in the United States, which has hosted the NASCAR Cup Series Go Bowling at The Glen, IndyCar Series Grand Prix at The Glen, and the IMSA SportsCar Championship 6 Hours of Watkins Glen. The first Watkins Glen Sports Car Grand Prix was held in 1948 on public streets in and near the village. Organized by resident Cameron Argetsinger, it was the first post-WWII road race held in the United States and it marked the revival of American road racing. The original course ran for 6.6 miles (10.6 km) and passed through the center of the village. The streets used for the original course remain intact today and a checkered flag marks the original start-finish line on the village's main street. During the 1952 race, driver Fred Wacker struck onlookers sitting on a curb, killing a 7-year-old boy and injuring 10 others. The tragedy caused the end of street racing at the Glen and elsewhere in the United States. A permanent racing facility, the Watkins Glen Grand Prix Race Course opened in 1956. It has hosted nearly every type of road racing, from the Sahlen's 6 Hours of Watkins Glen (1948-current), the Formula One United States Grand Prix (1961–1980), and the I Love New York 355 at The Glen (1957-current), which was one of the few races on the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series schedule not conducted on an oval speedway, the other being Sonoma Raceway until NASCAR added more road courses to the Cup Series schedule. International Motor Racing Research Center International Motor Racing Research Center The International Motor Racing Research Center, a professional archive of motorsports history, opened in June 1999 in an annex of the Watkins Glen Public Library. The mission of the center is to preserve and share the history of motorsports around the world. Personal Watercraft racing at Watkins Glen Since 2014, Watkins Glen has hosted a weekend of IJSBA (International Jet Sports Boating Association) closed course racing, and has become one of the largest race venues in the sport today. Originally promoted in Region 8 by NEWA (North East Watercraft Alliance), until 2016 when East Coast Watercross purchased the series, racing has been at Clute Memorial Park and Campground and is typically the last weekend in August. The event has always been free to spectators and features both closed course racing and freestyle competition using standup, sit-down, and sport class machines. 1973 Summer Jam at Watkins Glen Rock Festival The racetrack was also the scene of the July 28, 1973, Summer Jam at Watkins Glen rock festival attended by an estimated 600,000 people, one-and-a-half times the crowd at 1969's historic Woodstock Festival and a world record for the largest number of people at a pop music festival. The concert featured The Allman Brothers Band, Grateful Dead, and The Band. The music started at noon on Saturday and continued long into Sunday. Phish festivals On July 1–3 of 2011, the band Phish hosted Superball IX, a three-day music festival on the same grounds as the Summer Jam of '73. On August 21–23 2015, Phish hosted their 10th festival, Magnaball, on the grounds. Phish planned to return to Watkins Glen for their 11th festival, Curveball, on August 17–19, 2018 but was forced to cancel when their permit was revoked due to floods contaminating the local water supply. True Love schooner Watkins Glen is the home port for True Love, a schooner built in 1926 that was featured in High Society (1956). Farm animal protection movement Farm Sanctuary's headquarters in Watkins Glen Schuyler County Courthouse in Watkins Glen Watkins Glen is the home of Farm Sanctuary, a national farm animal protection organization co-founded by activist Gene Baur in 1986. In 1991, the organization opened a shelter in Watkins Glen that has since provided lifelong care for thousands of animals rescued from abuse; hosted numerous public events; and welcomed thousands of visitors from all over the world, sharing with them views of militant vegetarianism. References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ "Watkins Glen". Britanica. ^ Watkins Glen Chamber of Commerce. "Watkins Glen State Park – the untold story…". Wordpress. Retrieved July 17, 2021. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Section O: Environmental Conservation and Recreation, Table O-9". 2014 New York State Statistical Yearbook (PDF). The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government. 2014. p. 674. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2016. ^ "Watkins Glen State Park History". Watkins Glen Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved July 20, 2019. ^ Defechereux, Philippe (1998). Watkins Glen 1948-1952: The Definitive Illustrated History. Beeman Jorgensen. ISBN 0-929758-17-X. ^ "Our History". IMRRC. International Motor Racing Research Center. Retrieved July 20, 2019. ^ "Collecting, Preserving and Sharing History". IMRRC. International Motor Racing Research Center. Retrieved July 20, 2019. ^ "Curveball Forced to Cancel". ^ Johnson, Shane (May 8, 2014). "True Love Schooner". WSKG. Retrieved May 2, 2019. External links Watkins Glen, New York at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsTexts from WikisourceTravel information from WikivoyageData from Wikidata Village of Watkins Glen Watkins Glen State Park Book excerpt on the 1973 Summer Jam Rock Festival from "AQUARIUS RISING" by Robert Santelli 1884 Guidebook to Watkins Glen with Illustrations at Internet Archive Google Earth overlay of original circuit vteMunicipalities and communities of Schuyler County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: Watkins GlenTowns Catharine Cayuta Dix Hector Montour Orange Reading Tyrone Villages Burdett Montour Falls Odessa Watkins Glen Hamlets Alpine Beaver Dams Reading Center New York portal United States portal vteState of New YorkAlbany (capital)Topics Index Airports Bibliography Climate change Crime Demographics Economy Education Geography Gun laws Healthcare History Homelessness LGBT rights Museums Music Nickname Parks People Politics Sports Symbols Transportation Tourist attractions Politics Administrative divisions Congressional districts Constitution Delegations Senators Representatives Elections Government Law Regions Adirondack Mountains Allegheny Plateau Capital District Catskill Mountains Central Region Central New York Champlain Valley Tri-State area Finger Lakes Holland Purchase Hudson Highlands Hudson Valley Long Island Mohawk Valley Niagara Frontier North Country Ridge and Valley St. Lawrence Seaway Shawangunks Ski country Southern Tier Southtowns Tech Valley Thousand Islands Tug Hill Upstate Western Metro areas Albany / Schenectady / Troy Binghamton Buffalo / Niagara Falls Elmira / Corning Glens Falls Ithaca Jamestown Kingston New York City Rochester Syracuse Utica / Rome Watertown Counties Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Tryon Nassau New York Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond Rockland Saint Lawrence Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Charlotte Wayne Westchester Wyoming Yates Places Cities Towns Indian reservations Villages Census-designated places  New York (state) portal vteCounty seats of New York Albany Albion Auburn Ballston Spa Batavia Bath Belmont Binghamton Buffalo Canandaiagua Canton Carmel Catskill Cooperstown Cortland Delhi Elizabethtown Elmira Fonda Fort Edward Geneseo Goshen Herkimer Hudson Ithaca Johnstown Kingston Lake Pleasant Little Valley Lockport Lowville Lyons Malone Mayville Mineola Monticello New City Norwich Oswego Owego Penn Yan Plattsburgh Poughkeepsie Queensbury Riverhead Rochester Schenectady Schoharie Syracuse Troy Utica Wampsville Warsaw Waterloo Watertown Watkins Glen White Plains
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Schuyler County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuyler_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-4"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dix,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Watkins Glen International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watkins_Glen_International"},{"link_name":"NASCAR Cup Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series"},{"link_name":"WeatherTech SportsCar Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeatherTech_SportsCar_Championship"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"United States Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"IndyCar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndyCar_Series"}],"text":"CDP in New York, United StatesWatkins Glen is a village and census-designated place in and the county seat of Schuyler County,[4] New York, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,829. Watkins Glen lies within the towns of Dix and Reading. To the southwest of the village is the Watkins Glen International race track, which hosts annual NASCAR Cup Series and WeatherTech SportsCar Championship races, and formerly hosted the Formula One United States Grand Prix and various IndyCar races.The village was the recipient of the ten-million-dollar Downtown Revitalization Initiative (DRI) grant in July 2017 to revitalize the Mixed Use Village Center (VC). Former governor of New York Andrew M. Cuomo awarded fourteen projects in hopes that they would be catalysts for increased private investment in the village. This grant was largely secured by the work of local government officials and the Schuyler County Partnership for Economic Development (SCOPED). As of December 2023, the majority of the awarded projects have been completed.","title":"Watkins Glen, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Watkins Glen Review & Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watkins_Glen_Review_%26_Express"}],"text":"The settlement of the village began in 1791. First named \"Jefferson\" in 1842, the village was later renamed in 1852 to honor Dr. Samuel Watkins.[5] Watkins' older brother John purchased property around the gorge in 1794 and constructed mills. After his brother's death, Samuel Watkins inherited the property and spent four decades building up the area with roads, shops, and a hotel.[6] The newspaper Watkins Glen Review & Express has served the area since 1854.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watkins_Glen_State_Park_pano_6.jpg"},{"link_name":"42°22′52″N 76°52′16″W / 42.38111°N 76.87111°W / 42.38111; -76.87111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Watkins_Glen,_New_York&params=42_22_52_N_76_52_16_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-7"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_14"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_79"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 414","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_414"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 329","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_329"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 409","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_409"}],"text":"Watkins Glen State ParkWatkins Glen is located at 42°22′52″N 76°52′16″W / 42.38111°N 76.87111°W / 42.38111; -76.87111 (42.380984, -76.871079).[7]According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.7 km2), of which 1.9 square miles (4.9 km2) of the village is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2) (17.41%) is water.New York State Route 14 joins New York State Route 79 and New York State Route 414 by Watkins Glen. NY-14 is one of the principal streets in Watkins Glen. New York State Route 329 and New York State Route 409 lead into Watkins Glen from the west.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 1,859 people, 873 households, and 442 families residing in the village. The population density was 845 inhabitants per square mile (326/km2). There were 977 housing units at an average density of 444 per square mile (171/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.2% White, 0.50% African American, 0.40% Native American, 0.50% Asian, 0.70% from other races, and 1.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.40% of the population.There were 873 households, out of which 22.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.70% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.40% were non-families. 42.40% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.86.In the village, the age distribution of the population was spread out, with 22.70% under the age of 20, 5.40% from 20 to 24, 31.80% from 25 to 50, and 17.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.20 years old. The Village of Watkins Glen had 866 male and 993 female residents.The median income for a household in the village was $34,969 and the median income for a family was $55,357. Males had a median income of $37,885 versus $29,000 for females. The per capita income for the village was $24,116. 5.0% of the population and 1.70% of families lived below the poverty line. 3.6% of those under 18 and 6.80% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seneca_Lake_from_Watkins_Glen_July_2017.jpg"}],"text":"Seneca Lake from Watkins Glen","title":"Notable events and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Watkins Glen State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watkins_Glen_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIoG_PS-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Watkins Glen State Park","text":"Watkins Glen State Park is a 778-acre park with a 400-foot-deep (120 m)[10] narrow gorge featuring 19 waterfalls throughout less than two miles. It is considered a \"flagship\" park by the State of New York.[11]","title":"Notable events and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cars_drive_through_the_Esses_during_the_2014_Sahlen%27s_Six_Hours_of_The_Glen.jpg"},{"link_name":"auto racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing"},{"link_name":"road racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_racing"},{"link_name":"Watkins Glen International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watkins_Glen_International"},{"link_name":"NASCAR Cup Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series"},{"link_name":"Go Bowling at The Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_races_at_Watkins_Glen"},{"link_name":"IndyCar Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndyCar_Series"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix at The Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_at_The_Glen"},{"link_name":"IMSA SportsCar Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSA_SportsCar_Championship"},{"link_name":"6 Hours of Watkins Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_Hours_of_Watkins_Glen"},{"link_name":"Cameron Argetsinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Argetsinger"},{"link_name":"WWII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"6 Hours of Watkins Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_Hours_of_Watkins_Glen"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"United States Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"I Love New York 355 at The Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_New_York_355_at_The_Glen"},{"link_name":"Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Energy_NASCAR_Cup_Series"},{"link_name":"Sonoma Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_Raceway"}],"sub_title":"Auto racing at Watkins Glen","text":"The Sahlen's Six Hours of The Glen at Watkins Glen InternationalWatkins Glen is noted for its role in auto racing, being the home of a street course used in road racing, a famous racetrack, Watkins Glen International, one of the premier automobile road racing tracks in the United States, which has hosted the NASCAR Cup Series Go Bowling at The Glen, IndyCar Series Grand Prix at The Glen, and the IMSA SportsCar Championship 6 Hours of Watkins Glen. The first Watkins Glen Sports Car Grand Prix was held in 1948 on public streets in and near the village. Organized by resident Cameron Argetsinger, it was the first post-WWII road race held in the United States and it marked the revival of American road racing.The original course ran for 6.6 miles (10.6 km) and passed through the center of the village. The streets used for the original course remain intact today and a checkered flag marks the original start-finish line on the village's main street. During the 1952 race, driver Fred Wacker struck onlookers sitting on a curb, killing a 7-year-old boy and injuring 10 others. The tragedy caused the end of street racing at the Glen and elsewhere in the United States.[12]A permanent racing facility, the Watkins Glen Grand Prix Race Course opened in 1956. It has hosted nearly every type of road racing, from the Sahlen's 6 Hours of Watkins Glen (1948-current), the Formula One United States Grand Prix (1961–1980), and the I Love New York 355 at The Glen (1957-current), which was one of the few races on the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series schedule not conducted on an oval speedway, the other being Sonoma Raceway until NASCAR added more road courses to the Cup Series schedule.","title":"Notable events and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_Motor_Racing_Research_Center.jpg"},{"link_name":"Watkins Glen Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watkins_Glen_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"International Motor Racing Research Center","text":"International Motor Racing Research CenterThe International Motor Racing Research Center, a professional archive of motorsports history, opened in June 1999 in an annex of the Watkins Glen Public Library.[13] The mission of the center is to preserve and share the history of motorsports around the world.[14]","title":"Notable events and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Personal Watercraft racing at Watkins Glen","text":"Since 2014, Watkins Glen has hosted a weekend of IJSBA (International Jet Sports Boating Association) closed course racing, and has become one of the largest race venues in the sport today. Originally promoted in Region 8 by NEWA (North East Watercraft Alliance), until 2016 when East Coast Watercross purchased the series, racing has been at Clute Memorial Park and Campground and is typically the last weekend in August. The event has always been free to spectators and features both closed course racing and freestyle competition using standup, sit-down, and sport class machines.","title":"Notable events and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Summer Jam at Watkins Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Jam_at_Watkins_Glen"},{"link_name":"rock festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_festival"},{"link_name":"Woodstock Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_Festival"},{"link_name":"The Allman Brothers Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers_Band"},{"link_name":"Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"The Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Band"}],"sub_title":"1973 Summer Jam at Watkins Glen Rock Festival","text":"The racetrack was also the scene of the July 28, 1973, Summer Jam at Watkins Glen rock festival attended by an estimated 600,000 people, one-and-a-half times the crowd at 1969's historic Woodstock Festival and a world record for the largest number of people at a pop music festival. The concert featured The Allman Brothers Band, Grateful Dead, and The Band. The music started at noon on Saturday and continued long into Sunday.","title":"Notable events and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phish"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Phish festivals","text":"On July 1–3 of 2011, the band Phish hosted Superball IX, a three-day music festival on the same grounds as the Summer Jam of '73. On August 21–23 2015, Phish hosted their 10th festival, Magnaball, on the grounds. Phish planned to return to Watkins Glen for their 11th festival, Curveball, on August 17–19, 2018 but was forced to cancel when their permit was revoked due to floods contaminating the local water supply.[15]","title":"Notable events and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Society_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"True Love schooner","text":"Watkins Glen is the home port for True Love, a schooner built in 1926 that was featured in High Society (1956).[16]","title":"Notable events and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FarmSanctuary.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schuyler_County_Courthouse,_Watkins_Glen,_New_York_State.jpg"},{"link_name":"Farm Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"Gene Baur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Baur"}],"sub_title":"Farm animal protection movement","text":"Farm Sanctuary's headquarters in Watkins GlenSchuyler County Courthouse in Watkins GlenWatkins Glen is the home of Farm Sanctuary, a national farm animal protection organization co-founded by activist Gene Baur in 1986. In 1991, the organization opened a shelter in Watkins Glen that has since provided lifelong care for thousands of animals rescued from abuse; hosted numerous public events; and welcomed thousands of visitors from all over the world, sharing with them views of militant vegetarianism.","title":"Notable events and attractions"}]
[{"image_text":"Watkins Glen State Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Watkins_Glen_State_Park_pano_6.jpg/350px-Watkins_Glen_State_Park_pano_6.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seneca Lake from Watkins Glen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Seneca_Lake_from_Watkins_Glen_July_2017.jpg/220px-Seneca_Lake_from_Watkins_Glen_July_2017.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Sahlen's Six Hours of The Glen at Watkins Glen International","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cars_drive_through_the_Esses_during_the_2014_Sahlen%27s_Six_Hours_of_The_Glen.jpg/220px-Cars_drive_through_the_Esses_during_the_2014_Sahlen%27s_Six_Hours_of_The_Glen.jpg"},{"image_text":"International Motor Racing Research Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/International_Motor_Racing_Research_Center.jpg/220px-International_Motor_Racing_Research_Center.jpg"},{"image_text":"Farm Sanctuary's headquarters in Watkins Glen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/FarmSanctuary.JPG/220px-FarmSanctuary.JPG"},{"image_text":"Schuyler County Courthouse in Watkins Glen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Schuyler_County_Courthouse%2C_Watkins_Glen%2C_New_York_State.jpg/220px-Schuyler_County_Courthouse%2C_Watkins_Glen%2C_New_York_State.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Schuyler_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Schuyler_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watkins Glen\". Britanica.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Watkins-Glen","url_text":"\"Watkins Glen\""}]},{"reference":"Watkins Glen Chamber of Commerce. \"Watkins Glen State Park – the untold story…\". Wordpress. Retrieved July 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://watkinsglenchamber.wordpress.com/2015/03/19/watkins-glen-state-park-the-untold-story/amp/","url_text":"\"Watkins Glen State Park – the untold story…\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Section O: Environmental Conservation and Recreation, Table O-9\". 2014 New York State Statistical Yearbook (PDF). The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government. 2014. p. 674. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160428231718/http://www.rockinst.org/nys_statistics/2014/2014_Yearbook_Section_O.pdf","url_text":"2014 New York State Statistical Yearbook"},{"url":"http://www.rockinst.org/nys_statistics/2014/2014_Yearbook_Section_O.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Watkins Glen State Park History\". Watkins Glen Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved July 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.watkinsglenchamber.com/watkins-glen-state-park-history","url_text":"\"Watkins Glen State Park History\""}]},{"reference":"Defechereux, Philippe (1998). Watkins Glen 1948-1952: The Definitive Illustrated History. Beeman Jorgensen. ISBN 0-929758-17-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929758-17-X","url_text":"0-929758-17-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Our History\". IMRRC. International Motor Racing Research Center. Retrieved July 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingarchives.org/about-the-imrrc/our-history/","url_text":"\"Our History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collecting, Preserving and Sharing History\". IMRRC. International Motor Racing Research Center. Retrieved July 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingarchives.org/about-the-imrrc/overview/","url_text":"\"Collecting, Preserving and Sharing History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curveball Forced to Cancel\".","urls":[{"url":"http://phish.com/news/curveball-forced-to-cancel/","url_text":"\"Curveball Forced to Cancel\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Shane (May 8, 2014). \"True Love Schooner\". WSKG. Retrieved May 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://wskg.org/history/true-love-schooner/","url_text":"\"True Love Schooner\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valles_Marineris
Valles Marineris
["1 Formation","1.1 Former theories of formation","2 Regions of Valles Marineris","2.1 Noctis Labyrinthus","2.2 Ius and Tithonium chasmata","2.3 Melas, Candor and Ophir chasmata","2.4 Coprates Chasma","2.5 Eos and Ganges chasmata","2.6 Chryse region","3 Interactive Mars map","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 13°54′S 59°12′W / 13.9°S 59.2°W / -13.9; -59.2Valley system on Mars Valles MarinerisValles Marineris stretches over 4,000 km (2,500 mi) across Mars, mostly east-west just below the equator, as seen in this Viking 1 orbiter image mosaic. The three Tharsis Montes are at left; towards the top, an ancient outflow channel stretches northward from Echus Chasma to Kasei Valles. Similar outflow channels extend from the east end of Valles Marineris towards Mars's northern lowlands.Feature typeFault systemCoordinates13°54′S 59°12′W / 13.9°S 59.2°W / -13.9; -59.2Lengthover 4,000 km (2,500 mi)NamingMariner 9 Valles Marineris (/ˈvælɪs mærɪˈnɛərɪs/; Latin for Mariner Valleys, named after the Mariner 9 Mars orbiter of 1971–72 which discovered it) is a system of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region. At more than 4,000 km (2,500 mi) long, 200 km (120 mi) wide and up to 7 km (23,000 ft) deep, Valles Marineris is the largest canyon in the Solar System. Valles Marineris is located along the equator of Mars, on the east side of the Tharsis Bulge, and stretches for nearly a quarter of the planet's circumference. The canyon system starts in the west with Noctis Labyrinthus; proceeding to the east are Tithonium and Ius chasmata, then Melas, Candor and Ophir chasmata, then Coprates Chasma, then Ganges, Capri and Eos chasmata; finally it empties into an outflow channel region containing chaotic terrain that ends in the basin of Chryse Planitia. It has been recently suggested that Valles Marineris is a large tectonic "crack" in the Martian crust. Most researchers agree that this formed as the crust thickened in the Tharsis region to the west, and was subsequently widened by erosion. Near the eastern flanks of the rift, there appear to be channels that may have been formed by water or carbon dioxide. It has also been proposed that Valles Marineris is a large channel formed by the erosion of lava flowing from the flank of Pavonis Mons. Formation Valles Marineris topographic view constructed from MOLA altimetry data. Image shows Coprates Chasma, with Melas Chasma at the top, Candor Chasma at top right, and part of Capri Chasma at the bottom The most agreed upon theory today is that Valles Marineris was formed by rift faults, later enlarged by erosion and collapsing of the rift walls, similar to how the East African Rift was formed. The formation of Valles Marineris is thought to be closely tied with the formation of the Tharsis Bulge. The Tharsis Bulge was formed from the Noachian to Late Hesperian period of Mars, in three stages. Topographic map of Valles Marineris with its associated outflow channels and their surroundings, based on MOLA altimetry data The first stage consisted of a combination of volcanism and isostatic uplift; soon, however, the volcanism loaded the crust to a point at which the crust could no longer support the added weight of Tharsis, leading to widespread graben formation in the elevated regions of Tharsis. The second stage consisted of more volcanism and a loss of isostatic equilibrium; the source regions of the volcanism no longer resided underneath Tharsis, creating a very large load. Finally, the crust failed to hold up Tharsis and radial fractures formed, including at Valles Marineris. The third stage mainly consisted of more volcanism and asteroid impacts. The crust, having already reached its failure point, just stayed in place and younger volcanoes formed. Tharsis volcanism involved very low viscosity magma, forming shield volcanoes similar to those of the Hawaiian Island chain, but, because there is minor or no current active plate tectonics on Mars, the hotspot activity led to very long histories of repeated volcanic eruptions at the same spots, creating some of the largest volcanoes in the solar system, including the biggest, Olympus Mons. Landslides have left numerous deposits on the floor of Valles Marineris and contributed to widening it. Possible triggers of landslides are quakes caused by tectonic activity or impact events. Both types of events release seismic waves that accelerate the ground at and below the surface. Mars is much less tectonically active than Earth, and marsquakes are unlikely to have provided seismic waves of the required magnitude. Most sizable craters on Mars date to the Late Heavy Bombardment, 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ago (the Noachian period), and are older than the landslide deposits in Valles Marineris. However, three craters (including the crater Oudemans) have been identified, on the basis of their proximity and later dates, as ones whose formation may have caused some of the landslides. Valles Marineris in mosaic of Viking orbiter images, with Noctis Labyrinthus at the left, Melas Chasma in the middle, Hebes Chasma just left of top center, Eos Chasma at lower right and Ganges Chasma just above center right Valles Marineris in mosaic of THEMIS infrared images from 2001 Mars Odyssey Former theories of formation Theories about the formation of Valles Marineris have changed over the years. Ideas in the 1970s were erosion by water or thermokarst activity, which is the melting of permafrost in glacial climes. Thermokarst activity may have contributed, but erosion by water is a problematic mechanism because liquid water cannot exist in most current Martian surface conditions, which typically experience about 1% of Earth's atmospheric pressure and a temperature range of 148 K (−125 °C; −193 °F) to 310 K (37 °C; 98 °F). Many scientists however agree that liquid water flowed on the Martian surface in the past, when atmospheric conditions were different. Valles Marineris may have been enlarged by flowing water at that time. Another hypothesis by McCauley in 1972 was that the canyons formed by withdrawal of subsurface magma. Around 1989, a theory of formation by tensional fracturing was proposed. Regions of Valles Marineris Valles Marineris with major features labeled. Noctis Labyrinthus Morning water ice fog spills out of Noctis Labyrinthus (Viking 1 orbiter image) Noctis Labyrinthus, on the western edge of the Valles Marineris Rift System, north of the Syria Planum and east of Pavonis Mons, is a jumbled terrain composed of huge blocks which are heavily fractured. It also contains canyons that run in different directions surrounding large blocks of older terrain. Most of the upper parts of the blocks are composed of younger fractured material thought to be of volcanic origin associated with the Tharsis bulge. The other tops are composed of older fractured material thought also to be volcanic in origin, but differentiated from the younger material by more ruggedness and more impact craters. The sides of the blocks are composed of undivided material thought to be basement rock. The space between the blocks is composed mainly of either rough or smooth floor material. The rough floor material tends to be in the eastern portion of the Noctis Labyrinthus and is thought to be debris from the walls or maybe eolian features covering rough topography and landslides. The smooth floor material is thought to be composed of fluvial or basaltic material and/or eolian features covering an otherwise rough and jumbled terrain. Terrains such as Noctis Labyrinthus are commonly found at the head of outflow channels, like the one explored by the Pathfinder mission and its Sojourner rover. They are interpreted to be a place of downward block faulting associated with the removal of ground fluid in catastrophic flood sequences. The fluid could be either carbon-dioxide ice and gas, water or lava. The hypothesis of lava involvement is associated with a proposal that Noctis Labyrinthus is directly connected to lava tubes on the slope of Pavonis Mons. In 2024, scientists found evidence that the hypothesized lava came from a volcano they dubbed Noctis Mons, which would be the seventh-highest mountain on Mars at 9,028 m (29,619 ft), and that the eastern part of its base was home to multiple glaciers with potential for hosting life, which could make it a highly valuable candidate target for astrobiology missions. Part of Noctis Labyrinthus taken with Mars Global Surveyor. Layers in the wall of Noctis Labyrinthus taken with Mars Global Surveyor, under the MOC Public Targeting Program. Section of layers near top of Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program. Group of layers near the bottom of Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program. Wide view of cliff with layers in Noctis Labyrinthus. Close-up of part of previous image of layers in Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program. Close-up of complex, dark dunes in the previous image of the floor of Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program. Close-up of some layers in wall of Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program. Ius and Tithonium chasmata Ius Chasma image mosaic from 2001 Mars Odyssey, showing side canyons created by sapping. On the northern (upper) rim, right of center, a canyon turns 90 degrees where it encounters a graben. Further to the east from Oudemans, Ius and Tithonium chasmata are located parallel to each other, Ius to the south and Tithonium to the north. Ius is the wider of the two, leading to Melas Chasma. Ius has a ridge down the center of it by the name of Geryon Montes, composed of the undivided basement rock. The floor of Ius Chasma is mostly composed of pristine landslide material, not much degraded by cratering or erosion. The southern wall of Ius, and to a lesser extent the northern wall, has many short valleys stretching off roughly perpendicular to the line of the chasmas. These valleys have a stubby theater-headed leading edge very much like features seen on the Colorado Plateau near the Grand Canyon that appear from groundwater sapping. (Theater-headed means that, from above, the head of the valley is a well-defined U-shape). The valley is propagated by the continued erosion and the collapse of the wall. Tithonium Chasma is very similar to Ius, except it is lacking the sapping features on the south side and contains a small portion of material that is similar to the smooth floor features except that it appears to be an ash fall that has been eroded by the wind. Between the two canyons, the surface is composed of younger fractured material - lava flows and faults from crustal extension of the Tharsis Bulge. Melas, Candor and Ophir chasmata Ophir Chasma THEMIS mosaic The next portion of Valles Marineris to the east are three chasmata, that from south to north are Melas, Candor and Ophir chasmata. Melas is east of Ius, Candor is east of Tithonium and Ophir appears as an oval that runs into Candor. All three chasmata are connected. The floor of Melas Chasma is about 70% younger massive material that is thought to be volcanic ash whipped up by the wind into eolian features. It also contains rough floor material from the erosion of the canyon walls. Also, in these central chasmata there is a portion of the floor that is higher than the rest of the floor, most likely left by the continued dropping of the other floor material. Around the edges of Melas is also a lot of slide material as seen in Ius and Tithonium chasmata. The material of the floor of the canyon system between Candor and Melas chasmata is grooved. This is interpreted to be alluvial deposits and/or material that has collapsed or contracted by the removal of ice or water. There are also portions of older and younger massive floor material of volcaniclastic origin - only separated in age by crater distribution. Also there is etched massive floor material that is like the younger and older massive material except that it has wind erosion features on it. There are also a few spires of undivided material composed of the same material as the canyon walls. Coprates Chasma Seasonal flows on Coprates Chasma in Valles Marineris. Deposits from landslides moving in opposite directions meet on the canyon floor near the junction of Melas and Coprates chasmata. Further to the east, the canyon system runs into Coprates Chasma, which is very similar to Ius and Tithonium chasmata. Coprates differs from Ius in the eastern end which contains alluvial deposits and eolian material and like Ius, has layered deposits, although the deposits in the Coprates Chasma are much more well defined. These deposits pre-date the Valles Marineris system, suggesting erosion and sedimentary processes later cut by the Valles Marineris system. Newer data from Mars Global Surveyor suggest that the origin of this layering is either just a succession of landslides, one over another, volcanic in origin, or it may be the bottom of a basin of either liquid or solid water ice suggesting that the peripheral canyons of the Valles Marineris system could have been at one time isolated lakes formed from erosional collapse. Another possible source of the layered deposits could be wind-blown, but the diversity of the layers suggests that this material is not dominant. Note that only the upper layers are thin, while the bottom layers are very big, suggesting that the lower layers were composed of mass wasted rock and the upper layers come from another source. Some of this layering may have been transferred to the floor by landslides in which the layers are kept semi-intact, yet the layered section looks highly deformed with thickening and thinning beds that have multitudes of folds in them as seen in MOC image #8405. This complex terrain could also be just eroded sediment from an ancient Martian lake-bed and appear complex because all that we have is an aerial view like a geologic map and not enough elevation data to see if the beds are horizontal. Near 60° W is the deepest point of the Valles Marineris system (as well as its lowest point by elevation) at 11 km (36,000 ft) below the surrounding plateau. Eastward from here there is about a 0.03 degree slope upward before reaching the outflow channels, which means that if you poured fluid into this part of the canyon, it would form a lake with a depth of 1 km (3,300 ft) before spilling over towards the northern plains. A field of more than 100 pitted cones on the floor of Coprates Chasma has been interpreted as a set of small igneous cinder or tuff cones, with associated lava flows. Crater dating indicates they are of Middle to Late Amazonian age, about 200 to 400 million years old. Eos and Ganges chasmata Rim of Ganges chasma, closeup showing stratigraphy and small landslides. Further to the east lie Eos and Ganges chasmata. Eos Chasma's western floor is mainly composed of an etched massive material composed of either volcanic or eolian deposits later eroded by the Martian wind. The eastern end of the Eos chasma has a large area of streamlined bars and longitudinal striations. This is interpreted to be stream-carved plateau deposits and material transported and deposited by flowing fluid. Ganges Chasma is an offshoot chasma of Eos in a general east–west trend. The floor of Ganges is mainly composed of alluvial deposits from the canyon walls. Chryse region East of Eos and Ganges, Valles Marineris empties out into the Chryse region of the northern plains of Mars at an elevation only 1 km (3,300 ft) above the deepest point of Valles Marineris in Melas Chasma. The outflow regions of the northern plains are similar to the terrain seen at the Mars Pathfinder landing site. A terrestrial counterpart of these outflow channels on Earth would be the scablands of eastern Washington. The eastern Washington scablands are a result of repeated catastrophic flooding due to the build-up of an ice dam at the head of Lake Missoula in the Late Pleistocene. The ice dam would block the water for a while, but when it broke, the ice would float on top of the ensuing flood and vast areas would be stripped of topsoil and vegetation, leaving a large barren area of 'teardrop' islands, longitudinal grooves and terraced margins. Many of these features are also seen in Martian outflow channels, but on a larger scale. The outflow occurs successively through several regions of chaotic terrain, Aurorae Chaos and Hydraotes Chaos, and finally through Simud Valles and Tiu Valles into Chryse Planitia. Interactive Mars map Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars. Hover your mouse over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations, based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (+12 to +8 km); followed by pinks and reds (+8 to +3 km); yellow is 0 km; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to −8 km). Axes are latitude and longitude; Polar regions are noted. (See also: Mars Rovers map and Mars Memorial map) (view • discuss) See also Solar System portal Geography of Mars Lakes on Mars Vallis Mars carbonate catastrophe Notes ^ "Valles Marineris". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. ^ "Valles Marineris". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Science Center. Retrieved 2015-02-28. ^ "Vallis Marineris". Goddard Space Flight Center. NASA. 2002. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2018-01-22. ^ "Valles Marineris". NASA. 2005. Retrieved 2018-01-22. ^ "Valles Marineris: The Grand Canyon of Mars". NASA. 2008-03-23. Retrieved 2024-01-25. ^ Wolpert, Stuart (2012-08-09). "UCLA scientist discovers plate tectonics on Mars". UCLA. Retrieved 2012-08-13. ^ Lin, An (2012-06-04). "Structural analysis of the Valles Marineris fault zone: Possible evidence for large-scale strike-slip faulting on Mars". Lithosphere. 4 (4): 286–330. Bibcode:2012Lsphe...4..286Y. doi:10.1130/L192.1. ^ a b Leone, Giovanni (2014-05-01). "A network of lava tubes as the origin of Labyrinthus Noctis and Valles Marineris on Mars". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 277: 1–8. Bibcode:2014JVGR..277....1L. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.01.011. ^ Cattermole, Peter John (2001). Mars: the mystery unfolds. Oxford University Press. p. 103-104. ISBN 0-19-521726-8. ^ a b Akers, C.; Schedl, A. D.; Mundy, L. (2012). "What Caused the Landslides in Valles Marineris, Mars?" (PDF). 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. p. 1932. Retrieved 2013-02-11. ^ Cabrol, N. and E. Grin (eds.). 2010. Lakes on Mars. Elsevier. NY ^ a b c d e f Witbeck, Tanaka and Scott, Geologic Map of the Valles Marineris Region, Mars; USGS I-2010; 1991. ^ a b Rodriguez, J. Alexis P.; Kargel, Jeffrey S.; Baker, Victor R.; Gulick, Virginia C.; et al. (8 September 2015). "Martian outflow channels: How did their source aquifers form, and why did they drain so rapidly?". Scientific Reports. 5: 13404. Bibcode:2015NatSR...513404R. doi:10.1038/srep13404. PMC 4562069. PMID 26346067. ^ "Giant Volcano Discovered on Mars". SETI Institute. March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024. ^ "Remains of a Modern Glacier Found Near Mars' Equator Implies Water Ice Possibly Present at Low Latitudes on Mars Even Today". SETI Institute. March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2024. ^ Howard, Kochel and Holt; Sapping Features of the Colorado Plateau: A Comparative Planetary Geology Field Guide; NASA; 1988. ^ Cattermole, 113-114 ^ Cattermole, 105 ^ "Recent volcanic activity and hydrothermal minerals on Mars". Czech Academy of Sciences. 2017-07-19. Retrieved 2017-07-27. ^ Brož, P.; Hauber, E.; Wray, J. J.; Michael, G. (2017). "Amazonian volcanism inside Valles Marineris on Mars". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 473: 122–130. Bibcode:2017E&PSL.473..122B. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.06.003. ^ Cattermole, 126 ^ United States Geological Survey Mars topographic map with feature names References Hoffman, Nick; White Mars: A New Model for Mars' Surface and Atmosphere Based on CO2; Academic Press; 2000. Malin Space Science Systems Home Page Malin Space Science Systems, science paper External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Valles Marineris. Flight into Mariner Valley: Valles Marineris HD video (narrated) at YouTube or the ASU web site Google Mars scrollable map - centered on Valles Marineris Flying around Candor Chasma at an altitude of 100 meters (see MARS3DdotCOM album for more) Video simulation of high altitude Valles Marineris overflight by Seán Doran (see Mars playlist for more) vteGeography and geology of MarsCartographyRegions Abalos Undae Aspledon Undae Arabia Terra Cerberus Cydonia Eridania Lake Hyperboreae Undae Ogygis Undae Olympia Undae Planum Australe Planum Boreum Quadrangles Sinus Meridiani Siton Undae Tempe Terra Terra Cimmeria Terra Sabaea Tharsis Vastitas Borealis Quadrangles Aeolis Amazonis Amenthes Arabia Arcadia Argyre Casius Cebrenia Coprates Diacria Elysium Eridania Hellas Iapygia Ismenius Lacus Lunae Palus Mare Acidalium Mare Australe (South Pole) Mare Boreum (North Pole) Mare Tyrrhenum Margaritifer Sinus Memnonia Noachis Oxia Palus Phaethontis Phoenicis Lacus Sinus Sabaeus Syrtis Major Tharsis 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Meteorites found on Mars Block Island Heat Shield Mackinac Island Meridiani Planum Oileán Ruaidh Shelter Island Martian meteorites found on Earth Balsaltic Breccia Chassignites Nakhlites Shergottites Other List TopographyMountains and volcanoes (list by height) Acidalia Colles Alba Mons Anseris Mons Apollinaris Mons Ariadnes Colles Astapus Colles Ausonia Montes Avernus Colles Biblis Tholus Centauri Montes Charitum Montes Echus Montes Elysium Elysium Mons Albor Tholus Hecates Tholus Erebus Montes Galaxius Mons Hadriacus Mons Hellas Montes Jovis Tholus Libya Montes Mount Sharp Nereidum Montes Olympus Mons Phlegra Montes Syrtis Major Planum Tartarus Colles Tartarus Montes Tharsis Montes Ascraeus Pavonis Arsia Tharsis Tholus Tyrrhenus Mons Ulysses Tholus Uranius group Uranius Mons Ceraunius Tholus Uranius Tholus Plains andplateaus Acidalia Planitia Aeolis Palus Amazonis Planitia Arcadia Planitia Argyre Planitia Chryse Planitia Daedalia Planum Elysium Planitia Eridania Planitia Hellas 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Tader Tinia Tinjar Tiu Tyras Uzboi ULM Vedra Verde Warrego Fossae, mensaerupes and labyrinthi Amenthes Fossae Ceraunius Fossae Cerberus Fossae Coloe Fossae Cyane Fossae Elysium Fossae Hephaestus Fossae Icaria Fossae Labeatis Fossae Mangala Fossa Mareotis Fossae Medusae Fossae Memnonia Fossae Nili Fossae Olympica Fossae Oti Fossae Sirenum Fossae Tantalus Fossae Tempe Fossae Tithonium Fossae Tractus Fossae Ulysses Fossae Aeolis Mensae Ausonia Mensa Capri Mensa Cydonia Mensae Deuteronilus Mensae Ganges Mensa Nilosyrtis Mensae Protonilus Mensae Sacra Mensa Claritas Rupes Nilokeras Scopulus Olympus Rupes Rupes Tenuis Angustus Labyrinthus Noctis Labyrinthus Catenae andcraters Artynia Catena Tithoniae Catenae Tractus Catena Adams Agassiz Airy Airy-0 Aniak Antoniadi Arandas Argo Arkhangelsky Arrhenius Asimov Bacolor Bakhuysen Baldet Baltisk Bamberg Barabashov Barnard Beagle Becquerel Beer Belz Bernard Bianchini Boeddicker Bok Bond Bonestell Bonneville Brashear Briault Burroughs Burton Campbell 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈvælɪs mærɪˈnɛərɪs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Mariner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_program"},{"link_name":"Mariner 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_9"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"canyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon"},{"link_name":"Martian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"Tharsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharsis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_VMarineris-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSFC_VM-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTTP_VMarineris-4"},{"link_name":"canyon in the Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_rifts_and_valleys_in_the_Solar_System"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tharsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharsis"},{"link_name":"Noctis Labyrinthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noctis_Labyrinthus"},{"link_name":"Tithonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithonium_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Ius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ius_Chasma"},{"link_name":"chasmata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasma"},{"link_name":"Melas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melas_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Candor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candor_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Ophir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophir_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Coprates Chasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprates_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Ganges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Capri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capri_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Eos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eos_Chasma"},{"link_name":"outflow channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outflow_channel"},{"link_name":"chaotic terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaotic_terrain"},{"link_name":"Chryse Planitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chryse_Planitia"},{"link_name":"tectonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tectonic-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lin,_An-7"},{"link_name":"Tharsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharsis"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"lava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava"},{"link_name":"Pavonis Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavonis_Mons"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leone2014-8"}],"text":"Valley system on MarsValles Marineris (/ˈvælɪs mærɪˈnɛərɪs/;[1] Latin for Mariner Valleys, named after the Mariner 9 Mars orbiter of 1971–72 which discovered it) is a system of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region.[2] At more than 4,000 km (2,500 mi) long, 200 km (120 mi) wide and up to 7 km (23,000 ft) deep,[3][4] Valles Marineris is the largest canyon in the Solar System.[5]Valles Marineris is located along the equator of Mars, on the east side of the Tharsis Bulge, and stretches for nearly a quarter of the planet's circumference. The canyon system starts in the west with Noctis Labyrinthus; proceeding to the east are Tithonium and Ius chasmata, then Melas, Candor and Ophir chasmata, then Coprates Chasma, then Ganges, Capri and Eos chasmata; finally it empties into an outflow channel region containing chaotic terrain that ends in the basin of Chryse Planitia.It has been recently suggested that Valles Marineris is a large tectonic \"crack\" in the Martian crust.[6][7] Most researchers agree that this formed as the crust thickened in the Tharsis region to the west, and was subsequently widened by erosion. Near the eastern flanks of the rift, there appear to be channels that may have been formed by water or carbon dioxide. It has also been proposed that Valles Marineris is a large channel formed by the erosion of lava flowing from the flank of Pavonis Mons.[8]","title":"Valles Marineris"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valles_Marineris_NASA_World_Wind_map_Mars.jpg"},{"link_name":"MOLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter"},{"link_name":"Coprates Chasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprates_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Melas Chasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melas_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Candor Chasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candor_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Capri Chasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capri_Chasma"},{"link_name":"rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift"},{"link_name":"faults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)"},{"link_name":"East African Rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Rift"},{"link_name":"Tharsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharsis"},{"link_name":"Noachian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noachian_epoch"},{"link_name":"Hesperian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperian_epoch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valles_Marineris_%26_outflow_channels_MOLA_zoom_64.jpg"},{"link_name":"outflow channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outflow_channel"},{"link_name":"isostatic uplift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isostatic_uplift"},{"link_name":"volcanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"graben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben"},{"link_name":"isostatic equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isostasy"},{"link_name":"magma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Island chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Olympus Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_Mons"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cattermole-9"},{"link_name":"Landslides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide"},{"link_name":"landslides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslides"},{"link_name":"marsquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsquake"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akers_2012-10"},{"link_name":"Late Heavy Bombardment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment"},{"link_name":"Oudemans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudemans_(crater)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akers_2012-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VallesMarinerisHuge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Viking orbiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_program"},{"link_name":"Noctis Labyrinthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noctis_Labyrinthus"},{"link_name":"Melas Chasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melas_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Hebes Chasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebes_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Eos Chasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eos_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Ganges Chasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_Chasma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:016vallesmarineris.jpg"},{"link_name":"THEMIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System"},{"link_name":"2001 Mars Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey"}],"text":"Valles Marineris topographic view constructed from MOLA altimetry data. Image shows Coprates Chasma, with Melas Chasma at the top, Candor Chasma at top right, and part of Capri Chasma at the bottomThe most agreed upon theory today is that Valles Marineris was formed by rift faults, later enlarged by erosion and collapsing of the rift walls, similar to how the East African Rift was formed. The formation of Valles Marineris is thought to be closely tied with the formation of the Tharsis Bulge. The Tharsis Bulge was formed from the Noachian to Late Hesperian period of Mars, in three stages.Topographic map of Valles Marineris with its associated outflow channels and their surroundings, based on MOLA altimetry dataThe first stage consisted of a combination of volcanism and isostatic uplift; soon, however, the volcanism loaded the crust to a point at which the crust could no longer support the added weight of Tharsis, leading to widespread graben formation in the elevated regions of Tharsis. The second stage consisted of more volcanism and a loss of isostatic equilibrium; the source regions of the volcanism no longer resided underneath Tharsis, creating a very large load. Finally, the crust failed to hold up Tharsis and radial fractures formed, including at Valles Marineris. The third stage mainly consisted of more volcanism and asteroid impacts. The crust, having already reached its failure point, just stayed in place and younger volcanoes formed. Tharsis volcanism involved very low viscosity magma, forming shield volcanoes similar to those of the Hawaiian Island chain, but, because there is minor or no current active plate tectonics on Mars, the hotspot activity led to very long histories of repeated volcanic eruptions at the same spots, creating some of the largest volcanoes in the solar system, including the biggest, Olympus Mons.[9]Landslides have left numerous deposits on the floor of Valles Marineris and contributed to widening it. Possible triggers of landslides are quakes caused by tectonic activity or impact events. Both types of events release seismic waves that accelerate the ground at and below the surface. Mars is much less tectonically active than Earth, and marsquakes are unlikely to have provided seismic waves of the required magnitude.[10] Most sizable craters on Mars date to the Late Heavy Bombardment, 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ago (the Noachian period), and are older than the landslide deposits in Valles Marineris. However, three craters (including the crater Oudemans) have been identified, on the basis of their proximity and later dates, as ones whose formation may have caused some of the landslides.[10]Valles Marineris in mosaic of Viking orbiter images, with Noctis Labyrinthus at the left, Melas Chasma in the middle, Hebes Chasma just left of top center, Eos Chasma at lower right and Ganges Chasma just above center rightValles Marineris in mosaic of THEMIS infrared images from 2001 Mars Odyssey","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"thermokarst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermokarst"},{"link_name":"permafrost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost"},{"link_name":"liquid water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_on_Mars"}],"sub_title":"Former theories of formation","text":"Theories about the formation of Valles Marineris have changed over the years.[11] Ideas in the 1970s were erosion by water or thermokarst activity, which is the melting of permafrost in glacial climes. Thermokarst activity may have contributed, but erosion by water is a problematic mechanism because liquid water cannot exist in most current Martian surface conditions, which typically experience about 1% of Earth's atmospheric pressure and a temperature range of 148 K (−125 °C; −193 °F) to 310 K (37 °C; 98 °F). Many scientists however agree that liquid water flowed on the Martian surface in the past, when atmospheric conditions were different. Valles Marineris may have been enlarged by flowing water at that time. Another hypothesis by McCauley in 1972 was that the canyons formed by withdrawal of subsurface magma. Around 1989, a theory of formation by tensional fracturing was proposed.","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valles_Marineris.jpg"}],"text":"Valles Marineris with major features labeled.","title":"Regions of Valles Marineris"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noctis_Labyrinthus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Viking 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_1"},{"link_name":"Noctis Labyrinthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noctis_Labyrinthus"},{"link_name":"Syria Planum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Planum"},{"link_name":"Pavonis Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavonis_Mons"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_I-2010-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodriguez_2015-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leone2014-8"},{"link_name":"glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"astrobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiology"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SETI_Institute_2024-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SETI_Institute_2023-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Part_of_Noctis_Labyrinthus_taken_with_the_Mars_Global_Surveyor_-_20060529.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noctis_Labyrinthus.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mars Global Surveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor"},{"link_name":"MOC Public Targeting Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOC_Public_Targeting_Program"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:25970noctuslayers.jpg"},{"link_name":"HiWish program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiWish_program"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:25970bottomlayers.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CtxnoctisP11_005334_1717.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:26682layersclose.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:26682dunes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:26682layersnorth.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Noctis Labyrinthus","text":"Morning water ice fog spills out of Noctis Labyrinthus (Viking 1 orbiter image)Noctis Labyrinthus, on the western edge of the Valles Marineris Rift System, north of the Syria Planum and east of Pavonis Mons, is a jumbled terrain composed of huge blocks which are heavily fractured. It also contains canyons that run in different directions surrounding large blocks of older terrain. Most of the upper parts of the blocks are composed of younger fractured material thought to be of volcanic origin associated with the Tharsis bulge. The other tops are composed of older fractured material thought also to be volcanic in origin, but differentiated from the younger material by more ruggedness and more impact craters. The sides of the blocks are composed of undivided material thought to be basement rock. The space between the blocks is composed mainly of either rough or smooth floor material. The rough floor material tends to be in the eastern portion of the Noctis Labyrinthus and is thought to be debris from the walls or maybe eolian features covering rough topography and landslides. The smooth floor material is thought to be composed of fluvial or basaltic material and/or eolian features covering an otherwise rough and jumbled terrain.[12] Terrains such as Noctis Labyrinthus are commonly found at the head of outflow channels, like the one explored by the Pathfinder mission and its Sojourner rover. They are interpreted to be a place of downward block faulting associated with the removal of ground fluid in catastrophic flood sequences.[13] The fluid could be either carbon-dioxide ice and gas, water or lava. The hypothesis of lava involvement is associated with a proposal that Noctis Labyrinthus is directly connected to lava tubes on the slope of Pavonis Mons.[8] In 2024, scientists found evidence that the hypothesized lava came from a volcano they dubbed Noctis Mons, which would be the seventh-highest mountain on Mars at 9,028 m (29,619 ft), and that the eastern part of its base was home to multiple glaciers with potential for hosting life, which could make it a highly valuable candidate target for astrobiology missions. [14] [15]Part of Noctis Labyrinthus taken with Mars Global Surveyor.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLayers in the wall of Noctis Labyrinthus taken with Mars Global Surveyor, under the MOC Public Targeting Program.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSection of layers near top of Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGroup of layers near the bottom of Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWide view of cliff with layers in Noctis Labyrinthus.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose-up of part of previous image of layers in Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose-up of complex, dark dunes in the previous image of the floor of Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose-up of some layers in wall of Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program.","title":"Regions of Valles Marineris"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mars;_Ius_Chasma.jpg"},{"link_name":"2001 Mars Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"sapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_sapping"},{"link_name":"graben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben"},{"link_name":"Ius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ius_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Tithonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithonium_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon"},{"link_name":"groundwater sapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_sapping"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Tharsis Bulge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharsis_Bulge"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_I-2010-12"}],"sub_title":"Ius and Tithonium chasmata","text":"Ius Chasma image mosaic from 2001 Mars Odyssey, showing side canyons created by sapping. On the northern (upper) rim, right of center, a canyon turns 90 degrees where it encounters a graben.Further to the east from Oudemans, Ius and Tithonium chasmata are located parallel to each other, Ius to the south and Tithonium to the north. Ius is the wider of the two, leading to Melas Chasma. Ius has a ridge down the center of it by the name of Geryon Montes, composed of the undivided basement rock. The floor of Ius Chasma is mostly composed of pristine landslide material, not much degraded by cratering or erosion. The southern wall of Ius, and to a lesser extent the northern wall, has many short valleys stretching off roughly perpendicular to the line of the chasmas. These valleys have a stubby theater-headed leading edge very much like features seen on the Colorado Plateau near the Grand Canyon that appear from groundwater sapping. (Theater-headed means that, from above, the head of the valley is a well-defined U-shape). The valley is propagated by the continued erosion and the collapse of the wall.[16] Tithonium Chasma is very similar to Ius, except it is lacking the sapping features on the south side and contains a small portion of material that is similar to the smooth floor features except that it appears to be an ash fall that has been eroded by the wind. Between the two canyons, the surface is composed of younger fractured material - lava flows and faults from crustal extension of the Tharsis Bulge.[12]","title":"Regions of Valles Marineris"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ophir_Chasma_THEMIS_mosaic.jpg"},{"link_name":"Melas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melas_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Candor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candor_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Ophir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophir_Chasma"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_I-2010-12"},{"link_name":"alluvial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial"},{"link_name":"volcaniclastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_I-2010-12"}],"sub_title":"Melas, Candor and Ophir chasmata","text":"Ophir Chasma THEMIS mosaicThe next portion of Valles Marineris to the east are three chasmata, that from south to north are Melas, Candor and Ophir chasmata. Melas is east of Ius, Candor is east of Tithonium and Ophir appears as an oval that runs into Candor. All three chasmata are connected. The floor of Melas Chasma is about 70% younger massive material that is thought to be volcanic ash whipped up by the wind into eolian features. It also contains rough floor material from the erosion of the canyon walls. Also, in these central chasmata there is a portion of the floor that is higher than the rest of the floor, most likely left by the continued dropping of the other floor material. Around the edges of Melas is also a lot of slide material as seen in Ius and Tithonium chasmata.[12]The material of the floor of the canyon system between Candor and Melas chasmata is grooved. This is interpreted to be alluvial deposits and/or material that has collapsed or contracted by the removal of ice or water. There are also portions of older and younger massive floor material of volcaniclastic origin - only separated in age by crater distribution. Also there is etched massive floor material that is like the younger and older massive material except that it has wind erosion features on it. There are also a few spires of undivided material composed of the same material as the canyon walls.[12]","title":"Regions of Valles Marineris"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIA19805-SeasonalFlows-CopratesChasma-VallesMarineris-20150721.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seasonal flows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes"},{"link_name":"Coprates Chasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprates_Chasma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coprates_Chasma_landslides.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coprates Chasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprates_Chasma"},{"link_name":"eolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolian_processes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_I-2010-12"},{"link_name":"Mars Global Surveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor"},{"link_name":"landslides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"cinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder_cone"},{"link_name":"tuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff_cone"},{"link_name":"Amazonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonian_(Mars)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CzechAcad2017-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bro%C5%BE2017-20"}],"sub_title":"Coprates Chasma","text":"Seasonal flows on Coprates Chasma in Valles Marineris.Deposits from landslides moving in opposite directions meet on the canyon floor near the junction of Melas and Coprates chasmata.Further to the east, the canyon system runs into Coprates Chasma, which is very similar to Ius and Tithonium chasmata. Coprates differs from Ius in the eastern end which contains alluvial deposits and eolian material[12] and like Ius, has layered deposits, although the deposits in the Coprates Chasma are much more well defined. These deposits pre-date the Valles Marineris system, suggesting erosion and sedimentary processes later cut by the Valles Marineris system. Newer data from Mars Global Surveyor suggest that the origin of this layering is either just a succession of landslides, one over another, volcanic in origin, or it may be the bottom of a basin of either liquid or solid water ice suggesting that the peripheral canyons of the Valles Marineris system could have been at one time isolated lakes formed from erosional collapse. Another possible source of the layered deposits could be wind-blown, but the diversity of the layers suggests that this material is not dominant. Note that only the upper layers are thin, while the bottom layers are very big, suggesting that the lower layers were composed of mass wasted rock and the upper layers come from another source.[17] Some of this layering may have been transferred to the floor by landslides in which the layers are kept semi-intact, yet the layered section looks highly deformed with thickening and thinning beds that have multitudes of folds in them as seen in MOC image #8405. This complex terrain could also be just eroded sediment from an ancient Martian lake-bed and appear complex because all that we have is an aerial view like a geologic map and not enough elevation data to see if the beds are horizontal.Near 60° W is the deepest point of the Valles Marineris system (as well as its lowest point by elevation) at 11 km (36,000 ft) below the surrounding plateau. Eastward from here there is about a 0.03 degree slope upward before reaching the outflow channels, which means that if you poured fluid into this part of the canyon, it would form a lake with a depth of 1 km (3,300 ft) before spilling over towards the northern plains.[18]A field of more than 100 pitted cones on the floor of Coprates Chasma has been interpreted as a set of small igneous cinder or tuff cones, with associated lava flows. Crater dating indicates they are of Middle to Late Amazonian age, about 200 to 400 million years old.[19][20]","title":"Regions of Valles Marineris"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ganges_chasma_closeup.jpg"},{"link_name":"stratigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphy"},{"link_name":"Eos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eos_Chasma"},{"link_name":"Ganges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_Chasma"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_I-2010-12"}],"sub_title":"Eos and Ganges chasmata","text":"Rim of Ganges chasma, closeup showing stratigraphy and small landslides.Further to the east lie Eos and Ganges chasmata. Eos Chasma's western floor is mainly composed of an etched massive material composed of either volcanic or eolian deposits later eroded by the Martian wind. The eastern end of the Eos chasma has a large area of streamlined bars and longitudinal striations. This is interpreted to be stream-carved plateau deposits and material transported and deposited by flowing fluid. Ganges Chasma is an offshoot chasma of Eos in a general east–west trend. The floor of Ganges is mainly composed of alluvial deposits from the canyon walls.[12]","title":"Regions of Valles Marineris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chryse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chryse_Planitia"},{"link_name":"Mars Pathfinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder"},{"link_name":"outflow channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outflow_channels"},{"link_name":"scablands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channeled_Scablands"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Lake Missoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Missoula"},{"link_name":"Late Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Aurorae Chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurorae_Chaos"},{"link_name":"Hydraotes Chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraotes_Chaos"},{"link_name":"Simud Valles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simud_Valles"},{"link_name":"Tiu Valles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiu_Valles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodriguez_2015-13"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_map-22"}],"sub_title":"Chryse region","text":"East of Eos and Ganges, Valles Marineris empties out into the Chryse region of the northern plains of Mars at an elevation only 1 km (3,300 ft) above the deepest point of Valles Marineris in Melas Chasma. The outflow regions of the northern plains are similar to the terrain seen at the Mars Pathfinder landing site. A terrestrial counterpart of these outflow channels on Earth would be the scablands of eastern Washington. The eastern Washington scablands are a result of repeated catastrophic flooding due to the build-up of an ice dam at the head of Lake Missoula in the Late Pleistocene. The ice dam would block the water for a while, but when it broke, the ice would float on top of the ensuing flood and vast areas would be stripped of topsoil and vegetation, leaving a large barren area of 'teardrop' islands, longitudinal grooves and terraced margins. Many of these features are also seen in Martian outflow channels, but on a larger scale.[21]The outflow occurs successively through several regions of chaotic terrain, Aurorae Chaos and Hydraotes Chaos, and finally through Simud Valles and Tiu Valles into Chryse Planitia.[13][22]","title":"Regions of Valles Marineris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interactive image map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_map"},{"link_name":"global topography of Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Mars"},{"link_name":"elevations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter"},{"link_name":"Mars Global Surveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor"},{"link_name":"Axes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"Polar regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_pole"},{"link_name":"Mars Rovers map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Features_and_artificial_objects_on_Mars"},{"link_name":"Mars Memorial map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Features_and_memorials_on_Mars"},{"link_name":"view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mars_map"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_map"}],"text":"Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars. Hover your mouse over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations, based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (+12 to +8 km); followed by pinks and reds (+8 to +3 km); yellow is 0 km; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to −8 km). Axes are latitude and longitude; Polar regions are noted. (See also: Mars Rovers map and Mars Memorial map) (view • discuss)","title":"Interactive Mars map"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Valles Marineris\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dictionary.com/browse/Valles-Marineris"},{"link_name":"Dictionary.com Unabridged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary.com"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USGS_VMarineris_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Valles Marineris\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6288"},{"link_name":"USGS Astrogeology Science Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USGS_Astrogeology_Science_Center"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSFC_VM_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Vallis Marineris\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070711145413/http://education.gsfc.nasa.gov/experimental/all98invProject.Site/Pages/Vallis.Marineris.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//education.gsfc.nasa.gov/experimental/all98invProject.Site/Pages/Vallis.Marineris.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WTTP_VMarineris_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Valles Marineris\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/marscany.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Valles Marineris: The Grand Canyon of Mars\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nasa.gov/image-article/valles-marineris-grand-canyon-of-mars/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tectonic_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"UCLA scientist discovers plate tectonics on Mars\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/ucla-scientist-discovers-plate-237303.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lin,_An_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Structural analysis of the Valles Marineris fault zone: Possible evidence for large-scale strike-slip faulting on Mars\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1130%2FL192.1"},{"link_name":"Lithosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithosphere_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2012Lsphe...4..286Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Lsphe...4..286Y"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1130/L192.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1130%2FL192.1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Leone2014_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Leone2014_8-1"},{"link_name":"Leone, Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Leone_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2014JVGR..277....1L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JVGR..277....1L"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.01.011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2014.01.011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cattermole_9-0"},{"link_name":"Mars: the mystery unfolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/marsmysteryunfol00catt"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"103-104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/marsmysteryunfol00catt/page/103"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-521726-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-521726-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Akers_2012_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Akers_2012_10-1"},{"link_name":"\"What Caused the Landslides in Valles Marineris, Mars?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2012/pdf/1932.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USGS_I-2010_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USGS_I-2010_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USGS_I-2010_12-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USGS_I-2010_12-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USGS_I-2010_12-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USGS_I-2010_12-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rodriguez_2015_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rodriguez_2015_13-1"},{"link_name":"\"Martian outflow channels: How did their source aquifers form, and why did they drain so rapidly?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4562069"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2015NatSR...513404R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...513404R"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/srep13404","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep13404"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4562069","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4562069"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26346067","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26346067"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SETI_Institute_2024_14-0"},{"link_name":"\"Giant Volcano Discovered on Mars\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.seti.org/press-release/giant-volcano-discovered-mars"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SETI_Institute_2023_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"Remains of a Modern Glacier Found Near Mars' Equator Implies Water Ice Possibly Present at Low Latitudes on Mars Even Today\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.seti.org/press-release/remains-modern-glacier-found-near-mars-equator-implies-water-ice-possibly-present-low-latitudes"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Cattermole, 113-114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/marsmysteryunfol00catt/page/113"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Cattermole, 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/marsmysteryunfol00catt/page/105"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CzechAcad2017_19-0"},{"link_name":"\"Recent volcanic activity and hydrothermal minerals on Mars\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.avcr.cz/en/media/news-archive/Recent-volcanic-activity-and-hydrothermal-minerals-on-Mars/"},{"link_name":"Czech Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bro%C5%BE2017_20-0"},{"link_name":"\"Amazonian volcanism inside Valles Marineris on Mars\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zenodo.org/record/889306"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2017E&PSL.473..122B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E&PSL.473..122B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.epsl.2017.06.003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2017.06.003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Cattermole, 126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/marsmysteryunfol00catt/page/126"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USGS_map_22-0"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey Mars topographic map with feature names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2782/i2782_sh1.pdf"}],"text":"^ \"Valles Marineris\". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.\n\n^ \"Valles Marineris\". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Science Center. Retrieved 2015-02-28.\n\n^ \"Vallis Marineris\". Goddard Space Flight Center. NASA. 2002. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2018-01-22.\n\n^ \"Valles Marineris\". NASA. 2005. Retrieved 2018-01-22.\n\n^ \"Valles Marineris: The Grand Canyon of Mars\". NASA. 2008-03-23. Retrieved 2024-01-25.\n\n^ Wolpert, Stuart (2012-08-09). \"UCLA scientist discovers plate tectonics on Mars\". UCLA. Retrieved 2012-08-13.\n\n^ Lin, An (2012-06-04). \"Structural analysis of the Valles Marineris fault zone: Possible evidence for large-scale strike-slip faulting on Mars\". Lithosphere. 4 (4): 286–330. Bibcode:2012Lsphe...4..286Y. doi:10.1130/L192.1.\n\n^ a b Leone, Giovanni (2014-05-01). \"A network of lava tubes as the origin of Labyrinthus Noctis and Valles Marineris on Mars\". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 277: 1–8. Bibcode:2014JVGR..277....1L. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.01.011.\n\n^ Cattermole, Peter John (2001). Mars: the mystery unfolds. Oxford University Press. p. 103-104. ISBN 0-19-521726-8.\n\n^ a b Akers, C.; Schedl, A. D.; Mundy, L. (2012). \"What Caused the Landslides in Valles Marineris, Mars?\" (PDF). 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. p. 1932. Retrieved 2013-02-11.\n\n^ Cabrol, N. and E. Grin (eds.). 2010. Lakes on Mars. Elsevier. NY\n\n^ a b c d e f Witbeck, Tanaka and Scott, Geologic Map of the Valles Marineris Region, Mars; USGS I-2010; 1991.\n\n^ a b Rodriguez, J. Alexis P.; Kargel, Jeffrey S.; Baker, Victor R.; Gulick, Virginia C.; et al. (8 September 2015). \"Martian outflow channels: How did their source aquifers form, and why did they drain so rapidly?\". Scientific Reports. 5: 13404. Bibcode:2015NatSR...513404R. doi:10.1038/srep13404. PMC 4562069. PMID 26346067.\n\n^ \"Giant Volcano Discovered on Mars\". SETI Institute. March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024.\n\n^ \"Remains of a Modern Glacier Found Near Mars' Equator Implies Water Ice Possibly Present at Low Latitudes on Mars Even Today\". SETI Institute. March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2024.\n\n^ Howard, Kochel and Holt; Sapping Features of the Colorado Plateau: A Comparative Planetary Geology Field Guide; NASA; 1988.\n\n^ Cattermole, 113-114\n\n^ Cattermole, 105\n\n^ \"Recent volcanic activity and hydrothermal minerals on Mars\". Czech Academy of Sciences. 2017-07-19. Retrieved 2017-07-27.\n\n^ Brož, P.; Hauber, E.; Wray, J. J.; Michael, G. (2017). \"Amazonian volcanism inside Valles Marineris on Mars\". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 473: 122–130. Bibcode:2017E&PSL.473..122B. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.06.003.\n\n^ Cattermole, 126\n\n^ United States Geological Survey Mars topographic map with feature names","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Valles Marineris topographic view constructed from MOLA altimetry data. Image shows Coprates Chasma, with Melas Chasma at the top, Candor Chasma at top right, and part of Capri Chasma at the bottom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Valles_Marineris_NASA_World_Wind_map_Mars.jpg/400px-Valles_Marineris_NASA_World_Wind_map_Mars.jpg"},{"image_text":"Topographic map of Valles Marineris with its associated outflow channels and their surroundings, based on MOLA altimetry data","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Valles_Marineris_%26_outflow_channels_MOLA_zoom_64.jpg/400px-Valles_Marineris_%26_outflow_channels_MOLA_zoom_64.jpg"},{"image_text":"Valles Marineris in mosaic of Viking orbiter images, with Noctis Labyrinthus at the left, Melas Chasma in the middle, Hebes Chasma just left of top center, Eos Chasma at lower right and Ganges Chasma just above center right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/VallesMarinerisHuge.jpg/800px-VallesMarinerisHuge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Valles Marineris in mosaic of THEMIS infrared images from 2001 Mars Odyssey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/016vallesmarineris.jpg/800px-016vallesmarineris.jpg"},{"image_text":"Valles Marineris with major features labeled.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Valles_Marineris.jpg/500px-Valles_Marineris.jpg"},{"image_text":"Morning water ice fog spills out of Noctis Labyrinthus (Viking 1 orbiter image)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Noctis_Labyrinthus.jpg/300px-Noctis_Labyrinthus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ius Chasma image mosaic from 2001 Mars Odyssey, showing side canyons created by sapping. On the northern (upper) rim, right of center, a canyon turns 90 degrees where it encounters a graben.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mars%3B_Ius_Chasma.jpg/400px-Mars%3B_Ius_Chasma.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ophir Chasma THEMIS mosaic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ophir_Chasma_THEMIS_mosaic.jpg/350px-Ophir_Chasma_THEMIS_mosaic.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seasonal flows on Coprates Chasma in Valles Marineris.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PIA19805-SeasonalFlows-CopratesChasma-VallesMarineris-20150721.jpg/250px-PIA19805-SeasonalFlows-CopratesChasma-VallesMarineris-20150721.jpg"},{"image_text":"Deposits from landslides moving in opposite directions meet on the canyon floor near the junction of Melas and Coprates chasmata.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coprates_Chasma_landslides.jpg/260px-Coprates_Chasma_landslides.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rim of Ganges chasma, closeup showing stratigraphy and small landslides.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ganges_chasma_closeup.jpg/220px-Ganges_chasma_closeup.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars. Hover your mouse over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations, based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (+12 to +8 km); followed by pinks and reds (+8 to +3 km); yellow is 0 km; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to −8 km). Axes are latitude and longitude; Polar regions are noted. (See also: Mars Rovers map and Mars Memorial map) (view • discuss)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/620px-Mars_Map.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Solar System portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Solar_System"},{"title":"Geography of Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Mars"},{"title":"Lakes on Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_on_Mars"},{"title":"Vallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallis_(planetary_geology)"},{"title":"Mars carbonate catastrophe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_carbonate_catastrophe"}]
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(8 September 2015). \"Martian outflow channels: How did their source aquifers form, and why did they drain so rapidly?\". Scientific Reports. 5: 13404. Bibcode:2015NatSR...513404R. doi:10.1038/srep13404. PMC 4562069. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton_Diptych
Wilton Diptych
["1 Description","2 Iconography and date","3 Authorship","4 Provenance","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
C. 1395–1399 English panel painting The Wilton Diptych, c. 1395–1399. Each panel is 53 cm × 37 cm (21 in × 15 in). The Wilton Diptych (made c. 1395–1399) is a small portable diptych of two hinged panels, painted on both sides, now in the National Gallery, London. It is an extremely rare survival of a late medieval religious panel painting from England. The diptych was painted for King Richard II of England, who is depicted kneeling before the Virgin and Child in what is known as a donor portrait. He is presented to them by (left to right) the English saints King Edmund the Martyr, King Edward the Confessor and patron saint, John the Baptist. The painting is an outstanding example of the International Gothic style, and the nationality of the unknown artist is probably French or English. Description The Wilton Diptych is painted on two panels of Baltic oak, set in frames of the same material and joined by two hinges so that it may be closed to protect the inner painting. The inner faces of the panels are in excellent condition for their age, though some glazes have been lost, and the outer faces have paint losses from handling. The painting is in tempera, the ground paint being mixed with egg yolk and laid in thin glazes. The background and many details are inlaid with gold leaf and in places the panel has been tooled beneath the gilding to enhance the decorative quality. In the panel with the Virgin and Christ Child, the garments are universally blue, the pigment coming from the semi-precious stone lapis lazuli. Richard's robe uses vermilion, another expensive pigment. Some colours have faded; the roses in the angels' hair would originally have been a much deeper pink, and the green grass of the outer hart panel is now much darker than when painted. Although the figures of the two inner scenes face each other, and interact by gaze and gesture, they are set in different backgrounds. The human figures are on bare rocky ground, with a forest behind, and a gold leaf "sky" decorated with a pattern made by a metal punch. The heavenly figures stand in a flowery meadow, behind which is a gold background patterned by a different punch. In the left inner panel the kneeling King Richard II is presented by Saints John the Baptist, Edward the Confessor and Edmund the Martyr, each holding their attribute. In the right-hand panel the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child in her arms is surrounded by eleven angels, against a golden background and field of delicately coloured flowers. Richard's outer robe is of cloth of gold and red vermilion, the fabric decorated with his personal device of the white harts and sprigs of rosemary, the emblem of his wife Anne of Bohemia, who died in 1394. Around his neck is a gold collar with broomscods, seed-pods of Cytisus scoparius, the common broom, which is the planta genista that gave Richard's Plantagenet dynasty its name. They were also the emblem of Charles VI of France, whose daughter he married in 1396. Richard had been given such a collar by Charles in 1393, and wearing one here may indicate a date for the work after Richard's second marriage to the six-year-old Isabella of Valois in 1396. The livery badges worn by both Richard and the angels appear to be made in the fashionable and expensive technique of ronde bosse white enamel on gold; they are comparable to the surviving Dunstable Swan Jewel, probably given by one of Richard's cousins in the House of Lancaster. Richard's badge, but not those of the angels, has pearls tipping the antlers, and may perhaps be based on one of several examples recorded in his treasure roll of 1397, which had pearls and a bed of emeralds for the hind to sit on. A hart badge of Richard's inventoried in the possession of Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy in 1435 was set with 22 pearls, two spinels, two sapphires, a ruby and a huge diamond. The outer sides of the diptych. Richard's arms (l.) and white hart emblem (r.) Although thematically linked, the composition of the two pictures is quite different in feeling. The scene of Richard and his patrons is very sedate, but full of rich contrasts in colour and texture. The scene of the Virgin and Child is full of energetic movement created by the angels who encircle the mother and child. The predominant brilliant blue gives a precious quality, symbolising the heavenly nature of this apparition. The flowery ground also symbolises the gardens of Paradise. The strong tonal contrast of the angel's wings throw the figures into relief against the background. When closed, the diptych reveals on one side a white hart or stag, Richard's emblem "gorged" with a golden coronet around its throat and a golden chain, "lodged" (the heraldic term for sitting) on a grassy meadow with branches of Anne's rosemary, with a gold "sky". On the other is a coat of arms with arms associated with King Edward the Confessor impaled with the arms of the Kings of England. These arms were adopted by Richard in about 1395. The arms of Edward were a later invention, as coats of arms had not been invented in the eleventh century when he lived. Iconography and date The identity of the kneeling king is certain because he and the angels surrounding the Virgin are wearing badges with Richard's livery, the White Hart, which also appears in the brocade of the left panel and the outside of the diptych. As Richard kneels, the Christ Child reaches towards him in benediction and also reaches towards the pennant held by an angel, and significantly placed between them. This pennant is the symbol of Richard's kingship and of the Kingdom of England as a whole. It bears the Cross of St George, the symbol of England, and surmounting the staff is an orb on which is a tiny map of England, or Ireland, where Richard was campaigning in 1394–95. The probable sense is that the pennant has just been presented by Richard. The liveried angels, iconographically very unusual, are a strangely precise anticipation of the lines from Shakespeare's Richard II of two hundred years later: The breath of worldly men cannot depose The deputy elected by the Lord: For every man that Bolingbroke hath press'd To lift shrewd steel against our golden crown, God for his Richard hath in heavenly pay A glorious angel: then, if angels fight, Weak men must fall, for heaven still guards the right. (Act III Scene 2) It is possible that Shakespeare had seen the picture, then still in the Royal Collection. Apparently beginning relatively harmlessly in the reign of Richard's grandfather Edward III in a context of tournaments and courtly celebrations, by Richard's reign livery badges had come to be seen as a social menace, and were "one of the most protracted controversies of Richard's reign", as they were used to denote the small private armies of retainers kept by lords, largely for the purpose of enforcing their lord's will on the less powerful in his area. Though they were surely a symptom rather than a cause of both local baronial bullying and the disputes between the king and his uncles and other lords, Parliament repeatedly tried to curb the use of livery badges. The diptych panels in their golden frame at the National Gallery The issuing of badges by lords was attacked in the Parliament of 1384, and in 1388 they made the startling request that "all liveries called badges , as well of our lord the king as of other lords ... shall be abolished", because "those who wear them are flown with such insolent arrogance that they do not shrink from practising with reckless effrontery various kinds of extortion in the surrounding countryside ... and it is certainly the boldness inspired by these badges that makes them unafraid to do these things". Richard offered to give up his own badges, to the delight of the House of Commons of England, but the House of Lords refused to give up theirs, and the matter was put off. In 1390 it was ordered that no one below the rank of banneret should issue badges, and no one below the rank of esquire wear them. The issue was apparently quiet for a few years, but from 1397 Richard issued increasingly large numbers of badges to retainers who misbehaved (his "Cheshire archers" being especially notorious), and in the Parliament of 1399, after his deposition, several of his leading supporters were forbidden from issuing "badges of signes" again, and a statute was passed allowing only the king (now Henry IV) to issue badges, and only to those ranking as esquires and above, who were only to wear them in his presence. In the end it took a determined campaign by Henry VII to largely stamp out the use of livery badges by others than the king, and reduce them to things normally worn only by household servants. All three saints who present the kneeling Richard to the Virgin and Child are believed to have been venerated by the king, as each has his own chapel in Westminster Abbey. Each saint holds the symbolic attribute by which they are recognised in art. Edmund the Martyr, who stands to the left, holds the arrow which killed him in 869, while Edward the Confessor, at the centre, holds the ring he gave to a pilgrim who transpired to be the disguised John the Evangelist. John the Baptist (right) holds his symbol, the Lamb of God. The scene makes reference to King Richard's birth on 6 January, the feast of Epiphany, when Christ was adored by three kings, often depicted in similar compositions to this. At this date the feast of the Baptism of Christ by John the Baptist was celebrated on the same day and the figure of John in his usual hermit's dress, carrying a lamb, recalls the shepherds, whose visit after the birth of Christ was often combined in the same scene as the visit of the Magi or three kings. That two of the presenting saints are kings may also evoke a contemporary story that Richard's birth in Bordeaux in France was attended by the Kings of Castile, Navarre, and Portugal. John the Baptist was Richard's patron saint, and Saint Edward and Saint Edmund had both been English kings. Richard had a special devotion to Edmund, who with St. George is one of the patron saints of England. The Dunstable Swan Jewel, a livery badge in ronde bosse enamel, about 1400. British Museum The diptych also serves as a family portrait of Richard's family and immediate antecedents. There is a strong resemblance between the three saints, and it has been suggested they represent not just Saints Edmund, Edward the Confessor, and John the Baptist, but also either Edward III (Richard's immediate predecessor) with his sons Edward the Black Prince (Richard's father) and John of Gaunt (Richard's uncle, and a powerful figure during Richard's youth); or, alternatively, the Black Prince doubled with the Baptist (the Black Prince, like John the Baptist, was never a king, and the Baptist takes the most paternal role in the scene), Edward III doubled with the Confessor, and Edward III's father Edward II doubled with Edmund the Martyr (like Edmund, Edward II was a murdered king; Richard revered Edward, and tried to have him canonised in 1395). The Virgin Mary is considered to represent Richard's mother, Joan of Kent, and the infant Jesus to be Edward of Angoulême, Richard's older brother who died in childhood. The date of the Wilton Diptych has been the subject of considerable controversy among art historians. The National Gallery follow a broad current consensus in dating the painting to the last five years of Richard's reign, but dates between 1377 and about 1413 have been proposed. Richard was born in 1367, and the portrait seems to be of a younger man than the twenty-eight-year-old he was in 1395. It has been suggested that the eleven angels each represent a year of his age at the start of his actual reign, which began in 1377, when he gave eleven of the coins called angels to "Our Lady of the Pew" at Westminster Abbey. The painting would then have been made more than fifteen years later to commemorate the moment. Alternatively the painting might represent Richard's reception into heaven after his death in 1400, though given the circumstances of his deposition, who would have commissioned such a work in the next reign is unclear. The number of angels (eleven) is unusual and has still not been satisfactorily explained. It is in contradiction with the iconography of the heavenly court of the Virgin, because in medieval iconography the number eleven has extremely negative symbolism. Considering the Biblical exegesis and medieval number symbolism, a possible interpretation of the enigmatic number of angels can be found in the Biblical motif of the second dream of young Joseph (Genesis 37:9) in which the number eleven exceptionally has a positive meaning because it implicates the celestial twelve. The sun, the moon and eleven stars that in Joseph's dream are bowing down to him are completed by Joseph himself, who according to medieval exegesis is to be taken for a twelfth star. Having in mind the historical evidence of Richard II's personal regal iconography of the anointed king and the documented Biblical allusions, it seems that the motif of youthful Joseph honoured in his dream by the sun, representing the Christ, the moon, representing the Virgin and eleven stars representing his brothers offers a significant parallel to the vision of the heavenly court with Jesus Christ, the Virgin and eleven angelic courtiers appearing in front of the eyes of King Richard II. The painting is indicative of both Richard's belief in his divine right to rule and his genuine Christian devotion. It also importantly symbolises (in the form of the Pennant), Richard II giving his kingdom into the hands of the Holy Virgin, thereby continuing a long tradition by which England was known as "Our Lady's Dowry" and was thought to be specially under her protection. Another painting, now lost, showed Richard and Anne offering the Virgin an orb representing England, with the inscription "This is your dowry, O Holy Virgin, wherefore, O Mary, may you rule over it". Authorship Richard's father-in-law Emperor Charles IV and brother-in-law presented to the Virgin by royal saints, Bohemia c. 1370 (detail from the Votive Panel of Archbishop Jan Očko of Vlašim) The artist, sometimes referred to as the "Wilton Master", has never been identified, or associated with other panel paintings, and the closest resemblances to his style come in some illuminated manuscripts from the 1410s. At this period it was common in Northern Europe for panel paintings, still made in very small numbers, to be made by artists with a background in illumination. The date of the painting, at a time when the International Gothic style was at its most similar in several courts in Europe, makes identifying the nationality of its painter more difficult. It is possible that the painter was English, but apart from the Westminster portrait of Richard, now unlike the Diptych much overpainted, there are too few comparable works to establish in what style the recorded English painters worked. The artist has been proposed as coming from "every possible nation", but France seems the most likely, with Italy another possibility, and some art historians point to the possibility of a Bohemian artist, perhaps brought to England by Richard II's first wife, Anne of Bohemia. The exquisite quality of the painting is thought by most art historians to indicate that the artist was probably from northern France. It shows similarities to the manuscript painting of Pol de Limbourg, but like the other surviving portrait of Richard, in Westminster Abbey, is also closely related in themes to paintings made in Prague for Anne's father Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and her brother Wenceslas, King of the Romans. Provenance The painting was drawn and issued as a print by Wenceslaus Hollar in 1639, with a dedication to King Charles I. It was documented in 1649 in an inventory of the art collection of King Charles I who had been given it by Sir James Palmer, a Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber. It passed to the Earls of Pembroke who kept it at Wilton House, from which it takes its name, until it was bought by the National Gallery in 1929. That it remained intact is remarkable because little religious pictorial art survived the Puritan iconoclasm that followed the execution of Charles I. Notes ^ a b Richard II's Treasure the other most detailed description online ^ a b "English or French (?) | The Wilton Diptych | NG4451 | National Gallery, London". www.nationalgallery.org.uk. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ "Search the collection | Paintings | National Gallery, London". www.nationalgallery.org.uk. Archived from the original on May 24, 2005. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ Gordon, Dillian; "A New Discovery in the Wilton Diptych" (JSTOR), p. 662, The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 134, No. 1075 (Oct., 1992), pp. 662–667 ^ "Miscellaneous gold objects". www.history.ac.uk. ^ Campbell, Marian in Alexander & Binski, 524 ^ "The Wilton Diptych (portrait of Richard II)". archives.history.ac.uk. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ The Cross of St George symbolises the "Triumph of the Cross" and is often used symbolically in paintings of the resurrected Christ. ^ a b Langmuir:96 ^ Levey (1987):210 ^ Given-Wilson, 123 ^ a b Given-Wilson, 126 ^ a b Brown, 117 ^ Given-Wilson, 125 ^ Richard II: The Art of Kingship, Gillespie and Goodman eds. (1998), p. 266-267; The National Gallery Companion Guide, 1997, E Langmuir, page 95 ^ Margaret Galway (1950). "The Wilton Diptych: A Postscript". Archaeological Journal. 107:1: 9–14. doi:10.1080/00665983.1950.10854021. ^ Valente, Claire. "The 'Lament of Edward II': Religious Lyric, Political Propaganda". Speculum, Volume 77, No. 2, April 2002. pp. 422–439, JSTOR ^ Duffy, Mark (2003). Royal Tombs of Medieval England. Stroud, UK: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-2579-5., p. 122 ^ Ormrod, W. Mark (2004). "Monarchy, Martyrdom and Masculinity: England in the Later Middle Ages". In Cullum, P. H.; Lewis, Katherine J. Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages. Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press. pp. 174–191. ISBN 978-0-7083-1894-2., p. 179 ^ Wood, Charles T, Joan of Arc and Richard III: Sex, Saints, and Government in the Middle Ages ^ a b "History of Art: The Wilton Diptych". September 24, 2005. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ a b c Tudor-Craig:134 ^ Levey (1971):21–22 ^ Germ (2003):13–17 ^ Jones, Jonathan (May 3, 2003). "The Wilton Diptych, c1395-99". Retrieved June 14, 2024 – via The Guardian. ^ Levey (1971):22–31 ^ Millar, Oliver (1977). The Queen's Pictures. Weideneld & Nicolson and the BBC. p. 35. References Brown, Peter. A Companion to Chaucer, Wiley-Blackwell, 2002, ISBN 0-631-23590-6, Google books Campbell, Marian, in Jonathan Alexander & Paul Binski (eds), Age of Chivalry, Art in Plantagenet England, 1200–1400, Royal Academy/Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1987 Germ, Martin, "Les onze anges du Diptyque Wilton et le symbolisme médiéval des nombres", Revue de l'Art, 140/2003-2, pp. 13–17 Given-Wilson, Chris, Richard II and the Higher Nobility, in Goodman, Anthony and Gillespie, James (eds): Richard II: The Art of Kingship, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-19-926220-9, Google books Langmuir, Erica, The National Gallery companion guide, 1997 revised edition, National Gallery, London, ISBN 1-85709-218-X "Levey (1971)": Michael Levey, Painting at Court, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1971 "Levey (1987)": Levey, Michael, The National Gallery Collection, 1987, National Gallery Publications, ISBN 0-947645-34-9 Stratford, Jenny, pages as specified, in Richard II's Treasure; the riches of a medieval king, website by The Institute of Historical Research and Royal Holloway, University of London, 2007 Pamela Tudor-Craig, in: Jonathan Alexander & Paul Binski (eds), Age of Chivalry, Art in Plantagenet England, 1200–1400, Royal Academy/Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1987 Further reading Gordon, D., Making and meaning: The Wilton Diptych, London: National Gallery, 1993 Gordon, D., Monnas, L. and Elam, C. (eds.), The regal image of Richard II and the Wilton Diptych, London: Harvey Miller, 1997 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wilton Diptych. The Wilton Diptych on the National Gallery website The Wilton Diptych at Smarthistory Zoomable image BBC 3D model (on Sketchfab) Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Other IdRef
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Each panel is 53 cm × 37 cm (21 in × 15 in).The Wilton Diptych (made c. 1395–1399) is a small portable diptych of two hinged panels, painted on both sides, now in the National Gallery, London. It is an extremely rare survival of a late medieval religious panel painting from England. The diptych was painted for King Richard II of England, who is depicted kneeling before the Virgin and Child in what is known as a donor portrait. He is presented to them by (left to right) the English saints King Edmund the Martyr, King Edward the Confessor and patron saint, John the Baptist.[1] The painting is an outstanding example of the International Gothic style, and the nationality of the unknown artist is probably French or English.[2]","title":"Wilton Diptych"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltic oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_painting#Conservation_and_scientific_analysis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryAcUk-1"},{"link_name":"tempera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempera"},{"link_name":"gold leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_leaf"},{"link_name":"lapis lazuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_lazuli"},{"link_name":"vermilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion"},{"link_name":"gold background patterned by a different punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_ground"},{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Edward the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"Edmund the Martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr"},{"link_name":"attribute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"cloth of gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloth_of_gold"},{"link_name":"personal device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_device"},{"link_name":"white harts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hart"},{"link_name":"rosemary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary"},{"link_name":"Anne of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"gold collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery_collar"},{"link_name":"Cytisus scoparius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytisus_scoparius"},{"link_name":"Plantagenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagenet"},{"link_name":"Charles VI of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"livery badges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery_badge"},{"link_name":"ronde bosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronde_bosse"},{"link_name":"enamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_enamel"},{"link_name":"Dunstable Swan Jewel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunstable_Swan_Jewel"},{"link_name":"House of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"emeralds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Philip the Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Good"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"spinels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel"},{"link_name":"sapphires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilton_diptych2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise"},{"link_name":"impaled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Wilton Diptych is painted on two panels of Baltic oak, set in frames of the same material and joined by two hinges so that it may be closed to protect the inner painting. The inner faces of the panels are in excellent condition for their age, though some glazes have been lost, and the outer faces have paint losses from handling.[1]The painting is in tempera, the ground paint being mixed with egg yolk and laid in thin glazes. The background and many details are inlaid with gold leaf and in places the panel has been tooled beneath the gilding to enhance the decorative quality. In the panel with the Virgin and Christ Child, the garments are universally blue, the pigment coming from the semi-precious stone lapis lazuli. Richard's robe uses vermilion, another expensive pigment. Some colours have faded; the roses in the angels' hair would originally have been a much deeper pink, and the green grass of the outer hart panel is now much darker than when painted.Although the figures of the two inner scenes face each other, and interact by gaze and gesture, they are set in different backgrounds. The human figures are on bare rocky ground, with a forest behind, and a gold leaf \"sky\" decorated with a pattern made by a metal punch. The heavenly figures stand in a flowery meadow, behind which is a gold background patterned by a different punch.In the left inner panel the kneeling King Richard II is presented by Saints John the Baptist, Edward the Confessor and Edmund the Martyr, each holding their attribute. In the right-hand panel the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child in her arms is surrounded by eleven angels, against a golden background and field of delicately coloured flowers.[3]Richard's outer robe is of cloth of gold and red vermilion, the fabric decorated with his personal device of the white harts and sprigs of rosemary, the emblem of his wife Anne of Bohemia, who died in 1394. Around his neck is a gold collar with broomscods, seed-pods of Cytisus scoparius, the common broom, which is the planta genista that gave Richard's Plantagenet dynasty its name. They were also the emblem of Charles VI of France, whose daughter he married in 1396. Richard had been given such a collar by Charles in 1393, and wearing one here may indicate a date for the work after Richard's second marriage to the six-year-old Isabella of Valois in 1396.[4] The livery badges worn by both Richard and the angels appear to be made in the fashionable and expensive technique of ronde bosse white enamel on gold; they are comparable to the surviving Dunstable Swan Jewel, probably given by one of Richard's cousins in the House of Lancaster. Richard's badge, but not those of the angels, has pearls tipping the antlers, and may perhaps be based on one of several examples recorded in his treasure roll of 1397, which had pearls and a bed of emeralds for the hind to sit on.[5] A hart badge of Richard's inventoried in the possession of Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy in 1435 was set with 22 pearls, two spinels, two sapphires, a ruby and a huge diamond.[6]The outer sides of the diptych. Richard's arms (l.) and white hart emblem (r.)Although thematically linked, the composition of the two pictures is quite different in feeling. The scene of Richard and his patrons is very sedate, but full of rich contrasts in colour and texture. The scene of the Virgin and Child is full of energetic movement created by the angels who encircle the mother and child. The predominant brilliant blue gives a precious quality, symbolising the heavenly nature of this apparition. The flowery ground also symbolises the gardens of Paradise. The strong tonal contrast of the angel's wings throw the figures into relief against the background.When closed, the diptych reveals on one side a white hart or stag, Richard's emblem \"gorged\" with a golden coronet around its throat and a golden chain, \"lodged\" (the heraldic term for sitting) on a grassy meadow with branches of Anne's rosemary, with a gold \"sky\". On the other is a coat of arms with arms associated with King Edward the Confessor impaled with the arms of the Kings of England. These arms were adopted by Richard in about 1395. The arms of Edward were a later invention, as coats of arms had not been invented in the eleventh century when he lived.[7]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"livery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery"},{"link_name":"the White Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Hart"},{"link_name":"benediction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediction"},{"link_name":"pennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennon"},{"link_name":"Cross of St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langmuir:96-9"},{"link_name":"Richard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_(play)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Royal Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Collection"},{"link_name":"Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Given-Wilson,_126-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anonimo_inglese_o_francese,_dittico_wilton,_1395-99_ca._01.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown,_117-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"banneret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banneret"},{"link_name":"esquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown,_117-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Given-Wilson,_126-12"},{"link_name":"Henry VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England"},{"link_name":"Virgin and Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"John the Evangelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Evangelist"},{"link_name":"Lamb of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_of_God"},{"link_name":"Epiphany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)"},{"link_name":"Baptism of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord"},{"link_name":"visit after the birth of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds"},{"link_name":"visit of the Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"patron saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_-_Room_40_The_Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_(20223876379).jpg"},{"link_name":"Dunstable Swan Jewel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunstable_Swan_Jewel"},{"link_name":"livery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery"},{"link_name":"ronde bosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronde_bosse"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Edward of Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_of_Angoul%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tudor-Craig:134-22"},{"link_name":"angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_(coin)"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tudor-Craig:134-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_(Hebrew_Bible)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"divine right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Our Lady's Dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"orb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_cruciger"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langmuir:96-9"}],"text":"The identity of the kneeling king is certain because he and the angels surrounding the Virgin are wearing badges with Richard's livery, the White Hart, which also appears in the brocade of the left panel and the outside of the diptych. As Richard kneels, the Christ Child reaches towards him in benediction and also reaches towards the pennant held by an angel, and significantly placed between them. This pennant is the symbol of Richard's kingship and of the Kingdom of England as a whole. It bears the Cross of St George, the symbol of England, and surmounting the staff is an orb on which is a tiny map of England,[8] or Ireland, where Richard was campaigning in 1394–95. The probable sense is that the pennant has just been presented by Richard.[9] The liveried angels, iconographically very unusual, are a strangely precise anticipation of the lines from Shakespeare's Richard II of two hundred years later:[10]The breath of worldly men cannot depose\nThe deputy elected by the Lord:\nFor every man that Bolingbroke hath press'd\nTo lift shrewd steel against our golden crown,\nGod for his Richard hath in heavenly pay\nA glorious angel: then, if angels fight,\nWeak men must fall, for heaven still guards the right. (Act III Scene 2)It is possible that Shakespeare had seen the picture, then still in the Royal Collection.Apparently beginning relatively harmlessly in the reign of Richard's grandfather Edward III in a context of tournaments and courtly celebrations, by Richard's reign livery badges had come to be seen as a social menace, and were \"one of the most protracted controversies of Richard's reign\",[11] as they were used to denote the small private armies of retainers kept by lords, largely for the purpose of enforcing their lord's will on the less powerful in his area. Though they were surely a symptom rather than a cause of both local baronial bullying and the disputes between the king and his uncles and other lords, Parliament repeatedly tried to curb the use of livery badges.[12]The diptych panels in their golden frame at the National GalleryThe issuing of badges by lords was attacked in the Parliament of 1384, and in 1388 they made the startling request that \"all liveries called badges [signes], as well of our lord the king as of other lords ... shall be abolished\",[13] because \"those who wear them are flown with such insolent arrogance that they do not shrink from practising with reckless effrontery various kinds of extortion in the surrounding countryside ... and it is certainly the boldness inspired by these badges that makes them unafraid to do these things\".[14] Richard offered to give up his own badges, to the delight of the House of Commons of England, but the House of Lords refused to give up theirs, and the matter was put off. In 1390 it was ordered that no one below the rank of banneret should issue badges, and no one below the rank of esquire wear them.[13]The issue was apparently quiet for a few years, but from 1397 Richard issued increasingly large numbers of badges to retainers who misbehaved (his \"Cheshire archers\" being especially notorious), and in the Parliament of 1399, after his deposition, several of his leading supporters were forbidden from issuing \"badges of signes\" again, and a statute was passed allowing only the king (now Henry IV) to issue badges, and only to those ranking as esquires and above, who were only to wear them in his presence.[12] In the end it took a determined campaign by Henry VII to largely stamp out the use of livery badges by others than the king, and reduce them to things normally worn only by household servants.All three saints who present the kneeling Richard to the Virgin and Child are believed to have been venerated by the king, as each has his own chapel in Westminster Abbey. Each saint holds the symbolic attribute by which they are recognised in art. Edmund the Martyr, who stands to the left, holds the arrow which killed him in 869, while Edward the Confessor, at the centre, holds the ring he gave to a pilgrim who transpired to be the disguised John the Evangelist. John the Baptist (right) holds his symbol, the Lamb of God.The scene makes reference to King Richard's birth on 6 January, the feast of Epiphany, when Christ was adored by three kings, often depicted in similar compositions to this. At this date the feast of the Baptism of Christ by John the Baptist was celebrated on the same day and the figure of John in his usual hermit's dress, carrying a lamb, recalls the shepherds, whose visit after the birth of Christ was often combined in the same scene as the visit of the Magi or three kings.[15] That two of the presenting saints are kings may also evoke a contemporary story that Richard's birth in Bordeaux in France was attended by the Kings of Castile, Navarre, and Portugal. John the Baptist was Richard's patron saint, and Saint Edward and Saint Edmund had both been English kings. Richard had a special devotion to Edmund, who with St. George is one of the patron saints of England.The Dunstable Swan Jewel, a livery badge in ronde bosse enamel, about 1400. British MuseumThe diptych also serves as a family portrait of Richard's family and immediate antecedents. There is a strong resemblance between the three saints, and it has been suggested they represent not just Saints Edmund, Edward the Confessor, and John the Baptist, but also either Edward III (Richard's immediate predecessor) with his sons Edward the Black Prince (Richard's father) and John of Gaunt (Richard's uncle, and a powerful figure during Richard's youth); or, alternatively, the Black Prince doubled with the Baptist (the Black Prince, like John the Baptist, was never a king, and the Baptist takes the most paternal role in the scene), Edward III doubled with the Confessor, and Edward III's father Edward II doubled with Edmund the Martyr (like Edmund, Edward II was a murdered king; Richard revered Edward, and tried to have him canonised in 1395). The Virgin Mary is considered to represent Richard's mother, Joan of Kent, and the infant Jesus to be Edward of Angoulême, Richard's older brother who died in childhood.[16][17][18][19][20]The date of the Wilton Diptych has been the subject of considerable controversy among art historians.[21] The National Gallery follow a broad current consensus in dating the painting to the last five years of Richard's reign, but dates between 1377 and about 1413 have been proposed.[22] Richard was born in 1367, and the portrait seems to be of a younger man than the twenty-eight-year-old he was in 1395. It has been suggested that the eleven angels each represent a year of his age at the start of his actual reign, which began in 1377, when he gave eleven of the coins called angels to \"Our Lady of the Pew\" at Westminster Abbey. The painting would then have been made more than fifteen years later to commemorate the moment.[22] Alternatively the painting might represent Richard's reception into heaven after his death in 1400, though given the circumstances of his deposition, who would have commissioned such a work in the next reign is unclear.[23]The number of angels (eleven) is unusual and has still not been satisfactorily explained. It is in contradiction with the iconography of the heavenly court of the Virgin, because in medieval iconography the number eleven has extremely negative symbolism. Considering the Biblical exegesis and medieval number symbolism, a possible interpretation of the enigmatic number of angels can be found in the Biblical motif of the second dream of young Joseph (Genesis 37:9) in which the number eleven exceptionally has a positive meaning because it implicates the celestial twelve. The sun, the moon and eleven stars that in Joseph's dream are bowing down to him are completed by Joseph himself, who according to medieval exegesis is to be taken for a twelfth star. Having in mind the historical evidence of Richard II's personal regal iconography of the anointed king and the documented Biblical allusions, it seems that the motif of youthful Joseph honoured in his dream by the sun, representing the Christ, the moon, representing the Virgin and eleven stars representing his brothers offers a significant parallel to the vision of the heavenly court with Jesus Christ, the Virgin and eleven angelic courtiers appearing in front of the eyes of King Richard II.[24]The painting is indicative of both Richard's belief in his divine right to rule and his genuine Christian devotion. It also importantly symbolises (in the form of the Pennant), Richard II giving his kingdom into the hands of the Holy Virgin, thereby continuing a long tradition by which England was known as \"Our Lady's Dowry\" and was thought to be specially under her protection. Another painting, now lost, showed Richard and Anne offering the Virgin an orb representing England, with the inscription \"This is your dowry, O Holy Virgin, wherefore, O Mary, may you rule over it\".[9]","title":"Iconography and date"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Votive_Painting_of_Archbishop_Jan_O%C4%8Dko_of_Vla%C5%A1im_(top_half).jpg"},{"link_name":"Emperor Charles IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Charles_IV"},{"link_name":"Votive Panel of Archbishop Jan Očko of Vlašim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive_Panel_of_Jan_O%C4%8Dko_of_Vla%C5%A1im"},{"link_name":"illuminated manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tudor-Craig:134-22"},{"link_name":"Bohemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Anne of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Pol de Limbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_de_Limbourg"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Wenceslas, King of the Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslas,_King_of_the_Romans"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Richard's father-in-law Emperor Charles IV and brother-in-law presented to the Virgin by royal saints, Bohemia c. 1370 (detail from the Votive Panel of Archbishop Jan Očko of Vlašim)The artist, sometimes referred to as the \"Wilton Master\", has never been identified, or associated with other panel paintings, and the closest resemblances to his style come in some illuminated manuscripts from the 1410s. At this period it was common in Northern Europe for panel paintings, still made in very small numbers, to be made by artists with a background in illumination. The date of the painting, at a time when the International Gothic style was at its most similar in several courts in Europe, makes identifying the nationality of its painter more difficult. It is possible that the painter was English, but apart from the Westminster portrait of Richard, now unlike the Diptych much overpainted, there are too few comparable works to establish in what style the recorded English painters worked.The artist has been proposed as coming from \"every possible nation\",[22] but France seems the most likely, with Italy another possibility, and some art historians point to the possibility of a Bohemian artist, perhaps brought to England by Richard II's first wife, Anne of Bohemia.[21][25] The exquisite quality of the painting is thought by most art historians to indicate that the artist was probably from northern France. It shows similarities to the manuscript painting of Pol de Limbourg, but like the other surviving portrait of Richard, in Westminster Abbey, is also closely related in themes to paintings made in Prague for Anne's father Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and her brother Wenceslas, King of the Romans.[26]","title":"Authorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wenceslaus Hollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslaus_Hollar"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"James Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Palmer_(1585%E2%80%931658)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Usher_of_the_Privy_Chamber"},{"link_name":"Earls of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Wilton House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton_House"},{"link_name":"iconoclasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm"},{"link_name":"execution of Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"}],"text":"The painting was drawn and issued as a print by Wenceslaus Hollar in 1639, with a dedication to King Charles I. It was documented in 1649 in an inventory of the art collection of King Charles I who had been given it by Sir \nJames Palmer,[27] a Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber.\nIt passed to the Earls of Pembroke who kept it at Wilton House, from which it takes its name, until it was bought by the National Gallery in 1929. That it remained intact is remarkable because little religious pictorial art survived the Puritan iconoclasm that followed the execution of Charles I.[2]","title":"Provenance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HistoryAcUk_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HistoryAcUk_1-1"},{"link_name":"Richard II's Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.ac.uk/richardII/wilton.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"English or French (?) | The Wilton Diptych | NG4451 | National Gallery, London\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/english-or-french-the-wilton-diptych"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Search the collection | Paintings | National Gallery, London\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050524074158/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/work?workNumber=NG4451"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/search-the-collection"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"A New Discovery in the Wilton Diptych\" (JSTOR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/pss/885276"},{"link_name":"The Burlington Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Miscellaneous gold objects\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.ac.uk/richardII/misc.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"The Wilton Diptych (portrait of Richard II)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archives.history.ac.uk/richardII/wilton.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Langmuir:96_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Langmuir:96_9-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Given-Wilson,_126_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Given-Wilson,_126_12-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brown,_117_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brown,_117_13-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Richard II: The Art of Kingship, Gillespie and Goodman eds. (1998), p. 266-267","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=nLbAoxCCt8YC&pg=PA266"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"The Wilton Diptych: A Postscript\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00665983.1950.10854021?journalCode=raij20"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/00665983.1950.10854021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F00665983.1950.10854021"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3301327?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7524-2579-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2579-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7083-1894-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1894-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto1_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto1_21-1"},{"link_name":"\"History of Art: The Wilton Diptych\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//history-of-art.blogspot.com/2005/09/wilton-diptych.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tudor-Craig:134_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tudor-Craig:134_22-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tudor-Craig:134_22-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"The Wilton Diptych, c1395-99\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/may/03/art"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"The Queen's Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/queenspictures0000mill"},{"link_name":"35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/queenspictures0000mill/page/35"}],"text":"^ a b Richard II's Treasure the other most detailed description online\n\n^ a b \"English or French (?) | The Wilton Diptych | NG4451 | National Gallery, London\". www.nationalgallery.org.uk. Retrieved June 14, 2024.\n\n^ \"Search the collection | Paintings | National Gallery, London\". www.nationalgallery.org.uk. Archived from the original on May 24, 2005. Retrieved June 14, 2024.\n\n^ Gordon, Dillian; \"A New Discovery in the Wilton Diptych\" (JSTOR), p. 662, The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 134, No. 1075 (Oct., 1992), pp. 662–667\n\n^ \"Miscellaneous gold objects\". www.history.ac.uk.\n\n^ Campbell, Marian in Alexander & Binski, 524\n\n^ \"The Wilton Diptych (portrait of Richard II)\". archives.history.ac.uk. Retrieved June 14, 2024.\n\n^ The Cross of St George symbolises the \"Triumph of the Cross\" and is often used symbolically in paintings of the resurrected Christ.\n\n^ a b Langmuir:96\n\n^ Levey (1987):210\n\n^ Given-Wilson, 123\n\n^ a b Given-Wilson, 126\n\n^ a b Brown, 117\n\n^ Given-Wilson, 125\n\n^ Richard II: The Art of Kingship, Gillespie and Goodman eds. (1998), p. 266-267; The National Gallery Companion Guide, 1997, E Langmuir, page 95\n\n^ Margaret Galway (1950). \"The Wilton Diptych: A Postscript\". Archaeological Journal. 107:1: 9–14. doi:10.1080/00665983.1950.10854021.\n\n^ Valente, Claire. \"The 'Lament of Edward II': Religious Lyric, Political Propaganda\". Speculum, Volume 77, No. 2, April 2002. pp. 422–439, JSTOR\n\n^ Duffy, Mark (2003). Royal Tombs of Medieval England. Stroud, UK: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-2579-5., p. 122\n\n^ Ormrod, W. Mark (2004). \"Monarchy, Martyrdom and Masculinity: England in the Later Middle Ages\". In Cullum, P. H.; Lewis, Katherine J. Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages. Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press. pp. 174–191. ISBN 978-0-7083-1894-2., p. 179\n\n^ Wood, Charles T, Joan of Arc and Richard III: Sex, Saints, and Government in the Middle Ages\n\n^ a b \"History of Art: The Wilton Diptych\". September 24, 2005. Retrieved June 14, 2024.\n\n^ a b c Tudor-Craig:134\n\n^ Levey (1971):21–22\n\n^ Germ (2003):13–17\n\n^ Jones, Jonathan (May 3, 2003). \"The Wilton Diptych, c1395-99\". Retrieved June 14, 2024 – via The Guardian.\n\n^ Levey (1971):22–31\n\n^ Millar, Oliver (1977). The Queen's Pictures. Weideneld & Nicolson and the BBC. p. 35.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gordon, D., Making and meaning: The Wilton Diptych, London: National Gallery, 1993\nGordon, D., Monnas, L. and Elam, C. (eds.), The regal image of Richard II and the Wilton Diptych, London: Harvey Miller, 1997","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The Wilton Diptych, c. 1395–1399. Each panel is 53 cm × 37 cm (21 in × 15 in).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wilton_diptych.jpg/310px-Wilton_diptych.jpg"},{"image_text":"The outer sides of the diptych. Richard's arms (l.) and white hart emblem (r.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Wilton_diptych2.jpg/220px-Wilton_diptych2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The diptych panels in their golden frame at the National Gallery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Anonimo_inglese_o_francese%2C_dittico_wilton%2C_1395-99_ca._01.jpg/220px-Anonimo_inglese_o_francese%2C_dittico_wilton%2C_1395-99_ca._01.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Dunstable Swan Jewel, a livery badge in ronde bosse enamel, about 1400. British Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/British_Museum_-_Room_40_The_Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_%2820223876379%29.jpg/220px-British_Museum_-_Room_40_The_Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_%2820223876379%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Richard's father-in-law Emperor Charles IV and brother-in-law presented to the Virgin by royal saints, Bohemia c. 1370 (detail from the Votive Panel of Archbishop Jan Očko of Vlašim)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Votive_Painting_of_Archbishop_Jan_O%C4%8Dko_of_Vla%C5%A1im_%28top_half%29.jpg/220px-Votive_Painting_of_Archbishop_Jan_O%C4%8Dko_of_Vla%C5%A1im_%28top_half%29.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Le_Baron_Jenney
William Le Baron Jenney
["1 Life and career","2 Advent of the steel-frame skyscraper","3 Legacy","4 Projects","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Further reading","6 External links"]
American architect and engineer William LeBaron JenneyBorn(1832-09-25)September 25, 1832Fairhaven, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedJune 15, 1907(1907-06-15) (aged 74)Los Angeles, California, U.S.NationalityAmericanAlma materÉcole Centrale ParisOccupationArchitectBuildingsHome Insurance Building in ChicagoDesignmetal-framed skyscraper William Le Baron Jenney (September 25, 1832 – June 14, 1907) was an American architect and engineer known for building the first skyscraper in 1884. In 1998, Jenney was ranked number 89 in the book 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium. Life and career Jenney was born in Fairhaven, Massachusetts, on September 25, 1832, the son of William Proctor Jenney and Eliza LeBaron Gibbs. Jenney began his formal education at Phillips Academy, Andover, in 1846, and at the Lawrence Scientific school at Harvard in 1853, but transferred to École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures (École Centrale Paris) to study engineering and architecture. In Paris he discovers the writings of Viollet-le-Duc and he will become one of his followers: "the research and discoveries of Viollet le Duc surpass anything that any other author has been able to write". The Home Insurance Building in Chicago built in 1885 (photo after a 1891 addition of 2 more floors) At École Centrale Paris, he learned the latest iron construction techniques as well as the classical functionalist doctrine of Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand (1760–1834) - Professor of Architecture at the Ecole Polytechnique. He graduated in 1856, one year after his classmate, Gustave Eiffel, the designer of the Eiffel Tower. In 1861, he returned to the US to join the Union Army as an engineer in the Civil War, designing fortifications for Generals Sherman and Grant. By the end of the war, he had become a major, and was Engineer-in-Charge at Nashville's Union headquarters. After the war, in 1867, Jenney moved to Chicago and began his own architectural office, which specialized in commercial buildings and urban planning. During the late 1870s, he commuted weekly to Ann Arbor, Michigan, to start and teach in the architecture program at the University of Michigan. In later years future leaders of the Chicago School like Louis Sullivan, Daniel Burnham, William Holabird, and Martin Roche, performed their architectural apprenticeships on Jenney's staff. On May 8, 1867, Jenney and Elizabeth "Lizzie" Hannah Cobb, from Cleveland, Ohio, were married. They had two children named Max and Francis. Chicago residence designed for Walter Cass Newberry, 1889 Jenney was elected an Associate of the American Institute of Architects in 1872 and became a Fellow in 1885. He served as first Vice President from 1898 to 1899. In Chicago, he designed the Ludington Building and Manhattan Building, both built in 1891 and National Historic Landmarks. He also designed the Horticultural Building for the World's Columbian Exposition (1893) held in Chicago. Advent of the steel-frame skyscraper Jenney is best known for designing the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago. The building was the first fully metal-framed building and is considered the first skyscraper. It was built from 1884 to 1885, enlarged by adding two stories in 1891, and demolished in 1931. In his designs, he used metal columns and beams instead of stone and brick to support the building's upper levels. Leiter II Building, South State & East Congress Streets, Chicago The steel needed to support the Home Insurance Building weighed only one-third as much as a ten-story building made of heavy masonry. Using this method, the weight of the building was reduced, thus allowing the possibility to construct even taller structures. Later, he solved the problem of fireproof construction for tall buildings by using masonry, iron, and terra cotta flooring and partitions. From 1889 to 1891, he displayed his system in the construction of the Second Leiter Building, also in Chicago. According to a popular story, one day he came home early and surprised his wife who was reading. She put her book down on top of a birdcage and ran to meet him. He strode across the room, lifted the book, and dropped it back on the bird cage two or three times. Then, he exclaimed: "It works! It works! Don’t you see? If this little cage can hold this heavy book, why can’t an iron or steel cage be the framework for a whole building?" Jenney applied his new idea to the construction of the Home Insurance Building, the first skyscraper in the world, erected in 1884 at the corner of LaSalle and Monroe Streets in Chicago. Another source cites the inspiration for the steel skyscraper as coming from vernacular, Philippine architecture, where wooden framed construction gave Jenney the idea. The Home Insurance Building was the first example of a steel skeleton building, the first grid of iron columns, girders, beams, and floor joists ever constructed. Legacy He died in Los Angeles, California, on June 15, 1907. After Jenney's death, his ashes were scattered over his wife's grave, just south of the Eternal Silence section of Uptown's Graceland Cemetery. In 1998, Jenney was ranked number 89 in the book 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium. Original notes and papers of Jenney, including "Jenney's 1884 holograph notebook containing, among other things, structural calculations for the Home Insurance Building, and his undated sketch entitled 'Key to the sky scraper.'", are held by the Art Institute of Chicago. Projects Horticultural Building at World's Columbian Exposition 19 South LaSalle Street, 1893, downtown Chicago Church of the Redeemer, 1886, Chicago Col James H. Bowen House, Hyde Park, Chicago, built in 1869 Ingall's Block, SW corner of Pennsylvania and Washington, Indianapolis, 1875, commercial block once home to one of the first branches of Saks and Co. (now Saks Fifth Avenue) Metropolitan Block, 770 Main St, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, built in 1874, NRHP-listed First Congregational Church (Manistee, Michigan), built in 1892 or 1888 Home Insurance Building, Chicago, built in 1884 Horticultural Building, for the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, built in 1893 Lake Forest Cemetery, Lake Forest, Illinois Ludington Building, Chicago, built in 1891, National Historic Landmark L.Y. Schermerhorn Residence, 124 Scottswood Road, Riverside, Illinois, built in 1869 Manhattan Building, Chicago, built in 1891, National Historic Landmark New York Life Insurance Building, Chicago, built in 1894 Second Leiter Building, Chicago, built in 1889 West Park District section of Chicago's boulevard system DKE Shant, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1878 Part or all of Garfield Park, 100 N. Central Park Ave., Chicago, NRHP-listed Part or all of Humboldt Park, roughly bounded by N. Sacramento and Augusta Blvds., and N. Kedzie, North and N. California Aves. and W. Division St., Chicago, NRHP-listed Illinois Memorial, Vicksburg National Military Park, 1906 Railway Exchange Building, Milwaukee, 1901 References ^ Le Baron Jenney, William (1869). Principles and Practice of Architecture. Chicago: Cobb, Pritchard. p. 5. ^ "William le Baron Jenney: Biography of Skyscraper Architect". ^ "William Le Baron Jenney | American engineer and architect | Britannica". www.britannica.com. June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023. ^ "William Le Baron Jenney | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved June 16, 2023. ^ "World's Columbian Exposition: The Architects and Their Buildings". xroads.virginia.edu. Retrieved June 16, 2023. ^ Condit C., The Chicago School of Architecture. A History of Commercial and Public Building, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1964, Chapter 4, "Jenney and the New Structural Technique," p. 81. ^ "Home Insurance Building". HISTORY. August 21, 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2023. ^ "Elmer C. Jensen Papers, 1871-2014 (bulk 1880s-1950s)". Art Institute of Chicago. 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2019. Finding aid, including biographical info on William Le Baron Jenney and Elmer C. Jensen, published 2012. ^ "When Saks Came to Indy". Historic Indianapolis. October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2023. ^ Carol Lohry Cartwright (2001). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Main Street Historic District (Lake Geneva)". National Park Service. Retrieved April 6, 2018. Notes ^ Haden, Erik. "William LeBaron Jenney". Structural Engineers Association of Texas. Archived from the original on May 19, 2005. Retrieved December 17, 2005. ^ "Home Insurance Building". PBS Big Building Databank. Retrieved December 17, 2005. ^ "Graceland Cemetery". Graveyards of Chicago. Retrieved December 17, 2005. Further reading Turak, Theodore (1986). William Le Baron Jenney: A Pioneer of Modern Architecture (Architecture and Urban Design, No 17). Umi Research Pr. ISBN 0-8357-1734-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Le Baron Jenney. Architect William LeBaron Jenney (1832–1907) William Le Baron Jenney at Structurae Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Poland Artists Musée d'Orsay RKD Artists ULAN People Structurae Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"skyscraper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper"}],"text":"William Le Baron Jenney (September 25, 1832 – June 14, 1907) was an American architect and engineer known for building the first skyscraper in 1884.In 1998, Jenney was ranked number 89 in the book 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium.","title":"William Le Baron Jenney"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fairhaven, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairhaven,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Phillips Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Academy"},{"link_name":"École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_des_Arts_et_Manufactures"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_SEAoT^"},{"link_name":"Viollet-le-Duc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Home_Insurance_Building.JPG"},{"link_name":"Home Insurance Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Insurance_Building"},{"link_name":"École Centrale Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Centrale_Paris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gustave Eiffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_SEAoT^"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman"},{"link_name":"Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_SEAoT^"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"urban planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ann Arbor, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Chicago School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Louis Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Daniel Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Burnham"},{"link_name":"William Holabird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Holabird"},{"link_name":"Martin Roche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Roche"},{"link_name":"apprenticeships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprentice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_SEAoT^"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_SEAoT^"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_SEAoT^"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_Newberry_House_1889.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walter Cass Newberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cass_Newberry"},{"link_name":"American Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_SAH^"},{"link_name":"Ludington Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludington_Building"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Building_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World's Columbian Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Jenney was born in Fairhaven, Massachusetts, on September 25, 1832, the son of William Proctor Jenney and Eliza LeBaron Gibbs. Jenney began his formal education at Phillips Academy, Andover, in 1846, and at the Lawrence Scientific school at Harvard in 1853, but transferred to École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures (École Centrale Paris) to study engineering and architecture.[1] In Paris he discovers the writings of Viollet-le-Duc and he will become one of his followers: \"the research and discoveries of Viollet le Duc surpass anything that any other author has been able to write\".[1]The Home Insurance Building in Chicago built in 1885 (photo after a 1891 addition of 2 more floors)At École Centrale Paris, he learned the latest iron construction techniques as well as the classical functionalist doctrine of Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand (1760–1834) - Professor of Architecture at the Ecole Polytechnique.[2] He graduated in 1856, one year after his classmate, Gustave Eiffel, the designer of the Eiffel Tower.[7]In 1861, he returned to the US to join the Union Army as an engineer in the Civil War, designing fortifications for Generals Sherman and Grant.By the end of the war, he had become a major, and was Engineer-in-Charge at Nashville's Union headquarters.[1] After the war, in 1867, Jenney moved to Chicago and began his own architectural office, which specialized in commercial buildings and urban planning. [citation needed]During the late 1870s, he commuted weekly to Ann Arbor, Michigan, to start and teach in the architecture program at the University of Michigan. In later years future leaders of the Chicago School like Louis Sullivan, Daniel Burnham, William Holabird, and Martin Roche, performed their architectural apprenticeships on Jenney's staff.[1]On May 8, 1867, Jenney and Elizabeth \"Lizzie\" Hannah Cobb, from Cleveland, Ohio, were married.[7] They had two children named Max and Francis.[7]Chicago residence designed for Walter Cass Newberry, 1889Jenney was elected an Associate of the American Institute of Architects in 1872 and became a Fellow in 1885. He served as first Vice President from 1898 to 1899.[4] In Chicago, he designed the Ludington Building and Manhattan Building, both built in 1891 and National Historic Landmarks.[3] He also designed the Horticultural Building for the World's Columbian Exposition (1893) held in Chicago.[4][5]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Home Insurance Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Insurance_Building"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_PBS^"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"},{"link_name":"stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)"},{"link_name":"brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leiter_II_Building,_South_State_%26_East_Congress_Streets,_Chicago,_Cook_County,_IL.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leiter II Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiter_II_Building"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_PBS^"},{"link_name":"Second Leiter Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Leiter_Building"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Jenney is best known for designing the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago. The building was the first fully metal-framed building and is considered the first skyscraper. It was built from 1884 to 1885, enlarged by adding two stories in 1891, and demolished in 1931.[3] In his designs, he used metal columns and beams instead of stone and brick to support the building's upper levels.Leiter II Building, South State & East Congress Streets, ChicagoThe steel needed to support the Home Insurance Building weighed only one-third as much as a ten-story building made of heavy masonry.[3] Using this method, the weight of the building was reduced, thus allowing the possibility to construct even taller structures. Later, he solved the problem of fireproof construction for tall buildings by using masonry, iron, and terra cotta flooring and partitions. From 1889 to 1891, he displayed his system in the construction of the Second Leiter Building, also in Chicago.According to a popular story, one day he came home early and surprised his wife who was reading. She put her book down on top of a birdcage and ran to meet him. He strode across the room, lifted the book, and dropped it back on the bird cage two or three times. Then, he exclaimed: \"It works! It works! Don’t you see? If this little cage can hold this heavy book, why can’t an iron or steel cage be the framework for a whole building?\" Jenney applied his new idea to the construction of the Home Insurance Building, the first skyscraper in the world, erected in 1884 at the corner of LaSalle and Monroe Streets in Chicago. Another source cites the inspiration for the steel skyscraper as coming from vernacular, Philippine architecture, where wooden framed construction gave Jenney the idea.[6] The Home Insurance Building was the first example of a steel skeleton building, the first grid of iron columns, girders, beams, and floor joists ever constructed.[7]","title":"Advent of the steel-frame skyscraper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Graceland Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graceland_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_graveyard^"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_SEAoT^"},{"link_name":"Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jensenpapers-8"}],"text":"He died in Los Angeles, California, on June 15, 1907. After Jenney's death, his ashes were scattered over his wife's grave, just south of the Eternal Silence section of Uptown's Graceland Cemetery.[5] In 1998, Jenney was ranked number 89 in the book 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium.[7]Original notes and papers of Jenney, including \"Jenney's 1884 holograph notebook containing, among other things, structural calculations for the Home Insurance Building, and his undated sketch entitled 'Key to the sky scraper.'\", are held by the Art Institute of Chicago.[8]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horticultural_Building_(3572763499).jpg"},{"link_name":"World's Columbian Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition"},{"link_name":"19 South LaSalle Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_South_LaSalle_Street"},{"link_name":"Church of the Redeemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Union_Baptist_Church"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park, Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Saks Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lake Geneva, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Geneva,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpdoc2001-10"},{"link_name":"First Congregational Church (Manistee, Michigan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congregational_Church_(Manistee,_Michigan)"},{"link_name":"Home Insurance Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Insurance_Building"},{"link_name":"World's Columbian Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition"},{"link_name":"Lake Forest Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Forest_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Lake Forest, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Forest,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Ludington Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludington_Building"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"Riverside, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Building_(Chicago,_Illinois)"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"New York Life Insurance Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Life_Insurance_Building,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Second Leiter Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Leiter_Building"},{"link_name":"Garfield Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Park_(Chicago_park)"},{"link_name":"Humboldt Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_Park_(Chicago_park)"},{"link_name":"Illinois Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg National Military Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg_National_Military_Park"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"}],"text":"Horticultural Building at World's Columbian Exposition19 South LaSalle Street, 1893, downtown Chicago\nChurch of the Redeemer, 1886, Chicago\nCol James H. Bowen House, Hyde Park, Chicago, built in 1869\nIngall's Block, SW corner of Pennsylvania and Washington, Indianapolis, 1875, commercial block once home to one of the first branches of Saks and Co. (now Saks Fifth Avenue)[9]\nMetropolitan Block, 770 Main St, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, built in 1874, NRHP-listed[10]\nFirst Congregational Church (Manistee, Michigan), built in 1892 or 1888\nHome Insurance Building, Chicago, built in 1884\nHorticultural Building, for the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, built in 1893\nLake Forest Cemetery, Lake Forest, Illinois\nLudington Building, Chicago, built in 1891, National Historic Landmark\nL.Y. Schermerhorn Residence, 124 Scottswood Road, Riverside, Illinois, built in 1869\nManhattan Building, Chicago, built in 1891, National Historic Landmark\nNew York Life Insurance Building, Chicago, built in 1894\nSecond Leiter Building, Chicago, built in 1889\nWest Park District section of Chicago's boulevard system\nDKE Shant, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1878\nPart or all of Garfield Park, 100 N. Central Park Ave., Chicago, NRHP-listed\nPart or all of Humboldt Park, roughly bounded by N. Sacramento and Augusta Blvds., and N. Kedzie, North and N. California Aves. and W. Division St., Chicago, NRHP-listed\nIllinois Memorial, Vicksburg National Military Park, 1906\nRailway Exchange Building, Milwaukee, 1901","title":"Projects"}]
[{"image_text":"The Home Insurance Building in Chicago built in 1885 (photo after a 1891 addition of 2 more floors)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Home_Insurance_Building.JPG/220px-Home_Insurance_Building.JPG"},{"image_text":"Chicago residence designed for Walter Cass Newberry, 1889","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Walter_Newberry_House_1889.jpg/220px-Walter_Newberry_House_1889.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leiter II Building, South State & East Congress Streets, Chicago","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Leiter_II_Building%2C_South_State_%26_East_Congress_Streets%2C_Chicago%2C_Cook_County%2C_IL.jpg/220px-Leiter_II_Building%2C_South_State_%26_East_Congress_Streets%2C_Chicago%2C_Cook_County%2C_IL.jpg"},{"image_text":"Horticultural Building at World's Columbian Exposition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Horticultural_Building_%283572763499%29.jpg/220px-Horticultural_Building_%283572763499%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Le Baron Jenney, William (1869). Principles and Practice of Architecture. Chicago: Cobb, Pritchard. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"William le Baron Jenney: Biography of Skyscraper Architect\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/architecture/william-le-baron-jenney.htm","url_text":"\"William le Baron Jenney: Biography of Skyscraper Architect\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Le Baron Jenney | American engineer and architect | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Le-Baron-Jenney","url_text":"\"William Le Baron Jenney | American engineer and architect | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Le Baron Jenney | Encyclopedia.com\". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved June 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/architecture-biographies/william-le-baron-jenney","url_text":"\"William Le Baron Jenney | Encyclopedia.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"World's Columbian Exposition: The Architects and Their Buildings\". xroads.virginia.edu. Retrieved June 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA96/WCE/architects.html","url_text":"\"World's Columbian Exposition: The Architects and Their Buildings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home Insurance Building\". HISTORY. August 21, 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.com/topics/landmarks/home-insurance-building","url_text":"\"Home Insurance Building\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elmer C. Jensen Papers, 1871-2014 (bulk 1880s-1950s)\". Art Institute of Chicago. 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital-libraries.saic.edu/cdm/ref/collection/findingaids/id/17112","url_text":"\"Elmer C. Jensen Papers, 1871-2014 (bulk 1880s-1950s)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago","url_text":"Art Institute of Chicago"}]},{"reference":"\"When Saks Came to Indy\". Historic Indianapolis. October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicindianapolis.com/when-saks-came-to-indy/","url_text":"\"When Saks Came to Indy\""}]},{"reference":"Carol Lohry Cartwright (2001). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Main Street Historic District (Lake Geneva)\". National Park Service. Retrieved April 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/01001453_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Main Street Historic District (Lake Geneva)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Haden, Erik. \"William LeBaron Jenney\". Structural Engineers Association of Texas. Archived from the original on May 19, 2005. Retrieved December 17, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050519074524/http://www.seaot.org/chapters/austin/eor/jenney/","url_text":"\"William LeBaron Jenney\""},{"url":"http://www.seaot.org/chapters/austin/eor/jenney","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home Insurance Building\". PBS Big Building Databank. Retrieved December 17, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/home_insurance.html","url_text":"\"Home Insurance Building\""}]},{"reference":"\"Graceland Cemetery\". Graveyards of Chicago. Retrieved December 17, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.graveyards.com/IL/Cook/graceland/esilence.html","url_text":"\"Graceland Cemetery\""}]},{"reference":"Turak, Theodore (1986). William Le Baron Jenney: A Pioneer of Modern Architecture (Architecture and Urban Design, No 17). Umi Research Pr. ISBN 0-8357-1734-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8357-1734-8","url_text":"0-8357-1734-8"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/architecture/william-le-baron-jenney.htm","external_links_name":"\"William le Baron Jenney: Biography of Skyscraper Architect\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Le-Baron-Jenney","external_links_name":"\"William Le Baron Jenney | American engineer and architect | Britannica\""},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/architecture-biographies/william-le-baron-jenney","external_links_name":"\"William Le Baron Jenney | Encyclopedia.com\""},{"Link":"https://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA96/WCE/architects.html","external_links_name":"\"World's Columbian Exposition: The Architects and Their Buildings\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.com/topics/landmarks/home-insurance-building","external_links_name":"\"Home Insurance Building\""},{"Link":"http://digital-libraries.saic.edu/cdm/ref/collection/findingaids/id/17112","external_links_name":"\"Elmer C. Jensen Papers, 1871-2014 (bulk 1880s-1950s)\""},{"Link":"https://historicindianapolis.com/when-saks-came-to-indy/","external_links_name":"\"When Saks Came to Indy\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/01001453_text","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Main Street Historic District (Lake Geneva)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050519074524/http://www.seaot.org/chapters/austin/eor/jenney/","external_links_name":"\"William LeBaron Jenney\""},{"Link":"http://www.seaot.org/chapters/austin/eor/jenney","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/home_insurance.html","external_links_name":"\"Home Insurance Building\""},{"Link":"http://www.graveyards.com/IL/Cook/graceland/esilence.html","external_links_name":"\"Graceland Cemetery\""},{"Link":"http://www.lib.colum.edu/archhistory/lejenney.htm","external_links_name":"Architect William LeBaron Jenney (1832–1907)"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/persons/data/index.cfm?ID=d000019","external_links_name":"William Le Baron Jenney"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/25476/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000067043989","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/18483025","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrRbxxR94mTxwd9DdcVmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1089113145","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007393150005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78050673","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p131903489","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811799711605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/104399","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/482930","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500027468","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/persons/1000019","external_links_name":"Structurae"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vd733z","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/111639824","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rink_bandy
Rink bandy
["1 History","2 Organization","3 Short bandy","4 See also","5 References"]
Ballgame-team sport played on ice Not to be confused with Rink hockey or Rinkball. Rink bandyRink bandy being played in Dnipro, UkraineHighest governing bodyFederation of International BandyFirst played1960's in SwedenCharacteristicsContactNoTeam members5-6 players per sideType Team sport Winter sport Equipment Bandy skates Bandy ball Bandy sticks Protective gear VenueIce rinkPresenceCountry or regionSweden, Russia, Finland, USAOlympicNoParalympicNo The ball used in rink bandy. The ball color is either cerise or orange Rink bandy is a variant of the larger sport of bandy. Unlike bandy which is played on a large bandy field, rink bandy is played on significantly smaller ice hockey-sized ice rinks. While a bandy field is about the same size as a football pitch, rink bandy is played on ice hockey rinks. History Rink bandy originated in Sweden in the 1960s and was originally called hockeybockey. With the arrival of indoor ice hockey arenas, it was a way for bandy players to practice on ice for a longer time through the year by making use of the new indoor facilities. Since bandy fields are much larger than ice hockey rinks, playing surfaces for bandy were still only made outdoors in the wintertime when artificial freezing was unnecessary. The game of rink bandy uses a bandy ball and bandy sticks. The goalkeeper has no stick. A rink bandy game lasts 60 minutes but is composed of either two 30 minute halves or three 20 minute periods. Similar rules to bandy are used, but they are simplified to increase the pace of the game. Checking is prohibited, making the sport relatively safer than its relatives. Because of the smaller playing area used in rink bandy compared to its larger parent sport, there are fewer players, normally six a side. In America, the USA Rink Bandy League, uses five players instead of the usual six because of the smaller ice hockey rinks in the USA. Organization Balashikha Arena, where the 2017 Russian Rink Bandy Cup took place. Rink bandy is governed by the Federation of International Bandy. In its quest to have bandy accepted into the programme of the Winter Olympics, rink bandy is an important way for the Federation of International Bandy to gain more members, thus also spreading bandy, since many countries which lack a full-size field and where the game is still new, only play rink bandy at home but still participate in the Bandy World Championship. As artificially frozen and indoor bandy arenas have become more prevalent, the interest for rink bandy has dwindled in the main bandy-playing nations (Russia, Sweden, Finland, Norway). There are still several rink bandy tournaments in Russia, including the Patriarch Cup (Турнир на призы Святейшего Патриарха Московского и всея Руси) for children at Moscow's Red Square. A world cup for rink bandy clubs was held every year from 1984 to 1998 in Hofors, Sweden, and called Hofors World Cup. Rink bandy was included in the programme of the 2012 European Company Sports Games and a European championship existed, though there is currently no top-level international competition. However, in 2017 the Federation of International Bandy decided to hold an international tournament for developing bandy countries in Nymburk, Czech Republic and an international rink bandy club competition called Dniprobandy has been organised by the Ukrainian Bandy and Rink bandy Federation. In Germany, the national bandy championship is played under rink bandy rules. Short bandy A new variant of bandy played at a small field has been developed in Czechia. It is called ’Czech bandy’ or ’short bandy’ and is intended tomore closely resemble usual bandy with its larger goal cages and smaller borders. See also Bandy Rinkball Bando Pond hockey Ice hockey References ^ Skelleftepolisens IF - Rinkbandy Archived 2004-01-21 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Google Translate". ^ Video of the 2nd half between Lokomotiv Orenburg and CSK VVS Samara in the 2011 Russian Rink Bandy Cup ^ "Турнир по хоккею с мячом на призы Святейшего Патриарха Московского и всея Руси - 2017". ^ "Google Translate". ^ "Rinkbandy - Visit Sodra Dalarna". www.visitsodradalarna.se. Archived from the original on 2013-04-28. ^ European Rinkbandy Cup in Nymburk, Czech Republic ^ Video from the whole 2017 European Rink Bandy Cup final ^ "Information about the second international rink bandy tournament". Federation of International Bandy. 2013-07-04. Retrieved 9 August 2015. ^ http://www.worldbandy.com/2022/07/01/short-bandy-a-new-successful-type-of-bandy/ accessed on 26th May 2024 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rink bandy. vteIce hockey History Leagues Teams Equipment Cooperalls Goaltending equipment Blocker Mask Trapper Glove Puck Skate Stick Tape T-Blades Uniform Helmet Jersey Pants Socks Skate guard PositionsMain Goaltender Defenceman Centre Forward Power Two-way Winger Other Captain Coach Enforcer Grinder Pest Rover Rules Arena Awarded goal Boarding Breakaway Charging Clipping Cross-checking Delay of game Face-off Goal Halifax Holding the stick Hooking Icing Officials Offside Overtime Penalty Penalty shot Rink Roughing Short-handed Shot Slot Tripping Tuck rule Skills Butterfly style Deke One timer Pass Saucer pass Snap shot Wrist shot Variations Broomball College Fantasy Minor Pond Power‎ Rink bandy Shinny Sledge Special Table Underwater Strategy Analytics Backcheck Breakaway Checking Cycling Dump'n'Chase Extra attacker Forecheck Left wing lock Line Loafing Neutral zone trap Screen Torpedo system Terminology 200-foot game Assist Diving Ceremonial first puck Empty net goal Five-hole Full strength Gordie Howe hat trick High-sticking Hockeytown Michigan goal Playoff beard Point Puck bunny Save Scoring chance Scramble style Shot on goal Skatemill Slapshot Stop Three stars Towel Power Statistics Analytics Arenas by capacity Outdoor games Games with highest attendance Films Fenwick Point Shot quality Related topics Broadcasting Fighting Nicknames In popular culture Violence Category Commons vteTeam sports Sport Governing bodies National sport Sportspeople Invasion gamesBasket sports Basketball beach deaf 3x3 water wheelchair Cestoball Dueball Korfball Netball Fast5 indoor wheelchair Rezball Ringball Slamball Footballcodes Association football amputee beach soccer freestyle futsal Indoor soccer minifootball paralympic powerchair roller soccer socca street teqball‎ Australian rules football AFLX Lightning football Metro footy Nine-a-side Rec footy Gaelic football Ladies' Circle rules football Gridiron codes American football eight-man flag nine-man six-man sprint touch wheelchair Arena football Canadian football Hybrid codes Austus Eton wall game International rules football Samoa rules Speedball Swedish football Universal football Volata Medieval/historicalfootball codes Ba game Caid Calcio fiorentino Camping Cnapan Cornish hurling Cuju Harpastum Kemari La soule Lelo burti Marn grook Pasuckuakohowog Royal Shrovetide Uppies and downies Rugby codes Rugby league masters mod nines sevens tag wheelchair Rugby union American flag beach mini sevens snow tag Tambo touch tens X Touch Wheelchair Other related codes Cuju Kī-o-rahi Jegichagi Yubi lakpi Stick-and-ballsports Bando Cammag Gateball Hurling Camogie Super11s Shinty–Hurling Indigenous North American stickball Iomain Knattleikr Knotty Lacrosse box/indoor field intercrosse women's Ritinis Shinty Shinty–Hurling Hockey sports Ball hockey Bandy rink Broomball Field hockey indoor Floor hockey Floorball Ice hockey pond power ice sledge Ringette Rinkball Roller hockey in-line quad Rossall hockey Shinny Street hockey Underwater hockey Unicycle hockey Polo sports Auto polo Cowboy polo Cycle polo Elephant polo Hobby horse polo Horseball Motoball Pato Polo Arena polo Chovgan Snow polo Polocrosse Segway polo Yak polo Other ball sports Angleball Cycle ball Dodgeball Flickerball Gain-ground Balle à la main Ballon au poing Jeu de paume Longue paume Goalball Handball beach Czech field wheelchair Kaatsen Kin-Ball Lagori Mesoamerican ballgame Pelota mixteca Prisonball Pushball Quidditch Roll ball Tamburello Tchoukball Ulama Valencian pilota Llargues Whirlyball Yukigassen Bat-and-ballgames Baseball Baseball5 Brännboll Corkball Cricket One Day Test Twenty20 Danish longball Indoor cricket Kickball Lapta Matball Oină Over-the-line Pesäpallo Rounders Schlagball Softball Fastpitch 16-inch Stickball Stoolball Town ball Vigoro Vitilla British baseball English baseball Welsh baseball Wiffle ball Wireball Net and wall games Ball badminton Biribol Bossaball Fistball Fives Eton Rugby Footbag net Football tennis Footvolley Jianzi Jokgu Newcomb ball Peteca Sepak takraw Throwball Volleyball beach indoor paralympic pioneerball snow Tag sports Kabaddi Kho kho World Chase Tag Water sports Synchronized swimming Underwater football Underwater rugby Water polo canoe inner tube Other non-ball sports Airsoft Bo-taoshi Buzkashi Combat (juggling) Curling wheelchair Guts Hornussen Jereed Makura-Nage Paintball Roller derby Synchronized skating Tug of war Ultimate
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rink hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rink_hockey"},{"link_name":"Rinkball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinkball"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bandy_ball_(Orange).JPG"},{"link_name":"ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy_ball"},{"link_name":"bandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy"},{"link_name":"bandy field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy_field"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"ice rinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rink"},{"link_name":"football pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_pitch"},{"link_name":"ice hockey rinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_rink"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Rink hockey or Rinkball.The ball used in rink bandy. The ball color is either cerise or orangeRink bandy is a variant of the larger sport of bandy. Unlike bandy which is played on a large bandy field, rink bandy is played on significantly smaller ice hockey-sized ice rinks.While a bandy field is about the same size as a football pitch, rink bandy is played on ice hockey rinks.","title":"Rink bandy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"bandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy"},{"link_name":"bandy fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy_field"},{"link_name":"bandy ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy_ball"},{"link_name":"Checking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checking_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"USA Rink Bandy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy_in_the_United_States#League_play"}],"text":"Rink bandy originated in Sweden in the 1960s and was originally called hockeybockey.[1] With the arrival of indoor ice hockey arenas, it was a way for bandy players to practice on ice for a longer time through the year by making use of the new indoor facilities. Since bandy fields are much larger than ice hockey rinks, playing surfaces for bandy were still only made outdoors in the wintertime when artificial freezing was unnecessary.The game of rink bandy uses a bandy ball and bandy sticks. The goalkeeper has no stick. A rink bandy game lasts 60 minutes but is composed of either two 30 minute halves or three 20 minute periods. Similar rules to bandy are used, but they are simplified to increase the pace of the game. Checking is prohibited, making the sport relatively safer than its relatives.Because of the smaller playing area used in rink bandy compared to its larger parent sport, there are fewer players, normally six a side. In America, the USA Rink Bandy League, uses five players instead of the usual six because of the smaller ice hockey rinks in the USA.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balashikha_Arena.jpg"},{"link_name":"Balashikha Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balashikha_Arena"},{"link_name":"Russian Rink Bandy Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Rink_Bandy_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Federation of International Bandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_International_Bandy"},{"link_name":"Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Bandy World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Red Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Square"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hofors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofors"},{"link_name":"Hofors World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hofors_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nymburk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymburk"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dniprobandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dniprobandy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Bandy and Rink bandy Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Bandy_and_Rink_bandy_Federation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"national bandy championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_German_rink_bandy_champions&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Balashikha Arena, where the 2017 Russian Rink Bandy Cup took place.[2]Rink bandy is governed by the Federation of International Bandy. In its quest to have bandy accepted into the programme of the Winter Olympics, rink bandy is an important way for the Federation of International Bandy to gain more members, thus also spreading bandy, since many countries which lack a full-size field and where the game is still new, only play rink bandy at home but still participate in the Bandy World Championship.As artificially frozen and indoor bandy arenas have become more prevalent, the interest for rink bandy has dwindled in the main bandy-playing nations (Russia, Sweden, Finland, Norway). There are still several rink bandy tournaments in Russia,[3] including the Patriarch Cup (Турнир на призы Святейшего Патриарха Московского и всея Руси[4]) for children at Moscow's Red Square.[5]A world cup for rink bandy clubs was held every year from 1984 to 1998 in Hofors, Sweden, and called Hofors World Cup. Rink bandy was included in the programme of the 2012 European Company Sports Games[6] and a European championship existed, though there is currently no top-level international competition. However, in 2017 the Federation of International Bandy decided to hold an international tournament for developing bandy countries in Nymburk, Czech Republic[7][8] and an international rink bandy club competition called Dniprobandy has been organised by the Ukrainian Bandy and Rink bandy Federation.[9] In Germany, the national bandy championship is played under rink bandy rules.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A new variant of bandy played at a small field has been developed in Czechia. It is called ’Czech bandy’ or ’short bandy’ and is intended tomore closely resemble usual bandy with its larger goal cages and smaller borders.[10]","title":"Short bandy"}]
[{"image_text":"The ball used in rink bandy. The ball color is either cerise or orange","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bandy_ball_%28Orange%29.JPG/220px-Bandy_ball_%28Orange%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Balashikha Arena, where the 2017 Russian Rink Bandy Cup took place.[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Balashikha_Arena.jpg/220px-Balashikha_Arena.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Bandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy"},{"title":"Rinkball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinkball"},{"title":"Bando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bando_(sport)"},{"title":"Pond hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond_hockey"},{"title":"Ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"}]
[{"reference":"\"Google Translate\".","urls":[{"url":"https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fnews%2F11118%2F","url_text":"\"Google Translate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Турнир по хоккею с мячом на призы Святейшего Патриарха Московского и всея Руси - 2017\".","urls":[{"url":"http://uniorsport.ru/bandy_kp_2017.php","url_text":"\"Турнир по хоккею с мячом на призы Святейшего Патриарха Московского и всея Руси - 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google Translate\".","urls":[{"url":"https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=https://pravoslavie.ru/68869.html","url_text":"\"Google Translate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rinkbandy - Visit Sodra Dalarna\". www.visitsodradalarna.se. Archived from the original on 2013-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130428144147/http://www.visitsodradalarna.se/en/ECSG-2012/Sports/Rinkbandy/","url_text":"\"Rinkbandy - Visit Sodra Dalarna\""},{"url":"http://www.visitsodradalarna.se/en/ECSG-2012/Sports/Rinkbandy/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Information about the second international rink bandy tournament\". Federation of International Bandy. 2013-07-04. Retrieved 9 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldbandy.com/news.asp?newsid=524&title=Information%20about%20the%20second%20international%20rink%20bandy%20tournament","url_text":"\"Information about the second international rink bandy tournament\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.skelleftea.org/forening/spif/rbandy/r_start.htm","external_links_name":"Skelleftepolisens IF - Rinkbandy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040121040252/http://www.skelleftea.org/forening/spif/rbandy/r_start.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fnews%2F11118%2F","external_links_name":"\"Google Translate\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9qhuUv9bBQg","external_links_name":"Video"},{"Link":"http://uniorsport.ru/bandy_kp_2017.php","external_links_name":"\"Турнир по хоккею с мячом на призы Святейшего Патриарха Московского и всея Руси - 2017\""},{"Link":"https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=https://pravoslavie.ru/68869.html","external_links_name":"\"Google Translate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130428144147/http://www.visitsodradalarna.se/en/ECSG-2012/Sports/Rinkbandy/","external_links_name":"\"Rinkbandy - Visit Sodra Dalarna\""},{"Link":"http://www.visitsodradalarna.se/en/ECSG-2012/Sports/Rinkbandy/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.worldbandy.com/newspost_8333.html","external_links_name":"European Rinkbandy Cup in Nymburk, Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FhQ8r0ES5o","external_links_name":"Video from the whole 2017 European Rink Bandy Cup final"},{"Link":"http://worldbandy.com/news.asp?newsid=524&title=Information%20about%20the%20second%20international%20rink%20bandy%20tournament","external_links_name":"\"Information about the second international rink bandy tournament\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldbandy.com/2022/07/01/short-bandy-a-new-successful-type-of-bandy/","external_links_name":"http://www.worldbandy.com/2022/07/01/short-bandy-a-new-successful-type-of-bandy/"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_bonnet
Tudor bonnet
["1 See also","2 External links"]
Type of hat This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A standard cloth academic Tudor bonnet. A Tudor bonnet (also referred to as a doctor's bonnet or round cap) is a traditional soft-crowned, round-brimmed cap, with a tassel hanging from a cord encircling the hat. As the name suggests, the Tudor bonnet was popularly worn in England and elsewhere during Tudor times. Today the cap is strongly associated with academic tradition. It is typically worn as part of academic dress by the holder of a research or professional doctoral degree or a full higher doctorate. It may also be worn by a person who has been awarded an honorary doctorate. At certain educational establishments the cap distinguishes university officers, such as the esquire bedell, university marshal, the president of the students' union, and members of the university council. The cap is worn as traditional clothing with gowns and represents suitable headgear especially for livery and burgess guild officers. Tudor bonnets can be made of velvet or cloth, usually black but sometimes in other colors. The cord and tassel may be in a variety of colors. Gold is common in academic caps, but in Oxford and some other institutions a black ribbon is traditional. In many North American educational institutions it is usual for holders of doctorates to wear a soft, brimless, tam or traditional mortarboard instead. The biretta also sometimes appears among holders of theology degrees or officers at religious institutions. See also Doctoral hat External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tudor bonnets. The Burgon Society, dedicated to the study of academic dress vteAcademic dressComponentsTerminology Groves classification system Headwear Bishop Andrewes cap Biretta Canterbury cap Couleur Doctoral hat Faluche Square academic cap Student cap Tudor bonnet Hoods Cowl Epitoge Hood Liripipe Stole Tippet Gowns Cope Gown Khrui Miscellaneous Bands Doctoral ring Sub fusc People Cecil Beaton John Burgon Charles Franklyn Norman Hargreaves-Mawdsley George Shaw Vivienne Westwood By countryAustralia Melbourne Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology Tasmania Canada McGill Ireland Dublin National Philippines Santo Tomas Thailand Chulalongkorn United KingdomEngland and Wales Bristol Cambridge Durham Exeter Imperial Kent Leeds Liverpool John Moores London King's Manchester Nottingham Oxford Wales Warwick Scotland Edinburgh Glasgow Robert Gordon St Andrews Undergraduate gowns United States Columbia Harvard Stanford Other countries China France Spain See also The Burgon Society Academic scarves Honor cords Legal dress Praxe Category This clothing-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Tudor_bonnet_with_a_claret_cord_and_tassel_from_Ede_and_Ravenscroft,_UK_-_20080408.jpg"},{"link_name":"bonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_period"},{"link_name":"academic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic"},{"link_name":"academic dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dress"},{"link_name":"doctoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"higher doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_doctorate"},{"link_name":"esquire bedell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_Bedell"},{"link_name":"students' union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students%27_union"},{"link_name":"university council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_council"},{"link_name":"livery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery"},{"link_name":"guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"tam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_o%27_shanter_(cap)"},{"link_name":"mortarboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortarboard"},{"link_name":"biretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biretta"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"}],"text":"A standard cloth academic Tudor bonnet.A Tudor bonnet (also referred to as a doctor's bonnet or round cap) is a traditional soft-crowned, round-brimmed cap, with a tassel hanging from a cord encircling the hat. As the name suggests, the Tudor bonnet was popularly worn in England and elsewhere during Tudor times.Today the cap is strongly associated with academic tradition. It is typically worn as part of academic dress by the holder of a research or professional doctoral degree or a full higher doctorate. It may also be worn by a person who has been awarded an honorary doctorate. At certain educational establishments the cap distinguishes university officers, such as the esquire bedell, university marshal, the president of the students' union, and members of the university council.The cap is worn as traditional clothing with gowns and represents suitable headgear especially for livery and burgess guild officers.Tudor bonnets can be made of velvet or cloth, usually black but sometimes in other colors. The cord and tassel may be in a variety of colors. Gold is common in academic caps, but in Oxford and some other institutions a black ribbon is traditional.In many North American educational institutions it is usual for holders of doctorates to wear a soft, brimless, tam or traditional mortarboard instead. The biretta also sometimes appears among holders of theology degrees or officers at religious institutions.","title":"Tudor bonnet"}]
[{"image_text":"A standard cloth academic Tudor bonnet.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Black_Tudor_bonnet_with_a_claret_cord_and_tassel_from_Ede_and_Ravenscroft%2C_UK_-_20080408.jpg/250px-Black_Tudor_bonnet_with_a_claret_cord_and_tassel_from_Ede_and_Ravenscroft%2C_UK_-_20080408.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Doctoral hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoral_hat"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.burgon.org.uk/","external_links_name":"The Burgon Society, dedicated to the study of academic dress"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tudor_bonnet&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_United_Kingdom
Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom
["1 Determination of precedence","2 Source of precedence","3 Royal family","3.1 Current practice","4 Officers of State","5 Peers of the Realm","6 Primates, archbishops, bishops, Scottish Lord High Commissioners and moderators","7 Baronets, knights and holders of state honours","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Ceremonial hierarchy of officeholders Part of a series on theOrders of precedence Argentina Australia Bangladesh Barbados Belgium Brazil Brunei Canada Alberta British Columbia Manitoba Newfoundland and Labrador New Brunswick Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon Chile China Hong Kong Colombia Denmark European Union Finland France Germany Greece Guatemala Holy See India Indonesia Ireland Ireland (1897–1922) (hist.) Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Johor Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negeri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Sabah Sarawak Selangor Terengganu Malta Netherlands New Zealand Nepal Norway Pakistan Poland Poland-Lithuania (hist.) Portugal Philippines Romania South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Singapore Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey United Kingdom England and Wales Scotland Northern Ireland United States vte The order of precedence in the United Kingdom is the sequential hierarchy for Peers of the Realm, officers of state, senior members of the clergy, holders of the various Orders of Chivalry, and is mostly determined, but not limited to, birth order, place in the line of succession, or distance from the reigning monarch. The order of precedence can also be applied to other persons in the three legal jurisdictions within the United Kingdom: England and Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Separate orders exist for males and females. Determination of precedence The order of precedence is determined by various methods. The Precedence Act (which technically applies only to determine seating in the House of Lords Chamber) and the Acts of Union with Scotland and Ireland generally set precedence for members of the nobility. The statutes of the various Orders of Chivalry set precedence for their members. In other cases, precedence may be decided by the sovereign's order, by a Royal Warrant of Precedence, by letters patent, by Acts of Parliament, or by custom. Source of precedence One may acquire precedence for various reasons. Firstly, one may be an office-holder. Secondly, one may be of a particular degree such as duke. Thirdly, in the case of women, one may be the wife of a title-holder (note that wives acquire precedence due to their husbands, but husbands do not gain any special precedence due to their wives). Finally, one may be the son or daughter of a title-holder. One does not gain precedence as a child of a lady, unless that lady is a peeress in her own right. Furthermore, if a daughter of a peer marries a commoner, then she retains her precedence as a daughter of a peer. However, if she marries a peer, then her precedence is based on her husband's status, and not on her father's. Royal family The King or Queen of the United Kingdom, as the sovereign, is always first in the order of precedence. A king is followed by his queen consort, the first in the order of precedence for women. The reverse, however, is not always true for queens regnant. There is no established law of precedence for a prince consort, so he is usually specially granted precedence above all other males by letters patent or, on the other hand, may rank lower than the heir apparent or the heir presumptive, even if the heir is his own son, such as with Prince Albert and Edward VII, who outranked his father as Prince of Wales. The order of precedence for male members of the royal family is: The sovereign HM The King Whether male or female. The Prince of Wales and Duke of Cornwall HRH The Prince of Wales i.e. the sovereign's eldest son. The sovereign's younger sons The Duke of Sussex Ordered according to their birth. The sovereign's grandsons HRH Prince George of Wales HRH Prince Louis of Wales Prince Archie of Sussex Ordered according to the rules of primogeniture. The sovereign's brothers The Duke of York HRH The Duke of Edinburgh Ordered according to their birth. The sovereign's uncles N/A i.e. the brothers of the sovereign's royal parent (through whom they inherited the throne); ordered according to their birth. The sovereign's nephews Earl of Wessex Mr Peter Phillips i.e. the sons of the sovereign's siblings; ordered according to the rules of primogeniture. The sovereign’s cousins The Rt Hon. The Earl of Snowdon i.e. the sons of the siblings of the sovereign's royal parent (through whom they inherited the throne); ordered according to the rules of primogeniture. The order of precedence for female members of the royal family is: The sovereign Whether male or female. Queen Consort HM The Queen Current consort. Queens Dowager N/A Ordered most recent consort first. The Princess of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall HRH The Princess of Wales i.e. the wife of the sovereign's eldest son. Wives of the sovereign's younger sons The Duchess of Sussex Ordered according to their husbands' precedence. The sovereign's daughters N/A Ordered according to their birth. Wives of the sovereign's grandsons N/A Ordered according to their husbands' precedence. The sovereign's granddaughters HRH Princess Charlotte of Wales Princess Lilibet of Sussex Ordered according to the rules of primogeniture. Wives of the sovereign's brothers HRH The Duchess of Edinburgh Ordered according to their husbands' precedence. The sovereign's sisters HRH The Princess Royal Ordered according to their birth. Wives of the sovereign's uncles N/A Ordered according to their husbands' precedence. The sovereign's aunts N/A i.e. the sisters of the sovereign's royal parent (through whom they inherited the throne); ordered according to their birth. Wives of the sovereign's nephews N/A Ordered according to their husbands' precedence. The sovereign's nieces HRH Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi HRH Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor Mrs Zara Tindall i.e. the daughters of the Sovereign's siblings; ordered according to the rules of primogeniture. Wives of the sovereign's cousins The Rt Hon. The Countess of Snowdon Ordered according to their husbands' precedence. The sovereign's cousins Lady Sarah Chatto i.e. the daughters of the siblings of the sovereign's royal parent (through whom they inherited the throne); ordered according to the rules of primogeniture. Current practice Letters patent dated 31 December 2012 declared all the children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales should have and enjoy the style, title, and attribute of Royal Highness with the titular dignity of Prince or Princess prefixed to their Christian names or with such other titles of honour. Before Charles III's accession to the throne, all of Prince William's, then Duke of Cambridge, children were known as Prince or Princess. However, as Prince George, the eldest son of the Prince of Wales, currently has no children, no person presently qualifies for HRH status under these letters patent. There is no specific place in the order for a great-grandchild of the sovereign (no matter how senior in the order of succession). The sons of a duke of the blood royal are entitled to precedence after all non-royal dukes, pursuant to the unrevoked Lord Chamberlain's Order of 1520 as amended in 1595. The daughters have the equivalent position in the women's order. Officers of State In England and Wales, the Archbishop of Canterbury is the highest in precedence following the royal family. Then come, assuming the post of Lord High Steward is vacant (as it usually has been since 1421), the Lord Chancellor, and the Archbishop of York. Next come the Prime Minister, the Lord President of the Privy Council, the Speaker of the House of Commons, the Lord Speaker of the House of Lords (since July 2006), the President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (since October 2009), the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales (since November 2007) and the Lord Privy Seal. The precedence of the Lord Great Chamberlain, the Earl Marshal, the Lord Steward and the Lord Chamberlain are determined by the rank and class of the peerage of the holders of such offices. In Scotland, the Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland and the Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland, if Peers, rank after the Lord Speaker of the House of Lords. If not so, then they rank after the younger sons of dukes. The Hereditary High Constable of Scotland and the Master of the Household of Scotland rank above dukes. If the Keepers of the Seals are Peers, then the Keepers precede the High Constable and Master. Peers of the Realm The ranks of Peers are as follows: Duke (and Duchess), Marquess (and Marchioness), Earl (and Countess), Viscount (and Viscountess), and Baron (and Baroness) together with Scottish Lord (and Lady) of Parliament. Within their own respective ranks, the rank of Peers correspond to the age (venerability) of the creation of their peerages; that is, the older the title, the more senior the title's holder is. However, seniority rules also depend on the country within the current UK where the title originated, so that English peers hold the highest ranks, followed by Scottish peers. After English and Scottish peers, peers created in Great Britain as whole in (1707–1801) follow. Together over the Pre-Union Peerage of Ireland (pre-1801), and together they all take precedence over either the senior Peerage of the United Kingdom (post-1801), or the junior Post-Union Peerage of Ireland (1801–1922). Subject to the same governing rules as detailed in the paragraphs above, the rank of the wives of Peers is also governed by the venerability (age) of the peerage. A dowager Peeress (widow of a deceased Peer) would however always precede the wife of the present Peer. Barons and Baronesses of the life peerage rank immediately below Barons and Baronesses of the hereditary peerage and Scottish Lords and Ladies in Parliament. Primates, archbishops, bishops, Scottish Lord High Commissioners and moderators In England and Wales, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of All England, is the most senior person outside of Royalty, and after the Lord Chancellor, immediately followed by the Archbishop of York, Primate of England. Primates (i.e. archbishops) and bishops of the Church of England rank immediately above Peers. First come the Bishops of London and Durham, followed by the Bishop of Winchester, followed by the other diocesan bishops in order of seniority, and then the suffragan bishops in order of seniority. The Bishop of Sodor and Man and the Anglican Bishop of Gibraltar in Europe, whose Sees are full and integral parts of the Ecclesiastical Provinces of York and Canterbury, respectively, are also usually included as suffragan bishops of the Church of England for the purpose of precedence. See the list of Lords Spiritual for the most senior 21 diocesan bishops ordered by seniority. In Scotland, the Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland ranks immediately below the sovereign or consort (depending on their respective sex), but only when the General Assembly is in session, and immediately followed by the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. According to the unofficial order of precedence for Northern Ireland published by the publishers of Burke's Peerage, 106th Edition, , the precedence of all of the primates and archbishops of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland and the Church of Ireland, together with the Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, are to be determined solely by seniority, according to the dates of consecration or translation, or the date of election, in the case of the Presbyterian Moderator, without any presumption of automatic Roman Catholic or Protestant seniority, Anglican or Presbyterian. Baronets, knights and holders of state honours The two highest orders of chivalry in England and Wales, and in Scotland, are the Order of the Garter, and the Order of the Thistle, respectively. Knights/Ladies Companion of the Order of the Garter (KG/LG) and Knights/Ladies of the Order of the Thistle (KT/LT) precede baronets (Bt./Btss.); coincidentally so too only do Knights/Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB). After the baronets then come the remaining members of all the other British orders of chivalry, in the following order of their ranks: Knight or Dame Grand Cross, Knight or Dame Commander, Commander or Companion, Lieutenant or Officer, and Member. For individual members with equivalent ranks but of different orders, precedence is accorded based on the seniority of the British orders of chivalry: the Order of the Bath, the Order of St Michael and St George, the Royal Victorian Order, and the Order of the British Empire. For equivalent ranks and orders, those appointed earlier precede those appointed later. Knights Bachelor come after Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire. Wives of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter, Knights of the Order of the Thistle, and Knights Grand Cross, Knights Commanders, and Commanders or Companions of the other orders receive precedence based on their husbands' positions. Wives of individuals of a certain rank follow in precedence after female holders of the same rank. Thus, wives of Knights Grand Cross follow Dames Grand Cross. Wives of baronets go immediately above all Dames Grand Cross, with the exception of Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB), and therefore are below (although not immediately below) Ladies Companion and wives of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter, Ladies and wives of Knights of the Order of the Thistle, and wives of Knights of the Order of St Patrick. Baronets' widows follow rules similar to dowager peeresses: a widow of a previous baronet comes immediately before the wife of the present baronet. See also British Army order of precedence Line of succession to the British throne Forms of address in the United Kingdom The House of Lords Precedence Act 1539 The Union with Scotland Act 1706, article XXIII The Union with Ireland Act 1800 Ministerial ranking References ^ a b "Order of Precedence in England and Wales". www.heraldica.org. Retrieved 15 March 2024. ^ Squibb, G. D. (1981). "The Lord Chamberlain's Order of 1520, as Amended in 1595". Order of Precedence in England and Wales. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. pp. 99–101. External links Debretts The Union with Ireland Act 1800, article IV Bedford, Michael (editor). Dod's Parliamentary Companion 1998. 179th edition. Vacher Dod. 1998. ISBN 0 905702 26 3. Pages 504 to 510. Dod, Charles Roger. A Manual of Dignities, Privilege and Precedence. London: Whitaker and Co., 1843.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sequential hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_precedence"},{"link_name":"clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"Orders of Chivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalric_order"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_Northern_Ireland"}],"text":"The order of precedence in the United Kingdom is the sequential hierarchy for Peers of the Realm, officers of state, senior members of the clergy, holders of the various Orders of Chivalry, and is mostly determined, but not limited to, birth order, place in the line of succession, or distance from the reigning monarch. The order of precedence can also be applied to other persons in the three legal jurisdictions within the United Kingdom:England and Wales\nScotland\nNorthern IrelandSeparate orders exist for males and females.","title":"Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"order of precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_precedence"},{"link_name":"Precedence Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Precedence_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Royal Warrant of Precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Precedence"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"}],"text":"The order of precedence is determined by various methods. The Precedence Act (which technically applies only to determine seating in the House of Lords Chamber) and the Acts of Union with Scotland and Ireland generally set precedence for members of the nobility. The statutes of the various Orders of Chivalry set precedence for their members. In other cases, precedence may be decided by the sovereign's order, by a Royal Warrant of Precedence, by letters patent, by Acts of Parliament, or by custom.","title":"Determination of precedence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke"}],"text":"One may acquire precedence for various reasons. Firstly, one may be an office-holder. Secondly, one may be of a particular degree such as duke. Thirdly, in the case of women, one may be the wife of a title-holder (note that wives acquire precedence due to their husbands, but husbands do not gain any special precedence due to their wives). Finally, one may be the son or daughter of a title-holder.One does not gain precedence as a child of a lady, unless that lady is a peeress in her own right. Furthermore, if a daughter of a peer marries a commoner, then she retains her precedence as a daughter of a peer. However, if she marries a peer, then her precedence is based on her husband's status, and not on her father's.","title":"Source of precedence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"queen consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort"},{"link_name":"queens regnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnant"},{"link_name":"prince consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_consort"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"}],"text":"The King or Queen of the United Kingdom, as the sovereign, is always first in the order of precedence. A king is followed by his queen consort, the first in the order of precedence for women. The reverse, however, is not always true for queens regnant. There is no established law of precedence for a prince consort, so he is usually specially granted precedence above all other males by letters patent or, on the other hand, may rank lower than the heir apparent or the heir presumptive, even if the heir is his own son, such as with Prince Albert and Edward VII, who outranked his father as Prince of Wales.","title":"Royal family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Royal Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Highness"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince"},{"link_name":"Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"},{"link_name":"Prince William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Duke of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Prince George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"order of succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_succession"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squibb-2"}],"sub_title":"Current practice","text":"Letters patent dated 31 December 2012 declared all the children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales should have and enjoy the style, title, and attribute of Royal Highness with the titular dignity of Prince or Princess prefixed to their Christian names or with such other titles of honour.[citation needed] Before Charles III's accession to the throne, all of Prince William's, then Duke of Cambridge, children were known as Prince or Princess. However, as Prince George, the eldest son of the Prince of Wales, currently has no children, no person presently qualifies for HRH status under these letters patent.\nThere is no specific place in the order for a great-grandchild of the sovereign (no matter how senior in the order of succession). The sons of a duke of the blood royal are entitled to precedence after all non-royal dukes, pursuant to the unrevoked Lord Chamberlain's Order of 1520 as amended in 1595. The daughters have the equivalent position in the women's order.[2]","title":"Royal family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Lord High Steward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Steward"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lord President of the Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Lord Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Speaker"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Lord Privy Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal"},{"link_name":"Lord Great Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Earl Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Marshal"},{"link_name":"Lord Steward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Steward"},{"link_name":"Lord Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Privy_Seal_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"High Constable of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Constable_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Master of the Household of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_the_Household_of_Scotland"}],"text":"In England and Wales, the Archbishop of Canterbury is the highest in precedence following the royal family. Then come, assuming the post of Lord High Steward is vacant (as it usually has been since 1421), the Lord Chancellor, and the Archbishop of York. Next come the Prime Minister, the Lord President of the Privy Council, the Speaker of the House of Commons, the Lord Speaker of the House of Lords (since July 2006), the President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (since October 2009), the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales (since November 2007) and the Lord Privy Seal.The precedence of the Lord Great Chamberlain, the Earl Marshal, the Lord Steward and the Lord Chamberlain are determined by the rank and class of the peerage of the holders of such offices.In Scotland, the Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland and the Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland, if Peers, rank after the Lord Speaker of the House of Lords. If not so, then they rank after the younger sons of dukes. The Hereditary High Constable of Scotland and the Master of the Household of Scotland rank above dukes. If the Keepers of the Seals are Peers, then the Keepers precede the High Constable and Master.","title":"Officers of State"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord (and Lady) of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"life peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_peer"}],"text":"The ranks of Peers are as follows: Duke (and Duchess), Marquess (and Marchioness), Earl (and Countess), Viscount (and Viscountess), and Baron (and Baroness) together with Scottish Lord (and Lady) of Parliament.Within their own respective ranks, the rank of Peers correspond to the age (venerability) of the creation of their peerages; that is, the older the title, the more senior the title's holder is. However, seniority rules also depend on the country within the current UK where the title originated, so that English peers hold the highest ranks, followed by Scottish peers. After English and Scottish peers, peers created in Great Britain as whole in (1707–1801) follow. Together over the Pre-Union Peerage of Ireland (pre-1801), and together they all take precedence over either the senior Peerage of the United Kingdom (post-1801), or the junior Post-Union Peerage of Ireland (1801–1922).Subject to the same governing rules as detailed in the paragraphs above, the rank of the wives of Peers is also governed by the venerability (age) of the peerage. A dowager Peeress (widow of a deceased Peer) would however always precede the wife of the present Peer.Barons and Baronesses of the life peerage rank immediately below Barons and Baronesses of the hereditary peerage and Scottish Lords and Ladies in Parliament.","title":"Peers of the Realm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Sodor and Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Sodor_and_Man"},{"link_name":"Anglican Bishop of Gibraltar in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Sees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"Provinces of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_York"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"list of Lords Spiritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lords_Spiritual"},{"link_name":"Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Commissioner_to_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderator_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Burke's Peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke%27s_Peerage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.burkes-peerage.co.uk/articles/Peerage/page62-4f.aspx"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Moderator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Moderators_of_the_Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"}],"text":"In England and Wales, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of All England, is the most senior person outside of Royalty, and after the Lord Chancellor, immediately followed by the Archbishop of York, Primate of England. Primates (i.e. archbishops) and bishops of the Church of England rank immediately above Peers. First come the Bishops of London and Durham, followed by the Bishop of Winchester, followed by the other diocesan bishops in order of seniority, and then the suffragan bishops in order of seniority.The Bishop of Sodor and Man and the Anglican Bishop of Gibraltar in Europe, whose Sees are full and integral parts of the Ecclesiastical Provinces of York and Canterbury, respectively, are also usually included as suffragan bishops of the Church of England for the purpose of precedence.[citation needed]See the list of Lords Spiritual for the most senior 21 diocesan bishops ordered by seniority.In Scotland, the Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland ranks immediately below the sovereign or consort (depending on their respective sex), but only when the General Assembly is in session, and immediately followed by the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.According to the unofficial order of precedence for Northern Ireland published by the publishers of Burke's Peerage, 106th Edition, [1], the precedence of all of the primates and archbishops of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland and the Church of Ireland, together with the Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, are to be determined solely by seniority, according to the dates of consecration or translation, or the date of election, in the case of the Presbyterian Moderator, without any presumption of automatic Roman Catholic or Protestant seniority, Anglican or Presbyterian.","title":"Primates, archbishops, bishops, Scottish Lord High Commissioners and moderators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orders of chivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalric_order"},{"link_name":"Order of the Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"Order of the Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle"},{"link_name":"baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronets"},{"link_name":"Knights/Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Knight or Dame Grand Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross"},{"link_name":"Knight or Dame Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander"},{"link_name":"Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Knights Bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"}],"text":"The two highest orders of chivalry in England and Wales, and in Scotland, are the Order of the Garter, and the Order of the Thistle, respectively. Knights/Ladies Companion of the Order of the Garter (KG/LG) and Knights/Ladies of the Order of the Thistle (KT/LT) precede baronets (Bt./Btss.); coincidentally so too only do Knights/Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB). After the baronets then come the remaining members of all the other British orders of chivalry, in the following order of their ranks: Knight or Dame Grand Cross, Knight or Dame Commander, Commander or Companion, Lieutenant or Officer, and Member.For individual members with equivalent ranks but of different orders, precedence is accorded based on the seniority of the British orders of chivalry: the Order of the Bath, the Order of St Michael and St George, the Royal Victorian Order, and the Order of the British Empire. For equivalent ranks and orders, those appointed earlier precede those appointed later. Knights Bachelor come after Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire.Wives of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter, Knights of the Order of the Thistle, and Knights Grand Cross, Knights Commanders, and Commanders or Companions of the other orders receive precedence based on their husbands' positions. Wives of individuals of a certain rank follow in precedence after female holders of the same rank. Thus, wives of Knights Grand Cross follow Dames Grand Cross.Wives of baronets go immediately above all Dames Grand Cross, with the exception of\nDames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB), and therefore are below (although not immediately below) Ladies Companion and wives of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter, Ladies and wives of Knights of the Order of the Thistle, and wives of Knights of the Order of St Patrick. Baronets' widows follow rules similar to dowager peeresses: a widow of a previous baronet comes immediately before the wife of the present baronet.","title":"Baronets, knights and holders of state honours"}]
[]
[{"title":"British Army order of precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army_order_of_precedence"},{"title":"Line of succession to the British throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_British_throne"},{"title":"Forms of address in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forms_of_address_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"House of Lords Precedence Act 1539","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords_Precedence_Act_1539"},{"title":"Union with Scotland Act 1706","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_with_Scotland_Act_1706"},{"title":"Union with Ireland Act 1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_with_Ireland_Act_1800"},{"title":"Ministerial ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerial_ranking"}]
[{"reference":"\"Order of Precedence in England and Wales\". www.heraldica.org. Retrieved 15 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/order_precedence.htm#Official","url_text":"\"Order of Precedence in England and Wales\""}]},{"reference":"Squibb, G. D. (1981). \"The Lord Chamberlain's Order of 1520, as Amended in 1595\". Order of Precedence in England and Wales. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. pp. 99–101.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Drewry_Squibb","url_text":"Squibb, G. D."}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.burkes-peerage.co.uk/articles/Peerage/page62-4f.aspx","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/order_precedence.htm#Official","external_links_name":"\"Order of Precedence in England and Wales\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131018040315/http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/hierarchies/table-of-precedence-gentlemen.aspx","external_links_name":"Debretts"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo3/39-40/67/part/4","external_links_name":"The Union with Ireland Act 1800, article IV"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_61pmAAAAMAAJ/page/n30","external_links_name":"Dod, Charles Roger. A Manual of Dignities, Privilege and Precedence. London: Whitaker and Co., 1843."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroud_Green
Stroud Green
["1 History","1.1 Toponymy","2 Locale","2.1 Stroud Green Road","2.2 Library","3 Transport","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°34′36″N 0°06′34″W / 51.57653°N 0.10950°W / 51.57653; -0.10950For Stroud Green, Gloucestershire, see Standish, Gloucestershire. Human settlement in EnglandStroud GreenHoly Trinity, Stroud GreenStroud GreenLocation within Greater LondonPopulation11,758 (2011 census.Ward)OS grid referenceTQ311881London boroughHaringeyCeremonial countyGreater LondonRegionLondonCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLONDONPostcode districtN4Dialling code020PoliceMetropolitanFireLondonAmbulanceLondon UK ParliamentHornsey and Wood Green & TottenhamLondon AssemblyEnfield and Haringey List of places UK England London 51°34′36″N 0°06′34″W / 51.57653°N 0.10950°W / 51.57653; -0.10950 Stroud Green is a suburb and electoral ward in north London, England, split between the London boroughs of Haringey and Islington. On its south-western side, Stroud Green Road forms part of the boundary between the two boroughs. Stroud Green Road is the main local hub and shopping area. At its eastern end it intersects Seven Sisters Road and Blackstock Road at a major crossroads. Stroud Green Road is a populous thoroughfare linking Crouch Hill with the major north London transport interchange of Finsbury Park station. History Main article: History of Stroud Green Toponymy In 1407, the area was called Strode, which is formed from the Old English 'stōd' and means 'marshy ground covered with brushwood'. It is recorded as Stowde Grene in 1546, the 'grene' suffix is Middle English and means 'village green'. Locale Stroud Green Road The neighbourhood high street, Stroud Green Road, includes a wide range of restaurants and other mainly independent shops. There are also two high-street supermarkets. The Finsbury Park end of the road, though different in character to the stretch further north, is currently benefitting from a large regeneration scheme centred on Finsbury Park town centre. The folk record label Topic Records was based at 48–50 Stroud Green Road and many folk LPs were recorded there. The label has since moved to Uppingham in Rutland. Library In the east of the neighbourhood, next to Harringay railway station is the Stroud Green & Harringay Library. Transport Stroud Green Road runs north west from the transport hub of Finsbury Park station, and stops just 150 yards south east of Crouch Hill railway station on the Gospel Oak to Barking line. On the eastern border of Stroud Green is Harringay railway station on the Great Northern Line. London bus routes W3, W7, and 210 run the length of Stroud Green Road, terminating at Finsbury Park. The low railway bridge at Finsbury Park prevents bus routes running directly from areas north of Finsbury Park such as Stroud Green Road directly into central London. Stroud Green railway station closed in 1954. It was on the Finsbury Park to Edgware line, and along with nearby Crouch End railway station had been planned to be added to the Northern line of London Underground, but World War II intervened. References ^ "Haringey Ward population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 22 October 2016. ^ See for example the catchment area covered by the discussion forum StroudGreen.org ^ Mills, D. (2000). Oxford Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford. ^ Time Out described the range of shops as "impressive" and giving a sense of "how international the district is".Lamont T. (ed): "London for Londoners", pp. 86-88. Time Out, 2006 External links Stroud Green Community bulletin board Stroud Green Flickr Group Stroud Green Primary School Finsbury Park + Stroud Green Neighbourhood Forum vteAreas of LondonCentral activities zone Bloomsbury City of London wards Holborn Marylebone Mayfair Paddington Pimlico Soho Southwark Vauxhall Waterloo Westminster Town centrenetworkInternational Knightsbridge West End Metropolitan Bromley Croydon Ealing Harrow Hounslow Ilford Kingston Romford Shepherd's Bush Stratford Sutton Uxbridge Wood Green Major Angel Barking Bayswater Bexleyheath Brixton Camden Town Canary Wharf Catford Chiswick Clapham Junction Dalston East Ham Edgware Eltham Enfield Town Fulham Hammersmith Holloway Nags Head Kensington High Street Kilburn King's Road East Lewisham Orpington Peckham Putney Richmond Southall Streatham Tooting Walthamstow Wandsworth Wembley Wimbledon Woolwich Districts(principal) Acton Beckenham Belgravia Bethnal Green Brentford Camberwell Canada Water Carshalton Chadwell Heath Chingford Clapham Crystal Palace Coulsdon Cricklewood Dagenham Deptford Dulwich Edmonton Elephant and Castle Erith Feltham Finchley Forest Gate Forest Hill Golders Green Greenwich Harlesden Hampstead Harringay Hayes (Hillingdon) Hendon Hornchurch Kentish Town Leyton Mill Hill Mitcham Morden Muswell Hill New Cross New Malden Northwood Notting Hill Penge Pinner Purley Ruislip Sidcup Southgate South Norwood Stanmore Stoke Newington Surbiton Sydenham Teddington Thamesmead Tolworth Tulse Hill Twickenham Upminster Upper Norwood Wanstead Wealdstone Welling West Ham West Hampstead West Norwood Whitechapel Willesden Green Woodford Neighbourhoods(principal) Abbey Wood Alperton Anerley Archway Barnes Barnsbury Battersea Beckton Bermondsey Bow Brent Cross Brockley Canonbury Charlton Chelsea Chessington Chipping Barnet Chislehurst Clerkenwell Elmers End Gidea Park Greenford Gunnersbury Hackbridge Hackney Ham Hampton Hanwell Hanworth Harold Wood Highams Park Highbury Highgate Hillingdon Hook Holloway Hoxton Ickenham Isle of Dogs Isleworth Islington Kensal Green Kew Lambeth Manor Park Mortlake Neasden Northolt Nunhead Plaistow (Newham) Poplar Roehampton Rotherhithe Seven Kings Seven Sisters Shoreditch Stamford Hill Stepney St Helier Surrey Quays Tottenham Upper and Lower Clapton Upper Holloway Walworth Wapping West Drayton Worcester Park Yiewsley Fictional Canley (borough) (The Bill: TV soap) Charnham (suburb) (Family Affairs: TV soap) London Below (magical realm) (Neverwhere: TV series, novel) Walford (borough) (EastEnders: TV soap) vteLondon Borough of HaringeyDistricts Bounds Green Bowes Park Crouch End Duckett's Green Finsbury Park Fortis Green Harringay Highgate Hornsey Muswell Hill Noel Park Northumberland Park St Ann's Seven Sisters South Tottenham Stroud Green Tottenham (incl. Broadwater Farm and Little Russia) Tottenham Hale West Green Wood Green Attractions Alexandra Palace Bernie Grant Arts Centre Bruce Castle Jacksons Lane Markfield Beam Engine and Museum Tottenham High Cross Tottenham Hotspur Stadium White Hart Lane Community Sports Centre Parks and open spaces Albert Road Recreation Ground Alexandra Park Bruce Castle Park Chestnuts Park Coldfall Wood Down Lane Park Downhills Park Ducketts Common Finsbury Park Highgate Wood Lordship Recreation Ground Markfield Park Parkland Walk Priory Park Queen's Wood Railway Fields Stationers Park Tottenham Marshes Woodside Park Constituencies Hornsey and Wood Green Tottenham Tube and railway stations Alexandra Palace Bounds Green Bowes Park Bruce Grove Harringay Harringay Green Lanes Highgate Hornsey Manor House Northumberland Park Seven Sisters South Tottenham Tottenham Hale Turnpike Lane White Hart Lane Wood Green Other topics Coat of arms Council Grade I and II* listed buildings People Public art Schools Category Commons Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Standish, Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standish,_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(subnational_entity)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Haringey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Haringey"},{"link_name":"Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Islington"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stroud-green-boundary-2"},{"link_name":"Seven Sisters Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sisters_Road"},{"link_name":"Blackstock Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstock_Road"},{"link_name":"Crouch Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouch_Hill"},{"link_name":"Finsbury Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Park_station"}],"text":"For Stroud Green, Gloucestershire, see Standish, Gloucestershire.Human settlement in EnglandStroud Green is a suburb and electoral ward in north London, England, split between the London boroughs of Haringey and Islington. On its south-western side, Stroud Green Road forms part of the boundary between the two boroughs.[2]Stroud Green Road is the main local hub and shopping area. At its eastern end it intersects Seven Sisters Road and Blackstock Road at a major crossroads. Stroud Green Road is a populous thoroughfare linking Crouch Hill with the major north London transport interchange of Finsbury Park station.","title":"Stroud Green"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Middle English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mills-3"}],"sub_title":"Toponymy","text":"In 1407, the area was called Strode, which is formed from the Old English 'stōd' and means 'marshy ground covered with brushwood'. It is recorded as Stowde Grene in 1546, the 'grene' suffix is Middle English and means 'village green'.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Locale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Finsbury Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Park"},{"link_name":"Finsbury Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Park_(area)"},{"link_name":"Topic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_Records"}],"sub_title":"Stroud Green Road","text":"The neighbourhood high street, Stroud Green Road, includes a wide range of restaurants and other mainly independent shops.[4] There are also two high-street supermarkets.The Finsbury Park end of the road, though different in character to the stretch further north, is currently benefitting from a large regeneration scheme centred on Finsbury Park town centre.The folk record label Topic Records was based at 48–50 Stroud Green Road and many folk LPs were recorded there. The label has since moved to Uppingham in Rutland.","title":"Locale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harringay railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harringay_railway_station"}],"sub_title":"Library","text":"In the east of the neighbourhood, next to Harringay railway station is the Stroud Green & Harringay Library.","title":"Locale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finsbury Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Park_station"},{"link_name":"Crouch Hill railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouch_Hill_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Gospel Oak to Barking line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Oak_to_Barking_line"},{"link_name":"Harringay railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harringay_railway_station"},{"link_name":"W3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_W3"},{"link_name":"W7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_W7"},{"link_name":"210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_210"},{"link_name":"Stroud Green railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroud_Green_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Finsbury Park to Edgware line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware,_Highgate_and_London_Railway"},{"link_name":"Crouch End railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouch_End_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Northern line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_line"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Stroud Green Road runs north west from the transport hub of Finsbury Park station, and stops just 150 yards south east of Crouch Hill railway station on the Gospel Oak to Barking line. On the eastern border of Stroud Green is Harringay railway station on the Great Northern Line. London bus routes W3, W7, and 210 run the length of Stroud Green Road, terminating at Finsbury Park. The low railway bridge at Finsbury Park prevents bus routes running directly from areas north of Finsbury Park such as Stroud Green Road directly into central London.Stroud Green railway station closed in 1954. It was on the Finsbury Park to Edgware line, and along with nearby Crouch End railway station had been planned to be added to the Northern line of London Underground, but World War II intervened.","title":"Transport"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Haringey Ward population 2011\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 22 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=13688786&c=Stroud+Green&d=14&e=62&g=6327355&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1477158252753&enc=1","url_text":"\"Haringey Ward population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Mills, D. (2000). Oxford Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function_regularization
Zeta function regularization
["1 Definition","2 Example","3 Relation to other regularizations","4 Relation to Dirichlet series","5 Heat kernel regularization","6 History","7 See also","8 References"]
Summability method in physics Renormalization and regularization RenormalizationRenormalization group On-shell scheme Minimal subtraction scheme RegularizationDimensional regularization Pauli–Villars regularization Lattice regularization Zeta function regularization Causal perturbation theory Hadamard regularization Point-splitting regularization vte In mathematics and theoretical physics, zeta function regularization is a type of regularization or summability method that assigns finite values to divergent sums or products, and in particular can be used to define determinants and traces of some self-adjoint operators. The technique is now commonly applied to problems in physics, but has its origins in attempts to give precise meanings to ill-conditioned sums appearing in number theory. Definition There are several different summation methods called zeta function regularization for defining the sum of a possibly divergent series a1 + a2 + .... One method is to define its zeta regularized sum to be ζA(−1) if this is defined, where the zeta function is defined for large Re(s) by ζ A ( s ) = 1 a 1 s + 1 a 2 s + ⋯ {\displaystyle \zeta _{A}(s)={\frac {1}{a_{1}^{s}}}+{\frac {1}{a_{2}^{s}}}+\cdots } if this sum converges, and by analytic continuation elsewhere. In the case when an = n, the zeta function is the ordinary Riemann zeta function. This method was used by Ramanujan to "sum" the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... to ζ(−1) = −1/12. Hawking (1977) showed that in flat space, in which the eigenvalues of Laplacians are known, the zeta function corresponding to the partition function can be computed explicitly. Consider a scalar field φ contained in a large box of volume V in flat spacetime at the temperature T = β−1. The partition function is defined by a path integral over all fields φ on the Euclidean space obtained by putting τ = it which are zero on the walls of the box and which are periodic in τ with period β. In this situation from the partition function he computes energy, entropy and pressure of the radiation of the field φ. In case of flat spaces the eigenvalues appearing in the physical quantities are generally known, while in case of curved space they are not known: in this case asymptotic methods are needed. Another method defines the possibly divergent infinite product a1a2.... to be exp(−ζ′A(0)). Ray & Singer (1971) used this to define the determinant of a positive self-adjoint operator A (the Laplacian of a Riemannian manifold in their application) with eigenvalues a1, a2, ...., and in this case the zeta function is formally the trace of A−s. Minakshisundaram & Pleijel (1949) showed that if A is the Laplacian of a compact Riemannian manifold then the Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function converges and has an analytic continuation as a meromorphic function to all complex numbers, and Seeley (1967) extended this to elliptic pseudo-differential operators A on compact Riemannian manifolds. So for such operators one can define the determinant using zeta function regularization. See "analytic torsion." Hawking (1977) suggested using this idea to evaluate path integrals in curved spacetimes. He studied zeta function regularization in order to calculate the partition functions for thermal graviton and matter's quanta in curved background such as on the horizon of black holes and on de Sitter background using the relation by the inverse Mellin transformation to the trace of the kernel of heat equations. Example The first example in which zeta function regularization is available appears in the Casimir effect, which is in a flat space with the bulk contributions of the quantum field in three space dimensions. In this case we must calculate the value of Riemann zeta function at –3, which diverges explicitly. However, it can be analytically continued to s = –3 where hopefully there is no pole, thus giving a finite value to the expression. A detailed example of this regularization at work is given in the article on the detail example of the Casimir effect, where the resulting sum is very explicitly the Riemann zeta-function (and where the seemingly legerdemain analytic continuation removes an additive infinity, leaving a physically significant finite number). An example of zeta-function regularization is the calculation of the vacuum expectation value of the energy of a particle field in quantum field theory. More generally, the zeta-function approach can be used to regularize the whole energy–momentum tensor both in flat and in curved spacetime. The unregulated value of the energy is given by a summation over the zero-point energy of all of the excitation modes of the vacuum: ⟨ 0 | T 00 | 0 ⟩ = ∑ n ℏ | ω n | 2 {\displaystyle \langle 0|T_{00}|0\rangle =\sum _{n}{\frac {\hbar |\omega _{n}|}{2}}} Here, T 00 {\displaystyle T_{00}} is the zeroth component of the energy–momentum tensor and the sum (which may be an integral) is understood to extend over all (positive and negative) energy modes ω n {\displaystyle \omega _{n}} ; the absolute value reminding us that the energy is taken to be positive. This sum, as written, is usually infinite ( ω n {\displaystyle \omega _{n}} is typically linear in n). The sum may be regularized by writing it as ⟨ 0 | T 00 ( s ) | 0 ⟩ = ∑ n ℏ | ω n | 2 | ω n | − s {\displaystyle \langle 0|T_{00}(s)|0\rangle =\sum _{n}{\frac {\hbar |\omega _{n}|}{2}}|\omega _{n}|^{-s}} where s is some parameter, taken to be a complex number. For large, real s greater than 4 (for three-dimensional space), the sum is manifestly finite, and thus may often be evaluated theoretically. The zeta-regularization is useful as it can often be used in a way such that the various symmetries of the physical system are preserved. Zeta-function regularization is used in conformal field theory, renormalization and in fixing the critical spacetime dimension of string theory. Relation to other regularizations Zeta function regularization is equivalent to dimensional regularization, see. However, the main advantage of the zeta regularization is that it can be used whenever the dimensional regularization fails, for example if there are matrices or tensors inside the calculations ϵ i , j , k {\displaystyle \epsilon _{i,j,k}} Relation to Dirichlet series Zeta-function regularization gives an analytic structure to any sums over an arithmetic function f(n). Such sums are known as Dirichlet series. The regularized form f ~ ( s ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ f ( n ) n − s {\displaystyle {\tilde {f}}(s)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }f(n)n^{-s}} converts divergences of the sum into simple poles on the complex s-plane. In numerical calculations, the zeta-function regularization is inappropriate, as it is extremely slow to converge. For numerical purposes, a more rapidly converging sum is the exponential regularization, given by F ( t ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ f ( n ) e − t n . {\displaystyle F(t)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }f(n)e^{-tn}.} This is sometimes called the Z-transform of f, where z = exp(−t). The analytic structure of the exponential and zeta-regularizations are related. By expanding the exponential sum as a Laurent series F ( t ) = a N t N + a N − 1 t N − 1 + ⋯ {\displaystyle F(t)={\frac {a_{N}}{t^{N}}}+{\frac {a_{N-1}}{t^{N-1}}}+\cdots } one finds that the zeta-series has the structure f ~ ( s ) = a N s − N + ⋯ . {\displaystyle {\tilde {f}}(s)={\frac {a_{N}}{s-N}}+\cdots .} The structure of the exponential and zeta-regulators are related by means of the Mellin transform. The one may be converted to the other by making use of the integral representation of the Gamma function: Γ ( s ) = ∫ 0 ∞ t s − 1 e − t d t {\displaystyle \Gamma (s)=\int _{0}^{\infty }t^{s-1}e^{-t}\,dt} which leads to the identity Γ ( s ) f ~ ( s ) = ∫ 0 ∞ t s − 1 F ( t ) d t {\displaystyle \Gamma (s){\tilde {f}}(s)=\int _{0}^{\infty }t^{s-1}F(t)\,dt} relating the exponential and zeta-regulators, and converting poles in the s-plane to divergent terms in the Laurent series. Heat kernel regularization The sum f ( s ) = ∑ n a n e − s | ω n | {\displaystyle f(s)=\sum _{n}a_{n}e^{-s|\omega _{n}|}} is sometimes called a heat kernel or a heat-kernel regularized sum; this name stems from the idea that the ω n {\displaystyle \omega _{n}} can sometimes be understood as eigenvalues of the heat kernel. In mathematics, such a sum is known as a generalized Dirichlet series; its use for averaging is known as an Abelian mean. It is closely related to the Laplace–Stieltjes transform, in that f ( s ) = ∫ 0 ∞ e − s t d α ( t ) {\displaystyle f(s)=\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-st}\,d\alpha (t)} where α ( t ) {\displaystyle \alpha (t)} is a step function, with steps of a n {\displaystyle a_{n}} at t = | ω n | {\displaystyle t=|\omega _{n}|} . A number of theorems for the convergence of such a series exist. For example, by the Hardy-Littlewood Tauberian theorem, if L = lim sup n → ∞ log ⁡ | ∑ k = 1 n a k | | ω n | {\displaystyle L=\limsup _{n\to \infty }{\frac {\log \vert \sum _{k=1}^{n}a_{k}\vert }{|\omega _{n}|}}} then the series for f ( s ) {\displaystyle f(s)} converges in the half-plane ℜ ( s ) > L {\displaystyle \Re (s)>L} and is uniformly convergent on every compact subset of the half-plane ℜ ( s ) > L {\displaystyle \Re (s)>L} . In almost all applications to physics, one has L = 0 {\displaystyle L=0} History Much of the early work establishing the convergence and equivalence of series regularized with the heat kernel and zeta function regularization methods was done by G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood in 1916 and is based on the application of the Cahen–Mellin integral. The effort was made in order to obtain values for various ill-defined, conditionally convergent sums appearing in number theory. In terms of application as the regulator in physical problems, before Hawking (1977), J. Stuart Dowker and Raymond Critchley in 1976 proposed a zeta-function regularization method for quantum physical problems. Emilio Elizalde and others have also proposed a method based on the zeta regularization for the integrals ∫ a ∞ x m − s d x {\displaystyle \int _{a}^{\infty }x^{m-s}dx} , here x − s {\displaystyle x^{-s}} is a regulator and the divergent integral depends on the numbers ζ ( s − m ) {\displaystyle \zeta (s-m)} in the limit s → 0 {\displaystyle s\to 0} see renormalization. Also unlike other regularizations such as dimensional regularization and analytic regularization, zeta regularization has no counterterms and gives only finite results. See also Generating function – Formal power series; coefficients encode information about a sequence indexed by natural numbers Perron's formula – Formula to calculate the sum of an arithmetic function in analytic number theory Renormalization – Method in physics used to deal with infinities 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ – Divergent series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ – Divergent series Analytic torsion – Topological invariant of manifolds that can distinguish homotopy-equivalent manifolds Ramanujan summation – Mathematical techniques for summing divergent infinite series Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function Zeta function (operator) References ^ Tom M. Apostol, "Modular Functions and Dirichlet Series in Number Theory", "Springer-Verlag New York. (See Chapter 8.)" ^ A. Bytsenko, G. Cognola, E. Elizalde, V. Moretti and S. Zerbini, "Analytic Aspects of Quantum Fields", World Scientific Publishing, 2003, ISBN 981-238-364-6 ^ G.H. Hardy and J.E. Littlewood, "Contributions to the Theory of the Riemann Zeta-Function and the Theory of the Distribution of Primes", Acta Mathematica, 41(1916) pp. 119–196. (See, for example, theorem 2.12) Hawking, S. W. (1977), "Zeta function regularization of path integrals in curved spacetime", Communications in Mathematical Physics, 55 (2): 133–148, Bibcode:1977CMaPh..55..133H, doi:10.1007/BF01626516, ISSN 0010-3616, MR 0524257, S2CID 121650064 ^ V. Moretti, "Direct z-function approach and renormalization of one-loop stress tensor in curved spacetimes, Phys. Rev.D 56, 7797 (1997). Minakshisundaram, S.; Pleijel, Å. (1949), "Some properties of the eigenfunctions of the Laplace-operator on Riemannian manifolds", Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 1 (3): 242–256, doi:10.4153/CJM-1949-021-5, ISSN 0008-414X, MR 0031145 Ray, D. B.; Singer, I. M. (1971), "R-torsion and the Laplacian on Riemannian manifolds", Advances in Mathematics, 7 (2): 145–210, doi:10.1016/0001-8708(71)90045-4, MR 0295381 "Zeta-function method for regularization", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 Seeley, R. T. (1967), "Complex powers of an elliptic operator", in Calderón, Alberto P. (ed.), Singular Integrals (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Chicago, Ill., 1966), Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics, vol. 10, Providence, R.I.: Amer. Math. Soc., pp. 288–307, ISBN 978-0-8218-1410-9, MR 0237943 ^ Dowker, J. S.; Critchley, R. (1976), "Effective Lagrangian and energy–momentum tensor in de Sitter space", Physical Review D, 13 (12): 3224–3232, Bibcode:1976PhRvD..13.3224D, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.13.3224 ^ D. Fermi, L. Pizzocchero, "Local zeta regularization and the scalar Casimir effect. A general approach based on integral kernels", World Scientific Publishing, ISBN 978-981-3224-99-5 (hardcover), ISBN 978-981-3225-01-5 (ebook). doi:10.1142/10570 (2017).
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"theoretical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics"},{"link_name":"regularization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularization_(physics)"},{"link_name":"summability method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summability_method"},{"link_name":"divergent sums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_series"},{"link_name":"determinants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant"},{"link_name":"traces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"self-adjoint operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-adjoint_operator"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory"}],"text":"In mathematics and theoretical physics, zeta function regularization is a type of regularization or summability method that assigns finite values to divergent sums or products, and in particular can be used to define determinants and traces of some self-adjoint operators. The technique is now commonly applied to problems in physics, but has its origins in attempts to give precise meanings to ill-conditioned sums appearing in number theory.","title":"Zeta function regularization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"analytic continuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_continuation"},{"link_name":"Riemann zeta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_zeta_function"},{"link_name":"Ramanujan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujan"},{"link_name":"1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_%2B_2_%2B_3_%2B_4_%2B_..."},{"link_name":"Hawking (1977)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHawking1977"},{"link_name":"zeta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function_(operator)"},{"link_name":"partition function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_function_(quantum_field_theory)"},{"link_name":"path integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_integral_formulation"},{"link_name":"Ray & Singer (1971)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRaySinger1971"},{"link_name":"determinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant"},{"link_name":"self-adjoint operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-adjoint_operator"},{"link_name":"Laplacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian_operator"},{"link_name":"Riemannian manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_manifold"},{"link_name":"eigenvalues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue"},{"link_name":"Minakshisundaram & Pleijel (1949)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMinakshisundaramPleijel1949"},{"link_name":"Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minakshisundaram%E2%80%93Pleijel_zeta_function"},{"link_name":"Seeley (1967)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSeeley1967"},{"link_name":"elliptic pseudo-differential operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_differential_operator"},{"link_name":"analytic torsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_torsion"},{"link_name":"Hawking (1977)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHawking1977"},{"link_name":"Mellin transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellin_transform"},{"link_name":"heat equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_equation"}],"text":"There are several different summation methods called zeta function regularization for defining the sum of a possibly divergent series a1 + a2 + ....One method is to define its zeta regularized sum to be ζA(−1) if this is defined, where the zeta function is defined for large Re(s) byζ\n \n A\n \n \n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n s\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n s\n \n \n \n \n +\n ⋯\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta _{A}(s)={\\frac {1}{a_{1}^{s}}}+{\\frac {1}{a_{2}^{s}}}+\\cdots }if this sum converges, and by analytic continuation elsewhere.In the case when an = n, the zeta function is the ordinary Riemann zeta function. This method was used by Ramanujan to \"sum\" the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... to ζ(−1) = −1/12.Hawking (1977) showed that in flat space, in which the eigenvalues of Laplacians are known, the zeta function corresponding to the partition function can be computed explicitly. Consider a scalar field φ contained in a large box of volume V in flat spacetime at the temperature T = β−1. The partition function is defined by a path integral over all fields φ on the Euclidean space obtained by putting τ = it which are zero on the walls of the box and which are periodic in τ with period β. In this situation from the partition function he computes energy, entropy and pressure of the radiation of the field φ. In case of flat spaces the eigenvalues appearing in the physical quantities are generally known, while in case of curved space they are not known: in this case asymptotic methods are needed.Another method defines the possibly divergent infinite product a1a2.... to be exp(−ζ′A(0)). Ray & Singer (1971) used this to define the determinant of a positive self-adjoint operator A (the Laplacian of a Riemannian manifold in their application) with eigenvalues a1, a2, ...., and in this case the zeta function is formally the trace of A−s. Minakshisundaram & Pleijel (1949) showed that if A is the Laplacian of a compact Riemannian manifold then the Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function converges and has an analytic continuation as a meromorphic function to all complex numbers, and Seeley (1967) extended this to elliptic pseudo-differential operators A on compact Riemannian manifolds. So for such operators one can define the determinant using zeta function regularization. See \"analytic torsion.\"Hawking (1977) suggested using this idea to evaluate path integrals in curved spacetimes. He studied zeta function regularization in order to calculate the partition functions for thermal graviton and matter's quanta in curved background such as on the horizon of black holes and on de Sitter background using the relation by the inverse Mellin transformation to the trace of the kernel of heat equations.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"analytically continued","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_continuation"},{"link_name":"Casimir effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect#Derivation_of_Casimir_effect_assuming_zeta-regularization"},{"link_name":"Riemann zeta-function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_zeta_function"},{"link_name":"vacuum expectation value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_expectation_value"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"quantum field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory"},{"link_name":"energy–momentum tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_tensor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function_regularization#endnote_Mo97"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function_regularization#endnote_BCEMZ"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function_regularization#endnote_FP17"},{"link_name":"zero-point energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-point_energy"},{"link_name":"regularized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularization_(physics)"},{"link_name":"complex number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"conformal field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_field_theory"},{"link_name":"renormalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization"},{"link_name":"spacetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime"},{"link_name":"string theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory"}],"text":"The first example in which zeta function regularization is available appears in the Casimir effect, which is in a flat space with the bulk contributions of the quantum field in three space dimensions. In this case we must calculate the value of Riemann zeta function at –3, which diverges explicitly. However, it can be analytically continued to s = –3 where hopefully there is no pole, thus giving a finite value to the expression. A detailed example of this regularization at work is given in the article on the detail example of the Casimir effect, where the resulting sum is very explicitly the Riemann zeta-function (and where the seemingly legerdemain analytic continuation removes an additive infinity, leaving a physically significant finite number).An example of zeta-function regularization is the calculation of the vacuum expectation value of the energy of a particle field in quantum field theory. More generally, the zeta-function approach can be used to regularize the whole energy–momentum tensor both in flat and in curved spacetime. [1] [2] [3]The unregulated value of the energy is given by a summation over the zero-point energy of all of the excitation modes of the vacuum:⟨\n 0\n \n |\n \n \n T\n \n 00\n \n \n \n |\n \n 0\n ⟩\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n ℏ\n \n |\n \n \n ω\n \n n\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle 0|T_{00}|0\\rangle =\\sum _{n}{\\frac {\\hbar |\\omega _{n}|}{2}}}Here, \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n 00\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{00}}\n \n is the zeroth component of the energy–momentum tensor and the sum (which may be an integral) is understood to extend over all (positive and negative) energy modes \n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega _{n}}\n \n; the absolute value reminding us that the energy is taken to be positive. This sum, as written, is usually infinite (\n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega _{n}}\n \n is typically linear in n). The sum may be regularized by writing it as⟨\n 0\n \n |\n \n \n T\n \n 00\n \n \n (\n s\n )\n \n |\n \n 0\n ⟩\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n ℏ\n \n |\n \n \n ω\n \n n\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n ω\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle 0|T_{00}(s)|0\\rangle =\\sum _{n}{\\frac {\\hbar |\\omega _{n}|}{2}}|\\omega _{n}|^{-s}}where s is some parameter, taken to be a complex number. For large, real s greater than 4 (for three-dimensional space), the sum is manifestly finite, and thus may often be evaluated theoretically.The zeta-regularization is useful as it can often be used in a way such that the various symmetries of the physical system are preserved. Zeta-function regularization is used in conformal field theory, renormalization and in fixing the critical spacetime dimension of string theory.","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dimensional regularization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_regularization"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function_regularization#endnote_BCEMZ"}],"text":"Zeta function regularization is equivalent to dimensional regularization, see[4]. However, the main advantage of the zeta regularization is that it can be used whenever the dimensional regularization fails, for example if there are matrices or tensors inside the calculations \n \n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n i\n ,\n j\n ,\n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon _{i,j,k}}","title":"Relation to other regularizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arithmetic function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_function"},{"link_name":"Dirichlet series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_series"},{"link_name":"simple poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_pole"},{"link_name":"Z-transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-transform"},{"link_name":"Laurent series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_series"},{"link_name":"Mellin transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellin_transform"},{"link_name":"Gamma function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function"}],"text":"Zeta-function regularization gives an analytic structure to any sums over an arithmetic function f(n). Such sums are known as Dirichlet series. The regularized formf\n ~\n \n \n \n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n f\n (\n n\n )\n \n n\n \n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tilde {f}}(s)=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }f(n)n^{-s}}converts divergences of the sum into simple poles on the complex s-plane. In numerical calculations, the zeta-function regularization is inappropriate, as it is extremely slow to converge. For numerical purposes, a more rapidly converging sum is the exponential regularization, given byF\n (\n t\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n f\n (\n n\n )\n \n e\n \n −\n t\n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F(t)=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }f(n)e^{-tn}.}This is sometimes called the Z-transform of f, where z = exp(−t). The analytic structure of the exponential and zeta-regularizations are related. By expanding the exponential sum as a Laurent seriesF\n (\n t\n )\n =\n \n \n \n a\n \n N\n \n \n \n t\n \n N\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n a\n \n N\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n t\n \n N\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n +\n ⋯\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F(t)={\\frac {a_{N}}{t^{N}}}+{\\frac {a_{N-1}}{t^{N-1}}}+\\cdots }one finds that the zeta-series has the structuref\n ~\n \n \n \n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n \n a\n \n N\n \n \n \n s\n −\n N\n \n \n \n +\n ⋯\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tilde {f}}(s)={\\frac {a_{N}}{s-N}}+\\cdots .}The structure of the exponential and zeta-regulators are related by means of the Mellin transform. The one may be converted to the other by making use of the integral representation of the Gamma function:Γ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n t\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n t\n \n \n \n d\n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Gamma (s)=\\int _{0}^{\\infty }t^{s-1}e^{-t}\\,dt}which leads to the identityΓ\n (\n s\n )\n \n \n \n f\n ~\n \n \n \n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n t\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n F\n (\n t\n )\n \n d\n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Gamma (s){\\tilde {f}}(s)=\\int _{0}^{\\infty }t^{s-1}F(t)\\,dt}relating the exponential and zeta-regulators, and converting poles in the s-plane to divergent terms in the Laurent series.","title":"Relation to Dirichlet series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heat kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_kernel"},{"link_name":"Dirichlet series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_series"},{"link_name":"Abelian mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_mean"},{"link_name":"Laplace–Stieltjes transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%E2%80%93Stieltjes_transform"},{"link_name":"step function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_function"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function_regularization#endnote_Apostol"},{"link_name":"uniformly convergent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformly_convergent"},{"link_name":"compact subset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_subset"}],"text":"The sumf\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n \n \n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n s\n \n |\n \n \n ω\n \n n\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(s)=\\sum _{n}a_{n}e^{-s|\\omega _{n}|}}is sometimes called a heat kernel or a heat-kernel regularized sum; this name stems from the idea that the \n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega _{n}}\n \n can sometimes be understood as eigenvalues of the heat kernel. In mathematics, such a sum is known as a generalized Dirichlet series; its use for averaging is known as an Abelian mean. It is closely related to the Laplace–Stieltjes transform, in thatf\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n s\n t\n \n \n \n d\n α\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(s)=\\int _{0}^{\\infty }e^{-st}\\,d\\alpha (t)}where \n \n \n \n α\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha (t)}\n \n is a step function, with steps of \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{n}}\n \n at \n \n \n \n t\n =\n \n |\n \n \n ω\n \n n\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t=|\\omega _{n}|}\n \n. A number of theorems for the convergence of such a series exist. For example, by the Hardy-Littlewood Tauberian theorem, if [5]L\n =\n \n lim sup\n \n n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n log\n ⁡\n |\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n |\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n ω\n \n n\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle L=\\limsup _{n\\to \\infty }{\\frac {\\log \\vert \\sum _{k=1}^{n}a_{k}\\vert }{|\\omega _{n}|}}}then the series for \n \n \n \n f\n (\n s\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(s)}\n \n converges in the half-plane \n \n \n \n ℜ\n (\n s\n )\n >\n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Re (s)>L}\n \n and is uniformly convergent on every compact subset of the half-plane \n \n \n \n ℜ\n (\n s\n )\n >\n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Re (s)>L}\n \n. In almost all applications to physics, one has \n \n \n \n L\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L=0}","title":"Heat kernel regularization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G. H. Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._H._Hardy"},{"link_name":"J. E. Littlewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._E._Littlewood"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function_regularization#endnote_Hard16"},{"link_name":"Cahen–Mellin integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahen%E2%80%93Mellin_integral"},{"link_name":"conditionally convergent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditionally_convergent"},{"link_name":"number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory"},{"link_name":"Hawking (1977)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHawking1977"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function_regularization#endnote_Do76"},{"link_name":"renormalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization"},{"link_name":"dimensional regularization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_regularization"}],"text":"Much of the early work establishing the convergence and equivalence of series regularized with the heat kernel and zeta function regularization methods was done by G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood in 1916[6] and is based on the application of the Cahen–Mellin integral. The effort was made in order to obtain values for various ill-defined, conditionally convergent sums appearing in number theory.In terms of application as the regulator in physical problems, before Hawking (1977), J. Stuart Dowker and Raymond Critchley in 1976 proposed a zeta-function regularization method for quantum physical problems.[7] Emilio Elizalde and others have also proposed a method based on the zeta regularization for the integrals \n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n a\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n m\n −\n s\n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{a}^{\\infty }x^{m-s}dx}\n \n, here \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{-s}}\n \n is a regulator and the divergent integral depends on the numbers \n \n \n \n ζ\n (\n s\n −\n m\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s-m)}\n \n in the limit \n \n \n \n s\n →\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s\\to 0}\n \n see renormalization. Also unlike other regularizations such as dimensional regularization and analytic regularization, zeta regularization has no counterterms and gives only finite results.","title":"History"}]
[]
[{"title":"Generating function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating_function"},{"title":"Perron's formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perron%27s_formula"},{"title":"Renormalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization"},{"title":"1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_%2B_1_%2B_1_%2B_1_%2B_%E2%8B%AF"},{"title":"1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_%2B_2_%2B_3_%2B_4_%2B_%E2%8B%AF"},{"title":"Analytic torsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_torsion"},{"title":"Ramanujan summation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujan_summation"},{"title":"Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minakshisundaram%E2%80%93Pleijel_zeta_function"},{"title":"Zeta function (operator)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function_(operator)"}]
[{"reference":"Hawking, S. W. (1977), \"Zeta function regularization of path integrals in curved spacetime\", Communications in Mathematical Physics, 55 (2): 133–148, Bibcode:1977CMaPh..55..133H, doi:10.1007/BF01626516, ISSN 0010-3616, MR 0524257, S2CID 121650064","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking","url_text":"Hawking, S. W."},{"url":"http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.cmp/1103900982","url_text":"\"Zeta function regularization of path integrals in curved spacetime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977CMaPh..55..133H","url_text":"1977CMaPh..55..133H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01626516","url_text":"10.1007/BF01626516"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-3616","url_text":"0010-3616"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0524257","url_text":"0524257"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121650064","url_text":"121650064"}]},{"reference":"Minakshisundaram, S.; Pleijel, Å. (1949), \"Some properties of the eigenfunctions of the Laplace-operator on Riemannian manifolds\", Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 1 (3): 242–256, doi:10.4153/CJM-1949-021-5, ISSN 0008-414X, MR 0031145","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Canadian Journal of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4153%2FCJM-1949-021-5","url_text":"10.4153/CJM-1949-021-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-414X","url_text":"0008-414X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0031145","url_text":"0031145"}]},{"reference":"Ray, D. B.; Singer, I. M. (1971), \"R-torsion and the Laplacian on Riemannian manifolds\", Advances in Mathematics, 7 (2): 145–210, doi:10.1016/0001-8708(71)90045-4, MR 0295381","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advances_in_Mathematics","url_text":"Advances in Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0001-8708%2871%2990045-4","url_text":"10.1016/0001-8708(71)90045-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0295381","url_text":"0295381"}]},{"reference":"\"Zeta-function method for regularization\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Zeta-function_method_for_regularization","url_text":"\"Zeta-function method for regularization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]},{"reference":"Seeley, R. T. (1967), \"Complex powers of an elliptic operator\", in Calderón, Alberto P. (ed.), Singular Integrals (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Chicago, Ill., 1966), Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics, vol. 10, Providence, R.I.: Amer. Math. Soc., pp. 288–307, ISBN 978-0-8218-1410-9, MR 0237943","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-1410-9","url_text":"978-0-8218-1410-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0237943","url_text":"0237943"}]},{"reference":"Dowker, J. S.; Critchley, R. (1976), \"Effective Lagrangian and energy–momentum tensor in de Sitter space\", Physical Review D, 13 (12): 3224–3232, Bibcode:1976PhRvD..13.3224D, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.13.3224","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976PhRvD..13.3224D","url_text":"1976PhRvD..13.3224D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.13.3224","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevD.13.3224"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbomolecular_pump
Turbomolecular pump
["1 Operating principles","2 Maximum pressure","3 Practical considerations","4 History","5 References","6 External links"]
Pump designed to create and maintain high vacuum This article is about the vacuum pump. For the propellant compressor, see Turbopump. Interior view of a turbomolecular pump A turbomolecular pump is a type of vacuum pump, superficially similar to a turbopump, used to obtain and maintain high vacuum. These pumps work on the principle that gas molecules can be given momentum in a desired direction by repeated collision with a moving solid surface. In a turbomolecular pump, a rapidly spinning fan rotor 'hits' gas molecules from the inlet of the pump towards the exhaust in order to create or maintain a vacuum. Operating principles Most turbomolecular pumps employ multiple stages, each consisting of a quickly rotating rotor blade and stationary stator blade pair. The system is an axial compressor that puts energy into the gas, rather than a turbine, which takes energy out of a moving fluid to create rotary power, thus "turbomolecular pump" is a misnomer. Gas captured by the upper stages is pushed into the lower stages and successively compressed to the level of the fore-vacuum (backing pump) pressure. As the gas molecules enter through the inlet, the rotor, which has a number of angled blades, hits the molecules. Thus the mechanical energy of the blades is transferred to the gas molecules. With this newly acquired momentum, the gas molecules enter into the gas transfer holes in the stator. This leads them to the next stage where they again collide with the rotor surface, and this process is continued, finally leading them outwards through the exhaust. Because of the relative motion of rotor and stator, molecules preferentially hit the lower side of the blades. Because the blade surface looks down, most of the scattered molecules will leave it downwards. The surface is rough, so no reflection will occur. A blade needs to be thick and stable enough for high pressure operation and as thin as possible and slightly bent for maximum compression. For high compression ratios the throat between adjacent rotor blades (as shown in the image) is pointing as much as possible in the forward direction. For high flow rates the blades are at 45° and reach close to the axis. Schematic of a turbomolecular pump. Because the compression of each stage is ≈10, each stage closer to the outlet is considerably smaller than the preceding inlet stages. This has two consequences. The geometric progression tells us that infinite stages could ideally fit into a finite axial length. The finite length in this case is the full height of the housing as the bearings, the motor, and controller and some of the coolers can be installed inside on the axis. Radially, to grasp as much of the thin gas at the entrance, the inlet-side rotors would ideally have a larger radius, and correspondingly higher centrifugal force; ideal blades would get thinner towards their tips. However, because the average speed of a blade affects pumping so much this is done by increasing the root diameter rather than the tip diameter where practical. Turbomolecular pumps must operate at very high speeds, and the heat buildup due to friction imposes design limitations. Some turbomolecular pumps use magnetic bearings to reduce friction and oil contamination. Because the magnetic bearings and the temperature cycles allow for only a limited clearance between rotor and stator, the blades at the high pressure stages are somewhat degenerated into a single helical foil each. Laminar flow cannot be used for pumping, because laminar turbines stall when not used at the designed flow. The pump can be cooled down to improve the compression, but should not be so cold as to condense ice on the blades. When a turbopump is stopped, the oil from the backing vacuum may backstream through the turbopump and contaminate the chamber. One way to prevent this is to introduce a laminar flow of nitrogen through the pump. The transition from vacuum to nitrogen and from a running to a still turbopump has to be synchronized precisely to avoid mechanical stress to the pump and overpressure at the exhaust. A thin membrane and a valve at the exhaust should be added to protect the turbopump from excessive back pressure (e.g. after a power failure or leaks in the backing vacuum). The rotor is stabilized in all of its six degrees of freedom. One degree is governed by the electric motor. Minimally, this degree must be stabilized electronically (or by a diamagnetic material, which is too unstable to be used in a precision pump bearing). Another way (ignoring losses in magnetic cores at high frequencies) is to construct this bearing as an axis with a sphere at each end. These spheres are inside hollow static spheres. On the surface of each sphere is a checkerboard pattern of inwards and outwards going magnetic field lines. As the checkerboard pattern of the static spheres is rotated, the rotor rotates. In this construction no axis is made stable on the cost of making another axis unstable, but all axes are neutral and the electronic regulation is less stressed and will be more dynamically stable. Hall effect sensors can be used to sense the rotational position and the other degrees of freedom can be measured capacitively. Maximum pressure A turbomolecular pump with attached vacuum ionization gauge for pressure measurement. At atmospheric pressure, the mean free path of air is about 70 nm. A turbomolecular pump can work only if those molecules hit by the moving blades reach the stationary blades before colliding with other molecules on their way. To achieve that, the gap between moving blades and stationary blades must be close to or less than the mean free path. From a practical construction standpoint, a feasible gap between the blade sets is on the order of 1 mm, so a turbopump will stall (no net pumping) if exhausted directly to the atmosphere. Since the mean free path is inversely proportional to pressure, a turbopump will pump when the exhaust pressure is less than about 10 Pa (0.10 mbar) where the mean free path is about 0.7 mm. Most turbopumps have a Holweck pump (or molecular drag pump) as their last stage to increase the maximum backing pressure (exhaust pressure) to about 1–10 mbar. Theoretically, a centrifugal pump, a side channel pump, or a regenerative pump could be used to back to atmospheric pressure directly, but currently there is no commercially available turbopump that exhausts directly to atmosphere. In most cases, the exhaust is connected to a mechanical backing pump (usually called roughing pump) that produces a pressure low enough for the turbomolecular pump to work efficiently. Typically, this backing pressure is below 0.1 mbar and commonly about 0.01 mbar. The backing pressure is rarely below 10−3 mbar (mean free path ≈ 70 mm) because the flow resistance of the vacuum pipe between the turbopump and the roughing pump becomes significant. The turbomolecular pump can be a very versatile pump. It can generate many degrees of vacuum from intermediate vacuum (≈10−2 Pa) up to ultra-high vacuum levels (≈10−8 Pa). Multiple turbomolecular pumps in a lab or manufacturing-plant can be connected by tubes to a small backing pump. Automatic valves and diffusion pump like injection into a large buffer-tube in front of the backing pump prevents any overpressure from one pump to stall another pump. Practical considerations Laws of fluid dynamics do not provide good approximations for the behavior of individual, highly separated, non-interacting gas molecules, like those found in high vacuum environments. The maximum compression varies linearly with circumferential rotor speed. In order to obtain extremely low pressures down to 1 micropascal, rotation rates of 20,000 to 90,000 revolutions per minute are often necessary. Unfortunately, the compression ratio varies exponentially with the square root of the molecular weight of the gas. Thus, heavy molecules are pumped much more efficiently than light molecules. Most gases are heavy enough to be well pumped but it is difficult to pump hydrogen and helium efficiently. An additional drawback stems from the high rotor speed of this type of pump: very high grade bearings are required, which increase the cost. The turbomolecular pump from ICP-MS instrument Varia. Because turbomolecular pumps only work in molecular flow conditions, a pure turbomolecular pump will require a very large backing pump to work effectively. Thus, many modern pumps have a molecular drag stage such as a Holweck or Gaede mechanism near the exhaust to reduce the size of backing pump required. Much of recent turbo pump development has been focused on improvement of the effectiveness of the drag stages. As gas is removed from a pumped space, the lighter gases hydrogen and helium become a larger proportion of the remaining gas load. In recent years it has been demonstrated that the precise design of the surface geometry of the drag stages can have a marked effect on pumping of these light gases, improving compression ratios by up to two orders of magnitude for given pumping volume. As a result, it is possible to use much smaller backing pumps than would be required by pure turbomolecular pumps and/or design more compact turbomolecular pumps. History See also: Molecular drag pump The turbomolecular pump was invented in 1958 by W. Becker, based on the older molecular drag pumps developed by Wolfgang Gaede in 1913, Fernand Holweck in 1923 and Manne Siegbahn in 1944. References ^ John F. O'Hanlon (4 March 2005). A User's Guide to Vacuum Technology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 385–. ISBN 978-0-471-46715-1. ^ Marton, Kati (18 January 1980). Vacuum Physics and Technology. Academic Press. pp. 247–. ISBN 978-0-08-085995-8. ^ Robert M. Besançon, ed. (1990). "Vacuum Techniques". The Encyclopedia of Physics (3rd ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. pp. 1278–1284. ISBN 0-442-00522-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turbomolecular pumps. Some practical guidelines
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For the propellant compressor, see Turbopump.Interior view of a turbomolecular pumpA turbomolecular pump is a type of vacuum pump, superficially similar to a turbopump, used to obtain and maintain high vacuum.[1][2] These pumps work on the principle that gas molecules can be given momentum in a desired direction by repeated collision with a moving solid surface. In a turbomolecular pump, a rapidly spinning fan rotor 'hits' gas molecules from the inlet of the pump towards the exhaust in order to create or maintain a vacuum.","title":"Turbomolecular pump"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rotor blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(turbine)"},{"link_name":"stator blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stator"},{"link_name":"axial compressor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_compressor"},{"link_name":"turbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine"},{"link_name":"gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turbo_pump_schematic-2011-05-02-en.svg"},{"link_name":"bearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius"},{"link_name":"diameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter"},{"link_name":"magnetic bearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_bearing"},{"link_name":"friction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction"},{"link_name":"nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"degrees of freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"diamagnetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamagnetic"},{"link_name":"magnetic cores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_cores"},{"link_name":"pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern"}],"text":"Most turbomolecular pumps employ multiple stages, each consisting of a quickly rotating rotor blade and stationary stator blade pair. The system is an axial compressor that puts energy into the gas, rather than a turbine, which takes energy out of a moving fluid to create rotary power, thus \"turbomolecular pump\" is a misnomer. Gas captured by the upper stages is pushed into the lower stages and successively compressed to the level of the fore-vacuum (backing pump) pressure.\nAs the gas molecules enter through the inlet, the rotor, which has a number of angled blades, hits the molecules. Thus the mechanical energy of the blades is transferred to the gas molecules. With this newly acquired momentum, the gas molecules enter into the gas transfer holes in the stator. This leads them to the next stage where they again collide with the rotor surface, and this process is continued, finally leading them outwards through the exhaust.Because of the relative motion of rotor and stator, molecules preferentially hit the lower side of the blades. Because the blade surface looks down, most of the scattered molecules will leave it downwards. The surface is rough, so no reflection will occur. A blade needs to be thick and stable enough for high pressure operation and as thin as possible and slightly bent for maximum compression. For high compression ratios the throat between adjacent rotor blades (as shown in the image) is pointing as much as possible in the forward direction. For high flow rates the blades are at 45° and reach close to the axis.Schematic of a turbomolecular pump.Because the compression of each stage is ≈10, each stage closer to the outlet is considerably smaller than the preceding inlet stages. This has two consequences. The geometric progression tells us that infinite stages could ideally fit into a finite axial length. The finite length in this case is the full height of the housing as the bearings, the motor, and controller and some of the coolers can be installed inside on the axis. Radially, to grasp as much of the thin gas at the entrance, the inlet-side rotors would ideally have a larger radius, and correspondingly higher centrifugal force; ideal blades would get thinner towards their tips. However, because the average speed of a blade affects pumping so much this is done by increasing the root diameter rather than the tip diameter where practical.Turbomolecular pumps must operate at very high speeds, and the heat buildup due to friction imposes design limitations. Some turbomolecular pumps use magnetic bearings to reduce friction and oil contamination. Because the magnetic bearings and the temperature cycles allow for only a limited clearance between rotor and stator, the blades at the high pressure stages are somewhat degenerated into a single helical foil each. Laminar flow cannot be used for pumping, because laminar turbines stall when not used at the designed flow. The pump can be cooled down to improve the compression, but should not be so cold as to condense ice on the blades.\nWhen a turbopump is stopped, the oil from the backing vacuum may backstream through the turbopump and contaminate the chamber. One way to prevent this is to introduce a laminar flow of nitrogen through the pump. The transition from vacuum to nitrogen and from a running to a still turbopump has to be synchronized precisely to avoid mechanical stress to the pump and overpressure at the exhaust. A thin membrane and a valve at the exhaust should be added to protect the turbopump from excessive back pressure (e.g. after a power failure or leaks in the backing vacuum).The rotor is stabilized in all of its six degrees of freedom. One degree is governed by the electric motor. Minimally, this degree must be stabilized electronically (or by a diamagnetic material, which is too unstable to be used in a precision pump bearing). Another way (ignoring losses in magnetic cores at high frequencies) is to construct this bearing as an axis with a sphere at each end. These spheres are inside hollow static spheres. On the surface of each sphere is a checkerboard pattern of inwards and outwards going magnetic field lines. As the checkerboard pattern of the static spheres is rotated, the rotor rotates. In this construction no axis is made stable on the cost of making another axis unstable, but all axes are neutral and the electronic regulation is less stressed and will be more dynamically stable. Hall effect sensors can be used to sense the rotational position and the other degrees of freedom can be measured capacitively.","title":"Operating principles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edwards_turbopump.jpg"},{"link_name":"vacuum ionization gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_ionization_gauge"},{"link_name":"pressure measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_measurement"},{"link_name":"mean free path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_free_path"},{"link_name":"Holweck pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holweck_pump"},{"link_name":"regenerative pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_pump"},{"link_name":"roughing pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roughing_pump"},{"link_name":"ultra-high vacuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_vacuum"},{"link_name":"diffusion pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_pump"}],"text":"A turbomolecular pump with attached vacuum ionization gauge for pressure measurement.At atmospheric pressure, the mean free path of air is about 70 nm. A turbomolecular pump can work only if those molecules hit by the moving blades reach the stationary blades before colliding with other molecules on their way. To achieve that, the gap between moving blades and stationary blades must be close to or less than the mean free path. From a practical construction standpoint, a feasible gap between the blade sets is on the order of 1 mm, so a turbopump will stall (no net pumping) if exhausted directly to the atmosphere. Since the mean free path is inversely proportional to pressure, a turbopump will pump when the exhaust pressure is less than about 10 Pa (0.10 mbar) where the mean free path is about 0.7 mm.Most turbopumps have a Holweck pump (or molecular drag pump) as their last stage to increase the maximum backing pressure (exhaust pressure) to about 1–10 mbar. Theoretically, a centrifugal pump, a side channel pump, or a regenerative pump could be used to back to atmospheric pressure directly, but currently there is no commercially available turbopump that exhausts directly to atmosphere. In most cases, the exhaust is connected to a mechanical backing pump (usually called roughing pump) that produces a pressure low enough for the turbomolecular pump to work efficiently. Typically, this backing pressure is below 0.1 mbar and commonly about 0.01 mbar. The backing pressure is rarely below 10−3 mbar (mean free path ≈ 70 mm) because the flow resistance of the vacuum pipe between the turbopump and the roughing pump becomes significant.The turbomolecular pump can be a very versatile pump. It can generate many degrees of vacuum from intermediate vacuum (≈10−2 Pa) up to ultra-high vacuum levels (≈10−8 Pa).Multiple turbomolecular pumps in a lab or manufacturing-plant can be connected by tubes to a small backing pump. Automatic valves and diffusion pump like injection into a large buffer-tube in front of the backing pump prevents any overpressure from one pump to stall another pump.","title":"Maximum pressure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fluid dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics"},{"link_name":"high vacuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum"},{"link_name":"micropascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"link_name":"molecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"high grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_bearing"},{"link_name":"bearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turbomolecular_pump_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holweck or Gaede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holweck_pump"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Laws of fluid dynamics do not provide good approximations for the behavior of individual, highly separated, non-interacting gas molecules, like those found in high vacuum environments. The maximum compression varies linearly with circumferential rotor speed. In order to obtain extremely low pressures down to 1 micropascal, rotation rates of 20,000 to 90,000 revolutions per minute are often necessary. Unfortunately, the compression ratio varies exponentially with the square root of the molecular weight of the gas. Thus, heavy molecules are pumped much more efficiently than light molecules. Most gases are heavy enough to be well pumped but it is difficult to pump hydrogen and helium efficiently.An additional drawback stems from the high rotor speed of this type of pump: very high grade bearings are required, which increase the cost.The turbomolecular pump from ICP-MS instrument Varia.Because turbomolecular pumps only work in molecular flow conditions, a pure turbomolecular pump will require a very large backing pump to work effectively. Thus, many modern pumps have a molecular drag stage such as a Holweck or Gaede mechanism near the exhaust to reduce the size of backing pump required.Much of recent turbo pump development has been focused on improvement of the effectiveness of the drag stages. As gas is removed from a pumped space, the lighter gases hydrogen and helium become a larger proportion of the remaining gas load. In recent years it has been demonstrated that the precise design of the surface geometry of the drag stages can have a marked effect on pumping of these light gases, improving compression ratios by up to two orders of magnitude for given pumping volume.[citation needed] As a result, it is possible to use much smaller backing pumps than would be required by pure turbomolecular pumps and/or design more compact turbomolecular pumps.","title":"Practical considerations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Molecular drag pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_drag_pump"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Gaede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Gaede"},{"link_name":"Fernand Holweck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Holweck"},{"link_name":"Manne Siegbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"See also: Molecular drag pumpThe turbomolecular pump was invented in 1958 by W. Becker, based on the older molecular drag pumps developed by Wolfgang Gaede in 1913, Fernand Holweck in 1923 and Manne Siegbahn in 1944.[3]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Interior view of a turbomolecular pump","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cut_through_turbomolecular_pump.jpg/220px-Cut_through_turbomolecular_pump.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schematic of a turbomolecular pump.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Turbo_pump_schematic-2011-05-02-en.svg/250px-Turbo_pump_schematic-2011-05-02-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A turbomolecular pump with attached vacuum ionization gauge for pressure measurement.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Edwards_turbopump.jpg/220px-Edwards_turbopump.jpg"},{"image_text":"The turbomolecular pump from ICP-MS instrument Varia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Turbomolecular_pump_2.jpg/250px-Turbomolecular_pump_2.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"John F. O'Hanlon (4 March 2005). A User's Guide to Vacuum Technology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 385–. ISBN 978-0-471-46715-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9aNaUW-q4ygC&pg=PA387","url_text":"A User's Guide to Vacuum Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-46715-1","url_text":"978-0-471-46715-1"}]},{"reference":"Marton, Kati (18 January 1980). Vacuum Physics and Technology. Academic Press. pp. 247–. ISBN 978-0-08-085995-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tfLWfAx1ZWQC&pg=PA258","url_text":"Vacuum Physics and Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-085995-8","url_text":"978-0-08-085995-8"}]},{"reference":"Robert M. Besançon, ed. (1990). \"Vacuum Techniques\". The Encyclopedia of Physics (3rd ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. pp. 1278–1284. ISBN 0-442-00522-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-00522-9","url_text":"0-442-00522-9"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9aNaUW-q4ygC&pg=PA387","external_links_name":"A User's Guide to Vacuum Technology"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tfLWfAx1ZWQC&pg=PA258","external_links_name":"Vacuum Physics and Technology"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070603173443/http://www.cbem.imperial.ac.uk/EM_Faculty/Equipment/Turbo_Molecular_Pump.htm","external_links_name":"Some practical guidelines"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Neizvestny
Ernst Neizvestny
["1 Early life","2 Confrontations with Khrushchev","3 Art career","4 Awards and decorations","5 Bibliography","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Soviet sculptor Ernst NeizvestnyЭрнст НеизвестныйNeizvestny in 2000BornErik Iosifovich Neizvestny(1925-04-09)9 April 1925Sverdlovsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionDied9 August 2016(2016-08-09) (aged 91)New York, U.S.NationalityRussianAlma materArt Academy of Latvia,Surikov Moscow Art Institute,Moscow State UniversityKnown forSculptor, painter, graphic artist, art philosopherNotable workMask of SorrowStyleLarge monumental sculpturesMovementExpressionismAwardsState Prize of the Russian Federation (1996)ElectedThe Russian Academy of Arts (2004) Ernst Iosifovich Neizvestny (Russian: Эрнст Ио́сифович Неизве́стный; 9 April 1925 – 9 August 2016) was a Russian sculptor, painter, graphic artist, and art philosopher. He emigrated to the U.S. in 1976 and lived and worked in New York City. His last name in Russian literally means "unknown". American playwright Arthur Miller once described Neizvestny as an "artist of the East" who is regarded by Russians as an "expression of the country, of its soul, language, and spirit" and as a "prophet of the future" who represents the "philosophical conscience of his country." Alexander Calder, the American artist, once said to Neizvestny, "All my life I create the world of children, and you create the world of man." Early life Erik Neizvestny was born 9 April 1925 in Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) into a Jewish family. His father was a doctor and his mother was a scientist. Their surname, given originally to Neizvestny's great grandfather, derived from an early nineteenth century practice of taking very young Jewish boys from their families, baptising them in the Orthodox Church. During his teens, he went to the Sverdlovsk School № 16. There, he was on friendly terms with another student named Vladimir Vinnichevsky, who later on became a serial killer. In 1942, at the age of 17, he joined the Red Army as a volunteer. He changed his name to Ernst during this period because the name Erik "sounded childish," but his mother and friends still called him Erik. At the close of World War II, he was heavily wounded and sustained a clinical death. Although he was awarded the Order of the Red Star "posthumously" and his mother received an official notification that her son had died, Neizvestny managed to survive. In 1947, Neizvestny was enrolled at the Art Academy of Latvia in Riga. He continued his education at the Surikov Moscow Art Institute and the Philosophy Department of the Moscow State University. His sculptures, often based on the forms of the human body, are noted for their expressionism and powerful plasticity. Although his preferred material was bronze, his larger, monumental installations were often executed in concrete. Most of his works are arranged in extensive cycles, the best known of which is The Tree of Life, a theme he had developed since 1956. Confrontations with Khrushchev In November 1962 Neizvestny was invited to contribute to an exhibition organised by the Moscow Union of Artists. There was tension between this body and the Academy of Fine Arts, and part of the point of the exhibition was to try to demonstrate that the Academy had too narrow a definition of what constituted art. The exhibition drew large crowds, but the organisers were ordered to close it after a few days, and transfer the exhibits to a building near the Kremlin, which was visited by Nikita Khrushchev, accompanied by a large entourage, and a film crew. He shouted that the exhibits were "Dog shit!", and picked out Neizvestny as the person he believed to be in charge. Neizvestny told him: "You may be Premier and Chairman, but not here in front of my works. Here I am Premier and we shall discuss as equals." As they continued to argue, someone in Khrushchev's entourage called Neizvestny a homosexual, but 'after excusing himself to Minister of Culture Yekaterina Furtseva', Neizvestny replied: "Give me a girl right here and now and I'll show what sort of homosexual I am." At the end of the session, Khrushchev told him: "You are the kind of man I like. There's an angel and a devil in you. If the angel wins, we can get along together. If it's the devil who wins, we'll destroy you." On 15 December, Neizvestny was among 400 guests invited to hear Khrushchev speak at Moscow's House of Receptions. Khrushchev reputedly intended to be conciliatory, but went off script and pointing at one of Neizvestny's statues and demanded: "is that a horse or a cow? Whatever it is, it makes an ugly mockery of a perfectly noble animal." Pointing at another he said: "If that's supposed to be a woman, then you're a faggot. And the sentence for them is ten years in prison." He went on to compare looking at Neizvestny's work to being in a toilet looking up while someone else was sitting on it. Despite these insults, in 1975, four years after Khrushchev's death, his family commissioned Neizvestny to design the monument over his grave at the Novodevichy Cemetery. Art career Other well-known works he created during the Soviet period include Prometheus in Artek (1966). Much of his art from the Soviet era was destroyed before he was forcibly exiled to America. Neizvestny's talent for large monumental sculptures was again recognized when in the late 1980s six Taiwan cities commissioned the New Statue of Liberty to be built in Kaohsiung harbor. Like the original in New York, it was planned to be 152 feet tall. Several models were built. At least one about five feet tall, and approximately 13 smaller bronzes, each slightly over 18 inches, sold to clients of Magna Gallery in San Francisco. Although the authorized maximum number of signed and numbered castings was 200, far fewer were actually cast and sold, in part because the monument was never built in Taiwan. The reasons are largely political and are described in Albert Leong's bio of Neizvestny, referred to below. During the 1980s, Neizvestny was a visiting lecturer at the University of Oregon and at UC Berkeley. He also worked with Magna Gallery in San Francisco and had a number of shows which were well-attended in the mid to late 1980s. This gallery also asked him to create his suite of five original graphics, "Man through the Wall," to mark the end of Communism at the end of the 1980s. Magna Gallery was closed at the end of 1992. During this time, Neizvestny worked diligently to get his dream "Tree of Life" monumental sculpture funded and built. Several small versions or spinoffs based on the theme were built, but the enormous monumental version that Neizvestny dreamed to build, inside which people could walk, has not been built although it has been fully conceptualized, planned out and detailed by the artist as a labor of love. In 1996, Neizvestny completed his Mask of Sorrow, a 15-metre (49 ft) tall monument to the victims of Soviet purges, situated in Magadan. The same year, he was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation. Although he lived in New York City and worked at Columbia University, Neizvestny frequently visited Moscow and celebrated his 80th birthday there. A museum dedicated to his sculptures was established in Uttersberg, Sweden. Some of his crucifixion statues were acquired by John Paul II for the Vatican Museums. In 2004, Neizvestny became an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Arts. In 1995, he participated as a painter in the jubilee exhibition on Gogol Boulevard, dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the exhibition of painting in the pavilion "beekeeping" at VDNH with Eduard Drobitsky, Julia Dolgorukova and other nonconformist artists. A biography of Neizvestny was written by University of Oregon professor Albert Leong in 2002 entitled: Centaur: The Life and Art of Ernst Neizvestny. Another book about Neizvestny is Art and Revolution: Ernst Neizvestny, Endurance, and the Role of the Artist, written by British art critic John Berger in 1969. Awards and decorations Order of the Red Star (1945) Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", third class Order of Honour State Prize of the Russian Federation Bibliography N. V. Voronov, Ernst Neizvestny. Moscow, 1991. Berger, John. Art and Revolution. Ernst Neizvestny and the Role of the Artist in the U.S.S.R. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969. Leong, Albert. Centaur: The Life and Art of Ernst Neizvestny. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. References ^ Leong, Albert (2002). Centaur: The Life and Art of Ernst Neizvestny. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-2058-5. ^ "The unknown warrior". The Economist. Vol. 420, no. 9003. 20 August 2016. p. 70. ^ a b c d Официальный сайт Эрнста Неизвестного (in English) ^ As reported by New York City Tribune, 29 March 1988. ^ Bazin, Jerome; Glatigny, Pascal Dubourg; Piotrowski, Piotr (1 March 2016). Art beyond Borders: Artistic Exchange in Communist Europe (1945?1989. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-386-083-0. ^ Berger, John (1969). Art and Revolution, Ernst Neizvestny and the Role of the Artist in the USSR. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. p. 17. ^ Leong, Albert (2002). Centaur: The Life and Art of Ernst Neizvestny. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-2058-5. ^ Berger. Art and Revolution. p. 83. ^ Taubman, William (2005). Khrushchev. London: Simon & Schuster. p. 589. ISBN 0-7432-7564-0. ^ Berger. Art and Revolution. p. 85. ^ Taubman. Khrushchev. pp. 591–92. ^ Taubman. Khrushchev. p. 647. ^ "Le Masque de Tristesse". www.baikalnature.fr (in French). Retrieved 23 November 2017. ^ Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 27.05.1996 № 779 "О присуждении Государственных премий Российской Федерации в области литературы и искусства 1995 года" // Официальное представительство Президента России ^ Состав РАХ Archived 28 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ Oscar Yakovletvich Rabin MEMORIAL ^ К 20-летию выставки в павильоне «Пчеловодство» ВДНХ СССР. Каталог. М., IFA, 1995. ^ a b c d "Ernst Neizvestny dies in New York". Russkiy Mir Foundation. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2019. Further reading Grimes, William (17 August 2016). "Ernst Neizvestny, a Russian Sculptor Who Clashed With Khrushchev, Dies at 91". New York Times. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ernst Neizvestny. Studio of Ernst Neizvestny website Sculptor Ernst Neizvestny Russian Art Gallery Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii Artists KulturNav Museum of Modern Art RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"art philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_art"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Arthur Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Miller"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-own-3"},{"link_name":"Alexander Calder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Calder"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ernst Iosifovich Neizvestny (Russian: Эрнст Ио́сифович Неизве́стный; 9 April 1925 – 9 August 2016[2]) was a Russian sculptor, painter, graphic artist, and art philosopher. He emigrated to the U.S. in 1976 and lived and worked in New York City. His last name in Russian literally means \"unknown\".American playwright Arthur Miller once described Neizvestny as an \"artist of the East\" who is regarded by Russians as an \"expression of the country, of its soul, language, and spirit\" and as a \"prophet of the future\" who represents the \"philosophical conscience of his country.\"[3]Alexander Calder, the American artist, once said to Neizvestny, \"All my life I create the world of children, and you create the world of man.\"[4]","title":"Ernst Neizvestny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yekaterinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterinburg"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Vinnichevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Vinnichevsky"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"clinical death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_death"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-own-3"},{"link_name":"Order of the Red Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Star"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-own-3"},{"link_name":"Art Academy of Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Academy_of_Latvia"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"Surikov Moscow Art Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surikov_Moscow_Art_Institute"},{"link_name":"Moscow State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_University"},{"link_name":"expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism"}],"text":"Erik Neizvestny was born 9 April 1925 in Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) into a Jewish family.[5] His father was a doctor and his mother was a scientist. Their surname, given originally to Neizvestny's great grandfather, derived from an early nineteenth century practice of taking very young Jewish boys from their families, baptising them in the Orthodox Church.[6]During his teens, he went to the Sverdlovsk School № 16. There, he was on friendly terms with another student named Vladimir Vinnichevsky, who later on became a serial killer.In 1942, at the age of 17, he joined the Red Army as a volunteer. He changed his name to Ernst during this period because the name Erik \"sounded childish,\" but his mother and friends still called him Erik.[7] At the close of World War II, he was heavily wounded and sustained a clinical death.[3] Although he was awarded the Order of the Red Star \"posthumously\" and his mother received an official notification that her son had died, Neizvestny managed to survive.[3]In 1947, Neizvestny was enrolled at the Art Academy of Latvia in Riga. He continued his education at the Surikov Moscow Art Institute and the Philosophy Department of the Moscow State University. His sculptures, often based on the forms of the human body, are noted for their expressionism and powerful plasticity. Although his preferred material was bronze, his larger, monumental installations were often executed in concrete. Most of his works are arranged in extensive cycles, the best known of which is The Tree of Life, a theme he had developed since 1956.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikita Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"He shouted that the exhibits were \"Dog shit!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manege_Affair"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Yekaterina Furtseva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Furtseva"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"House of Receptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Receptions_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Novodevichy Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In November 1962 Neizvestny was invited to contribute to an exhibition organised by the Moscow Union of Artists. There was tension between this body and the Academy of Fine Arts, and part of the point of the exhibition was to try to demonstrate that the Academy had too narrow a definition of what constituted art. The exhibition drew large crowds, but the organisers were ordered to close it after a few days, and transfer the exhibits to a building near the Kremlin, which was visited by Nikita Khrushchev, accompanied by a large entourage, and a film crew. He shouted that the exhibits were \"Dog shit!\", and picked out Neizvestny as the person he believed to be in charge. Neizvestny told him: \"You may be Premier and Chairman, but not here in front of my works. Here I am Premier and we shall discuss as equals.\"[8]As they continued to argue, someone in Khrushchev's entourage called Neizvestny a homosexual, but 'after excusing himself to Minister of Culture Yekaterina Furtseva', Neizvestny replied: \"Give me a girl right here and now and I'll show what sort of homosexual I am.\"[9] At the end of the session, Khrushchev told him: \"You are the kind of man I like. There's an angel and a devil in you. If the angel wins, we can get along together. If it's the devil who wins, we'll destroy you.\"[10]On 15 December, Neizvestny was among 400 guests invited to hear Khrushchev speak at Moscow's House of Receptions. Khrushchev reputedly intended to be conciliatory, but went off script and pointing at one of Neizvestny's statues and demanded: \"is that a horse or a cow? Whatever it is, it makes an ugly mockery of a perfectly noble animal.\" Pointing at another he said: \"If that's supposed to be a woman, then you're a faggot. And the sentence for them is ten years in prison.\" He went on to compare looking at Neizvestny's work to being in a toilet looking up while someone else was sitting on it.[11]Despite these insults, in 1975, four years after Khrushchev's death, his family commissioned Neizvestny to design the monument over his grave at the Novodevichy Cemetery.[12]","title":"Confrontations with Khrushchev"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Artek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artek_(camp)"},{"link_name":"Magna Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magna_Gallery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"University of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"UC Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Mask of Sorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask_of_Sorrow"},{"link_name":"Magadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"State Prize of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Prize_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Vatican Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_Museums"},{"link_name":"the Russian Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"John Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Berger"}],"text":"Other well-known works he created during the Soviet period include Prometheus in Artek (1966). Much of his art from the Soviet era was destroyed before he was forcibly exiled to America.Neizvestny's talent for large monumental sculptures was again recognized when in the late 1980s six Taiwan cities commissioned the New Statue of Liberty to be built in Kaohsiung harbor. Like the original in New York, it was planned to be 152 feet tall. Several models were built. At least one about five feet tall, and approximately 13 smaller bronzes, each slightly over 18 inches, sold to clients of Magna Gallery in San Francisco. Although the authorized maximum number of signed and numbered castings was 200, far fewer were actually cast and sold, in part because the monument was never built in Taiwan. The reasons are largely political and are described in Albert Leong's bio of Neizvestny, referred to below.During the 1980s, Neizvestny was a visiting lecturer at the University of Oregon and at UC Berkeley. He also worked with Magna Gallery in San Francisco and had a number of shows which were well-attended in the mid to late 1980s. This gallery also asked him to create his suite of five original graphics, \"Man through the Wall,\" to mark the end of Communism at the end of the 1980s. Magna Gallery was closed at the end of 1992.During this time, Neizvestny worked diligently to get his dream \"Tree of Life\" monumental sculpture funded and built. Several small versions or spinoffs based on the theme were built, but the enormous monumental version that Neizvestny dreamed to build, inside which people could walk, has not been built although it has been fully conceptualized, planned out and detailed by the artist as a labor of love.In 1996, Neizvestny completed his Mask of Sorrow, a 15-metre (49 ft) tall monument to the victims of Soviet purges, situated in Magadan.[13] The same year, he was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation. Although he lived in New York City and worked at Columbia University, Neizvestny frequently visited Moscow and celebrated his 80th birthday there. A museum dedicated to his sculptures was established in Uttersberg, Sweden. Some of his crucifixion statues were acquired by John Paul II for the Vatican Museums. In 2004, Neizvestny became an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Arts.[14][15]In 1995, he participated as a painter in the jubilee exhibition on Gogol Boulevard, dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the exhibition of painting in the pavilion \"beekeeping\" at VDNH with Eduard Drobitsky, Julia Dolgorukova[16] and other nonconformist artists.[17]A biography of Neizvestny was written by University of Oregon professor Albert Leong in 2002 entitled: Centaur: The Life and Art of Ernst Neizvestny. Another book about Neizvestny is Art and Revolution: Ernst Neizvestny, Endurance, and the Role of the Artist, written by British art critic John Berger in 1969.","title":"Art career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the Red Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Star"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-own-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russkiy_Mir-18"},{"link_name":"Order \"For Merit to the Fatherland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_%22For_Merit_to_the_Fatherland%22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russkiy_Mir-18"},{"link_name":"Order of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Honour_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russkiy_Mir-18"},{"link_name":"State Prize of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Prize_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russkiy_Mir-18"}],"text":"Order of the Red Star (1945)[3][18]\nOrder \"For Merit to the Fatherland\", third class[18]\nOrder of Honour[18]\nState Prize of the Russian Federation[18]","title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"N. V. Voronov, Ernst Neizvestny. Moscow, 1991. Berger, John. Art and Revolution. Ernst Neizvestny and the Role of the Artist in the U.S.S.R. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969. Leong, Albert. Centaur: The Life and Art of Ernst Neizvestny. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grimes, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grimes_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"\"Ernst Neizvestny, a Russian Sculptor Who Clashed With Khrushchev, Dies at 91\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2016/08/18/arts/international/ernst-neizvestny-a-russian-sculptor-who-clashed-with-khrushchev-dies-at-91.html"}],"text":"Grimes, William (17 August 2016). \"Ernst Neizvestny, a Russian Sculptor Who Clashed With Khrushchev, Dies at 91\". New York Times.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Leong, Albert (2002). Centaur: The Life and Art of Ernst Neizvestny. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-2058-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CXYErwpScKQC&pg=PA340","url_text":"Centaur: The Life and Art of Ernst Neizvestny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2058-5","url_text":"978-0-7425-2058-5"}]},{"reference":"\"The unknown warrior\". The Economist. Vol. 420, no. 9003. 20 August 2016. p. 70.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bazin, Jerome; Glatigny, Pascal Dubourg; Piotrowski, Piotr (1 March 2016). Art beyond Borders: Artistic Exchange in Communist Europe (1945?1989. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-386-083-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ARcWDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49","url_text":"Art beyond Borders: Artistic Exchange in Communist Europe (1945?1989"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-386-083-0","url_text":"978-963-386-083-0"}]},{"reference":"Berger, John (1969). Art and Revolution, Ernst Neizvestny and the Role of the Artist in the USSR. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. p. 17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Leong, Albert (2002). Centaur: The Life and Art of Ernst Neizvestny. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-2058-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CXYErwpScKQC&pg=PA340","url_text":"Centaur: The Life and Art of Ernst Neizvestny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2058-5","url_text":"978-0-7425-2058-5"}]},{"reference":"Berger. Art and Revolution. p. 83.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Taubman, William (2005). Khrushchev. London: Simon & Schuster. p. 589. ISBN 0-7432-7564-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-7564-0","url_text":"0-7432-7564-0"}]},{"reference":"Berger. Art and Revolution. p. 85.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Taubman. Khrushchev. pp. 591–92.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Taubman. Khrushchev. p. 647.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Le Masque de Tristesse\". www.baikalnature.fr (in French). Retrieved 23 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baikalnature.fr/info/landmarks/2482","url_text":"\"Le Masque de Tristesse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ernst Neizvestny dies in New York\". Russkiy Mir Foundation. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/211419/","url_text":"\"Ernst Neizvestny dies in New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russkiy_Mir_Foundation","url_text":"Russkiy Mir Foundation"}]},{"reference":"Grimes, William (17 August 2016). \"Ernst Neizvestny, a Russian Sculptor Who Clashed With Khrushchev, Dies at 91\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grimes_(journalist)","url_text":"Grimes, William"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/18/arts/international/ernst-neizvestny-a-russian-sculptor-who-clashed-with-khrushchev-dies-at-91.html","url_text":"\"Ernst Neizvestny, a Russian Sculptor Who Clashed With Khrushchev, Dies at 91\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_IV
Pope Honorius IV
["1 Early career","2 Elected Pope","3 Sicilian Conflict","4 Rome","5 Empire","6 Other acts","7 Contacts with the Mongols","8 See also","9 References","10 Bibliography","11 External links"]
Head of the Catholic Church from 1285 to 1287 "Giacomo Savelli" redirects here. For another person, see Giacomo Savelli (cardinal). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pope Honorius IV" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) PopeHonorius IVBishop of RomeEffigy on Honorius' tombChurchCatholic ChurchPapacy began2 April 1285Papacy ended3 April 1287PredecessorMartin IVSuccessorNicholas IVOrdersConsecration20 May 1285by Latino Malabranca OrsiniCreated cardinal17 December 1261by Urban IVPersonal detailsBornGiacomo Savellic. 1210Rome, Papal StatesDied3 April 1287(1287-04-03) (aged 76–77)Rome, Papal StatesPrevious post(s) Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin (1261–1285) Coat of armsOther popes named Honorius Pope Honorius IV (c. 1210 – 3 April 1287), born Giacomo Savelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 April 1285 to his death, in 1287. During his pontificate he largely continued to pursue the pro-French political policy of his predecessor, Martin IV. Early career Giacomo Savelli was born in Rome into the rich and influential family of the Savelli. His father was Luca Savelli, who died as Senator of Rome in 1266. His mother Joanna belonged to the Aldobrandeschi family. He studied at the University of Paris, and held a prebend and a canonry at the cathedral of Châlons-sur-Marne. Later he obtained the benefice of rector at the church of Berton in the Diocese of Norwich in England, a nation he never visited. In 1261 he was created Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin by Pope Urban IV, who also appointed him papal prefect in Tuscany and captain of the papal army. Cardinal Savelli pursued a diplomatic career. Pope Clement IV sent him and three other cardinals to invest Charles of Anjou as King of Sicily at Rome on 28 July 1265. After the long deadlocked vacancy in the papal see after the death of Clement IV, when the see of Rome was vacant for three years, he was one of the six cardinals who finally elected Pope Gregory X "by compromise" (a technical procedure) on 1 September 1271 in a conclave held at Viterbo because conditions in Rome were too turbulent. In 1274 he accompanied Gregory X to the Council of Lyon, where it was established that only four mendicant orders were to be tolerated: Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians and Carmelites. In July 1276, he was one of the three cardinals whom Pope Adrian V sent to Viterbo with instructions to treat with the German King, Rudolf I of Habsburg, concerning his imperial coronation at Rome and his future relations towards Charles of Anjou, whom papal policy supported. The death of Adrian V in the following month rendered the negotiations with Rudolf fruitless. Savelli became Protodeacon of the Sacred College in November 1277 and as such, he crowned Popes Nicholas III on 26 December 1277 and Martin IV on 23 March 1281. According to John Julius Norwich, he was the last pope to be married before ordination. Elected Pope Main article: Papal election, 1285 When Martin IV died on 28 March 1285, at Perugia, Cardinal Savelli was unanimously elected Pope on 2 April, on the first ballot, and took the name of Honorius IV. He remained at Perugia throughout April, but, once negotiations were completed, he travelled to Rome and took up residence in the family palace next to Santa Sabina on the Aventine Hill. He was ordained a priest by Cardinal Latino Malabranca Orsini on May 19, and was consecrated a bishop and crowned pope on Trinity Sunday, 20 May in St. Peter's Basilica. Honorius IV was already advanced in age and so severely affected with gout (or arthritis) that he could neither stand nor walk. When saying Mass he was obliged to sit in a specially constructed chair, and at the elevation of the host his hands had to be raised by a mechanical contrivance. Sicilian Conflict Main article: War of the Sicilian Vespers Sicilian affairs required immediate attention from the new pope. Previously, under Martin IV, the Sicilians had rejected the rule of Charles of Anjou, taking Peter III of Aragon as their king without the consent and approval of the Pope. The massacre of 31 March 1282 known as the Sicilian Vespers had precluded any reconciliation. Martin IV put Sicily and Peter III under an interdict, deprived Peter III of the Crown of Aragon, and gave it to Charles of Valois, the younger of the sons of King Philip III of France, whom he assisted in his attempts to recover Sicily by force of arms. The Sicilians not only repulsed the attacks of the combined French and Papal forces, but also captured the Angevin heir, Charles of Salerno. On 6 January 1285, Charles of Anjou died, leaving his captive son Charles as his natural successor. Honorius IV, more peaceably inclined than Martin IV, did not renounce the Church's support of the House of Anjou, nor did he set aside the severe ecclesiastical punishments imposed upon Sicily. Bulla of Honorius IV Honorius did not approve of the tyrannical government the Sicilians had been subject to under Charles of Anjou. This is evident from legislation embodied in his constitution of 17 September 1285 (Constitutio super ordinatione regni Siciliae), in which he stated that no government can prosper that is not founded on justice and peace. He passed forty-five ordinances intended chiefly to protect the people of Sicily against their king and his officials. The death of Peter III on 11 November 1285 changed the Sicilian situation in that his kingdoms were divided between his two oldest sons: Alfonso III of Aragon, who received the crown of Aragon, and James II of Aragon, who succeeded as King of Sicily. Honorius IV acknowledged neither the one nor the other: on 11 April 1286, he solemnly excommunicated King James II of Sicily and the bishops who had taken part in his coronation at Palermo on 2 February. Neither the king nor the bishops concerned themselves about the excommunication. The king even sent a hostile fleet to the Roman coast and destroyed the city of Astura by fire. Charles of Salerno, the Angevin pretender, who was still held captive by the Sicilians, finally grew tired of his long captivity and signed a contract on 27 February 1287 in which he renounced his claims to the kingdom of Sicily in favour of James II of Aragon and his heirs. Honorius IV, however, declared the contract invalid and forbade all similar agreements for the future. While Honorius IV was inexorable in the stand he had taken towards Sicily, his relations towards Alfonso III of Aragon became less hostile. Through the efforts of King Edward I of England, negotiations for peace were begun by Honorius IV and King Alfonso III. The Pope, however, did not live long enough to complete these negotiations, which finally resulted in a peaceful settlement of the Aragonese as well as the Sicilian question in 1302 under Pope Boniface VIII. Rome Rome and the Papal States enjoyed a period of tranquillity during the reign of Honorius IV, the like of which they had not enjoyed for many years. He had the satisfaction of reducing the most powerful and obstinate enemy of papal authority, Count Guy of Montefeltro, who for many years had successfully resisted the papal troops. The authority of the pope was now recognized throughout the Papal States, which then comprised the Ravenna, the March of Ancona, the Duchy of Spoleto, the County of Bertinoro, the Mathildian lands, and the Pentapolis, i.e., the cities of Rimini, Pesaro, Fano, Senigallia, and Ancona. Honorius IV was the first pope to employ the great family banking houses of central and northern Italy for the collection of papal dues. The Romans were greatly elated at the election of Honorius IV, for he was a citizen of Rome and a brother of Pandulf, a senator of Rome. The continuous disturbances in Rome during the pontificate of Martin IV had not allowed that pope to live in Rome, but now the Romans cordially invited Honorius IV to make Rome his permanent residence. During the first few months of his pontificate he lived in the Vatican, but in the autumn of 1285 he removed to the magnificent palace he had just erected on the Aventine. Empire In his relations with the Holy Roman Empire, where no more danger was to be apprehended since the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, Martin followed the moderate course taken by Gregory X. Rudolf I of Germany sent Bishop Henry of Basel to Rome to request coronation. Honorius IV appointed the envoy Archbishop of Mainz, fixed a date for the coronation, and sent Cardinal John of Tusculum to Germany to assist Rudolf I's cause. But general opposition showed itself to the papal interference; a council at Würzburg (16–18 March 1287) protested energetically, and Rudolf I had to protect the legate from personal violence, so that both his plans and the Pope's failed. Other acts Honorius IV's tomb at Santa Maria in Aracoeli Honorius IV inherited plans for another crusade, but confined himself to collecting the tithes imposed by the Council of Lyon, arranging with the great banking houses of Florence, Siena, and Pistoia to act as his agents. The two largest religious orders received many new privileges from Honorius IV, documented in his Regesta. He often appointed them to special missions and to bishoprics, and gave them exclusive charge of the Inquisition. He also approved the privileges of the Carmelites and the Augustinian hermits and permitted the former to exchange their striped habit for a white one. He was especially devoted to the order founded by William X of Aquitaine and added numerous privileges to those they had already received from Alexander IV and Urban IV. Besides turning over to them some deserted Benedictine monasteries, he presented them with the monastery of St. Paul at Albano, which he himself had founded and richly endowed when he was still cardinal. Salimbene, the chronicler of Parma, asserted that Honorius IV was a foe to the religious orders. This may reflect the fact that he opposed the Apostolic Brethren, an order embracing evangelical poverty that had been started by Gerard Segarelli at Parma in 1260. On 11 March 1286 he issued a bull condemning them as heretics. At the University of Paris he advocated the establishment of chairs for Eastern languages to teach these languages to those who would labour for the conversion of the Muslims and the reunion of the schismatic churches in the East. He raised only one man to be cardinal, his cousin Giovanni Boccamazza, archbishop of Monreale, on 22 December 1285. The tomb of Pope Honorius IV is in the church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli in Rome. Contacts with the Mongols Main articles: Isa Kelemechi and Franco-Mongol alliance The Mongol ruler Arghun sent an embassy and a letter to Pope Honorius IV in 1285, a Latin translation of which is preserved in the Vatican. It mentions the links to Christianity of Arghun's family, and proposes a combined military conquest of Muslim lands: "As the land of the Muslims, that is, Syria and Egypt, is placed between us and you, we will encircle and strangle ("estrengebimus") it. We will send our messengers to ask you to send an army to Egypt, so that us on one side, and you on the other, we can, with good warriors, take it over. Let us know through secure messengers when you would like this to happen. We will chase the Saracens, with the help of the Lord, the Pope, and the Great Khan."— Extract from the 1285 letter from Arghun to Honorius IV, Vatican Archives Honorius IV was hardly capable of acting on this invasion and could not muster the military support necessary to achieve this plan. See also Cardinals created by Honorius IV References ^ Ingrid Baumgartner, "Savelli," Die grossen Familien Italiens (ed. Volker Reinhardt) (Stuttgart 1992), 480-534. ^ Luigi Pompili Olivieri, Il senato Romano I (Roma 1886), p. 197. ^ Bernhard Pawlicki, Papst Honorius IV. Eine Monographie (Münster 1896), p. 4. ^ Norwich, John Julius, Absolute Monarchs, London: 2011, page 196, footnote ^ Augustus Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), 1795-1796. ^ Maria Floriani Squarciapino, "Aventino pagano e cristiano. La zona di Santa Sabina e del palazzo Savelli," Scavi e ricerche archeologiche degli anni 1976-1979 2 (1985), 257-259. Pierre-Yves Le Pogam, "Cantieri e residenze dei papi nella seconda meta del XIII secolo. Il caso del castello Savelli sull'Aventino," Domus et splendida palatia. Residenze papali e cardinalizie a Roma fra XII e XV secolo. Atti della giornata di studi... 23 novembre 2002 (ed. Alessio Monciatti) (Pisa 2004), 77-87. ^ Potthast, p. 1797. ^ Rene Grousset, p. 700. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honorius IV. Bibliography F. Gregorovius, History of Rome in the Middle Ages, Volume V.2 second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1906) 491–515. Grousset, René (1935). Histoire des Croisades III, 1188-1291 (in French). Editions Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-02569-4. Venditelli, Marco, "Onorio IV," Enciclopedia dei papi (Roma 2000) I, pp. 449–455. External links Biography, newadvent.org. Accessed 23 February 2024. The cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, fiu.edu. Accessed 23 February 2024. Catholic Church titles Preceded byMartin IV Pope 2 April 1285 – 3 April 1287 Succeeded byNicholas IV vtePopes of the Catholic Church List of popes graphical canonised Papal names Tombs extant non-extant Antipope Pope emeritus papal resignation Pope-elect 1st–4th centuries Peter Linus Anacletus Clement I Evaristus Alexander I Sixtus I Telesphorus Hyginus Pius I Anicetus Soter Eleutherius Victor I Zephyrinus Callixtus I Urban I Pontian Anterus Fabian Cornelius Lucius I Stephen I Sixtus II Dionysius Felix I Eutychian Caius Marcellinus Marcellus I Eusebius Miltiades Sylvester I Mark Julius I Liberius Damasus I Siricius Anastasius I 5th–8th centuries Innocent I Zosimus Boniface I Celestine I Sixtus III Leo I Hilarius Simplicius Felix III Gelasius I Anastasius II Symmachus Hormisdas John I Felix IV Boniface II John II Agapetus I Silverius Vigilius Pelagius I John III Benedict I Pelagius II Gregory I Sabinian Boniface III Boniface IV Adeodatus I Boniface V Honorius I Severinus John IV 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giacomo Savelli (cardinal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Savelli_(cardinal)"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Martin IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_IV"}],"text":"\"Giacomo Savelli\" redirects here. For another person, see Giacomo Savelli (cardinal).Pope Honorius IV (c. 1210 – 3 April 1287), born Giacomo Savelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 April 1285 to his death, in 1287. During his pontificate he largely continued to pursue the pro-French political policy of his predecessor, Martin IV.","title":"Pope Honorius IV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Savelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savelli_family"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"prebend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebend"},{"link_name":"canonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonry"},{"link_name":"Châlons-sur-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-sur-Marne"},{"link_name":"benefice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Berton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berton"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Deacon"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria in Cosmedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Cosmedin"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV"},{"link_name":"prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"papal army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_army"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV"},{"link_name":"Charles of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"the see of Rome was vacant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sede_vacante"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X"},{"link_name":"Viterbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterbo"},{"link_name":"Council of Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyons"},{"link_name":"mendicant orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendicant_orders"},{"link_name":"Dominicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Franciscans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscans"},{"link_name":"Augustinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinians"},{"link_name":"Carmelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelites"},{"link_name":"Pope Adrian V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V"},{"link_name":"Rudolf I of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_I_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Protodeacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protodeacon"},{"link_name":"Nicholas III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III"},{"link_name":"Martin IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV"},{"link_name":"John Julius Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Giacomo Savelli was born in Rome into the rich and influential family of the Savelli.[1] His father was Luca Savelli, who died as Senator of Rome in 1266.[2] His mother Joanna belonged to the Aldobrandeschi family.[3] He studied at the University of Paris, and held a prebend and a canonry at the cathedral of Châlons-sur-Marne. Later he obtained the benefice of rector at the church of Berton in the Diocese of Norwich in England, a nation he never visited.In 1261 he was created Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin by Pope Urban IV, who also appointed him papal prefect in Tuscany and captain of the papal army. Cardinal Savelli pursued a diplomatic career. Pope Clement IV sent him and three other cardinals to invest Charles of Anjou as King of Sicily at Rome on 28 July 1265. After the long deadlocked vacancy in the papal see after the death of Clement IV, when the see of Rome was vacant for three years, he was one of the six cardinals who finally elected Pope Gregory X \"by compromise\" (a technical procedure) on 1 September 1271 in a conclave held at Viterbo because conditions in Rome were too turbulent.In 1274 he accompanied Gregory X to the Council of Lyon, where it was established that only four mendicant orders were to be tolerated: Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians and Carmelites. In July 1276, he was one of the three cardinals whom Pope Adrian V sent to Viterbo with instructions to treat with the German King, Rudolf I of Habsburg, concerning his imperial coronation at Rome and his future relations towards Charles of Anjou, whom papal policy supported. The death of Adrian V in the following month rendered the negotiations with Rudolf fruitless.Savelli became Protodeacon of the Sacred College in November 1277 and as such, he crowned Popes Nicholas III on 26 December 1277 and Martin IV on 23 March 1281.According to John Julius Norwich, he was the last pope to be married before ordination.[4]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perugia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Aventine Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hill"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"gout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"}],"text":"When Martin IV died on 28 March 1285, at Perugia, Cardinal Savelli was unanimously elected Pope on 2 April, on the first ballot, and took the name of Honorius IV. He remained at Perugia throughout April,[5] but, once negotiations were completed, he travelled to Rome and took up residence in the family palace next to Santa Sabina on the Aventine Hill.[6] He was ordained a priest by Cardinal Latino Malabranca Orsini on May 19, and was consecrated a bishop and crowned pope on Trinity Sunday, 20 May in St. Peter's Basilica.[7] Honorius IV was already advanced in age and so severely affected with gout (or arthritis) that he could neither stand nor walk. When saying Mass he was obliged to sit in a specially constructed chair, and at the elevation of the host his hands had to be raised by a mechanical contrivance.","title":"Elected Pope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter III of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Vespers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers"},{"link_name":"interdict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdict"},{"link_name":"Crown of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Charles of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Philip III of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Angevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Charles of Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulle_honorius_IV_16990.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulla_(seal)"},{"link_name":"Alfonso III of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"crown of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs"},{"link_name":"James II of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"excommunicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Astura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Astura"},{"link_name":"Edward I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Pope Boniface VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII"}],"text":"Sicilian affairs required immediate attention from the new pope. Previously, under Martin IV, the Sicilians had rejected the rule of Charles of Anjou, taking Peter III of Aragon as their king without the consent and approval of the Pope.The massacre of 31 March 1282 known as the Sicilian Vespers had precluded any reconciliation. Martin IV put Sicily and Peter III under an interdict, deprived Peter III of the Crown of Aragon, and gave it to Charles of Valois, the younger of the sons of King Philip III of France, whom he assisted in his attempts to recover Sicily by force of arms. The Sicilians not only repulsed the attacks of the combined French and Papal forces, but also captured the Angevin heir, Charles of Salerno. On 6 January 1285, Charles of Anjou died, leaving his captive son Charles as his natural successor. Honorius IV, more peaceably inclined than Martin IV, did not renounce the Church's support of the House of Anjou, nor did he set aside the severe ecclesiastical punishments imposed upon Sicily.Bulla of Honorius IVHonorius did not approve of the tyrannical government the Sicilians had been subject to under Charles of Anjou. This is evident from legislation embodied in his constitution of 17 September 1285 (Constitutio super ordinatione regni Siciliae), in which he stated that no government can prosper that is not founded on justice and peace. He passed forty-five ordinances intended chiefly to protect the people of Sicily against their king and his officials.The death of Peter III on 11 November 1285 changed the Sicilian situation in that his kingdoms were divided between his two oldest sons: Alfonso III of Aragon, who received the crown of Aragon, and James II of Aragon, who succeeded as King of Sicily. Honorius IV acknowledged neither the one nor the other: on 11 April 1286, he solemnly excommunicated King James II of Sicily and the bishops who had taken part in his coronation at Palermo on 2 February. Neither the king nor the bishops concerned themselves about the excommunication. The king even sent a hostile fleet to the Roman coast and destroyed the city of Astura by fire.Charles of Salerno, the Angevin pretender, who was still held captive by the Sicilians, finally grew tired of his long captivity and signed a contract on 27 February 1287 in which he renounced his claims to the kingdom of Sicily in favour of James II of Aragon and his heirs. Honorius IV, however, declared the contract invalid and forbade all similar agreements for the future.While Honorius IV was inexorable in the stand he had taken towards Sicily, his relations towards Alfonso III of Aragon became less hostile. Through the efforts of King Edward I of England, negotiations for peace were begun by Honorius IV and King Alfonso III. The Pope, however, did not live long enough to complete these negotiations, which finally resulted in a peaceful settlement of the Aragonese as well as the Sicilian question in 1302 under Pope Boniface VIII.","title":"Sicilian Conflict"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna"},{"link_name":"March of Ancona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Ancona"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Spoleto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto"},{"link_name":"Bertinoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertinoro"},{"link_name":"Pentapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentapolis"},{"link_name":"Rimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimini"},{"link_name":"Pesaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesaro"},{"link_name":"Fano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano"},{"link_name":"Senigallia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senigallia"},{"link_name":"Ancona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancona"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_Hill"},{"link_name":"Aventine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hill"}],"text":"Rome and the Papal States enjoyed a period of tranquillity during the reign of Honorius IV, the like of which they had not enjoyed for many years. He had the satisfaction of reducing the most powerful and obstinate enemy of papal authority, Count Guy of Montefeltro, who for many years had successfully resisted the papal troops. The authority of the pope was now recognized throughout the Papal States, which then comprised the Ravenna, the March of Ancona, the Duchy of Spoleto, the County of Bertinoro, the Mathildian lands, and the Pentapolis, i.e., the cities of Rimini, Pesaro, Fano, Senigallia, and Ancona. Honorius IV was the first pope to employ the great family banking houses of central and northern Italy for the collection of papal dues.The Romans were greatly elated at the election of Honorius IV, for he was a citizen of Rome and a brother of Pandulf, a senator of Rome. The continuous disturbances in Rome during the pontificate of Martin IV had not allowed that pope to live in Rome, but now the Romans cordially invited Honorius IV to make Rome his permanent residence. During the first few months of his pontificate he lived in the Vatican, but in the autumn of 1285 he removed to the magnificent palace he had just erected on the Aventine.","title":"Rome"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hohenstaufen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenstaufen"},{"link_name":"Rudolf I of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz"},{"link_name":"John of Tusculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Tusculum"},{"link_name":"council at Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_(1287)"}],"text":"In his relations with the Holy Roman Empire, where no more danger was to be apprehended since the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, Martin followed the moderate course taken by Gregory X. Rudolf I of Germany sent Bishop Henry of Basel to Rome to request coronation. Honorius IV appointed the envoy Archbishop of Mainz, fixed a date for the coronation, and sent Cardinal John of Tusculum to Germany to assist Rudolf I's cause. But general opposition showed itself to the papal interference; a council at Würzburg (16–18 March 1287) protested energetically, and Rudolf I had to protect the legate from personal violence, so that both his plans and the Pope's failed.","title":"Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Maria_in_Aracoeli;_Grabmal_Giovanna_Aldobrandeschi.JPG"},{"link_name":"crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade"},{"link_name":"tithes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithes"},{"link_name":"Council of Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena"},{"link_name":"Pistoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistoia"},{"link_name":"Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition"},{"link_name":"Carmelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelites"},{"link_name":"Augustinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinians"},{"link_name":"William X of Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_X_of_Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"Alexander IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV"},{"link_name":"Urban IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"St. Paul at Albano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Paul_at_Albano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salimbene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salimbene"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Brethren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren"},{"link_name":"Gerard Segarelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Segarelli"},{"link_name":"University of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"schismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-West_Schism"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Boccamazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Boccamazza"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Monreale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Monreale"},{"link_name":"tomb of Pope Honorius IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria in Aracoeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Aracoeli"}],"text":"Honorius IV's tomb at Santa Maria in AracoeliHonorius IV inherited plans for another crusade, but confined himself to collecting the tithes imposed by the Council of Lyon, arranging with the great banking houses of Florence, Siena, and Pistoia to act as his agents.The two largest religious orders received many new privileges from Honorius IV, documented in his Regesta. He often appointed them to special missions and to bishoprics, and gave them exclusive charge of the Inquisition.He also approved the privileges of the Carmelites and the Augustinian hermits and permitted the former to exchange their striped habit for a white one. He was especially devoted to the order founded by William X of Aquitaine and added numerous privileges to those they had already received from Alexander IV and Urban IV. Besides turning over to them some deserted Benedictine monasteries, he presented them with the monastery of St. Paul at Albano, which he himself had founded and richly endowed when he was still cardinal.Salimbene, the chronicler of Parma, asserted that Honorius IV was a foe to the religious orders. This may reflect the fact that he opposed the Apostolic Brethren, an order embracing evangelical poverty that had been started by Gerard Segarelli at Parma in 1260. On 11 March 1286 he issued a bull condemning them as heretics.At the University of Paris he advocated the establishment of chairs for Eastern languages to teach these languages to those who would labour for the conversion of the Muslims and the reunion of the schismatic churches in the East.He raised only one man to be cardinal, his cousin Giovanni Boccamazza, archbishop of Monreale, on 22 December 1285.The tomb of Pope Honorius IV is in the church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli in Rome.","title":"Other acts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arghun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arghun"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"Saracens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracens"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Mongol ruler Arghun sent an embassy and a letter to Pope Honorius IV in 1285, a Latin translation of which is preserved in the Vatican. It mentions the links to Christianity of Arghun's family, and proposes a combined military conquest of Muslim lands:\"As the land of the Muslims, that is, Syria and Egypt, is placed between us and you, we will encircle and strangle (\"estrengebimus\") it. We will send our messengers to ask you to send an army to Egypt, so that us on one side, and you on the other, we can, with good warriors, take it over. Let us know through secure messengers when you would like this to happen. We will chase the Saracens, with the help of the Lord, the Pope, and the Great Khan.\"— Extract from the 1285 letter from Arghun to Honorius IV, Vatican Archives[8]Honorius IV was hardly capable of acting on this invasion and could not muster the military support necessary to achieve this plan.","title":"Contacts with the Mongols"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-262-02569-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-02569-4"}],"text":"F. Gregorovius, History of Rome in the Middle Ages, Volume V.2 second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1906) 491–515.\nGrousset, René (1935). Histoire des Croisades III, 1188-1291 (in French). Editions Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-02569-4.\nVenditelli, Marco, \"Onorio IV,\" Enciclopedia dei papi (Roma 2000) I, pp. 449–455.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Bulla of Honorius IV","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bulle_honorius_IV_16990.jpg/220px-Bulle_honorius_IV_16990.jpg"},{"image_text":"Honorius IV's tomb at Santa Maria in Aracoeli","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Santa_Maria_in_Aracoeli%3B_Grabmal_Giovanna_Aldobrandeschi.JPG/220px-Santa_Maria_in_Aracoeli%3B_Grabmal_Giovanna_Aldobrandeschi.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Cardinals created by Honorius IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Honorius_IV"}]
[{"reference":"Grousset, René (1935). Histoire des Croisades III, 1188-1291 (in French). Editions Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-02569-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-02569-4","url_text":"978-2-262-02569-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cultural_heritage_monuments_in_Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r
List of cultural heritage monuments in Székesfehérvár
["1 List of cultural heritage monuments","2 Notes","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"]
As of January 2019, there were 139 registered cultural heritage monuments in Székesfehérvár, and three were being evaluated for the status. List of cultural heritage monuments   under evaluation for official status KÖH registry number Reference number Name(Hungarian name) Image Address Coordinates Notes 3850 10272 Árpád bathhouse(Árpád fürdő) Kossuth Street 12.Várkörút 25. 47°11′26″N 18°24′42″E / 47.190492°N 18.411701°E / 47.190492; 18.411701 Built in 1905. 3899 1507 Bajzáth House (Bajzáth-ház) Szent István Square 5. 47°11′17″N 18°24′45″E / 47.188083°N 18.4126001°E / 47.188083; 18.4126001 cca. 1800 3814 1481 Budenz House, Ybl Museum(Budenz-ház, Ybl Múzeum) Arany János Street 12. 47°11′24″N 18°24′37″E / 47.190011°N 18.410317°E / 47.190011; 18.410317 Zopfstil (a late Rococo style originating from Germany), 1781 3878 1577 Cistercian Secondary School(Cisztercita gimnázium) Oskola Street 7. 47°11′35″N 18°24′30″E / 47.192967°N 18.408200°E / 47.192967; 18.408200 Eclectic style, cca 1870. Designed by Ferenc Brein. 3914 9693 Memorial(Emlékmű) Városház Square 47°11′28″N 18°24′33″E / 47.191000°N 18.409100°E / 47.191000; 18.409100 Memorial of the Tenth Hussars cavalry regiment of Székesfehérvár; sculptor: Pál Pátzay 3893 10389 Lutheran church(Evangélikus templom) Szekfű Gyula Street 1. 47°11′45″N 18°24′36″E / 47.195800°N 18.410067°E / 47.195800; 18.410067 Designed by Gyula Sándy, 1930. 3827 1534 Black Eagle Pharmacy Museum (Fekete Sas Patikamúzeum) Fő Street 5. 47°11′34″N 18°24′33″E / 47.1929°N 18.409083°E / 47.1929; 18.409083 18th century 3803 1471 Black Eagle Inn(Fekete Sas Szálló) Ady Endre Street 7. 47°11′37″N 18°24′30″E / 47.193550°N 18.408250°E / 47.193550; 18.408250 cca. 1820 3872 1542 Roman Catholic parish hall of the upper town (Felsővárosi római katolikus plébániaház) Móri Street 18–20.Dániel Street corner 47°12′02″N 18°24′32″E / 47.200467°N 18.408983°E / 47.200467; 18.408983 late Baroque, 1781 3868 1540 Roman Catholic parish church of the upper town (Felsővárosi római katolikus plébániatemplom) Móri Street 47°12′05″N 18°24′50″E / 47.201389°N 18.413903°E / 47.201389; 18.413903 Baroque 3917 1555 Franciscan monastery(Ferences rendház) Városház Square 4. 47°11′29″N 18°24′34″E / 47.191517°N 18.409567°E / 47.191517; 18.409567 Baroque, 1741–1743 3875 1574 Font-Caraffa House(Font-Caraffa-ház) Oskola Street 2–4. Jókai Street 1–3. 47°11′30″N 18°24′32″E / 47.191583°N 18.408750°E / 47.191583; 18.408750 Late Baroque 3817 1483 Gerchard House(Gerchard-ház) Basa Street 1. 47°11′37″N 18°24′35″E / 47.193567°N 18.409783°E / 47.193567; 18.409783 Romantic, cca 1860 3887 1550 Serbian Orthodox church(Szerb ortodox templom, rác templom) Rác Street 47°11′26″N 18°24′06″E / 47.190500°N 18.401767°E / 47.190500; 18.401767 Baroque, 1770–1772, designed by János Kerschhoffer. 3834 1512 Hiemer House(Hiemer-ház) Jókai Street 1. 47°11′29″N 18°24′30″E / 47.191333°N 18.408350°E / 47.191333; 18.408350 Rococo, 1760–1770 11701 Jewish hospice (Izraelita szeretetház) Várkörút 19. 47°11′30″N 18°24′43″E / 47.191700°N 18.412000°E / 47.191700; 18.412000 3828 1535 Jesuit- Pauline- later the Cistercian monastery(Jezsuita-, pálos-, majd cisztercita rendház) Fő Street 6. 47°11′34″N 18°24′33″E / 47.192817°N 18.409267°E / 47.192817; 18.409267 1744–1763, Baroque; with Rococo stucco 3808 9711 Statue of Domonkos Kalmáncsehy(Kalmáncsehy Domonkos-szobor) Arany János Street 47°11′26″N 18°24′35″E / 47.190567°N 18.409633°E / 47.190567; 18.409633 Statue of Domokos Kálmáncsehi 11366 11041 Chapel (Kápolna) Rózsa Street 5. 47°11′34″N 18°24′34″E / 47.192683°N 18.409400°E / 47.192683; 18.409400 Ruins of the Saint Cross Chapel 3884 1545 Carmelite monastery; priest's home(Karmelita kolostor; papi otthon) Petőfi Street 2. 47°11′22″N 18°24′41″E / 47.189433°N 18.411500°E / 47.189433; 18.411500 3936 9262 Kégl Mansion and its park (Kégl-kastély és parkja) Csalapuszta 47°13′47″N 18°29′43″E / 47.229850°N 18.495333°E / 47.229850; 18.495333 Designed by Alajos Hauszmann, Neo-Renaissance 3867 1539 Royal Well, residential building (Királykút, lakóház) Mikszáth Kálmán Street 25. 47°11′59″N 18°24′47″E / 47.199633°N 18.412950°E / 47.199633; 18.412950 Zopfstil, cca 1790 12056 Residential building (Lakóépület) Koronázó Square 3. és 4. 47°11′29″N 18°24′37″E / 47.191517°N 18.410400°E / 47.191517; 18.410400 3801 10836 Residential building(Lakóház) Ady Endre Street 1. Fő Street corner 47°11′37″N 18°24′33″E / 47.193650°N 18.409100°E / 47.193650; 18.409100 Late Eclectic, 19th century; second floor: 1936, designed by Ferenc Say 3802 10831 Residential building(Lakóház) Ady Endre Street 5. 47°11′37″N 18°24′31″E / 47.193567°N 18.408600°E / 47.193567; 18.408600 Baroque origins, eclectic, second half of the 19th century 3804 1472 Residential building, Hübner–Reh House(Lakóház, Hübner–Reh-ház) Ady Endre Street 8. 47°11′37″N 18°24′27″E / 47.193650°N 18.407450°E / 47.193650; 18.407450 Late Classical, cca 1840 3805 1473 Residential building(Lakóház) Ady Endre Street 11. 47°11′37″N 18°24′27″E / 47.193700°N 18.407467°E / 47.193700; 18.407467 Eclectic style Ady Endre Street 13. 3809 1476 Residential building, Fridetzky House(Lakóház, Fridetzky-ház) Arany János Street 3. 47°11′26″N 18°24′34″E / 47.190500°N 18.409500°E / 47.190500; 18.409500 Classicism, first half of the 19th century; facade redesigned in 1938. 3810 1477 Residential building(Lakóház) Arany János Street 5. 47°11′25″N 18°24′35″E / 47.190383°N 18.409700°E / 47.190383; 18.409700 Late Baroque, cca 1800. Altered in 1938. 3811 1478 Residential building(Lakóház) Arany János Street 8. 47°11′24″N 18°24′36″E / 47.190117°N 18.410050°E / 47.190117; 18.410050 Baroque, 18th century; built using parts of the Medieval city wall. Partially altered in 1938. 3815 1482 Residential building; Klosz House, Pauer House(Lakóház; Klosz-féle ház, Pauer-ház) Arany János Street 16. 47°11′23″N 18°24′38″E / 47.189667°N 18.410433°E / 47.189667; 18.410433 Eclectic, second half of the 19th century 3816 10837 Residential building(Lakóház) Arany János Street 19. 47°11′23″N 18°24′38″E / 47.189650°N 18.410683°E / 47.189650; 18.410683 Eclectic, cca 1860 3818 1484 Residential building(Lakóház) Basa Street 2. 47°11′37″N 18°24′35″E / 47.193700°N 18.409617°E / 47.193700; 18.409617 Baroque, 18th century. Partially altered in the first half of the 19th century in Classic style. 3819 1485 Residential building, Fligl-Krén House(Lakóház, Fligl-Krén-ház) Bástya Street 1. 47°11′34″N 18°24′36″E / 47.192817°N 18.410100°E / 47.192817; 18.410100 Late Baroque, from the end of the 18th century; facade altered. 3823 1532 Residential building(Lakóház) Fő Street 1. Rózsa Street 1. 47°11′33″N 18°24′33″E / 47.192467°N 18.409133°E / 47.192467; 18.409133 Classic style, cca 1820 3824 10832 Residential building(Lakóház) Fő Street 2. 47°11′32″N 18°24′33″E / 47.192250°N 18.409083°E / 47.192250; 18.409083 Baroque origins, Classic-Eclectic style, cca 1870 3825 10838 Residential building(Lakóház) Fő Street 3. 47°11′35″N 18°24′33″E / 47.192967°N 18.409183°E / 47.192967; 18.409183 Baroque origins, Classic-Eclectic style, from the end of the 19th century; altered 3826 1533 Residential building, Flits House(Lakóház, Flits-ház) Fő Street 4.Oskola Street 5. 47°11′32″N 18°24′33″E / 47.192267°N 18.409283°E / 47.192267; 18.409283 Zopfstil, from the end of the 18th century. Partially altered in the second half of the 19th century in Romantic style. 3830 10833 Residential building(Lakóház) Fő Street 9. 47°11′36″N 18°24′33″E / 47.193350°N 18.409217°E / 47.193350; 18.409217 Medieval and Baroque origins, Romantic style, 1850. Altered in Eclectic style in the 19-20th centuries. 3832 10839 Residential building(Lakóház) Fő Street 11. 47°11′38″N 18°24′34″E / 47.193967°N 18.409400°E / 47.193967; 18.409400 Late Eclectic style, from the end of the 19th century. 3833 1538 Residential building, Galla House(Lakóház, Galla-ház) Fő Street 13. 47°11′41″N 18°24′34″E / 47.194700°N 18.409333°E / 47.194700; 18.409333 From the 18th century; now in early Classical style, cca 1810 3837 1515 Residential building(Lakóház) Jókai Street 5. 47°11′30″N 18°24′29″E / 47.191800°N 18.408000°E / 47.191800; 18.408000 Medieval origins, some details from the 15th century; Zopfstil style, 1780–1790 3838 1516 Residential building(Lakóház) Jókai Street 6. 47°11′30″N 18°24′29″E / 47.191800°N 18.408000°E / 47.191800; 18.408000 Zopfstil, cca 1790 körül. Facade altered in Romantic style in the second half of the 19th century. City wall. 3844 10840 Residential building(Lakóház) Kossuth Street 3. 47°11′26″N 18°24′38″E / 47.190683°N 18.410567°E / 47.190683; 18.410567 Baroque, 18th century. Altered multiple times in the 19th and 20th centuries. 3845 10841 Residential building(Lakóház) Kossuth Street 5. 47°11′27″N 18°24′40″E / 47.190700°N 18.411017°E / 47.190700; 18.411017 Romantic style 3846 1521 Residential building(Lakóház) Kossuth Street 7. 47°11′26″N 18°24′41″E / 47.190550°N 18.411367°E / 47.190550; 18.411367 Romantic style, 1860–70 3847 10326 Residential building(Lakóház) Kossuth Street 9. 47°11′25″N 18°24′39″E / 47.190367°N 18.410900°E / 47.190367; 18.410900 From the 14-15 centuries with Gothic elements, restructured in the 18th century, with a clockwork on its facade. 3849 10327 Residential building(Lakóház) Kossuth Street 11. 47°11′25″N 18°24′40″E / 47.190150°N 18.411067°E / 47.190150; 18.411067 Baroque, mid-18th century; altered 3851 1523 Residential building(Lakóház) Kossuth Street 13. 47°11′24″N 18°24′41″E / 47.190050°N 18.411500°E / 47.190050; 18.411500 Zopfstil, end of the 18th century; altered 3853 1525 Residential building(Lakóház) Lakatos Street 12. 47°11′33″N 18°24′36″E / 47.192433°N 18.409967°E / 47.192433; 18.409967 Zopfstil, end of the 18th century; altered 3854 1526 Residential building(Lakóház) Lépcső Street 1.Liszt Ferenc Street 2. 47°11′25″N 18°24′32″E / 47.190283°N 18.408900°E / 47.190283; 18.408900 Baroque, 18th century 3856 1528 Residential building(Lakóház) Liszt Ferenc Street 4.Lépcső Street 2. 47°11′25″N 18°24′31″E / 47.190183°N 18.408667°E / 47.190183; 18.408667 Zopfstil, cca 1790, altered 3857 1529 Residential building(Lakóház) Liszt Ferenc Street 9. 47°11′25″N 18°24′31″E / 47.190150°N 18.408617°E / 47.190150; 18.408617 Baroque, 18th century, altered 38603935(?) 87841563(?) Residential building, Karl House(Lakóház, Karl-ház) Mátyás király Boulevard 23. Zichy Grove 4. 47°11′44″N 18°24′34″E / 47.195633°N 18.409433°E / 47.195633; 18.409433 Baroque origins, altered in the second half of the 19th century. 3861 1488 Residential building(Lakóház) Megyeház Street 4. Arany János Street 3. 47°11′26″N 18°24′33″E / 47.190467°N 18.409183°E / 47.190467; 18.409183 Baroque, 18th century 3862 1489 Residential building(Lakóház) Megyeház Street 7. 47°11′25″N 18°24′33″E / 47.190250°N 18.409283°E / 47.190250; 18.409283 Baroque, early 18th century. Facade altered in Zopfstil style around 1790. 3864 1491 Residential building(Lakóház) Megyeház Street 9. 47°11′24″N 18°24′34″E / 47.190117°N 18.409583°E / 47.190117; 18.409583 Baroque, early 18th century. Facade altered in Zopfstil style around 1790. 3865 1492 Residential building, House with Eye of Providence motif(Lakóház, Istenszemes ház) Megyeház Street 11. 47°11′24″N 18°24′35″E / 47.189950°N 18.409650°E / 47.189950; 18.409650 Baroque, 18th century. Facade altered. 3874 1573 Residential building(Lakóház) Oskola Street 1. 47°11′39″N 18°24′32″E / 47.194183°N 18.408933°E / 47.194183; 18.408933 Baroque, 18th century 3876 1575 Residential building(Lakóház) Oskola Street 3. 47°11′32″N 18°24′31″E / 47.192200°N 18.408533°E / 47.192200; 18.408533 Baroque, cca 1750. Altered at the end of the 19th century. 3877 1576 Residential building(Lakóház) Oskola Street 6. 47°11′31″N 18°24′31″E / 47.191950°N 18.408683°E / 47.191950; 18.408683 Birthplace of Ignác Goldziher; originates from the 14-15th century; restructured, two Medieval buildings were joined. Currently in Baroque style, from the 18th century. 3879 1578 Residential building(Lakóház) Oskola Street 8. 47°11′31″N 18°24′31″E / 47.192050°N 18.408583°E / 47.192050; 18.408583 Baroque, 1793, altered significantly 3881 10842 Residential building(Lakóház) Oskola Street 12. 47°11′33″N 18°24′30″E / 47.192633°N 18.408417°E / 47.192633; 18.408417 Eclectic and Art Nouveau, cca 1900. 3890 10835 Residential building(Lakóház) Rózsa Street 2. Fő Street corner 47°11′34″N 18°24′33″E / 47.19276°N 18.40914°E / 47.19276; 18.40914 18th century; Classical style cca 1850; altered 3895 1503 Residential building, post office(Lakóház, posta) Szent István Square 1. Kossuth Street 20. 47°11′21″N 18°24′44″E / 47.189117°N 18.412100°E / 47.189117; 18.412100 Classical style, cca 1830; city wall 3900 1508 Residential building(Lakóház) Szent István Square 6. 47°11′16″N 18°24′46″E / 47.187883°N 18.412750°E / 47.187883; 18.412750 Zopfstil, cca 1800; city wall 3902 8829 Residential building(Lakóház) Szent István Square 10. 47°11′20″N 18°24′41″E / 47.188817°N 18.411383°E / 47.188817; 18.411383 Classical style, first half of the 19th century; city wall 3903 1510 Residential building(Lakóház) Szent István Square 12. 47°11′21″N 18°24′40″E / 47.189050°N 18.410983°E / 47.189050; 18.410983 Baroque, 18th century. Facade altered; city wall 3904 1511 Residential building(Lakóház) Szent István Square 13. 47°11′21″N 18°24′39″E / 47.189133°N 18.410817°E / 47.189133; 18.410817 Baroque origins, early Eclectic style from the second half of the 19th century. City wall. 3905 10843 Residential building(Lakóház) Szent János Passage 2. Fő Street corner 47°11′33″N 18°24′32″E / 47.192617°N 18.409000°E / 47.192617; 18.409000 Eclectic style 3908 1562 Residential building(Lakóház) Vasvári Pál Street 5.Virág Street 2.Táncsics Street 3. (sarok) 47°11′29″N 18°24′39″E / 47.191383°N 18.410950°E / 47.191383; 18.410950 Late Baroque, cca 1780. Altered in Eclectic style in the second half of the 18th century. 3910 1561 Residential building(Lakóház) Várkapu Street 6. 47°11′40″N 18°24′32″E / 47.194350°N 18.408917°E / 47.194350; 18.408917 Late Baroque, end of the 18th century; altered 3916 1553 Residential building(Lakóház) Városház Square 2. or 3. 47°11′27″N 18°24′33″E / 47.190950°N 18.409083°E / 47.190950; 18.409083 Zopfstil, cca 1790 3921 1567 Residential building(Lakóház) Vörösmarty Mihály Square 4. 47°11′14″N 18°24′47″E / 47.187283°N 18.412967°E / 47.187283; 18.412967 Late Romantic, second half of the 19th century 3922 1568 Residential building(Lakóház) Vörösmarty Mihály Square 5. 47°11′12″N 18°24′48″E / 47.186683°N 18.413267°E / 47.186683; 18.413267 Romantic, cca 1860 3923 1569 Residential building(Lakóház) Vörösmarty Mihály Square 6. 47°11′14″N 18°24′47″E / 47.187167°N 18.413117°E / 47.187167; 18.413117 Romantic, cca 1860. Possibly designed by Miklós Ybl. 3925 1571 Residential building(Lakóház) Vörösmarty Mihály Square 10. 47°11′12″N 18°24′50″E / 47.186717°N 18.413750°E / 47.186717; 18.413750 Romantic, cca 1860. Possibly designed by Miklós Ybl. 3926 1572 Residential building(Lakóház) Vörösmarty Mihály Square 12. 47°11′12″N 18°24′50″E / 47.186550°N 18.413950°E / 47.186550; 18.413950 Early Romantic, cca 1850 3929 1496 Residential building(Lakóház) Zichy Grove 3. 47°11′46″N 18°24′31″E / 47.196133°N 18.408550°E / 47.196133; 18.408550 Romantic-Eclectic, second half of the 19th century. 3930 1497 Residential building(Lakóház) Zichy Grove 4. 47°11′47″N 18°24′30″E / 47.196433°N 18.408300°E / 47.196433; 18.408300 Romantic, cca 1850 3931 1498 Residential building(Lakóház) Zichy Grove 5.Ybl Miklós Street 7. 47°11′48″N 18°24′29″E / 47.196667°N 18.408117°E / 47.196667; 18.408117 Classical style, cca 1840. Restructured at the end of the 19th century. 3932 1499 Residential building, Varga House(Lakóház, Varga-ház) Zichy Grove 6. Ybl Miklós Street 9. 47°11′49″N 18°24′29″E / 47.196850°N 18.407983°E / 47.196850; 18.407983 Classical style, cca 1840. Restructured at the end of the 19th century. 3933 1500 Residential building, Zichy House(Lakóház, Zichy-ház) Zichy Grove 7. 47°11′49″N 18°24′28″E / 47.197083°N 18.407883°E / 47.197083; 18.407883 Early Eclectic, cca 1870 3934 1501 Residential building; Labour Court(Lakóház; Munkaügyi Bíróság) Zichy Grove 10. 47°11′52″N 18°24′29″E / 47.197883°N 18.408183°E / 47.197883; 18.408183 Eclectic, cca 1880 3935 1563 Residential building(Lakóház) Mátyás király Boulevard 23. 47°11′44″N 18°24′34″E / 47.195683°N 18.409433°E / 47.195683; 18.409433 Eclectic, second half of the 19th century 11720 11208 Residential building(Lakóház) Juhász Gyula Street 1. 47°11′30″N 18°24′33″E / 47.191750°N 18.409067°E / 47.191750; 18.409067 11913 11209 Residential building(Lakóház) Megyeháza Street 5. 47°11′26″N 18°24′33″E / 47.190467°N 18.409200°E / 47.190467; 18.409200 3848 10834 Residential building, Peacock House, city wall(Lakóház, Pávás-ház és városfal) Kossuth Street 10. 47°11′27″N 18°24′41″E / 47.190733°N 18.411383°E / 47.190733; 18.411383 Art Nouveau, cca 1900. Parts of the city wall. 3835 1513 Residential building and remains of a Turkish bath(Lakóház és török fürdő romjai) Jókai Street 2. 47°11′29″N 18°24′30″E / 47.191317°N 18.408367°E / 47.191317; 18.408367 Baroque, 18th century, altered. Remains of a Turkish bath and the city wall in its backyard. 3820 1486 Residential building and city wall(Lakóház és városfal) Bástya Street 3–5. 47°11′35″N 18°24′36″E / 47.193000°N 18.409900°E / 47.193000; 18.409900 Classical, cca 1820; city wall remains in the backyard. 3839 1517 Residential building and city wall(Lakóház és városfal) Jókai Street 8. 47°11′30″N 18°24′29″E / 47.191583°N 18.408033°E / 47.191583; 18.408033 Baroque origins, current state in Eclectic style, second half of the 19th century; city wall 3840 1518 Residential building and city wall(Lakóház és városfal) Jókai Street 10. 47°11′31″N 18°24′29″E / 47.191967°N 18.407967°E / 47.191967; 18.407967 Built in the 18th century from several Medieval houses in Baroque style; city wall 3858 1530 Residential building and city wall(Lakóház és városfal) Liszt Ferenc Street 11. 47°11′24″N 18°24′30″E / 47.190017°N 18.408333°E / 47.190017; 18.408333 Classical, cca 1820; city wall 3873 1502 Residential building and city wall(Lakóház és városfal) Országzászló Square 1. 47°11′39″N 18°24′33″E / 47.194100°N 18.409267°E / 47.194100; 18.409267 Romantic, second half of the 19th century; city wall 3886 1547 Residential building and city wall(Lakóház és városfal) Piac Square 2. 47°11′24″N 18°24′29″E / 47.189883°N 18.408100°E / 47.189883; 18.408100 Classical, cca 1810; city wall 3907 1559 Residential building and city wall(Lakóház és városfal) Táncsics Mihály Street 4. 47°11′28″N 18°24′41″E / 47.191117°N 18.411317°E / 47.191117; 18.411317 Romantic, cca 1860; city wall 3898 1506 Residential building and city wall; elementary school(Lakóház és városfal; általános iskola) Szent István Square 4. Budai Road 4. 47°11′19″N 18°24′49″E / 47.188533°N 18.413567°E / 47.188533; 18.413567 Zopfstil, cca 1790; city wall 3891 9477 Residential building, Medieval cemetery(Lakóház, középkori temető) Rózsa Street 4. 47°11′34″N 18°24′35″E / 47.192667°N 18.409617°E / 47.192667; 18.409617 The building is newly built upon the cellar that contains the cemetery of the Saint Cross Church. (Private property. Not possible to enter the cellar) 3889 9965 Residential building, museum(Lakóház, múzeum) Rác Street 19. 47°11′25″N 18°24′06″E / 47.190300°N 18.401800°E / 47.190300; 18.401800 peasant house 3852 1524 Residential building, Pelican Inn(Lakóház, Pelikán fogadó) Kossuth Street 15. 47°11′24″N 18°24′42″E / 47.189950°N 18.411583°E / 47.189950; 18.411583 Baroque, 1756. Facade in Zopfstil style, early 19th century. 3812 1479 Residential building, Roman Catholic parish(Lakóház, római katolikus plébánia) Arany János Street 9. 47°11′24″N 18°24′36″E / 47.190117°N 18.409933°E / 47.190117; 18.409933 Late Baroque, cca 1800; facade altered in 1938. 3880 1579 Residential building, Deák collection(Lakóház, Deák-gyűjtemény) Oskola Street 10. 47°11′32″N 18°24′30″E / 47.192333°N 18.408450°E / 47.192333; 18.408450 Baroque, end of 18th century; altered 3897 1505 Residential building, archives(Lakóház, levéltár) Szent István Square 3. 47°11′19″N 18°24′45″E / 47.188667°N 18.412417°E / 47.188667; 18.412417 Late Baroque, end of 18th century; facade altered several times in the 19th century; city wall 3813 1480 Residential building, office building(Lakóház, OMvH irodaház) Arany János Street 10. 47°11′24″N 18°24′37″E / 47.190033°N 18.410167°E / 47.190033; 18.410167 Zopfstil, cca 1790 3841 1519 Residential building, Schaár collection(Lakóház, Schaár-gyűjtemény) Jókai Street 11. 47°11′33″N 18°24′28″E / 47.192450°N 18.407733°E / 47.192450; 18.407733 Romantic, cca 1870; partially museum, city gallery 3836 1514 Residential building, music school(Lakóház, zeneiskola) Jókai Street 3.Oskola Street 2–4. 47°11′29″N 18°24′29″E / 47.191517°N 18.408183°E / 47.191517; 18.408183 Baroque, 18th century 3859 1531 Army barracks(Laktanya) Malom Street 2. 47°11′54″N 18°24′26″E / 47.198200°N 18.407350°E / 47.198200; 18.407350 Late Eclectic, second half of the 19th century 3821 1487 Lukács House (Lukács-ház) Bástya Street 4. 47°11′35″N 18°24′36″E / 47.193033°N 18.409867°E / 47.193033; 18.409867 Baroque origins, Classical style, cca 1820 3831 1537 Hungarian Royal Hotel; Zichy House (Magyar Király Szálló; Zichy-ház) Fő Street 10. 47°11′43″N 18°24′32″E / 47.195317°N 18.408883°E / 47.195317; 18.408883 Classical style, cca 1830, possibly designed by Mihály Pollack 3871 9713 Maria column(Mária-oszlop) Móri Road 47°12′01″N 18°24′35″E / 47.200333°N 18.409700°E / 47.200333; 18.409700 3885 1546 Statue of Mary (Mária-szobor) Piac Square 47°11′22″N 18°24′24″E / 47.1895172°N 18.4067392°E / 47.1895172; 18.4067392 Baroque, 1700; renovated in 1839 3901 1509 County Hall(Megyeháza) Szent István Square 9. 47°11′19″N 18°24′44″E / 47.188483°N 18.412167°E / 47.188483; 18.412167 Classical style, 1807–1812; partially designed by Mihály Pollack; city wall 3866 1493 County House and city wall; Local History Museum (Megyeháza és városfal; Várostörténeti múzeum) Megyeház Street 17. 47°11′22″N 18°24′36″E / 47.189550°N 18.410133°E / 47.189550; 18.410133 Medieval details, Baroque, cca 1730; partially altered and expanded in the second half of the 19th century and in the 20th century; city wall 3869 1541 Statue of John of Nepomuk (Nepomuki Szent János-szobor) Móri Road 47°12′03″N 18°24′33″E / 47.200733°N 18.409217°E / 47.200733; 18.409217 Baroque, 1705 3927 1494 Cast iron bandstand(Öntöttvas zenecsarnok) Zichy Grove 47°11′49″N 18°24′31″E / 47.196867°N 18.408500°E / 47.196867; 18.408500 Eclectic style, 1879. Designed by Antal Platzer, made in Antal Oetl's iron foundry 11702 Ősfehérvár Restaurant(Ősfehérvár Vendéglő) Táncsics Mihály Street 1. 47°11′30″N 18°24′39″E / 47.191533°N 18.410750°E / 47.191533; 18.410750 3918 1556 Episcopal palace (Püspöki palota) Városház Square 5. 47°11′30″N 18°24′35″E / 47.191717°N 18.409733°E / 47.191717; 18.409733 Zopfstil, 1790–1801; possibly built by Jakab Riedel. 3906 1558 Reformed church(Református templom) Széchenyi Road 47°11′06″N 18°24′54″E / 47.184900°N 18.414867°E / 47.184900; 18.414867 Late Classical, 1844 3807 1475 Roman Catholic Hentel Chapel(Római katolikus Hentel-kápolna) Arany János Street 47°11′26″N 18°24′35″E / 47.190667°N 18.409733°E / 47.190667; 18.409733 Gothic, cca 1470 3806 1474 Roman Catholic church, episcopal cathedral (Római katolikus templom, püspöki székesegyház) Arany János Street 47°11′26″N 18°24′35″E / 47.190417°N 18.409833°E / 47.190417; 18.409833 Gothic origins; the current Baroque style church was built between 1759–1778, designed by Martin Grabner. 3913 1554 Roman Catholic church, former Franciscan church (Római katolikus templom, volt ferences templom) Városház Square 47°11′28″N 18°24′33″E / 47.191167°N 18.409233°E / 47.191167; 18.409233 Baroque, 1720–1742 3829 1536 Roman Catholic church, former Jesuit, Paulite and Cistercian church(Római katolikus templom, volt jezsuita, pálos, majd cisztercita templom) Fő Street 6. János Passage 2. 47°11′33″N 18°24′32″E / 47.192629°N 18.408776°E / 47.192629; 18.408776 Baroque, 1745–1755 3883 1544 Roman Catholic church, former carmelite and seminary church(Római katolikus templom, volt karmelita, majd szemináriumi templom) Petőfi Street – Kossuth Street corner 47°11′22″N 18°24′42″E / 47.189483°N 18.411633°E / 47.189483; 18.411633 Baroque, 1745–1748 3842 1551 Open-air museum of ruins (Romkert) Koronázó Square Várkörút 5. 47°11′31″N 18°24′42″E / 47.191967°N 18.411583°E / 47.191967; 18.411583 3924 1570 Say House(Say-ház) Vörösmarty Square 8. 47°11′13″N 18°24′49″E / 47.186983°N 18.413483°E / 47.186983; 18.413483 Early Romantic, cca 1860. Possibly designed by Miklós Ybl. 3822 1564 Splényi House(Splényi-ház) Budai Street 22. 47°11′23″N 18°25′01″E / 47.189767°N 18.417050°E / 47.189767; 18.417050 Classical style, cca 1830. 3894 9732 Statue of St. Stephen(Szent István-szobor) Szent István Square 47°11′19″N 18°24′44″E / 47.188667°N 18.412200°E / 47.188667; 18.412200 By Ferenc Sidló, 1938 3870 1560 Holy Trinity statue(Szentháromság-szobor) Móri RoadHavranek József Street 47°12′01″N 18°24′34″E / 47.200350°N 18.409417°E / 47.200350; 18.409417 Romantic, cca 1840. By Antal Havranek Senior. 3882 1543 Tombs of the Serbian cemetery(Szerb temető sírkövei) Palotai Road 47°11′48″N 18°23′53″E / 47.196550°N 18.398117°E / 47.196550; 18.398117 18-19th century 3855 1527 Szőgyény-Marich House and city wall (Szőgyény-Marich ház és városfal) Liszt Ferenc Street 1. 47°11′27″N 18°24′31″E / 47.190700°N 18.408700°E / 47.190700; 18.408700 Baroque, 18th century; House of Culture, shops; city wall 3911 1580 City wall remains(Várfalak) Várkörút Bástya Street 3. Jókai Street 2. Piac SwuareAdy Endre Street 9–11. 47°11′22″N 18°24′33″E / 47.189483°N 18.409183°E / 47.189483; 18.409183 city wall remains in several places in the city center 3909 9731 Varkocs Statue(Varkocs-szobor) Fő Street 47°11′39″N 18°24′33″E / 47.194067°N 18.409067°E / 47.194067; 18.409067 From 1938, sculpted by Dezső Erdey. 3915 1552 City Hall (Városháza) Városház Square 1. 47°11′28″N 18°24′35″E / 47.191217°N 18.409600°E / 47.191217; 18.409600 From the 17th century, Baroque, 1712–1718; currently Late Barque style, 1790 3892 9825 Water mill and beer brewery(Városi vízimalom és serfőző) Sörház Square 1. 47°12′04″N 18°24′11″E / 47.201167°N 18.402917°E / 47.201167; 18.402917 Baroque, 1800 3799 1731 Barrage (Völgyzáró gát) at the Pátkai Dam 47°14′58″N 18°29′21″E / 47.249400°N 18.489200°E / 47.249400; 18.489200 From Roman times, 3rd or 4th century. 11159 11004 Mihály Vörösmarty County Library and István Csók Gallery (Vörösmarty Mihály Megyei Könyvtár és Csók István Képtár) Bartók Béla Square 1. 47°11′34″N 18°24′28″E / 47.192883°N 18.407833°E / 47.192883; 18.407833 3919 1565 Statue of Mihály Vörösmarty (Vörösmarty Mihály szobra) Vörösmarty Square 47°11′13″N 18°24′48″E / 47.186933°N 18.413317°E / 47.186933; 18.413317 1865, by Miklós Vay 3912 9712 Statue of Ferenc Wathay (Wathay Ferenc emlékműve) Prohászka Grove 47°11′32″N 18°24′41″E / 47.192300°N 18.411450°E / 47.192300; 18.411450 Made in between the two world wars, sculptor: Elek Lux; city wall; 3928 1495 Wertheim House(Wertheim-ház) Zichy Grove 1. 47°11′45″N 18°24′31″E / 47.195800°N 18.408550°E / 47.195800; 18.408550 Late Classical, cca 1840 3896 1504 Nunnery and city wall; city archives(Zárda és városfal; levéltár) Szent István Square 2. 47°11′20″N 18°24′44″E / 47.188950°N 18.412317°E / 47.188950; 18.412317 Originally Baroque, 18th century; currently Classical style, 1831; city wall 3843 1520 Zichy Mansion(Zichy-palota) Kossuth Street 1.Városház Square 1. 47°11′28″N 18°24′37″E / 47.191183°N 18.410300°E / 47.191183; 18.410300 Zopfstil, 1781; expanded in 1936–1937 Notes ^ As given in source, Kálmáncsehi; but also occurs written as ′Kálmáncsehy′ in other sources. ^ The same building is listed with two different registry numbers in the source database. References ^ a b "SZÉKESFEHÉRVÁR MEGYEI JOGÚ VÁROS KÜLTERÜLETÉNEK VALAMINT EGYES BELTERÜLETI TERÜLETRÉSZEINEK HELYI ÉPÍTÉSI SZABÁLYZATA ÉS SZABÁLYOZÁSI TERVE" (pdf). 2017. Retrieved 2018-09-08. ^ "Javaslat a Nemzeti Emlékhely települési értéktárba történő felvételére" (in Hungarian). Városi Levéltár és Kutatóintézet. Archived from the original on 2018-09-08. Retrieved 2018-09-07. Sources "Székesfehérvár műemlékeinek listája" (in Hungarian). Műemlékem.hu. Retrieved 2018-08-17. External links Media related to Cultural heritage monuments in Székesfehérvár at Wikimedia Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cultural heritage monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_registers#Hungary"},{"link_name":"Székesfehérvár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r"}],"text":"As of January 2019, there were 139 registered cultural heritage monuments in Székesfehérvár, and three were being evaluated for the status.","title":"List of cultural heritage monuments in Székesfehérvár"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"under evaluation for official status","title":"List of cultural heritage monuments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"Kálmáncsehi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domokos_K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1ncsehi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_b"}],"text":"^ As given in source, Kálmáncsehi; but also occurs written as ′Kálmáncsehy′ in other sources.[2]\n^ The same building is listed with two different registry numbers in the source database.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Székesfehérvár műemlékeinek listája\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//muemlekem.hu/muemlek?egylapon=500&any=&nev=&helyseg_nev=Sz%E9kesfeh%E9rv%E1r&cim=&torzssz=&id=&statusz_M%FBeml%E9ki_v%E9delem=i&statusz_V%E9dett%E9_nyilv%E1n%EDt%E1si_elj%E1r%E1s_alatt=i&submit_tipus=Mehet&utolso-log-napok-min="}],"text":"\"Székesfehérvár műemlékeinek listája\" (in Hungarian). Műemlékem.hu. Retrieved 2018-08-17.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"SZÉKESFEHÉRVÁR MEGYEI JOGÚ VÁROS KÜLTERÜLETÉNEK VALAMINT EGYES BELTERÜLETI TERÜLETRÉSZEINEK HELYI ÉPÍTÉSI SZABÁLYZATA ÉS SZABÁLYOZÁSI TERVE\" (pdf). 2017. Retrieved 2018-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.szekesfehervar.hu/_upload/editor/2017/onkormanyzat/dokumentumok/foepiteszi_iroda/kulterbeltermod_2017_10_11/__KULTER-BELTER_HESZegyseges-2017_10_11.pdf","url_text":"\"SZÉKESFEHÉRVÁR MEGYEI JOGÚ VÁROS KÜLTERÜLETÉNEK VALAMINT EGYES BELTERÜLETI TERÜLETRÉSZEINEK HELYI ÉPÍTÉSI SZABÁLYZATA ÉS SZABÁLYOZÁSI TERVE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Javaslat a Nemzeti Emlékhely települési értéktárba történő felvételére\" (in Hungarian). Városi Levéltár és Kutatóintézet. Archived from the original on 2018-09-08. Retrieved 2018-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180908092733/http://www.albaarchivum.hu/hu/beerkezett-javaslatok/epitett-kornyezet/168-nemzeti-emlekhely","url_text":"\"Javaslat a Nemzeti Emlékhely települési értéktárba történő felvételére\""},{"url":"http://www.albaarchivum.hu/hu/beerkezett-javaslatok/epitett-kornyezet/168-nemzeti-emlekhely","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Székesfehérvár műemlékeinek listája\" (in Hungarian). Műemlékem.hu. Retrieved 2018-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://muemlekem.hu/muemlek?egylapon=500&any=&nev=&helyseg_nev=Sz%E9kesfeh%E9rv%E1r&cim=&torzssz=&id=&statusz_M%FBeml%E9ki_v%E9delem=i&statusz_V%E9dett%E9_nyilv%E1n%EDt%E1si_elj%E1r%E1s_alatt=i&submit_tipus=Mehet&utolso-log-napok-min=","url_text":"\"Székesfehérvár műemlékeinek listája\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Port_Hedland
Port of Port Hedland
["1 History","2 Port authority","3 Geography","4 Berths","5 Gallery","6 Port statistics","7 References","8 Further reading"]
Seaport in Western Australia This article is about the port and harbour. For the locality, see Port Hedland, Western Australia. For the local authority, see Town of Port Hedland. Port of Port HedlandView of the harbour at Port Hedland, looking west from the public jetty towards the bulk carrier Shagang Haili, berthed at Finucane Island, April 2012.Location of Port HedlandLocationCountryAustraliaLocationPort Hedland, Western AustraliaCoordinates20°19.0′S 118°34.5′E / 20.3167°S 118.5750°E / -20.3167; 118.5750UN/LOCODEAUPHEDetailsOpened1896Operated byPilbara Ports AuthorityType of harbourSeaportNo. of berths19Draft depth19.8 mStatisticsVessel arrivals3,281 (2021/22)Annual cargo tonnage561 million tonnes (2021/22)WebsitePilbara Ports Authority Port Hedland is one of the largest iron ore loading ports in the world and the largest in Australia. In 2022, it had the largest bulk cargo throughput in Australia. With the neighboring ports of Port Walcott and Dampier, Port Hedland is one of three major iron ore exporting ports in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. History Named after Captain Hedland, the Master of a ship that anchored there in 1863, Port Hedland was first developed in order to service the needs of the local pastoral industry in East Pilbara. The first jetty was built in 1896, this was extended in 1908 after the discovery of gold in the Marble Bar area. Until the 1930s the port was predominantly used to import goods and stores for the local industries and to export pearl, shell, wool, livestock, gold, tin and copper. With the end of World War II, the port began exporting significant amounts of manganese. The 1960s saw the development of the port by the iron ore and salt industries. Mount Goldsworthy Mining Associates, a company later absorbed by BHP, dredged an approach channel and turning basin for 65,000 DWT ships. Meanwhile, the Leslie Salt Company, from August 2001 Dampier Salt (part of Rio Tinto), built a land backed wharf and facilities to aid salt exports and fuel imports. Further dredging was performed after the Mount Newman Mining Company, a subsidiary of BHP, chose Port Hedland as its export port. The new works allowed for ships up to 120,000 DWT. Between the 1960s and today and extensive dredging and building has taken Port Hedland from a convenient anchorage to 15 berths capable of loading various ores and goods onto ships ranging from 25,000 DWT to 320,000 DWT. In 2005/06 Port Hedland became the first Australian port to export in excess of 100 million tonnes annually. In 2010/11 the port exported a record 199 million tonnes, making it the largest port by cargo tonnage in Australia. In 2021/22, 561 million tonnes of cargo passed through the port. Port authority Port Hedland's harbour is managed by the Pilbara Port Authority, a Government of Western Australia instrumentality. The port authority's headquarters, control tower and heliport are at Mangrove Point, just to the west of The Esplanade at the western end of Port Hedland. The tugboat pen, customs office and public jetty are at nearby Laurentius Point. The harbour's wharves are located on both sides of the harbour – Finucane Island to the west and Port Hedland to the east. Geography The points are key references to the port and its composition. Mangrove and Laurentius points are already mentioned, Utah Point, and Anderson Point are located in the inner part of the harbour and exist within the complex of current berths. Berths Allocation of berths includes a commercial in confidence agreement between the PPA and BHP known as the Harriet Point agreement Finucane Island berths - BHP berths FIA, FIB, FIC & FID, PPA Wharf 4 Anderson Point berths - Fortescue Metals Group berths 1,2,3 and 4,5 (in South West Creek) South West Creek - Roy Hill Stanley Point SP 1 & SP 2 Inner Harbour berths - PPA Wharves 1,2 & 3 and BHP berths Nelson Point NPA, NPB, NPC, NPD Gallery Access by oceangoing vessels into and out of the harbour is via a narrow curved channel. The following series of images depicts a 225 m (246.1 yd) long bulk carrier, Darya Shanthi, using the channel to enter the harbour. Visible in the foreground of each image is part of the harbour's system of mangroves.   Port statistics Port Hedland ship and cargo statistics 2007-2012 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 Total cargo (tonnes) 246,672,060 199,002,079 178,625,449 159,390,660 130,707,208 111,809,432 Imports Sulphuric acid 10,003 6,011 –  73,577 69,649 145,336 Bitumen –  –  –  3,185 1,284 3,825 Caustic soda –  4,166 –  7,433 7,032 –  Ammonium nitrate 16,100 –  –  –  389 –  Cement 186,870 98,573 163,604 82,803 25,148 –  Fuel oils 1,216,044 988,990 822,794 713,226 619,957 527,256 General & containerised cargo 227,186 172,285 167,796 128,642 70,487 136,022 Total imports (tonnes) 1,656,203 1,270,025 1,154,194 1,008,866 793,946 812,439 Exports Iron ore 238,932,735 192,548,683 173,957,507 153,895,882 125,267,292 106,616,567 Hot briquetted iron –  –  –  –  –  –  Hot briquetted iron fines –  –  44,576 324,389 321,702 –  Manganese 1,958,419 1,881,708 1,645,950 920,216 1,217,026 1,184,927 Chromite 411,647 173,236 143,421 180,128 209,792 219,337 Copper 433,904 461,383 479,545 423,050 417,075 249,824 Feldspar –  –  –  –  –  –  Salt 3,197,203 2,623,412 1,165,401 2,609,954 2,409,527 2,669,441 Scrap 70,245 39,002 25,150 20,008 39,051 –  Livestock –  –  7,817 5,825 7,951 6,335 General & containerised cargo 11,703 4,630 1,888 2,342 23,846 50,562 Total exports (tonnes) 245,015,856 197,732,054 177,471,255 158,381,794 129,913,262 110,996,993 Shipping Gross registered tonnage 145,056,987 112,081,735 100,040,087 74,012,123 63,614,547 62,370,169 Deadweight tonnage 277,313,992 216,454,152 193,442,785 142,870,875 122,810,231 120,119,965 No. of vessels 1,843 1,474 1,303 1,027 888 925 References ^ "UNLOCODE (AU) - AUSTRALIA". www.unece.org. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). Retrieved 8 October 2020. ^ Annual Report 2022 Pilbara Port Authority ^ a b c d e f "Port Profile and Handbook". PHPA website]. Port Hedland Port Authority. 12 December 2013. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013. ^ "History". Rio Tinto Dampier Salt. Rio Tinto. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015. ^ Port of Port Hedland at a Glance Pilbara Port Authority ^ Michael Hobbs. "BHP struck secret deal over Port Hedland capacity". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 25 December 2017. ^ Michael Hobbs (13 November 2013). "BHP struck secret deal over Port Hedland capacity". Farm Weekly. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2017. ^ Evans, Nick (2014) Secret deal risks port sale, West Business, p.125, The Weekend West, 20–21 September 2014 ^ Wilson, Jimmy. "Macquarie Western Australia Forum" (PDF). BHP. Retrieved 30 December 2015. ^ "Cargo Statistics & Port Information" (PDF). PHPA website. Port Hedland Port Authority. November 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2012. ^ "Cargo Statistics & Port Information". PHPA website. Port Hedland Port Authority. 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2013. Further reading Shaw, Murray (2006). Moving Mountains: The Evolution of Port Hedland Harbour. Carlisle, Western Australia: Hesperian Press. ISBN 085905389X. vteIron ore mining in Western AustraliaBHPPorts Port Hedland (Nelson Point & Finucane Island) Railways Goldsworthy railway Mount Newman railway Mines Area C Jimblebar Newman East Newman West South Flank Yandi Fortescue MetalsPorts Port Hedland (Herb Elliott Port) Railways Fortescue railway Mines Christmas Creek Cloudbreak Eliwana Firetail Kings Valley Rio TintoPorts Cape Lambert Dampier (Parker Point & East Intercourse Island) Railways Hamersley & Robe River railway Mines Brockman 2 Brockman 4 Channar Eastern Range Gudai-Darri Hope Downs Hope Downs 4 Marandoo Mesa A Mesa J Mount Tom Price Nammuldi Paraburdoo Silvergrass West Angelas Western Turner Syncline Yandicoogina Hancock ProspectingPorts Port Hedland (SP1 & SP2 Berths) Railways Roy Hill railway Mines Roy Hill Atlas IronMines Miralga Creek Mt Webber Sanjiv Ridge Other operationsMines Blue Hills Iron Ridge Iron Valley Karara (Karara railway) Koolan Island Koolyanobbing Wonmunna Ports Railways Mines
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The port authority's headquarters, control tower and heliport are at Mangrove Point, just to the west of The Esplanade at the western end of Port Hedland.The tugboat pen, customs office and public jetty are at nearby Laurentius Point. The harbour's wharves are located on both sides of the harbour – Finucane Island to the west and Port Hedland to the east.","title":"Port authority"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The points are key references to the port and its composition. Mangrove and Laurentius points are already mentioned, Utah Point, and Anderson Point are located in the inner part of the harbour and exist within the complex of current berths.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commercial in confidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_in_confidence"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BHP"},{"link_name":"Fortescue Metals Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortescue_Metals_Group"},{"link_name":"Roy Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Hill_mine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Allocation of berths includes a commercial in confidence agreement between the PPA and BHP[6][7] known as the Harriet Point agreement[8]Finucane Island berths - BHP berths FIA, FIB, FIC & FID, PPA Wharf 4\nAnderson Point berths - Fortescue Metals Group berths 1,2,3 and 4,5 (in South West Creek)\nSouth West Creek - Roy Hill Stanley Point SP 1 & SP 2\nInner Harbour berths - PPA Wharves 1,2 & 3 and BHP berths Nelson Point NPA, NPB, NPC, NPD[9]","title":"Berths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bulk carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrier"},{"link_name":"mangroves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darya_Shanthi_arrives_at_Port_Hedland,_2012_(1).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darya_Shanthi_arrives_at_Port_Hedland,_2012_(2).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darya_Shanthi_arrives_at_Port_Hedland,_2012_(3).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darya_Shanthi_arrives_at_Port_Hedland,_2012_(4).JPG"}],"text":"Access by oceangoing vessels into and out of the harbour is via a narrow curved channel. 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railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamersley_%26_Robe_River_railway"},{"link_name":"Brockman 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockman_2_mine"},{"link_name":"Brockman 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockman_4_mine"},{"link_name":"Channar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channar_mine"},{"link_name":"Eastern Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Range_mine"},{"link_name":"Gudai-Darri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gudai-Darri_mine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hope Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Downs_mine"},{"link_name":"Hope Downs 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hope_Downs_4_mine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marandoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marandoo_mine"},{"link_name":"Mesa A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_A_mine"},{"link_name":"Mesa J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_J_mine"},{"link_name":"Mount Tom Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tom_Price_mine"},{"link_name":"Nammuldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nammuldi_mine"},{"link_name":"Paraburdoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraburdoo_mine"},{"link_name":"Silvergrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silvergrass_mine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Angelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Angelas_mine"},{"link_name":"Western Turner Syncline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Turner_Syncline_mine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yandicoogina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yandicoogina_mine"},{"link_name":"Hancock Prospecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock_Prospecting"},{"link_name":"Port Hedland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Roy Hill railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Hill_railway"},{"link_name":"Roy Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Hill_mine"},{"link_name":"Atlas Iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Iron"},{"link_name":"Miralga Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miralga_Creek_mine"},{"link_name":"Mt Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt_Webber_mine"},{"link_name":"Sanjiv Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjiv_Ridge_mine"},{"link_name":"Blue Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Hills_mine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iron Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_Ridge_mine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iron Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Valley_mine"},{"link_name":"Karara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karara_mine"},{"link_name":"Karara railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karara_railway"},{"link_name":"Koolan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolan_Island_mine"},{"link_name":"Koolyanobbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolyanobbing_mine"},{"link_name":"Wonmunna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonmunna_mine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Iron_ore_railways"},{"link_name":"Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Iron_ore_mines_in_Western_Australia"}],"text":"Shaw, Murray (2006). Moving Mountains: The Evolution of Port Hedland Harbour. Carlisle, Western Australia: Hesperian Press. ISBN 085905389X.vteIron ore mining in Western AustraliaBHPPorts\nPort Hedland (Nelson Point & Finucane Island)\nRailways\nGoldsworthy railway\nMount Newman railway\nMines\nArea C\nJimblebar\nNewman East\nNewman West\nSouth Flank\nYandi\nFortescue MetalsPorts\nPort Hedland (Herb Elliott Port)\nRailways\nFortescue railway\nMines\nChristmas Creek\nCloudbreak\nEliwana\nFiretail\nKings Valley\nRio TintoPorts\nCape Lambert\nDampier (Parker Point & East Intercourse Island)\nRailways\nHamersley & Robe River railway\nMines\nBrockman 2\nBrockman 4\nChannar\nEastern Range\nGudai-Darri\nHope Downs\nHope Downs 4\nMarandoo\nMesa A\nMesa J\nMount Tom Price\nNammuldi\nParaburdoo\nSilvergrass\nWest Angelas\nWestern Turner Syncline\nYandicoogina\nHancock ProspectingPorts\nPort Hedland (SP1 & SP2 Berths)\nRailways\nRoy Hill railway\nMines\nRoy Hill\nAtlas IronMines\nMiralga Creek\nMt Webber\nSanjiv Ridge\nOther operationsMines\nBlue Hills\nIron Ridge\nIron Valley\nKarara (Karara railway)\nKoolan Island\nKoolyanobbing\nWonmunna\n\n Ports\nRailways\nMines","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"UNLOCODE (AU) - AUSTRALIA\". www.unece.org. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). Retrieved 8 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/au.htm","url_text":"\"UNLOCODE (AU) - AUSTRALIA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe","url_text":"United Nations Economic Commission for Europe"}]},{"reference":"\"Port Profile and Handbook\". PHPA website]. Port Hedland Port Authority. 12 December 2013. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130410184708/http://phpa.com.au/About-the-Port/Port-profile-and-handbook/PDF-File/PHPA_G_PortHandbook.aspx","url_text":"\"Port Profile and Handbook\""},{"url":"http://www.phpa.com.au/About-the-Port/Port-profile-and-handbook/PDF-File/PHPA_G_PortHandbook.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Rio Tinto Dampier Salt. Rio Tinto. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150219091927/http://www.dampiersalt.com.au/ENG/whoweare/179_history.asp","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.dampiersalt.com.au/ENG/whoweare/179_history.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michael Hobbs. \"BHP struck secret deal over Port Hedland capacity\". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 25 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afr.com/p/markets/market_wrap/bhp_struck_secret_deal_over_port_gW9WgeSsptH2FNvJ3kFOfK","url_text":"\"BHP struck secret deal over Port Hedland capacity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Financial_Review","url_text":"Australian Financial Review"}]},{"reference":"Michael Hobbs (13 November 2013). \"BHP struck secret deal over Port Hedland capacity\". Farm Weekly. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160807160341/http://www.farmweekly.com.au/news/agriculture/agribusiness/general-news/bhps-secret-port-hedland-capacity-deal/2678265.aspx","url_text":"\"BHP struck secret deal over Port Hedland capacity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Weekly","url_text":"Farm Weekly"},{"url":"http://www.farmweekly.com.au/news/agriculture/agribusiness/general-news/bhps-secret-port-hedland-capacity-deal/2678265.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Jimmy. \"Macquarie Western Australia Forum\" (PDF). BHP. Retrieved 30 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhpbilliton.com/~/media/bhp/documents/investors/reports/2013/131015_macquariewesternaustraliaforum.pdf","url_text":"\"Macquarie Western Australia Forum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BHP","url_text":"BHP"}]},{"reference":"\"Cargo Statistics & Port Information\" (PDF). PHPA website. Port Hedland Port Authority. November 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phpa.com.au/docs/CargoStatisticsReport.pdf","url_text":"\"Cargo Statistics & Port Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cargo Statistics & Port Information\". PHPA website. Port Hedland Port Authority. 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phpa.com.au/About-the-Port/Statistics/Cargo-statistics-and-port-information/PDF-File/CargoStatisticsReport2012.aspx","url_text":"\"Cargo Statistics & Port Information\""}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Murray (2006). Moving Mountains: The Evolution of Port Hedland Harbour. Carlisle, Western Australia: Hesperian Press. ISBN 085905389X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Western_Australia","url_text":"Carlisle, Western Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperian_Press","url_text":"Hesperian Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/085905389X","url_text":"085905389X"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Port_of_Port_Hedland&params=20_19.0_S_118_34.5_E_","external_links_name":"20°19.0′S 118°34.5′E / 20.3167°S 118.5750°E / -20.3167; 118.5750"},{"Link":"https://www.pilbaraports.com.au/","external_links_name":"Pilbara Ports Authority"},{"Link":"https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/au.htm","external_links_name":"\"UNLOCODE (AU) - AUSTRALIA\""},{"Link":"https://www.pilbaraports.com.au/about-ppa/publications/forms-and-publications/forms-publications/other/2022/october/2022-annual-report","external_links_name":"Annual Report 2022"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130410184708/http://phpa.com.au/About-the-Port/Port-profile-and-handbook/PDF-File/PHPA_G_PortHandbook.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Port Profile and Handbook\""},{"Link":"http://www.phpa.com.au/About-the-Port/Port-profile-and-handbook/PDF-File/PHPA_G_PortHandbook.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150219091927/http://www.dampiersalt.com.au/ENG/whoweare/179_history.asp","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.dampiersalt.com.au/ENG/whoweare/179_history.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pilbaraports.com.au/about-ppa/publications/forms-and-publications/forms-publications/other/2022/november/port-of-port-hedland-fact-sheet","external_links_name":"Port of Port Hedland at a Glance"},{"Link":"http://www.afr.com/p/markets/market_wrap/bhp_struck_secret_deal_over_port_gW9WgeSsptH2FNvJ3kFOfK","external_links_name":"\"BHP struck secret deal over Port Hedland capacity\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160807160341/http://www.farmweekly.com.au/news/agriculture/agribusiness/general-news/bhps-secret-port-hedland-capacity-deal/2678265.aspx","external_links_name":"\"BHP struck secret deal over Port Hedland capacity\""},{"Link":"http://www.farmweekly.com.au/news/agriculture/agribusiness/general-news/bhps-secret-port-hedland-capacity-deal/2678265.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bhpbilliton.com/~/media/bhp/documents/investors/reports/2013/131015_macquariewesternaustraliaforum.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Macquarie Western Australia Forum\""},{"Link":"http://www.phpa.com.au/docs/CargoStatisticsReport.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cargo Statistics & Port Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.phpa.com.au/About-the-Port/Statistics/Cargo-statistics-and-port-information/PDF-File/CargoStatisticsReport2012.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Cargo Statistics & Port Information\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Genetically_Engineered_Machine
International Genetically Engineered Machine
["1 Competition details","1.1 Awards & Judging in the iGEM competition","2 History of the competition","3 Broader goals","4 Competition Results","4.1 High School Division","4.2 Undergraduate Division","4.3 Overgraduate Division","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
International competition iGEMDate(s)October, 23 - 26 (2024)FrequencyAnnuallyVenueParis Expo Porte de Versailles, France (2022~) Hynes Convention Center, Boston, United States (2014-2019) MIT, Boston, United States (2003-2013)Location(s)Paris, France (2022~) Boston, Massachusetts, United States (2003-2019) With additional events worldwideInaugurated2003Most recent20232022iGEMersAnnually: 10 000+ participants, 400+ teams Since 2003: 80 000+ participants, 4500+ teamsOrganised byiGEM FoundationWebsiteigem.org The iGEM (International Genetically Engineered Machine) competition is a worldwide synthetic biology competition that was initially aimed at undergraduate and 'overgraduate' university students, but has since expanded to include divisions for high school students, entrepreneurs, and community laboratories. iGEM is presented as "the heart of synthetic biology" - educating the next generation of leaders and workforce of the field. In 20 years since its inception, over 80 000 students from over 65 countries have been trained in the responsible, safe and secure use of synthetic biology. The iGEM Competition is a flagship program of the iGEM Foundation - an independent, non-profit organization dedicated to the advancement of synthetic biology, education and competition, and the development of an open, collaborative, and cooperative community. Aside from the competition, iGEM has established many initiatives and programs to support the future growth of synthetic biology throughout the world: iGEM Community, iGEM Technology, iGEM Responsibility, iGEM Startups, and iGEM Leagues. Competition details Student teams are given a kit (so called ‘Distribution Kit’) of standard, interchangeable parts (so called 'BioBricks') at the beginning of the summer from the Registry of Standard Biological Parts comprising various genetic components such as promoters, terminators, reporter elements, and plasmid backbones. Working at their local laboratories over the summer, they use these parts and new parts of their own design to build biological systems and operate them in living cells. The teams are free to choose a project, which can build on previous projects or be new to iGEM. Successful projects produce cells that exhibit new and unusual properties by engineering sets of multiple genes together with mechanisms to regulate their expression. At the end of the summer, the teams add their new BioBricks to the Parts Registry and the scientific community can build upon the expanded set of BioBricks in the next year. At the annual ‘iGEM Jamboree’ teams from all continents meet in Paris for a scientific expo event and conference where they present their projects to each other and to a scientific jury of ~400 judges. The judges award medals and special prizes to the teams and select a ‘Grand Prize Winner’ team as well as ‘Runner-Up’ teams in each division (High School, Undergraduate and Overgraduate). Awards & Judging in the iGEM competition Each participant receives a participating certificate (see fig. below) and has the possibility to earn medals (bronze, silver and gold; see fig. below) with their team depending on different criteria that the team fulfilled in the competitions. For a bronze medal it is for example necessary to submit a new part to the Parts Registry, for a silver medal the team is required to document the functionality of a part and for a gold medal it is finally, among other criteria, necessary to obtain a proof-of-principle for the team's project. In 2016 as an example, 300 teams participated in the competition from which 37% received a gold medal, 25% a silver medal, 26% a bronze medal and 12% were not awarded a medal. In each division, the best performance in a certain aspect of the competition is honored with special prizes. The special prizes include: 'Best Project' in the respective categories (app. 10 categories), 'Best Art & Design', 'Best Hardware', 'Best Measurement', 'Best Software', 'Best Human Practices', 'Best Model', 'Best New Part', 'Best Poster', 'Best Presentation', 'Best Wiki' and others depending on the competition year. Together with individual certificates, the teams are given glass trophies for each special prize (see fig. below). From all teams in a respective division, a number of finalists are selected (1 to 6, depending on year and division) and allowed to present their project again in front of all Jamboree participants. From the presented projects all judges select the winner of this year's iGEM competition, the Grand Prize Winner team, who are then awarded a big metal Lego-brick (see fig. below). The winning team may keep this challenge trophy for a year until it gets awarded to the next 'Grand Prize Winner'. Participants of a 'Grand Prize Winner' team are also given challenge coins of the respective year (see fig. below). Participant's certificate Gold medal sticker History of the competition Growth of the annual iGEM Jamboree Year No. of participants 2004 31(5 teams) 2005 125(13 teams) 2006 723(32 teams) 2007 777(54 teams) 2008 1,248(88 teams) 2009 1,840(113 teams) 2010 2,327(128 teams) 2011 2,586(165 teams) 2012 3,696(190 teams) 2013 4,027(215 teams) 2014 4,515(245 teams) 2015 5,018(280 teams) 2016 4,432(300 teams) 2017 5,386(310 teams) 2018 5,790(340 teams) 2019 6,375(353 teams) 2020 4,800(249 teams) 2021 7,314(350 teams) 2022 7,757(356 teams) 2023 8,541(400 teams) iGEM developed out of student projects conducted during MIT's Independent Activities Periods in 2003 and 2004. Later in 2004, a competition with five teams from various schools was held. In 2005, teams from outside the United States took part for the first time. Since then iGEM has continued to grow, with 130 teams entering in 2010. Randy Rettberg, an engineer who has worked for technology companies including Apple, Sun and BBN, is the founder and president of iGEM. Because of this increasing size, in the years 2011 - 2013 the competition was split into three regions: Europe, the Americas, and Asia (though teams from Africa and Australia also entered via "Europe" and "Asia" respectively). Regional jamborees occurred during October; and some subset of teams attending those events were selected to advance to the World Championship at MIT in November. In January 2012 the iGEM Foundation was spun out of MIT as an independent non-profit organization located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. The iGEM Foundation supports scientific research and education through operating the iGEM competition. The same year, iGEM expanded into having not only the Collegiate division, but also competitions for entrepreneurs and high school students. For their tenth anniversary, iGEM added new tracks to the existing ones: Art & Design, Community Labs, Entrepreneurship, Measurement, Microfluidics, Policy & Practice, and Software. Although Entrepreneurship and Software were tracks in previous years, in 2014 they were made more distinct in terms of their judging requirements. Furthermore, in 2014 iGEM did not have regional jamborees, but instead hosted a giant jamboree so every team could participate in one conference in Cambridge unlike in previous years where only the regional finalists were brought to Cambridge. The iGEM Jamborees for 2020 and 2021 were held online, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Starting in 2022, the event was redesigned and rebranded to the iGEM Grand Jamboree, held in the Paris Expo Porte de Versailles. Broader goals Beyond just building biological systems, broader goals of iGEM include: To enable the systematic engineering of biology. To promote the open and transparent development of tools for engineering biology. And to help construct a society that can productively and safely apply biological technology. iGEM's dual aspects of self-organization and imaginative manipulation of genetic material have demonstrated a new way to arouse student interest in modern biology and to develop their independent learning skills. Competition Results Best iGEM Medal by Country - All Divisions (until 2019).  Gold Medal   Silver Medal   Bronze Medal High School Division Grand Prize Winners by Country - High School (until 2019).  1 Title   2 Titles   3 Titles   4 Titles Top High School Teams by Year Grand Prize 2nd 3rd Complete Results 2023 Japan-United BASIS-China iGEM 2023 2022 Lambert_GA PuiChing_Macau iGEM 2022 2021 LINKS_China SZ_SHD iGEM 2021 2020 TAS Taipei GreatBay SCIE iGEM 2020 2019 GreatBay SZ iGEM 2019 2018 GreatBay China iGEM 2018 2017 TAS Taipei iGEM 2017 2016 HSiTAIWAN iGEM 2016 2015 TAS Taipei iGEM HS 2015 2014 CSIA-SouthKorea TP CC-SanDiego TAS Taipei iGEM HS 2014 2013 Lethbridge Canada AUC Turkey CIDEB-UANL Mexico iGEM HS 2013 2012 Heidelberg LSL NC School of Sci Math CIDEB-UANL Mexico iGEM HS 2012 2011 Years prior to 2012 had no separate high school division. Undergraduate Division Grand Prize Winners by Country/Region - Undergrad (until 2019).  1 Title   2 Titles   3 Titles Top Undergraduate Teams by Year Grand Prize 2nd 3rd Complete Results 2023 McGill Vilnius-Lithuania NUS-Singapore iGEM 2023 2022 TU-Eindhoven INSA_Lyon1 HKUST iGEM 2022 2021 Toulouse INSA-UPS NUS-Singapore Shanghai Tech China iGEM 2021 2020 Vilnius-Lithuania Toulouse INSA-UPS XMU China iGEM 2020 2019 NCKU Tainan Calgary TU Kaiserslautern iGEM 2019 2018 Valencia UC San Diego SZU-China iGEM 2018 2017 Vilnius-Lithuania William and Mary Heidelberg iGEM 2017 2016 Imperial Sydney Australia SCAU-China iGEM 2016 2015 William and Mary Czech Republic Heidelberg iGEM 2015 2014 Heidelberg Imperial NCTU Formosa iGEM 2014 2013 Heidelberg TU Munich Imperial iGEM 2013 2012 Groningen Ljubljana Paris Bettencourt LMU Munich iGEM 2012 2011 Washington Imperial ZJU China MIT iGEM 2011 2010 Ljubljana Peking BCCS Bristol Cambridge Imperial TU Delft iGEM 2010 Archived 2013-01-12 at archive.today 2009 Cambridge Heidelberg Valencia Freiburg Groningen Imperial iGEM 2009 Archived 2013-01-13 at archive.today 2008 Ljubljana Freiburg Caltech Harvard NYMU Taipei UC Berkeley iGEM 2008 2007 Peking Paris Ljubljana UC Berkeley UCSF USTC iGEM 2007 2006 Ljubljana Imperial Princeton iGEM 2006 2005 Years prior to 2006 had no specific winners. iGEM 2005 2004 IAP 2004, SBC 2004 2003 IAP 2003 Overgraduate Division Grand Prize Winners by Country/Region - Overgrad (until 2019).  1 Title   2 Titles   3 Titles Top Overgraduate Teams by Year Grand Prize 2nd 3rd Complete Results 2022 Estonia-TUIT Leiden iGEM 2023 2022 UCopenhagen Montpellier iGEM 2022 2021 Marburg TU Delft iGEM 2021 2020 Leiden Aachen iGEM 2020 2019 EPFL Wageningen UR iGEM 2019 2018 Marburg Munich iGEM 2018 2017 TU Delft Munich iGEM 2017 2016 Munich Wageningen UR iGEM 2016 2015 TU Delft BGU Israel iGEM 2015 2014 UC Davis Wageningen TU Darmstadt iGEM 2014 2013 Paris Bettencourt Bielefeld Sun Yat-sen iGEM 2013 2012 Years prior to 2013 had no separate overgraduate division. Notes ^ Team from seven different high schools. ^ Combined team from Torrey Pines High School and Canyon Crest Academy. ^ In 2013 iGEM was divided into an undergraduate and an overgraduate section. The criterion for division was the participation of team members older than 23 years. ^ Students were from different universities of Paris (Paris Descartes University, Paris Diderot University, Pierre and Marie Curie University). ^ As of June 2012, the 2011 results page does not include results from the Championship Jamboree; but details can be found at the Jamboree page. ^ 2007 had six finalists but none were selected as specific runners-up. ^ Combined team from Technische Universität München and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. ^ Combined team from Technische Universität München and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. ^ In 2013 iGEM was divided into an undergraduate and an overgraduate section. The criterium for division was the participance of team members older than 23 years. References ^ "iGEM Competitions". igem.org. Retrieved 2023-04-25. ^ "Learn about iGEM". Retrieved 2013-05-06. ^ Trafton, Anne. "Rewiring Cells". Technology Review. ^ "iGEM 2005". Retrieved 2013-05-06. ^ "Previous iGEM Competitions". iGEM. Retrieved 2011-11-12. ^ Rettberg, R.; Dally, W.J.; Culler, D.E. (1998). "The Bleeding Edge". IEEE Micro. 18. IEEE: 10–11. doi:10.1109/MM.1998.653009. ^ "Team List 2011". iGEM. Retrieved 18 October 2014. ^ "Jamborees". iGEM. Retrieved 18 October 2014. ^ "Tracks 2014". iGEM. Retrieved 24 October 2014. ^ "Giant Jamboree". iGEM. Retrieved 24 October 2014. ^ Guan, Zheng-jun; Schmidt, Markus; Pei, Lei; Wei, Wei; Ma, Ke-Ping (2013). "Biosafety Considerations of Synthetic Biology in the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition". BioScience. 63: 25–34. doi:10.1525/bio.2013.63.1.7. Further reading Mooallem, Jon (2010-02-14). "Do-It-Yourself Genetic Engineering". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-04. "A Life of Its Own: Where will synthetic biology lead us?". New Yorker. 2009-09-28. Retrieved 2010-05-04. "iGEM Team Funding". Wellcome Trust. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-03. Guan, Zheng-jun; Schmidt, Markus; Pei, Lei; Wei, Wei; Ma, Ke-Ping (2013). "Biosafety Considerations of Synthetic Biology in the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition". BioScience. 63: 25–34. doi:10.1525/bio.2013.63.1.7. External links iGEM Registry of Standard Biological Parts The BioBricks Foundation
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In 20 years since its inception, over 80 000 students from over 65 countries have been trained in the responsible, safe and secure use of synthetic biology.The iGEM Competition is a flagship program of the iGEM Foundation - an independent, non-profit organization dedicated to the advancement of synthetic biology, education and competition, and the development of an open, collaborative, and cooperative community. Aside from the competition, iGEM has established many initiatives and programs to support the future growth of synthetic biology throughout the world: iGEM Community, iGEM Technology, iGEM Responsibility, iGEM Startups, and iGEM Leagues.","title":"International Genetically Engineered Machine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BioBricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBrick"},{"link_name":"Registry of Standard Biological Parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry_of_Standard_Biological_Parts"},{"link_name":"promoters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"terminators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminator_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"reporter elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreporter"},{"link_name":"plasmid backbones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid"},{"link_name":"BioBricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBrick"},{"link_name":"Parts Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry_of_Standard_Biological_Parts"},{"link_name":"BioBricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBrick"},{"link_name":"Jamboree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jamboree#Noun"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"text":"Student teams are given a kit (so called ‘Distribution Kit’) of standard, interchangeable parts (so called 'BioBricks') at the beginning of the summer from the Registry of Standard Biological Parts comprising various genetic components such as promoters, terminators, reporter elements, and plasmid backbones. Working at their local laboratories over the summer, they use these parts and new parts of their own design to build biological systems and operate them in living cells.The teams are free to choose a project, which can build on previous projects or be new to iGEM. Successful projects produce cells that exhibit new and unusual properties by engineering sets of multiple genes together with mechanisms to regulate their expression.At the end of the summer, the teams add their new BioBricks to the Parts Registry and the scientific community can build upon the expanded set of BioBricks in the next year.At the annual ‘iGEM Jamboree’ teams from all continents meet in Paris for a scientific expo event and conference where they present their projects to each other and to a scientific jury of ~400 judges. The judges award medals and special prizes to the teams and select a ‘Grand Prize Winner’ team as well as ‘Runner-Up’ teams in each division (High School, Undergraduate and Overgraduate).","title":"Competition details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parts Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry_of_Standard_Biological_Parts"},{"link_name":"Lego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego"},{"link_name":"challenge coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_coin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IGEM_certificate.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IGEM-gold_medal.tif"}],"sub_title":"Awards & Judging in the iGEM competition","text":"Each participant receives a participating certificate (see fig. below) and has the possibility to earn medals (bronze, silver and gold; see fig. below) with their team depending on different criteria that the team fulfilled in the competitions. For a bronze medal it is for example necessary to submit a new part to the Parts Registry, for a silver medal the team is required to document the functionality of a part and for a gold medal it is finally, among other criteria, necessary to obtain a proof-of-principle for the team's project.In 2016 as an example, 300 teams participated in the competition from which 37% received a gold medal, 25% a silver medal, 26% a bronze medal and 12% were not awarded a medal.In each division, the best performance in a certain aspect of the competition is honored with special prizes. The special prizes include: 'Best Project' in the respective categories (app. 10 categories), 'Best Art & Design', 'Best Hardware', 'Best Measurement', 'Best Software', 'Best Human Practices', 'Best Model', 'Best New Part', 'Best Poster', 'Best Presentation', 'Best Wiki' and others depending on the competition year. Together with individual certificates, the teams are given glass trophies for each special prize (see fig. below).From all teams in a respective division, a number of finalists are selected (1 to 6, depending on year and division) and allowed to present their project again in front of all Jamboree participants. From the presented projects all judges select the winner of this year's iGEM competition, the Grand Prize Winner team, who are then awarded a big metal Lego-brick (see fig. below). The winning team may keep this challenge trophy for a year until it gets awarded to the next 'Grand Prize Winner'. Participants of a 'Grand Prize Winner' team are also given challenge coins of the respective year (see fig. below).Participant's certificate\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGold medal sticker","title":"Competition details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independent Activities Periods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditions_and_student_activities_at_MIT"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"BBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBN_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Paris Expo Porte de Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Expo_Porte_de_Versailles"}],"text":"iGEM developed out of student projects conducted during MIT's Independent Activities Periods in 2003 and 2004.[2][3] Later in 2004, a competition with five teams from various schools was held. In 2005, teams from outside the United States took part for the first time.[4] Since then iGEM has continued to grow, with 130 teams entering in 2010.[5]\nRandy Rettberg, an engineer who has worked for technology companies including Apple, Sun and BBN,[6] is the founder and president of iGEM.Because of this increasing size, in the years 2011 - 2013 the competition was split into three regions: Europe, the Americas, and Asia (though teams from Africa and Australia also entered via \"Europe\" and \"Asia\" respectively).[7] Regional jamborees occurred during October; and some subset of teams attending those events were selected to advance to the World Championship at MIT in November.[8]In January 2012 the iGEM Foundation was spun out of MIT as an independent non-profit organization located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. The iGEM Foundation supports scientific research and education through operating the iGEM competition. The same year, iGEM expanded into having not only the Collegiate division, but also competitions for entrepreneurs and high school students.For their tenth anniversary, iGEM added new tracks to the existing ones: Art & Design, Community Labs, Entrepreneurship, Measurement, Microfluidics, Policy & Practice, and Software. Although Entrepreneurship and Software were tracks in previous years, in 2014 they were made more distinct in terms of their judging requirements.[9] Furthermore, in 2014 iGEM did not have regional jamborees, but instead hosted a giant jamboree so every team could participate in one conference in Cambridge unlike in previous years where only the regional finalists were brought to Cambridge.[10]The iGEM Jamborees for 2020 and 2021 were held online, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Starting in 2022, the event was redesigned and rebranded to the iGEM Grand Jamboree, held in the Paris Expo Porte de Versailles.","title":"History of the competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Beyond just building biological systems, broader goals of iGEM include:To enable the systematic engineering of biology.\nTo promote the open and transparent development of tools for engineering biology.\nAnd to help construct a society that can productively and safely[11] apply biological technology.iGEM's dual aspects of self-organization and imaginative manipulation of genetic material have demonstrated a new way to arouse student interest in modern biology and to develop their independent learning skills.","title":"Broader goals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Best_iGEM_Medal_by_Country.svg"}],"text":"Best iGEM Medal by Country - All Divisions (until 2019).  Gold Medal   Silver Medal   Bronze Medal","title":"Competition Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IGEM_Grand_Prize_Winners_High_School_2019.svg"}],"sub_title":"High School Division","text":"Grand Prize Winners by Country - High School (until 2019).  1 Title   2 Titles   3 Titles   4 Titles","title":"Competition Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IGEM_Grand_Prize_Winners_Undergrad_2019.svg"}],"sub_title":"Undergraduate Division","text":"Grand Prize Winners by Country/Region - Undergrad (until 2019).  1 Title   2 Titles   3 Titles","title":"Competition Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IGEM_Grand_Prize_Winners_Overgrad_2019.svg"}],"sub_title":"Overgraduate Division","text":"Grand Prize Winners by Country/Region - Overgrad (until 2019).  1 Title   2 Titles   3 Titles","title":"Competition Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Torrey Pines High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrey_Pines_High_School"},{"link_name":"Canyon Crest Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon_Crest_Academy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Paris Descartes University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Descartes_University"},{"link_name":"Paris Diderot University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Diderot_University"},{"link_name":"Pierre and Marie Curie University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_University"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Jamboree page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//2011.igem.org/Jamborees"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Technische Universität München","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_M%C3%BCnchen"},{"link_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit%C3%A4t_M%C3%BCnchen"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"}],"text":"^ Team from seven different high schools.\n\n^ Combined team from Torrey Pines High School and Canyon Crest Academy.\n\n^ In 2013 iGEM was divided into an undergraduate and an overgraduate section. The criterion for division was the participation of team members older than 23 years.\n\n^ Students were from different universities of Paris (Paris Descartes University, Paris Diderot University, Pierre and Marie Curie University).\n\n^ As of June 2012, the 2011 results page does not include results from the Championship Jamboree; but details can be found at the Jamboree page.\n\n^ 2007 had six finalists but none were selected as specific runners-up.\n\n^ Combined team from Technische Universität München and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.\n\n^ Combined team from Technische Universität München and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.\n\n^ In 2013 iGEM was divided into an undergraduate and an overgraduate section. The criterium for division was the participance of team members older than 23 years.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Do-It-Yourself Genetic Engineering\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/magazine/14Biology-t.html"},{"link_name":"\"A Life of Its Own: Where will synthetic biology lead us?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/28/090928fa_fact_specter"},{"link_name":"\"iGEM Team Funding\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101202190636/http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/2010/News/WTX063523.htm"},{"link_name":"Wellcome Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/2010/News/WTX063523.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Biosafety Considerations of Synthetic Biology in the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1525%2Fbio.2013.63.1.7"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1525/bio.2013.63.1.7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1525%2Fbio.2013.63.1.7"}],"text":"Mooallem, Jon (2010-02-14). \"Do-It-Yourself Genetic Engineering\". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-04.\n\"A Life of Its Own: Where will synthetic biology lead us?\". New Yorker. 2009-09-28. Retrieved 2010-05-04.\n\"iGEM Team Funding\". Wellcome Trust. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-03.\nGuan, Zheng-jun; Schmidt, Markus; Pei, Lei; Wei, Wei; Ma, Ke-Ping (2013). \"Biosafety Considerations of Synthetic Biology in the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition\". BioScience. 63: 25–34. doi:10.1525/bio.2013.63.1.7.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Best iGEM Medal by Country - All Divisions (until 2019).  Gold Medal   Silver Medal   Bronze Medal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Best_iGEM_Medal_by_Country.svg/1000px-Best_iGEM_Medal_by_Country.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Grand Prize Winners by Country - High School (until 2019).  1 Title   2 Titles   3 Titles   4 Titles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/IGEM_Grand_Prize_Winners_High_School_2019.svg/300px-IGEM_Grand_Prize_Winners_High_School_2019.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Grand Prize Winners by Country/Region - Undergrad (until 2019).  1 Title   2 Titles   3 Titles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/IGEM_Grand_Prize_Winners_Undergrad_2019.svg/300px-IGEM_Grand_Prize_Winners_Undergrad_2019.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Grand Prize Winners by Country/Region - Overgrad (until 2019).  1 Title   2 Titles   3 Titles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/IGEM_Grand_Prize_Winners_Overgrad_2019.svg/300px-IGEM_Grand_Prize_Winners_Overgrad_2019.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"iGEM Competitions\". igem.org. Retrieved 2023-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://competition.igem.org/","url_text":"\"iGEM Competitions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Learn about iGEM\". Retrieved 2013-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=IGEM/Learn_About","url_text":"\"Learn about iGEM\""}]},{"reference":"Trafton, Anne. \"Rewiring Cells\". Technology Review.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.technologyreview.com/printer_friendly_article.aspx?id=37290","url_text":"\"Rewiring Cells\""}]},{"reference":"\"iGEM 2005\". Retrieved 2013-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://2006.igem.org/Igem_2005","url_text":"\"iGEM 2005\""}]},{"reference":"\"Previous iGEM Competitions\". iGEM. Retrieved 2011-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://igem.org/Previous_iGEM_Competitions","url_text":"\"Previous iGEM Competitions\""}]},{"reference":"Rettberg, R.; Dally, W.J.; Culler, D.E. (1998). \"The Bleeding Edge\". IEEE Micro. 18. IEEE: 10–11. doi:10.1109/MM.1998.653009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE","url_text":"IEEE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMM.1998.653009","url_text":"10.1109/MM.1998.653009"}]},{"reference":"\"Team List 2011\". iGEM. Retrieved 18 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://igem.org/Team_List?year=2011","url_text":"\"Team List 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jamborees\". iGEM. Retrieved 18 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://2011.igem.org/Jamborees","url_text":"\"Jamborees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tracks 2014\". iGEM. Retrieved 24 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://2014.igem.org/Tracks","url_text":"\"Tracks 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Giant Jamboree\". iGEM. Retrieved 24 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://2014.igem.org/Giant_Jamboree","url_text":"\"Giant Jamboree\""}]},{"reference":"Guan, Zheng-jun; Schmidt, Markus; Pei, Lei; Wei, Wei; Ma, Ke-Ping (2013). \"Biosafety Considerations of Synthetic Biology in the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition\". BioScience. 63: 25–34. doi:10.1525/bio.2013.63.1.7.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fbio.2013.63.1.7","url_text":"\"Biosafety Considerations of Synthetic Biology in the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fbio.2013.63.1.7","url_text":"10.1525/bio.2013.63.1.7"}]},{"reference":"Mooallem, Jon (2010-02-14). \"Do-It-Yourself Genetic Engineering\". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/magazine/14Biology-t.html","url_text":"\"Do-It-Yourself Genetic Engineering\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Life of Its Own: Where will synthetic biology lead us?\". New Yorker. 2009-09-28. Retrieved 2010-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/28/090928fa_fact_specter","url_text":"\"A Life of Its Own: Where will synthetic biology lead us?\""}]},{"reference":"\"iGEM Team Funding\". Wellcome Trust. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101202190636/http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/2010/News/WTX063523.htm","url_text":"\"iGEM Team Funding\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust","url_text":"Wellcome Trust"},{"url":"http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/2010/News/WTX063523.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Guan, Zheng-jun; Schmidt, Markus; Pei, Lei; Wei, Wei; Ma, Ke-Ping (2013). \"Biosafety Considerations of Synthetic Biology in the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition\". BioScience. 63: 25–34. doi:10.1525/bio.2013.63.1.7.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fbio.2013.63.1.7","url_text":"\"Biosafety Considerations of Synthetic Biology in the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fbio.2013.63.1.7","url_text":"10.1525/bio.2013.63.1.7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ghiselin
Michael Ghiselin
["1 Academic life","2 Career","3 Works","4 References","5 External links"]
American biologist, and philosopher (born 1939) Michael T. Ghiselin (born May 13, 1939; died June 14, 2024) was an American biologist and philosopher as well as historian of biology, formerly at the California Academy of Sciences. He is known for his work concerning sea slugs, and for his criticism of the falsification of the history of Lamarckism in biology textbooks. Academic life Ghiselin received his B.A. in 1960 from the University of Utah and his Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1965. He became a Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard University (1964–65) and later became Postdoctoral Fellow at the Marine Biological Laboratory in 1965. There he stayed until 1967 as he was appointed assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley and later was chosen as a Guggenheim Fellow (1978–79). Ghiselin served as research professor of biology at the University of Utah (1980–83) and was MacArthur Prize Fellow from 1981 to 1986. From 1983 he was a senior research fellow at the California Academy of Sciences. Career Ghiselin is famous for his work on sea slugs, and had both a species (Hypselodoris ghiselini) and the defensive chemical that it contains (ghiselinin) named after him. In 2009 he co-authored a major study on chemical defense with Guido Cimino: Chemical Defense and the Evolution of Opisthobranch Gastropods. Clownfish is male when small, female when larger, an adaptation explained by Ghiselin's size-advantage model. In 1969 he proposed three models including the size-advantage model to explain sequential hermaphroditism. In some fish species, he reasoned, males can maximize their reproductive success by breeding with a harem of females rather than breeding only once as a female. In other species, where the fish live in pairs, it is to an individual's advantage to be male when small and to turn into a female when it is larger. Ghiselin worked on the history and philosophy of evolutionary biology. His historical publications dealt mainly with Darwin and the history of comparative zoology. They include such topics as the influence of alchemy on nineteenth century zoology and the history of the Zoological Station at Naples, Italy. His thought on Darwin's view of selection, whether to the individual or to the group, and sometimes apparently kin selectionist, has been criticised as inconsistent by Helena Cronin. He criticised the falsification of the history of Lamarck's theory of evolution, where in his view schoolbooks and "textbook-writers have imbued the fictitious Lamarck with an importance that the real Lamarck never had, and they have credited him with ideas that the real Lamarck did not hold. They have invented a myth in which those ideas are compared falsely with Darwin's ideas, to produce a bogus dichotomy." He has also criticized the views of creationists as non-scientific. His main contribution to philosophy concerns the principles of classification (systematics or taxonomy). He is given much of the credit for first theorizing that biological species are not kinds of organisms, but are rather individuals in a philosophical sense (in the manner that an individual population is an individual entity, rather than an abstract type). A human being is not a Homo sapiens for the same reason that Ontario is not a Canada. Ghiselin was the originator of the term "chunks of the genealogical nexus" to describe species. Ghiselin had many interdisciplinary interests, among which was forging links between biology and economics. He was Vice President of the International Society for Bioeconomics, and served as the Co-Editor of the Journal of Bioeconomics since it was established in 1998. The first academic chair of bioeconomics was established at the University of Siena; as a visiting professor he was its first occupant. As Chair of the Center for the History and Philosophy of Science his main responsibility was to organize scholarly meetings and to serve as Editor of the volumes based on them. He was made a Guggenheim fellow in 1978. Works Ghiselin, Michael T. and Leviton, Alan E.: "Darwin and the Galapagos", in the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences for 2010 Volume 61, Supplement 2. The Triumph of the Darwinian Method. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1969. Barbour, M. G., Craig, R. B., Drysdale, F. R., and Ghiselin, M. T.: Coastal Ecology: Bodega Head. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1973. The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1974. Intellectual Compromise: The Bottom Line. Paragon House, New York, 1989. Metaphysics and the Origin of Species. State University of New York Press, Albany, 1997. Darwin: A Reader's Guide. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 155: 1–185, 2009. Darwin and Evolution. Carmichael & Carmichael, and Knowledge Products Blackstone Audio, 1993 (audiobook). References ^ "Academy Fellows". Calacademy.org. Retrieved 20 March 2017. ^ D. John Faulkner and Michael T. Ghiselin (30 August 1983). "Chemical defense and evolutionary ecology of dorid nudibranchs and some other opisthobranch gastropods". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 13 (2/3): 295––301. Bibcode:1983MEPS...13..295F. doi:10.3354/meps013295. JSTOR 24815885. ^ Cimino, Guido; Ghiselin, Michael T. (1998). "Chemical defense and evolution in the Sacoglossa (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)". Chemoecology. 8 (2): 51–60. doi:10.1007/PL00001804. S2CID 41906744. ^ Zhang, Wen; Gavagnin, Margherita; Guo, Yue-Wei; Mollo, Ernesto; Ghiselin, Michael T.; Cimino, Guido (2007). "Terpenoid metabolites of the nudibranch Hexabranchus sanguineus from the South China Sea". Tetrahedron. 63 (22): 4725–4729. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2007.03.082. ^ Hochlowski, Jill E.; Walker, Roger P.; Ireland, Chris; Faulkner, D. John (1982). "Metabolites of four nudibranchs of the genus Hypselodoris". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 47 (1): 88–91. doi:10.1021/jo00340a018. ^ Cimino, Guido; Ghiselin, Michael T. (2009). Chemical Defense and the Evolution of Opisthobranch Gastropods. Vol. 60. ISBN 9780940228795. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) ^ Ghiselin, Michael T. (1969). "The evolution of hermaphroditism among animals". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 44 (2): 189–208. doi:10.1086/406066. PMID 4901396. S2CID 38139187. ^ Cronin, Helena (1993). The Ant and the Peacock: Altruism and Sexual Selection from Darwin to Today. Cambridge University Press. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-521-45765-1. ^ Ghiselin, Michael T. (1994). "The Imaginary Lamarck: A Look at Bogus "History" in Schoolbooks". The Textbook Letter (September–October 1994). Archived from the original on 2008-02-12. Retrieved 2017-05-28. ^ "The Illogic of Creationism An Essay Review by Michael T. Ghiselin" Archived 2017-05-24 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 1 July 2018. ^ Ghiselin, M. T. (1 December 1974). "A Radical Solution to the Species Problem". Systematic Biology. 23 (4): 536–544. doi:10.1093/sysbio/23.4.536. JSTOR 2412471. ^ Ghiselin, Michael T. (2006). "Is the Pope a Catholic?". Biology & Philosophy. 22 (2): 283–291. doi:10.1007/s10539-006-9045-7. S2CID 170319919. ^ Ghiselin, M. T. (1969). The triumph of the Darwinian method. University of California Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0226290249. ^ "Invited Speakers". University of Siena. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2018. ^ "Michael T. Ghiselin". Guggenheim Foundation. Retrieved 4 February 2018. External links California Academy of Sciences.org: Michael Ghiselin Homepage Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway 2 Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"sea slugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_slug"},{"link_name":"Lamarckism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamarckism"}],"text":"Michael T. Ghiselin (born May 13, 1939; died June 14, 2024) was an American biologist and philosopher as well as historian of biology, formerly at the California Academy of Sciences.He is known for his work concerning sea slugs, and for his criticism of the falsification of the history of Lamarckism in biology textbooks.","title":"Michael Ghiselin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Marine Biological Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Biological_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Prize Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program"},{"link_name":"California Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ghiselin received his B.A. in 1960 from the University of Utah and his Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1965. He became a Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard University (1964–65) and later became Postdoctoral Fellow at the Marine Biological Laboratory in 1965. There he stayed until 1967 as he was appointed assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley and later was chosen as a Guggenheim Fellow (1978–79). Ghiselin served as research professor of biology at the University of Utah (1980–83) and was MacArthur Prize Fellow from 1981 to 1986. From 1983 he was a senior research fellow at the California Academy of Sciences.[1]","title":"Academic life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sea slugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_slug"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CiminoGhiselin1998-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZhangGavagnin2007-4"},{"link_name":"Hypselodoris ghiselini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypselodoris_ghiselini"},{"link_name":"defensive chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HochlowskiWalker1982-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anemone_purple_anemonefish.jpg"},{"link_name":"size-advantage model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Size-advantage_model"},{"link_name":"sequential hermaphroditism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ghiselin-7"},{"link_name":"evolutionary biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"comparative zoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomy"},{"link_name":"kin selectionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin_selection"},{"link_name":"Helena Cronin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Cronin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lamarck's theory of evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamarckism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"creationists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ghiselin_1974_pp._536%E2%80%93544-11"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ghiselin2006-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"bioeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_economics"},{"link_name":"University of Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Siena"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Ghiselin is famous for his work on sea slugs,[2][3][4] and had both a species (Hypselodoris ghiselini) and the defensive chemical that it contains (ghiselinin) named after him.[5] In 2009 he co-authored a major study on chemical defense with Guido Cimino: Chemical Defense and the Evolution of Opisthobranch Gastropods.[6]Clownfish is male when small, female when larger, an adaptation explained by Ghiselin's size-advantage model.In 1969 he proposed three models including the size-advantage model to explain sequential hermaphroditism. In some fish species, he reasoned, males can maximize their reproductive success by breeding with a harem of females rather than breeding only once as a female. In other species, where the fish live in pairs, it is to an individual's advantage to be male when small and to turn into a female when it is larger.[7]Ghiselin worked on the history and philosophy of evolutionary biology. His historical publications dealt mainly with Darwin and the history of comparative zoology. They include such topics as the influence of alchemy on nineteenth century zoology and the history of the Zoological Station at Naples, Italy. His thought on Darwin's view of selection, whether to the individual or to the group, and sometimes apparently kin selectionist, has been criticised as inconsistent by Helena Cronin.[8]He criticised the falsification of the history of Lamarck's theory of evolution, where in his view schoolbooks and \"textbook-writers have imbued the fictitious Lamarck with an importance that the real Lamarck never had, and they have credited him with ideas that the real Lamarck did not hold. They have invented a myth in which those ideas are compared falsely with Darwin's ideas, to produce a bogus dichotomy.\"[9] He has also criticized the views of creationists as non-scientific.[10]His main contribution to philosophy concerns the principles of classification (systematics or taxonomy). He is given much of the credit for first theorizing that biological species are not kinds of organisms, but are rather individuals in a philosophical sense (in the manner that an individual population is an individual entity, rather than an abstract type).[11] A human being is not a Homo sapiens for the same reason that Ontario is not a Canada.[12] Ghiselin was the originator of the term \"chunks of the genealogical nexus\" to describe species.[13]Ghiselin had many interdisciplinary interests, among which was forging links between biology and economics. He was Vice President of the International Society for Bioeconomics, and served as the Co-Editor of the Journal of Bioeconomics since it was established in 1998. The first academic chair of bioeconomics was established at the University of Siena; as a visiting professor he was its first occupant.[14] As Chair of the Center for the History and Philosophy of Science his main responsibility was to organize scholarly meetings and to serve as Editor of the volumes based on them.He was made a Guggenheim fellow in 1978.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metaphysics and the Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=GS7zerl8_SoC&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"Darwin: A Reader's Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/darwin-online_2009_Ghiselin_A622"}],"text":"Ghiselin, Michael T. and Leviton, Alan E.: \"Darwin and the Galapagos\", in the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences for 2010 Volume 61, Supplement 2.\nThe Triumph of the Darwinian Method. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1969.\nBarbour, M. G., Craig, R. B., Drysdale, F. R., and Ghiselin, M. T.: Coastal Ecology: Bodega Head. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1973.\nThe Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1974.\nIntellectual Compromise: The Bottom Line. Paragon House, New York, 1989.\nMetaphysics and the Origin of Species. State University of New York Press, Albany, 1997.\nDarwin: A Reader's Guide. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 155: 1–185, 2009.\nDarwin and Evolution. Carmichael & Carmichael, and Knowledge Products Blackstone Audio, 1993 (audiobook).","title":"Works"}]
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null
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JSTOR 24815885.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps013295","url_text":"\"Chemical defense and evolutionary ecology of dorid nudibranchs and some other opisthobranch gastropods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983MEPS...13..295F","url_text":"1983MEPS...13..295F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps013295","url_text":"10.3354/meps013295"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24815885","url_text":"24815885"}]},{"reference":"Cimino, Guido; Ghiselin, Michael T. (1998). \"Chemical defense and evolution in the Sacoglossa (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)\". Chemoecology. 8 (2): 51–60. doi:10.1007/PL00001804. S2CID 41906744.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00001804","url_text":"10.1007/PL00001804"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41906744","url_text":"41906744"}]},{"reference":"Zhang, Wen; Gavagnin, Margherita; Guo, Yue-Wei; Mollo, Ernesto; Ghiselin, Michael T.; Cimino, Guido (2007). \"Terpenoid metabolites of the nudibranch Hexabranchus sanguineus from the South China Sea\". Tetrahedron. 63 (22): 4725–4729. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2007.03.082.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tet.2007.03.082","url_text":"10.1016/j.tet.2007.03.082"}]},{"reference":"Hochlowski, Jill E.; Walker, Roger P.; Ireland, Chris; Faulkner, D. John (1982). \"Metabolites of four nudibranchs of the genus Hypselodoris\". 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Retrieved 4 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www3.unisi.it/eventi/darwin/speakers.htm","url_text":"\"Invited Speakers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michael T. Ghiselin\". Guggenheim Foundation. Retrieved 4 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/michael-t-ghiselin/","url_text":"\"Michael T. Ghiselin\""}]}]
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Ghiselin\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170524025410/http://www.skepticfiles.org/evolut/illogicc.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://philpapers.org/rec/GHIARS","external_links_name":"\"A Radical Solution to the Species Problem\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2F23.4.536","external_links_name":"10.1093/sysbio/23.4.536"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2412471","external_links_name":"2412471"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10539-006-9045-7","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10539-006-9045-7"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170319919","external_links_name":"170319919"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/triumphofdarwini0000ghis","external_links_name":"The triumph of the Darwinian method"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/triumphofdarwini0000ghis/page/82","external_links_name":"82"},{"Link":"http://www3.unisi.it/eventi/darwin/speakers.htm","external_links_name":"\"Invited Speakers\""},{"Link":"https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/michael-t-ghiselin/","external_links_name":"\"Michael T. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishina_(crater)
Nishina (crater)
["1 Satellite craters","2 References"]
Coordinates: 44°36′S 170°24′W / 44.6°S 170.4°W / -44.6; -170.4Crater on the Moon Feature on the moonNishinaLRO imageCoordinates44°36′S 170°24′W / 44.6°S 170.4°W / -44.6; -170.4Diameter65 kmDepthUnknownColongitude172° at sunriseEponymYoshio Nishina Oblique Lunar Orbiter 5 image Nishina is the remnant of a lunar impact crater that is located in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. It lies to the south-southwest of the crater Maksutov, to the southeast of Finsen and Leibniz. The rim of this formation has been eroded, worn down, and reshaped by a history of impacts, leaving an irregular, indented perimeter surrounding the crater floor. The interior of the formation has been resurfaced by basaltic lava, leaving a level, nearly featureless surface that contains no impacts of note. While the interior surface has a low albedo and appears dark, it has been coated by ray material which has produced lighter patches to the southwest and northeast. Prior to formal naming in 1970 by the IAU, the crater was known as Crater 436. Satellite craters By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Nishina. Nishina Latitude Longitude Diameter T 43.7° S 174.4° W 28 km References ^ Nishina, Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN) ^ Lunar Farside Chart (LFC-1A) Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097. Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05. Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4. Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1. McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24. Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855. Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6. Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3. Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4. Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3. Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6. Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nishina_crater_5043_med.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lunar Orbiter 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5"},{"link_name":"lunar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_craters"},{"link_name":"impact crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater"},{"link_name":"hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"},{"link_name":"far side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_side_(Moon)"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Maksutov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksutov_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Finsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsen_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Leibniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibnitz_(crater)"},{"link_name":"basaltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"lava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava"},{"link_name":"albedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo"},{"link_name":"ray material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_system"},{"link_name":"IAU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Crater on the MoonFeature on the moonOblique Lunar Orbiter 5 imageNishina is the remnant of a lunar impact crater that is located in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. It lies to the south-southwest of the crater Maksutov, to the southeast of Finsen and Leibniz.The rim of this formation has been eroded, worn down, and reshaped by a history of impacts, leaving an irregular, indented perimeter surrounding the crater floor. The interior of the formation has been resurfaced by basaltic lava, leaving a level, nearly featureless surface that contains no impacts of note. While the interior surface has a low albedo and appears dark, it has been coated by ray material which has produced lighter patches to the southwest and northeast.Prior to formal naming in 1970 by the IAU,[1] the crater was known as Crater 436.[2]","title":"Nishina (crater)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Nishina.","title":"Satellite craters"}]
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null
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S2CID 122125855.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971SSRv...12..136M","url_text":"1971SSRv...12..136M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00171763","url_text":"10.1007/BF00171763"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122125855","url_text":"122125855"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_information
Public relations
["1 Definitions","2 History","3 Tactics","3.1 Audience targeting","3.2 The public in public relations","3.3 Messaging","3.4 Social media marketing","3.5 Types of public relations arenas","3.6 Other techniques","4 Ethics","4.1 Public Relation Code of Ethics","4.2 International Public Relations Code of Ethics","4.3 Spin","4.4 Negative","4.5 T.A.R.E.S.","4.6 Politics and civil society","4.7 Reputation laundering","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading"]
Management of public communication of organizations For other uses, see Public relations (disambiguation). For other uses, see Public Relations (disambiguation) and PR (disambiguation). "Public information" redirects here. Not to be confused with Public sector information. The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the English-speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Media conferences are one approach used in public relations. Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing and disseminating information from an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) to the public in order to influence their perception. Public relations and publicity differ in that PR is controlled internally, whereas publicity is not controlled and contributed by external parties. Public relations may include an organization or individual gaining exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and news items that do not require direct payment. The exposure is mostly media-based, and this differentiates it from advertising as a form of marketing communications. Public relations aims to create or obtain coverage for clients for free, also known as earned media, rather than paying for marketing or advertising also known as paid media. But in the early 21st century, advertising is also a part of broader PR activities. An example of good public relations would be generating an article featuring a PR firm's client, rather than paying for the client to be advertised next to the article. The aim of public relations is to inform the public, prospective customers, investors, partners, employees, and other stakeholders, and persuade them to maintain a positive or favorable view about the organization, its leadership, products, or political decisions. Public relations professionals typically work for PR and marketing firms, businesses and companies, government, and public officials as public information officers and nongovernmental organizations, and nonprofit organizations. Jobs central to public relations include internal positions such as public relations coordinator, public relations specialist, and public relations manager, and outside agency positions such as account coordinator, account executive, account supervisor, and media relations manager. Public relations specialists establish and maintain relationships with an organization's target audience, the media, relevant trade media, and other opinion leaders. Common responsibilities include designing communications campaigns, writing press releases and other content for news, working with the press, arranging interviews for company spokespeople, writing speeches for company leaders, acting as an organization's spokesperson, preparing clients for press conferences, media interviews and speeches, writing website and social media content, managing company reputation (crisis management), managing internal communications, and marketing activities like brand awareness and event management. Success in the field of public relations requires a deep understanding of the interests and concerns of each of the company's many stakeholders. The public relations professional must know how to effectively address those concerns using the most powerful tool of the public relations trade, which is publicity. Definitions Ivy Lee, the man who turned around the Rockefeller name and image, and his friend, Edward Louis Bernays, established the first definition of public relations in the early 20th century as follows: "a management function, which tabulates public attitudes, defines the policies, procedures and interests of an organization... followed by executing a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance." However, when Lee was later asked about his role in a hearing with the United Transit Commission, he said "I have never been able to find a satisfactory phrase to describe what I do." In 1948, historian Eric Goldman noted that the definition of public relations in Webster's would be "disputed by both practitioners and critics in the field." According to Bernays, the public relations counsel is the agent working with both modern media of communications and group formations of society in order to provide ideas to the public's consciousness. Furthermore, he is also concerned with ideologies and courses of actions as well as material goods and services and public utilities and industrial associations and large trade groups for which it secures popular support. In August 1978, the World Assembly of Public Relations Associations defined the field as "the art and social science of analyzing trends, predicting their consequences, counselling organizational leaders and implementing planned programs of action, which will serve both the organization and the public interest." Public Relations Society of America, a professional trade association, defined public relations in 1982 as: "Public relations helps an organization and its publics adapt mutually to each other." In 2011 and 2012, the PRSA solicited crowd supplied definitions for the term and allowed the public to vote on one of three finalists. The winning definition stated that: "Public relations is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics." The Chartered Institute of Public Relations focuses its definition on reputation, beginning with: Public Relations is about reputation – the result of what you do, what you say and what others say about you. And continuing: Public Relations is the discipline which looks after reputation, with the aim of earning understanding and support and influencing opinion and behaviour. It is the planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between an organisation and its publics. Public relations can also be defined as the practice of managing communication between an organization and its publics. History Main article: History of public relations Public relations has historical roots pre-dating the 20th century. Most textbooks regard the establishment of the "Publicity Bureau" in Boston in 1900 as marking the founding of a public relations profession. Academics have found early forms of public influence and communications management in ancient civilizations. Aristotle's Rhetoric, for example, explains core foundations for persuasion. Evidence shows that it continued to evolve during the settling of the New World and during the movement to abolish slavery in England. Basil Clarke is considered the founder of public relations in the United Kingdom for his establishment of "Editorial Services" in 1924. The United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and others used the concept of propaganda, which later evolved into public relations, to rally domestic support and to demonize enemies during the World Wars (compare journalism). World War I (1914–1918), which affected not only military but whole populations, is considered to be "modern propaganda's launching pad". This led to more sophisticated commercial publicity efforts as public-relations talent entered the private sector. Most historians believe modern-day public relations was first established in the US by Ivy Lee (1877–1934) in 1903 when he started working as the image maker for and corporate advisor for Rockefeller. Edward Bernays (1891–1995), who handled the publicity of theatrical associations in 1913, then spread internationally. Meanwhile, in the nascent Soviet Russia of the 1920s, artists and poets (such as Mayakovsky) engaged in public-relations campaigns for various state agencies and causes (note for example Likbez). Many American companies with PR departments spread the practice to Europe when they set up European subsidiaries in the wake of the Marshall plan of 1948–1952. In the second half of the 20th century, public relations entered an era of professional development. Trade associations, PR news-magazines, international PR agencies, and academic principles for the profession were established. In the early 2000s, press-release services began offering social-media press releases. The Cluetrain Manifesto, which predicted the effect of social media in 1999, was controversial in its time, but by 2006 the effect of social media and new Internet technologies became broadly accepted by the general public. Tactics Public relations professionals present the face of an organization or individual, usually to articulate its objectives and official views on issues of relevance, primarily to the media. Public relations contributes to the way an organization is perceived by influencing the media and maintaining relationships with stakeholders. According to Jacquie L'Etang from Queen Margaret University, public relations professionals can be viewed as "discourse workers specializing in communication and the presentation of argument and employing rhetorical strategies to achieve managerial aims." Specific public relations disciplines include: Financial public relations – communicating financial results and business strategy Consumer/lifestyle public relations – gaining publicity for a particular product or service Crisis communication – responding in a crisis Internal communications – communicating within the company itself Government relations – engaging government departments to influence public policy Media relations – a public relations function that involves building and maintaining close relationships with the news media so that they can sell and promote a business. Social media/community marketing – public relations professionals leverage social media marketing to distribute messages about their clients to desired target markets In-house public relations – a public relations professional hired to manage press and publicity campaigns for the company that hired them. 'Black Hat PR' – manipulating public profiles under the guise of neutral commentators or voices or engaging to actively damage or undermine the reputations of the rival or targeted individuals or organizations. Executive Visibility – a strategy used to grow an executive's presence and exposure in order to impact a company's success. Building and managing relationships with those who influence an organization or individual's audiences have a central role in doing public relations. After a public relations practitioner has been working in the field, they accumulate a list of relationships that become an asset, especially for those in media relations. Within each discipline, typical activities include publicity events, speaking opportunities, press releases, newsletters, blogs, social media, press kits, and outbound communication to members of the press. Video and audio news releases (VNRs and ANRs) are often produced and distributed to TV outlets in hopes they will be used as regular program content. Audience targeting A fundamental technique used in public relations is to identify the target audience and to tailor messages that are relevant to each audience. Audience targeting requires public relations professionals to have a deep understanding of the needs and desires of the audience they are trying to appeal to. Sometimes the interests of differing audiences and stakeholders common to a public relations effort necessitate the creation of several distinct but complementary messages. These messages however should be relevant to each other, thus creating consistency in the overall message and theme. Audience targeting tactics are important for public relations practitioners because they face all kinds of problems: low visibility, lack of public understanding, opposition from critics, and insufficient support from funding sources. On the other hand, stakeholder theory identifies people who have a stake in a given institution or issue. All audiences are stakeholders (or presumptive stakeholders), but not all stakeholders are members of a target audience. For example, if a charity commissions a public relations agency to create an advertising campaign to raise money to find a cure for a disease, the charity and the people with the disease are stakeholders, but the audience is anyone who is likely to donate money. Public relations experts possess deep skills in media relations, market positioning, and branding. They are powerful agents that help clients deliver clear, unambiguous information to a target audience that matters to them. The public in public relations A public is any group whose members have a common interest or common values in a particular subject, such as a political party. Those members would then be considered stakeholders, which are people who have a stake or an interest in an organization or issue that potentially involves the organization or group they are interested in. The Publics in Public Relations are: Traditional Publics: Groups with which the individual has an ongoing and long-term relationship. These may include Employees, Media, Governments, Investors, and Customers Non-Traditional Publics: Groups that are typically unfamiliar with the organization and the individual has not had a relationship with but may become traditional publics due to changes in the organization, in society or if a group changing event occurs. Latent Publics: A group whose values have come into contact with the values of the organization but whose members have not yet realized it; the members of that public are not yet aware of the relationship. Aware Publics: A group of members who are aware of the existence of a commonality of values or interests with the organization but have not organized or attempted to respond to that commonality. Intervening Publics: Any public that helps an individual send a message to another public, could be the media or someone with stature. Primary Publics: If a public can directly affect an organization's pursuit of its values-driven goals. This publics would include media, employees, government, shareholder, financial institutions, and the immediate community. Secondary Publics: Have high interest in the company such as the primary publics but will not be directly affected by decisions of the organization. Internal Publics: People within an organization External Publics: People outside of an organization Domestic Publics: Those within the country International Publics: Those outsides of the country and when communicating with these publics individuals must be wary of that areas culture, beliefs, values, ethic, and other valuable cultural difference as to not offend anyone. Early literature authored by James Grunig (1978) suggested that publics develop in stages determined by their levels of problem recognition, constraint recognition and involvement in addressing the issue. The theory posited that publics develop in the following stages: Non-Publics: Share no issue with an organization. Latent Publics: Face an issue but do not recognize it. Apathetic Publics: Face an issue but do not care to address it. Aware Publics: Face an issue but are unorganized to mobilize against it. Active Publics: Face an issue and are organized to respond to it. Messaging Messaging is the process of creating a consistent story around: a product, person, company, or service. Messaging aims to prevent readers from receiving contradictory or confusing information that could instill doubt in their purchasing choices, or other decisions that affect the company. Brands aim to have the same problem statement, industry viewpoint, or brand perception shared across sources and media. Social media marketing Main article: Digital marketing Digital marketing is the use of Internet tools and technologies such as search engines, Web 2.0 social bookmarking, new media relations, blogging, and social media marketing. Interactive PR allows companies and organizations to disseminate information without relying solely on mainstream publications and to communicate directly with the public, customers and prospects. PR practitioners have always relied on the media such as TV, radio, and magazines, to promote their ideas and messages tailored specifically to a target audience. Social media marketing is not only a new way to achieve that goal, but also a continuation of a strategy that existed for decades. Lister et al. said that "Digital media can be seen as a continuation and extension of a principal or technique that was already in place". Social media platforms enable users to connect with audiences to build brands, increase sales, and drive website traffic. This involves publishing content on social media profiles, engaging with followers, analyzing results, and running social media advertisements. The goal is to produce content that users will share with their social network to help a company increase brand exposure and broaden customer reach. Some of the major social media platforms currently include Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest, YouTube, and Snapchat. As digital technology has evolved, the methods for measuring the effectiveness of online public relations have improved. The Public Relations Society of America, which has been developing PR strategies since 1947, has identified five steps for measuring online public relations effectiveness. Engagement: Measure the number of people who engaged with an item (social shares, likes and comments). Impressions: Measure the number of people who may have viewed an item. Items: Measure any content (blog posts, articles, etc.) that originally appeared as digital media. Mentions: Measure how many online items mention the brand, organization, or product. Reach: Measure how far the PR campaign managed to penetrate overall and in terms of a particular audience. Types of public relations arenas Publicists can work in a host of different types of business verticals such as entertainment, technology, music, travel, television, food, consumer electronics and more. Many publicists build their career in a specific business space to leverage relationships and contacts. There are different kinds of press strategies for such as B2B (business to business) or B2C (business to consumer). Business to business publicity highlights service providers who provide services and products to other businesses. Business to Consumer publicizes products and services for regular consumers, such as toys, travel, food, entertainment, personal electronics and music. Other techniques Litigation public relations is the management of the communication process during the course of any legal dispute or adjudicatory processing so as to affect the outcome or its effect on the client's overall reputation (Haggerty, 2003). Ethics Public relations professionals both serve the public's interest and private interests of businesses, associations, non-profit organizations, and governments. This dual obligation gave rise to heated debates among scholars of the discipline and practitioners over its fundamental values. This conflict represents the main ethical predicament of public relations. In 2000, the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) responded to the controversy by acknowledging in its new code of ethics "advocacy" – for the first time – as a core value of the discipline. The field of public relations is generally highly un-regulated, but many professionals voluntarily adhere to the code of conduct of one or more professional bodies to avoid exposure for ethical violations. The Chartered Institute of Public Relations, the Public Relations Society of America, and The Institute of Public Relations are a few organizations that publish an ethical code. Still, Edelman's 2003 semi-annual trust survey found that only 20 percent of survey respondents from the public believed paid communicators within a company were credible. Individuals in public relations are growing increasingly concerned with their company's marketing practices, questioning whether they agree with the company's social responsibility. They seek more influence over marketing and more of a counseling and policy-making role. On the other hand, individuals in marketing are increasingly interested in incorporating publicity as a tool within the realm marketing. According to Scott Cutlip, the social justification for public relations is the right for an organization to have a fair hearing of their point of view in the public forum, but to obtain such a hearing for their ideas requires a skilled advocate. Marketing and communications strategist, Ira Gostin, believes there is a code of conduct when conducting business and using public relations. Public relations specialists have the ability to influence society. Fact-checking and presenting accurate information is necessary to maintain credibility with employers and clients. Public Relation Code of Ethics The Public Relation Student Society of America has established a set of fundamental guidelines that people within the public relations professions should practice and use in their business atmosphere. These values are: Advocacy: Serving the public interest by acting as responsible advocates for the clientele. This can occur by displaying the marketplace of ideas, facts and viewpoints to aid informed public debate. Honesty: Standing by the truth and accuracy of all facts in the case and advancing those statements to the public. Expertise: To become and stay informed of the specialized knowledge needed in the field of Public Relations. Taking that knowledge and improving the field through development, research and education. Meanwhile, professionals also build their understanding, credibility, and relationships to understand various audiences and industries. Independence: Provide unbiased work to those that are represented while being accountable for all actions. Loyalty: Stay devoted to the client while remembering that there is a duty to still serve the public interest. Fairness: Honorably conduct business with any and all clients, employers, competitors, peers, vendors, media and general public. Respecting all opinions and right of free expression. International Public Relations Code of Ethics Other than the ethics put in place in the United States of America there are also International ethics set to ensure proper and, legal worldwide communication. Regarding these ethics, there are broad codes used specifically for international forms of public relations, and then there are more specific forms from different countries. For example, some countries have certain associations to create ethics and standards to communication across their country. The International Association of Business Communication (founded in 1971), or also known as IABC, has its own set of ethics in order to enforce a set of guidelines that ensure communication internationality is legal, ethical, and is in good taste. Some principles that members of the board of IABC follow include. Having proper and legal communication Being understanding and open to other people's cultures, values, and beliefs Create communication that is accurate, trusting, to ensure mutual respect and understanding The IABC members use the following list of ethics in order to work to improve values of communication throughout the world: Being credible and honest Keeping up with information to ensure accuracy of communication Understanding free speech and respecting this right Having sensitivity towards other people's thoughts, beliefs, and way of life Not taking part in unethical behaviors Obeying policies and laws Giving proper credit to resources used for communication Ensuring private information is protected (not used for personal gain) and if publicized, guarantee proper legal measures will be put in place. Publishers of said communication do not accept gifts, benefits, payments etc.; for work, or their services Creating results and spreading results that are attainable and they can deliver. Being fully truthful to other people, and themselves. Media is a major resource in the public relations career especially in news networks. That is why as a public relations specialist, having proper information is very important, and crucial to the society as a whole. Spin Main article: Spin (public relations) Spin has been interpreted historically to mean overt deceit that is meant to manipulate the public, but since the 1950s has shifted to describing a "polishing of the truth." Today, spin refers to providing a certain interpretation of information meant to sway public opinion. Companies may use spin to create the appearance of the company or other events are going in a slightly different direction than they actually are. Within the field of public relations, spin is seen as a derogatory term, interpreted by professionals as meaning blatant deceit and manipulation. Skilled practitioners of spin are sometimes called "spin doctors." In Stuart Ewen's PR! A Social History of Spin, he argues that public relations can be a real menace to democracy as it renders the public discourse powerless. Corporations are able to hire public relations professionals and transmit their messages through the media channels and exercise a huge amount of influence upon the individual who is defenseless against such a powerful force. He claims that public relations is a weapon for capitalist deception and the best way to resist is to become media literate and use critical thinking when interpreting the various mediated messages. According to Jim Hoggan, "public relations is not by definition 'spin'. Public relations is the art of building good relationships. You do that most effectively by earning trust and goodwill among those who are important to you and your business... Spin is to public relations what manipulation is to interpersonal communications. It's a diversion whose primary effect is ultimately to undermine the central goal of building trust and nurturing a good relationship." The techniques of spin include selectively presenting facts and quotes that support ideal positions (cherry picking), the so-called "non-denial denial", phrasing that in a way presumes unproven truths, euphemisms for drawing attention away from items considered distasteful, and ambiguity in public statements. Another spin technique involves careful choice of timing in the release of certain news so it can take advantage of prominent events in the news. Negative See also: Negative campaigning Negative public relations, also called dark public relations (DPR), 'black hat PR' and in some earlier writing "Black PR", is a process of destroying the target's reputation and/or corporate identity. The objective in DPR is to discredit someone else, who may pose a threat to the client's business or be a political rival. DPR may rely on IT security, industrial espionage, social engineering and competitive intelligence. Common techniques include using dirty secrets from the target, producing misleading facts to fool a competitor. In politics, a decision to use negative PR is also known as negative campaigning. T.A.R.E.S. The T.A.R.E.S. is a five-point test that evaluates ethical persuasion and provides boundaries in persuasive practices. Truthfulness (of the message) examples Is this communicating something factually true and accurate? Does this downplay or diminish evidence? Am I creating a false narrative or image? Does this influence people to believe something that I do not believe myself? Authenticity (of the persuader) examples Will people question my honesty or integrity from this? Do I truly believe that what is being presented will benefit those who are reading? Do I support or advocate in the statement, person, or product? Respect (for the persuadee) examples Am I presenting statements in self-interest, or do I genuinely care about the issue, person, or product? Is this presented to persuadees who are rational, self-thinking beings? What ethical responsibility do I hold by presenting this information? Equity (of the persuasive appeal) examples Is this appeal fair and nondiscriminatory? Have I target persuadees who are not capable of understanding the claims and the context? Are the statements I present sensitive to various interests, needs, or concerns of the persuadees? Social Responsibility (for the common good) examples Have I unfairly stereotyped groups of society in my statements or actions? Will my statements or actions cause harms to various groups of society? Will there be any negative consequences against a group in society based on my statements or actions? Have I fairly presented issues that concern groups who may have been underrepresented in society? Are the statements or actions that are being communicated responsible to various societal groups, public interest, and the public? Politics and civil society In Propaganda (1928), Bernays argued that the manipulation of public opinion was a necessary part of democracy. In public relations, lobby groups are created to influence government policy, corporate policy or public opinion, typically in a way that benefits the sponsoring organization. In fact, Bernays stresses that we are in fact dominated in almost every aspect of our lives, by a relatively small number of persons who have mastered the 'mental processes and social patterns of the masses,' which include our behavior, political and economic spheres or our morals. In theory, each individual chooses his own opinion on behavior and public issues. However, in practice, it is impossible for one to study all variables and approaches of a particular question and come to a conclusion without any external influence. This is the reason why the society has agreed upon an 'invisible government' to interpret on our behalf information and narrow the choice field to a more practical scale. When a lobby group hides its true purpose and support base, it is known as a front group. Front groups are a form of astroturfing, because they intend to sway the public or the government without disclosing their financial connection to corporate or political interests. They create a fake grass-roots movement by giving the appearance of a trusted organization that serves the public, when they actually serve their sponsors. Politicians also employ public relations professionals to help project their views, policies and even personalities to their best advantages. Reputation laundering Main article: Reputation laundering Some PR firms perform reputation laundering services. In these situations, a client will hire a PR firm to conceal unethical, corrupt, or criminal behavior. The PR firm will supply services that improve the client's reputation and obscure the client's history, such as: arranging publication of positive press, coordinating donations to charities, arranging sponsorships and advertising (such as of sports teams), arranging attendance at major social events, and recommending prominent associations that the client can join. Other mechanisms employed by PR firms on behalf of the purportedly corrupt or criminal customers include fake social media accounts, blogs by fake personalities, or partisan op-eds. Notable PR firms that have engaged in reputation laundering include British PR firm Bell Pottinger, which employed reputation laundering in support of clients such as Alexander Lukashenko, Bahrain, and the Pinochet Foundation. PR firms Havas, Publicis, and Qorvis were hired by Saudi Arabia to perform reputation laundering after 9/11 and the Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi. The United Kingdom government published reports stating that Russian oligarchs had been "extending patronage and building influence across a wide sphere of the British establishment" and had employed public relations firms that were "willing beneficiaries, contributing to a ‘reputation laundering' process". 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Retrieved on 29 January 2005 ^ Bike, William S. (28 March 2004). Campaign Guide: Negative Campaigning. CompleteCampaigns.com. City: San Diego. Retrieved on 3 August 2005. ^ Saletan, William (25 November 1999). "Three Cheers for Negative Campaigning". Slate. Washington. ^ Does Attack Advertising Demobilize the Electorate? Stephen Ansolabehere, Shanto Iyengar, Adam Simon, Nicholas Valentino, 1994, American Political Science Review, 88:829–838; Winning, But Losing, Ansolabehere and Iyenger, 1996 ^ Baker, Sherry; Martinson, David L. (2001). "The TARES Test: Five Principles for Ethical Persuasion". Research Gate. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2020. ^ "Edward Bernays Propaganda (1928) p. 10". ^ Edward Bernays, "Organizing Chaos," in Propaganda, (New York: H. Liverlight, 1928), 10. ^ Edward Bernays, "Organizing Chaos," in Propaganda, (New York: H. Liverlight, 1928), 11. ^ See Peter Viggo Jakobsen, Focus on the CNN Effect Misses the Point: The Real Media Impact on Conflict Management is Invisible and Indirect, Journal of Peace Research, vol.37, no.2. Institute of Political Science, University of Copenhagen (2000). ^ Oakes, Laurie (2010), On the Record: Politics, Politicians and Power, Hachette Australia, p. 191, ISBN 978-0-7336-2700-2 ^ Farmer, Yanick (2 January 2018). "Ethical Decision Making and Reputation Management in Public Relations" (PDF). Journal of Media Ethics. 33 (1): 2–13. doi:10.1080/23736992.2017.1401931. ISSN 2373-6992. S2CID 158618395. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ The United Nations and Transnational Organized Crime, p. 166, Phil Williams, Ernesto Ugo Savona, Psychology Press, 1996. ^ "PR firms make London world capital of reputation laundering". The Guardian. 3 August 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2022. ^ a b "Waking up to Reputation Laundering as a Mechanism for Transnational Kleptocracy" Melissa Aten, John Glenn (editors) March 2022, National Endowment for Democracy, https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Global-Insights-Waking-up-to-Reputation-Laundering-as-a-Mechanism-for-Transnational-Kleptocracy.pdf ^ Media and Mass Atrocity: The Rwanda Genocide and Beyond Allan Thompson, p 509, 2019, McGill-Queen's Press. "So-called 'black' public relations (PR) firms have also played an important role as hired proxies for state-sponsored trolling attacks, notably Bahrain. These firms offer 'reputation laundering' services, which take many forms, including..." ^ "'Reputation laundering' is lucrative business for London PR firms". The Guardian. 5 September 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2022. ^ Thomas, Daniel (4 May 2022). "British accountants and PR firms told to cut Russia ties". Financial Times. Retrieved 24 May 2023. ^ "Economic crime in the UK: a multi-billion pound problem" Oliver Bennett MBE, Ali Shalchi 6 April 2022, House of Commons Library https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9013/CBP-9013.pdf ^ "Government response to Intelligence and Security Committee Russia Report". GOV.UK. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2023. Further reading Wikiquote has quotations related to Public relations. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Public relations. A History of Public Relations (PDF), The Institute for Public Relations, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2010 Breakenridge, Deirdre (2012), Social media and public relations: Eight new practices for the pr professional, New jersey: FT Press Cutlip, Scott (1994), The Unseen Power: Public Relations: A History, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, ISBN 0-8058-1464-7 Cutlip, Scott (1995), Public Relations History: from the 17th to the 20th Century, Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, ISBN 0-8058-1780-8 Heitmueller, Lars M. (2012), Corporate Communication Map: Outline of an interactive Overview of the fundamental Models and Theories of Public Relations Kelleher, T. (2018). Public Relations (1st ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Stoykov, Lubomir (2016). Public Relations Management (2nd ed.). Sofia: Alma communication. vteCommunication studies History Outline Topics and terminology Biocommunication Broadcasting Communication Computer-mediated communication Conversation History of communication Information Intercultural Interpersonal Intrapersonal Journalism Mass media Meaning Media ecology Meta-communication Models of communication New media Nonverbal communication Nonviolent communication Propaganda Reading Speech Symbol Telecommunication Text and conversation theory Writing Subfields Closed-loop Communication design Communication theory Communicology Crisis Climate Cross-cultural Developmental Discourse analysis Environmental Global Health International Mass Media studies Mediated cross-border Organizational Political Risk Science Technical Visual Scholars Adorno Barthes Bateson Benjamin Burke Castells Chomsky Craig Ellul Fisher Flusser Gasset Gerbner Goffman Habermas Horkheimer Huxley Innis Jakobson Janis Johnson Kincaid Lippman Luhmann Marcuse McLuhan Mead Morgan Ong Packard Peirce Postman Quebral Richards Rogers Schramm Shannon Tankard Tannen Wertheimer Category vteMedia cultureMedia 24-hour news cycle Alternative media Digital media Electronic media Independent media Mass media Mainstream media New media News broadcasting News media Old media Social media State media Principles Media development Media policy Media independence Freedom of information Freedom of speech Media pluralism Media transparency Ideology Advanced capitalism American Dream Bipartisanship Consumerism Pensée unique DeceptionForms Advertising Propaganda Fake news Public relations Spin Tabloid journalism Techniques Cult of personality Dumbing down Framing Media circus Media event Narcotizing dysfunction Recuperation Sensationalism Viral phenomenon Others Catch and kill Crowd manipulation Managing the news Media manipulation Philosophers Theodor W. Adorno Jean Baudrillard Edward Bernays Noam Chomsky Guy Debord Walter Lippmann Marshall McLuhan Jacques Rancière Counterculture Boycott Call-out culture Cancel culture Civil disobedience Culture jamming Demonstration Graffiti Occupation Political satire Protest Punk Review bomb Strike action In academia Influence of mass media Media studies Mediatization Semiotic democracy The Lonely Crowd Issues Anonymity Concentration of media ownership Exploitation of women Freedom of speech Media bias Privacy Social influence Transparency Violence Synonyms Advanced capitalism Culture industry Mass society Post-Fordism Society of the Spectacle vteMedia manipulationContext Bias Crowd psychology Deception Dumbing down False balance Half-truths Machiavellianism Media Obfuscation Orwellian Persuasion Manipulation (psychology) Activism Alternative media Boycott Call-out culture Cancel culture Civil disobedience Culture jamming Demonstrations Deplatforming Guerrilla communication Hacktivism Internet Media Occupations Petitions Protests Youth Advertising Billboards False Infomercials Mobiles Modeling Radio Sex Slogans Testimonials TV Criticism of advertising Annoyance factor CensorshipMedia regulation Books Broadcast law Burying of scholars Catch and kill Corporate Cover-ups Euphemism Films Historical negationism Internet Political Religious Self Hoaxing Alternative facts April Fools' Deepfake Fake news websites Fakelore False document Fictitious entries Firehose of falsehood Forgery Gaslighting List Literary Lying press Photograph manipulation Racial Urban legend Virus Video manipulation Marketing Branding Loyalty Product Product placement Publicity Research Word of mouth News media Agenda-setting Broadcasting Circus Cycle False balance Infotainment Managing Narcotizing dysfunction Newspeak Pseudo-event Scrum Sensationalism Tabloid journalism Political campaigning Advertising Astroturfing Attack ad Canvassing Character assassination Dog whistle Election promises Lawn signs Manifestos Name recognition Negative Push polling Smear campaign Wedge issue Propaganda Bandwagon Big lie Crowd manipulation Disinformation Fearmongering Framing Indoctrination Loaded language National mythology Rally 'round the flag effect Techniques Psychological warfare Airborne leaflets False flag Fifth column Information (IT) Lawfare Political Public diplomacy Sedition Subversion Public relations Cult of personality Doublespeak Non-apology apology Reputation management Slogans Sound bites Spin Transfer Understatement Weasel words Corporate propaganda Sales Cold calling Door-to-door Pricing Product demonstrations Promotion Spaving Promotional merchandise Telemarketing Related Influence-for-hire Media bias United States Media concentration Media democracy Media ecology Media ethics Media franchise Media influence Media proprietor vtePropaganda techniques Ad hominem Appeal to fear Appeal to emotion Atrocity propaganda Bandwagon effect Big lie Black propaganda Blood libel Buzzword Cartographic propaganda Censorship Cherry picking Demonizing the enemy Disinformation Dog whistle Doublespeak Fake news Flag-waving Framing Gish gallop Glittering generality Historical negationism Ideograph Lawfare Loaded language Newspeak Monumental propaganda Obscurantism Plain folks Propaganda of the deed Whataboutism Public relations Rally 'round the flag effect Slogan Spin Weasel word White propaganda Senbu Indoctrination vteMedia and human factors Cognitive psychology Externality Evolutionary psychology Behavioral modernity Cognition Mismatch Media psychology Media studies Social psychology Media practices Betteridge's law of headlines Gatekeeping "If it bleeds, it leads" Infotainment Human-interest story Junk food news Least objectionable program Soft media Media bias Media manipulation Pink-slime journalism Propaganda Public relations Missing white woman syndrome News values Sensationalism Hot take Spiking Tabloid television Yellow journalism Attention Attention economy Attention inequality Attention management Attention span Chumbox Clickbait Cognitive miser Low information voter Digital zombie Phubbing Doomscrolling Human multitasking Media multitasking Mobile phones and driving safety Smartphones and pedestrian safety Texting while driving Influence-for-hire Infodemic Information explosion Information overload Information pollution Information–action ratio One weird trick Rage farming Screen time Binge-watching Television consumption Sticky content Cognitive bias/Conformity Availability cascade Availability heuristic Bandwagon effect Confirmation bias Crowd psychology Mobbing Moral panic Mean world syndrome Negativity bias Peer pressure Social-desirability bias Social influence bias Spiral of silence Digital divide/Political polarization Algorithmic radicalization Youth Echo chamber Fake news website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media use in politics United States 2016 U.S. presidential election 2020 U.S. presidential election Related topics Computer rage Criticism of Facebook 2021 Facebook company files leak Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal Criticism of Netflix Cultural impact of TikTok Digital media use and mental health Effects of violence in mass media Fascination with death Griefer Mass shooting contagion Psychological effects of Internet use Sealioning Social aspects of television Social bot Social impact of YouTube Technophilia Neophile Technophobia Violence and video games Authority control databases National Germany Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Public relations (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Public Relations (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Relations_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"PR (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Public sector information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector_information"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FEMA_-_42468_-_Participants_at_Joint_Field_Office_News_Media_Conference.jpg"},{"link_name":"Media conferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_conference"},{"link_name":"organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization"},{"link_name":"business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business"},{"link_name":"government agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency"},{"link_name":"nonprofit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"publicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"exposure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"marketing communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_communications"},{"link_name":"earned media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_media"},{"link_name":"marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"stakeholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)"},{"link_name":"leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership"},{"link_name":"companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government"},{"link_name":"public officials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official"},{"link_name":"public information officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_information_officer"},{"link_name":"nongovernmental organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nongovernmental_organizations"},{"link_name":"account executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Account_executive"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"audience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience"},{"link_name":"opinion leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_leadership"},{"link_name":"press releases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_releases"},{"link_name":"press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_media"},{"link_name":"interviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview"},{"link_name":"speeches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech"},{"link_name":"spokesperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokesperson"},{"link_name":"press conferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_conferences"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"crisis management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_management"},{"link_name":"internal communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_communications"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For other uses, see Public relations (disambiguation).For other uses, see Public Relations (disambiguation) and PR (disambiguation).\"Public information\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Public sector information.Media conferences are one approach used in public relations.Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing and disseminating information from an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) to the public in order to influence their perception. Public relations and publicity differ in that PR is controlled internally, whereas publicity is not controlled and contributed by external parties.[1] Public relations may include an organization or individual gaining exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and news items that do not require direct payment.[2] The exposure is mostly media-based, and this differentiates it from advertising as a form of marketing communications. Public relations aims to create or obtain coverage for clients for free, also known as earned media, rather than paying for marketing or advertising also known as paid media. But in the early 21st century, advertising is also a part of broader PR activities.[3]An example of good public relations would be generating an article featuring a PR firm's client, rather than paying for the client to be advertised next to the article. The aim of public relations is to inform the public, prospective customers, investors, partners, employees, and other stakeholders, and persuade them to maintain a positive or favorable view about the organization, its leadership, products, or political decisions. Public relations professionals typically work for PR and marketing firms, businesses and companies, government, and public officials as public information officers and nongovernmental organizations, and nonprofit organizations. Jobs central to public relations include internal positions such as public relations coordinator, public relations specialist, and public relations manager, and outside agency positions such as account coordinator, account executive, account supervisor, and media relations manager.[4]Public relations specialists establish and maintain relationships with an organization's target audience, the media, relevant trade media, and other opinion leaders. Common responsibilities include designing communications campaigns, writing press releases and other content for news, working with the press, arranging interviews for company spokespeople, writing speeches for company leaders, acting as an organization's spokesperson, preparing clients for press conferences, media interviews and speeches, writing website and social media content, managing company reputation (crisis management), managing internal communications, and marketing activities like brand awareness and event management.[5] Success in the field of public relations requires a deep understanding of the interests and concerns of each of the company's many stakeholders. The public relations professional must know how to effectively address those concerns using the most powerful tool of the public relations trade, which is publicity.[6]","title":"Public relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivy Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_family"},{"link_name":"Edward Louis Bernays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twoway-8"},{"link_name":"Eric Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_F._Goldman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twoway-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"trends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad"},{"link_name":"consequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dictionary.com/browse/consequence"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"public interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_interest"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Public Relations Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Relations_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Ivy Lee, the man who turned around the Rockefeller name and image, and his friend, Edward Louis Bernays, established the first definition of public relations in the early 20th century as follows: \"a management function, which tabulates public attitudes, defines the policies, procedures and interests of an organization... followed by executing a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance.\"[7] However, when Lee was later asked about his role in a hearing with the United Transit Commission, he said \"I have never been able to find a satisfactory phrase to describe what I do.\"[8] In 1948, historian Eric Goldman noted that the definition of public relations in Webster's would be \"disputed by both practitioners and critics in the field.\"[8]According to Bernays, the public relations counsel is the agent working with both modern media of communications and group formations of society in order to provide ideas to the public's consciousness. Furthermore, he is also concerned with ideologies and courses of actions as well as material goods and services and public utilities and industrial associations and large trade groups for which it secures popular support.[9]In August 1978, the World Assembly of Public Relations Associations defined the field as\"the art and social science of analyzing trends, predicting their consequences,[10] counselling organizational leaders and implementing planned programs of action, which will serve both the organization and the public interest.\"[11]Public Relations Society of America,[12] a professional trade association,[13] defined public relations in 1982 as:\"Public relations helps an organization and its publics adapt mutually to each other.\"[14]In 2011 and 2012, the PRSA solicited crowd supplied definitions for the term and allowed the public to vote on one of three finalists. The winning definition stated that:\"Public relations is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics.\"[15]The Chartered Institute of Public Relations focuses its definition on reputation, beginning with:Public Relations is about reputation – the result of what you do, what you say and what others say about you.And continuing:Public Relations is the discipline which looks after reputation, with the aim of earning understanding and support and influencing opinion and behaviour. It is the planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between an organisation and its publics.[16]Public relations can also be defined as the practice of managing communication between an organization and its publics.[17]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"profession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"communications management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_management"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)"},{"link_name":"persuasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasion"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Basil Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Clarke"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"World Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wars"},{"link_name":"journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"quantify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers"},{"link_name":"Ivy Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee"},{"link_name":"Edward Bernays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Soviet Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Russia"},{"link_name":"Mayakovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Likbez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likbez"},{"link_name":"Marshall plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"professional development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_development"},{"link_name":"The Cluetrain Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cluetrain_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Internet technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forum"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Public relations has historical roots pre-dating the 20th century. Most textbooks regard the establishment of the \"Publicity Bureau\" in Boston in 1900 as marking the founding of a public relations profession.[18] Academics have found early forms of public influence and communications management in ancient civilizations. Aristotle's Rhetoric, for example, explains core foundations for persuasion.[19] Evidence shows that it continued to evolve during the settling of the New World and during the movement to abolish slavery in England.[20][21] Basil Clarke is considered the founder of public relations in the United Kingdom for his establishment of \"Editorial Services\" in 1924.[22]The United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and others used the concept of propaganda, which later[when?] evolved into public relations, to rally domestic support and to demonize enemies during the World Wars (compare journalism). World War I (1914–1918), which affected not only military but whole populations, is considered to be \"modern propaganda's launching pad\".[23] This led to more sophisticated commercial publicity efforts as public-relations talent entered the private sector.[citation needed] Most[quantify] historians believe modern-day public relations was first established in the US by Ivy Lee (1877–1934) in 1903 when he started working as the image maker for and corporate advisor for Rockefeller. Edward Bernays (1891–1995), who handled the publicity of theatrical associations in 1913,[which?] then spread internationally.[citation needed] Meanwhile, in the nascent Soviet Russia of the 1920s, artists and poets (such as Mayakovsky[24]) engaged in public-relations campaigns for various state agencies and causes (note for example Likbez).Many American companies with PR departments spread the practice to Europe when they set up European subsidiaries in the wake of the Marshall plan of 1948–1952.[25]In the second half of the 20th century, public relations entered an era of professional development. Trade associations, PR news-magazines, international PR agencies, and academic principles for the profession were established. In the early 2000s, press-release services began offering social-media press releases. The Cluetrain Manifesto, which predicted the effect of social media in 1999,[26] was controversial in its time,[27] but by 2006 the effect of social media and new Internet technologies[which?] became broadly accepted by the general public.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rhetorical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L'Etang2004-28"},{"link_name":"Consumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer"},{"link_name":"lifestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"Crisis communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_communication"},{"link_name":"Internal communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_communications"},{"link_name":"Government relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_relations"},{"link_name":"Media relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_relations"},{"link_name":"Social media/community marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_marketing"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"publicity events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-event"},{"link_name":"press releases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_releases"},{"link_name":"newsletters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsletters"},{"link_name":"blogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"}],"text":"Public relations professionals present the face of an organization or individual, usually to articulate its objectives and official views on issues of relevance, primarily to the media. Public relations contributes to the way an organization is perceived by influencing the media and maintaining relationships with stakeholders. According to Jacquie L'Etang from Queen Margaret University, public relations professionals can be viewed as \"discourse workers specializing in communication and the presentation of argument and employing rhetorical strategies to achieve managerial aims.\"[28]Specific public relations disciplines include:Financial public relations – communicating financial results and business strategy\nConsumer/lifestyle public relations – gaining publicity for a particular product or service\nCrisis communication – responding in a crisis\nInternal communications – communicating within the company itself\nGovernment relations – engaging government departments to influence public policy\nMedia relations – a public relations function that involves building and maintaining close relationships with the news media so that they can sell and promote a business.\nSocial media/community marketing – public relations professionals leverage social media marketing to distribute messages about their clients to desired target markets\nIn-house public relations – a public relations professional hired to manage press and publicity campaigns for the company that hired them.\n'Black Hat PR' – manipulating public profiles under the guise of neutral commentators or voices or engaging to actively damage or undermine the reputations of the rival or targeted individuals or organizations.\nExecutive Visibility – a strategy used to grow an executive's presence and exposure in order to impact a company's success.Building and managing relationships with those who influence an organization or individual's audiences have a central role in doing public relations.[29] After a public relations practitioner has been working in the field, they accumulate a list of relationships that become an asset, especially for those in media relations.Within each discipline, typical activities include publicity events, speaking opportunities, press releases, newsletters, blogs, social media, press kits, and outbound communication to members of the press. Video and audio news releases (VNRs and ANRs) are often produced and distributed to TV outlets in hopes they will be used as regular program content.","title":"Tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"target audience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_audience"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"stakeholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Audience targeting","text":"A fundamental technique used in public relations is to identify the target audience and to tailor messages that are relevant to each audience.[30] Audience targeting requires public relations professionals to have a deep understanding of the needs and desires of the audience they are trying to appeal to. Sometimes the interests of differing audiences and stakeholders common to a public relations effort necessitate the creation of several distinct but complementary messages. These messages however should be relevant to each other, thus creating consistency in the overall message and theme. Audience targeting tactics are important for public relations practitioners because they face all kinds of problems: low visibility, lack of public understanding, opposition from critics, and insufficient support from funding sources.[31]On the other hand, stakeholder theory identifies people who have a stake in a given institution or issue.[32] All audiences are stakeholders (or presumptive stakeholders), but not all stakeholders are members of a target audience. For example, if a charity commissions a public relations agency to create an advertising campaign to raise money to find a cure for a disease, the charity and the people with the disease are stakeholders, but the audience is anyone who is likely to donate money. Public relations experts possess deep skills in media relations, market positioning, and branding. They are powerful agents that help clients deliver clear, unambiguous information to a target audience that matters to them.[33]","title":"Tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-34"},{"link_name":"James Grunig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Grunig"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"The public in public relations","text":"A public is any group whose members have a common interest or common values in a particular subject, such as a political party. Those members would then be considered stakeholders, which are people who have a stake or an interest in an organization or issue that potentially involves the organization or group they are interested in. The Publics in Public Relations are:Traditional Publics: Groups with which the individual has an ongoing and long-term relationship. These may include Employees, Media, Governments, Investors, and Customers[34]\nNon-Traditional Publics: Groups that are typically unfamiliar with the organization and the individual has not had a relationship with but may become traditional publics due to changes in the organization, in society or if a group changing event occurs.[34]\nLatent Publics: A group whose values have come into contact with the values of the organization but whose members have not yet realized it; the members of that public are not yet aware of the relationship.[34]\nAware Publics: A group of members who are aware of the existence of a commonality of values or interests with the organization but have not organized or attempted to respond to that commonality.\nIntervening Publics: Any public that helps an individual send a message to another public, could be the media or someone with stature.[34]\nPrimary Publics: If a public can directly affect an organization's pursuit of its values-driven goals. This publics would include media, employees, government, shareholder, financial institutions, and the immediate community.[34]\nSecondary Publics: Have high interest in the company such as the primary publics but will not be directly affected by decisions of the organization.[34]\nInternal Publics: People within an organization[34]\nExternal Publics: People outside of an organization[34]\nDomestic Publics: Those within the country[34]\nInternational Publics: Those outsides of the country and when communicating with these publics individuals must be wary of that areas culture, beliefs, values, ethic, and other valuable cultural difference as to not offend anyone.[34]Early literature authored by James Grunig (1978) suggested that publics develop in stages determined by their levels of problem recognition, constraint recognition and involvement in addressing the issue. The theory posited that publics develop in the following stages:Non-Publics: Share no issue with an organization.\nLatent Publics: Face an issue but do not recognize it.\nApathetic Publics: Face an issue but do not care to address it.\nAware Publics: Face an issue but are unorganized to mobilize against it.\nActive Publics: Face an issue and are organized to respond to it.[35]","title":"Tactics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Messaging","text":"Messaging is the process of creating a consistent story around: a product, person, company, or service. Messaging aims to prevent readers from receiving contradictory or confusing information that could instill doubt in their purchasing choices, or other decisions that affect the company. Brands aim to have the same problem statement, industry viewpoint, or brand perception shared across sources and media.","title":"Tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"search engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engines"},{"link_name":"new media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media"},{"link_name":"blogging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogging"},{"link_name":"social media marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_marketing"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Social media marketing","text":"Digital marketing is the use of Internet tools and technologies such as search engines, Web 2.0 social bookmarking, new media relations, blogging, and social media marketing. Interactive PR allows companies and organizations to disseminate information without relying solely on mainstream publications and to communicate directly with the public, customers and prospects.PR practitioners have always relied on the media such as TV, radio, and magazines, to promote their ideas and messages tailored specifically to a target audience. Social media marketing is not only a new way to achieve that goal, but also a continuation of a strategy that existed for decades. Lister et al. said that \"Digital media can be seen as a continuation and extension of a principal or technique that was already in place\".[36]Social media platforms enable users to connect with audiences to build brands, increase sales, and drive website traffic. This involves publishing content on social media profiles, engaging with followers, analyzing results, and running social media advertisements. The goal is to produce content that users will share with their social network to help a company increase brand exposure and broaden customer reach. Some of the major social media platforms currently include Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest, YouTube, and Snapchat.[37]As digital technology has evolved, the methods for measuring the effectiveness of online public relations have improved. The Public Relations Society of America, which has been developing PR strategies since 1947, has identified five steps for measuring online public relations effectiveness.Engagement: Measure the number of people who engaged with an item (social shares, likes and comments).\nImpressions: Measure the number of people who may have viewed an item.\nItems: Measure any content (blog posts, articles, etc.) that originally appeared as digital media.\nMentions: Measure how many online items mention the brand, organization, or product.\nReach: Measure how far the PR campaign managed to penetrate overall and in terms of a particular audience.[38]","title":"Tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Types of public relations arenas","text":"Publicists[39] can work in a host of different types of business verticals such as entertainment, technology, music, travel, television, food, consumer electronics and more. Many publicists build their career in a specific business space to leverage relationships and contacts. There are different kinds of press strategies for such as B2B (business to business) or B2C (business to consumer). Business to business publicity highlights service providers who provide services and products to other businesses. Business to Consumer publicizes products and services for regular consumers, such as toys, travel, food, entertainment, personal electronics and music.","title":"Tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Litigation public relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litigation_public_relations"},{"link_name":"reputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation"}],"sub_title":"Other techniques","text":"Litigation public relations is the management of the communication process during the course of any legal dispute or adjudicatory processing so as to affect the outcome or its effect on the client's overall reputation (Haggerty, 2003).","title":"Tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carolyn_Bronstein_2006-40"},{"link_name":"Public Relations Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Relations_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carolyn_Bronstein_2006-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall2002-41"},{"link_name":"Chartered Institute of Public Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Public_Relations"},{"link_name":"Edelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelman_(firm)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journal-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Public relations professionals both serve the public's interest and private interests of businesses, associations, non-profit organizations, and governments. This dual obligation gave rise to heated debates among scholars of the discipline and practitioners over its fundamental values. This conflict represents the main ethical predicament of public relations.[40] In 2000, the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) responded to the controversy by acknowledging in its new code of ethics \"advocacy\" – for the first time – as a core value of the discipline.[40]The field of public relations is generally highly un-regulated, but many professionals voluntarily adhere to the code of conduct of one or more professional bodies to avoid exposure for ethical violations.[41] The Chartered Institute of Public Relations, the Public Relations Society of America, and The Institute of Public Relations are a few organizations that publish an ethical code. Still, Edelman's 2003 semi-annual trust survey found that only 20 percent of survey respondents from the public believed paid communicators within a company were credible.[42] Individuals in public relations are growing increasingly concerned with their company's marketing practices, questioning whether they agree with the company's social responsibility. They seek more influence over marketing and more of a counseling and policy-making role. On the other hand, individuals in marketing are increasingly interested in incorporating publicity as a tool within the realm marketing.[43]According to Scott Cutlip, the social justification for public relations is the right for an organization to have a fair hearing of their point of view in the public forum, but to obtain such a hearing for their ideas requires a skilled advocate.[44]Marketing and communications strategist, Ira Gostin, believes there is a code of conduct when conducting business and using public relations. Public relations specialists have the ability to influence society. Fact-checking and presenting accurate information is necessary to maintain credibility with employers and clients.[45]","title":"Ethics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Public Relation Code of Ethics","text":"The Public Relation Student Society of America has established a set of fundamental guidelines that people within the public relations professions should practice and use in their business atmosphere. These values are:Advocacy: Serving the public interest by acting as responsible advocates for the clientele. This can occur by displaying the marketplace of ideas, facts and viewpoints to aid informed public debate.\nHonesty: Standing by the truth and accuracy of all facts in the case and advancing those statements to the public.\nExpertise: To become and stay informed of the specialized knowledge needed in the field of Public Relations. Taking that knowledge and improving the field through development, research and education. Meanwhile, professionals also build their understanding, credibility, and relationships to understand various audiences and industries.\nIndependence: Provide unbiased work to those that are represented while being accountable for all actions.\nLoyalty: Stay devoted to the client while remembering that there is a duty to still serve the public interest.\nFairness: Honorably conduct business with any and all clients, employers, competitors, peers, vendors, media and general public. Respecting all opinions and right of free expression.[46]","title":"Ethics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_sheets_of_newspaper.jpg"}],"sub_title":"International Public Relations Code of Ethics","text":"Other than the ethics put in place in the United States of America there are also International ethics set to ensure proper and, legal worldwide communication. Regarding these ethics, there are broad codes used specifically for international forms of public relations, and then there are more specific forms from different countries. For example, some countries have certain associations to create ethics and standards to communication across their country.The International Association of Business Communication (founded in 1971),[47] or also known as IABC, has its own set of ethics in order to enforce a set of guidelines that ensure communication internationality is legal, ethical, and is in good taste. Some principles that members of the board of IABC follow include.Having proper and legal communication\nBeing understanding and open to other people's cultures, values, and beliefs\nCreate communication that is accurate, trusting, to ensure mutual respect and understandingThe IABC members use the following list of ethics in order to work to improve values of communication throughout the world:[47]Being credible and honest\nKeeping up with information to ensure accuracy of communication\nUnderstanding free speech and respecting this right\nHaving sensitivity towards other people's thoughts, beliefs, and way of life\nNot taking part in unethical behaviors\nObeying policies and laws\nGiving proper credit to resources used for communication\nEnsuring private information is protected (not used for personal gain) and if publicized, guarantee proper legal measures will be put in place.\nPublishers of said communication do not accept gifts, benefits, payments etc.; for work, or their services\nCreating results and spreading results that are attainable and they can deliver.\nBeing fully truthful to other people, and themselves.Media is a major resource in the public relations career especially in news networks. That is why as a public relations specialist, having proper information is very important, and crucial to the society as a whole.","title":"Ethics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Safire96-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Safire96-48"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Stuart Ewen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Ewen"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Jim Hoggan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hoggan"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"cherry picking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_picking_(fallacy)"},{"link_name":"non-denial denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denial_denial"},{"link_name":"euphemisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism"}],"sub_title":"Spin","text":"Spin has been interpreted historically to mean overt deceit that is meant to manipulate the public, but since the 1950s has shifted to describing a \"polishing of the truth.\"[48] Today, spin refers to providing a certain interpretation of information meant to sway public opinion.[49] Companies may use spin to create the appearance of the company or other events are going in a slightly different direction than they actually are.[48] Within the field of public relations, spin is seen as a derogatory term, interpreted by professionals as meaning blatant deceit and manipulation.[50][51] Skilled practitioners of spin are sometimes called \"spin doctors.\"In Stuart Ewen's PR! A Social History of Spin, he argues that public relations can be a real menace to democracy as it renders the public discourse powerless. Corporations are able to hire public relations professionals and transmit their messages through the media channels and exercise a huge amount of influence upon the individual who is defenseless against such a powerful force. He claims that public relations is a weapon for capitalist deception and the best way to resist is to become media literate and use critical thinking when interpreting the various mediated messages.[52]According to Jim Hoggan, \"public relations is not by definition 'spin'. Public relations is the art of building good relationships. You do that most effectively by earning trust and goodwill among those who are important to you and your business... Spin is to public relations what manipulation is to interpersonal communications. It's a diversion whose primary effect is ultimately to undermine the central goal of building trust and nurturing a good relationship.\"[53]The techniques of spin include selectively presenting facts and quotes that support ideal positions (cherry picking), the so-called \"non-denial denial\", phrasing that in a way presumes unproven truths, euphemisms for drawing attention away from items considered distasteful, and ambiguity in public statements. Another spin technique involves careful choice of timing in the release of certain news so it can take advantage of prominent events in the news.","title":"Ethics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Negative campaigning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_campaigning"},{"link_name":"corporate identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_identity"},{"link_name":"IT security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT_security"},{"link_name":"industrial espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_espionage"},{"link_name":"social engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)"},{"link_name":"competitive intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"negative campaigning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_campaigning"}],"sub_title":"Negative","text":"See also: Negative campaigningNegative public relations, also called dark public relations (DPR), 'black hat PR' and in some earlier writing \"Black PR\", is a process of destroying the target's reputation and/or corporate identity. The objective in DPR is to discredit someone else, who may pose a threat to the client's business or be a political rival. DPR may rely on IT security, industrial espionage, social engineering and competitive intelligence. Common techniques include using dirty secrets from the target, producing misleading facts to fool a competitor.[54][55][56][57] In politics, a decision to use negative PR is also known as negative campaigning.","title":"Ethics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"T.A.R.E.S.","text":"The T.A.R.E.S. is a five-point test that evaluates ethical persuasion and provides boundaries in persuasive practices.Truthfulness (of the message) examples\nIs this communicating something factually true and accurate?\nDoes this downplay or diminish evidence?\nAm I creating a false narrative or image?\nDoes this influence people to believe something that I do not believe myself?\nAuthenticity (of the persuader) examples\nWill people question my honesty or integrity from this?\nDo I truly believe that what is being presented will benefit those who are reading?\nDo I support or advocate in the statement, person, or product?\nRespect (for the persuadee) examples\nAm I presenting statements in self-interest, or do I genuinely care about the issue, person, or product?\nIs this presented to persuadees who are rational, self-thinking beings?\nWhat ethical responsibility do I hold by presenting this information?\nEquity (of the persuasive appeal) examples\nIs this appeal fair and nondiscriminatory?\nHave I target persuadees who are not capable of understanding the claims and the context?\nAre the statements I present sensitive to various interests, needs, or concerns of the persuadees?\nSocial Responsibility (for the common good) examples\nHave I unfairly stereotyped groups of society in my statements or actions?\nWill my statements or actions cause harms to various groups of society?\nWill there be any negative consequences against a group in society based on my statements or actions?\nHave I fairly presented issues that concern groups who may have been underrepresented in society?\nAre the statements or actions that are being communicated responsible to various societal groups, public interest, and the public?[58]","title":"Ethics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_(book)"},{"link_name":"Bernays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"lobby groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobby_groups"},{"link_name":"public opinion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_opinion"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"front group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_group"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"astroturfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Politics and civil society","text":"In Propaganda (1928), Bernays argued that the manipulation of public opinion was a necessary part of democracy.[59] In public relations, lobby groups are created to influence government policy, corporate policy or public opinion, typically in a way that benefits the sponsoring organization.In fact, Bernays stresses that we are in fact dominated in almost every aspect of our lives, by a relatively small number of persons who have mastered the 'mental processes and social patterns of the masses,' which include our behavior, political and economic spheres or our morals.[60] In theory, each individual chooses his own opinion on behavior and public issues. However, in practice, it is impossible for one to study all variables and approaches of a particular question and come to a conclusion without any external influence. This is the reason why the society has agreed upon an 'invisible government' to interpret on our behalf information and narrow the choice field to a more practical scale.[61]When a lobby group hides its true purpose and support base, it is known as a front group.[62] Front groups are a form of astroturfing, because they intend to sway the public or the government without disclosing their financial connection to corporate or political interests. They create a fake grass-roots movement by giving the appearance of a trusted organization that serves the public, when they actually serve their sponsors.Politicians also employ public relations professionals to help project their views, policies and even personalities to their best advantages.[63][64]","title":"Ethics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reputation laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_laundering"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GUARD2010-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NED-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Bell Pottinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Pottinger"},{"link_name":"Alexander Lukashenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKPR-69"},{"link_name":"Havas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havas"},{"link_name":"Publicis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicis"},{"link_name":"Qorvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qorvis"},{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11"},{"link_name":"Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Jamal_Khashoggi"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NED-67"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FINTIM-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKREP-72"}],"sub_title":"Reputation laundering","text":"Some PR firms perform reputation laundering services. In these situations, a client will hire a PR firm to conceal unethical, corrupt, or criminal behavior. The PR firm will supply services that improve the client's reputation and obscure the client's history, such as: arranging publication of positive press, coordinating donations to charities, arranging sponsorships and advertising (such as of sports teams), arranging attendance at major social events, and recommending prominent associations that the client can join.[65][66][67] Other mechanisms employed by PR firms on behalf of the purportedly corrupt or criminal customers include fake social media accounts, blogs by fake personalities, or partisan op-eds.[68]Notable PR firms that have engaged in reputation laundering include British PR firm Bell Pottinger, which employed reputation laundering in support of clients such as Alexander Lukashenko, Bahrain, and the Pinochet Foundation.[69] PR firms Havas, Publicis, and Qorvis were hired by Saudi Arabia to perform reputation laundering after 9/11 and the Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi.[67]The United Kingdom government published reports stating that Russian oligarchs had been \"extending patronage and building influence across a wide sphere of the British establishment\" and had employed public relations firms that were \"willing beneficiaries, contributing to a ‘reputation laundering' process\".[70][71][72]","title":"Ethics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Public relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Public_relations"},{"link_name":"Public relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_relations"},{"link_name":"A History of Public Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100602072558/http://www.instituteforpr.org/files/uploads/MiniMe_HistoryOfPR.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.instituteforpr.org/files/uploads/MiniMe_HistoryOfPR.pdf"},{"link_name":"Breakenridge, Deirdre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deirdre_Breakenridge"},{"link_name":"Cutlip, Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Cutlip"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Erlbaum Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Erlbaum_Associates"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8058-1464-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-1464-7"},{"link_name":"Cutlip, Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Cutlip"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8058-1780-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-1780-8"},{"link_name":"Corporate Communication Map: Outline of an interactive Overview of the fundamental Models and Theories of Public Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//i.LMH.info/ccm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Communication_studies"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Communication_studies"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communication_studies"},{"link_name":"Communication studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_studies"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_communication_studies"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_communication"},{"link_name":"Biocommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocommunication_(science)"},{"link_name":"Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication"},{"link_name":"Computer-mediated communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication"},{"link_name":"Conversation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation"},{"link_name":"History of communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_communication"},{"link_name":"Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information"},{"link_name":"Intercultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercultural_communication"},{"link_name":"Interpersonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_communication"},{"link_name":"Intrapersonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrapersonal_communication"},{"link_name":"Journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"},{"link_name":"Mass media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media"},{"link_name":"Meaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy_of_language)"},{"link_name":"Media 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databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4043188-5"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548561305171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85108753"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000051705&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569178"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115957&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"NARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.archives.gov/id/10644807"}],"text":"Wikiquote has quotations related to Public relations.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Public relations.A History of Public Relations (PDF), The Institute for Public Relations, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2010\nBreakenridge, Deirdre (2012), Social media and public relations: Eight new practices for the pr professional, New jersey: FT Press\nCutlip, Scott (1994), The Unseen Power: Public Relations: A History, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, ISBN 0-8058-1464-7\nCutlip, Scott (1995), Public Relations History: from the 17th to the 20th Century, Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, ISBN 0-8058-1780-8\nHeitmueller, Lars M. (2012), Corporate Communication Map: Outline of an interactive Overview of the fundamental Models and Theories of Public Relations\nKelleher, T. (2018). Public Relations (1st ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.\nStoykov, Lubomir (2016). Public Relations Management (2nd ed.). Sofia: Alma communication.vteCommunication studies\nHistory\nOutline\nTopics and terminology\nBiocommunication\nBroadcasting\nCommunication\nComputer-mediated communication\nConversation\nHistory of communication\nInformation\nIntercultural\nInterpersonal\nIntrapersonal \nJournalism\nMass media\nMeaning\nMedia ecology\nMeta-communication\nModels of communication\nNew media\nNonverbal communication\nNonviolent communication\nPropaganda\nReading\nSpeech\nSymbol\nTelecommunication\nText and conversation theory\nWriting\nSubfields\nClosed-loop\nCommunication design\nCommunication theory\nCommunicology\nCrisis\nClimate\nCross-cultural\nDevelopmental\nDiscourse analysis\nEnvironmental\nGlobal\nHealth\nInternational\nMass\nMedia studies\nMediated cross-border\nOrganizational\nPolitical\nRisk\nScience\nTechnical\nVisual\nScholars\nAdorno\nBarthes\nBateson\nBenjamin\nBurke\nCastells\nChomsky\nCraig\nEllul\nFisher\nFlusser\nGasset\nGerbner\nGoffman\nHabermas\nHorkheimer\nHuxley\nInnis\nJakobson\nJanis\nJohnson\nKincaid\nLippman\nLuhmann\nMarcuse\nMcLuhan\nMead\nMorgan\nOng\nPackard\nPeirce\nPostman\nQuebral\nRichards\nRogers\nSchramm\nShannon\nTankard\nTannen\nWertheimer\n\n CategoryvteMedia cultureMedia\n24-hour news cycle\nAlternative media\nDigital media\nElectronic media\nIndependent media\nMass media\nMainstream media\nNew media\nNews broadcasting\nNews media\nOld media\nSocial media\nState media\nPrinciples\nMedia development\nMedia policy\nMedia independence\nFreedom of information\nFreedom of speech\nMedia pluralism\nMedia transparency\nIdeology\nAdvanced capitalism\nAmerican Dream\nBipartisanship\nConsumerism\nPensée unique\nDeceptionForms\nAdvertising\nPropaganda\nFake news\nPublic relations\nSpin\nTabloid journalism\nTechniques\nCult of personality\nDumbing down\nFraming\nMedia circus\nMedia event\nNarcotizing dysfunction\nRecuperation\nSensationalism\nViral phenomenon\nOthers\nCatch and kill\nCrowd manipulation\nManaging the news\nMedia manipulation\nPhilosophers\nTheodor W. Adorno\nJean Baudrillard\nEdward Bernays\nNoam Chomsky\nGuy Debord\nWalter Lippmann\nMarshall McLuhan\nJacques Rancière\nCounterculture\nBoycott\nCall-out culture\nCancel culture\nCivil disobedience\nCulture jamming\nDemonstration\nGraffiti\nOccupation\nPolitical satire\nProtest\nPunk\nReview bomb\nStrike action\nIn academia\nInfluence of mass media\nMedia studies\nMediatization\nSemiotic democracy\nThe Lonely Crowd\nIssues\nAnonymity\nConcentration of media ownership\nExploitation of women\nFreedom of speech\nMedia bias\nPrivacy\nSocial influence\nTransparency\nViolence\nSynonyms\nAdvanced capitalism\nCulture industry\nMass society\nPost-Fordism\nSociety of the SpectaclevteMedia manipulationContext\nBias\nCrowd psychology\nDeception\nDumbing down\nFalse balance\nHalf-truths\nMachiavellianism\nMedia\nObfuscation\nOrwellian\nPersuasion\nManipulation (psychology)\nActivism\nAlternative media\nBoycott\nCall-out culture\nCancel culture\nCivil disobedience\nCulture jamming\nDemonstrations\nDeplatforming\nGuerrilla communication\nHacktivism\nInternet\nMedia\nOccupations\nPetitions\nProtests\nYouth\nAdvertising\nBillboards\nFalse\nInfomercials\nMobiles\nModeling\nRadio\nSex\nSlogans\nTestimonials\nTV\nCriticism of advertising\nAnnoyance factor\nCensorshipMedia regulation\nBooks\nBroadcast law\nBurying of scholars\nCatch and kill\nCorporate\nCover-ups\nEuphemism\nFilms\nHistorical negationism\nInternet\nPolitical\nReligious\nSelf\nHoaxing\nAlternative facts\nApril Fools'\nDeepfake\nFake news\nwebsites\nFakelore\nFalse document\nFictitious entries\nFirehose of falsehood\nForgery\nGaslighting\nList\nLiterary\nLying press\nPhotograph manipulation\nRacial\nUrban legend\nVirus\nVideo manipulation\nMarketing\nBranding\nLoyalty\nProduct\nProduct placement\nPublicity\nResearch\nWord of mouth\nNews media\nAgenda-setting\nBroadcasting\nCircus\nCycle\nFalse balance\nInfotainment\nManaging\nNarcotizing dysfunction\nNewspeak\nPseudo-event\nScrum\nSensationalism\nTabloid journalism\nPolitical campaigning\nAdvertising\nAstroturfing\nAttack ad\nCanvassing\nCharacter assassination\nDog whistle\nElection promises\nLawn signs\nManifestos\nName recognition\nNegative\nPush polling\nSmear campaign\nWedge issue\nPropaganda\nBandwagon\nBig lie\nCrowd manipulation\nDisinformation\nFearmongering\nFraming\nIndoctrination\nLoaded language\nNational mythology\nRally 'round the flag effect\nTechniques\nPsychological warfare\nAirborne leaflets\nFalse flag\nFifth column\nInformation (IT)\nLawfare\nPolitical\nPublic diplomacy\nSedition\nSubversion\nPublic relations\nCult of personality\nDoublespeak\nNon-apology apology\nReputation management\nSlogans\nSound bites\nSpin\nTransfer\nUnderstatement\nWeasel words\nCorporate propaganda\nSales\nCold calling\nDoor-to-door\nPricing\nProduct demonstrations\nPromotion\nSpaving\nPromotional merchandise\nTelemarketing\nRelated\nInfluence-for-hire\nMedia bias\nUnited States\nMedia concentration\nMedia democracy\nMedia ecology\nMedia ethics\nMedia franchise\nMedia influence\nMedia proprietorvtePropaganda techniques\nAd hominem\nAppeal to fear\nAppeal to emotion\nAtrocity propaganda\nBandwagon effect\nBig lie\nBlack propaganda\nBlood libel\nBuzzword\nCartographic propaganda\nCensorship\nCherry picking\nDemonizing the enemy\nDisinformation\nDog whistle\nDoublespeak\nFake news\nFlag-waving\nFraming\nGish gallop\nGlittering generality\nHistorical negationism\nIdeograph\nLawfare\nLoaded language\nNewspeak\nMonumental propaganda\nObscurantism\nPlain folks\nPropaganda of the deed\nWhataboutism\nPublic relations\nRally 'round the flag effect\nSlogan\nSpin\nWeasel word\nWhite propaganda\nSenbu\nIndoctrinationvteMedia and human factors\nCognitive psychology\nExternality\nEvolutionary psychology\nBehavioral modernity\nCognition\nMismatch\nMedia psychology\nMedia studies\nSocial psychology\nMedia practices\nBetteridge's law of headlines\nGatekeeping\n\"If it bleeds, it leads\"\nInfotainment\nHuman-interest story\nJunk food news\nLeast objectionable program\nSoft media\nMedia bias\nMedia manipulation\nPink-slime journalism\nPropaganda\nPublic relations\nMissing white woman syndrome\nNews values\nSensationalism\nHot take\nSpiking\nTabloid television\nYellow journalism\nAttention\nAttention economy\nAttention inequality\nAttention management\nAttention span\nChumbox\nClickbait\nCognitive miser\nLow information voter\nDigital zombie\nPhubbing\nDoomscrolling\nHuman multitasking\nMedia multitasking\nMobile phones and driving safety\nSmartphones and pedestrian safety\nTexting while driving\nInfluence-for-hire\nInfodemic\nInformation explosion\nInformation overload\nInformation pollution\nInformation–action ratio\nOne weird trick\nRage farming\nScreen time\nBinge-watching\nTelevision consumption\nSticky content\nCognitive bias/Conformity\nAvailability cascade\nAvailability heuristic\nBandwagon effect\nConfirmation bias\nCrowd psychology\nMobbing\nMoral panic\nMean world syndrome\nNegativity bias\nPeer pressure\nSocial-desirability bias\nSocial influence bias\nSpiral of silence\nDigital divide/Political polarization\nAlgorithmic radicalization\nYouth\nEcho chamber\nFake news website\nPost-truth politics\nUnited States\nFilter bubble\nKnowledge divide\nKnowledge gap hypothesis\nPolitical polarization in the United States\nSocial media use in politics\nUnited States\n2016 U.S. presidential election\n2020 U.S. presidential election\nRelated topics\nComputer rage\nCriticism of Facebook\n2021 Facebook company files leak\nFacebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal\nCriticism of Netflix\nCultural impact of TikTok\nDigital media use and mental health\nEffects of violence in mass media\nFascination with death\nGriefer\nMass shooting contagion\nPsychological effects of Internet use\nSealioning\nSocial aspects of television\nSocial bot\nSocial impact of YouTube\nTechnophilia\nNeophile\nTechnophobia\nViolence and video gamesAuthority control databases National\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nOther\nNARA","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Media conferences are one approach used in public relations.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FEMA_-_42468_-_Participants_at_Joint_Field_Office_News_Media_Conference.jpg/220px-FEMA_-_42468_-_Participants_at_Joint_Field_Office_News_Media_Conference.jpg"},{"image_text":"Media is a major resource in the public relations career especially in news networks. That is why as a public relations specialist, having proper information is very important, and crucial to the society as a whole.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Three_sheets_of_newspaper.jpg/220px-Three_sheets_of_newspaper.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Edward Bernays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays"},{"title":"Brand management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_management"},{"title":"Grassroots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots"},{"title":"Impression management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impression_management"},{"title":"List of press release agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_press_release_agencies"},{"title":"List of public relations journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_relations_journals"},{"title":"Media intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_intelligence"},{"title":"Media manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_manipulation"},{"title":"Promotion (marketing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_(marketing)"},{"title":"Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"},{"title":"Public relations in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations_in_India"},{"title":"Publicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicist"},{"title":"Reputation management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_management"}]
[{"reference":"Grunig, James E; Hunt, Todd (1984), Managing Public Relations (6th ed.), Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcourt_Brace_Jovanovich","url_text":"Harcourt Brace Jovanovich"}]},{"reference":"Seitel, Fraser P. (2007), The Practice of Public Relations. (10th ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall","urls":[]},{"reference":"Singh, Honey (29 December 2017). \"#10 Important Trends in PR that You Can't Afford to Ignore\". Entrepreneur. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/306758","url_text":"\"#10 Important Trends in PR that You Can't Afford to Ignore\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180825143233/https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/306758","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Career Overview: Public Relations – Wetfeet.com\". Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150929184702/https://www.wetfeet.com/articles/career-overview-public-relations","url_text":"\"Career Overview: Public Relations – Wetfeet.com\""},{"url":"https://www.wetfeet.com/articles/career-overview-public-relations","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rubel, Gina F. (2007), Everyday Public Relations for Lawyers (1st ed.), Doylestown, PA, ISBN 978-0-9801719-0-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9801719-0-7","url_text":"978-0-9801719-0-7"}]},{"reference":"Roos, Dave (n.d.). \"What Is Public Relations?\". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 15 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.howstuffworks.com/business-communications/how-public-relations-works1.htm","url_text":"\"What Is Public Relations?\""}]},{"reference":"Breakenridge, Deirdre (26 March 2008). PR 2.0: New Media, New Tools, New Audiences. FT Press. ISBN 9780132703970. a management function, which tabulates public attitudes, defines the policies, procedures and interests of an organization... followed by executing a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deirdre_Breakenridge","url_text":"Breakenridge, Deirdre"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780321510075","url_text":"PR 2.0: New Media, New Tools, New Audiences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780132703970","url_text":"9780132703970"}]},{"reference":"Goldman, Eric (1948). Two-Way Street. Bellman Publishing Company.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Definition of consequence | Dictionary.com\". dictionary.com. Retrieved 29 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dictionary.com/browse/consequence","url_text":"\"Definition of consequence | Dictionary.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Is Public Relations | Learn About PR | PRSSA\". prsa.org. Retrieved 29 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prsa.org/prssa/about-prssa/learn-about-pr","url_text":"\"What Is Public Relations | Learn About PR | PRSSA\""}]},{"reference":"Goldblatt, Joe (27 August 2007). Special Events: The Roots and Wings of Celebration. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-14492-3. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0yxPHPj5CPMC&pg=PA436","url_text":"Special Events: The Roots and Wings of Celebration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-14492-3","url_text":"978-0-470-14492-3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160517021632/https://books.google.com/books?id=0yxPHPj5CPMC&pg=PA436","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Trivitt, Keith. \"PRSA's Old Definition of Public Relations\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304145356/http://www.prsa.org/AboutPRSA/PublicRelationsDefined/Old%20Definition","url_text":"\"PRSA's Old Definition of Public Relations\""},{"url":"http://www.prsa.org/AboutPRSA/PublicRelationsDefined/Old%20Definition","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stuart Elliot (1 March 2012). \"Public Relations Defined, After an Energetic Public Discussion\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. 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School of Communication and Reputation.","urls":[{"url":"https://scoreindia.org/blog/evolution-of-public-relations/","url_text":"Evolution of public relations"}]},{"reference":"Olubanwo, Dare. \"The History of Public Relations in U.K\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/16997061","url_text":"\"The History of Public Relations in U.K\""}]},{"reference":"Dare, Olubanwo. \"The History of Public Relations in U.K\" (Academia.edu): 1 – via Academia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/16997061","url_text":"\"The History of Public Relations in U.K\""}]},{"reference":"\"Basil Clarke: past and present of PR\". PR Studies. 15 July 2013. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. 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World War I, the first total war involving not just the military but populations as a whole, should be considered propaganda's launching pad.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1-JjwDPcOLQC","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29605-5","url_text":"978-0-313-29605-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210205011432/https://books.google.com/books?id=1-JjwDPcOLQC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lachman, Gary (2008). The Dedalus Book of Literary Suicides: Dead Letters. Dedalus Concept Books. Sawtry, Cambridgeshire: Dedalus. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-903517-66-6. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2021. [Authorities] granted Mayakovsky extraordinary liberties, and no doubt the Bolsheviks saw the advantages of sending their premiere poet on a public relations jaunt.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Lachman","url_text":"Lachman, Gary"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h4faAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Dedalus Book of Literary Suicides: Dead Letters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903517-66-6","url_text":"978-1-903517-66-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220322114548/https://books.google.com/books?id=h4faAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kipping, Matthias; Tiratsoo, Nick (2 May 2018), Kipping, Mathias (ed.), \"The 'americanisation' of European companies, consumers and cultures: contents, processes and outcomes\", Americanisation in 20th Century Europe: business, culture, politics. Volume 2, Histoire et littérature du Septentrion (IRHiS), Lille: Publications de l'Institut de recherches historiques du Septentrion, pp. 7–23, ISBN 978-2-490296-08-8, archived from the original on 23 September 2021, retrieved 20 February 2021","urls":[{"url":"http://books.openedition.org/irhis/1935","url_text":"\"The 'americanisation' of European companies, consumers and cultures: contents, processes and outcomes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-490296-08-8","url_text":"978-2-490296-08-8"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210923165238/https://books.openedition.org/irhis/1935","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'The internet is a conversation': Lessons from the Cluetrain Manifesto 17 years on\". The Drum. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2020. The Cluetrain Manifesto predicted exactly what would happen. In 1999 it foretold that markets are conversations and that the internet enables the world's biggest conversation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedrum.com/opinion/2016/03/10/internet-conversation-lessons-cluetrain-manifesto-17-years","url_text":"\"'The internet is a conversation': Lessons from the Cluetrain Manifesto 17 years on\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210128120154/https://www.thedrum.com/opinion/2016/03/10/internet-conversation-lessons-cluetrain-manifesto-17-years","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"admin. \"The Cluetrain Manifesto – Levine, Locke, Searls & Weinberger\". Greatest Hits Blog – the best business books summerised. Retrieved 29 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://greatesthitsblog.com/the-cluetrain-manifesto-levine-locke-searls-weinberger/","url_text":"\"The Cluetrain Manifesto – Levine, Locke, Searls & Weinberger\""}]},{"reference":"L'Etang, Jacquie (2 September 2004). Public Relations in Britain: A History of Professional Practice in the Twentieth Century. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-4106-1081-2. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. 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Key concepts in public relations. SAGE. p. 227. 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(March 1978). \"Defining Publics in Public Relations: The Case of a Suburban Hospital\". Journalism Quarterly. 55 (1): 109–124. doi:10.1177/107769907805500115. ISSN 0022-5533. S2CID 145019080.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107769907805500115","url_text":"10.1177/107769907805500115"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5533","url_text":"0022-5533"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145019080","url_text":"145019080"}]},{"reference":"Rouse, Margaret. \"Social Media Marketing (SMM)\". WhatsIt.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbary_Park
Turbary Park
["1 Geography","2 Facilities","3 Politics","4 References"]
Coordinates: 50°45.1′N 1°55.1′W / 50.7517°N 1.9183°W / 50.7517; -1.9183Area of West Howe, Bournemouth, Dorset Turbary Retail Park. Turbary Park is an area of West Howe, Bournemouth in Dorset. Turbary Park is south of Kinson and north of Wallisdown. Geography The West Howe entrance to Turbary Common. Turbary Common is the largest area of heathland in North Bournemouth. It is also a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The habitats include scrub, wooded areas and both wet and dry heath. Facilities Turbary Park is served by the Turbary Retail Park. Also in the area is the NHS Turbary Park Medical Centre. Politics Turbary Park is part of the Bournemouth West constituency. Turbary Park is part of the Kinson ward which elects three councillors to Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council. References ^ "Turbary Common". www.bournemouth.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ "Turbary Common". Bournemouth. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ "View Turbary Retail Park, Bournemouth on Completely Retail". completelyretail.co.ukundefined. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ NHS (28 September 2009). "Contact details - Turbary Park Centre - NHS". www.nhs.uk. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ "Kinson (Ward, United Kingdom) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 9 May 2021. vteBournemouth, DorsetNeighbourhoods Alder Hills Bear Cross Boscombe Charminster East Cliff East Howe Ensbury Park Hengistbury Head Hill View Holdenhurst Iford Kings Park Kinson Knighton Heath Lansdowne Littledown Malmesbury Park Mayfield Park Estate Meyrick Park Moordown Muccleshell Muscliff Northbourne Pokesdown Queen's Park Redhill Richmond Hill Richmond Park Slades Farm Southbourne Springbourne Strouden Park Talbot Heath Talbot Village Talbot Woods Throop Town Centre Townsend Tuckton Turbary Park Victoria Park Wallisdown Warren Hill Westbourne West Cliff West Howe Wick Winton Withybed Wood Woodbury Blue Flag beaches Alum Chine Durley Chine Fisherman's Walk Southbourne Beach Buildings Bournemouth Airport Bournemouth International Centre Bournemouth Town Hall Bournemouth Pier Bournemouth University Bournemouth War Memorial Dean Court Royal Bournemouth Hospital Pavilion Theatre Sports AFC Bournemouth Bournemouth Bobcats Bournemouth F.C. Bournemouth Gasworks Athletic F.C. Bournemouth Rowing Club Bournemouth Rugby Club Cemeteries Bournemouth (East) Bournemouth (Kinson) Bournemouth (North) and Crematorium Bournemouth (Wimborne Road) History Tramways 1908 Tram disaster Bournemouth typhoid outbreak of 1936 Bournemouth Blitz 1944 Moordown air disaster 2023 Bournemouth beach incident Other Borough Council elections Churches Coat of arms of Bournemouth Gardens People Schools Water Company vteSites of Special Scientific Interest in Dorset Abbotsbury Blind Lane Abbotsbury Castle Alder Hills Nature Reserve Aunt Mary's Bottom River Axe Babylon Hill Batcombe Down Belle Vue Quarry Bere Stream Black Hill Down Black Hill Heath Blashenwell Farm Pit Blandford Camp Blue Pool Boulsbury Wood Bradford Abbas Railway Cutting Brenscombe Heath Bryanston Canford Heath Chalbury Hill And Quarry Chesil Beach Christchurch Harbour Conegar Road Cutting Corfe & Barrow Hills Corton Cutting Creech Grange Crookhill Brick Pit Cull-Peppers Dish Ebblake Bog Frogden Quarry River Frome, Dorset Giant Hill, Cerne Abbas Goathill Quarry Holnest Lambert's Castle Lions Hill Lodmoor Oakers Bog Pitcombe Down Poole Bay Cliffs Poole Harbour Portland Poxwell Radipole Lake St Catherine's Hill Studland and Godlingston Heath Shillingstone Quarry Turbary Park Worgret Heath Neighbouring areas Devon Hampshire Somerset Wiltshire 50°45.1′N 1°55.1′W / 50.7517°N 1.9183°W / 50.7517; -1.9183 This Dorset location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Turbary Retail Park.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/West_Howe%2C_Turbary_Retail_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1105817.jpg/220px-West_Howe%2C_Turbary_Retail_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1105817.jpg"},{"image_text":"The West Howe entrance to Turbary Common.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/West_Howe%2C_an_entrance_to_Turbary_Common_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1301930.jpg/220px-West_Howe%2C_an_entrance_to_Turbary_Common_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1301930.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Tethys_Ocean
Paleo-Tethys Ocean
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Sources","4 External links"]
Ocean on the margin of Gondwana between the Middle Cambrian and Late Triassic Location of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean circa ~250 million years ago Location of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean circa 380 million years ago The Paleo-Tethys or Palaeo-Tethys Ocean was an ocean located along the northern margin of the paleocontinent Gondwana that started to open during the Middle Cambrian, grew throughout the Paleozoic, and finally closed during the Late Triassic; existing for about 400 million years. Paleo-Tethys was a precursor to the Tethys Ocean (also called the Neo-Tethys) which was located between Gondwana and the Hunic terranes (continental fragments that broke-off Gondwana and moved north). It opened as the Proto-Tethys Ocean subducted under these terranes and closed as the Cimmerian terranes (that also broke-off Gondwana and moved north) gave way to the Tethys Ocean. Confusingly, the Neo-Tethys is sometimes defined as the ocean south of a hypothesised mid-ocean ridge separating Greater India from Asia, in which case the ocean between Cimmeria and this hypothesised ridge is called the Meso-Tethys, i.e. the "Middle-Tethys". The so-called Hunic terranes are divided into the European Hunic (today the crust under parts of Europe – called Armorica – and Iberia) and Asiatic Hunic (today the crust of parts of southern Asia). A large transform fault separated the two terranes. The role the Paleo-Tethys played in the supercontinent cycle, and especially the break-up of Pangaea, is unresolved. Some geologists argue that the opening of the North Atlantic was triggered by the subduction of Panthalassa under the western margins of the Americas while other argue that the closure of the Paleo-Tethys and Tethys resulted in the break-up. In the first scenario, mantle plumes caused the opening of the Atlantic and the break-up of Pangaea and the closure of the Tethyan domain was one of the consequences of this process; in the other scenario, the longitudinal forces that closed the Tethyan domain were transmitted latitudinally in what is today the Mediterranean region, resulting in the initial opening of the Atlantic. History Image of Paleo-Tethys Ocean, before the Cimmerian Plate moved north, which made the ocean close, the Paleo-Tethys Ocean closed off about 180 mya. ~290 mya (Early Permian). The Cimmerian plate starts to move northward, closing the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, while the Tethys Ocean begins to open from the south. ~249 mya (Permian-Triassic boundary). The Paleo-Tethys Ocean began to form when back-arc spreading separated the European Hunic terranes from Gondwana in the late Ordovician, to begin moving toward Euramerica (also known as the Old Red Sandstone Continent) in the north. In the process, the plate under the Rheic Ocean between Euramerica and the European Hunic terranes subducted and rifts in this plate resulted in the formation of a small Rhenhercynian Ocean which lasted until Late Carboniferous time. In the Early Devonian, the eastern part of Paleo-Tethys opened up, when the Asiatic Hunic terranes, including the North and South China microcontinents, moved northward. These events caused Proto-Tethys Ocean to shrink until the Late Carboniferous, when the Chinese blocks collided with Siberia. In the Early Carboniferous however, a subduction zone developed south of the European Hunic terranes consuming Paleo-Tethys oceanic crust. Gondwana started moving north, and in the process the western part of the Paleo-Tethys would close. In the Carboniferous continental collision took place between the Old Red Sandstone Continent and the European Hunic terrane, in North America this is called the Alleghenian orogeny, in Europe the Variscan orogeny. The Rheic Ocean had completely disappeared, and the western Paleo-Tethys was closing. By the Late Permian, the small elongated Cimmerian plate (today's crust of Turkey, Iran, Tibet and parts of South-East Asia) broke away from Gondwana (now part of Pangaea). South of the Cimmerian continent a new ocean, the Tethys Ocean, was created. By the Late Triassic, all that was left of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean was a narrow seaway. In the Early Jurassic epoch, as part of the Alpine Orogeny, the oceanic crust of the Paleo-Tethys subducted under the Cimmerian plate, closing the ocean from west to east. A last remnant of Paleo-Tethys Ocean might be an oceanic crust under the Black Sea. (Anatolia, to the sea's south, is a part of the original Cimmerian continent that formed the southern boundary of the Paleo-Tethys.) The Paleo-Tethys Ocean sat where the Indian Ocean and Southern Asia are now located. The Equator ran the length of the sea, giving it a tropical climate. The shores and islands probably supported dense coal forests. See also List of ancient oceans – List of Earth's former oceans References Notes ^ Stampfli & Borel 2000 - Tethyan Plate Tectonic working group of the Institut of Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Lausanne ^ Zhai et al. 2015, Abstract ^ Muttoni et al. 2009, Fig. 2, p. 19 ^ Müller & Seton 2015, p. 5 ^ Keppie 2015a, Abstract; Keppie 2015b, Abstract ^ Stampfli, von Raumer & Borel 2002, Middle Devonian Phase, p. 272 ^ a b c d Stampfli, von Raumer & Borel 2002, Fig. 3, pp. 268–629 ^ Stampfli, von Raumer & Borel 2002, Hun Superterrane, p. 267 ^ Stampfli, von Raumer & Borel 2002, European Hunic active margin in Armorica (sensu lato), p. 273 ^ Stampfli, von Raumer & Borel 2002, Fig. 4e, p. 270 Sources Keppie, D. F. (2015a). "How the closure of paleo-Tethys and Tethys oceans controlled the early breakup of Pangaea". Geology. 43 (4): 335–338. Bibcode:2015Geo....43..335K. doi:10.1130/G36268.1. Keppie, F. (2015b). "How subduction broke up Pangaea with implications for the supercontinent cycle" (PDF). In Li, Z. X.; Evans, D. A. D.; Murphy, J. B. (eds.). Supercontinent Cycles Through Earth History. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. Vol. 424. pp. 265–288. doi:10.1144/SP424.8. S2CID 140610523. Retrieved 1 November 2015. Müller, R. D.; Seton, M. (2015). "Paleophysiography of Ocean Basins". In Harff, J.; Meschede, M.; Petersen, S.; et al. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. Springer. pp. 1–15. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6644-0_84-1. ISBN 978-94-007-6237-4. Retrieved 1 November 2015. Muttoni, G.; Gaetani, M.; Kent, D. V.; Sciunnach, D.; Angiolini, L.; Berra, F.; Garzanti, E.; Mattei, M.; Zanchi, A. (2009). "Opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the Pangea B to Pangea A transformation during the Permian" (PDF). GeoArabia. 14 (4): 17–48. Bibcode:2009GeoAr..14...17M. doi:10.2113/geoarabia140417. S2CID 53416016. Retrieved 1 November 2015. Stampfli, G. M.; von Raumer, J. F.; Borel, G. D. (2002). "Paleozoic evolution of pre-Variscan terranes: From Gondwana to the Variscan collision" (PDF). In Catalán, M.; Hatcher, R. D. Jr.; Arenas, R.; et al. (eds.). Variscan-Appalachian dynamics: The building of the late Paleozoic basement (PDF). Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America Special Paper 364. pp. 263–280. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2364-7.263. ISBN 9780813723648. Retrieved 1 January 2017. Zhai, Q. G.; Jahn, B. M.; Wang, J.; Hu, P. Y.; Chung, S. L.; Lee, H. Y.; Tang, S. H.; Tang, Y. (2015). "Oldest Paleo-Tethyan ophiolitic mélange in the Tibetan Plateau". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 128 (B31296-1): 355–373. doi:10.1130/B31296.1. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Late Carboniferous Map - at PaleoMap Project; a good picture of Paleo-Tethys Ocean before the Cimmerian Plate moves northward. Paleo-Tethys and Proto-Tethys - at global history Video from Christopher R. Scotese: Paleotethys - Indian subkontinent Portal: Oceans
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pal%C3%A9ot%C3%A9thys.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:380_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean"},{"link_name":"paleocontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocontinent"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"Middle Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Cambrian"},{"link_name":"Paleozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tethys Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Hunic terranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunic_terranes"},{"link_name":"Proto-Tethys Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Tethys_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Cimmerian terranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"crust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Armorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorican_terrane"},{"link_name":"Iberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"transform fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_fault"},{"link_name":"terranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrane"},{"link_name":"supercontinent cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercontinent_cycle"},{"link_name":"Pangaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea"},{"link_name":"Panthalassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthalassa"},{"link_name":"mantle plumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_plume"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Location of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean circa ~250 million years agoLocation of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean circa 380 million years ago[1]The Paleo-Tethys or Palaeo-Tethys Ocean was an ocean located along the northern margin of the paleocontinent Gondwana that started to open during the Middle Cambrian, grew throughout the Paleozoic, and finally closed during the Late Triassic; existing for about 400 million years.[2]Paleo-Tethys was a precursor to the Tethys Ocean (also called the Neo-Tethys) which was located between Gondwana and the Hunic terranes (continental fragments that broke-off Gondwana and moved north). It opened as the Proto-Tethys Ocean subducted under these terranes and closed as the Cimmerian terranes (that also broke-off Gondwana and moved north) gave way to the Tethys Ocean.[3] Confusingly, the Neo-Tethys is sometimes defined as the ocean south of a hypothesised mid-ocean ridge separating Greater India from Asia, in which case the ocean between Cimmeria and this hypothesised ridge is called the Meso-Tethys, i.e. the \"Middle-Tethys\".[4]The so-called Hunic terranes are divided into the European Hunic (today the crust under parts of Europe – called Armorica – and Iberia) and Asiatic Hunic (today the crust of parts of southern Asia). A large transform fault separated the two terranes.The role the Paleo-Tethys played in the supercontinent cycle, and especially the break-up of Pangaea, is unresolved. Some geologists argue that the opening of the North Atlantic was triggered by the subduction of Panthalassa under the western margins of the Americas while other argue that the closure of the Paleo-Tethys and Tethys resulted in the break-up. In the first scenario, mantle plumes caused the opening of the Atlantic and the break-up of Pangaea and the closure of the Tethyan domain was one of the consequences of this process; in the other scenario, the longitudinal forces that closed the Tethyan domain were transmitted latitudinally in what is today the Mediterranean region, resulting in the initial opening of the Atlantic.[5]","title":"Paleo-Tethys Ocean"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:290_global.png"},{"link_name":"Early Permian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisuralian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:249_global.png"},{"link_name":"back-arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc_basin"},{"link_name":"Ordovician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician"},{"link_name":"Euramerica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euramerica"},{"link_name":"Rheic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"rifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift"},{"link_name":"Rhenhercynian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenohercynian_Basin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stampfli-etal-2002-fig3-7"},{"link_name":"Devonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China_(continent)"},{"link_name":"South China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_(continent)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stampfli-etal-2002-fig3-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Carboniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia_(continent)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stampfli-etal-2002-fig3-7"},{"link_name":"subduction zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction"},{"link_name":"oceanic crust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_crust"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stampfli-etal-2002-fig3-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"continental collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_collision"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Alleghenian orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleghenian_orogeny"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Variscan orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variscan_orogeny"},{"link_name":"Rheic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Permian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian"},{"link_name":"Cimmerian plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimmerian_plate"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"South-East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Pangaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea"},{"link_name":"Tethys Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Alpine Orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Orogeny"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Southern Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"coal forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_forest"}],"text":"Image of Paleo-Tethys Ocean, before the Cimmerian Plate moved north, which made the ocean close, the Paleo-Tethys Ocean closed off about 180 mya. ~290 mya (Early Permian).The Cimmerian plate starts to move northward, closing the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, while the Tethys Ocean begins to open from the south. ~249 mya (Permian-Triassic boundary).The Paleo-Tethys Ocean began to form when back-arc spreading separated the European Hunic terranes from Gondwana in the late Ordovician, to begin moving toward Euramerica (also known as the Old Red Sandstone Continent) in the north. In the process, the plate under the Rheic Ocean between Euramerica and the European Hunic terranes subducted and rifts in this plate resulted in the formation of a small Rhenhercynian Ocean which lasted until Late Carboniferous time.[6][7]In the Early Devonian, the eastern part of Paleo-Tethys opened up, when the Asiatic Hunic terranes, including the North and South China microcontinents, moved northward.[7][8]These events caused Proto-Tethys Ocean to shrink until the Late Carboniferous, when the Chinese blocks collided with Siberia.[7] In the Early Carboniferous however, a subduction zone developed south of the European Hunic terranes consuming Paleo-Tethys oceanic crust.\n[9] Gondwana started moving north, and in the process the western part of the Paleo-Tethys would close.[7][10]In the Carboniferous continental collision took place between the Old Red Sandstone Continent and the European Hunic terrane, in North America this is called the Alleghenian orogeny, in Europe the Variscan orogeny. The Rheic Ocean had completely disappeared, and the western Paleo-Tethys was closing.By the Late Permian, the small elongated Cimmerian plate (today's crust of Turkey, Iran, Tibet and parts of South-East Asia) broke away from Gondwana (now part of Pangaea). South of the Cimmerian continent a new ocean, the Tethys Ocean, was created. By the Late Triassic, all that was left of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean was a narrow seaway.In the Early Jurassic epoch, as part of the Alpine Orogeny, the oceanic crust of the Paleo-Tethys subducted under the Cimmerian plate, closing the ocean from west to east. A last remnant of Paleo-Tethys Ocean might be an oceanic crust under the Black Sea. (Anatolia, to the sea's south, is a part of the original Cimmerian continent that formed the southern boundary of the Paleo-Tethys.)The Paleo-Tethys Ocean sat where the Indian Ocean and Southern Asia are now located. The Equator ran the length of the sea, giving it a tropical climate. The shores and islands probably supported dense coal forests.","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Location of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean circa ~250 million years ago","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Pal%C3%A9ot%C3%A9thys.jpg/220px-Pal%C3%A9ot%C3%A9thys.jpg"},{"image_text":"Location of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean circa 380 million years ago[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/380_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png/220px-380_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png"},{"image_text":"Image of Paleo-Tethys Ocean, before the Cimmerian Plate moved north, which made the ocean close, the Paleo-Tethys Ocean closed off about 180 mya. ~290 mya (Early Permian).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/290_global.png/200px-290_global.png"},{"image_text":"The Cimmerian plate starts to move northward, closing the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, while the Tethys Ocean begins to open from the south. ~249 mya (Permian-Triassic boundary).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/249_global.png/200px-249_global.png"}]
[{"title":"List of ancient oceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_oceans"}]
[{"reference":"Keppie, D. F. (2015a). \"How the closure of paleo-Tethys and Tethys oceans controlled the early breakup of Pangaea\". Geology. 43 (4): 335–338. Bibcode:2015Geo....43..335K. doi:10.1130/G36268.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG36268.1","url_text":"\"How the closure of paleo-Tethys and Tethys oceans controlled the early breakup of Pangaea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Geo....43..335K","url_text":"2015Geo....43..335K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG36268.1","url_text":"10.1130/G36268.1"}]},{"reference":"Keppie, F. (2015b). \"How subduction broke up Pangaea with implications for the supercontinent cycle\" (PDF). In Li, Z. X.; Evans, D. A. D.; Murphy, J. B. (eds.). Supercontinent Cycles Through Earth History. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. Vol. 424. pp. 265–288. doi:10.1144/SP424.8. S2CID 140610523. Retrieved 1 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/early/2015/06/10/SP424.8.full.pdf","url_text":"\"How subduction broke up Pangaea with implications for the supercontinent cycle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2FSP424.8","url_text":"10.1144/SP424.8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140610523","url_text":"140610523"}]},{"reference":"Müller, R. D.; Seton, M. (2015). \"Paleophysiography of Ocean Basins\". In Harff, J.; Meschede, M.; Petersen, S.; et al. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. Springer. pp. 1–15. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6644-0_84-1. ISBN 978-94-007-6237-4. Retrieved 1 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279916411","url_text":"\"Paleophysiography of Ocean Basins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-6644-0_84-1","url_text":"10.1007/978-94-007-6644-0_84-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6237-4","url_text":"978-94-007-6237-4"}]},{"reference":"Muttoni, G.; Gaetani, M.; Kent, D. V.; Sciunnach, D.; Angiolini, L.; Berra, F.; Garzanti, E.; Mattei, M.; Zanchi, A. (2009). \"Opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the Pangea B to Pangea A transformation during the Permian\" (PDF). GeoArabia. 14 (4): 17–48. Bibcode:2009GeoAr..14...17M. doi:10.2113/geoarabia140417. S2CID 53416016. Retrieved 1 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://rci.rutgers.edu/~dvk/dvk_REPRINTS/Muttoni+2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the Pangea B to Pangea A transformation during the Permian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GeoAr..14...17M","url_text":"2009GeoAr..14...17M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgeoarabia140417","url_text":"10.2113/geoarabia140417"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53416016","url_text":"53416016"}]},{"reference":"Stampfli, G. M.; von Raumer, J. F.; Borel, G. D. (2002). \"Paleozoic evolution of pre-Variscan terranes: From Gondwana to the Variscan collision\" (PDF). In Catalán, M.; Hatcher, R. D. Jr.; Arenas, R.; et al. (eds.). Variscan-Appalachian dynamics: The building of the late Paleozoic basement (PDF). Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America Special Paper 364. pp. 263–280. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2364-7.263. ISBN 9780813723648. Retrieved 1 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unil.ch/files/live//sites/mcg/files/users/gborel/public/Peri-Gond_GSA.pdf","url_text":"\"Paleozoic evolution of pre-Variscan terranes: From Gondwana to the Variscan collision\""},{"url":"http://doc.rero.ch/record/5023/files/1_raumer_pep.pdf","url_text":"Variscan-Appalachian dynamics: The building of the late Paleozoic basement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0-8137-2364-7.263","url_text":"10.1130/0-8137-2364-7.263"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813723648","url_text":"9780813723648"}]},{"reference":"Zhai, Q. G.; Jahn, B. M.; Wang, J.; Hu, P. Y.; Chung, S. L.; Lee, H. Y.; Tang, S. H.; Tang, Y. (2015). \"Oldest Paleo-Tethyan ophiolitic mélange in the Tibetan Plateau\". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 128 (B31296-1): 355–373. doi:10.1130/B31296.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor-ming_Jahn","url_text":"Jahn, B. M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FB31296.1","url_text":"10.1130/B31296.1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bairoch
Paul Bairoch
["1 Academic career","2 Research","3 Quotes","4 Books and monographs","5 Selected articles","6 About Paul Bairoch","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Belgian economic historian This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Paul Bairoch" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Paul BairochBorn24 July 1930 Died12 February 1999  (aged 68) Paul Bairoch (24 July 1930 in Antwerp – 12 February 1999 in Geneva) was a (in 1985 naturalised) Swiss economic historian of Belgian descent who specialized in urban history and historical demography. He published or co-authored more than two dozen books and 120 scholarly articles. His most important works emphasize the agricultural preconditions necessary for industrialization and controversially claim, contrary to most scholars that colonization was not beneficial to colonial empires. He argued that tariffs and growth were positively correlated in the 19th century. Academic career Bairoch gained a bachelor's degree by correspondence, intending to become an engineer but he turned to studying economic history in 1956 at the parisian Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. He obtained his doctorate in 1963 at the Free University of Brussels where he worked from 1965 to 1995. He was economic adviser to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) at Geneva from 1967 to 1969, professor at the Sir George Williams University (Concordia) in Montréal from 1969 to 1971 and on recommendation of Fernand Braudel became director of studies at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes from 1971 to 1972. In 1972 he was made professor of history at the University of Geneva. He retired in 1995. He was also visiting professor at Harvard and at the Collège de France (1983) and Doctor honoris causa at the ETH Zurich. From 1985, Bairoch directed a number of research projects on the world economy at a Centre for International Economic History in Geneva. Research Paul Bairoch sought through quantitative, empirical research of historical trends to question and challenge many beliefs which are nowadays generally accepted in economics (see in particular his work Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes), among which: the idea that free trade historically led to periods of economic growth; that moving away from free trade caused the Great Depression; and that colonial powers in the 19th and early 20th centuries became rich by exploiting the Third World. Bairoch argued that such beliefs are based on insufficient knowledge and misguided interpretations of the economic history of the United States, Europe and the Third World. He researched extensively the reasons why an industrial takeoff was prevented in the colonised countries of the Third World (see e.g. his book Révolution industrielle et sous-développement). He is particularly known for his detailed empirical research on economic problems of Third World countries, on the industrial revolution and its aftermath and on urban history. His historical estimates of Gross Product measures are still being referred to in the literature, although some are also challenged by other economic historians such as Angus Maddison. Bairoch argues that free trade contributed to deindustrialization in the Ottoman Empire. In contrast to the protectionism of China, Japan, and Spain, the Ottoman Empire had a liberal trade policy, open to foreign imports. This has origins in capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, dating back to the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with capitulations in 1673 and 1740, which lowered duties to 3% for imports and exports. The liberal Ottoman policies were praised by British economists such as J. R. McCulloch in his Dictionary of Commerce (1834), but later criticized by British politicians such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, who cited the Ottoman Empire as "an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition" in the 1846 Corn Laws debate: There has been free trade in Turkey, and what has it produced? It has destroyed some of the finest manufactures of the world. As late as 1812 these manufactures existed; but they have been destroyed. That was the consequences of competition in Turkey, and its effects have been as pernicious as the effects of the contrary principle in Spain. Quotes "L'occident n'a pas besoin du tiers monde, ce qui est une mauvaise nouvelle pour le tiers monde." ("The West doesn't need the third world, which is bad news for the third world.") – Paul Bairoch, Le tiers monde dans l'impasse (1992) "L'occident n'avait pas besoin du tiers monde, ce qui est une bonne nouvelle pour le tiers monde." ("The West didn't need the third world, which is good news for the third world.") – Paul Bairoch, Mythes et paradoxes de l'histoire économique Paul Bairoch referred here to colonialism and to the exploitation of the third world in the 19th and early 20th century. He argued that this exploitation was not indispensable for industrialisation. This he thought is "good news" for the third world because it means that development could occur without exploitation of other regions. "S’il me fallait résumer ce que l’essence de l’histoire économique peut apporter à la science économique, je dirais qu’il n’existe pas de « lois » ou règles en économie qui soient valables pour toutes les périodes de l’histoire ou pour chacun des systèmes économiques." ("If I had to summarise the essence of what economic history can contribute to economic science, I would say that there exist no "laws" or rules in economics which are valid for all periods of history or for every economic system") – Paul Bairoch, Mythes et paradoxes de l'histoire économique (1993) Books and monographs Le mythe de la croissance économique rapide au XIXe siècle. 1962 Le processus et l'amorce de la croissance économique. La formation des prix des fruits, légumes et produits laitiers (with Georges Thorn). Bruxelles: Université libre de Bruxelles, Institut de sociologie, 1964 La baisse des coûts des transports et le développement économique. 1965 Niveaux de développement économique de 1810 áa 1910. 1965 L'économie belge et internationale (with T. Deldycke and others). Institut de sociologie, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1965. Originalités et conséquences de la révolution industrielle. 1966 Le rôle de l'agriculture dans la création de la sidérurgie moderne. 1966 Evolution de la population active dans le monde par branches et par régions, 1880–1960. 1968 La population active et sa structure. Sous la direction de P. Bairoch par T. Deldycke, H. Gelders J.-M. Limbor avec la participation de G. Lefevere, G. Thorn G. Vandenabeele. Diagnostic de l'évolution économique du Tiers-monde, 1900–1968. 4th edition. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1970 De tertiaire sector; studie over de invloed der ontwikkeling op de vermindering van de omvang der economische fluctuaties (with others) Bruxelles: Institut de sociologie de l'Université libre, Le Tiers monde en l'an 2000 (with Pierre Masse). Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1971. Trend in 1960–1967 and short term prospects of the Third World economy. Dakar: United Nations, African Institute for Economic Development and Planning, 1971. Le Tiers-Monde dans l'impasse. Le démarrage économique du XVIIIe au XXe siècle. Gallimard, 1971. Le chômage urbain dans les pays en voie de développement: présentation générale du problème et éléments d'une solution. Genève: Bureau International du Travail, 1972. Révolution industrielle et sous-développement. Fourth edition, Paris: Mouton, 1974. The economic development of the Third World since 1900. 1975 Urban Unemployment in Developing Countries: The Nature of the Problem and Proposals for Its Solutions International Labour Office; 2nd edition, June 1976 Commerce extérieur et développement économique de l'Europe au XIX siècle. Paris: Mouton, 1976. Taille des villes, conditions de vie et développement économique. Paris: Éd. de l'École des hautes études en sociales, 1977. Disparities in Economic Development Since the Industrial Revolution (Paul Bairoch and Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, eds.) Palgrave: Macmillan, 1981. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981. Structure par produits des exportations du Tiers-monde 1830–1937 (with Bouda Etemad) Genève: Droz, 1985. Les passages des économies traditionnelles européennes aux sociétés industrielles: quatrième rencontre franco-suisse d'histoire économique et sociale.(ed. by Paul Bairoch and Anne-Marie Piuz). Genève: Droz, 1985. Histoire économique De Jéricho à Mexico. Villes et économie dans l’histoire. Gallimard, 1985 La population des villes européennes: 800–1850: banque de données et analyse sommaire des résultats (with Jean Batou and Pierre Chèvre) Genève: Droz, 1988. Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. Translated by Christopher Braider. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988 La Suisse dans l'économie mondiale (with Martin Körner). Genève: Droz, 1990. World energy production, 1800–1985 = Production mondiale d'énergie (with Etemad Bouda & Jean Luciani; under the direction of Paul Bairoch & Jean-Claude Toutain) Genève: Librairie Droz, 1991 Liber amicorum: Henri Vander Eycken (with Henri Vander Eycken). Brussels: VUBPress, 1991. Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago Press, 1993 Autour de l'histoire sociale du temps. Zurich: Chronos Verlag, 1997. Victoires et déboires: histoire économique et sociale du monde du XVIe siècle à nos jours (3 Vols). Gallimard, 1997. L'agriculture des pays développés, 1800 à nos jours: production, productivité, rendements. Paris: Economica, c1999 Selected articles This section may contain excessive or irrelevant examples. Please help improve the article by adding descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. (February 2023) Paul Bairoch and J.-M. Limbor, "Changes in the Industrial Distribution of the World Labour Force, by Region, 1880–1960," International Labour Review, 98 (1968), pp. 311–336; "Population urbaine et taille des villes en Europe de 1600 à 1970," Revue d'histoire économique et sociale, Vol. 54, pp. 304–335 "Structure de la population active mondiale de 1700 à 1970," Annales E.S.C., 26 (1971), pp. 960–976. "Free Trade and European Economic Development in the Nineteenth Century’. IN: European Economic Review, 3, 1972. "Agriculture and the industrial revolution 1700–1914", in: Carlo Cipolla (ed.), The Industrial Revolution – Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. 3. London: Collins/Fontana, 1973 "Commerce international et genese de la revolution industrielle anglaise." In: Annales, 28, pp. 541–571, 1973 "European Foreign Trade in the XIX Century: The Development of the Value and Volume of Exports (Preliminary Results)", in: Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 2, no. 1, 1973 "Geographical Structure and Trade Balance of European Foreign Trade from 1800 to 1970" in: Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 3, no. 3, 1974 "European Gross National Product 1800–1975", in: Journal of European Economic History, 5, 1976. "Reply to Mr. Gunder Frank's Commentary", in: Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 5, n. 2, 1976 "Le volume des productions et du produit national dans le Tiers monde, 1900–1977". In: Tiers-monde, 20(80) oct./dec. 1979: 669–691 "Nature de la technologie et problematique du demarrage economique". Chronique sociale de France, cahier 6, décembre 1969, 77e année, p. 15–26 "International industrialization levels from 1750 to 1980", in: Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 11, no's 1 & 2, Fall 1982. "Employment and Large Cities: Problems and Outlook". International Labour Review, v121 n5 p519-33 Sep–Oct 1982 "Libre-echange et protectionnisme, idées reçues et réalités: les enseignements de l'histoire". In: Economie et humanisme, no 277, mai-juin 1984, p. 8–18 "Les mesures de conversion des énergies primaires. Historique des unités et présentation des coefficients", Histoire & Mesure, Vol. I – N° 3/4, 1986. "Factors of urbanisation in the nineteenth century developed countries: a descriptive and econometric analysis" (with Gary Goertz) Urban studies, Vol. 23, no. 4, Aug. 1986. "Historical Roots of Economic Underdevelopment: Myths and Realities". in: W. J. Mommsen & J. Osterhammel(ed.). Imperialism and After. Continuities and Discontinuities. Londres: Allen & Unwin, 1986. Burke, Susan; Bairoch, Paul (June 1989). "Chapter I - European trade policy, 1815–1914". In Mathias, Peter; Pollard, Sidney (eds.). The Industrial Economies: The Development of Economic and Social Policies. The Cambridge Economic History of Europe from the Decline of the Roman Empire. Vol. 8. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–160. doi:10.1017/chol9780521225045.002. ISBN 978-0521225045. "Urbanization and the Economy in Preindustrial Societies: the Findings of Two Decades of Research", in: Journal of European Economic History vol. 18, no. 2 1989 "La Literature Periodique d'histoire economique contemporaine" (with Bouda Etemad), in: Annales E.S.C., 47, 1987 "The Impact of Crop Yields, Agricultural Productivity, and Transport Costs on Urban Growth between 1800 and 1910". In: A M van der Woude, Akira Hayami, Jan De Vries (eds.) Urbanization in history: a process of dynamic interactions. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. "L'industrie manufacturière suisse: succès et déboires: une perspective internationale et historique (1830–1990)". In: Passé pluriel: en hommage au professeur Roland Ruffieux. Fribourg: Ed. universitaires, 1991. "The City and Technological Innovation" in Favorites of Fortune; Technology, Growth, and Economic Development since the Industrial Revolution. Edited by Patrice Higonnet, David S. Landes and Henry Rosovsky. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991 "La Belgique dans le commerce international, 1830–1990", in: Paul Klep & Eddy van Cauweberge (eds.), Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th–20th Centuries). Essays in Honour of Herman van der Wee, Leuven 1994. "Globalisation myths: some historical reflections on integration, industrialisation and growth in the world economy" (with Richard Kozul-Wright). UNCTAD discussion paper UNCTAD/OSG/DP/113 March 1996 Archived 2007-06-11 at the Wayback Machine "Globalization, myths and realities: One century of external trade and foreign investment", in R. Boyer and D. Drache, (eds), States Against Markets: The Limits of Globalisation. London: Routledge, 1996. "Les exportations d’articles manufacturés de la Suisse dans le contexte international (1840–1994)". In: Martin Körner und François Walter (ed.), Quand la Montagneaussi a une Histoire. Festschrift für J.-F. Bergier. Bern: Verlag Paul Haupt: Bern, 1996, pp. 205–234 "New Estimates of Agricultural Productivity and Yields of Developed Countries, 1800–1990," in Amit Bhaduri and Rune Skarstein, eds., Economic Development and Agricultural Productivity, Cheltenham, U.K., Edward Elgar, 1997, pp. 45–64. "The impact of globalization on employment in Europe" in: Trade and jobs in Europe: much ado about nothing?, edited by Mathias Dewatripont, André Sapir, and Khalid Sekkat. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. "The Constituent Economic Principles of Globalization in Historical Perspective." International Sociology, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 197–214, 2000 About Paul Bairoch Towards an international economic and social history: essays in honour of Paul Bairoch. Genève: Ed. Passé Présent, 1995. Bouda Etemad and Jean Batou, "Paul Bairoch (1930–1999)" in Revue d'histoire suisse, vol. 49, n° 3, 1999, pp. 391–394. Patrick Verley, "In Memoriam: Paul Bairoch (1930–1999)", Revue économique, Vol. 51, No. 2. A. M. Piuz, "Paul Bairoch", Journal of European Economic History, vol 29, no. 1, 2000 See also Angus Maddison James Morris Blaut Andre Gunder Frank References ^ ^ Paul Bairoch (1995). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago Press. pp. 31–32. External links Paul Bairoch Library Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Australia Greece Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"economic historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history"},{"link_name":"historical demography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_demography"}],"text":"Paul Bairoch (24 July 1930 in Antwerp – 12 February 1999 in Geneva) was a (in 1985 naturalised) Swiss economic historian of Belgian descent who specialized in urban history and historical demography. He published or co-authored more than two dozen books and 120 scholarly articles. His most important works emphasize the agricultural preconditions necessary for industrialization and controversially claim, contrary to most scholars that colonization was not beneficial to colonial empires. He argued that tariffs and growth were positively correlated in the 19th\ncentury.","title":"Paul Bairoch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecole_Pratique_des_Hautes_Etudes"},{"link_name":"Free University of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_University_of_Brussels_(1834%E2%80%931969)"},{"link_name":"General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade"},{"link_name":"Sir George Williams University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Williams_University"},{"link_name":"Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"Fernand Braudel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Braudel"},{"link_name":"University of Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Geneva"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard"},{"link_name":"Collège de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France"},{"link_name":"Doctor honoris causa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_honoris_causa"},{"link_name":"ETH Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Zurich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Bairoch gained a bachelor's degree by correspondence, intending to become an engineer but he turned to studying economic history in 1956 at the parisian Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. He obtained his doctorate in 1963 at the Free University of Brussels where he worked from 1965 to 1995. He was economic adviser to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) at Geneva from 1967 to 1969, professor at the Sir George Williams University (Concordia) in Montréal from 1969 to 1971 and on recommendation of Fernand Braudel became director of studies at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes from 1971 to 1972. In 1972 he was made professor of history at the University of Geneva. He retired in 1995. He was also visiting professor at Harvard and at the Collège de France (1983) and Doctor honoris causa at the ETH Zurich. From 1985, Bairoch directed a number of research projects on the world economy at a Centre for International Economic History in Geneva.[1]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Third World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World"},{"link_name":"Third World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World"},{"link_name":"industrial takeoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostovian_take-off_model"},{"link_name":"industrial revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution"},{"link_name":"Gross Product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product"},{"link_name":"Angus Maddison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Maddison"},{"link_name":"free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"protectionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism"},{"link_name":"liberal trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism"},{"link_name":"capitulations of the Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"capitulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulation_(treaty)"},{"link_name":"duties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_(economics)"},{"link_name":"J. R. McCulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._McCulloch"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Disraeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli"},{"link_name":"Corn Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Laws"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Paul Bairoch sought through quantitative, empirical research of historical trends to question and challenge many beliefs which are nowadays generally accepted in economics (see in particular his work Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes), among which: the idea that free trade historically led to periods of economic growth; that moving away from free trade caused the Great Depression; and that colonial powers in the 19th and early 20th centuries became rich by exploiting the Third World.Bairoch argued that such beliefs are based on insufficient knowledge and misguided interpretations of the economic history of the United States, Europe and the Third World. He researched extensively the reasons why an industrial takeoff was prevented in the colonised countries of the Third World (see e.g. his book Révolution industrielle et sous-développement). He is particularly known for his detailed empirical research on economic problems of Third World countries, on the industrial revolution and its aftermath and on urban history. His historical estimates of Gross Product measures are still being referred to in the literature, although some are also challenged by other economic historians such as Angus Maddison.Bairoch argues that free trade contributed to deindustrialization in the Ottoman Empire. In contrast to the protectionism of China, Japan, and Spain, the Ottoman Empire had a liberal trade policy, open to foreign imports. This has origins in capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, dating back to the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with capitulations in 1673 and 1740, which lowered duties to 3% for imports and exports. The liberal Ottoman policies were praised by British economists such as J. R. McCulloch in his Dictionary of Commerce (1834), but later criticized by British politicians such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, who cited the Ottoman Empire as \"an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition\" in the 1846 Corn Laws debate:[2]There has been free trade in Turkey, and what has it produced? It has destroyed some of the finest manufactures of the world. As late as 1812 these manufactures existed; but they have been destroyed. That was the consequences of competition in Turkey, and its effects have been as pernicious as the effects of the contrary principle in Spain.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"L'occident n'a pas besoin du tiers monde, ce qui est une mauvaise nouvelle pour le tiers monde.\" (\"The West doesn't need the third world, which is bad news for the third world.\") – Paul Bairoch, Le tiers monde dans l'impasse (1992)\"L'occident n'avait pas besoin du tiers monde, ce qui est une bonne nouvelle pour le tiers monde.\" (\"The West didn't need the third world, which is good news for the third world.\") – Paul Bairoch, Mythes et paradoxes de l'histoire économiquePaul Bairoch referred here to colonialism and to the exploitation of the third world in the 19th and early 20th century. He argued that this exploitation was not indispensable for industrialisation. This he thought is \"good news\" for the third world because it means that development could occur without exploitation of other regions.\"S’il me fallait résumer ce que l’essence de l’histoire économique peut apporter à la science économique, je dirais qu’il n’existe pas de « lois » ou règles en économie qui soient valables pour toutes les périodes de l’histoire ou pour chacun des systèmes économiques.\" (\"If I had to summarise the essence of what economic history can contribute to economic science, I would say that there exist no \"laws\" or rules in economics which are valid for all periods of history or for every economic system\") – Paul Bairoch, Mythes et paradoxes de l'histoire économique (1993)","title":"Quotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Chicago Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press"}],"text":"Le mythe de la croissance économique rapide au XIXe siècle. 1962\nLe processus et l'amorce de la croissance économique. [1963]\nLa formation des prix des fruits, légumes et produits laitiers (with Georges Thorn). Bruxelles: Université libre de Bruxelles, Institut de sociologie, 1964\nLa baisse des coûts des transports et le développement économique. 1965\nNiveaux de développement économique de 1810 áa 1910. 1965\nL'économie belge et internationale (with T. Deldycke and others). Institut de sociologie, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1965.\nOriginalités et conséquences de la révolution industrielle. 1966\nLe rôle de l'agriculture dans la création de la sidérurgie moderne. 1966\nEvolution de la population active dans le monde par branches et par régions, 1880–1960. 1968\nLa population active et sa structure. Sous la direction de P. Bairoch par T. Deldycke, H. Gelders [et] J.-M. Limbor avec la participation de G. Lefevere, G. Thorn [et] G. Vandenabeele. [1968]\nDiagnostic de l'évolution économique du Tiers-monde, 1900–1968. 4th edition. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1970\nDe tertiaire sector; studie over de invloed der ontwikkeling op de vermindering van de omvang der economische fluctuaties (with others) Bruxelles: Institut de sociologie de l'Université libre, [1970]\nLe Tiers monde en l'an 2000 (with Pierre Masse). Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1971.\nTrend in 1960–1967 and short term prospects of the Third World economy. Dakar: United Nations, African Institute for Economic Development and Planning, 1971.\nLe Tiers-Monde dans l'impasse. Le démarrage économique du XVIIIe au XXe siècle. Gallimard, 1971.\nLe chômage urbain dans les pays en voie de développement: présentation générale du problème et éléments d'une solution. Genève: Bureau International du Travail, 1972.\nRévolution industrielle et sous-développement. Fourth edition, Paris: Mouton, 1974.\nThe economic development of the Third World since 1900. 1975\nUrban Unemployment in Developing Countries: The Nature of the Problem and Proposals for Its Solutions International Labour Office; 2nd edition, June 1976\nCommerce extérieur et développement économique de l'Europe au XIX siècle. Paris: Mouton, 1976.\nTaille des villes, conditions de vie et développement économique. Paris: Éd. de l'École des hautes études en sociales, 1977.\nDisparities in Economic Development Since the Industrial Revolution (Paul Bairoch and Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, eds.) Palgrave: Macmillan, 1981. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981.\nStructure par produits des exportations du Tiers-monde 1830–1937 (with Bouda Etemad) Genève: Droz, 1985.\nLes passages des économies traditionnelles européennes aux sociétés industrielles: quatrième rencontre franco-suisse d'histoire économique et sociale.(ed. by Paul Bairoch and Anne-Marie Piuz). Genève: Droz, 1985.\nHistoire économique De Jéricho à Mexico. Villes et économie dans l’histoire. Gallimard, 1985\nLa population des villes européennes: 800–1850: banque de données et analyse sommaire des résultats (with Jean Batou and Pierre Chèvre) Genève: Droz, 1988.\nCities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. Translated by Christopher Braider. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988\nLa Suisse dans l'économie mondiale (with Martin Körner). Genève: Droz, 1990.\nWorld energy production, 1800–1985 = Production mondiale d'énergie (with Etemad Bouda & Jean Luciani; under the direction of Paul Bairoch & Jean-Claude Toutain) Genève: Librairie Droz, 1991\nLiber amicorum: Henri Vander Eycken (with Henri Vander Eycken). Brussels: VUBPress, 1991.\nEconomics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago Press, 1993\nAutour de l'histoire sociale du temps. Zurich: Chronos Verlag, 1997.\nVictoires et déboires: histoire économique et sociale du monde du XVIe siècle à nos jours (3 Vols). Gallimard, 1997.\nL'agriculture des pays développés, 1800 à nos jours: production, productivité, rendements. Paris: Economica, c1999","title":"Books and monographs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlo Cipolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Cipolla"},{"link_name":"Chronique sociale de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronique_sociale_de_France"},{"link_name":"W. J. Mommsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._J._Mommsen"},{"link_name":"Mathias, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mathias"},{"link_name":"Pollard, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Pollard"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/chol9780521225045.002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521225045.002"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521225045","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521225045"},{"link_name":"David S. Landes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Landes"},{"link_name":"Henry Rosovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rosovsky"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Herman van der Wee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_van_der_Wee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unctad.org/en/docs/dp_113.en.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070611201341/http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/dp_113.en.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"Paul Bairoch and J.-M. Limbor, \"Changes in the Industrial Distribution of the World Labour Force, by Region, 1880–1960,\" International Labour Review, 98 (1968), pp. 311–336;\n\"Population urbaine et taille des villes en Europe de 1600 à 1970,\" Revue d'histoire économique et sociale, Vol. 54, pp. 304–335\n\"Structure de la population active mondiale de 1700 à 1970,\" Annales E.S.C., 26 (1971), pp. 960–976.\n\"Free Trade and European Economic Development in the Nineteenth Century’. IN: European Economic Review, 3, 1972.\n\"Agriculture and the industrial revolution 1700–1914\", in: Carlo Cipolla (ed.), The Industrial Revolution – Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. 3. London: Collins/Fontana, 1973\n\"Commerce international et genese de la revolution industrielle anglaise.\" In: Annales, 28, pp. 541–571, 1973\n\"European Foreign Trade in the XIX Century: The Development of the Value and Volume of Exports (Preliminary Results)\", in: Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 2, no. 1, 1973\n\"Geographical Structure and Trade Balance of European Foreign Trade from 1800 to 1970\" in: Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 3, no. 3, 1974\n\"European Gross National Product 1800–1975\", in: Journal of European Economic History, 5, 1976.\n\"Reply to Mr. Gunder Frank's Commentary\", in: Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 5, n. 2, 1976\n\"Le volume des productions et du produit national dans le Tiers monde, 1900–1977\". In: Tiers-monde, 20(80) oct./dec. 1979: 669–691\n\"Nature de la technologie et problematique du demarrage economique\". Chronique sociale de France, cahier 6, décembre 1969, 77e année, p. 15–26\n\"International industrialization levels from 1750 to 1980\", in: Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 11, no's 1 & 2, Fall 1982.\n\"Employment and Large Cities: Problems and Outlook\". International Labour Review, v121 n5 p519-33 Sep–Oct 1982\n\"Libre-echange et protectionnisme, idées reçues et réalités: les enseignements de l'histoire\". In: Economie et humanisme, no 277, mai-juin 1984, p. 8–18\n\"Les mesures de conversion des énergies primaires. Historique des unités et présentation des coefficients\", Histoire & Mesure, Vol. I – N° 3/4, 1986.\n\"Factors of urbanisation in the nineteenth century developed countries: a descriptive and econometric analysis\" (with Gary Goertz) Urban studies, Vol. 23, no. 4, Aug. 1986.\n\"Historical Roots of Economic Underdevelopment: Myths and Realities\". in: W. J. Mommsen & J. Osterhammel(ed.). Imperialism and After. Continuities and Discontinuities. Londres: Allen & Unwin, 1986.\nBurke, Susan; Bairoch, Paul (June 1989). \"Chapter I - European trade policy, 1815–1914\". In Mathias, Peter; Pollard, Sidney (eds.). The Industrial Economies: The Development of Economic and Social Policies. The Cambridge Economic History of Europe from the Decline of the Roman Empire. Vol. 8. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–160. doi:10.1017/chol9780521225045.002. ISBN 978-0521225045.\n\"Urbanization and the Economy in Preindustrial Societies: the Findings of Two Decades of Research\", in: Journal of European Economic History vol. 18, no. 2 1989\n\"La Literature Periodique d'histoire economique contemporaine\" (with Bouda Etemad), in: Annales E.S.C., 47, 1987\n\"The Impact of Crop Yields, Agricultural Productivity, and Transport Costs on Urban Growth between 1800 and 1910\". In: A M van der Woude, Akira Hayami, Jan De Vries (eds.) Urbanization in history: a process of dynamic interactions. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.\n\"L'industrie manufacturière suisse: succès et déboires: une perspective internationale et historique (1830–1990)\". In: Passé pluriel: en hommage au professeur Roland Ruffieux. Fribourg: Ed. universitaires, 1991.\n\"The City and Technological Innovation\" in Favorites of Fortune; Technology, Growth, and Economic Development since the Industrial Revolution. Edited by Patrice Higonnet, David S. Landes and Henry Rosovsky. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991\n\"La Belgique dans le commerce international, 1830–1990\", in: Paul Klep & Eddy van Cauweberge (eds.), Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th–20th Centuries). Essays in Honour of Herman van der Wee, Leuven 1994.\n\"Globalisation myths: some historical reflections on integration, industrialisation and growth in the world economy\" (with Richard Kozul-Wright). UNCTAD discussion paper UNCTAD/OSG/DP/113 March 1996 [2] Archived 2007-06-11 at the Wayback Machine\n\"Globalization, myths and realities: One century of external trade and foreign investment\", in R. Boyer and D. Drache, (eds), States Against Markets: The Limits of Globalisation. London: Routledge, 1996.\n\"Les exportations d’articles manufacturés de la Suisse dans le contexte international (1840–1994)\". In: Martin Körner und François Walter (ed.), Quand la Montagneaussi a une Histoire. Festschrift für J.-F. Bergier. Bern: Verlag Paul Haupt: Bern, 1996, pp. 205–234\n\"New Estimates of Agricultural Productivity and Yields of Developed Countries, 1800–1990,\" in Amit Bhaduri and Rune Skarstein, eds., Economic Development and Agricultural Productivity, Cheltenham, U.K., Edward Elgar, 1997, pp. 45–64.\n\"The impact of globalization on employment in Europe\" in: Trade and jobs in Europe: much ado about nothing?, edited by Mathias Dewatripont, André Sapir, and Khalid Sekkat. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.\n\"The Constituent Economic Principles of Globalization in Historical Perspective.\" International Sociology, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 197–214, 2000","title":"Selected articles"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Towards an international economic and social history: essays in honour of Paul Bairoch. Genève: Ed. Passé Présent, 1995.\nBouda Etemad and Jean Batou, \"Paul Bairoch (1930–1999)\" in Revue d'histoire suisse, vol. 49, n° 3, 1999, pp. 391–394.\nPatrick Verley, \"In Memoriam: Paul Bairoch (1930–1999)\", Revue économique, Vol. 51, No. 2.\nA. M. Piuz, \"Paul Bairoch\", Journal of European Economic History, vol 29, no. 1, 2000","title":"About Paul Bairoch"}]
[]
[{"title":"Angus Maddison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Maddison"},{"title":"James Morris Blaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Morris_Blaut"},{"title":"Andre Gunder Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank"}]
[{"reference":"Burke, Susan; Bairoch, Paul (June 1989). \"Chapter I - European trade policy, 1815–1914\". In Mathias, Peter; Pollard, Sidney (eds.). The Industrial Economies: The Development of Economic and Social Policies. The Cambridge Economic History of Europe from the Decline of the Roman Empire. Vol. 8. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–160. doi:10.1017/chol9780521225045.002. ISBN 978-0521225045.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mathias","url_text":"Mathias, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Pollard","url_text":"Pollard, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521225045.002","url_text":"10.1017/chol9780521225045.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521225045","url_text":"978-0521225045"}]},{"reference":"Paul Bairoch (1995). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago Press. pp. 31–32.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/document/193124153/Economics-and-World-History-Myths-and-Paradoxes-Paul-Bairoch","url_text":"Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press","url_text":"University of Chicago Press"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Slovakia
List of newspapers in Slovakia
["1 Daily newspapers","2 Weekly newspapers","3 Free regional weekly newspapers","4 Other language newspapers","5 Defunct","6 See also","7 References"]
Below is a list of newspapers published in Slovakia. Daily newspapers Title Website Established Owner Notes SME website 1993 Petit Press the best-selling Slovak political-oriented daily, centre-right in political orientation Korzár website 1998 Petit Press political-oriented daily on East of Slovakia, the only daily regional newspaper in Slovakia Denník N website 2015 N Press political-oriented daily, centre-right in political orientation Pravda website 1920 OUR MEDIA SR political-oriented daily, centre-left in political orientation, the oldest daily newspaper in Slovakia Hospodárske noviny website 1993 MAFRA Slovakia business-oriented daily Nový Čas website 1991 News and Media Holding tabloid, the best-selling newspaper in Slovakia Plus jeden deň website 2006 News and Media Holding tabloid Denník Šport website 1947 Šport Press sport-oriented daily Weekly newspapers Title Website Established Owner Notes MY website Petit Press multi-regional newspaper Katolícke noviny website 1849 Spolok svätého Vojtecha Christian newspaper Prešovský večerník website 1990 regional newspaper based in Prešov Roľnícke noviny website 1930 Profi Press farming and agricultural newspaper Sninské noviny website 2002 regional newspaper based in Snina Záhorák website 1960 Záhorák regional newspaper Zdravotnícke noviny website 1952 News and Media Holding medical newspaper Žilinský večerník website 1991 Publishing House regional newspaper based in Žilina Free regional weekly newspapers Title Website Owner Notes ECHO website Petit Press multi-regional newspapers Pardon website Petit Press multi-regional newspapers Regionálne noviny website Region Press multi-regional newspapers Bratislavský kuriér website Staromešťan regional newspaper based in Bratislava Bratislavské noviny website Nivel Plus regional newspaper based in Bratislava Other language newspapers Title Website Language Established Owner Notes The Slovak Spectator website English 1995 Petit Press Új Szó website Hungarian 1948 DUEL - PRESS Defunct Title Established Ceased publication Owner Notes Košický večer 1969 2004 Petit Press daily regional newspaper based in Košice Národná obroda 1990 2005 Pegas 2 Slovakia daily newspaper 24 hodín 2005 2006 Pegas 2 Slovakia daily newspaper Kysucký večerník 2013 2017 Publishing House weekly regional newspaper Noviny Poprad 1990 2019 mesto Poprad weekly regional newspaper based in Poprad Podtatranské noviny 1960 2020 weekly regional newspaper based in Poprad See also List of newspapers References ^ "." trend.sk. Retrieved on November 4. "Národná obroda by dnes mala osemnásť rokov." ^ "." trend.sk. Retrieved on November 4. "Národná obroda by dnes mala osemnásť rokov." ^ "." trend.sk. Retrieved on November 4. "Na Kysuciach bude čo čítať. V regióne pribudol tretí týždenník." ^ "." noviny-poprad.sk. Retrieved on November 4. 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Čas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_%C4%8Das"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cas.sk/"},{"link_name":"Plus jeden deň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_jeden_de%C5%88"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pluska.sk/"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sport.aktuality.sk/"}],"text":"Title\n\nWebsite\n\nEstablished\n\nOwner\n\nNotes\n\n\nSME\nwebsite\n1993\nPetit Press\nthe best-selling Slovak political-oriented daily, centre-right in political orientation\n\n\nKorzár\nwebsite\n1998\nPetit Press\npolitical-oriented daily on East of Slovakia, the only daily regional newspaper in Slovakia\n\n\nDenník N\nwebsite\n2015\nN Press\npolitical-oriented daily, centre-right in political orientation\n\n\nPravda\nwebsite\n1920\nOUR MEDIA SR\npolitical-oriented daily, centre-left in political orientation, the oldest daily newspaper in Slovakia\n\n\nHospodárske noviny\nwebsite\n1993\nMAFRA Slovakia\nbusiness-oriented daily\n\n\nNový Čas\nwebsite\n1991\nNews and Media Holding\ntabloid, the best-selling newspaper in Slovakia\n\n\nPlus jeden deň\nwebsite\n2006\nNews and Media Holding\ntabloid\n\n\nDenník Šport\nwebsite\n1947\nŠport Press\nsport-oriented daily","title":"Daily newspapers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//myregiony.sme.sk/"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.katolickenoviny.sk/"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//presovsky-vecernik.sk/"},{"link_name":"Prešov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rno.sk/"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.snina.sk/zivot-v-meste/media/sninske-noviny/"},{"link_name":"Snina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snina"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zahorak.sk/"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mediweb.hnonline.sk/zdn"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zilinskyvecernik.sk/"},{"link_name":"Žilina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDilina"}],"text":"Title\n\nWebsite\n\nEstablished\n\nOwner\n\nNotes\n\n\nMY\nwebsite\n\nPetit Press\nmulti-regional newspaper\n\n\nKatolícke noviny\nwebsite\n1849\nSpolok svätého Vojtecha\nChristian newspaper\n\n\nPrešovský večerník\nwebsite\n1990\n\nregional newspaper based in Prešov\n\n\nRoľnícke noviny\nwebsite\n1930\nProfi Press\nfarming and agricultural newspaper\n\n\nSninské noviny\nwebsite\n2002\n\nregional newspaper based in Snina\n\n\nZáhorák\nwebsite\n1960\nZáhorák\nregional newspaper\n\n\nZdravotnícke noviny\nwebsite\n1952\nNews and Media Holding\nmedical newspaper\n\n\nŽilinský večerník\nwebsite\n1991\nPublishing House\nregional newspaper based in Žilina","title":"Weekly newspapers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//echo.sme.sk/"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pardon.sk/"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.regionpress.sk/"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bakurier.sk/"},{"link_name":"Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bratislavskenoviny.sk/"}],"text":"Title\n\nWebsite\n\nOwner\n\nNotes\n\n\nECHO\nwebsite\nPetit Press\nmulti-regional newspapers\n\n\nPardon\nwebsite\nPetit Press\nmulti-regional newspapers\n\n\nRegionálne noviny\nwebsite\nRegion Press\nmulti-regional newspapers\n\n\nBratislavský kuriér\nwebsite\nStaromešťan\nregional newspaper based in Bratislava\n\n\nBratislavské noviny\nwebsite\nNivel Plus\nregional newspaper based in Bratislava","title":"Free regional weekly newspapers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Slovak Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slovak_Spectator"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//spectator.sme.sk/"},{"link_name":"Új Szó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aj_Sz%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ujszo.com/"}],"text":"Title\n\nWebsite\n\nLanguage\n\nEstablished\n\nOwner\n\nNotes\n\n\nThe Slovak Spectator\nwebsite\nEnglish\n1995\nPetit Press\n\n\n\nÚj Szó\nwebsite\nHungarian\n1948\nDUEL - PRESS","title":"Other language newspapers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Košický večer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ick%C3%BD_ve%C4%8Der"},{"link_name":"Košice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice"},{"link_name":"Národná obroda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%A1_obroda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Poprad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poprad"},{"link_name":"Poprad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poprad"}],"text":"Title\n\nEstablished\n\nCeased publication\n\nOwner\n\nNotes\n\n\nKošický večer\n1969\n2004\nPetit Press\ndaily regional newspaper based in Košice\n\n\nNárodná obroda [1]\n1990\n2005\nPegas 2 Slovakia\ndaily newspaper\n\n\n24 hodín [2]\n2005\n2006\nPegas 2 Slovakia\ndaily newspaper\n\n\nKysucký večerník [3]\n2013\n2017\nPublishing House\nweekly regional newspaper\n\n\nNoviny Poprad [4]\n1990\n2019\nmesto Poprad\nweekly regional newspaper based in Poprad\n\n\nPodtatranské noviny\n1960\n2020\n\nweekly regional newspaper based in Poprad","title":"Defunct"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gastineau
Mark Gastineau
["1 College","2 Professional career","2.1 The \"New York Sack Exchange\"","2.2 Defensive Player of the Year","2.3 1986 playoffs","2.4 1987 NFL Players' strike","2.5 Retirement","3 NFL career statistics","4 Boxing","5 Personal life","5.1 Legal issues","5.2 Health","6 Notes and references","7 External links"]
American gridiron football player (born 1956) American football player Mark GastineauNo. 99Position:Defensive endPersonal informationBorn: (1956-11-20) November 20, 1956 (age 67)Ardmore, Oklahoma, U.S.Height:6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)Weight:266 lb (121 kg)Career informationHigh school:Round Valley (Eagar, Arizona)College:Eastern Arizona (1975) Arizona State (1976) East Central (1977–1978)NFL draft:1979 / Round: 2 / Pick: 41Career history New York Jets (1979–1988) BC Lions (1990) Career highlights and awards NFL Defensive Player of the Year (1982) 4× First-team All-Pro (1982, 1983, 1984, 1985) Second-team All-Pro (1981) 5× Pro Bowl (1981–1985) 2× NFL sacks leader (1983, 1984) New York Jets Ring of Honor New York Jets All-Time Four Decade Team NFL record Most consecutive seasons as sacks leader: 2 (tied) Career NFL statisticsSacks:107.5Fumble recoveries:9Defensive touchdowns:2Player stats at PFR Marcus Dell Gastineau (born November 20, 1956) is an American former football defensive end who played for the New York Jets from 1979 to 1988. A five-time All-Pro and Pro Bowler, he was one of the quickest and most feared pass rushers of his generation, and the first player to lead the NFL in sacks in consecutive seasons. Gastineau was ranked no. 8 in National Football League (NFL) history on NFL Network's top 10 pass rushers. College He entered Eastern Arizona Junior College in 1975 and earned All-America honors in his first season. He transferred to Arizona State University, and spent just one season playing defensive end there before finally settling upon East Central Oklahoma State University, now East Central University, in Ada, Oklahoma. He had 27 quarterback sacks in his college career, and earned Outstanding Defensive Lineman honors for the North in the 1979 Senior Bowl. Gastineau became ECU's first-ever draft pick when the New York Jets selected him in the second round of the 1979 NFL Draft. Connie Carberg, the first female NFL scout in history, was credited with helping the Jets discover Gastineau. The team was coaching in the Senior Bowl and needed another defensive lineman on the roster due to a vacancy, so Carberg called several prospects before suggesting Gastineau to be the replacement based on a phone conversation with him. He was projected to be an eighth round draft pick at the time, but due to his performance in the Senior Bowl and other pre-draft processes, the Jets selected him in the second round. Professional career Gastineau was among the most talented and honored defensive linemen of his era. He made the Pro Bowl five straight seasons (1981–1985) and finished his ten-year career with 74 sacks. He was a First-team All-Pro in 1982–1984 and was consensus All-AFC in each of those years. The "New York Sack Exchange" In New York, Gastineau was a key part of the famed "New York Sack Exchange," the Jets defensive line that also included Joe Klecko, Marty Lyons and Abdul Salaam. The four combined for 66 sacks in 1981, including twenty by Gastineau (In 1981 sacks were unofficial, but Gastineau's 20 sacks trailed Klecko by only half a sack), to lead the Jets to their first playoff game since 1969. He was Second-team All-Pro in 1981 as well as being consensus All-AFC. In November 1981, he, Klecko, Lyons and Salaam were invited to ring the ceremonial opening bell at the New York Stock Exchange, which served as the inspiration for their nickname. With Klecko rupturing the patella tendon in his right knee in the second game of the strike shortened 1982 season against the New England Patriots, Gastineau became the new unofficial leader of the "Sack Exchange." Though he was often double teamed, he finished the season with six sacks, and was voted the NFL Defensive Player of the Year by NEA (and awarded the George Halas Trophy). The Jets made the playoffs again in 1982, losing the AFC Championship game to the Miami Dolphins. Defensive Player of the Year The 1983 season started with Gastineau and the Jets' first round pick of the 1983 NFL Draft, quarterback Ken O'Brien, being arrested and charged with assault at Studio 54. Despite this off-the-field indiscretion, Gastineau totaled 19 sacks to lead the NFL for the first time. Gastineau was nationally famous for doing his signature "Sack Dance" after sacking an opposing quarterback. However, he had to stop when the NFL declared it "unsportsmanlike taunting" in March 1984 and began fining players for it. The ban on the dance stemmed from a bench-clearing brawl in the third quarter of a 27–24 overtime win over the Los Angeles Rams at Shea Stadium on September 25, 1983, which began with a sack of Vince Ferragamo by Gastineau who was then shoved from behind by Jackie Slater, the right tackle he had beaten on the play. One month later on October 21, a total of $15,750 in fines was assessed by the NFL against 16 Jets ($7,300) and 21 Rams ($8,450), with Gastineau incurring a $1,000 penalty. Gastineau had his best individual season with an NFL record 22 sacks (leading the NFL for the second year in a row), 69 tackles and one fumble recovery for a touchdown in 1984. He was voted the UPI AFC Defensive Player of the Year, and was also named MVP of that season's Pro Bowl after tallying four sacks and a safety in that game. Gastineau's sack record stood for 17 years until Michael Strahan broke it in 2001. New defensive coordinator Bud Carson installed a 3-4 defense for the 1985 season. Gastineau shifted from left defensive end to right defensive end, although he did move him around to allow for mismatches. Gastineau broke his hand early in that season but still finished second in the league with 13½ sacks and was voted All-Pro by the NEA. The Jets finished 11–5 in 1985 to earn a wildcard spot in the playoffs along with fellow AFC East rivals, the New England Patriots. Gastineau recorded a sack in the Jets' 26–14 loss to the Pats at the Meadowlands. 1986 playoffs For the start of the 1986 season, Gastineau was featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated alongside New York Giants star linebacker Lawrence Taylor. Injuries limited Gastineau to just two sacks in ten games (his lowest total since his rookie season) as he was slowed by groin and abdominal muscle ailments and then by a damaged left knee that required arthroscopic surgery and forced him to miss the last five games of the regular season. Gastineau rebounded in the postseason, however, recording a sack in the Jets 35–15 wildcard round victory over the Kansas City Chiefs and 2+1⁄2 more in the divisional-round playoff game against the Cleveland Browns. Late in the fourth quarter of that game, though, with the Jets leading 20–10 and the Browns facing a second down and 24 from their own 18-yard line, Gastineau was called for a roughing the passer penalty. The play had originally resulted in an incomplete pass by Browns quarterback Bernie Kosar so instead of having a 3rd-and-24 situation, the 15-yard penalty on Gastineau gave the Browns a first down at their own 33. From there, the Browns drove the remaining 67 yards to a touchdown which cut the Jets' lead to 20–17. The Browns would later tie the game with 7 seconds remaining in regulation on a 22-yard field goal by Mark Moseley and win it on a 27-yard field goal by Moseley 2 minutes and 2 seconds into the second overtime period. After the game, Gastineau said that he hadn't been guilty of roughing and that he was "just following through." Teammate Marty Lyons, the Jets' other starting defensive end, defended Gastineau saying, "(Ben Dreith) is a referee who's known to take care of the quarterback." Joe Walton, the Jets' head coach would say only, "It was a very key play, Mark was just trying to do the best he could do." 1987 NFL Players' strike In 1987, Gastineau was the only Jet regular to immediately cross the picket line in that year's players' strike, citing his need to pay alimony. Teammate Dave Jennings said of this understandably unpopular move: "We expected it from Mark. He's always put himself in front of the team." The crossing brought to a head longstanding tensions between Gastineau and his teammates; he had never been popular in the locker room. Gastineau got into a fight with backup center Guy Bingham when he drove into the Jets complex early in the strike. Gastineau was later joined in crossing the picket line by teammates Marty Lyons and Joe Klecko, further undermining the players' strike. Retirement Gastineau led the AFC in sacks seven weeks into the 1988 season. He then abruptly announced his retirement soon after Brigitte Nielsen, to whom he had previously announced his engagement, claimed to be suffering from cancer of the uterus. The announcement was followed by a surge of investigation by local New York papers of whether she was telling the truth, reflecting citywide mistrust of Gastineau. At the time of his retirement, Gastineau was the NFL's all-time leader in sacks. Gastineau attempted a comeback with the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League in 1990, but was released after only four games. Gastineau was inducted into the New York Jets Ring of Honor on October 8, 2012. In 2022, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Gastineau to the PFRA Hall of Very Good Class of 2022. NFL career statistics Year Team Games Defense GP GS Sck Int FR TD 1979 NYJ 16 1 2.0* 0 0 0 1980 NYJ 16 16 11.5* 0 1 0 1981 NYJ 16 16 20.0* 0 2 0 1982 NYJ 9 9 6.0 0 0 0 1983 NYJ 16 16 19.0 0 2 1 1984 NYJ 16 16 22.0 0 1 1 1985 NYJ 16 12 13.5 0 3 0 1986 NYJ 10 7 2.0 0 0 0 1987 NYJ 15 7 4.5 0 0 0 1988 NYJ 7 7 7.0 0 1 0 Career 137 108 107.5 0 10 2 Sacks were not an official stat until 1982 Boxing In 1991, Gastineau began a career in boxing, lasting five years. In his first fight, Gastineau knocked out Derrick Dukes in the first round. Dukes, a professional wrestler, later admitted he took a dive. TV newsmagazine show 60 Minutes interviewed several others that fought Gastineau and were told to take dives to make Gastineau look good. His career ended in 1996 when he lost to another former football player, Alonzo Highsmith. In 18 career bouts, his record in boxing was 15 wins, two losses, and one no-contest. Personal life Gastineau has been married three times. His first wife, Lisa Gastineau and their daughter Brittny Gastineau starred in the E! reality television show, The Gastineau Girls. Gastineau has a son with actress Brigitte Nielsen, Killian Marcus. He was estranged from both children in 2010. Shortly after his release from prison in 2001, Gastineau claimed he had put his turbulent past behind him after he had a religious conversion to faith in Jesus Christ. Gastineau has appeared on programs such as The 700 Club to speak of his experience. Gastineau is a member of the choir at Times Square Church, where he married third wife JoAnn in 2007. Legal issues In 1984, Gastineau was found guilty of assaulting a patron at Studio 54. He was sentenced to 90 hours of community service, teaching football to inmates at Rikers Island. In 1991, Gastineau was arrested for picking up a package of amphetamine pills at Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport. He was sentenced to three years probation in 1993. In September 2000, Gastineau was sentenced to 18 months in jail after failing to complete an anger management course after hitting his second wife Patricia. Health In 2016, Gastineau was diagnosed with dementia, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Gastineau said he believed the illnesses could be traced back to football, stating he wanted to continue to teach younger football players how to play the game safely. He blames the brain diseases on poor tackling technique. In March 2019, Gastineau revealed that he had been battling colon cancer. Notes and references ^ With Reggie White and T. J. Watt. ^ 1985 Topps Football Card, #337 Mark Gastineau ^ "Mark Gastineau Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved April 18, 2024. ^ Mell, Randall (April 17, 1987). "Carberg earned her stripes as scout". Fort Lauderdale News. Retrieved June 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Cimini, Rich (September 6, 2008). "Jets defense looking to regain glory days of Sack Exchange". New York Daily News. ^ "New York Jets 0 at Miami Dolphins 14". Pro-Football-Reference.com. January 23, 1983. ^ Zimmerman, Paul (September 3, 1984). "The Verdict Is In On Practice: Ken O'Brien and Mark Gastineau spent the week in court, not training camp, but still led the Jets to victory". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. ^ Eskenazi, Gerald (October 22, 1983). "16 Jets and 21 Rams Fined by League over Brawl at Shea". The New York Times. Retrieved April 21, 2021. ^ Newman, Bruce (September 5, 1984). "No! No! No! Gastineau!". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved April 21, 2021. ^ "New England Patriots 26 at New York Jets 14". Pro-Football-Reference.com. December 28, 1985. ^ "New York Jets 35, Kansas City Chiefs 15". Pro-Football-Reference.com. December 28, 1986. ^ "New York Jets 20 at Cleveland Browns 23". Pro-Football-Reference.com. January 3, 1987. ^ Anderson, Dave (October 4, 1987). "It's Time for the Jets to Sack Mark Gastineau". New York Times. ^ a b "Gastineau retires from football". UPI. United Press International. October 21, 1988. Retrieved September 27, 2017. ^ "Brigitte Nielsen Is Ill; Jets' Gastineau Quits". Los Angeles Times. October 21, 1988. ^ Eskenazi, Gerald (1998). Gang Green: An Irreverent Look Behind the Scenes at Thirty-Eight (Well, Thirty-Seven) Seasons of New York Jets Football Futility. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 243–244. ISBN 0-684-84115-0. ^ "THE SIDELINES : B.C. Lions Release Gastineau". Los Angeles Times. September 5, 1990. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ^ a b Holt, John (October 7, 2012). "The 'Honor' Is Incredible for Mark Gastineau". New York Jets.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2019. ^ Professional Football Researchers Association. "PFRA's Hall of Very Good Class of 2022". Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ Caplan, David (January 12, 2010). "Brittny Gastineau Meets 20-Year-Old Half-Brother for First Time". People. Retrieved February 5, 2019. ^ Baker, Ken; Fultz, Ashley (January 9, 2010). "Inside Brittny Gastineau's Family Reunion". E!. Retrieved February 5, 2019. ^ Garber, Greg (January 4, 2002). "Gastineau ready to put his (track) record behind him". ESPN.com. Retrieved October 3, 2009. ^ "Gastineau sent to Rikers Island – as a teacher". United Press International. November 20, 1984. Retrieved February 5, 2019. ^ "Gastineau Gets Out of Jail". The New York Times. Associated Press. January 1, 1993. Retrieved February 5, 2019. ^ a b "Gastineau Gets Jail Time". CBS News. September 13, 2000. Retrieved February 5, 2019. ^ Wilson, Ryan (January 20, 2017). "Ex-Jets great Mark Gastineau: Diagnosed with dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's". CBS. ^ Walder, Seth (January 20, 2017). "Jets legend Mark Gastineau suffering from dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease". NY Daily News. Retrieved January 20, 2017. ^ Cimini, Rich (January 20, 2017). "Ex-Jet Mark Gastineau battling multiple brain diseases". ESPN. ^ Greenawalt, Tyler (March 20, 2019). "Jets legend Mark Gastineau reveals he's battling colon cancer". Jets Wire. USA Today. Retrieved March 21, 2019. External links Boxing record for Mark Gastineau from BoxRec (registration required) vteNew York Jets 1979 NFL draft selections Marty Lyons Mark Gastineau Donald Dykes Eric Cunningham Johnny Lynn Kelly Kirchbaum Stan Blinka Bill Dufek Emmett King Keith Brown Marshall K. Harris Willie Beamon Gordy Sprattler Steve Sybeldon Ed McGlasson Dan Sanders Paul Darby vteNFL annual sacks leaders (Deacon Jones Award) 1982: Martin 1983: Gastineau 1984: Gastineau 1985: Dent 1986: L. Taylor 1987: White 1988: White 1989: Doleman 1990: Thomas 1991: Swilling 1992: Simmons 1993: Smith 1994: Greene 1995: Paup 1996: Greene 1997: Randle 1998: Sinclair 1999: Carter 2000: Glover 2001: Strahan 2002: J. Taylor 2003: Strahan 2004: Freeney 2005: Burgess 2006: Merriman 2007: Allen 2008: Ware 2009: Dumervil 2010: Ware 2011: Allen 2012: J. Watt 2013: Mathis 2014: Houston 2015: J. Watt 2016: Beasley 2017: Jones 2018: Donald 2019: Barrett 2020: T. Watt 2021: T. Watt 2022: Bosa 2023: T. Watt Sack totals from 1960 to 1981 are considered unofficial by the NFL. Starting in 2013, the sack leader is officially given the Deacon Jones Award vteUnited States Superstars champions1970s 1973: Bob Seagren 1974: Kyle Rote Jr. 1975: O. J. Simpson 1976: O. J. Simpson 1977: Kyle Rote Jr. 1978: Wayne Grimditch 1979: Greg Pruitt 1980s 1980: Charles White 1981: Renaldo Nehemiah 1982: Renaldo Nehemiah 1983: Renaldo Nehemiah 1984: Tom Petranoff 1985: Mark Gastineau 1986: Renaldo Nehemiah 1987: Renaldo Nehemiah 1988: Herschel Walker 1989: Willie Gault 1990s 1990: Willie Gault 1991: Kelly Gruber 1992: Mike Powell 1993: Dave Johnson 1994: Dave Johnson 1998: Jason Sehorn 1999: Jason Sehorn 2000s 2000: Jason Sehorn 2001: Hermann Maier 2002: Bode Miller 2003: Jeremy Bloom
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridiron_football"},{"link_name":"defensive end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_end"},{"link_name":"New York Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets"},{"link_name":"All-Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Pro"},{"link_name":"Pro Bowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"NFL Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Network"}],"text":"American football playerMarcus Dell Gastineau (born November 20, 1956) is an American former football defensive end who played for the New York Jets from 1979 to 1988. A five-time All-Pro and Pro Bowler, he was one of the quickest and most feared pass rushers of his generation, and the first player to lead the NFL in sacks in consecutive seasons. Gastineau was ranked no. 8 in National Football League (NFL) history on NFL Network's top 10 pass rushers.","title":"Mark Gastineau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Arizona Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arizona_College"},{"link_name":"Arizona State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University"},{"link_name":"defensive end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_end"},{"link_name":"East Central University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Central_University"},{"link_name":"Ada, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"draft pick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_pick"},{"link_name":"1979 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Connie Carberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Carberg"},{"link_name":"Senior Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Bowl"},{"link_name":"defensive lineman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_lineman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"He entered Eastern Arizona Junior College in 1975 and earned All-America honors in his first season. He transferred to Arizona State University, and spent just one season playing defensive end there before finally settling upon East Central Oklahoma State University, now East Central University, in Ada, Oklahoma. He had 27 quarterback sacks in his college career,[1] and earned Outstanding Defensive Lineman honors for the North in the 1979 Senior Bowl.Gastineau became ECU's first-ever draft pick when the New York Jets selected him in the second round of the 1979 NFL Draft.[2] Connie Carberg, the first female NFL scout in history, was credited with helping the Jets discover Gastineau. The team was coaching in the Senior Bowl and needed another defensive lineman on the roster due to a vacancy, so Carberg called several prospects before suggesting Gastineau to be the replacement based on a phone conversation with him. He was projected to be an eighth round draft pick at the time, but due to his performance in the Senior Bowl and other pre-draft processes, the Jets selected him in the second round.[3]","title":"College"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gastineau was among the most talented and honored defensive linemen of his era. He made the Pro Bowl five straight seasons (1981–1985) and finished his ten-year career with 74 sacks. He was a First-team All-Pro in 1982–1984 and was consensus All-AFC in each of those years.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Sack Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Sack_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Joe Klecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Klecko"},{"link_name":"Marty Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Abdul Salaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Salaam_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_NFL_playoffs"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_playoffs,_1969"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"strike shortened","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_NFL_strike"},{"link_name":"1982 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"George Halas Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_Enterprise_Association_NFL_Defensive_Player_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_NFL_playoffs"},{"link_name":"AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"The \"New York Sack Exchange\"","text":"In New York, Gastineau was a key part of the famed \"New York Sack Exchange,\" the Jets defensive line that also included Joe Klecko, Marty Lyons and Abdul Salaam. The four combined for 66 sacks in 1981, including twenty by Gastineau (In 1981 sacks were unofficial, but Gastineau's 20 sacks trailed Klecko by only half a sack), to lead the Jets to their first playoff game since 1969. He was Second-team All-Pro in 1981 as well as being consensus All-AFC. In November 1981, he, Klecko, Lyons and Salaam were invited to ring the ceremonial opening bell at the New York Stock Exchange, which served as the inspiration for their nickname.[4]With Klecko rupturing the patella tendon in his right knee in the second game of the strike shortened 1982 season against the New England Patriots, Gastineau became the new unofficial leader of the \"Sack Exchange.\" Though he was often double teamed, he finished the season with six sacks, and was voted the NFL Defensive Player of the Year by NEA (and awarded the George Halas Trophy). The Jets made the playoffs again in 1982, losing the AFC Championship game to the Miami Dolphins.[5]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1983 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"1983 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"Ken O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Studio 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_54"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"bench-clearing brawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench-clearing_brawl"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"Shea Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Vince Ferragamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Ferragamo"},{"link_name":"Jackie Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Slater"},{"link_name":"right tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)"},{"link_name":"fines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_(penalty)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"Pro Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Michael Strahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Strahan"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"Bud Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Carson"},{"link_name":"1985 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_NFL_playoffs"},{"link_name":"AFC East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_East"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Meadowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giants_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Defensive Player of the Year","text":"The 1983 season started with Gastineau and the Jets' first round pick of the 1983 NFL Draft, quarterback Ken O'Brien, being arrested and charged with assault at Studio 54.[6] Despite this off-the-field indiscretion, Gastineau totaled 19 sacks to lead the NFL for the first time.Gastineau was nationally famous for doing his signature \"Sack Dance\" after sacking an opposing quarterback. However, he had to stop when the NFL declared it \"unsportsmanlike taunting\" in March 1984 and began fining players for it. The ban on the dance stemmed from a bench-clearing brawl in the third quarter of a 27–24 overtime win over the Los Angeles Rams at Shea Stadium on September 25, 1983, which began with a sack of Vince Ferragamo by Gastineau who was then shoved from behind by Jackie Slater, the right tackle he had beaten on the play. One month later on October 21, a total of $15,750 in fines was assessed by the NFL against 16 Jets ($7,300) and 21 Rams ($8,450), with Gastineau incurring a $1,000 penalty.[7][8]Gastineau had his best individual season with an NFL record 22 sacks (leading the NFL for the second year in a row), 69 tackles and one fumble recovery for a touchdown in 1984. He was voted the UPI AFC Defensive Player of the Year, and was also named MVP of that season's Pro Bowl after tallying four sacks and a safety in that game. Gastineau's sack record stood for 17 years until Michael Strahan broke it in 2001.New defensive coordinator Bud Carson installed a 3-4 defense for the 1985 season. Gastineau shifted from left defensive end to right defensive end, although he did move him around to allow for mismatches. Gastineau broke his hand early in that season but still finished second in the league with 13½ sacks and was voted All-Pro by the NEA.The Jets finished 11–5 in 1985 to earn a wildcard spot in the playoffs along with fellow AFC East rivals, the New England Patriots. Gastineau recorded a sack in the Jets' 26–14 loss to the Pats at the Meadowlands.[9]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1986 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Taylor"},{"link_name":"postseason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_NFL_playoffs"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"Bernie Kosar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Kosar"},{"link_name":"Mark Moseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Moseley"},{"link_name":"Ben Dreith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Dreith"},{"link_name":"Joe Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Walton"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"1986 playoffs","text":"For the start of the 1986 season, Gastineau was featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated alongside New York Giants star linebacker Lawrence Taylor. Injuries limited Gastineau to just two sacks in ten games (his lowest total since his rookie season) as he was slowed by groin and abdominal muscle ailments and then by a damaged left knee that required arthroscopic surgery and forced him to miss the last five games of the regular season.Gastineau rebounded in the postseason, however, recording a sack in the Jets 35–15 wildcard round victory over the Kansas City Chiefs[10] and 2+1⁄2 more in the divisional-round playoff game against the Cleveland Browns. Late in the fourth quarter of that game, though, with the Jets leading 20–10 and the Browns facing a second down and 24 from their own 18-yard line, Gastineau was called for a roughing the passer penalty.The play had originally resulted in an incomplete pass by Browns quarterback Bernie Kosar so instead of having a 3rd-and-24 situation, the 15-yard penalty on Gastineau gave the Browns a first down at their own 33. From there, the Browns drove the remaining 67 yards to a touchdown which cut the Jets' lead to 20–17. The Browns would later tie the game with 7 seconds remaining in regulation on a 22-yard field goal by Mark Moseley and win it on a 27-yard field goal by Moseley 2 minutes and 2 seconds into the second overtime period.After the game, Gastineau said that he hadn't been guilty of roughing and that he was \"just following through.\" Teammate Marty Lyons, the Jets' other starting defensive end, defended Gastineau saying, \"(Ben Dreith) is a referee who's known to take care of the quarterback.\" Joe Walton, the Jets' head coach would say only, \"It was a very key play, Mark was just trying to do the best he could do.\"[11]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"that year's players' strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_NFL_strike"},{"link_name":"Dave Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Jennings_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Guy Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Bingham"}],"sub_title":"1987 NFL Players' strike","text":"In 1987, Gastineau was the only Jet regular to immediately cross the picket line in that year's players' strike, citing his need to pay alimony. Teammate Dave Jennings said of this understandably unpopular move: \"We expected it from Mark. He's always put himself in front of the team.\" The crossing brought to a head longstanding tensions between Gastineau and his teammates; he had never been popular in the locker room.[12] Gastineau got into a fight with backup center Guy Bingham when he drove into the Jets complex early in the strike. Gastineau was later joined in crossing the picket line by teammates Marty Lyons and Joe Klecko, further undermining the players' strike.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gastineau_retires_from_football-14"},{"link_name":"Brigitte Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gastineau_retires_from_football-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"BC Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Lions"},{"link_name":"Canadian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"New York Jets Ring of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets#Ring_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ring-18"},{"link_name":"Professional Football Researchers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Football_Researchers_Association"},{"link_name":"PFRA Hall of Very Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFRA_Hall_of_Very_Good"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Retirement","text":"Gastineau led the AFC in sacks seven weeks into the 1988 season.[13] He then abruptly announced his retirement soon after Brigitte Nielsen, to whom he had previously announced his engagement, claimed to be suffering from cancer of the uterus.[14][13] The announcement was followed by a surge of investigation by local New York papers of whether she was telling the truth, reflecting citywide mistrust of Gastineau.[15] At the time of his retirement, Gastineau was the NFL's all-time leader in sacks.Gastineau attempted a comeback with the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League in 1990, but was released after only four games.[16]Gastineau was inducted into the New York Jets Ring of Honor on October 8, 2012.[17]In 2022, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Gastineau to the PFRA Hall of Very Good Class of 2022.[18]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sacks were not an official stat until 1982","title":"NFL career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derrick Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Dukes"},{"link_name":"dive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_fixing"},{"link_name":"newsmagazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsmagazine"},{"link_name":"60 Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes"},{"link_name":"Alonzo Highsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Highsmith"}],"text":"In 1991, Gastineau began a career in boxing, lasting five years. In his first fight, Gastineau knocked out Derrick Dukes in the first round. Dukes, a professional wrestler, later admitted he took a dive. TV newsmagazine show 60 Minutes interviewed several others that fought Gastineau and were told to take dives to make Gastineau look good. His career ended in 1996 when he lost to another former football player, Alonzo Highsmith. In 18 career bouts, his record in boxing was 15 wins, two losses, and one no-contest.","title":"Boxing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lisa Gastineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Gastineau"},{"link_name":"Brittny Gastineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittny_Gastineau"},{"link_name":"E!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E!"},{"link_name":"The Gastineau Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gastineau_Girls"},{"link_name":"Brigitte Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"The 700 Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_700_Club"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Times Square Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square_Church"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ring-18"}],"text":"Gastineau has been married three times. His first wife, Lisa Gastineau and their daughter Brittny Gastineau starred in the E! reality television show, The Gastineau Girls. Gastineau has a son with actress Brigitte Nielsen, Killian Marcus.[19] He was estranged from both children in 2010.[20]Shortly after his release from prison in 2001, Gastineau claimed he had put his turbulent past behind him after he had a religious conversion to faith in Jesus Christ. Gastineau has appeared on programs such as The 700 Club to speak of his experience.[21] Gastineau is a member of the choir at Times Square Church, where he married third wife JoAnn in 2007.[17]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Studio 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_54"},{"link_name":"community service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_service"},{"link_name":"Rikers Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikers_Island"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"amphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Sky_Harbor_Airport"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-25"}],"sub_title":"Legal issues","text":"In 1984, Gastineau was found guilty of assaulting a patron at Studio 54. He was sentenced to 90 hours of community service, teaching football to inmates at Rikers Island.[22]In 1991, Gastineau was arrested for picking up a package of amphetamine pills at Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport. He was sentenced to three years probation in 1993.[23][24]In September 2000, Gastineau was sentenced to 18 months in jail after failing to complete an anger management course after hitting his second wife Patricia.[24]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Health","text":"In 2016, Gastineau was diagnosed with dementia, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.[25] Gastineau said he believed the illnesses could be traced back to football, stating he wanted to continue to teach younger football players how to play the game safely.[26] He blames the brain diseases on poor tackling technique.[27]In March 2019, Gastineau revealed that he had been battling colon cancer.[28]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Reggie White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_White"},{"link_name":"T. 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No! No! Gastineau!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vault.si.com/vault/1984/09/05/no-no-no-gastineau"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"New England Patriots 26 at New York Jets 14\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198512280nyj.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"New York Jets 35, Kansas City Chiefs 15\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198612280nyj.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"New York Jets 20 at Cleveland Browns 23\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198701030cle.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"It's Time for the Jets to Sack Mark Gastineau\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1987/10/04/sports/sports-of-the-times-it-s-time-for-the-jets-to-sack-mark-gastineau.html"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gastineau_retires_from_football_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gastineau_retires_from_football_14-1"},{"link_name":"\"Gastineau retires from football\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.upi.com/Archives/1988/10/21/Gastineau-retires-from-football/7844593409600/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Brigitte Nielsen Is Ill; Jets' Gastineau Quits\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//articles.latimes.com/1988-10-21/sports/sp-4364_1_brigitte-nielsen"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Gang Green: An Irreverent Look Behind the Scenes at Thirty-Eight (Well, Thirty-Seven) Seasons of New York Jets Football Futility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ganggreenirrever00eske/page/243"},{"link_name":"243–244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ganggreenirrever00eske/page/243"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-684-84115-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84115-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"THE SIDELINES : B.C. Lions Release Gastineau\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//articles.latimes.com/1990-09-05/sports/sp-800_1_lions-signed-gastineau"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ring_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ring_18-1"},{"link_name":"\"The 'Honor' Is Incredible for Mark Gastineau\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130217132141/https://www.newyorkjets.com/news/article-1/The-%E2%80%98Honor%E2%80%99-Is-Incredible-for-Mark-Gastineau/a1529e0e-c223-4055-a8d5-b94049d506ee"},{"link_name":"New York Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newyorkjets.com/news/article-1/The-%E2%80%98Honor%E2%80%99-Is-Incredible-for-Mark-Gastineau/a1529e0e-c223-4055-a8d5-b94049d506ee"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"PFRA's Hall of Very Good Class of 2022\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//profootballresearchers.com/hall-of-very-good-2022.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Brittny Gastineau Meets 20-Year-Old Half-Brother for First Time\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//people.com/celebrity/brittny-gastineau-meets-20-year-old-half-brother-for-first-time/"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Baker, Ken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Baker_(entertainment_journalist)"},{"link_name":"\"Inside Brittny Gastineau's Family Reunion\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.eonline.com/news/162895/inside-brittny-gastineau-s-family-reunion"},{"link_name":"E!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E!"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Gastineau ready to put his (track) record behind him\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//static.espn.go.com/nfl/columns/garber_greg/1305782.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Gastineau sent to Rikers Island – as a teacher\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.upi.com/Archives/1984/11/20/Gastineau-sent-to-Rikers-Island-as-a-teacher/5817469774800/"},{"link_name":"United Press International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Gastineau Gets Out of Jail\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1993/01/01/sports/gastineau-gets-out-of-jail.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBS_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBS_25-1"},{"link_name":"\"Gastineau Gets Jail Time\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cbsnews.com/news/gastineau-gets-jail-time/"},{"link_name":"CBS News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wilson_26-0"},{"link_name":"\"Ex-Jets great Mark Gastineau: Diagnosed with dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/ex-jets-great-mark-gastineau-diagnosed-with-dementia-alzheimers-and-parkinsons/"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Jets legend Mark Gastineau suffering from dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nydailynews.com/sports/football/jets/mark-gastineau-suffering-dementia-alzheimer-parkinson-article-1.2950838"},{"link_name":"NY Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NY_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Ex-Jet Mark Gastineau battling multiple brain diseases\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/18514822/former-new-york-jet-mark-gastineau-says-battling-brain-diseases"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Jets legend Mark Gastineau reveals he's battling colon cancer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//jetswire.usatoday.com/2019/03/20/jets-legend-mark-gastineau-reveals-hes-battling-colon-cancer/"}],"text":"^ With Reggie White and T. J. Watt.^ 1985 Topps Football Card, #337 Mark Gastineau\n\n^ \"Mark Gastineau Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved April 18, 2024.\n\n^ Mell, Randall (April 17, 1987). \"Carberg earned her stripes as scout\". Fort Lauderdale News. Retrieved June 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ Cimini, Rich (September 6, 2008). \"Jets defense looking to regain glory days of Sack Exchange\". New York Daily News.\n\n^ \"New York Jets 0 at Miami Dolphins 14\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. January 23, 1983.\n\n^ Zimmerman, Paul (September 3, 1984). \"The Verdict Is In On Practice: Ken O'Brien and Mark Gastineau spent the week in court, not training camp, but still led the Jets to victory\". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012.\n\n^ Eskenazi, Gerald (October 22, 1983). \"16 Jets and 21 Rams Fined by League over Brawl at Shea\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 21, 2021.\n\n^ Newman, Bruce (September 5, 1984). \"No! No! No! Gastineau!\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved April 21, 2021.\n\n^ \"New England Patriots 26 at New York Jets 14\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. December 28, 1985.\n\n^ \"New York Jets 35, Kansas City Chiefs 15\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. December 28, 1986.\n\n^ \"New York Jets 20 at Cleveland Browns 23\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. January 3, 1987.\n\n^ Anderson, Dave (October 4, 1987). \"It's Time for the Jets to Sack Mark Gastineau\". New York Times.\n\n^ a b \"Gastineau retires from football\". UPI. United Press International. October 21, 1988. Retrieved September 27, 2017.\n\n^ \"Brigitte Nielsen Is Ill; Jets' Gastineau Quits\". Los Angeles Times. October 21, 1988.\n\n^ Eskenazi, Gerald (1998). Gang Green: An Irreverent Look Behind the Scenes at Thirty-Eight (Well, Thirty-Seven) Seasons of New York Jets Football Futility. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 243–244. ISBN 0-684-84115-0.\n\n^ \"THE SIDELINES : B.C. Lions Release Gastineau\". Los Angeles Times. September 5, 1990. Retrieved May 12, 2020.\n\n^ a b Holt, John (October 7, 2012). \"The 'Honor' Is Incredible for Mark Gastineau\". New York Jets.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2019.\n\n^ Professional Football Researchers Association. \"PFRA's Hall of Very Good Class of 2022\". Retrieved July 19, 2022.\n\n^ Caplan, David (January 12, 2010). \"Brittny Gastineau Meets 20-Year-Old Half-Brother for First Time\". People. Retrieved February 5, 2019.\n\n^ Baker, Ken; Fultz, Ashley (January 9, 2010). \"Inside Brittny Gastineau's Family Reunion\". E!. Retrieved February 5, 2019.\n\n^ Garber, Greg (January 4, 2002). \"Gastineau ready to put his (track) record behind him\". ESPN.com. Retrieved October 3, 2009.\n\n^ \"Gastineau sent to Rikers Island – as a teacher\". United Press International. November 20, 1984. Retrieved February 5, 2019.\n\n^ \"Gastineau Gets Out of Jail\". The New York Times. Associated Press. January 1, 1993. Retrieved February 5, 2019.\n\n^ a b \"Gastineau Gets Jail Time\". CBS News. September 13, 2000. Retrieved February 5, 2019.\n\n^ Wilson, Ryan (January 20, 2017). \"Ex-Jets great Mark Gastineau: Diagnosed with dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's\". CBS.\n\n^ Walder, Seth (January 20, 2017). \"Jets legend Mark Gastineau suffering from dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease\". NY Daily News. Retrieved January 20, 2017.\n\n^ Cimini, Rich (January 20, 2017). \"Ex-Jet Mark Gastineau battling multiple brain diseases\". ESPN.\n\n^ Greenawalt, Tyler (March 20, 2019). \"Jets legend Mark Gastineau reveals he's battling colon cancer\". Jets Wire. USA Today. Retrieved March 21, 2019.","title":"Notes and references"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Mark Gastineau Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved April 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/G/GastMa00.htm","url_text":"\"Mark Gastineau Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College\""}]},{"reference":"Mell, Randall (April 17, 1987). \"Carberg earned her stripes as scout\". Fort Lauderdale News. Retrieved June 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52994846/fort-lauderdale-news/","url_text":"\"Carberg earned her stripes as scout\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale_News","url_text":"Fort Lauderdale News"}]},{"reference":"Cimini, Rich (September 6, 2008). \"Jets defense looking to regain glory days of Sack Exchange\". New York Daily News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/football/jets/2008/09/06/2008-09-06_jets_defense_looking_to_regain_glory_day.html","url_text":"\"Jets defense looking to regain glory days of Sack Exchange\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"New York Jets 0 at Miami Dolphins 14\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. January 23, 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198301230mia.htm","url_text":"\"New York Jets 0 at Miami Dolphins 14\""}]},{"reference":"Zimmerman, Paul (September 3, 1984). \"The Verdict Is In On Practice: Ken O'Brien and Mark Gastineau spent the week in court, not training camp, but still led the Jets to victory\". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121103200350/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1122480/index.htm","url_text":"\"The Verdict Is In On Practice: Ken O'Brien and Mark Gastineau spent the week in court, not training camp, but still led the Jets to victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"},{"url":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1122480/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eskenazi, Gerald (October 22, 1983). \"16 Jets and 21 Rams Fined by League over Brawl at Shea\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/22/sports/16-jets-and-21-rams-fined-by-league-over-brawl-at-shea.html","url_text":"\"16 Jets and 21 Rams Fined by League over Brawl at Shea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Newman, Bruce (September 5, 1984). \"No! No! No! Gastineau!\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved April 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://vault.si.com/vault/1984/09/05/no-no-no-gastineau","url_text":"\"No! No! No! Gastineau!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"\"New England Patriots 26 at New York Jets 14\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. December 28, 1985.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198512280nyj.htm","url_text":"\"New England Patriots 26 at New York Jets 14\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Jets 35, Kansas City Chiefs 15\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. December 28, 1986.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198612280nyj.htm","url_text":"\"New York Jets 35, Kansas City Chiefs 15\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Jets 20 at Cleveland Browns 23\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. January 3, 1987.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198701030cle.htm","url_text":"\"New York Jets 20 at Cleveland Browns 23\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Dave (October 4, 1987). \"It's Time for the Jets to Sack Mark Gastineau\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/04/sports/sports-of-the-times-it-s-time-for-the-jets-to-sack-mark-gastineau.html","url_text":"\"It's Time for the Jets to Sack Mark Gastineau\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Gastineau retires from football\". UPI. United Press International. October 21, 1988. Retrieved September 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/10/21/Gastineau-retires-from-football/7844593409600/","url_text":"\"Gastineau retires from football\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brigitte Nielsen Is Ill; Jets' Gastineau Quits\". Los Angeles Times. October 21, 1988.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/1988-10-21/sports/sp-4364_1_brigitte-nielsen","url_text":"\"Brigitte Nielsen Is Ill; Jets' Gastineau Quits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Eskenazi, Gerald (1998). Gang Green: An Irreverent Look Behind the Scenes at Thirty-Eight (Well, Thirty-Seven) Seasons of New York Jets Football Futility. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 243–244. ISBN 0-684-84115-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ganggreenirrever00eske/page/243","url_text":"Gang Green: An Irreverent Look Behind the Scenes at Thirty-Eight (Well, Thirty-Seven) Seasons of New York Jets Football Futility"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ganggreenirrever00eske/page/243","url_text":"243–244"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84115-0","url_text":"0-684-84115-0"}]},{"reference":"\"THE SIDELINES : B.C. Lions Release Gastineau\". Los Angeles Times. September 5, 1990. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-09-05/sports/sp-800_1_lions-signed-gastineau","url_text":"\"THE SIDELINES : B.C. Lions Release Gastineau\""}]},{"reference":"Holt, John (October 7, 2012). \"The 'Honor' Is Incredible for Mark Gastineau\". New York Jets.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130217132141/https://www.newyorkjets.com/news/article-1/The-%E2%80%98Honor%E2%80%99-Is-Incredible-for-Mark-Gastineau/a1529e0e-c223-4055-a8d5-b94049d506ee","url_text":"\"The 'Honor' Is Incredible for Mark Gastineau\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets","url_text":"New York Jets"},{"url":"https://www.newyorkjets.com/news/article-1/The-%E2%80%98Honor%E2%80%99-Is-Incredible-for-Mark-Gastineau/a1529e0e-c223-4055-a8d5-b94049d506ee","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Professional Football Researchers Association. \"PFRA's Hall of Very Good Class of 2022\". Retrieved July 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://profootballresearchers.com/hall-of-very-good-2022.html","url_text":"\"PFRA's Hall of Very Good Class of 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Caplan, David (January 12, 2010). \"Brittny Gastineau Meets 20-Year-Old Half-Brother for First Time\". People. Retrieved February 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/celebrity/brittny-gastineau-meets-20-year-old-half-brother-for-first-time/","url_text":"\"Brittny Gastineau Meets 20-Year-Old Half-Brother for First Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Ken; Fultz, Ashley (January 9, 2010). \"Inside Brittny Gastineau's Family Reunion\". E!. Retrieved February 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Baker_(entertainment_journalist)","url_text":"Baker, Ken"},{"url":"https://www.eonline.com/news/162895/inside-brittny-gastineau-s-family-reunion","url_text":"\"Inside Brittny Gastineau's Family Reunion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E!","url_text":"E!"}]},{"reference":"Garber, Greg (January 4, 2002). \"Gastineau ready to put his (track) record behind him\". ESPN.com. Retrieved October 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://static.espn.go.com/nfl/columns/garber_greg/1305782.html","url_text":"\"Gastineau ready to put his (track) record behind him\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gastineau sent to Rikers Island – as a teacher\". United Press International. November 20, 1984. Retrieved February 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/11/20/Gastineau-sent-to-Rikers-Island-as-a-teacher/5817469774800/","url_text":"\"Gastineau sent to Rikers Island – as a teacher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International","url_text":"United Press International"}]},{"reference":"\"Gastineau Gets Out of Jail\". The New York Times. Associated Press. January 1, 1993. Retrieved February 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/01/sports/gastineau-gets-out-of-jail.html","url_text":"\"Gastineau Gets Out of Jail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Gastineau Gets Jail Time\". CBS News. September 13, 2000. Retrieved February 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gastineau-gets-jail-time/","url_text":"\"Gastineau Gets Jail Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Ryan (January 20, 2017). \"Ex-Jets great Mark Gastineau: Diagnosed with dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's\". CBS.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/ex-jets-great-mark-gastineau-diagnosed-with-dementia-alzheimers-and-parkinsons/","url_text":"\"Ex-Jets great Mark Gastineau: Diagnosed with dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS","url_text":"CBS"}]},{"reference":"Walder, Seth (January 20, 2017). \"Jets legend Mark Gastineau suffering from dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease\". NY Daily News. Retrieved January 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/football/jets/mark-gastineau-suffering-dementia-alzheimer-parkinson-article-1.2950838","url_text":"\"Jets legend Mark Gastineau suffering from dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NY_Daily_News","url_text":"NY Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Cimini, Rich (January 20, 2017). \"Ex-Jet Mark Gastineau battling multiple brain diseases\". ESPN.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/18514822/former-new-york-jet-mark-gastineau-says-battling-brain-diseases","url_text":"\"Ex-Jet Mark Gastineau battling multiple brain diseases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Greenawalt, Tyler (March 20, 2019). \"Jets legend Mark Gastineau reveals he's battling colon cancer\". Jets Wire. USA Today. Retrieved March 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://jetswire.usatoday.com/2019/03/20/jets-legend-mark-gastineau-reveals-hes-battling-colon-cancer/","url_text":"\"Jets legend Mark Gastineau reveals he's battling colon cancer\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Only..._But_Also
Not Only... But Also
["1 History","2 Episodes","2.1 First series (1965) black and white","2.2 Second series (1966) black and white","2.3 Christmas special: TX 26 December 1966","2.4 Series three (1970) colour","2.5 Off-air audio","3 Other media","4 References","5 External links"]
British sketch comedy show (aired 1964-70) Not Only... But AlsoGenreComedyWritten byPeter CookDudley MooreStarringPeter CookDudley MooreCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series3No. of episodes24ProductionExecutive producersDick ClementJoe McGrathJimmy GilbertJohn StreetRunning time45 minutes (series 1 & 3), 30 minutes (series 2 & Australian specials), 47 minutes (1966 Christmas Special)Original releaseNetworkBBC2Release29 November 1964 (1964-11-29) –24 December 1970 (1970-12-24) Not Only... But Also is a BBC British sketch comedy show starring Peter Cook and Dudley Moore that aired in three series between 1964 and 1970. History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Not Only... But Also" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The show was originally intended as a solo project for Moore, called Not Only Dudley Moore, But Also His Guests. However, unsure about going it alone, Moore invited his partner from Beyond the Fringe, Peter Cook, to guest in the pilot (along with Diahann Carroll and John Lennon, who was to make two more appearances during the course of the series). So well received by the studio audience was their double act, in particular the first "Dagenham Dialogue", "A Spot of the Usual Trouble", that Cook was invited to become a permanent fixture and the show became Not Only Peter Cook and Dudley Moore, But Also Their Guests, though it was only ever really referred to as Not Only... But Also.... This somewhat cumbersome title was later referred to by Cook in an interview as "another of Dudley's plodding ideas". Three series were made: the first, airing from January to April 1965 (produced and directed by Joe McGrath); the second, from January to February 1966 (produced and directed by Dick Clement); and the third, from February to May 1970 (produced and directed by Jimmy Gilbert). John Street produced the (surviving) 1966 Boxing Day Special. The opening titles for series one often featured Moore playing the series' theme (later released on the B-side of the 1965 "Goodbyee" single release) in a variety of unusual locations, such as in a car wash, on a violin at a Gypsy cafe, and as a one-man band. From series two onwards, episodes usually began with a sketch based primarily around revealing the words "NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO..." in huge letters placed in obscure places (for example, the aircraft carrier Ark Royal). Every edition except (possibly) the pilot concluded with a performance of arguably Moore's best known composition, "Goodbyee", sometimes involving the guest star of that particular episode. Examples include Cilla Black crying "Oh, kiss me, Peter!" during the song's intro in series two episode one, and Peter Sellers accompanying the duo on timpani in series one episode six. Among the best known features of the show were the "Dagenham Dialogues" between Pete and Dud, which were rambling, surreal conversations running often for over ten minutes and regular appearances by Cook's oblivious upperclass gent, Sir Arthur Streeb-Greebling. Other well-known sketches include the "Facts of Life" sketch ("A Bit of a Chat"), "The Leaping Nuns of the Order of St Beryl", "Superthunderstingcar" (a parody of Thunderbirds and other Sylvia and Gerry Anderson puppet shows), and the "rhythmic voodoo" R&B singer Bo Dudley – though the fame of these almost certainly owes much to the fact they still exist in vision, unlike much of the series. Contrary to popular myth, the Cook perennial "One Leg Too Few", a classic sketch about a one-legged actor applying for the role of Tarzan, which had been written by Cook when he was 18 years old and used in Beyond the Fringe, never appeared on the BBC Not Only... But Also..., although it did feature in one of the Australian shows in 1971. The series – in particular the "Pete and Dud" segments – allowed Cook the chance to adlib and both, but most famously Moore, were often reduced to helpless laughter, or "corpsing". Cook made a habit of trying to crack Moore up in the middle of their dialogues, occasionally forcing himself to corpse in the process. Between the second and third series, the two men made a series for ATV called Goodbye Again (director Shaun Riordan), which was very similar up to the point of using the same music and reusing some sketches like Alan-a-Dale. Shows lasted an hour and were edited more heavily. Unlike those of Not Only ... But Also..., all the tapes survive, although only in black and white. The show was originally recorded in colour (some sketches prerecorded on film still exist in colour). The BBC wiped most editions of Not Only... But Also... in the late 1960s and early 1970s, as it did with many other programmes in this era. Cook and Moore even offered to pay for the cost of preservation and buy new videotapes so that the old tapes would not need to be reused, but this offer was rejected. Some telerecordings of the black and white episodes survive, but as the completed videotapes of the colour series were wiped, the only surviving colour sketches are the 16mm film inserts. In 2010 it was announced that off-air audio recordings for at least part of all the episodes had been recovered, and that there were plans to make them available, although this has yet to happen. A 2016 documentary by Victor Lewis-Smith, "The Undiscovered Peter Cook", featured first series extracts from "Sir Arthur at the Tailor", long known to exist, and the final minute and 25 seconds of "Pete and Dud on the Bus", being reconstituted from film footage newly recovered from the Australian Broadcasting Company trailer department. Peter Cook and Dudley Moore: The Missing Sketches, transmitted on New Year's Day 2017, included further ABC trailer extracts from 'Pete and Dud - Diseases' and 'Pete and Dud – Sex'. One remaining recovered clip, lasting one minute and 25 seconds, of 'Pete and Dud – Music' remains unscreened to date. A 1971 visit to Australia for the live show Behind the Fridge (the name was a pun on Beyond the Fringe) saw Cook and Moore record two half-hour Not Only... But Also... specials for Australian television. These two episodes also survive intact, as do specially filmed performances of the Behind the Fridge live show from Australia and London, the latter in colour. The Australian performance has been available on DVD. Although they have since been viewed as "best-of"s (featuring new versions of "One Leg Too Few", "Shirt Shop" and "Pseudolene/Job Offer"), at least half of the material was new. A number of surviving sequences were compiled into The Best of Not Only...But Also, screened by BBC2 on 24 December 1974. Cook and Moore persuaded the BBC (in part thanks to a pleading letter from Cook's elderly mother) to piece together six half-hour compilation shows, screened on BBC2 from 4 November to 9 December 1990 as The Best of What's Left of Not Only... But Also... and released in 100-minute compilation form under the same title on VHS. In 2003 a 98-minute Region 2 DVD compilation of surviving sketches was released as The Best of Peter Cook & Dudley Moore; this is the same as the previous video tape but missing the third series' opening sequence, "Tower Bridge". At least one sketch substitution appears to have occurred between domestic and international versions of the compilation shows, the latter of which included "The Walrus and the Carpenter" (a filmed recreation of the Lewis Carroll poem which survives from the largely missing sixth episode of series two) instead of "The Ravens". Neither DVD includes this sequence. "Initials", or "Old J.J.", an old piece of Cook's recorded for the NOBA pilot in November 1964 and screened in January 1965 in the first episode of the series proper, was included in a mid-1990s VHS compilation of 1960s BBC comedy extracts. A Region 1 DVD of The Best of... What's Left of... Not Only... But Also... was released by BBC Worldwide on 9 September 2008, featuring all six compilation episodes. This still leaves over half the extant material unreleased in any form. Episodes (italics denotes surviving visual material; audio for all episodes exists, an * marks a sketch's soundtrack survives on officially released record album) First series (1965) black and white (Five episodes extant, two missing) Pilot: Rec. 29 November 1964 — (John Lennon, Norman Rossington) — Initials/Painting on Television/The Ravens/Good Dog Nigel/Pete and Dud – A Spot of the Usual Trouble (AKA Film Stars)/Deaf Ted, Danoota and Me. Music: Diahann Carroll (Humdrum Blues, Brown Baby, Blues in the Night), Dudley Moore Trio (Swingles Theme, Grwmst, Just in Time) TX 9 January 1965 — (John Lennon, Norman Rossington) — Car Wash Opening/Initials/The Ravens/Good Dog Nigel/Deaf Ted, Danoota and Me. Music: Diahann Carroll (Humdrum Blues, Brown Baby, Blues in the Night), Dudley Moore Trio (Swingles Theme, Grwmst, Just in Time) TX 23 January 1965 — (Barry Humphries, Roddy Maude-Roxby) — One-Man Band Opening/Silent Film extract/Tarquin Mordente – Silent Film Producer/Painting on Television/Roddy Maude-Roxbury monologue/Guide to the North Circular/Pete and Dud – A Spot of the Usual Trouble/Striptease. Music: Goldie & The Gingerbreads ("Can't You Hear My Heartbeat"), Dudley Moore Trio (I Won't Dance), Dudley and Orchestra (Got a Lot of Livin' to Do) TX 6 February 1965 — (Joe Melia, Bill Wallis, John Wells) — Cinema Opening/Sir Arthur at the Tailor/The Great War/Pete and Dud – The Worst Thing in the World/Alan A’Dale/Words to the Opening Theme. Music: June Christy (You Came a Long Way from St Louis, Just in Time, Remind Me, My Shining Hour), Dudley Moore Trio (My Blue Heaven) TX 20 February 1965 — (Barry Humphries, Anna Quayle) — Gypsy Violinist Opening/Tramponuns/Tramponuns Film/Anna Quayle Monologue/Prospective Son-In-Law/Incidents in the Life of My Uncle Arly/Pete and Dud – Art Gallery. Music: Marion Montgomery (The Exciting Mr Fitch, Wasn't the Summer Short?, Close Your Eyes), Dudley Moore Trio (Indiana) TX 6 March 1965 — (Mel Torme) — London Bus Opening (exists as silent film sequence)/Pete and Dud – On the Bus/Canvassing Dracula (exists as silent film sequence)/Job Offer (possibly remade as "Pseudolene" for the second Australian NOBA in 1971)/Privates Cigarettes Advertising (exists as silent film sequence)/Betting Agent. Music: Mel Torme (Limehouse Blues, My One and Only Highland Fling/Dat Dere Daddy) TX 20 March 1965 — (Peter Sellers) — Doomed Pilots Opening/Boxer-Cum-Painter/Pete and Dud – Superstitions/The Gourmets. Music: T-Bone Walker (Hey Baby, Goodbye Baby), Dudley Moore Trio (I Love You Samantha) TX 3 April 1965 — (Eric Sykes, John Bluthal) — The Grand Order of the Bull/Pete and Dud – Religions*/Making of a B-Movie/Ballroom Dancing Competition. Music: Blossom Dearie (I Wish You Love), Dudley Moore Trio (Baubles Bangles & Beads) Second series (1966) black and white (Two episodes extant, five missing) TX 15 January 1966 — (Henry Cooper, Terry Downes) — Underwater Pianist Opening/At the Zoo/Fight of the Century/A Bit of a Chat. Music: Cilla Black (Let There Be Love) TX 22 January 1966 — (Alan Freeman) — Scottish ("Curse of the McLooneys") Opening/Pete And Dud – Diseases/The Most Boring Man in the World Competition/Interview with the Most Boring Man in the World/Six of the Best*. Music: Dakota Staton (High on a Windy Valley, Morning Glory) TX 29 January 1966 — Court Jester Opening/Italian Restaurant/Ol' Man River (originally shot for 1.5, later remade for London run of Behind the Fridge. That version was included in the 1990 repeat series)/Blue Movie/Pete and Dud – Music. Music: Blossom Dearie (You Turn Me on Baby), Dudley Moore Trio (Softly As in the Morning Rise) TX 5 February 1966 — Pete and Dud at the Seaside Opening/The Frog And Peach*/Commercials/Slapstick Comedy. Music: Emil Lancey (If I Were A Bell, Rainy Day), Cook and Moore (Isn't She A Sweetie) TX 12 February 1966 — Monk Opening/The Psychiatrist*/The Epic That Never Was/Father And Son*. Music: Dionne Warwick ("Walk On By", Unchained Melody) TX 19 February 1966 — Student Prince (Drinking Song) Opening/The Music Teacher*/The Walrus and the Carpenter/Pete And Dud – Sex*. Music: Dudley Moore Trio (Summertime), Dusty Springfield (Wives And Lovers) TX 26 February 1966 — Caveman Opening/Bo Dudley/Superthunderstingcar/Pete and Dud – In Heaven. Music: Marion Montgomery Christmas special: TX 26 December 1966 The 1966 Christmas Special survives in a slightly abridged copy: it was transmitted in a 50-minute slot, but the circulating print (and that held by the BBC) is four minutes shorter. Reference to the studio shooting script reveals the excised material to be a section of "The Fairy Cobbler'"as well as an entire filmed sketch referred to as "Golf Quickie". (John Lennon) Fox Hunt Opening/Fairy Cobbler/Pete and Dud – The Unexplained/Swinging London (Lionel Bloab – Destructive Artist, Rev. Gavin Thistle, Penny Ryder, Simon Accrington, "The L.S. Bumblebee", The Ad Lav Club) Music: Marion Montgomery ("I'll Be Tired of You", "I’m Old Fashioned"), Dudley Moore Trio The 15-minute "Swinging London" segment was partly filmed in Soho in November 1966. Purporting to be an episode of The Pipesucker Report, with Cook playing investigative reporter Hiram J. Pipesucker, the sketch satirises the American media's coverage of the Swinging London phenomenon. Cook and Moore poke fun at London's burgeoning creative scenes, such as performance art, fashion modelling and pop music. As Simon Accrington, Moore plays the manager of a pop group that have become devotees of Chinese banjo player Ravi Oli (a send-up of The Beatles guitarist George Harrison travelling to India to study the sitar with Indian classical musician Ravi Shankar). The band, with Cook and Moore as vocalists, are shown recording a new single, "The L.S. Bumblebee" – the lyrics and exotic musical effects of which parody the Beatles' recent experimental song "Tomorrow Never Knows". At the end of the sketch, Pipesucker attempts to gain entry into the Ad Lav Club, which he describes as "London's most fashionable lavatory spot ... film stars rub shoulders with royalty". In a parody of the exclusive door policy at London's Ad Lib nightclub, the doorman (played by John Lennon) grants Pipesucker access only when the reporter persuades him that he is the Duke and Duchess of Windsor. Series three (1970) colour (All episodes missing; most film sequences survive) TX 18 February 1970 — Tower Bridge Opening/Pete and Dud – The Wardrobe (Dud Dreams)*/Piano Tuner/Bargo/Poets Cornered with Spike Milligan. Music: Nanette Workman, Dudley Moore Trio, Spike Milligan (On the Ning Nang Nong) TX 4 March 1970 — Lavatory Humour Opening/Scriptwriter/The Glidd of Glood/Pete and Dud – 0-0-Dud*/Poets Cornered with Willie Rushton. Music: Nanette, Dudley Moore Trio, Joe Cocker & The Grease Band TX 18 March 1970 — Railway Station Opening/Sir Arthur's World of Worms/Pete and Dud – Racial Prejudice/In the Club*/Poets Cornered with Barry Humphries. Music: Nanette; Dudley Moore Trio; Michael Chapman TX 1 April 1970 — Not Only… But Psycho Opening/Pete and Dud – The Futility of Life/Permission to Marry/Good vs. Evil Cricket Match/Poets Cornered with Frank Muir. Music: Nanette; Dudley Moore Trio; Alan Price TX 15 April 1970 — Flowers Opening/Sir Arthur on Flowers/Geriatric Medicine (Undercover Doctor)/Pete and Dud – Heaving Thighs Across Manhattan/Ludwig! (film sections survive – two lengthy studio-based "chat show" sections missing. There is also a fake ad, still extant, which has not been released or repeated)/Poets Cornered with Ronnie Barker. Music: Nanette; Dudley Moore Trio ("Lillian Lust"); Yes TX 29 April 1970 — Newspaper Opening/Lengths*/The Conman/Pete and Dud – As Nature Intended/Poets Cornered with Denis Norden. Music: Nanette; Dudley Moore Trio; Arrival TX 13 May 1970 — Birmingham-Mandalay Cycle Race/The Lunch Party/Pete and Dud – Self-Improvement/The Making of a Movie/Poets Cornered with Alan Bennett. Music: Nanette; Dudley Moore Trio; John Williams Off-air audio Audio recordings for all of the lost episodes of the series exist, thanks to off-air audio recordings made by viewers at the time of transmission. Some of these audio recordings are more complete than others. Very few of them are completely unedited. This means that although we have an audio recording for every episode, some parts of some of those episodes still remain lost. A complete collection of these recordings is housed in the National Sound Archive at the British Library in London. Further off-air recordings have since also been recovered, mostly from Australia; though some of the recordings are abridged. A confirmed list of these Australian findings (including some material not held at the British Library) include: Series 1, Show 5: TX 6 March 1965: Pete and Dud – On the Bus Series 1, Show 7: TX 3 April 1965 (feat Eric Sykes): The Grand Order of the Bull/Pete and Dud – Religions/Making of a B-Movie/Outro and Goodbyee (partial) Series 2, Show 2: TX 22 January 1966: Pete and Dud - On Diseases Series 2, Show 4: TX 5 February 1966: Pete and Dud at the Seaside Opening/Piers and Dominic Intro (possibly partial)/The Frog And Peach*/Isn't She a Sweetie (Piers and Dominic song)/Commercials/Slapstick Comedy/Goodbyee Series 2, Show 5: TX 12 February 1966: Monk Opening/"Brother" Piers and "Brother" Dominic Intro/The Psychiatrist*/The Epic That Never Was/Father And Son*/Goodbyee Series 3, Show 1: TX 18 February 1970: Piano Tuner/Spike Milligan (On the Ning Nang Nong)/Poets Cornered with Spike Milligan Series 3, Show 2: TX 4 March 1970: The Scriptwriter Series 3, Show 3: TX 18 March 1970: Railway Station Opening/Sir Arthur's World of Worms/Pete and Dud – Racial Prejudice/Poets Cornered with Barry Humphries Series 3, Show 4: TX 1 April 1970: Pete and Dud – The Futility of Life/Permission to Marry Series 3, Show 5: TX 15 April 1970: Flowers Opening/Sir Arthur on Flowers/Geriatric Medicine (Undercover Doctor)/Pete and Dud – Heaving Thighs Across Manhattan/Ludwig!/Poets Cornered with Ronnie Barker Series 3, Show 6: TX 29 April 1970: The Conman/Pete and Dud – As Nature Intended Series 3, Show 7: TX 13 May 1970: The Lunch Party/Pete and Dud – Self-Improvement/Poets Cornered with Alan Bennett Other media Four compilation albums were released by Decca Records to accompany the series, taken from the original television recordings: Not Only Peter Cook... But Also Dudley Moore (1965) - sketches include "The Ravens", "Superstitions", "Tramponuns", "Art Gallery", "Initials", "Religions" Once Moore with Cook (1966) - sketches include "Dud and Pete on Sex", "Father and Son", "The Frog and Peach", "Six of the Best", "The Music Teacher", "A Bit of a Chat", "Dud and Pete at the Zoo", "The Psychiatrist" Not Only But Also (1971) - sketches include "Dud's Dreams" , "In the Club", "Lengths", "This is Ludwig Van Beethoven", "The Making of a Movie", "0-0 Dud" The World of Pete & Dud (1974) - sketches include "Art Gallery", "A Bit of a Chat", "Lengths", "The Psychiatrist", "Dud Dreams", "The Ravens", "Father and Son", "Six of the Best" The scripts of 12 of the 29 "Dagenham Dialogues" (most, but not all, from Not Only ... But Also...) were published in a book of that title by Methuen in 1971 (reissued 1988). References ^ "BBC Comedy page on "Not Only But Also"". ^ "Audio Recordings of Not Only But Also Episodes Found". ^ "Sunday Post: Not Only… But Also - The Missing Minutes". 21 February 2016. ^ a b c d e Winn, John C. (2009). That Magic Feeling: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume Two, 1966–1970. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-307-45239-9. ^ a b Turner, Steve (2016). Beatles '66: The Revolutionary Year. New York, NY: Ecco. pp. 380–81. ISBN 978-0-06-247558-9. ^ Compiled by William Muirhead with reference to Publish and Bedazzled (Peter Cook fanzine); Postings on The Mausoleum Club; Missing Episodes.com and other sources. Sketch order for 1.5 and 1.7 conjecture. ^ Dud & Pete : The Dagenham Dialogues, Methuen, 1971 ISBN 0-416-67170-5 External links Not Only... But Also at BBC Online Comedy Guide Not Only... But Also at IMDb Not Only... But Also at the BFI's Screenonline
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Peter Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cook"},{"link_name":"Dudley Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Moore"}],"text":"Not Only... But Also is a BBC British sketch comedy show starring Peter Cook and Dudley Moore that aired in three series between 1964 and 1970.","title":"Not Only... But Also"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beyond the Fringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Fringe"},{"link_name":"Diahann Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diahann_Carroll"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"double act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_act"},{"link_name":"Dagenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagenham"},{"link_name":"Joe McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McGrath_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Dick Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Clement"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"Ark Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(R09)"},{"link_name":"Cilla Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilla_Black"},{"link_name":"Peter Sellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sellers"},{"link_name":"timpani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani"},{"link_name":"Pete and Dud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_and_Dud"},{"link_name":"Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sylvia and Gerry Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_and_Gerry_Anderson"},{"link_name":"One Leg Too Few","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Leg_Too_Few"},{"link_name":"Tarzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzan"},{"link_name":"adlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_libitum"},{"link_name":"corpsing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpsing"},{"link_name":"ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_TeleVision"},{"link_name":"Goodbye Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_Again_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"wiped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_television_broadcast#Wiping"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"telerecordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telerecording"},{"link_name":"16mm film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16mm_film"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Victor Lewis-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Lewis-Smith"},{"link_name":"BBC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Lewis Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll"}],"text":"The show was originally intended as a solo project for Moore, called Not Only Dudley Moore, But Also His Guests. However, unsure about going it alone, Moore invited his partner from Beyond the Fringe, Peter Cook, to guest in the pilot (along with Diahann Carroll and John Lennon, who was to make two more appearances during the course of the series). So well received by the studio audience was their double act, in particular the first \"Dagenham Dialogue\", \"A Spot of the Usual Trouble\", that Cook was invited to become a permanent fixture and the show became Not Only Peter Cook and Dudley Moore, But Also Their Guests, though it was only ever really referred to as Not Only... But Also.... This somewhat cumbersome title was later referred to by Cook in an interview as \"another of Dudley's plodding ideas\".Three series were made: the first, airing from January to April 1965 (produced and directed by Joe McGrath); the second, from January to February 1966 (produced and directed by Dick Clement); and the third, from February to May 1970 (produced and directed by Jimmy Gilbert). John Street produced the (surviving) 1966 Boxing Day Special.The opening titles for series one often featured Moore playing the series' theme (later released on the B-side of the 1965 \"Goodbyee\" single release) in a variety of unusual locations, such as in a car wash, on a violin at a Gypsy cafe, and as a one-man band. From series two onwards, episodes usually began with a sketch based primarily around revealing the words \"NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO...\" in huge letters placed in obscure places (for example, the aircraft carrier Ark Royal). Every edition except (possibly) the pilot concluded with a performance of arguably Moore's best known composition, \"Goodbyee\", sometimes involving the guest star of that particular episode. Examples include Cilla Black crying \"Oh, kiss me, Peter!\" during the song's intro in series two episode one, and Peter Sellers accompanying the duo on timpani in series one episode six.Among the best known features of the show were the \"Dagenham Dialogues\" between Pete and Dud, which were rambling, surreal conversations running often for over ten minutes and regular appearances by Cook's oblivious upperclass gent, Sir Arthur Streeb-Greebling. Other well-known sketches include the \"Facts of Life\" sketch (\"A Bit of a Chat\"), \"The Leaping Nuns of the Order of St Beryl\", \"Superthunderstingcar\" (a parody of Thunderbirds and other Sylvia and Gerry Anderson puppet shows), and the \"rhythmic voodoo\" R&B singer Bo Dudley – though the fame of these almost certainly owes much to the fact they still exist in vision, unlike much of the series.Contrary to popular myth, the Cook perennial \"One Leg Too Few\", a classic sketch about a one-legged actor applying for the role of Tarzan, which had been written by Cook when he was 18 years old and used in Beyond the Fringe, never appeared on the BBC Not Only... But Also..., although it did feature in one of the Australian shows in 1971.The series – in particular the \"Pete and Dud\" segments – allowed Cook the chance to adlib and both, but most famously Moore, were often reduced to helpless laughter, or \"corpsing\". Cook made a habit of trying to crack Moore up in the middle of their dialogues, occasionally forcing himself to corpse in the process.Between the second and third series, the two men made a series for ATV called Goodbye Again (director Shaun Riordan), which was very similar up to the point of using the same music and reusing some sketches like Alan-a-Dale. Shows lasted an hour and were edited more heavily. Unlike those of Not Only ... But Also..., all the tapes survive, although only in black and white. The show was originally recorded in colour (some sketches prerecorded on film still exist in colour).The BBC wiped most editions of Not Only... But Also... in the late 1960s and early 1970s, as it did with many other programmes in this era. Cook and Moore even offered to pay for the cost of preservation and buy new videotapes so that the old tapes would not need to be reused, but this offer was rejected.[1] Some telerecordings of the black and white episodes survive, but as the completed videotapes of the colour series were wiped, the only surviving colour sketches are the 16mm film inserts. In 2010 it was announced that off-air audio recordings for at least part of all the episodes had been recovered, and that there were plans to make them available, although this has yet to happen.[2] A 2016 documentary by Victor Lewis-Smith, \"The Undiscovered Peter Cook\", featured first series extracts from \"Sir Arthur at the Tailor\", long known to exist, and the final minute and 25 seconds of \"Pete and Dud on the Bus\", being reconstituted from film footage newly recovered from the Australian Broadcasting Company trailer department. Peter Cook and Dudley Moore: The Missing Sketches, transmitted on New Year's Day 2017, included further ABC trailer extracts from 'Pete and Dud - Diseases' and 'Pete and Dud – Sex'. One remaining recovered clip, lasting one minute and 25 seconds, of 'Pete and Dud – Music' remains unscreened to date.A 1971 visit to Australia for the live show Behind the Fridge (the name was a pun on Beyond the Fringe) saw Cook and Moore record two half-hour Not Only... But Also... specials for Australian television. These two episodes also survive intact, as do specially filmed performances of the Behind the Fridge live show from Australia and London, the latter in colour. The Australian performance has been available on DVD. Although they have since been viewed as \"best-of\"s (featuring new versions of \"One Leg Too Few\", \"Shirt Shop\" and \"Pseudolene/Job Offer\"), at least half of the material was new.A number of surviving sequences were compiled into The Best of Not Only...But Also, screened by BBC2 on 24 December 1974. Cook and Moore persuaded the BBC (in part thanks to a pleading letter from Cook's elderly mother) to piece together six half-hour compilation shows, screened on BBC2 from 4 November to 9 December 1990 as The Best of What's Left of Not Only... But Also... and released in 100-minute compilation form under the same title on VHS. In 2003 a 98-minute Region 2 DVD compilation of surviving sketches was released as The Best of Peter Cook & Dudley Moore; this is the same as the previous video tape but missing the third series' opening sequence, \"Tower Bridge\". At least one sketch substitution appears to have occurred between domestic and international versions of the compilation shows, the latter of which included \"The Walrus and the Carpenter\" (a filmed recreation of the Lewis Carroll poem which survives from the largely missing sixth episode of series two) instead of \"The Ravens\". Neither DVD includes this sequence. \"Initials\", or \"Old J.J.\", an old piece of Cook's recorded for the NOBA pilot in November 1964 and screened in January 1965 in the first episode of the series proper, was included in a mid-1990s VHS compilation of 1960s BBC comedy extracts.A Region 1 DVD of The Best of... What's Left of... Not Only... But Also... was released by BBC Worldwide on 9 September 2008, featuring all six compilation episodes. This still leaves over half the extant material unreleased in any form.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(italics denotes surviving visual material; audio for all episodes exists, an * marks a sketch's soundtrack survives on officially released record album)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Norman Rossington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Rossington"},{"link_name":"A Spot of the Usual Trouble (AKA Film Stars)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Spot_of_the_Usual_Trouble_(AKA_Film_Stars)"},{"link_name":"Diahann Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diahann_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Diahann Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diahann_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Barry Humphries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Humphries"},{"link_name":"Roddy Maude-Roxby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roddy_Maude-Roxby"},{"link_name":"Goldie & The Gingerbreads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldie_%26_The_Gingerbreads"},{"link_name":"Can't You Hear My Heartbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_You_Hear_My_Heartbeat"},{"link_name":"Joe Melia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Melia"},{"link_name":"Bill Wallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Wallis"},{"link_name":"John Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wells_(satirist)"},{"link_name":"June Christy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Christy"},{"link_name":"Anna Quayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Quayle"},{"link_name":"Marion Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Mel Torme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Torme"},{"link_name":"Mel Torme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Torme"},{"link_name":"Limehouse Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limehouse_Blues_(song)"},{"link_name":"Peter Sellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sellers"},{"link_name":"T-Bone Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Bone_Walker"},{"link_name":"Eric Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Sykes"},{"link_name":"John Bluthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bluthal"},{"link_name":"Blossom Dearie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom_Dearie"}],"sub_title":"First series (1965) black and white","text":"(Five episodes extant, two missing)Pilot: Rec. 29 November 1964 — (John Lennon, Norman Rossington) — Initials/Painting on Television/The Ravens/Good Dog Nigel/Pete and Dud – A Spot of the Usual Trouble (AKA Film Stars)/Deaf Ted, Danoota and Me. Music: Diahann Carroll (Humdrum Blues, Brown Baby, Blues in the Night), Dudley Moore Trio (Swingles Theme, Grwmst, Just in Time)TX 9 January 1965 — (John Lennon, Norman Rossington) — Car Wash Opening/Initials/The Ravens/Good Dog Nigel/Deaf Ted, Danoota and Me. Music: Diahann Carroll (Humdrum Blues, Brown Baby, Blues in the Night), Dudley Moore Trio (Swingles Theme, Grwmst, Just in Time)\nTX 23 January 1965 — (Barry Humphries, Roddy Maude-Roxby) — One-Man Band Opening/Silent Film extract/Tarquin Mordente – Silent Film Producer/Painting on Television/Roddy Maude-Roxbury monologue/Guide to the North Circular/Pete and Dud – A Spot of the Usual Trouble/Striptease. Music: Goldie & The Gingerbreads (\"Can't You Hear My Heartbeat\"), Dudley Moore Trio (I Won't Dance), Dudley and Orchestra (Got a Lot of Livin' to Do)\nTX 6 February 1965 — (Joe Melia, Bill Wallis, John Wells) — Cinema Opening/Sir Arthur at the Tailor/The Great War/Pete and Dud – The Worst Thing in the World/Alan A’Dale/Words to the Opening Theme. Music: June Christy (You Came a Long Way from St Louis, Just in Time, Remind Me, My Shining Hour), Dudley Moore Trio (My Blue Heaven)\nTX 20 February 1965 — (Barry Humphries, Anna Quayle) — Gypsy Violinist Opening/Tramponuns/Tramponuns Film/Anna Quayle Monologue/Prospective Son-In-Law/Incidents in the Life of My Uncle Arly/Pete and Dud – Art Gallery. Music: Marion Montgomery (The Exciting Mr Fitch, Wasn't the Summer Short?, Close Your Eyes), Dudley Moore Trio (Indiana)\nTX 6 March 1965 — (Mel Torme) — London Bus Opening (exists as silent film sequence)/Pete and Dud – On the Bus/Canvassing Dracula (exists as silent film sequence)/Job Offer (possibly remade as \"Pseudolene\" for the second Australian NOBA in 1971)/Privates Cigarettes Advertising (exists as silent film sequence)/Betting Agent. Music: Mel Torme (Limehouse Blues, My One and Only Highland Fling/Dat Dere Daddy)\nTX 20 March 1965 — (Peter Sellers) — Doomed Pilots Opening/Boxer-Cum-Painter/Pete and Dud – Superstitions/The Gourmets. Music: T-Bone Walker (Hey Baby, Goodbye Baby), Dudley Moore Trio (I Love You Samantha)\nTX 3 April 1965 — (Eric Sykes, John Bluthal) — The Grand Order of the Bull/Pete and Dud – Religions*/Making of a B-Movie/Ballroom Dancing Competition. Music: Blossom Dearie (I Wish You Love), Dudley Moore Trio (Baubles Bangles & Beads)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Terry Downes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Downes"},{"link_name":"Cilla Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilla_Black"},{"link_name":"Let There Be Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_There_Be_Love_(1940_song)"},{"link_name":"Alan Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Dakota Staton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Staton"},{"link_name":"Blossom Dearie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom_Dearie"},{"link_name":"Emil Lancey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_Lancey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dionne Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionne_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Walk On By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_On_By"},{"link_name":"Dusty Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_Springfield"},{"link_name":"Marion Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Montgomery"}],"sub_title":"Second series (1966) black and white","text":"(Two episodes extant, five missing)TX 15 January 1966 — (Henry Cooper, Terry Downes) — Underwater Pianist Opening/At the Zoo/Fight of the Century/A Bit of a Chat. Music: Cilla Black (Let There Be Love)\nTX 22 January 1966 — (Alan Freeman) — Scottish (\"Curse of the McLooneys\") Opening/Pete And Dud – Diseases/The Most Boring Man in the World Competition/Interview with the Most Boring Man in the World/Six of the Best*. Music: Dakota Staton (High on a Windy Valley, Morning Glory)\nTX 29 January 1966 — Court Jester Opening/Italian Restaurant/Ol' Man River (originally shot for 1.5, later remade for London run of Behind the Fridge. That version was included in the 1990 repeat series)/Blue Movie/Pete and Dud – Music. Music: Blossom Dearie (You Turn Me on Baby), Dudley Moore Trio (Softly As in the Morning Rise)\nTX 5 February 1966 — Pete and Dud at the Seaside Opening/The Frog And Peach*/Commercials/Slapstick Comedy. Music: Emil Lancey (If I Were A Bell, Rainy Day), Cook and Moore (Isn't She A Sweetie)\nTX 12 February 1966 — Monk Opening/The Psychiatrist*/The Epic That Never Was/Father And Son*. Music: Dionne Warwick (\"Walk On By\", Unchained Melody)\nTX 19 February 1966 — Student Prince (Drinking Song) Opening/The Music Teacher*/The Walrus and the Carpenter/Pete And Dud – Sex*. Music: Dudley Moore Trio (Summertime), Dusty Springfield (Wives And Lovers)\nTX 26 February 1966 — Caveman Opening/Bo Dudley/Superthunderstingcar/Pete and Dud – In Heaven. Music: Marion Montgomery","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Soho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winn_p_71-4"},{"link_name":"Swinging London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinging_London"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turner_pp_380-81-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winn_p_71-4"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"sitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar"},{"link_name":"Ravi Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Shankar"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow Never Knows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Knows"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winn_p_71-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winn_p_71-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turner_pp_380-81-5"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winn_p_71-4"}],"sub_title":"Christmas special: TX 26 December 1966","text":"The 1966 Christmas Special survives in a slightly abridged copy: it was transmitted in a 50-minute slot, but the circulating print (and that held by the BBC) is four minutes shorter. Reference to the studio shooting script reveals the excised material to be a section of \"The Fairy Cobbler'\"as well as an entire filmed sketch referred to as \"Golf Quickie\".[3] \n(John Lennon)\nFox Hunt Opening/Fairy Cobbler/Pete and Dud – The Unexplained/Swinging London (Lionel Bloab – Destructive Artist, Rev. Gavin Thistle, Penny Ryder, Simon Accrington, \"The L.S. Bumblebee\", The Ad Lav Club)\nMusic: Marion Montgomery (\"I'll Be Tired of You\", \"I’m Old Fashioned\"), Dudley Moore TrioThe 15-minute \"Swinging London\" segment was partly filmed in Soho in November 1966. Purporting to be an episode of The Pipesucker Report, with Cook playing investigative reporter Hiram J. Pipesucker,[4] the sketch satirises the American media's coverage of the Swinging London phenomenon.[5] Cook and Moore poke fun at London's burgeoning creative scenes, such as performance art, fashion modelling and pop music.[4] As Simon Accrington, Moore plays the manager of a pop group that have become devotees of Chinese banjo player Ravi Oli (a send-up of The Beatles guitarist George Harrison travelling to India to study the sitar with Indian classical musician Ravi Shankar). The band, with Cook and Moore as vocalists, are shown recording a new single, \"The L.S. Bumblebee\" – the lyrics and exotic musical effects of which parody the Beatles' recent experimental song \"Tomorrow Never Knows\".[4] At the end of the sketch, Pipesucker attempts to gain entry into the Ad Lav Club,[4] which he describes as \"London's most fashionable lavatory spot ... [where] film stars rub shoulders with royalty\".[5] In a parody of the exclusive door policy at London's Ad Lib nightclub, the doorman (played by John Lennon) grants Pipesucker access only when the reporter persuades him that he is the Duke and Duchess of Windsor.[4]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nanette Workman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanette_Workman"},{"link_name":"On the Ning Nang Nong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Ning_Nang_Nong"},{"link_name":"Joe Cocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cocker"},{"link_name":"Frank Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Muir"},{"link_name":"Alan Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Price"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Barker"},{"link_name":"Yes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Denis Norden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Norden"},{"link_name":"Alan Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bennett"},{"link_name":"John Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Williams"}],"sub_title":"Series three (1970) colour","text":"(All episodes missing; most film sequences survive)[6]TX 18 February 1970 — Tower Bridge Opening/Pete and Dud – The Wardrobe (Dud Dreams)*/Piano Tuner/Bargo/Poets Cornered with Spike Milligan. Music: Nanette Workman, Dudley Moore Trio, Spike Milligan (On the Ning Nang Nong)\nTX 4 March 1970 — Lavatory Humour Opening/Scriptwriter/The Glidd of Glood/Pete and Dud – 0-0-Dud*/Poets Cornered with Willie Rushton. Music: Nanette, Dudley Moore Trio, Joe Cocker & The Grease Band\nTX 18 March 1970 — Railway Station Opening/Sir Arthur's World of Worms/Pete and Dud – Racial Prejudice/In the Club*/Poets Cornered with Barry Humphries. Music: Nanette; Dudley Moore Trio; Michael Chapman\nTX 1 April 1970 — Not Only… But Psycho Opening/Pete and Dud – The Futility of Life/Permission to Marry/Good vs. Evil Cricket Match/Poets Cornered with Frank Muir. Music: Nanette; Dudley Moore Trio; Alan Price\nTX 15 April 1970 — Flowers Opening/Sir Arthur on Flowers/Geriatric Medicine (Undercover Doctor)/Pete and Dud – Heaving Thighs Across Manhattan/Ludwig! (film sections survive – two lengthy studio-based \"chat show\" sections missing. There is also a fake ad, still extant, which has not been released or repeated)/Poets Cornered with Ronnie Barker. Music: Nanette; Dudley Moore Trio (\"Lillian Lust\"); Yes\nTX 29 April 1970 — Newspaper Opening/Lengths*/The Conman/Pete and Dud – As Nature Intended/Poets Cornered with Denis Norden. Music: Nanette; Dudley Moore Trio; Arrival\nTX 13 May 1970 — Birmingham-Mandalay Cycle Race/The Lunch Party/Pete and Dud – Self-Improvement/The Making of a Movie/Poets Cornered with Alan Bennett. Music: Nanette; Dudley Moore Trio; John Williams","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"On the Ning Nang Nong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Ning_Nang_Nong"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Barker"},{"link_name":"Alan Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bennett"}],"sub_title":"Off-air audio","text":"Audio recordings for all of the lost episodes of the series exist, thanks to off-air audio recordings made by viewers at the time of transmission. Some of these audio recordings are more complete than others. Very few of them are completely unedited. This means that although we have an audio recording for every episode, some parts of some of those episodes still remain lost. A complete collection of these recordings is housed in the National Sound Archive at the British Library in London.Further off-air recordings have since also been recovered, mostly from Australia; though some of the recordings are abridged. A confirmed list of these Australian findings (including some material not held at the British Library) include:Series 1, Show 5: TX 6 March 1965: Pete and Dud – On the Bus\nSeries 1, Show 7: TX 3 April 1965 (feat Eric Sykes): The Grand Order of the Bull/Pete and Dud – Religions/Making of a B-Movie/Outro and Goodbyee (partial)\nSeries 2, Show 2: TX 22 January 1966: Pete and Dud - On Diseases\nSeries 2, Show 4: TX 5 February 1966: Pete and Dud at the Seaside Opening/Piers and Dominic Intro (possibly partial)/The Frog And Peach*/Isn't She a Sweetie (Piers and Dominic song)/Commercials/Slapstick Comedy/Goodbyee\nSeries 2, Show 5: TX 12 February 1966: Monk Opening/\"Brother\" Piers and \"Brother\" Dominic Intro/The Psychiatrist*/The Epic That Never Was/Father And Son*/Goodbyee\nSeries 3, Show 1: TX 18 February 1970: Piano Tuner/Spike Milligan (On the Ning Nang Nong)/Poets Cornered with Spike Milligan\nSeries 3, Show 2: TX 4 March 1970: The Scriptwriter\nSeries 3, Show 3: TX 18 March 1970: Railway Station Opening/Sir Arthur's World of Worms/Pete and Dud – Racial Prejudice/Poets Cornered with Barry Humphries\nSeries 3, Show 4: TX 1 April 1970: Pete and Dud – The Futility of Life/Permission to Marry\nSeries 3, Show 5: TX 15 April 1970: Flowers Opening/Sir Arthur on Flowers/Geriatric Medicine (Undercover Doctor)/Pete and Dud – Heaving Thighs Across Manhattan/Ludwig!/Poets Cornered with Ronnie Barker\nSeries 3, Show 6: TX 29 April 1970: The Conman/Pete and Dud – As Nature Intended\nSeries 3, Show 7: TX 13 May 1970: The Lunch Party/Pete and Dud – Self-Improvement/Poets Cornered with Alan Bennett","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"Methuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methuen_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Four compilation albums were released by Decca Records to accompany the series, taken from the original television recordings:Not Only Peter Cook... But Also Dudley Moore (1965) - sketches include \"The Ravens\", \"Superstitions\", \"Tramponuns\", \"Art Gallery\", \"Initials\", \"Religions\"\nOnce Moore with Cook (1966) - sketches include \"Dud and Pete on Sex\", \"Father and Son\", \"The Frog and Peach\", \"Six of the Best\", \"The Music Teacher\", \"A Bit of a Chat\", \"Dud and Pete at the Zoo\", \"The Psychiatrist\"\nNot Only But Also (1971) - sketches include \"Dud's Dreams\" [sic], \"In the Club\", \"Lengths\", \"This is Ludwig Van Beethoven\", \"The Making of a Movie\", \"0-0 Dud\"\nThe World of Pete & Dud (1974) - sketches include \"Art Gallery\", \"A Bit of a Chat\", \"Lengths\", \"The Psychiatrist\", \"Dud Dreams\", \"The Ravens\", \"Father and Son\", \"Six of the Best\"The scripts of 12 of the 29 \"Dagenham Dialogues\" (most, but not all, from Not Only ... But Also...) were published in a book of that title by Methuen in 1971 (reissued 1988).[7]","title":"Other media"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"BBC Comedy page on \"Not Only But Also\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/notonlybutalso/index.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC Comedy page on \"Not Only But Also\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Audio Recordings of Not Only But Also Episodes Found\".","urls":[{"url":"http://wipednews.com/2010/11/02/audio-recordings-of-not-only-but-also-episodes-found","url_text":"\"Audio Recordings of Not Only But Also Episodes Found\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunday Post: Not Only… But Also - The Missing Minutes\". 21 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/genome/entries/56b0ca36-b440-4dcb-91e2-d220123ad5e8","url_text":"\"Sunday Post: Not Only… But Also - The Missing Minutes\""}]},{"reference":"Winn, John C. (2009). That Magic Feeling: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume Two, 1966–1970. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-307-45239-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45239-9","url_text":"978-0-307-45239-9"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Steve (2016). Beatles '66: The Revolutionary Year. New York, NY: Ecco. pp. 380–81. ISBN 978-0-06-247558-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Turner_(writer)","url_text":"Turner, Steve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-247558-9","url_text":"978-0-06-247558-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Hillenbrand
Martin J. Hillenbrand
["1 Career","2 Later years","3 References"]
American diplomat This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Martin J. Hillenbrand" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Stanislaus Signal, Stanislaus State College, November 19, 1969 Martin Joseph Hillenbrand (August 1, 1915 – February 2, 2005) was an American diplomat who served as the U.S. Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany from 1972 to 1976. Career Born in Youngstown, Ohio, to a family of German descent, Hillenbrand attained a Ph.D. in 1948 from Columbia University. He became a U.S. foreign service officer almost a decade earlier, entering the U.S. Foreign Service in 1939, and served in multiple positions before being named Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs during the Nixon Administration. During his 37-year career in the U.S. Foreign Service, he held assignments in Switzerland, Washington, D.C., Burma, India, Portuguese East Africa (now: Mozambique), Germany, France, and Hungary. He served as U.S. Ambassador to Hungary from 1967–1969 and later as the U.S. Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany from June 27, 1972, to October 18, 1976. During his career, Ambassador Hillenbrand developed expertise on European affairs, and he devoted a significant portion of his career to topics related to Germany where he played an instrumental role as a diplomat during the Berlin Crisis from 1958 to 1962. Later years After retiring from the U.S. Foreign Service, the former Ambassador Hillenbrand served as the Director-General of the Atlantic Institute for International Affairs in Paris, France, from 1977-1982. In 1982, Dr. Hillenbrand was named Dean Rusk Professor of International Relations at the University of Georgia and held this position until his retirement from this university in 1997. In his retirement, the former Ambassador Hillenbrand published his memoirs: "Fragments of Our Time: Memoirs of a Diplomat" (University of Georgia Press: 1998). In 2004 Ambassador Hillenbrand participated in an oral history project that focused on his role and understanding of significant world events during his career in the U.S. Foreign Service and also considered his outlook on the future. Audio and video recordings from this project are housed in the Richard B. Russell Library at the University of Georgia. Hillenbrand died in Athens, Georgia, on February 2, 2005, at the age of 89. References ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (2005-02-18). "Martin J. Hillenbrand, 89, Expert on European Affairs, Is Dead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-03-14. Diplomatic posts Preceded byRichard W. Tims United States Ambassador to Hungary October 30, 1967 – February 15, 1969 Succeeded byAlfred Puhan Preceded byKenneth Rush United States Ambassador to Germany June 27, 1972 – October 18, 1976 Succeeded byWalter J. Stoessel, Jr. Government offices Preceded byJohn M. Leddy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs February 20, 1969 – April 30, 1972 Succeeded byWalter John Stoessel, Jr. vte United States Ambassadors to Germany Germany–United States relationsEmbassy of the United States, BerlinMinister Plenipotentiary Adams Envoy Extraordinaryand Minister Plenipotentiary Wheaton Donelson Hannegan Barnard Vroom Wright Judd Wright Bancroft Davis Taylor White Sargent Kasson Pendleton Phelps Runyon Ambassador Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiary Runyon Uhl White Tower Hill Leishman Gerard Dresel Houghton Schurman Sackett Dodd Wilson Kirk Morris Conant Bruce Dowling McGhee Lodge Rush Hillenbrand Stoessel Burns Burt Walters Kimmitt Holbrooke Redman Bindenagel Kornblum Coats Timken Koenig Murphy Emerson Logsdon Grenell Quinville Gutmann Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other NARA SNAC IdRef
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacake
Teacake
["1 Regional variations","1.1 England","1.2 Sweden and Finland","1.3 United States","1.4 Australia/India","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Dessert item served with tea Not to be confused with compressed tea. For other uses, see Teacake (disambiguation). TeacakeA toasted English teacake (right) shown with a mochaTypeSweet rollMain ingredientsFlour A teacake in England is generally a light yeast-based sweet bun containing dried fruit, typically served toasted and buttered. In the U.S. teacakes can be cookies or small cakes. In Sweden, they are soft, round, flat wheat breads made with milk and a little sugar, and used to make buttered ham or cheese sandwiches. In India and Australia, a teacake is more like a butter cake. Tea refers to the popular beverage to which these baked goods are an accompaniment. Regional variations England In most of England, a teacake is a light, sweet, yeast-based bun containing dried fruits, most usually currants, sultanas or peel. It is typically split, toasted, buttered, and served with tea. It is flat and circular, with a smooth brown upper surface and a somewhat lighter underside. Although most people refer to a teacake as a cake containing fruit, in East Lancashire, certain areas of Yorkshire and Cumbria the name currant teacake is used to distinguish fruited "cakes" from plain bread rolls. In West Yorkshire, a large plain white or brown bread roll 9 inches or 225 mm diameter is often also called a teacake and is used to make very large sandwiches. Many cafes sell these for breakfast or midmorning snacks. Like Chelsea buns, Yorkshire puddings and Bath buns before them Yorkshire tea cakes lost their specific attachment to a geographical English location. While the aforementioned were no longer only associated with specific places before the 1800s, the same happened to Yorkshire tea cakes during the Victorian era. It became defined as a traditional English food. In Kent, the teacake is known as a "huffkin", which is often flavoured with hops, especially at the time of harvesting hops in September. In Sussex, a luxurious version of the teacake with added aromatics such as nutmeg, cinnamon and rose water is still sometimes made and called a manchet or Lady Arundel's Manchet. In East Lancashire, the former West Riding of Yorkshire, and Cumbria a teacake is a round bread roll which is cut in half to make sandwiches. They do not usually contain any sort of dried fruit. They can be made with either white, brown, wholemeal, or Granary flour (a brand of flour produced by Hovis, made by malting wheat, crushing the grains, roasting them, and then mixing them with brown flour). Sweden and Finland In Sweden, the word for teacake (tekaka) refers to a sweetened wheat yeast bread. In Finland there is a similar dish called teeleipä. United States In the Southeastern United States, a teacake is a traditional dense large cookie, made with sugar, butter, eggs, flour, milk, and flavoring. They are particularly associated with the African-American community and were originally developed as an analog of the pastries served to guests by white women when entertaining. Australia/India In Australia and India, a teacake is typically a butter cake, usually ready to serve warm from the oven in less than 30 minutes. Ingredients typically consist of flour, eggs, butter, cinnamon and sugar. It is traditionally served warm as an accompaniment to tea. Australian teacakes are sprinkled with cinnamon and fine (caster) sugar, and are usually served warm from the oven with additional butter. See also Food portal Chocolate teacakes, a kind of chocolate-coated marshmallow treat Coffee cake, a class of cakes that are served with coffee Funing big cake List of sweet breads Madeleine (cake), a type of individual French cake, shell shaped Russian tea cake, also called Mexican wedding cookies, a kind of cookie that originated in Russia Tea (meal) Tea culture Tea loaf References ^ Concise Oxford English Dictionary, Eleventh Edition (revised) 2006 ^ Broomfield, Andrea (2007). Food and cooking in Victorian England: a history. Victorian life and times (1. publ ed.). Westport, Conn.: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-98708-4. ^ "Granary®". Rank Hovis. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012. ^ "te-kaka | SAOB" (in Swedish). Retrieved 2022-12-08. ^ The Georgia Cook Book, Georgia Home Economics Association. Atlanta, 1980. ^ Karen Grigsby Bates (2016-06-19). "Food To Celebrate Freedom: Tea Cakes For Juneteenth!". Retrieved 2016-06-20. ^ "Cinnamon tea cake". Taste.com.au. 1 January 2010. Retrieved 4 May 2020. ^ "Cinnamon teacake". Player.fm. 16 October 2006. Retrieved 4 May 2020. External links Teacake – Merriam-Webster vteCakesList of cakesButter cakes Babka Banana bread Gâteau nantais Gooey butter cake Pound cake Cheesecakes Fiadone Japanese cheesecake Ostkaka Ube cheesecake Smoked salmon cheesecake Tu Nut cakes Brazil nut cake Castagnaccio Chestnut cake Falculelle Financier Neccio Pain de Gênes Chocolatecakes Amandine Batik cake Black Forest gateau Blackout cake Chocolate brownie Flourless chocolate cake Fudge cake Garash cake German chocolate cake Hedgehog slice Joffre cake Kladdkaka Molten chocolate cake Sachertorte Torta caprese Fruitcakes Apple cake Banana cake Bánh chuối Black bun Bolo-rei Cherry cake Clementine cake Crema de fruta Dundee cake Fig cake Genoa cake Jewish apple cake Kornigou Mango cake Mango float Panforte Panpepato Plum cake Queen Elizabeth cake Raisin cake Torta alla Monferrina Layer cakes Angel cake Bolo fiado Buckwheat gateau Cassata Chantilly cake Coconut cake Devil's food cake Doberge cake Dobos torte Esterházy torte Flan cake Gâteau magique Liver cake Maria Luisa cake Cremeschnitte Šampita Tompouce Princess cake Prinzregententorte Rainbow cake Sarawak cake Smith Island cake Spekkoek Torta setteveli Torta Tre Monti Torte Vínarterta Spit cakes Baumkuchen Kürtőskalács (Chimney cake) Šakotis Spettekaka Trdelník Spongecakes Bahulu Bánh bò Battenberg cake Boston cream pie Buko pandan cake Bundt cake Castella Charlotte Coffee and walnut cake Donauwelle Fanta cake Frankfurter Kranz French Fancy Frog cake Génoise Hot milk cake Lady Baltimore cake Ladyfinger Lamington Madeira cake Madeleine Mantecada Marry girl cake Misérable cake Opera cake Pandan cake Paper wrapped cake Pionono Red velvet cake Rum cake Shortcake Spice cake Swiss roll Tres leches cake Upside-down cake Foam cakesand meringue Angel food cake Brazo de Mercedes Chiffon cake Dacquoise Kyiv cake Mamón Mango cake Pavlova Sans rival Spanische Windtorte Ube cake Yema cake Zuger Kirschtorte Yeast cakes Banbury cake Berlingozzo Bienenstich Breudher Cacavellu Campanile Canestru Chorley cake Cozonac Date and walnut loaf Easter bread Flies' graveyard Gugelhupf Inuliata Portuguese sweet bread Pandoro Rum baba Streuselkuchen Specialoccasions Birthday cake Buccellato Christmas cake Bûche de Noël Pan de Pascua Groom's cake Halloween cake King cake Rosca de reyes Kransekake Lekach Love cake Marry girl cake Mooncake Pască Pop out cake Simnel cake Soul cake Stack cake Stollen Strenna Wedding cake Other Basbousa Beer cake Better than sex cake Bizcocho Bulla cake Cake balls Cake pop Carrot cake Coffee cake Cupcake Gingerbread house man Heavy cake Ice cream cake Ispanaklı kek Kue Kuih Lolly cake Louise cake Mané pelado Marble cake Nonnette Ontbijtkoek Pain d'épices Pancake Parkin Parrozzo Petit four Punschkrapfen Rice cake Ruske kape Soufflé Sugee cake Sweetheart cake Teacake Tiramisu Watergate cake Welsh cake Food portal Category Authority control databases: National Israel United States
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Ingredients typically consist of flour, eggs, butter, cinnamon and sugar. It is traditionally served warm as an accompaniment to tea. Australian teacakes are sprinkled with cinnamon and fine (caster) sugar, and are usually served warm from the oven with additional butter.[7][8]","title":"Regional variations"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro
Mohenjo-daro
["1 Etymology","2 Location","3 Historical context","4 Rediscovery and excavation","5 Architecture and urban infrastructure","5.1 Major buildings","5.2 Fortifications","5.3 Water supply and wells","5.4 Flooding and rebuilding","6 Notable artefacts","6.1 Mother Goddess Idol","6.2 Dancing Girl","6.3 Priest-King","6.4 Pashupati seal","6.5 Seven-stranded necklace","6.6 The Mohenjo-daro ruler","7 Conservation and current state","7.1 2014 Sindh Festival","8 Climate","9 See also","10 References","10.1 Bibliography","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 27°19′45″N 68°08′20″E / 27.32917°N 68.13889°E / 27.32917; 68.13889Archaeological site in Sindh, Pakistan This article is about the archaeological site. For the 2016 Bollywood film, see Mohenjo Daro (film). Mohenjo-daroShown within SindhShow map of SindhMohenjo-daro (Pakistan)Show map of PakistanMohenjo-daro (South Asia)Show map of South AsiaLocationLarkana District, Sindh,  PakistanCoordinates27°19′45″N 68°08′20″E / 27.32917°N 68.13889°E / 27.32917; 68.13889TypeSettlementArea250 ha (620 acres)HistoryFounded26–25th century BCEAbandoned19th century BCECulturesIndus Valley Civilisation UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameArchaeological Ruins at MoenjodaroCriteriaCultural: ii, iiiReference138Inscription1980 (4th Session)Area240 ha Mohenjo-daro (/moʊˌhɛndʒoʊ ˈdɑːroʊ/; Sindhi: موهن جو دڙو‎, lit. 'Mound of the Dead Men'; Urdu: موئن جو دڑو ) is an archaeological site in Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan. Built c. 2500 BCE, it was the largest settlement of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation, and one of the world's earliest major cities, contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Minoan Crete, and Norte Chico. With an estimated population of at least 40,000 people, Mohenjo-daro prospered for several centuries, but by c. 1700 BCE had been abandoned, along with other large cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. The site was not rediscovered until the 1920s. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980, the first site in South Asia to be so designated. The site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration. Etymology The city's original name is unknown. Based on his analysis of a Mohenjo-daro seal, Iravatham Mahadevan speculates that the city's ancient name could have been Kukkuṭārma ("the city of the cockerel "). Cock-fighting may have had ritual and religious significance for the city. Mohenjo-daro may also have been a point of diffusion for the clade of the domesticated chicken found in Africa, Western Asia, Europe and the Americas. Mohenjo-daro, the modern name for the site, has been interpreted as "Mound of the Dead" in Sindhi. Location Map showing the major sites and theorised extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation, including the location of the Mohenjo-daro site Mohenjo-daro is located off the right (west) bank of the lower Indus river in Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan. It lies on a Pleistocene ridge in the flood plain of the Indus, around 28 kilometres (17 mi) from the town of Larkana. Historical context Mohenjo-daro was built in the 26th century BCE. It was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation, also known as the Harappan Civilization, which developed c. 3000 BCE from the prehistoric Indus culture. At its height, the Indus Civilization spanned much of what is now Pakistan and North India, extending westwards to the Iranian border, south to Gujarat in India and northwards to an outpost in Bactria, with major urban centers at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan, Dholavira and Rakhigarhi. Mohenjo-daro was the most advanced city of its time, with remarkably sophisticated civil engineering and urban planning. When the Indus civilization went into sudden decline c. 1900 BCE, Mohenjo-daro was abandoned. Rediscovery and excavation Archaeological ruins at Moenjodaro Excavations at Mohenjo-daro in 1924 The ruins of the city remained undocumented for around 3,700 years until R. D. Banerji, an officer of the Archaeological Survey of India, visited the site in 1919–20 identifying what he thought to be a Buddhist stupa (150–500 CE) known to be there and finding a flint scraper which convinced him of the site's antiquity. This led to large-scale excavations of Mohenjo-daro led by K. N. Dikshit in 1924–25, and John Marshall in 1925–26. In the 1930s major excavations were conducted at the site under the leadership of Marshall, D. K. Dikshitar and Ernest Mackay. Further excavations were carried out in 1945 by Mortimer Wheeler and his trainee, Ahmad Hasan Dani. The last major series of excavations were conducted in 1964 and 1965 by George F. Dales. After 1965, excavations were banned due to weathering damage to the exposed structures, and the only projects allowed at the site since have been salvage excavations, surface surveys, and conservation projects. In the 1980s, German and Italian survey groups led by Michael Jansen and Maurizio Tosi used less invasive archeological techniques, such as architectural documentation, surface surveys, and localized probing, to gather further information about Mohenjo-daro. A dry core drilling conducted in 2015 by Pakistan's National Fund for Mohenjo-daro revealed that the site is larger than the unearthed area. Architecture and urban infrastructure Further information: Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation and Harappan architecture Regularity of streets and buildings suggests the influence of ancient urban planning in Mohenjo-daro's construction. View of the site's Great Bath, showing the surrounding urban layout Mohenjo-daro has a planned layout with rectilinear buildings arranged on a grid plan. Most were built of fired and mortared brick; some incorporated sun-dried mud-brick and wooden superstructures. The covered area of Mohenjo-daro is estimated at 300 hectares. The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History offers a "weak" estimate of a peak population of around 40,000. The sheer size of the city, and its provision of public buildings and facilities, suggests a high level of social organization. The city is divided into two parts, the so-called Citadel and the Lower City. The Citadel – a mud-brick mound around 12 metres (39 ft) high – is known to have supported public baths, a large residential structure designed to house about 5,000 citizens, and two large assembly halls. The city had a central marketplace, with a large central well. Individual households or groups of households obtained their water from smaller wells. Waste water was channeled to covered drains that lined the major streets. Some houses, presumably those of more prestigious inhabitants, include rooms that appear to have been set aside for bathing, and one building had an underground furnace (known as a hypocaust), possibly for heated bathing. Most houses had inner courtyards, with doors that opened onto side-lanes. Some buildings had two stories. Major buildings The Great Bath In 1950, Sir Mortimer Wheeler identified one large building in Mohenjo-daro as a "Great Granary". Certain wall-divisions in its massive wooden superstructure appeared to be grain storage-bays, complete with air-ducts to dry the grain. According to Wheeler, carts would have brought grain from the countryside and unloaded them directly into the bays. However, Jonathan Mark Kenoyer noted the complete lack of evidence for grain at the "granary", which, he argued, might therefore be better termed a "Great Hall" of uncertain function. Close to the "Great Granary" is a large and elaborate public bath, sometimes called the Great Bath. From a colonnaded courtyard, steps lead down to the brick-built pool, which was waterproofed by a lining of bitumen. The pool measures 12 metres (39 ft) long, 7 metres (23 ft) wide and 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) deep. It may have been used for religious purification. Other large buildings include a "Pillared Hall", thought to be an assembly hall of some kind, and the so-called "College Hall", a complex of buildings comprising 78 rooms, thought to have been a priestly residence. Fortifications Excavation of the city revealed very tall wells (left), which it seems were continually built up as flooding and rebuilding raised the elevation of street level. Mohenjo-daro had no series of city walls, but was fortified with guard towers to the west of the main settlement, and defensive fortifications to the south. Considering these fortifications and the structure of other major Indus valley cities like Harappa, it is postulated that Mohenjo-daro was an administrative center. Both Harappa and Mohenjo-daro share relatively the same architectural layout, and were generally not heavily fortified like other Indus Valley sites. It is obvious from the identical city layouts of all Indus sites that there was some kind of political or administrative centrality, but the extent and functioning of an administrative center remains unclear. Water supply and wells The location of Mohenjo-daro was built in a relatively short period of time, with the water supply system and wells being some of the first planned constructions. With the excavations done so far, over 700 wells are present at Mohenjo-daro, alongside drainage and bathing systems. This number is unheard of when compared to other civilizations at the time, such as Egypt or Mesopotamia, and the quantity of wells transcribes as one well for every three houses. Because of the large number of wells, it is believed that the inhabitants relied solely on annual rainfall, as well as the Indus River's course remaining close to the site, alongside the wells providing water for long periods of time in the case of the city coming under siege. Due to the period in which these wells were built and used, it is likely that the circular brick well design used at this and many other Harappan sites are an invention that should be credited to the Indus civilization, as there is no existing evidence of this design from Mesopotamia or Egypt at this time, and even later. Sewage and waste water for buildings at the site were disposed of via a centralized drainage system that ran alongside the site's streets. These drains that ran alongside the road were effective at allowing most human waste and sewage to be disposed of as the drains most likely took the waste toward the Indus River. Flooding and rebuilding The city also had large platforms perhaps intended as defense against flooding. According to a theory first advanced by Wheeler, the city could have been flooded and silted over, perhaps six times, and later rebuilt in the same location. For some archaeologists, it was believed that a final flood that helped engulf the city in a sea of mud brought about the abandonment of the site. Gregory Possehl was the first to theorize that the floods were caused by overuse and expansion upon the land, and that the mud flood was not the reason the site was abandoned. Instead of a mud flood wiping part of the city out in one fell swoop, Possehl coined the possibility of constant mini-floods throughout the year, paired with the land being worn out by crops, pastures, and resources for bricks and pottery spelled the downfall of the site. Notable artefacts Boat with direction finding birds to find land. Model of Mohenjo-Daro seal, 2500-1750 BCE. Numerous objects found in excavation include seated and standing figures, copper and stone tools, carved seals, balance-scales and weights, gold and jasper jewellery, and children's toys. Many bronze and copper pieces, such as figurines and bowls, have been recovered from the site, showing that the inhabitants of Mohenjo-daro understood how to utilize the lost wax technique. The furnaces found at the site are believed to have been used for copperworks and melting the metals as opposed to smelting. There even seems to be an entire section of the city dedicated to shell-working, located in the northeastern part of the site. Some of the most prominent copperworks recovered from the site are the copper tablets which have examples of the untranslated Indus script and iconography. While the script has not been deciphered yet, many of the images on the tablets match another tablet and both hold the same caption in the Indus language, with the example given showing three tablets with the image of a mountain goat and the inscription on the back reading the same letters for the three tablets. Pottery and terracotta sherds have been recovered from the site, with many of the pots having deposits of ash in them, leading archeologists to believe they were either used to hold the ashes of a person or as a way to warm up a home located in the site. These heaters, or braziers, were ways to heat the house while also being able to be utilized in a manner of cooking or straining, while others solely believe they were used for heating. The finds from Mohenjo-daro were initially deposited in the Lahore Museum, but later moved to the ASI headquarters at New Delhi, where a new "Central Imperial Museum" was being planned for the new capital of the British Raj, in which at least a selection would be displayed. It became apparent that Indian independence was approaching, but the Partition of India was not anticipated until late in the process. The new Pakistani authorities requested the return of the Harappan pieces excavated on their territory, but the Indian authorities refused. Eventually an agreement was reached, whereby the finds, totalling some 12,000 objects (most sherds of pottery), were split equally between the countries; in some cases this was taken very literally, with some necklaces and girdles having their beads separated into two piles. In the case of the "two most celebrated sculpted figures", Pakistan asked for and received the Priest-king, while India retained the much smaller Dancing Girl, and also the Pashupati seal. Most of the objects from Mohenjo-daro retained by India are in the National Museum of India in New Delhi and those returned to Pakistan in the National Museum of Pakistan in Karachi, with many also in the museum now established at Mohenjo-daro itself. In 1939, a small representative group of artefacts excavated at the site was transferred to the British Museum by the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India. Mother Goddess Idol "The Mother Goddess" Discovered by John Marshall in 1931, the idol appears to mimic certain characteristics that match the Mother Goddess belief common in many early Near East civilizations. Sculptures and figurines depicting women have been observed as part of Harappan culture and religion, as multiple female pieces were recovered from Marshall's archaeological digs. These figures were not categorized correctly, according to Marshall, meaning that where they were recovered from the site is not actually clear. One of said figures is 18.7 cm tall and is currently on display at the National Museum of Pakistan, in Karachi. The fertility and motherhood aspects on display on the idols is represented by the female genitalia that is presented in an almost exaggerated style as stated by Marshall, with him inferring that such figurines are offerings to the goddess, as opposed to the typical understanding of them being idols representing the goddess's likeness. Because of the figurines being unique in terms of hairstyles, body proportions, as well as headdresses and jewelry, there are theories as to who these figurines actually represent. Shereen Ratnagar theorizes that because of their uniqueness and dispersed discovery throughout the site that they could be figurines of ordinary household women, who commissioned these pieces to be used in rituals or healing ceremonies to help aforementioned individual women. Dancing Girl Main article: Dancing Girl (sculpture) "The Dancing Girl" A bronze statuette dubbed the "Dancing Girl", 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) high and about 4,500 years old, was found in 'HR area' of Mohenjo-daro in 1926; it is now in the National Museum, New Delhi. In 1973, British archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler described the item as his favorite statuette:She's about fifteen years old I should think, not more, but she stands there with bangles all the way up her arm and nothing else on. A girl perfectly, for the moment, perfectly confident of herself and the world. There's nothing like her, I think, in the world. John Marshall, another archeologist at Mohenjo-daro, described the figure as "a young girl, her hand on her hip in a half-impudent posture, and legs slightly forward as she beats time to the music with her legs and feet." The archaeologist Gregory Possehl said of the statuette, "We may not be certain that she was a dancer, but she was good at what she did and she knew it". The statue led to two important discoveries about the civilization: first, that they knew metal blending, casting and other sophisticated methods of working with ore, and secondly that entertainment, especially dance, was part of the culture. Priest-King Main article: Priest-King (sculpture) "The Priest-King", a seated stone sculpture at the National Museum, Karachi In 1927, a seated male soapstone figure was found in a building with unusually ornamental brickwork and a wall-niche. Though there is no evidence that priests or monarchs ruled Mohenjo-daro, archaeologists dubbed this dignified figure a "Priest-King". The sculpture is 17.5 centimetres (6.9 in) tall, and shows a neatly bearded man with pierced earlobes and a fillet around his head, possibly all that is left of a once-elaborate hairstyle or head-dress; his hair is combed back. He wears an armband, and a cloak with drilled trefoil, single circle and double circle motifs, which show traces of red. His eyes might have originally been inlaid. Pashupati seal Main article: Pashupati seal The Pashupati seal A seal discovered at the site bears the image of a seated, cross-legged and possibly ithyphallic figure surrounded by animals. The figure has been interpreted by some scholars as a yogi, and by others as a three-headed "proto-Shiva" as "Lord of Animals". Seven-stranded necklace Sir Mortimer Wheeler was especially fascinated with this artifact, which he believed to be at least 4,500 years old. The necklace has an S-shaped clasp with seven strands, each over 4 ft long, of bronze-metal bead-like nuggets which connect each arm of the "S" in filigree. Each strand has between 220 and 230 of the many-faceted nuggets, and there are about 1,600 nuggets in total. The necklace weighs about 250 grams in total, and is presently held in a private collection in India. The Mohenjo-daro ruler The Indus Valley civilization employed rulers made of ivory for measuring length circa 1500 BCE. The Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into units corresponding to 34 millimetres (1.32 in) and these are further marked in decimal subdivisions with great accuracy, to within 0.13 mm (0.005 in). A ruler found at Lothal (2400 BCE) is calibrated to about 1.6 mm (1⁄16 in). The decimal subdivision on the ruler is noteworthy, as it predates the modern metric system by 3000 years or more. The base unit used was known as the angula (finger) and is about 17 mm. A piece of shell found in Mackay's excavation is very precisely incised with lines spaced 6.7 mm (0.264 in) apart. Ancient bricks found throughout the region have dimensions that correspond to these units. Conservation and current state An initial agreement to fund restoration was agreed through the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Paris on 27 May 1980. Contributions were made by a number of other countries to the project: Country Contribution US$  Australia $62,650.00  Bahrain $3,000.00  Cameroon $1,000.00  Egypt $63,889.60  Germany $375,939.85  India $49,494.95  Iraq $9,781.00  Japan $200,000.00  Kuwait $3,000.00  Malta $275.82  Mauritius $2,072.50  Nigeria $8,130.00  Saudi Arabia $58,993.63  Sri Lanka $1,562.50  Tanzania $1,000.00 Surviving structures at Mohenjo-daro, 2005 Preservation work for Mohenjo-daro was suspended in December 1996 after funding from the Pakistani government and international organizations stopped. Site conservation work resumed in April 1997, using funds made available by the UNESCO. The 20-year funding plan provided $10 million to protect the site and standing structures from flooding. In 2011, responsibility for the preservation of the site was transferred to the government of Sindh. Currently the site is threatened by groundwater salinity and improper restoration. Many walls have already collapsed, while others are crumbling from the ground up. In 2012, Pakistani archaeologists warned that, without improved conservation measures, the site could disappear by 2030. 2014 Sindh Festival The Mohenjo-daro site was further threatened in January 2014, when Bilawal Bhutto Zardari of the Pakistan People's Party chose the site for Sindh Festival's inauguration ceremony. This would have exposed the site to mechanical operations, including excavation and drilling. Farzand Masih, head of the Department of Archaeology at Punjab University warned that such activity was banned under the Antiquity Act, saying "You cannot even hammer a nail at an archaeological site." On 31 January 2014, a case was filed in the Sindh High Court to bar the Sindh government from continuing with the event. The festival was held by PPP at the historic site, despite all the protest by both national and international historians and educators. Climate Mohenjo-daro has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with extremely hot summers and mild winters. The highest recorded temperature is 53.5 °C (128.3 °F), recorded in May 2010 and the lowest recorded temperature is −5.4 °C (22.3 °F), recorded in January 2006. Rainfall is low, and mainly occurs in the monsoon season (July–September). The average annual rainfall of Mohenjo-daro is 100.1 mm and mainly occurs in the monsoon season. The highest annual rainfall ever is 1023.8 mm, recorded in 2022, and the lowest annual rainfall ever is 10 mm, recorded in 1987. Climate data for Mohenjo-daro Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 29.4(84.9) 36.5(97.7) 45.5(113.9) 48.5(119.3) 53.5(128.3) 51.7(125.1) 47.6(117.7) 46.0(114.8) 43.5(110.3) 49.5(121.1) 39.2(102.6) 30.6(87.1) 53.5(128.3) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 24.8(76.6) 26.2(79.2) 32.1(89.8) 38.7(101.7) 43.8(110.8) 44.2(111.6) 40.9(105.6) 38.7(101.7) 37.5(99.5) 35.2(95.4) 30.5(86.9) 24.8(76.6) 34.8(94.6) Daily mean °C (°F) 16.0(60.8) 17.0(62.6) 22.7(72.9) 28.8(83.8) 33.9(93.0) 35.8(96.4) 34.4(93.9) 32.8(91.0) 31.1(88.0) 26.7(80.1) 21.1(70.0) 16.0(60.8) 26.4(79.4) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.3(45.1) 7.9(46.2) 13.3(55.9) 18.9(66.0) 24.0(75.2) 27.4(81.3) 27.9(82.2) 27.0(80.6) 24.7(76.5) 18.2(64.8) 11.8(53.2) 7.3(45.1) 18.0(64.3) Record low °C (°F) −5.4(22.3) −4.0(24.8) 2.2(36.0) 3.0(37.4) 13.0(55.4) 15.6(60.1) 18.4(65.1) 18.0(64.4) 14.5(58.1) 0.0(32.0) −1.0(30.2) −4.0(24.8) −5.4(22.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 2.6(0.10) 5.8(0.23) 3.4(0.13) 2.9(0.11) 2.2(0.09) 2.5(0.10) 39.9(1.57) 26.6(1.05) 6.6(0.26) 0.4(0.02) 0.9(0.04) 6.3(0.25) 100.1(3.95) Average precipitation days 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.9 1.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 6.6 Source: PMD (1991–2020) See also List of forts in Pakistan List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites List of museums in Pakistan List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan Mehrgarh References ^ Crispin Bates; Minoru Mio (22 May 2015). Cities in South Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-56512-3. ^ Mohenjo-Daro (archaeological site, Pakistan) on Encyclopedia Britannica website Retrieved 25 November 2019 ^ a b Gregory L. Possehl (11 November 2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Rowman Altamira. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9. ^ Shea, Samantha (14 November 2022). "Pakistan's lost city of 40,000 people". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 18 November 2022. ^ a b "Mohenjo-Daro: An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis". ^ a b "Mohenjo Daro: Could this ancient city be lost forever?". BBC. 27 June 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012. ^ Poultry Breeding and Genetics. R. D. Crawford (1990). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 10–11, 44. ^ "Mohenjo-daro An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis". www.harappa.com. ^ "Lower Indus" refers to the portion of the river below its confluence with Panjnad, the combined river of all its five tributaries flowing through the Punjab region. ^ Roach, John. "Lost City of Mohenjo Daro". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2012. ^ a b Ancientindia.co.uk. Retrieved 2 May 2012. ^ Beck, Roger B.; Linda Black; Larry S. Krieger; Phillip C. Naylor; Dahia Ibo Shabaka (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN 978-0-395-87274-1. ^ A H Dani (1992). "Critical Assessment of Recent Evidence on Mohenjo-daro". Second International Symposium on Mohenjo-daro, 24–27 February 1992. ^ a b Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998). “Indus Cities, Towns and Villages”, Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Islamabad: American Institute of Pakistan Studies. p. 65. ^ Possehl, Gregory L (2010). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. AltaMira. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2. ^ "'Findings show Moenjodaro was larger than unearthed ruins'". 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ Mohan Pant and Shjui Fumo, "The Grid and Modular Measures in The Town Planning of Mohenjodaro and Kathmandu Valley: A Study on Modular Measures in Block and Plot Divisions in the Planning of Mohenjodaro and Sirkap (Pakistan), and Thimi (Kathmandu Valley)"; Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineerng 59, May 2005. ^ T.S. SUBRAMANIAN, Harappan surprises. 13 June 2014 – www.frontline.in ^ Peter Clark (editor), The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History, Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 158–59; "since it is impossible to ascertain what proportion of the city was used for habitation the basis for this estimate is weak." For lower area estimate of 85 hectares, see note 25, citing U. Singh, A History of Ancient and Medieval India, Delhi, Pearson Education, 2008, p. 149. See also FR Alchin and G Erdosy, The Archaeology of Early Historic Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 57. ^ a b McIntosh (2008), p. 389. "The enormous amount of labor involved in the creation of Mohenjo-daro's flood defense platforms (calculated at around 4 million man-days) indicates the existence of an authority able to plan the construction and to mobilize and feed the requisite labor force." ^ McIntosh (2008), p. 118. "More than seven hundred wells were sunk at Mohenjo-daro when the city was built. Over the centuries houses were rebuilt and street levels rose; new courses of bricks were therefore added to the wells to keep their tops at the same height with respect to the street. The removal of earth and debris during the excavation of the city has left many wells standing like towers high above the exposed remnants of earlier streets." ^ Wright, Rita P. (2010). The ancient Indus : urbanism, economy, and society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-521-57652-9. ^ Wright, Rita P. (2010). The ancient Indus : urbanism, economy, and society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-521-57652-9. ^ Jansen, M. (October 1989). "Water Supply and Sewage Disposal at Mohenjo-Daro". World Archaeology. 21 (2): 180. doi:10.1080/00438243.1989.9980100. JSTOR 124907. PMID 16470995. ^ Jansen, M. (October 1989). "Water Supply and Sewage Disposal at Mohenjo-Daro". World Archaeology. 21 (2): 182. doi:10.1080/00438243.1989.9980100. JSTOR 124907. PMID 16470995. ^ Jansen, M. (October 1989). "Water Supply and Sewage Disposal at Mohenjo-Daro". World Archaeology. 21 (2): 179. doi:10.1080/00438243.1989.9980100. JSTOR 124907. PMID 16470995. ^ Jansen, M. (October 1989). "Water Supply and Sewage Disposal at Mohenjo-Daro". World Archaeology. 21 (2): 177–192. doi:10.1080/00438243.1989.9980100. JSTOR 124907. PMID 16470995. ^ Ratnagar, Shereen (2014). "The drainage systems at MohenjoDaro and Nausharo: A technological breakthrough or a stinking disaster?". Studies in People's History. 1 (1): 4. doi:10.1177/2348448914537334. S2CID 131145647. ^ George F. Dales, "Civilization and Floods in the Indus Valley", Expedition Magazine, July 1965. ^ a b Possehl, Gregory (February 1967). "The Mohenjo-daro Floods: A Reply". American Anthropologist. 69 (1): 32–40. doi:10.1525/aa.1967.69.1.02a00040. JSTOR 670484. ^ Possehl, Gregory (February 1967). "The Mohenjo-daro Floods: A Reply". American Anthropologist. 69 (1): 38. doi:10.1525/aa.1967.69.1.02a00040. JSTOR 670484. ^ Mathew, K. S. (2017). Shipbuilding, Navigation and the Portuguese in Pre-modern India. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-351-58833-1. ^ Mohenjo-daro Tools and Artifacts Photo Gallery. Archaeology Online; retrieved 8 April 2012. ^ McIntosh, Jane R. (2002). A Peaceful Realm: The Rise and Fall of the Indus Civilization. Cambridge: Westview Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8133-3532-2. ^ McIntosh, Jane R. (2002). A Peaceful Realm: The Rise and Fall of the Indus Civilization. Cambridge: Westview Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8133-3532-2. ^ Parpola, Asko (2008). "Copper Tablets from Mohenjo-daro and the Study of the Indus Script". BAR International Series (1826): 132. ^ Parpola, Asko (2008). "Copper Tablets from Mohenjo-daro and the Study of the Indus Script". BAR International Series (1826): 133. ^ a b Aiyappan, Ayinapalli (May 1939). "Pottery Braziers of Mohenjo-Daro". Man. 39 (65): 71–72. doi:10.2307/2792750. JSTOR 2792750. ^ Singh (2015), 111-112 (112 quoted) ^ Example: "stamp-seal", British Museum ^ a b c d e f Ratnagar, Shereen (24 November 2016). "A critical view of Marshall's Mother Goddess at Mohenjo-Daro". Studies in People's History. 3 (2): 113–127. doi:10.1177/2348448916665714. S2CID 191808666. ^ a b c "Collections:Pre-History & Archaeology". National Museum, New Delhi. Retrieved 3 February 2014. ^ Possehl, Gregory (2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. AltaMira Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2. ^ "Priest King, Mohenjo-daro". Glimpses of South Asia before 1947. Retrieved 6 January 2015. ^ a b Whitelaw, p. 14. ^ Whitelaw, p. 15. ^ "Responsibility to preserve Mohenjodaro transferred to Sindh", TheNews.com.pk, 10 February 2011; retrieved 14 May 2012. ^ "Moenjodaro in Danger of Disappearing, Says Pakistani Archaeologist" Archived 6 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Global Heritage Fund blog article; accessed 8 February 2014. ^ "Bilawal's 'cultural coup' threatens ancient ruins". AFP. Daily Dawn. 30 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014. ^ Sahoutara, Naeem (30 January 2014). "Preserving heritage: Court instructs to take 'utmost' care in holding festival at Moen Jo Daro". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 31 January 2014. ^ "Flood Forecasting Division Lahore". Retrieved 19 February 2020. Bibliography Chaudhury, N. C. Mohenjo-Daro and the Civilization of Ancient India with References to Agriculture. Calcutta: W. Newman & Co, 1937. Mackay, D. (1929). Mohenjo-daro. Bombay: Indian State Railways Publicity Department Mackay, E. J. H., ed. (1937). Further Excavations At Mohenjo-daro: Being an official account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro carried out by the Government of India between the years 1927 and 1931. Volume I Volume II Marshall, John Hubert, ed. (1931). Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an official account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro carried out by the Government of India between the years 1922 and 1927. Arthur Probsthain Volume I Volume II Volume III McIntosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO, 2008. ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2 Singh, Kavita, "The Museum Is National", Chapter 4 in: Mathur, Saloni and Singh, Kavita (eds), No Touching, No Spitting, No Praying: The Museum in South Asia, 2015, Routledge, PDF on academia.edu (nb this is different to the article by the same author with the same title in India International Centre Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 3/4, 2002, pp. 176–196, JSTOR, which does not mention this work) Whitelaw, Ian (2007). A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement. Macmillan ISBN 0-312-37026-1 OCLC 938084552 External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mohenjo-daro. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mohenjo-daro. Official website of Mohenjodaro UNESCO World Heritage Sites 103 Slide Tour and Essay on Mohenjo-daro by Dr. J.M. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"},{"link_name":"Mohenjo Daro (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo_Daro_(film)"},{"link_name":"/moʊˌhɛndʒoʊ ˈdɑːroʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"[muˑənⁱ dʑoˑ d̪əɽoˑ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"Larkana District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larkana_District"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Indus Valley Civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation"},{"link_name":"cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Minoan Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization"},{"link_name":"Norte Chico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Name-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mohenjodaro.net-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCLostMaybe-6"}],"text":"Archaeological site in Sindh, PakistanThis article is about the archaeological site. For the 2016 Bollywood film, see Mohenjo Daro (film).Mohenjo-daro (/moʊˌhɛndʒoʊ ˈdɑːroʊ/; Sindhi: موهن جو دڙو‎, lit. 'Mound of the Dead Men'; Urdu: موئن جو دڑو [muˑənⁱ dʑoˑ d̪əɽoˑ]) is an archaeological site in Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan. Built c. 2500 BCE, it was the largest settlement of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation, and one of the world's earliest major cities, contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Minoan Crete, and Norte Chico.[2][3]With an estimated population of at least 40,000 people, Mohenjo-daro prospered for several centuries, but by c. 1700 BCE had been abandoned,[4] along with other large cities of the Indus Valley Civilization.The site was not rediscovered until the 1920s. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980, the first site in South Asia to be so designated.[5] The site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration.[6]","title":"Mohenjo-daro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iravatham Mahadevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iravatham_Mahadevan"},{"link_name":"cockerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockerel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cock-fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock-fighting"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"point of diffusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Name-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The city's original name is unknown. Based on his analysis of a Mohenjo-daro seal, Iravatham Mahadevan speculates that the city's ancient name could have been Kukkuṭārma (\"the city [-rma] of the cockerel [kukkuta]\").[citation needed] Cock-fighting may have had ritual and religious significance for the city.[citation needed] Mohenjo-daro may also have been a point of diffusion for the clade of the domesticated chicken found in Africa, Western Asia, Europe and the Americas.[7]Mohenjo-daro, the modern name for the site, has been interpreted as \"Mound of the Dead\" in Sindhi.[3][8]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IVC-major-sites-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indus Valley Civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Indus river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River"},{"link_name":"Larkana District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larkana_District"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Larkana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larkana"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Map showing the major sites and theorised extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation, including the location of the Mohenjo-daro siteMohenjo-daro is located off the right (west) bank of the lower[9] Indus river in Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan. It lies on a Pleistocene ridge in the flood plain of the Indus, around 28 kilometres (17 mi) from the town of Larkana.[10]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ancientindia.co.uk-11"},{"link_name":"Indus Valley Civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation"},{"link_name":"Harappan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Bactria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria"},{"link_name":"Lothal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothal"},{"link_name":"Kalibangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalibangan"},{"link_name":"Dholavira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholavira"},{"link_name":"Rakhigarhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhigarhi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ancientindia.co.uk-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KenoyerArticle-14"}],"text":"Mohenjo-daro was built in the 26th century BCE.[11] It was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation, also known as the Harappan Civilization,[12] which developed c. 3000 BCE from the prehistoric Indus culture. At its height, the Indus Civilization spanned much of what is now Pakistan and North India, extending westwards to the Iranian border, south to Gujarat in India and northwards to an outpost in Bactria, with major urban centers at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan, Dholavira and Rakhigarhi. Mohenjo-daro was the most advanced city of its time, with remarkably sophisticated civil engineering and urban planning.[13] When the Indus civilization went into sudden decline c. 1900 BCE, Mohenjo-daro was abandoned.[11][14]","title":"Historical context"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeological_Ruins_at_Moenjodaro-108221.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohenja-daro_excavations_1924.jpg"},{"link_name":"R. D. Banerji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._D._Banerji"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"},{"link_name":"K. N. Dikshit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashinath_Narayan_Dikshit"},{"link_name":"John Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_(archaeologist)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Possehl-15"},{"link_name":"Ernest Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_J._H._Mackay"},{"link_name":"Mortimer Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Hasan Dani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Dani"},{"link_name":"George F. Dales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Dales"},{"link_name":"weathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mohenjodaro.net-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Archaeological ruins at MoenjodaroExcavations at Mohenjo-daro in 1924The ruins of the city remained undocumented for around 3,700 years until R. D. Banerji, an officer of the Archaeological Survey of India, visited the site in 1919–20 identifying what he thought to be a Buddhist stupa (150–500 CE) known to be there and finding a flint scraper which convinced him of the site's antiquity. This led to large-scale excavations of Mohenjo-daro led by K. N. Dikshit in 1924–25, and John Marshall in 1925–26.[15] In the 1930s major excavations were conducted at the site under the leadership of Marshall, D. K. Dikshitar and Ernest Mackay. Further excavations were carried out in 1945 by Mortimer Wheeler and his trainee, Ahmad Hasan Dani. The last major series of excavations were conducted in 1964 and 1965 by George F. Dales. After 1965, excavations were banned due to weathering damage to the exposed structures, and the only projects allowed at the site since have been salvage excavations, surface surveys, and conservation projects. In the 1980s, German and Italian survey groups led by Michael Jansen and Maurizio Tosi used less invasive archeological techniques, such as architectural documentation, surface surveys, and localized probing, to gather further information about Mohenjo-daro.[5] A dry core drilling conducted in 2015 by Pakistan's National Fund for Mohenjo-daro revealed that the site is larger than the unearthed area.[16]","title":"Rediscovery and excavation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation"},{"link_name":"Harappan architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappan_architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moen_Jo_Daro_(The_Mond_of_the_Deads).jpg"},{"link_name":"urban planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohenjo-daro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bath,_Mohenjo-daro"},{"link_name":"planned layout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_city"},{"link_name":"rectilinear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rectilinear"},{"link_name":"grid plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_plan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick"},{"link_name":"mud-brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud-brick"},{"link_name":"hectares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McIntosh389-20"},{"link_name":"hypocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocaust"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Further information: Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation and Harappan architectureRegularity of streets and buildings suggests the influence of ancient urban planning in Mohenjo-daro's construction.View of the site's Great Bath, showing the surrounding urban layoutMohenjo-daro has a planned layout with rectilinear buildings arranged on a grid plan.[17] Most were built of fired and mortared brick; some incorporated sun-dried mud-brick and wooden superstructures. The covered area of Mohenjo-daro is estimated at 300 hectares.[18] The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History offers a \"weak\" estimate of a peak population of around 40,000.[19]The sheer size of the city, and its provision of public buildings and facilities, suggests a high level of social organization.[20] The city is divided into two parts, the so-called Citadel and the Lower City. The Citadel – a mud-brick mound around 12 metres (39 ft) high – is known to have supported public baths, a large residential structure designed to house about 5,000 citizens, and two large assembly halls. The city had a central marketplace, with a large central well. Individual households or groups of households obtained their water from smaller wells. Waste water was channeled to covered drains that lined the major streets. Some houses, presumably those of more prestigious inhabitants, include rooms that appear to have been set aside for bathing, and one building had an underground furnace (known as a hypocaust), possibly for heated bathing. Most houses had inner courtyards, with doors that opened onto side-lanes. Some buildings had two stories. [citation needed]","title":"Architecture and urban infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_bath_view_Mohenjodaro.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Mark Kenoyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Mark_Kenoyer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KenoyerArticle-14"},{"link_name":"Great Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bath"},{"link_name":"bitumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Major buildings","text":"The Great BathIn 1950, Sir Mortimer Wheeler identified one large building in Mohenjo-daro as a \"Great Granary\". Certain wall-divisions in its massive wooden superstructure appeared to be grain storage-bays, complete with air-ducts to dry the grain. According to Wheeler, carts would have brought grain from the countryside and unloaded them directly into the bays. However, Jonathan Mark Kenoyer noted the complete lack of evidence for grain at the \"granary\", which, he argued, might therefore be better termed a \"Great Hall\" of uncertain function.[14] Close to the \"Great Granary\" is a large and elaborate public bath, sometimes called the Great Bath. From a colonnaded courtyard, steps lead down to the brick-built pool, which was waterproofed by a lining of bitumen. The pool measures 12 metres (39 ft) long, 7 metres (23 ft) wide and 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) deep. It may have been used for religious purification. Other large buildings include a \"Pillared Hall\", thought to be an assembly hall of some kind, and the so-called \"College Hall\", a complex of buildings comprising 78 rooms, thought to have been a priestly residence. [citation needed]","title":"Architecture and urban infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Other_side_of_Moenjodaro_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg"},{"link_name":"wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Indus valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_valley"},{"link_name":"Harappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappa"}],"sub_title":"Fortifications","text":"Excavation of the city revealed very tall wells (left), which it seems were continually built up as flooding and rebuilding raised the elevation of street level.[21]Mohenjo-daro had no series of city walls, but was fortified with guard towers to the west of the main settlement, and defensive fortifications to the south. Considering these fortifications and the structure of other major Indus valley cities like Harappa, it is postulated that Mohenjo-daro was an administrative center. Both Harappa and Mohenjo-daro share relatively the same architectural layout, and were generally not heavily fortified like other Indus Valley sites. It is obvious from the identical city layouts of all Indus sites that there was some kind of political or administrative centrality, but the extent and functioning of an administrative center remains unclear.","title":"Architecture and urban infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Water supply and wells","text":"The location of Mohenjo-daro was built in a relatively short period of time, with the water supply system and wells being some of the first planned constructions.\n[22] With the excavations done so far, over 700 wells are present at Mohenjo-daro, alongside drainage and bathing systems.[23] This number is unheard of when compared to other civilizations at the time, such as Egypt or Mesopotamia, and the quantity of wells transcribes as one well for every three houses.[24] Because of the large number of wells, it is believed that the inhabitants relied solely on annual rainfall, as well as the Indus River's course remaining close to the site, alongside the wells providing water for long periods of time in the case of the city coming under siege.[25] Due to the period in which these wells were built and used, it is likely that the circular brick well design used at this and many other Harappan sites are an invention that should be credited to the Indus civilization, as there is no existing evidence of this design from Mesopotamia or Egypt at this time, and even later.[26] Sewage and waste water for buildings at the site were disposed of via a centralized drainage system that ran alongside the site's streets.[27] These drains that ran alongside the road were effective at allowing most human waste and sewage to be disposed of as the drains most likely took the waste toward the Indus River.[28]","title":"Architecture and urban infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McIntosh389-20"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dales-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-30"},{"link_name":"Gregory Possehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Possehl"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Flooding and rebuilding","text":"The city also had large platforms perhaps intended as defense against flooding.[20] According to a theory first advanced by Wheeler, the city could have been flooded and silted over, perhaps six times, and later rebuilt in the same location.[29] For some archaeologists, it was believed that a final flood that helped engulf the city in a sea of mud brought about the abandonment of the site.[30] Gregory Possehl was the first to theorize that the floods were caused by overuse and expansion upon the land, and that the mud flood was not the reason the site was abandoned.[30] Instead of a mud flood wiping part of the city out in one fell swoop, Possehl coined the possibility of constant mini-floods throughout the year, paired with the land being worn out by crops, pastures, and resources for bricks and pottery spelled the downfall of the site.[31]","title":"Architecture and urban infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds,_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal,_3000_BCE.jpg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(emblem)"},{"link_name":"balance-scales and weights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighing_scale"},{"link_name":"jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"lost wax technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_wax_technique"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Indus script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_script"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"sherds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherd"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-38"},{"link_name":"Lahore Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Museum"},{"link_name":"Partition of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"sherds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherd"},{"link_name":"Priest-king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest-king_(sculpture)"},{"link_name":"Dancing Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Girl_(sculpture)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Pashupati seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashupati_seal"},{"link_name":"National Museum of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_India"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Boat with direction finding birds to find land.[32] Model of Mohenjo-Daro seal, 2500-1750 BCE.Numerous objects found in excavation include seated and standing figures, copper and stone tools, carved seals, balance-scales and weights, gold and jasper jewellery, and children's toys.[33] Many bronze and copper pieces, such as figurines and bowls, have been recovered from the site, showing that the inhabitants of Mohenjo-daro understood how to utilize the lost wax technique.[34] The furnaces found at the site are believed to have been used for copperworks and melting the metals as opposed to smelting. There even seems to be an entire section of the city dedicated to shell-working, located in the northeastern part of the site.[35] Some of the most prominent copperworks recovered from the site are the copper tablets which have examples of the untranslated Indus script and iconography.[36] While the script has not been deciphered yet, many of the images on the tablets match another tablet and both hold the same caption in the Indus language, with the example given showing three tablets with the image of a mountain goat and the inscription on the back reading the same letters for the three tablets.[37]Pottery and terracotta sherds have been recovered from the site, with many of the pots having deposits of ash in them, leading archeologists to believe they were either used to hold the ashes of a person or as a way to warm up a home located in the site.[38] These heaters, or braziers, were ways to heat the house while also being able to be utilized in a manner of cooking or straining, while others solely believe they were used for heating.[38]The finds from Mohenjo-daro were initially deposited in the Lahore Museum, but later moved to the ASI headquarters at New Delhi, where a new \"Central Imperial Museum\" was being planned for the new capital of the British Raj, in which at least a selection would be displayed. It became apparent that Indian independence was approaching, but the Partition of India was not anticipated until late in the process. The new Pakistani authorities requested the return of the Harappan pieces excavated on their territory, but the Indian authorities refused. Eventually an agreement was reached, whereby the finds, totalling some 12,000 objects (most sherds of pottery), were split equally between the countries; in some cases this was taken very literally, with some necklaces and girdles having their beads separated into two piles. In the case of the \"two most celebrated sculpted figures\", Pakistan asked for and received the Priest-king, while India retained the much smaller Dancing Girl,[39] and also the Pashupati seal.Most of the objects from Mohenjo-daro retained by India are in the National Museum of India in New Delhi and those returned to Pakistan in the National Museum of Pakistan in Karachi, with many also in the museum now established at Mohenjo-daro itself. In 1939, a small representative group of artefacts excavated at the site was transferred to the British Museum by the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India.[40]","title":"Notable artefacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picture_of_original_Godess.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_(archaeologist)"},{"link_name":"idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_image"},{"link_name":"Mother Goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_goddess"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-41"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-41"},{"link_name":"Shereen Ratnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shereen_Ratnagar"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-41"}],"sub_title":"Mother Goddess Idol","text":"\"The Mother Goddess\"Discovered by John Marshall in 1931, the idol appears to mimic certain characteristics that match the Mother Goddess belief common in many early Near East civilizations.[41] Sculptures and figurines depicting women have been observed as part of Harappan culture and religion, as multiple female pieces were recovered from Marshall's archaeological digs.[41] These figures were not categorized correctly, according to Marshall, meaning that where they were recovered from the site is not actually clear. One of said figures is 18.7 cm tall and is currently on display at the National Museum of Pakistan, in Karachi.[41] The fertility and motherhood aspects on display on the idols is represented by the female genitalia that is presented in an almost exaggerated style as stated by Marshall, with him inferring that such figurines are offerings to the goddess, as opposed to the typical understanding of them being idols representing the goddess's likeness.[41] Because of the figurines being unique in terms of hairstyles, body proportions, as well as headdresses and jewelry, there are theories as to who these figurines actually represent.[41] Shereen Ratnagar theorizes that because of their uniqueness and dispersed discovery throughout the site that they could be figurines of ordinary household women, who commissioned these pieces to be used in rituals or healing ceremonies to help aforementioned individual women.[41]","title":"Notable artefacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Dancing_Girl,_in_a_photogravure_by_Alfred_Nawrath,1938.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Dancing Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Girl_(Mohenjo-daro)"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-national-42"},{"link_name":"National Museum, New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum,_New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-national-42"},{"link_name":"Mortimer Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"John Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_(archaeologist)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Gregory Possehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Possehl"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-national-42"}],"sub_title":"Dancing Girl","text":"\"The Dancing Girl\"A bronze statuette dubbed the \"Dancing Girl\", 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) high[42] and about 4,500 years old, was found in 'HR area' of Mohenjo-daro in 1926; it is now in the National Museum, New Delhi.[42] In 1973, British archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler described the item as his favorite statuette:She's about fifteen years old I should think, not more, but she stands there with bangles all the way up her arm and nothing else on. A girl perfectly, for the moment, perfectly confident of herself and the world. There's nothing like her, I think, in the world.John Marshall, another archeologist at Mohenjo-daro, described the figure as \"a young girl, her hand on her hip in a half-impudent posture, and legs slightly forward as she beats time to the music with her legs and feet.\"[43] The archaeologist Gregory Possehl said of the statuette, \"We may not be certain that she was a dancer, but she was good at what she did and she knew it\". The statue led to two important discoveries about the civilization: first, that they knew metal blending, casting and other sophisticated methods of working with ore, and secondly that entertainment, especially dance, was part of the culture.[42]","title":"Notable artefacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg"},{"link_name":"National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"soapstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soapstone"},{"link_name":"priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priests"},{"link_name":"monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch"},{"link_name":"fillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"trefoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefoil"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Priest-King","text":"\"The Priest-King\", a seated stone sculpture at the National Museum, KarachiIn 1927, a seated male soapstone figure was found in a building with unusually ornamental brickwork and a wall-niche. Though there is no evidence that priests or monarchs ruled Mohenjo-daro, archaeologists dubbed this dignified figure a \"Priest-King\". The sculpture is 17.5 centimetres (6.9 in) tall, and shows a neatly bearded man with pierced earlobes and a fillet around his head, possibly all that is left of a once-elaborate hairstyle or head-dress; his hair is combed back. He wears an armband, and a cloak with drilled trefoil, single circle and double circle motifs, which show traces of red. His eyes might have originally been inlaid.[44]","title":"Notable artefacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shiva_Pashupati.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pashupati seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashupati_seal"},{"link_name":"ithyphallic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallus"},{"link_name":"yogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogi"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"}],"sub_title":"Pashupati seal","text":"The Pashupati sealA seal discovered at the site bears the image of a seated, cross-legged and possibly ithyphallic figure surrounded by animals. The figure has been interpreted by some scholars as a yogi, and by others as a three-headed \"proto-Shiva\" as \"Lord of Animals\".","title":"Notable artefacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"filigree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filigree"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Seven-stranded necklace","text":"Sir Mortimer Wheeler was especially fascinated with this artifact, which he believed to be at least 4,500 years old. The necklace has an S-shaped clasp with seven strands, each over 4 ft long, of bronze-metal bead-like nuggets which connect each arm of the \"S\" in filigree. Each strand has between 220 and 230 of the many-faceted nuggets, and there are about 1,600 nuggets in total. The necklace weighs about 250 grams in total, and is presently held in a private collection in India.[citation needed]","title":"Notable artefacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruler"},{"link_name":"ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitelaw14-45"},{"link_name":"Lothal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothal"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitelaw14-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"The Mohenjo-daro ruler","text":"The Indus Valley civilization employed rulers made of ivory for measuring length circa 1500 BCE.[45] The Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into units corresponding to 34 millimetres (1.32 in) and these are further marked in decimal subdivisions with great accuracy, to within 0.13 mm (0.005 in). A ruler found at Lothal (2400 BCE) is calibrated to about 1.6 mm (1⁄16 in).[45] The decimal subdivision on the ruler is noteworthy, as it predates the modern metric system by 3000 years or more. The base unit used was known as the angula (finger) and is about 17 mm. A piece of shell found in Mackay's excavation is very precisely incised with lines spaced 6.7 mm (0.264 in) apart. Ancient bricks found throughout the region have dimensions that correspond to these units.[46]","title":"Notable artefacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific,_and_Cultural_Organization"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghanghro_location_-_Mohenjo-daro.jpg"},{"link_name":"flooding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooding"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"salinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCLostMaybe-6"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"An initial agreement to fund restoration was agreed through the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Paris on 27 May 1980. Contributions were made by a number of other countries to the project:Surviving structures at Mohenjo-daro, 2005Preservation work for Mohenjo-daro was suspended in December 1996 after funding from the Pakistani government and international organizations stopped. Site conservation work resumed in April 1997, using funds made available by the UNESCO. The 20-year funding plan provided $10 million to protect the site and standing structures from flooding. In 2011, responsibility for the preservation of the site was transferred to the government of Sindh.[47]Currently the site is threatened by groundwater salinity and improper restoration. Many walls have already collapsed, while others are crumbling from the ground up. In 2012, Pakistani archaeologists warned that, without improved conservation measures, the site could disappear by 2030.[6][48]","title":"Conservation and current state"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bilawal Bhutto Zardari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilawal_Bhutto_Zardari"},{"link_name":"Pakistan People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Punjab University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab"},{"link_name":"Antiquity Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antiquity_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sindh High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_High_Court"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"2014 Sindh Festival","text":"The Mohenjo-daro site was further threatened in January 2014, when Bilawal Bhutto Zardari of the Pakistan People's Party chose the site for Sindh Festival's inauguration ceremony. This would have exposed the site to mechanical operations, including excavation and drilling. Farzand Masih, head of the Department of Archaeology at Punjab University warned that such activity was banned under the Antiquity Act, saying \"You cannot even hammer a nail at an archaeological site.\" On 31 January 2014, a case was filed in the Sindh High Court to bar the Sindh government from continuing with the event.[49][50] The festival was held by PPP at the historic site, despite all the protest by both national and international historians and educators.","title":"Conservation and current state"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot desert climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_desert_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMD-51"}],"text":"Mohenjo-daro has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with extremely hot summers and mild winters. The highest recorded temperature is 53.5 °C (128.3 °F), recorded in May 2010 and the lowest recorded temperature is −5.4 °C (22.3 °F), recorded in January 2006. Rainfall is low, and mainly occurs in the monsoon season (July–September). The average annual rainfall of Mohenjo-daro is 100.1 mm and mainly occurs in the monsoon season. The highest annual rainfall ever is 1023.8 mm, recorded in 2022, and the lowest annual rainfall ever is 10 mm, recorded in 1987.Climate data for Mohenjo-daro\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n36.5(97.7)\n\n45.5(113.9)\n\n48.5(119.3)\n\n53.5(128.3)\n\n51.7(125.1)\n\n47.6(117.7)\n\n46.0(114.8)\n\n43.5(110.3)\n\n49.5(121.1)\n\n39.2(102.6)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n53.5(128.3)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n32.1(89.8)\n\n38.7(101.7)\n\n43.8(110.8)\n\n44.2(111.6)\n\n40.9(105.6)\n\n38.7(101.7)\n\n37.5(99.5)\n\n35.2(95.4)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n34.8(94.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n28.8(83.8)\n\n33.9(93.0)\n\n35.8(96.4)\n\n34.4(93.9)\n\n32.8(91.0)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n26.4(79.4)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n7.9(46.2)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n27.4(81.3)\n\n27.9(82.2)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n24.7(76.5)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n18.0(64.3)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−5.4(22.3)\n\n−4.0(24.8)\n\n2.2(36.0)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n−1.0(30.2)\n\n−4.0(24.8)\n\n−5.4(22.3)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n2.6(0.10)\n\n5.8(0.23)\n\n3.4(0.13)\n\n2.9(0.11)\n\n2.2(0.09)\n\n2.5(0.10)\n\n39.9(1.57)\n\n26.6(1.05)\n\n6.6(0.26)\n\n0.4(0.02)\n\n0.9(0.04)\n\n6.3(0.25)\n\n100.1(3.95)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days\n\n0.2\n\n0.5\n\n0.9\n\n0.2\n\n0.3\n\n0.4\n\n1.9\n\n1.4\n\n0.3\n\n0.1\n\n0.1\n\n0.3\n\n6.6\n\n\nSource: PMD (1991–2020) [51]","title":"Climate"}]
[{"image_text":"Map showing the major sites and theorised extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation, including the location of the Mohenjo-daro site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/IVC-major-sites-2.jpg/250px-IVC-major-sites-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Archaeological ruins at Moenjodaro","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Archaeological_Ruins_at_Moenjodaro-108221.jpg/220px-Archaeological_Ruins_at_Moenjodaro-108221.jpg"},{"image_text":"Excavations at Mohenjo-daro in 1924","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mohenja-daro_excavations_1924.jpg/200px-Mohenja-daro_excavations_1924.jpg"},{"image_text":"Regularity of streets and buildings suggests the influence of ancient urban planning in Mohenjo-daro's construction.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Moen_Jo_Daro_%28The_Mond_of_the_Deads%29.jpg/220px-Moen_Jo_Daro_%28The_Mond_of_the_Deads%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the site's Great Bath, showing the surrounding urban layout","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mohenjo-daro.jpg/220px-Mohenjo-daro.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Great Bath","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Great_bath_view_Mohenjodaro.JPG/220px-Great_bath_view_Mohenjodaro.JPG"},{"image_text":"Excavation of the city revealed very tall wells (left), which it seems were continually built up as flooding and rebuilding raised the elevation of street level.[21]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Other_side_of_Moenjodaro_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/220px-Other_side_of_Moenjodaro_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg"},{"image_text":"Boat with direction finding birds to find land.[32] Model of Mohenjo-Daro seal, 2500-1750 BCE.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds%2C_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal%2C_3000_BCE.jpg/330px-Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds%2C_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal%2C_3000_BCE.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"The Mother Goddess\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Picture_of_original_Godess.jpg/170px-Picture_of_original_Godess.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"The Dancing Girl\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Dancing_Girl%2C_in_a_photogravure_by_Alfred_Nawrath%2C1938.jpg/170px-The_Dancing_Girl%2C_in_a_photogravure_by_Alfred_Nawrath%2C1938.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"The Priest-King\", a seated stone sculpture at the National Museum, Karachi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/170px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The Pashupati seal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/170px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg"},{"image_text":"Surviving structures at Mohenjo-daro, 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ghanghro_location_-_Mohenjo-daro.jpg/220px-Ghanghro_location_-_Mohenjo-daro.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of forts in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forts_in_Pakistan"},{"title":"List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indus_Valley_Civilisation_sites"},{"title":"List of museums in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pakistan"},{"title":"List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan"},{"title":"Mehrgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarh"}]
[{"reference":"Crispin Bates; Minoru Mio (22 May 2015). Cities in South Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-56512-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-56512-3","url_text":"978-1-317-56512-3"}]},{"reference":"Gregory L. Possehl (11 November 2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Rowman Altamira. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-1642-9","url_text":"978-0-7591-1642-9"}]},{"reference":"Shea, Samantha (14 November 2022). \"Pakistan's lost city of 40,000 people\". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 18 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20221114-pakistans-lost-city-of-40000-people","url_text":"\"Pakistan's lost city of 40,000 people\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mohenjo-Daro: An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mohenjodaro.net/mohenjodaroessay.html","url_text":"\"Mohenjo-Daro: An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mohenjo-daro An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis\". www.harappa.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harappa.com/mohenjo-daro/mohenjodaroessay.html","url_text":"\"Mohenjo-daro An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis\""}]},{"reference":"Roach, John. \"Lost City of Mohenjo Daro\". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101030000627/http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/mohenjo-daro/","url_text":"\"Lost City of Mohenjo Daro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)","url_text":"National Geographic"},{"url":"http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/mohenjo-daro/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Roger B.; Linda Black; Larry S. Krieger; Phillip C. Naylor; Dahia Ibo Shabaka (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN 978-0-395-87274-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck","url_text":"World History: Patterns of Interaction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-87274-1","url_text":"978-0-395-87274-1"}]},{"reference":"Possehl, Gregory L (2010). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. AltaMira. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PA12","url_text":"The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0172-2","url_text":"978-0-7591-0172-2"}]},{"reference":"\"'Findings show Moenjodaro was larger than unearthed ruins'\". 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1219508","url_text":"\"'Findings show Moenjodaro was larger than unearthed ruins'\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, Rita P. (2010). The ancient Indus : urbanism, economy, and society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 235. 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PMID 16470995.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1989.9980100","url_text":"10.1080/00438243.1989.9980100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/124907","url_text":"124907"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16470995","url_text":"16470995"}]},{"reference":"Jansen, M. (October 1989). \"Water Supply and Sewage Disposal at Mohenjo-Daro\". World Archaeology. 21 (2): 182. doi:10.1080/00438243.1989.9980100. JSTOR 124907. 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BAR International Series (1826): 133.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/36019850","url_text":"\"Copper Tablets from Mohenjo-daro and the Study of the Indus Script\""}]},{"reference":"Aiyappan, Ayinapalli (May 1939). \"Pottery Braziers of Mohenjo-Daro\". Man. 39 (65): 71–72. doi:10.2307/2792750. JSTOR 2792750.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2792750","url_text":"10.2307/2792750"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2792750","url_text":"2792750"}]},{"reference":"Ratnagar, Shereen (24 November 2016). \"A critical view of Marshall's Mother Goddess at Mohenjo-Daro\". Studies in People's History. 3 (2): 113–127. doi:10.1177/2348448916665714. S2CID 191808666.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2348448916665714","url_text":"10.1177/2348448916665714"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191808666","url_text":"191808666"}]},{"reference":"\"Collections:Pre-History & Archaeology\". National Museum, New Delhi. Retrieved 3 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/prodCollections.asp?pid=44&id=1&lk=dp1","url_text":"\"Collections:Pre-History & Archaeology\""}]},{"reference":"Possehl, Gregory (2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. AltaMira Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0172-2","url_text":"978-0-7591-0172-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Priest King, Mohenjo-daro\". Glimpses of South Asia before 1947. Retrieved 6 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.harappa.com/indus/41.html","url_text":"\"Priest King, Mohenjo-daro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bilawal's 'cultural coup' threatens ancient ruins\". AFP. Daily Dawn. 30 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1083787/bilawals-cultural-coup-threatens-ancient-ruins","url_text":"\"Bilawal's 'cultural coup' threatens ancient ruins\""}]},{"reference":"Sahoutara, Naeem (30 January 2014). \"Preserving heritage: Court instructs to take 'utmost' care in holding festival at Moen Jo Daro\". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 31 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://tribune.com.pk/story/665564/preserving-heritage-court-instructs-to-take-utmost-care-in-holding-festival-at-moen-jo-daro","url_text":"\"Preserving heritage: Court instructs to take 'utmost' care in holding festival at Moen Jo Daro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flood Forecasting Division Lahore\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_era_names
Chinese era name
["1 Description","2 History","3 Era system versus Western dating system","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Name given to a year in East Asian cultures For a list, see List of Chinese era names. Chinese era nameTraditional Chinese年號Simplified Chinese年号Hanyu Pinyinniánhào Literal meaningyear nameTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinniánhàoYue: CantoneseYale Romanizationnìhn houhJyutpingnin4 hou6 Chinese era names, also known as reign mottos, were titles used by various Chinese dynasties and regimes in Imperial China for the purpose of year identification and numbering. The first monarch to adopt era names was the Emperor Wu of Han in 140 BCE, and this system remained the official method of year identification and numbering until the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 CE, when the era name system was superseded by the Republic of China calendar. Other polities in the Sinosphere—Korea, Vietnam and Japan—also adopted the concept of era name as a result of Chinese politico-cultural influence. Description Chinese era names were titles adopted for the purpose of identifying and numbering years in Imperial China. Era names originated as mottos or slogans chosen by the reigning monarch and usually reflected the political, economic and/or social landscapes at the time. For instance, the first era name proclaimed by the Emperor Wu of Han, Jianyuan (建元; lit. "establishing the origin"), was reflective of its status as the first era name. Similarly, the era name Jianzhongjingguo (建中靖國; lit. "establishing a moderate and peaceful country") used by the Emperor Huizong of Song was indicative of Huizong's idealism towards moderating the rivalry among the conservative and progressive factions regarding political and social reforms. The process of declaring an era name was referred to in traditional Chinese historical texts as jiànyuán (建元). Proclaiming a new era name to replace an existing era name was known as gǎiyuán (改元; lit. "change the origin"). Instituting a new era name would reset the numbering of the year back to year one, known as yuán nián (元年; lit. "year of origin"). On the first day of the Chinese calendar, the numbering of the year would increase by one. To name a year using an era name only requires counting years from the first year of the era. For example, 609 CE was the fifth year of Daye (大業; lit. "great endeavour"), as the era began in 605 CE; traditional Chinese sources would therefore refer to 609 CE as Dàyè wǔ nián (大業五年). The numbering of the year would still increase on the first day of the Chinese calendar each year, regardless of the month in which the era name was adopted. For example, as the Emperor Daizong of Tang replaced the era name Yongtai (永泰; lit. "perpetual peace") with Dali (大曆; lit. "great era") in the eleventh month of the Chinese calendar in 766 CE, the first year of Dali thus only consisted of the last two months of that particular year; the second year of Dali began on the first day of the Chinese calendar the following year, just two months after its initiation. When a new monarch ascended to the throne, he could either declare a new era immediately or inherit the usage of the existing era name from his predecessor. For example, the era name Wutai (武泰; lit. "exalted martial") of the Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei was immediately replaced with Jianyi (建義; lit. "establishing justice") when the Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei took the throne. On the other hand, the era name Tianxian (天顯; lit. "heavenly intent") was originally proclaimed by the Emperor Taizu of Liao but its usage was continued by the Emperor Taizong of Liao upon assuming the throne. There were numerous era names that saw repeated use throughout Chinese history. For instance, the era name Taiping (太平; lit. "great peace") was used on at least ten occasions in China. In such cases, Chinese sources would often affix the name of the dynasty or the ruler before the era name for the purpose of disambiguation. For example, when referencing the year 410 CE, Chinese sources could either render it as Běi Yān Tàipíng èr nián (北燕太平二年; lit. "second year of Taiping of the Northern Yan") or Běi Yān Wéngchéng Dì Tàipíng èr nián (北燕文成帝太平二年; lit. "second year of Taiping of the Emperor Wencheng of Northern Yan). Most Chinese era names consisted of two Chinese characters, even though era names with three, four and six characters also existed. Shijianguo (始建國; lit. "the beginning of establishing a country") of the Xin dynasty, Tiancewansui (天冊萬歲; lit. "Heaven-conferred longevity") of the Wu Zhou, and Tiancilishengguoqing (天賜禮盛國慶; lit. "Heaven-bestowed ritualistic richness, nationally celebrated") of the Western Xia are examples of Chinese era names that bore more than two characters. Era names were symbols of political orthodoxy and legitimacy. Hence, most Chinese monarchs would proclaim a new era upon the founding of a new dynasty. Rebel leaders who sought to establish independence and legitimacy also declared their own era names. Often, vassal states and tributary states of Imperial China would officially adopt the era name of the reigning Chinese monarch as a sign of subordination—a practice known as fèng zhēng shuò (奉正朔; lit. "following the first month of the year and the first day of the month"). For example, Korean regimes like Silla, Goryeo and Joseon had at various times formally adopted the era names of the Tang, Wu Zhou, Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, Later Zhou, Northern Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Northern Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties of China for both domestic and diplomatic purposes. History The Emperor Wu of Han is conventionally regarded as the first ruler to declare an era name. Prior to the introduction of the first era name in 140 BCE, Chinese monarchs utilized the Qianyuan (前元), Zhongyuan (中元) and Houyuan (後元) systems to identify and number years. Prior to the Ming dynasty, it was common for Chinese sovereigns to change the era name during their reigns, resulting in the use of more than one era name for one ruler. For instance, Emperor Xuan of Han used a total of seven era names during his reign. The Hongwu Emperor started the tradition of having only one era name for one monarch—known as the yí shì yì yuán zhì (一世一元制; lit. "one-era-name-for-a-reign system"). Thus, modern historians would frequently refer to monarchs of the Ming and Qing dynasties by their respective era name. Notable exceptions to this "one-era-name" tradition included Zhu Qizhen who proclaimed two era names for his two separate reigns, Aisin Gioro Hong Taiji who used two era names to reflect his position as khan of the Later Jin and later as emperor of the Qing dynasty, as well as Aisin Gioro Puyi who adopted three era names in his capacity as emperor of the Qing dynasty and subsequently as ruler of Manchukuo. With the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 CE, the Chinese era name system was superseded by the Republic of China calendar which remains in official use in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu Islands. The Republic of China calendar, while not an era name, is based on the era name system of Imperial China. Numerous attempts to reinstate monarchical rule in China had resulted in the declaration of additional era names after the founding of the Republic, but these regimes and their associated era names were short-lived. In 1949, the People's Republic of China was founded and the era was changed to the Common Era, for both internal and external affairs in mainland China. This notation was extended to Hong Kong in 1997 and Macau in 1999 (de facto extended in 1966) through Annex III of Hong Kong Basic Law and Macau Basic Law, thus eliminating the ROC calendar in these areas. The concept of era name also saw its adoption by neighboring Korea and Vietnam since the middle of the 6th century CE, and by Japan since the middle of the 7th century CE. Notably, Japan still officially retains the use of era names today. Era system versus Western dating system This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) While the era system is a more traditional system of dating that preserves Chinese and Japanese culture, it presents a problem for the more globalized Asian society and for everyday life. For example, even though within the nation people will know what era they are in, it is relatively meaningless for other nations. In addition, while the Republic of China (ROC) and Japan only recognize documents dated in the Era System, their treaties with other countries are in the Dionysian Era (AD) system. In modern times, only Republic of China and Japan still continue to use the ancient Chinese era naming system. Even in the domestic arena, the era system can present difficult dilemmas. For example, in Japan, it is difficult to keep track of the age of people who were born in the previous era. Also, while the ROC and Japan both continue to use the ancient Chinese era system, since they have partially adopted the Gregorian calendar for non-governmental use, it is more difficult to track down dates that fall on February 29 leap year in the Western calendar. Furthermore, in Japan, in theory it is difficult to mention future dates since it is sometimes hard to tell whether the current emperor will live long enough for its citizens to use that era name. However, in practice, documents like driver's licenses and 50-year leases use era dates without regard to this problem. On the other hand, others suggest that the AD system has too much Christian connotation behind it and it is a form of cultural imperialism when an essentially European system of dating is forced upon other civilizations with their own long-used and equally legitimate dating systems. However, with globalization, the AD system is becoming more acceptable in Japan and the ROC. Modern history researchers do not care about era names except for supporting other arguments, such as figuring out the biases and attitudes of a particular historian; however, era names are useful for dating events that were unique in Chinese history. Most Chinese dictionaries have a comprehensive list of era names, while booklets of more detailed and often searchable lists can be found in libraries. See also Chinese calendar Chinese sovereign List of Chinese era names Regnal year Republic of China calendar Derivative systems in Sinosphere: Japanese era name Korean era name Vietnamese era name Temple name Posthumous name Regnal name References ^ a b Lü, Zongli (2003). Power of the words: Chen prophecy in Chinese politics, AD 265-618. Peter Lang. ISBN 9783906769561. ^ a b c d Sogner, Sølvi (2001). Making Sense of Global History: The 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000, Commemorative Volume. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 9788215001067. ^ a b "International Congress of Historical Sciences". 19. 2000. ISBN 9788299561419. Retrieved 29 December 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b c "Ancient tradition carries forward with Japan's new era". Retrieved 29 December 2019. ^ Yang, Haitao (2017). 郑和与海. Beijing Book Co. ISBN 9787541598883. ^ Kang, Etsuko Hae-Jin (2016). Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: From the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Springer. ISBN 9780230376939. ^ "中國學術". 6 (4). 2005. ISBN 9787100051965. Retrieved 29 December 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) External links Comparative historical timelines and era names of China, Japan and Korea (in Japanese) vteChronologyKey topics Archaeology Astronomy Geology History Big History Paleontology Time PeriodsErasEpochsCalendar eras Human Era Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Bosporan era Bostran era Byzantine era Seleucid era Era of Caesar (Iberia) Before present Hijri Egyptian Sothic cycle Hindu units of time (Yuga) Mesoamerican Long Count Short Count Tzolk'in Haab' Regnal year Anka year Canon of Kings English and British regnal year Lists of kings Limmu Era names Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese CalendarsPre-Julian / Julian Pre-Julian Roman Original Julian Proleptic Julian Revised Julian Gregorian Gregorian Proleptic Gregorian Old Style and New Style dates Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Dual dating Astronomical Lunisolar (Hebrew, Hindu) Solar Lunar (Islamic) Astronomical year numbering Others Chinese sexagenary cycle Geologic Calendar Iranian ISO week date Mesoamerican Maya Aztec Winter count New Earth Time Astronomic time Cosmic Calendar Ephemeris Galactic year Metonic cycle Milankovitch cycles Geologic timeConcepts Deep time Geological history of Earth Geological time units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope geochemistry Law of superposition Luminescence dating Samarium–neodymium dating ChronologicaldatingAbsolute dating Amino acid racemisation Archaeomagnetic dating Dendrochronology Ice core Incremental dating Lichenometry Paleomagnetism Radiometric dating Lead–lead Potassium–argon Radiocarbon Uranium–lead Tephrochronology Luminescence dating Thermoluminescence dating Relative dating Fluorine absorption Nitrogen dating Obsidian hydration Seriation Stratigraphy Genetic methods Molecular clock Linguistic methods Glottochronology Related topics Chronicle New Chronology Synchronoptic view Timeline Year zero Floruit Terminus post quem ASPRO chronology vteCalendarsSystems Lunar Lunisolar Solar In wide use Astronomical Buddhist Chinese Ethiopian Gregorian Hindu Lunar Hijri Solar Hijri ISO Unix time In morelimited use Akan Armenian Assamese (Bhāshkarābda) Assyrian Baháʼí Badí‘ Bali Pawukon Saka Bengali Bangladeshi Berber Borana Burmese Chinese Earthly Branches Heavenly Stems Minguo Solar term Germanic heathen Georgian Hebrew Hindu Vikram Samvat Saka Hmong Igbo Iranian Jalali medieval Zoroastrian Irish Gaelic Islamic Fasli Tabular Jain Japanese Javanese Korean Juche Kurdish Lithuanian Maithili Malayalam Mandaean Manipuri (Meitei) Melanau Mongolian Nepal Nepal Sambat Vikram Samvat Yele Sambat Nisg̱a'a Odia Punjabi Nanakshahi Romanian Shona Somali Sesotho Slavic Slavic Native Faith Macedonian Tamil Thai lunar solar Tibetan Tripuri Tulu Vietnamese Wicca Xhosa Yoruba Zulu Types Runic Mesoamerican Long Count Calendar round Christian variants Coptic Ethiopian and Eritrean Julian Revised Liturgical year Eastern Orthodox Saints Historical Arabian Attic Aztec Tōnalpōhualli Xiuhpōhualli Babylonian Bulgar Byzantine Cappadocian Celtic Cham Culāsakaraj Coligny Egyptian Enoch Florentine French Republican Germanic Greek Hindu Inca Macedonian Maya Haabʼ Tzolkʼin Muisca Pentecontad Pisan Qumran Rapa Nui Roman Rumi Sexagenary Soviet Swedish Turkmen By specialty Holocene anthropological Proleptic Gregorian / Proleptic Julian historiographical Darian Martian Dreamspell New Age Discordian 'Pataphysical Reform proposals Hanke–Henry Permanent International Fixed Pax Positivist Symmetry454 World Displays andapplications Electronic Perpetual Wall Year namingand numberingTerminology Era Epoch Leap year New Year Regnal name Regnal year Year zero Systems Ab urbe condita Anka year Anno Domini/Common Era Anno Lucis Anno Martyrum Anno Mundi Assyrian Before Present Chinese Imperial Chinese Minguo English and British regnal year Human (Holocene) Japanese Korean Nirayana system Seleucid Spanish Yugas Satya Treta Dvapara Kali Vietnamese Fictional Discworld (Discworld) Greyhawk (Dungeons & Dragons) Middle-earth (The Lord of the Rings) Stardate (Star Trek) List of calendars Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Chinese era names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_era_names"},{"link_name":"Chinese dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasties_of_China"},{"link_name":"Imperial China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China"},{"link_name":"year identification and numbering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnal_year"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wu of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First2-2"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"Republic of China calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar"},{"link_name":"Sinosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinosphere"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_era_name"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_era_name"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinosphere-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan-4"}],"text":"For a list, see List of Chinese era names.Chinese era names, also known as reign mottos, were titles used by various Chinese dynasties and regimes in Imperial China for the purpose of year identification and numbering. The first monarch to adopt era names was the Emperor Wu of Han in 140 BCE,[1][2] and this system remained the official method of year identification and numbering until the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 CE, when the era name system was superseded by the Republic of China calendar. Other polities in the Sinosphere—Korea, Vietnam and Japan—also adopted the concept of era name as a result of Chinese politico-cultural influence.[2][3][4]","title":"Chinese era name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wu of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Emperor Huizong of Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song"},{"link_name":"first day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year"},{"link_name":"Chinese calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calendar"},{"link_name":"Emperor Daizong of Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Daizong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xiaoming_of_Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xiaozhuang_of_Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Emperor Taizu of Liao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaoji"},{"link_name":"Emperor Taizong of Liao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao"},{"link_name":"Northern Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Yan"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wencheng of Northern Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_Ba"},{"link_name":"Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Xin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Wu Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty_(690%E2%80%93705)"},{"link_name":"Western Xia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Xia"},{"link_name":"tributary states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tributary_states_of_China"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orthodoxy1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orthodoxy2-6"},{"link_name":"Silla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silla"},{"link_name":"Goryeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeo"},{"link_name":"Joseon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon"},{"link_name":"Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Later Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)"},{"link_name":"Later Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Tang"},{"link_name":"Later Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)"},{"link_name":"Later Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)"},{"link_name":"Later Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Northern Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Song_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Liao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)"},{"link_name":"Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Northern Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"}],"text":"Chinese era names were titles adopted for the purpose of identifying and numbering years in Imperial China. Era names originated as mottos or slogans chosen by the reigning monarch and usually reflected the political, economic and/or social landscapes at the time. For instance, the first era name proclaimed by the Emperor Wu of Han, Jianyuan (建元; lit. \"establishing the origin\"), was reflective of its status as the first era name. Similarly, the era name Jianzhongjingguo (建中靖國; lit. \"establishing a moderate and peaceful country\") used by the Emperor Huizong of Song was indicative of Huizong's idealism towards moderating the rivalry among the conservative and progressive factions regarding political and social reforms.The process of declaring an era name was referred to in traditional Chinese historical texts as jiànyuán (建元). Proclaiming a new era name to replace an existing era name was known as gǎiyuán (改元; lit. \"change the origin\"). Instituting a new era name would reset the numbering of the year back to year one, known as yuán nián (元年; lit. \"year of origin\"). On the first day of the Chinese calendar, the numbering of the year would increase by one. To name a year using an era name only requires counting years from the first year of the era. For example, 609 CE was the fifth year of Daye (大業; lit. \"great endeavour\"), as the era began in 605 CE; traditional Chinese sources would therefore refer to 609 CE as Dàyè wǔ nián (大業五年).The numbering of the year would still increase on the first day of the Chinese calendar each year, regardless of the month in which the era name was adopted. For example, as the Emperor Daizong of Tang replaced the era name Yongtai (永泰; lit. \"perpetual peace\") with Dali (大曆; lit. \"great era\") in the eleventh month of the Chinese calendar in 766 CE, the first year of Dali thus only consisted of the last two months of that particular year; the second year of Dali began on the first day of the Chinese calendar the following year, just two months after its initiation.When a new monarch ascended to the throne, he could either declare a new era immediately or inherit the usage of the existing era name from his predecessor. For example, the era name Wutai (武泰; lit. \"exalted martial\") of the Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei was immediately replaced with Jianyi (建義; lit. \"establishing justice\") when the Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei took the throne. On the other hand, the era name Tianxian (天顯; lit. \"heavenly intent\") was originally proclaimed by the Emperor Taizu of Liao but its usage was continued by the Emperor Taizong of Liao upon assuming the throne.There were numerous era names that saw repeated use throughout Chinese history. For instance, the era name Taiping (太平; lit. \"great peace\") was used on at least ten occasions in China. In such cases, Chinese sources would often affix the name of the dynasty or the ruler before the era name for the purpose of disambiguation. For example, when referencing the year 410 CE, Chinese sources could either render it as Běi Yān Tàipíng èr nián (北燕太平二年; lit. \"second year of Taiping of the Northern Yan\") or Běi Yān Wéngchéng Dì Tàipíng èr nián (北燕文成帝太平二年; lit. \"second year of Taiping of the Emperor Wencheng of Northern Yan).Most Chinese era names consisted of two Chinese characters, even though era names with three, four and six characters also existed. Shijianguo (始建國; lit. \"the beginning of establishing a country\") of the Xin dynasty, Tiancewansui (天冊萬歲; lit. \"Heaven-conferred longevity\") of the Wu Zhou, and Tiancilishengguoqing (天賜禮盛國慶; lit. \"Heaven-bestowed ritualistic richness, nationally celebrated\") of the Western Xia are examples of Chinese era names that bore more than two characters.Era names were symbols of political orthodoxy and legitimacy. Hence, most Chinese monarchs would proclaim a new era upon the founding of a new dynasty. Rebel leaders who sought to establish independence and legitimacy also declared their own era names. Often, vassal states and tributary states of Imperial China would officially adopt the era name of the reigning Chinese monarch as a sign of subordination—a practice known as fèng zhēng shuò (奉正朔; lit. \"following the first month of the year and the first day of the month\").[5][6] For example, Korean regimes like Silla, Goryeo and Joseon had at various times formally adopted the era names of the Tang, Wu Zhou, Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, Later Zhou, Northern Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Northern Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties of China for both domestic and diplomatic purposes.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor Wu of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First2-2"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xuan of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Hongwu Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hongwu-7"},{"link_name":"Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zhu Qizhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Yingzong_of_Ming"},{"link_name":"Aisin Gioro Hong Taiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Taiji"},{"link_name":"Later Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)"},{"link_name":"Aisin Gioro Puyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyi"},{"link_name":"Manchukuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"Republic of China calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar"},{"link_name":"Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Chinese_era_name#precisely_the_same_system_apart_from_conversion_to_Gregorian_calculation;_whatever_caveat_is_intended_here_should_be_cited_and_clarified"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Common Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Basic Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law"},{"link_name":"Macau Basic Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Basic_Law"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_era_name"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_era_name"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinosphere-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan-4"}],"text":"The Emperor Wu of Han is conventionally regarded as the first ruler to declare an era name.[1][2] Prior to the introduction of the first era name in 140 BCE, Chinese monarchs utilized the Qianyuan (前元), Zhongyuan (中元) and Houyuan (後元) systems to identify and number years.Prior to the Ming dynasty, it was common for Chinese sovereigns to change the era name during their reigns, resulting in the use of more than one era name for one ruler. For instance, Emperor Xuan of Han used a total of seven era names during his reign.The Hongwu Emperor started the tradition of having only one era name for one monarch—known as the yí shì yì yuán zhì (一世一元制; lit. \"one-era-name-for-a-reign system\").[7] Thus, modern historians would frequently refer to monarchs of the Ming and Qing dynasties by their respective era name. Notable exceptions to this \"one-era-name\" tradition included Zhu Qizhen who proclaimed two era names for his two separate reigns, Aisin Gioro Hong Taiji who used two era names to reflect his position as khan of the Later Jin and later as emperor of the Qing dynasty, as well as Aisin Gioro Puyi who adopted three era names in his capacity as emperor of the Qing dynasty and subsequently as ruler of Manchukuo.With the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 CE, the Chinese era name system was superseded by the Republic of China calendar which remains in official use in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu Islands. The Republic of China calendar, while not an era name,[citation needed][dubious – discuss] is based on the era name system of Imperial China. Numerous attempts to reinstate monarchical rule in China had resulted in the declaration of additional era names after the founding of the Republic, but these regimes and their associated era names were short-lived.In 1949, the People's Republic of China was founded and the era was changed to the Common Era, for both internal and external affairs in mainland China. This notation was extended to Hong Kong in 1997 and Macau in 1999 (de facto extended in 1966) through Annex III of Hong Kong Basic Law and Macau Basic Law, thus eliminating the ROC calendar in these areas.The concept of era name also saw its adoption by neighboring Korea and Vietnam since the middle of the 6th century CE, and by Japan since the middle of the 7th century CE.[2][3][4] Notably, Japan still officially retains the use of era names today.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dionysian Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysian_Era"},{"link_name":"AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"leap year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"cultural imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_imperialism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chinese dictionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_dictionaries"},{"link_name":"libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library"}],"text":"While the era system is a more traditional system of dating that preserves Chinese and Japanese culture, it presents a problem for the more globalized Asian society and for everyday life.For example, even though within the nation people will know what era they are in, it is relatively meaningless for other nations. In addition, while the Republic of China (ROC) and Japan only recognize documents dated in the Era System, their treaties with other countries are in the Dionysian Era (AD) system. In modern times, only Republic of China and Japan still continue to use the ancient Chinese era naming system.Even in the domestic arena, the era system can present difficult dilemmas. For example, in Japan, it is difficult to keep track of the age of people who were born in the previous era. Also, while the ROC and Japan both continue to use the ancient Chinese era system, since they have partially adopted the Gregorian calendar for non-governmental use, it is more difficult to track down dates that fall on February 29 leap year in the Western calendar.Furthermore, in Japan, in theory it is difficult to mention future dates since it is sometimes hard to tell whether the current emperor will live long enough for its citizens to use that era name. However, in practice, documents like driver's licenses and 50-year leases use era dates without regard to this problem.On the other hand, others[who?] suggest that the AD system has too much Christian connotation behind it and it is a form of cultural imperialism when an essentially European system of dating is forced upon other civilizations with their own long-used and equally legitimate dating systems. However, with globalization, the AD system is becoming more acceptable in Japan and the ROC.Modern history researchers do not care about era names except for supporting other arguments, such as figuring out the biases and attitudes of a particular historian;[citation needed] however, era names are useful for dating events that were unique in Chinese history. Most Chinese dictionaries have a comprehensive list of era names, while booklets of more detailed and often searchable lists can be found in libraries.","title":"Era system versus Western dating system"}]
[]
[{"title":"Chinese calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calendar"},{"title":"Chinese sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_sovereign"},{"title":"List of Chinese era names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_era_names"},{"title":"Regnal year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnal_year"},{"title":"Republic of China calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar"},{"title":"Japanese era name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_era_name"},{"title":"Korean era name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_era_name"},{"title":"Vietnamese era name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name"},{"title":"Temple name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_name"},{"title":"Posthumous name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_name"},{"title":"Regnal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnal_name"}]
[{"reference":"Lü, Zongli (2003). Power of the words: Chen prophecy in Chinese politics, AD 265-618. Peter Lang. ISBN 9783906769561.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvYvAQAAIAAJ&q=era+name+nian+hao+origin","url_text":"Power of the words: Chen prophecy in Chinese politics, AD 265-618"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783906769561","url_text":"9783906769561"}]},{"reference":"Sogner, Sølvi (2001). Making Sense of Global History: The 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000, Commemorative Volume. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 9788215001067.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7nsWAQAAIAAJ&q=era+name+china+Korea+Japan+vietnam+making+sense+of+global+history","url_text":"Making Sense of Global History: The 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000, Commemorative Volume"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788215001067","url_text":"9788215001067"}]},{"reference":"\"International Congress of Historical Sciences\". 19. 2000. ISBN 9788299561419. Retrieved 29 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0ervAAAAMAAJ&q=era+name+china+Korea+Japan+vietnam","url_text":"\"International Congress of Historical Sciences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788299561419","url_text":"9788299561419"}]},{"reference":"\"Ancient tradition carries forward with Japan's new era\". Retrieved 29 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-s-Reiwa-era/Ancient-tradition-carries-forward-with-Japan-s-new-era","url_text":"\"Ancient tradition carries forward with Japan's new era\""}]},{"reference":"Yang, Haitao (2017). 郑和与海. Beijing Book Co. ISBN 9787541598883.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ei-fDwAAQBAJ&q=%E5%A5%89%E6%AD%A3%E6%9C%94+%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7&pg=PT34","url_text":"郑和与海"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787541598883","url_text":"9787541598883"}]},{"reference":"Kang, Etsuko Hae-Jin (2016). Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: From the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Springer. ISBN 9780230376939.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m85lCwAAQBAJ&q=korea+era+name+china&pg=PA38","url_text":"Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: From the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230376939","url_text":"9780230376939"}]},{"reference":"\"中國學術\". 6 (4). 2005. ISBN 9787100051965. Retrieved 29 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Dp4ZAQAAMAAJ&q=%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96+%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83","url_text":"\"中國學術\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787100051965","url_text":"9787100051965"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvYvAQAAIAAJ&q=era+name+nian+hao+origin","external_links_name":"Power of the words: Chen prophecy in Chinese politics, AD 265-618"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7nsWAQAAIAAJ&q=era+name+china+Korea+Japan+vietnam+making+sense+of+global+history","external_links_name":"Making Sense of Global History: The 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000, Commemorative Volume"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0ervAAAAMAAJ&q=era+name+china+Korea+Japan+vietnam","external_links_name":"\"International Congress of Historical Sciences\""},{"Link":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-s-Reiwa-era/Ancient-tradition-carries-forward-with-Japan-s-new-era","external_links_name":"\"Ancient tradition carries forward with Japan's new era\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ei-fDwAAQBAJ&q=%E5%A5%89%E6%AD%A3%E6%9C%94+%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7&pg=PT34","external_links_name":"郑和与海"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m85lCwAAQBAJ&q=korea+era+name+china&pg=PA38","external_links_name":"Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: From the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Dp4ZAQAAMAAJ&q=%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96+%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83","external_links_name":"\"中國學術\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030402230053/http://homepage1.nifty.com/history/history.html","external_links_name":"Comparative historical timelines and era names of China, Japan and Korea (in Japanese)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardoon
Silas Aaron Hardoon
["1 Biography","2 References"]
Silas Aaron HardoonBornc. 1851Baghdad, Ottoman IraqDiedJune, 1931 (aged 79–80)Shanghai, ChinaOccupation(s)Businessman, Member of the Shanghai Municipal Council, Member of the Conseil municipale, French Concession Nanking Road in the 1930s Silas Aaron Hardoon (Chinese: 哈同; pinyin: Hātóng; c. 1851– June, 1931) was a wealthy businessman and well-known public figure in the city of Shanghai in the early 20th century. Biography Silas was born Saleh Hardoon (סאלח חרדון) into a poor Jewish family in Baghdad. His family left Baghdad for Mumbai, India where he was educated at a charitable school funded by David Sassoon. In 1868 Silas Aaron Hardoon traveled to the city of Shanghai (China), where he was employed by David Sassoon & Company as a rent collector and watchman. He quickly rose through the ranks of the company, displaying a talent for real estate. After leaving David Sassoon & Company in 1882 he tried to set up his own cotton trading company. After three years he gave up his business and joined E.D. Sassoon & Co. as their branch manager in Shanghai. The China land boom convinced Hardoon to leave the company in 1920. Shrewd investments, particularly in properties on Shanghai's "Fifth Avenue," Nanking Road, eventually made him one of that city's wealthiest inhabitants. In fact, Silas Hardoon was the man who funded the building and construction of the original Nanking Road. This is the section that comprises the still standing art-deco style buildings that can be seen today. In early 1920 the future Chinese leader Mao Zedong stayed in Shanghai at a property owned by Hardoon on present-day Anyi Road. Hardoon lived with his Eurasian wife Luo Jialing (née Liza Roos 1864–1941), a devout Buddhist, in the Aili Park, a 26-acre estate (now the Shanghai Exhibition Centre), and personally financed the printing of Buddhist writings. At one point he was the richest person in Asia and one of the richest in the world. When he died in 1931, his personal fortune was estimated at $650 million, equivalent to around $15 billion in current dollars. After Hardoon's death, Liza and the couple's adopted children fought amongst themselves, and with Hardoon's Iraqi family members, for Hardoon's estate in a series of lawsuits spanning 16 years. The Hardoon Inheritance Case is referred to as the most famous inheritance case in Shanghai's history. The case between Liza's family and Hardoon's Iraqi relatives was fought before the British Supreme Court for China in Shanghai, with a side action in Baghdad, and ended with a finding in favour of Liza in 1937. The dispute between the Hardoons' adopted children erupted after Liza's death in 1941, and ended with a settlement reached between the children in 1946. However, Ezra Salch Hardoon, who represented the other Iraqi relatives, continued to petition the Chinese courts both before and after the Communist take-over in 1949. In 1956, the Shanghai Intermediate People's Court ruled that, because Liza had accumulated large outstanding debts, the entirety of Hardoon's estate would be secured by the court. In June 1957, the court terminated the Hardoon inheritance case and Ezra Salch Hardoon finally departed Shanghai for Iraq. References ^ Betta, Chiara (2002). "Silas Aaron Hardoon (1851–1931): Business, Politics and Philanthropy in Republican Shanghai, 1911–1931". The Scribe. Retrieved 2008-05-27. ^ David, Hardoon (2008). "The Hardoon Family Genealogy website". The Hardoons. Retrieved 2008-09-22. ^ Stanley Jackson: "The Sassoons – Portrait of a Dynasty", William Heinemann Ltd., London 1968, p.65 and 201, ISBN 0-434-37056-8 ^ Phillips, Tom (December 28, 2013). "Chairman's old digs a potent symbol of the new revolution". The Daily Telegraph. p. 25.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link) vteJews and Judaism in ShanghaiHistory Shanghai Ghetto Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum Center of Jewish Studies Shanghai H Company Mir Yeshiva Tomchei Tmimim Israelis in Shanghai Shanghainese in Israel Synagogues Beth El (1887) Shearith Israel (1900) Ohel Rachel (1921) Beth Aharon (1927) Ohel Moshe (1927) New Synagogue (1941) Newspapers Israel's Messenger (1904–1941) Die Gelbe Post Shanghai Jewish Chronicle/Shanghai Echo (1939–1948) People Victor Sassoon Silas Aaron Hardoon Elly Kadoorie Edward Isaac Ezra N.E.B. Ezra Rabbi Meir Ashkenazi Film Shanghai Ghetto (2002) A Jewish Girl in Shanghai (2010) Hospital Shanghai Jewish Hospital (B'nai B'rith Polyclinic) History of the Jews in China Religion in China Sino-Israeli relations Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_Nanking_Road_1930s.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"}],"text":"Nanking Road in the 1930sSilas Aaron Hardoon (Chinese: 哈同; pinyin: Hātóng; c. 1851– June, 1931) was a wealthy businessman and well-known public figure in the city of Shanghai in the early 20th century.","title":"Silas Aaron Hardoon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"David Sassoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sassoon_(treasurer)"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"E.D. Sassoon & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.D._Sassoon_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nanking Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Road"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Exhibition Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Exhibition_Centre"},{"link_name":"British Supreme Court for China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Supreme_Court_for_China"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"}],"text":"Silas was born Saleh Hardoon (סאלח חרדון) into a poor Jewish family in Baghdad.[1][2] His family left Baghdad for Mumbai, India where he was educated at a charitable school funded by David Sassoon.In 1868 Silas Aaron Hardoon traveled to the city of Shanghai (China), where he was employed by David Sassoon & Company as a rent collector and watchman. He quickly rose through the ranks of the company, displaying a talent for real estate. After leaving David Sassoon & Company in 1882 he tried to set up his own cotton trading company. After three years he gave up his business and joined E.D. Sassoon & Co. as their branch manager in Shanghai. The China land boom convinced Hardoon to leave the company in 1920.[3] Shrewd investments, particularly in properties on Shanghai's \"Fifth Avenue,\" Nanking Road, eventually made him one of that city's wealthiest inhabitants. In fact, Silas Hardoon was the man who funded the building and construction of the original Nanking Road. This is the section that comprises the still standing art-deco style buildings that can be seen today. In early 1920 the future Chinese leader Mao Zedong stayed in Shanghai at a property owned by Hardoon on present-day Anyi Road.[4]Hardoon lived with his Eurasian wife Luo Jialing (née Liza Roos 1864–1941), a devout Buddhist, in the Aili Park, a 26-acre estate (now the Shanghai Exhibition Centre), and personally financed the printing of Buddhist writings. At one point he was the richest person in Asia and one of the richest in the world. When he died in 1931, his personal fortune was estimated at $650 million, equivalent to around $15 billion in current dollars.After Hardoon's death, Liza and the couple's adopted children fought amongst themselves, and with Hardoon's Iraqi family members, for Hardoon's estate in a series of lawsuits spanning 16 years. The Hardoon Inheritance Case is referred to as the most famous inheritance case in Shanghai's history. The case between Liza's family and Hardoon's Iraqi relatives was fought before the British Supreme Court for China in Shanghai, with a side action in Baghdad, and ended with a finding in favour of Liza in 1937. The dispute between the Hardoons' adopted children erupted after Liza's death in 1941, and ended with a settlement reached between the children in 1946.However, Ezra Salch Hardoon, who represented the other Iraqi relatives, continued to petition the Chinese courts both before and after the Communist take-over in 1949. In 1956, the Shanghai Intermediate People's Court ruled that, because Liza had accumulated large outstanding debts, the entirety of Hardoon's estate would be secured by the court. In June 1957, the court terminated the Hardoon inheritance case and Ezra Salch Hardoon finally departed Shanghai for Iraq.","title":"Biography"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendocore
Nintendocore
["1 Characteristics","2 Etymology","3 History","3.1 Precursors (1978-2000)","3.2 Origins (2001-2006)","3.3 Peak popularity (2006-2014)","3.4 Decline and recent developments (2015-present)","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]
Music genre For the hip hop subgenre, see Nerdcore. NintendocoreOther namesNintendo rocknerdcorevideo game rockvideo game metal8-bit metalcoreStylistic originsChiptunepost-hardcoremetalcoreCultural originsEarly 2000s, United StatesTypical instrumentsElectronicelectric guitarsynthesizerpersonal computerdrumsOther topicsBandsnerdcorecrunkcoredigital hardcoregeek rockelectronicore Nintendocore is a broadly defined style of music that most commonly fuses chiptune with various hardcore punk and/or heavy metal subgenres, most often metalcore and post-hardcore. The genre is sometimes considered a direct subgenre of post-hardcore and a fusion genre between metalcore and chiptune. The genre originated in the early 2000s and peaked around the late 2000s with bands like Horse the Band, I Fight Dragons, Math the Band, An Albatross, The NESkimos and Minibosses pioneering the genre. Characteristics Nintendocore frequently features the use of electric guitars, drum kits, and typical rock instrumentation alongside synthesizers, chiptune, 8-bit sounds, and electronically produced beats. It originated primarily from various subgenres of hardcore punk and/or heavy metal, (such as post-hardcore, metalcore, deathcore, cybergrind, and screamo) but artists in the genre have also incorporated elements of electro, noise rock, hardcore techno, ambient, glitch, breakcore, and post-rock, among others. Nintendocore groups vary stylistically and come from a wide array of influences. Horse the Band combines metalcore, heavy metal, thrash metal, and post-hardcore with post-rock passages. "The Black Hole" from Horse the Band's third album, The Mechanical Hand, is an example of Nintendocore, featuring screamed vocals, heavy "Nintendo riffs," and "sound effects from numerous games." Math the Band includes electro and dance-punk styles. Minibosses use Kyuss-inspired heavy metal riffing, and The Advantage is associated with styles such as noise rock and post-rock. The Depreciation Guild was an indie band that incorporated 8-bit sounds, video game music, and elements of shoegaze. Some bands feature singing, such as The Depreciation Guild, whose frontman Kurt Feldman provides "ethereal" and "tender vocals," and The Megas, who write lyrics that mirror video game storylines. Others, such as Horse the Band and Math the Band, add screamed vocals into the mix. But yet other groups are strictly instrumental, such as Minibosses, and The Advantage. While otherwise diverse, all Nintendocore groups "use specific instruments to mimic the sounds of Nintendo games." Etymology The term "Nintendocore" is a portmanteau of Nintendo, the popular gaming company from which many of the genre's influences and samples originate and the "core" suffix, which is often used to denote the various subgenres of hardcore punk. The term was first used in 2001, when Horse the Band frontman, Nathan Winneke, originally coined the term "Nintendocore" as a joke and the term appeared on the band's I Am a Small Wooden Statue on a Patch of Crabgrass Next to a Dried Up Riverbed demo. However, several members of the group have since attempted to distance themselves from the descriptor, such as former bassist Dashiel Arkenstone, who stated: "I reject it because it cheapens our music." Winneke later explained: "It sucks when everybody is just like 'Oh this song about your mom getting beat, what game is this about?' we're very serious most of the time about our music and art, it's only a reference to the idea of blending the digital music of the games and things we grew up on with all the other music we love. It was just a fun idea at the time but everyone took it a hundred yards too far." History Precursors (1978-2000) See also: Category:Band-centric video games, Category:Music about video games, and Electronicore The earliest precursors to Nintendocore can be found with the relationship between video games and chiptune with rock music. After the success of video games and eventual entering of popular culture in the late 1970s during the golden age, many music artists began capitalizing on video games, often using samples of games or having songs lyrically about a specific game, as well as appearing in them. One of the first artists to do this was synth-pop pioneers Yellow Magic Orchestra. Emerging in the late 70's, the group would sample Space Invaders sounds in their influential 1978 debut album, particularly the hit song "Computer Game". In turn, the band would have a major influence on much of the video game music produced after. Former Yellow Magic Orchestra member Haruomi Hosono would go on to release a 1984 album produced entirely from Namco arcade game music entitled simply Video Game Music, one of the first chiptune albums and the first video game music album. Other songs based on or sampling video games soon followed, including "Disco Space Invaders" (1979) by Funny Stuff, "Space Invader" (1980) by The Pretenders, "Space Invaders" (1980) by Uncle Vic, and "Pac-Man" (1981) by "Weird Al" Yankovic. Similar sounds used in other songs include the "tackled" sound from a Mattel electronic football game used in "The Logical Song" (1979) by Supertramp and a version of the song "Dixie" generated by the alarm of a digital wrist watch owned by Mick Jones used in Rock the Casbah (1982) by The Clash. Ian MacKaye, a key figure in the development of hardcore punk has mentioned his relationship with video games and how he enjoyed video games as a kid. Buckner and Garcia, fans of Pac-Man, released novelty song "Pac-Man Fever" in 1981. Originally having little local radio success, CBS Records took notice and the single hit #9 on the Billboard charts in 1982. Later that same year, an album of the same name released on CBS Records quickly followed composed entirely of video game themed songs. Songs on the album featured audio samples of gameplay for each game, this in turn would be a precursor to the fusion of chiptune and rock used in Nintendocore. Rock music has also influenced video game composers such as Koji Kondo, composer for Nintendo, often cited as being influenced by hard rock bands such as Deep Purple, Yes and Emerson, Lake & Palmer and Nobuo Uematsu who was influenced by Elton John and progressive rock. In 1982, Journey's seventh album Escape would influence the release of Atari 2600 video game Journey Escape, making it one of the first video games to be based on a rock band. Other rock band-centric video games soon followed. Starting in the late 1980s, heavy metal and punk rock became increasingly popular, due to this, its music started appearing in or influencing more video games. Video games featuring or inspired by heavy metal and/or punk rock music included Doom (1993), Quake (1996), Tony Hawk's Pro Skater (1999) and Crazy Taxi (2000). Around this time, post-hardcore, a more creatively experimental form of hardcore punk, and metalcore, a fusion of heavy metal and hardcore punk began to emerge as well as one of the first fusions of electronic music and hardcore punk, digital hardcore. The first known rock band to cover a video game song from an actual game however, was all-female indie rock group Autoclave with their cover of the theme song from popular video game Paperboy which was recorded in 1990. Other early rock groups known to cover video game songs were alternative rock band Pixies, who released a cover version of the main theme from the arcade game Narc as a B-side to the single "Planet of Sound" in 1991, and avant-garde metal band Mr. Bungle, with their live cover of the Super Mario Bros. theme song, which was a regular staple throughout their 1990s concert setlist. Mr. Bungle would also sample sounds from video games on their debut album from 1991, specifically the endings of "Carousel" and "Egg". The early to mid-1990s would see the creation of cybergrind, an offshoot of grindcore which borrows heavily from electronic music. Certain Nintendocore bands would later take from cybergrind. Appearing in the mid to late 1990s, electropunk musician Atom and His Package's "unusual instrumentation" would be a major influence on Nintendocore artists such as Math the Band. In 1998, Swedish hardcore punk band Refused would release their third album The Shape of Punk to Come which has elements of techno and electronica, would later influence electronicore, a genre similar to and often confused with Nintendocore, bands such as Enter Shikari, one of the earliest electronicore bands. Also in 1998, Horse the Band would form with a more traditional hardcore punk sound and would release the Scabies, the Kangarooster, and You EP in 1999. The next year in 2000, self-defined "SID Metal" band Machinae Supremacy would form. The band combines power metal and alternative metal with the SID chip from the Commodore 64. Origins (2001-2006) Horse the Band, the group who originally coined the term have released five studio albums in the Nintendocore style, starting with 2000's Secret Rhythm of the Universe. Nintendocore pioneers The Advantage performing in Japan in 2010. Another Nintendocore pioneer is The Advantage, whom The New York Times praises as one of the groups who brought video game music into the mainstream modern music spotlight. The Advantage is an instrumental rock band formed by two students attending Nevada Union High School. Spencer Seim first heard the original two band members play at a 1999 Nevada Union High School talent show, beginning his musical career, and continued to lead the group forward after high school. The group "plays nothing but music from the original Nintendo console games." By creating rock cover versions of video game sound tracks, they have "brought legitimacy to a style of music dubbed Nintendocore." Peak popularity (2006-2014) The Minibosses at Penny Arcade Expo 2005 (now PAX). The Phoenix-based rock group, Minibosses, " one of the most well-established bands in the Nintendocore genre, with an impressive roster of covers including Contra, Double Dragon, Excitebike," and covers of other video game themes. Minibosses is known as one of the primary representatives of Nintendo rock, performing at various video game expositions. In addition to covers, the band has also produced original work. The Harvard Crimson refers to Minibosses as "sworn rivals" of The NESkimos, another Nintendocore practitioner. The 2007 debut album by The Depreciation Guild, In Her Gentle Jaws has been referred to as Nintendocore by Pitchfork Media. The website wrote that "In Her Gentle Jaws sticks its neck out further than Nintendocore staples like The Advantage or Minibosses", and that the album's instrumental title track "could plausibly come from an NES cartridge." Decline and recent developments (2015-present) In 2016, a small group of modern Nintendocore artists including Unicorn Hole, Polygon Horizon, and Got Item! released a compilation album themed after the original Super Smash Bros. game. This album was released by the net label "Nintendocore Lives", in an attempt to revitalize the genre. Math the Band formed in 2002 and made use of "analog synthesizers, vintage drum machines, old video game systems and shitty guitars" which helped define the sound that is commonly associated with Nintendocore. Having played shows in the U.K., Mexico, and Canada with a variety of artists and rappers, they have helped spread the genre to venues outside of the United States. Math the Band is one of the bands with the Nintendocore sound still active today, performing at MAGFest 2020 and their latest album Flange Factory Five releasing in October 2020. See also List of Nintendocore bands Chiptune Nerdcore Video game music cover bands Koji Kondo MAGFest Metalcore Notes ^ Always intentionally spelled capitalized. References ^ a b c d e f Payne, Will B. (2006-02-14). "Nintendo Rock: Nostalgia or Sound of the Future". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2011-03-14. ^ a b c d Weingarten, Marc (29 April 2004). "Resurrecting the Riffs, A Nintendo Rock Band". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2011. ^ a b c d e f g Wright (2010-12-09). "Subgenre(s) of the Week: Nintendocore (feat. Holiday Pop)". The Quest. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2015. ^ a b Yun, Elizabeth (4 January 2011). "Math the Band Strive to 'Take Fun Seriously' Exclusive Video". Spinner.com. AOL. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011. ^ Raj, Josh (28 April 2012). "Nerdcore: I Fight Dragons". nerdsontherocks.com. Retrieved December 18, 2020. The type of music is called "Nerdcore" sometimes "Nintendocore." Basically, this is a genre of music that takes today's rock music and adding in chiptune, the few note songs from classic video games, and creating a very unique style. ^ "11 of the weirdest metal subgenres". 30 March 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2021 – via Louder. ^ Moses, Jeff (2015-06-16). "Minibosses Celebrate 15 Years of Gaming-Centric Music". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 2017-06-17. ^ "The Most Intolerable Fan Bases in Music | Dallas Observer". Retrieved January 5, 2021 – via Dallas Observer. ^ "New 8-bit metalcore album revives nintendocore with brutal N64 theme—listen". July 17, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2021 – via Alternative Press. ^ "HORSE the Band Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More". AllMusic. ^ "New 8-bit metalcore album revives nintendocore with brutal N64 theme—listen". Alternative Press. 17 July 2016. ^ "Google Trends". Google Trends. Archived from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2020-10-03. ^ a b c d e f Greer, Nick (2005-01-24). "HORSE the band R. Borlax". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved 2011-03-14. ^ a b c Loftus, Johnny. "HORSE the Band". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 2011-03-14. ^ Sutherland, Sam (December 2006). "Horse the Band - Pizza EP". Exclaim!. Retrieved 10 July 2011. ^ Turull, Alisha (6 October 2009). "New Releases: Lita Ford, the Fall of Troy, Horse the band, Immortal, Inhale Exhale". Noisecreep. AOL. Retrieved 30 March 2011. ^ a b c d e "Horse The Band, Super 8 Bit Brothers, Endless Hallway ,and Oceana". The A.V. Club. The Onion. 8 November 2010. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2015. ^ a b "NINTENDOCORE, a metal music subgenre". ^ a b c Loftus, Johnny. "R. Borlax ". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 10 April 2011. ^ Leahey, Andrew. "A Natural Death". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 8 May 2011. ^ "What is Nintendocore?". 2 February 2021. ^ a b Loftus, Johnny. "The Mechanical Hand". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 10 April 2011. ^ Weber, Scott (Site moderator). "Horse the Band - The Mechanical Hand". AbsolutePunk. Retrieved 2011-05-07. {{cite web}}: External link in |first= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Trivett, Ben (21 October 2010). "Math the Band Play Blistering Set at CMJ -- Exclusive Photos". Spinner.com. AOL. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011. ^ a b Borges, Mario Mesquita. "Minibosses". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 10 April 2011. ^ Trivett, Ben (21 October 2010). "Math the Band Play Blistering Set at CMJ -- Exclusive Photos". Spinner.com. AOL. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011. ^ a b c Moerder, Adam (Staff member). "The Depreciation Guild - In Her Gentle Jaws". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 2011-05-09. {{cite web}}: External link in |first= (help) ^ a b c d e f Bayer, Jonah (2009-03-05). "Like Video Games? You'll Love Nintendocore". Gibson Guitar Corporation. Archived from the original on 2009-05-11. Retrieved 2011-03-15. ^ Synyard, Dave (September 2007). "Horse the Band - A Natural Death". Exclaim!. Retrieved 10 July 2011. ^ ""-core" Is the Suffix of Our Time | Washingtonian (DC)". Washingtonian. 2015-04-07. Retrieved 2020-10-03. ^ "Strange Music Genres You Need to Know". Beat. Retrieved 2020-10-01. ^ a b Willschick, Aaron (2007-06-03). "Interview with HORSE The Band bassist Dash Arkenstone". PureGrainAudio. ProtogenLabs. Archived from the original on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-03-14. ^ "Entrevista a HORSE the band: «Somos más que nintendocore»". portalternativo.com (in Spanish). 2010. Retrieved March 15, 2024. ^ "The Death of Nintendocore". Kotaku Australia. 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2020-10-03. ^ "Horse the Band (Last.fm Live)". YouTube. Retrieved September 3, 2022. ^ "John Lewis meets the trio that is Yellow Magic Orchestra". TheGuardian.com. July 3, 2008. ^ "ymo.org". ymo.org. Retrieved 2020-10-01. ^ "Haruomi Hosono". redbullmusicacademy.com. Retrieved 2020-10-01. ^ a b "The Wire, Issues 221–226", The Wire, p. 44, 2002, retrieved 2011-05-25 ^ Lovelace, Craven (August 27, 2010). "Take a waka-waka-waka on the wild side". Grand Junction Free Press. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ Barsanti, Sam (16 February 2017). ""Weird Al" Yankovic shares his unreleased Beatles parody about Pac-Man". The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 8, 2024. ^ DeRiso, Nick (22 July 2013). "Top 10 Supertramp Songs". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 8 June 2022. ^ Buskin, Richard (July 2005). CLASSIC TRACKS: Supertramp's 'Logical Song', Sound on Sound. ^ Webb, Spike (3 May 2012). Topper Headon (The Clash) talks about 'Mad, Bad and Dangerous' (Interview). 2:42 minutes in. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. ^ "As in the Sky — Interview from 2005". dayafterdc.wordpress.com. November 17, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2024. ^ "Weirdness: Legendary Composer Koji Kondo Drew Inspiration From '70s Rock Bands". Nintendo Life. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2021. ^ Kondo, Koji (March 11, 2007). "VGL: Koji Kondo". Wired (Interview). Interviewed by Chris Kohler. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2024. ^ Wawzenek, Bryan (December 15, 2018). "Rock Stars in Video Games: A Complete History". Retrieved June 8, 2024. ^ Diver, Mike (December 16, 2020). "A short history of heavy metal in video games". Kerrang!. Retrieved June 8, 2024. ^ "10 Video Games With Awesome Punk Rock Soundtracks". screenrant.com. Retrieved June 8, 2024. ^ Winkie, Luke (April 22, 2019). "10 Heaviest Video Game Soundtracks". revolvermag.com. Retrieved June 8, 2024. ^ "Theme from Narc". Archived from the original on 2015-05-20. Retrieved June 10, 2024. ^ "Mr. Bungle Frequently Asked Questions". bunglefever.com. Retrieved 2016-03-27. ^ Kevin Stewart-Panko, "Shock Tactics", "Grindcore Special", part 2, p. 52-53 ^ Andrew Childers, "The Body Electric", "Grind and Punishment" 15 March 2010 Access Date: June 8, 2024 ^ "A Look Back on Atom and His Package, the One-Man Band That Made Punk Uncool Again". Vice. 19 April 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2024. ^ Lyons, Patrick (26 October 2018). "Was Refused's 'The Shape Of Punk To Come' Actually The Shape Of Punk To Come?". Stereogum. Retrieved June 8, 2024. ^ Hughes, Josiah (August 2008). "Hella guitarist Spencer Seim releases solo album as sBACH". Exclaim!. Retrieved 10 July 2011. ^ "Nevada Union High School - Home". nevadaunion.njuhsd.com. Retrieved 2020-10-03. ^ Weingarten, Marc (2004-04-29). "Resurrecting the Riffs, A Nintendo Rock Band". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-10-03. ^ "Minibosses". Minibosses. Retrieved 2020-10-03. ^ Rene Gutel (August 26, 2004). "The Rise of Nintendo Rock". Tempe, Arizona. NPR. KJZZ 91.5. Archived from the original on September 3, 2004. Retrieved 10 April 2011. {{cite episode}}: Missing or empty |series= (help) ^ "Kanine Records - The Depreciation Guild". kaninerecords.com. Retrieved 2020-10-03. ^ "Unicorn Hole". Unicorn Hole. Retrieved 2020-10-03. ^ "Polygon Horizon". Polygon Horizon. Retrieved 2020-10-03. ^ "Porcine Menace, by Got Item!". Got Item!. Retrieved 2020-10-03. ^ "Music | Nintendocore Lives". Nintendocorelives.bandcamp.com. 2015-05-11. Retrieved 2022-05-04. ^ "New 8-bit metalcore album revives nintendocore with brutal N64 theme—listen - Alternative Press". Alternative Press. 2016-07-17. Retrieved 2018-10-15. ^ a b c "Math the Band". Super Magfest. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 2020-10-03. ^ "MAGFest 2020: Math the Band". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved December 15, 2020. ^ "Math the Band on Twitter:Album premier tonight!! Streaming live at 9est , and sticking around to answer any questions". Twitter. Retrieved 2020-10-03. vteChiptuneGenres Bitpop Tracker music Nintendocore Skweee Video game music Technology Sound chip Synthesizer Tracker Game Boy Nintendo Entertainment System Commodore 64 Events Blip Festival MAGFest Related 8bitpeoples Circuit bending Glitch Other electronic music genres Ambient Ambient techno Breakbeat Drum and bass Dubstep Electro Eurobeat Eurodance Hardcore Hi-NRG House Industrial J-pop Synthpop Techno Trance Trip hop UK garage vteElectronic rockElectronics in rock musicSubgenres Alternative dance Electroclash Electronicore Electropunk Digital hardcore Indietronica Industrial rock Industrial metal Nu metal Krautrock New wave Nintendocore Post-punk Post-punk revival Dance-punk New rave Post-rock Progressive rock Synth-metal Dungeon synth Electrogrind Related genres Art rock Big beat Crunkcore Dance-rock Dark wave Synth-pop Other topics Electro-Theremin "Good Vibrations" Live electronic music Joe Meek Mellotron Moog synthesizer Programming Switched-On Rock Isao Tomita Yellow Magic Orchestra Electronic music Rock music vteHardcore punkStyles Bandana thrash Beatdown hardcore Black metal Christian hardcore Crossover thrash Crunkcore Crust punk D-beat Deathcore Death metal Digital hardcore Electronicore Goregrind Grindcore Krishnacore Mathcore Melodic hardcore Melodic metalcore Metalcore Nardcore Nintendocore Pornogrind Post-hardcore Emo Powerviolence Progressive metalcore Queercore Riot grrrl Screamo Skacore Skate punk Sludge metal Speed metal Street punk Taqwacore Thrash metal Thrashcore Regional scenesInternational Argentina Australia Brazil Canada Greece Italy Japan Yugoslavia United States Boston California Chicago Minneapolis New York Washington, D.C. 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Poseur Punk ideologies Punk rock Punk subculture (includes section on hardcore) Straight edge Youth crew vteMetalcoreStyles Deathcore Electronicore Mathcore Melodic metalcore Nintendocore Progressive metalcore Lists Deathcore bands Mathcore bands Metalcore bands Nintendocore bands Other topics Breakdown Crowd surfing Death growl Moshing vteHeavy metalSubgenres andfusion genres Alternative metal Avant-garde metal Beatdown hardcore Biker metal Black metal National Socialist Symphonic Unblack Blackened death metal Blackgaze Christian metal Crust punk Death metal Melodic Technical Death 'n' roll Deathcore Death-doom Djent Doom metal Drone metal Electronicore Extreme metal Folk metal Celtic metal Medieval metal Funk metal Glam metal Goregrind Gothic metal Grindcore Grunge Groove metal Industrial metal Kawaii metal Latin metal Mathcore Metalcore Melodic Progressive Neoclassical metal Neue Deutsche Härte Nintendocore Nu metal Pagan metal Pirate metal Pornogrind Post-metal Pop metal Power metal Progressive metal Rap metal Sludge metal Speed metal Stoner metal Symphonic metal Thrash metal Crossover thrash Viking metal Musical elements Bass Fuzz bass Drumming Blast beat Cymbal choke Gallop drumbeat Guitar Distortion Guitar solo Palm muting Power chord Shred guitar Lyrics Vocals Death growl Screaming Notable scenesand movements African heavy metal Argentine heavy metal Australian thrash metal Australian heavy metal Bangladeshi heavy metal Bay Area thrash metal Brazilian thrash metal Canadian heavy metal Chinese heavy metal Florida death metal Hungarian metal Indigenous metal music Japanese metal Les Légions Noires New wave of American heavy metal New wave of British heavy metal Early Norwegian black metal Palm Desert Swedish death metal Teutonic thrash metal Ukrainian metal Culture Bands Environmentalism Fashion Festivals Headbanging Heavy metal subculture Poseur Umlaut Hard rock Category vteNerd musicStylesElectronic Chiptune Bitpop Nintendocore Skweee Tracker music Video game music Folk Filk music Nerd-folk Hip hop Nerdcore Chap hop Rock Geek rock Time Lord rock Wizard rock Nintendocore Festivals FilKONtario Nerdapalooza Ohio Valley Filk Fest Rock Comic Con w00tstock Wrockstock vteHorse the Band Erik Engstrom David Isen Nathan Winneke Daniel Pouliot Jeremiah Bignell Jason Karuza Risto Metso Jason Roberts Adam Crook Guy Morgenshtern Andy Stokes Eli Green Dashiel Arkenstone Chris Prophet Studio albums R. Borlax The Mechanical Hand A Natural Death Desperate Living Extended plays Pizza Related articles Nintendocore
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nerdcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerdcore"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"chiptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiptune"},{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalcore"},{"link_name":"post-hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-hardcore"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Horse the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_the_Band"},{"link_name":"I Fight Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Fight_Dragons"},{"link_name":"Math the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_the_Band"},{"link_name":"An Albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Albatross"},{"link_name":"Minibosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minibosses"}],"text":"For the hip hop subgenre, see Nerdcore.Nintendocore[note 1] is a broadly defined style of music that most commonly fuses chiptune with various hardcore punk and/or heavy metal subgenres, most often metalcore and post-hardcore. The genre is sometimes considered a direct subgenre of post-hardcore[10] and a fusion genre between metalcore and chiptune.[11] The genre originated in the early 2000s and peaked around the late 2000s[12] with bands like Horse the Band, I Fight Dragons, Math the Band, An Albatross, The NESkimos and Minibosses pioneering the genre.","title":"Nintendocore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"drum kits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sputnik-14"},{"link_name":"chiptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiptune"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crimson-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quest-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-15"},{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quest-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sputnik-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"post-hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-hardcore"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AV_Club-18"},{"link_name":"metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalcore"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sputnik-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AV_Club-18"},{"link_name":"deathcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathcore"},{"link_name":"cybergrind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrogrind"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metalmusicarchives-19"},{"link_name":"screamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screamo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quest-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amg_borlax-20"},{"link_name":"electro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro_(music)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quest-3"},{"link_name":"noise 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Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_the_Band"},{"link_name":"electro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropunk"},{"link_name":"dance-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-punk"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trivett2-25"},{"link_name":"Minibosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minibosses"},{"link_name":"Kyuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyuss"},{"link_name":"riffing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riff"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trivett-27"},{"link_name":"The Depreciation Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Depreciation_Guild"},{"link_name":"indie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"shoegaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoegazing"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-28"},{"link_name":"The Depreciation Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Depreciation_Guild"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-28"},{"link_name":"The Megas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Megas_(band)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibson-29"},{"link_name":"Horse the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_the_Band"},{"link_name":"Math the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_the_Band"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quest-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Math_the_band-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AV_Club-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amg_borlax-20"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Minibosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minibosses"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-26"},{"link_name":"The Advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advantage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crimson-1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoftusAM-23"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-15"}],"text":"Nintendocore frequently features the use of electric guitars, drum kits, and typical rock instrumentation alongside synthesizers,[13] chiptune, 8-bit sounds, and electronically produced beats.[1][3][14] It originated primarily from various subgenres of hardcore punk[3][13][15] and/or heavy metal,[16] (such as post-hardcore,[14][17] metalcore,[13][17] deathcore, cybergrind,[18] and screamo)[3][19] but artists in the genre have also incorporated elements of electro,[3] noise rock,[1][20] hardcore techno, ambient, glitch, breakcore,[21] and post-rock, among others.[17][22] Nintendocore groups vary stylistically and come from a wide array of influences. Horse the Band combines metalcore, heavy metal, thrash metal, and post-hardcore with post-rock passages.[3][17][19] \"The Black Hole\" from Horse the Band's third album, The Mechanical Hand, is an example of Nintendocore, featuring screamed vocals, heavy \"Nintendo riffs,\" and \"sound effects from numerous games.\"[23] Math the Band includes electro and dance-punk styles.[24] Minibosses use Kyuss-inspired heavy metal riffing,[25] and The Advantage is associated with styles such as noise rock and post-rock.[26] The Depreciation Guild was an indie band that incorporated 8-bit sounds, video game music, and elements of shoegaze.[27]Some bands feature singing, such as The Depreciation Guild, whose frontman Kurt Feldman provides \"ethereal\" and \"tender vocals,\"[27] and The Megas, who write lyrics that mirror video game storylines.[28] Others, such as Horse the Band and Math the Band, add screamed vocals into the mix.[3][4][17][19][29] But yet other groups are strictly instrumental, such as Minibosses,[25] and The Advantage.[1][22] While otherwise diverse, all Nintendocore groups \"use specific instruments to mimic the sounds of Nintendo games.\"[14]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"samples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)"},{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Horse the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_the_Band"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sputnik-14"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nintendocore_origin-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"The term \"Nintendocore\" is a portmanteau of Nintendo, the popular gaming company from which many of the genre's influences and samples originate and the \"core\" suffix, which is often used to denote the various subgenres of hardcore punk.[30] The term was first used in 2001,[31] when Horse the Band frontman, Nathan Winneke,[13] originally coined the term \"Nintendocore\" as a joke and the term appeared on the band's I Am a Small Wooden Statue on a Patch of Crabgrass Next to a Dried Up Riverbed demo.[32][33] However, several members of the group have since attempted to distance themselves from the descriptor, such as former bassist Dashiel Arkenstone, who stated: \"I reject it [Nintendocore] because it cheapens our music.\"[34] Winneke later explained: \"It sucks when everybody is just like 'Oh this song about your mom getting beat, what game is this about?' we're very serious most of the time about our music and art, it's only a reference to the idea of blending the digital music of the games and things we grew up on with all the other music we love. It was just a fun idea at the time but everyone took it a hundred yards too far.\"[35]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Band-centric video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Band-centric_video_games"},{"link_name":"Category:Music about video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Music_about_video_games"},{"link_name":"Electronicore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicore"},{"link_name":"golden age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games"},{"link_name":"synth-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-pop"},{"link_name":"Yellow Magic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra_(album)"},{"link_name":"Haruomi Hosono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruomi_Hosono"},{"link_name":"Namco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namco"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wire_2002-40"},{"link_name":"Space Invader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretenders_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Pretenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pretenders"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wire_2002-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Mattel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattel"},{"link_name":"The Logical Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Logical_Song"},{"link_name":"Supertramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertramp"},{"link_name":"Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_(song)"},{"link_name":"Mick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jones_(The_Clash_guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Rock the Casbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_the_Casbah"},{"link_name":"The Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Ian MacKaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_MacKaye"},{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Buckner and Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckner_and_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Pac-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-Man"},{"link_name":"Pac-Man Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-Man_Fever_(song)"},{"link_name":"CBS Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"album of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-Man_Fever_(album)"},{"link_name":"Koji Kondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koji_Kondo"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"Yes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Emerson, Lake & Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_%26_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Nobuo Uematsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuo_Uematsu"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_(band)"},{"link_name":"Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_(Journey_album)"},{"link_name":"Atari 2600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_2600"},{"link_name":"Journey Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_Escape"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rock_stars_in_games-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metal_in_games-50"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Quake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quake_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Tony Hawk's Pro Skater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk%27s_Pro_Skater"},{"link_name":"Crazy Taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Taxi"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"post-hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-hardcore"},{"link_name":"metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalcore"},{"link_name":"electronic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"digital hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_hardcore"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"Autoclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclave_(band)"},{"link_name":"Paperboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperboy_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Pixies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixies_(band)"},{"link_name":"Narc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narc_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Planet of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"avant-garde metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_metal"},{"link_name":"Mr. Bungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Bungle"},{"link_name":"Super Mario Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros."},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"debut album from 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Bungle_(album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"cybergrind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindcore#Electrogrind"},{"link_name":"grindcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindcore"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metalmusicarchives-19"},{"link_name":"electropunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropunk"},{"link_name":"Atom and His Package","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Goren"},{"link_name":"Math the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_the_Band"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Refused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refused"},{"link_name":"The Shape of Punk to Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shape_of_Punk_to_Come"},{"link_name":"techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno"},{"link_name":"electronica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"electronicore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicore"},{"link_name":"Enter Shikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_Shikari"},{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Machinae Supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinae_Supremacy"},{"link_name":"power metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_metal"},{"link_name":"alternative metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_metal"},{"link_name":"SID chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6581"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Precursors (1978-2000)","text":"See also: Category:Band-centric video games, Category:Music about video games, and ElectronicoreThe earliest precursors to Nintendocore can be found with the relationship between video games and chiptune with rock music. After the success of video games and eventual entering of popular culture in the late 1970s during the golden age, many music artists began capitalizing on video games, often using samples of games or having songs lyrically about a specific game, as well as appearing in them.One of the first artists to do this was synth-pop pioneers Yellow Magic Orchestra.[36] Emerging in the late 70's,[37] the group would sample Space Invaders sounds in their influential 1978 debut album, particularly the hit song \"Computer Game\". In turn, the band would have a major influence on much of the video game music produced after. Former Yellow Magic Orchestra member Haruomi Hosono would go on to release a 1984 album produced entirely from Namco arcade game music entitled simply Video Game Music, one of the first chiptune albums and the first video game music album.[38]Other songs based on or sampling video games soon followed, including \"Disco Space Invaders\" (1979) by Funny Stuff,[39] \"Space Invader\" (1980) by The Pretenders,[39] \"Space Invaders\" (1980) by Uncle Vic,[40] and \"Pac-Man\" (1981) by \"Weird Al\" Yankovic.[41] Similar sounds used in other songs include the \"tackled\" sound from a Mattel electronic football game used in \"The Logical Song\" (1979) by Supertramp and a version of the song \"Dixie\" generated by the alarm of a digital wrist watch owned by Mick Jones used in Rock the Casbah (1982) by The Clash.[42][43][44]Ian MacKaye, a key figure in the development of hardcore punk has mentioned his relationship with video games and how he enjoyed video games as a kid.[45][better source needed]Buckner and Garcia, fans of Pac-Man, released novelty song \"Pac-Man Fever\" in 1981. Originally having little local radio success, CBS Records took notice and the single hit #9 on the Billboard charts in 1982. Later that same year, an album of the same name released on CBS Records quickly followed composed entirely of video game themed songs. Songs on the album featured audio samples of gameplay for each game, this in turn would be a precursor to the fusion of chiptune and rock used in Nintendocore.Rock music has also influenced video game composers such as Koji Kondo, composer for Nintendo, often cited as being influenced by hard rock bands such as Deep Purple, Yes and Emerson, Lake & Palmer and Nobuo Uematsu who was influenced by Elton John and progressive rock.[46][47]In 1982, Journey's seventh album Escape would influence the release of Atari 2600 video game Journey Escape, making it one of the first video games to be based on a rock band.[48] Other rock band-centric video games soon followed.[49]Starting in the late 1980s, heavy metal and punk rock became increasingly popular, due to this, its music started appearing in or influencing more video games. Video games featuring or inspired by heavy metal and/or punk rock music included Doom (1993), Quake (1996), Tony Hawk's Pro Skater (1999) and Crazy Taxi (2000).[50][51] Around this time, post-hardcore, a more creatively experimental form of hardcore punk, and metalcore, a fusion of heavy metal and hardcore punk began to emerge as well as one of the first fusions of electronic music and hardcore punk, digital hardcore.[citation needed]The first known rock band to cover a video game song from an actual game however, was all-female indie rock group Autoclave with their cover of the theme song from popular video game Paperboy which was recorded in 1990.[citation needed] Other early rock groups known to cover video game songs were alternative rock band Pixies, who released a cover version of the main theme from the arcade game Narc as a B-side to the single \"Planet of Sound\" in 1991,[52] and avant-garde metal band Mr. Bungle, with their live cover of the Super Mario Bros. theme song, which was a regular staple throughout their 1990s concert setlist.[53] Mr. Bungle would also sample sounds from video games on their debut album from 1991, specifically the endings of \"Carousel\" and \"Egg\".[citation needed]The early to mid-1990s would see the creation of cybergrind, an offshoot of grindcore which borrows heavily from electronic music.[54][55] Certain Nintendocore bands would later take from cybergrind.[18]Appearing in the mid to late 1990s, electropunk musician Atom and His Package's \"unusual instrumentation\" would be a major influence on Nintendocore artists such as Math the Band.[56]In 1998, Swedish hardcore punk band Refused would release their third album The Shape of Punk to Come which has elements of techno and electronica,[57] would later influence electronicore, a genre similar to and often confused with Nintendocore, bands such as Enter Shikari, one of the earliest electronicore bands. Also in 1998, Horse the Band would form with a more traditional hardcore punk sound and would release the Scabies, the Kangarooster, and You EP in 1999.[citation needed] The next year in 2000, self-defined \"SID Metal\" band Machinae Supremacy would form. The band combines power metal and alternative metal with the SID chip from the Commodore 64.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horse the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_the_Band"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sputnik-14"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-33"},{"link_name":"Secret Rhythm of the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Rhythm_of_the_Universe"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sputnik-14"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibson-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Advantage_Band_Japan_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advantage"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-59"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"instrumental rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_rock"},{"link_name":"Nevada Union High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Union_High_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Spencer Seim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Seim"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"console games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crimson-1"}],"sub_title":"Origins (2001-2006)","text":"Horse the Band,[13] the group who originally coined the term[32] have released five studio albums in the Nintendocore style, starting with 2000's Secret Rhythm of the Universe.[13][28]Nintendocore pioneers The Advantage performing in Japan in 2010.Another Nintendocore pioneer is The Advantage,[58] whom The New York Times praises as one of the groups who brought video game music into the mainstream modern music spotlight.[2] The Advantage is an instrumental rock band formed by two students attending Nevada Union High School.[2][59] Spencer Seim first heard the original two band members play at a 1999 Nevada Union High School talent show, beginning his musical career, and continued to lead the group forward after high school.[60] The group \"plays nothing but music from the original Nintendo console games.\"[2] By creating rock cover versions of video game sound tracks, they have \"brought legitimacy to a style of music dubbed Nintendocore.\"[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Minibosses.jpg"},{"link_name":"Minibosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minibosses"},{"link_name":"PAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX_(event)"},{"link_name":"Minibosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minibosses"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Contra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Double Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Excitebike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitebike"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibson-29"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RiseNR-63"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibson-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibson-29"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crimson-1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibson-29"},{"link_name":"The Depreciation Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Depreciation_Guild"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-28"}],"sub_title":"Peak popularity (2006-2014)","text":"The Minibosses at Penny Arcade Expo 2005 (now PAX).The Phoenix-based rock group, Minibosses,[61] \"[is] one of the most well-established bands in the Nintendocore genre, with an impressive roster of covers including Contra, Double Dragon, Excitebike,\" and covers of other video game themes.[28] Minibosses is known as one of the primary representatives of Nintendo rock,[62] performing at various video game expositions.[28] In addition to covers, the band has also produced original work.[28] The Harvard Crimson refers to Minibosses as \"sworn rivals\" of The NESkimos,[1] another Nintendocore practitioner.[28] The 2007 debut album by The Depreciation Guild,[63] In Her Gentle Jaws has been referred to as Nintendocore by Pitchfork Media. The website wrote that \"In Her Gentle Jaws sticks its neck out further than Nintendocore staples like The Advantage or Minibosses\", and that the album's instrumental title track \"could plausibly come from an NES cartridge.\"[27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Super Smash Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Math the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_the_Band"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-70"},{"link_name":"MAGFest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAGFest"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Decline and recent developments (2015-present)","text":"In 2016, a small group of modern Nintendocore artists including Unicorn Hole,[64] Polygon Horizon,[65] and Got Item![66] released a compilation album themed after the original Super Smash Bros. game. This album was released by the net label \"Nintendocore Lives\",[67] in an attempt to revitalize the genre.[68]Math the Band formed in 2002 and made use of \"analog synthesizers, vintage drum machines, old video game systems and shitty guitars\" which helped define the sound that is commonly associated with Nintendocore.[69] Having played shows in the U.K., Mexico, and Canada with a variety of artists and rappers, they have helped spread the genre to venues outside of the United States.[69] Math the Band is one of the bands with the Nintendocore sound still active today, performing at MAGFest 2020[69][70] and their latest album Flange Factory Five releasing in October 2020.[71]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"}],"text":"^ Always intentionally spelled capitalized.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Nintendocore pioneers The Advantage performing in Japan in 2010.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/The_Advantage_Band_Japan_2010.jpg/220px-The_Advantage_Band_Japan_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Minibosses at Penny Arcade Expo 2005 (now PAX).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Minibosses.jpg/220px-The_Minibosses.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Nintendocore bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nintendocore_bands"},{"title":"Chiptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiptune"},{"title":"Nerdcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerdcore"},{"title":"Video game music cover bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Video_game_music_cover_bands"},{"title":"Koji Kondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koji_Kondo"},{"title":"MAGFest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAGFest"},{"title":"Metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalcore"}]
[{"reference":"Payne, Will B. (2006-02-14). \"Nintendo Rock: Nostalgia or Sound of the Future\". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2011-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/2/14/nintendo-rock-nostalgia-or-sound-of/","url_text":"\"Nintendo Rock: Nostalgia or Sound of the Future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"Weingarten, Marc (29 April 2004). \"Resurrecting the Riffs, A Nintendo Rock Band\". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/29/technology/resurrecting-the-riffs-a-nintendo-rock-band.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm","url_text":"\"Resurrecting the Riffs, A Nintendo Rock Band\""}]},{"reference":"Wright (2010-12-09). \"Subgenre(s) of the Week: Nintendocore (feat. Holiday Pop)\". The Quest. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Schools_at_Carver
The New Schools at Carver
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 33°43′07″N 84°23′23″W / 33.718667°N 84.389593°W / 33.718667; -84.389593High school in Georgia, United States The New Schools at Carver (formerly the George Washington Carver Comprehensive High School) is a high school in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is part of Atlanta Public Schools. Schools include Early College, Technology, Performing Arts, Entrepreneurship, and Health Science and Research. The main building on the campus is Leete Hall (1922) designed by Alexander Hamilton and Henry White Jr. In 1922 this was the campus of Clark University and Gammon College. The colleges moved out of South Atlanta in 1941. The 2021-22 Carver Atlanta football team finished 12-3 and were runners up in the Class 3A state championship game, solidifying them as one of the greatest teams in APS history. They are coached by former Purdue Boilermaker Darren Myles. References ^ Atlanta Public Schools ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2006-12-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) External links NSC School of Health Sciences & Research School of Technology 33°43′07″N 84°23′23″W / 33.718667°N 84.389593°W / 33.718667; -84.389593 vteAtlanta Public SchoolsThis template includes APS-operated schools in Fulton County and DeKalb CountyHigh schools Carver Douglass Mays North Atlanta South Atlanta M. H. Jackson Midtown Therrell Washington Middle schools Brown Bunche Coan Harper-Archer Howard Kennedy King Long Parks Price Sutton Sylvan Hills Turner Young Elementaryschools Adamsville Beecher Hills Benteen Bethune Blalock Bolton Academy Boyd Brandon Burgess/Peterson Campbell Capitol View Cascade Centennial Place Cleveland Ave. Connally Continental Colony Cook Deerwood Academy Dobbs Dunbar East Lake Fain Fickett Finch Garden Hills Gideons Grove Park Heritage Academy Herndon Hill Hope Humphries Hutchinson Jackson Jones Kimberley Lin Miles Morningside Oglethorpe Parkside Perkerson Peyton Forest Rivers Scott Slater Smith D. H. Stanton F. L. Stanton Thomasville Heights Toomer Towns Usher-Collier Heights Venetian Hills Waters West Manor White Whitefoord Williams Woodson Non-traditionalschools APS/CEP School Alonzo A. Crim Open Campus High School West End Academy Charterschools Achieve Academy of Atlanta Atlanta Charter Middle School Charles R. Drew Charter School KIPP Academy Neighborhood Charter School SIAT Tech High School BEST Academy C. S. King Academy University Community Academy Former schools Commercial HS English Avenue Girls' HS North Fulton HS Sports facilities Lakewood Stadium Eddie S Henderson Stadium Broadcasting WABE FM 90.1 WABE-TV 30.1 vteGHSA Class AAA Region 5 Cedar Grove Saints Douglass Astros Luella Lions Mt. Zion Bulldogs North Clayton Eagles Riverdale Raiders Stephenson Jaguars Stone Mountain Pirates This school-related article concerning the U.S. state of Georgia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"High school in Georgia, United StatesThe New Schools at Carver (formerly the George Washington Carver Comprehensive High School) is a high school in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is part of Atlanta Public Schools.[1] Schools include Early College, Technology, Performing Arts, Entrepreneurship, and Health Science and Research.[2]The main building on the campus is Leete Hall (1922) designed by Alexander Hamilton and Henry White Jr. In 1922 this was the campus of Clark University and Gammon College. The colleges moved out of South Atlanta in 1941. The 2021-22 Carver Atlanta football team finished 12-3 and were runners up in the Class 3A state championship game, solidifying them as one of the greatest teams in APS history. They are coached by former Purdue Boilermaker Darren Myles.","title":"The New Schools at Carver"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoxy
Alkoxy group
["1 References"]
Chemical group (R–O) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Alkoxy group" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Alkoxy groups Aryloxy groups In chemistry, the alkoxy group is an alkyl group which is singularly bonded to oxygen; thus R−O. Denoted usually with apostrophe('). The range of alkoxy groups is vast, the simplest being methoxy (CH3O−). An ethoxy group (CH3CH2O−) is found in the organic compound ethyl phenyl ether (C6H5OCH2CH3, also known as ethoxybenzene). Related to alkoxy groups are aryloxy groups, which have an aryl group singularly bonded to oxygen such as the phenoxy group (C6H5O−). An alkoxy or aryloxy group bonded to an alkyl or aryl (R−O−R') is an ether. If bonded to H it is an alcohol. An alkoxide can refer to salts of alcohols, and they are ionic compounds containing an alkoxide ions RO−; it is a derivative of an alcohol where the hydrogen of the –OH group is replaced by a metal, for example sodium salt of ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is sodium ethoxide, containing ethoxide anions CH3CH2O− and sodium cations Na+. References ^ "alkoxy group chemistry - trainingstrategies.co.uk". trainingstrategies.co.uk. 2022-03-24. Retrieved 2022-08-06. ^ Wade, Leroy G. (1998-07-20). "ether | chemical compound | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 2022-08-06. Retrieved 2022-08-06. vteFunctional groupsHydrocarbons (only C and H) Alkyl Methyl Ethyl Propyl Cyclopropyl Butyl Pentyl Methylene Bridge Methine Alkene Vinyl Allyl 1-Propenyl Crotyl Allene Cumulene Phenyl Benzyl Alkyne Carbene Only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (only C, H and O)R-O-R Acetal Alcohol Alkoxy Methoxy Ether Enol ether Epoxide Peroxy Hydroperoxy Dioxiranes Ethylenedioxy Methylenedioxy carbonyl Acyl Acetyl Acryloyl Benzoyl Aldehyde Ketene Ketone Ynone carboxy Carboxyl Acetoxy Anhydride Ester Orthoester Only one element, not being carbon, hydrogen, or oxygen (one element, not C, H or O)Nitrogen Amine Enamine Ammonium Hydrazo Nitrene Imine Oxime Hydrazone Azo Amide Imidate Amidine Carbamate Imide Nitrile Isonitrile Cyanate Isocyanate Nitrate Nitrite Nitro Nitroso NONOate Phosphorus Phosphate Phosphodiester Phosphonate Phosphite Phosphonous Phosphinate Phosphine oxide Phosphine Phosphonium Phosphaalkene Phosphaalkyne Phosphaallene Sulfur Thiol Sulfide Sulfonium Persulfide Disulfide Sulfenic acid Thiosulfinate Sulfoxide Thiosulfonate Sulfinic acid Sulfone Sulfonic acid Thioketone Thial Thioester Thionoester Thioxanthate Xanthate Boron Boronic acid Selenium Selenol Selenonic acid Seleninic acid Selenenic acid Selone Tellurium Tellurol Telluroketone Halo Haloalkane Fluoroethyl Trifluoromethyl Trichloromethyl Trifluoromethoxy Hypervalent iodine Vinyl halide Iodide Acyl halide Chloride Perchlorate Other Isothiocyanate Phosphoramides Sulfenyl chloride Sulfonamide Thiocyanate See also chemical classification chemical nomenclature inorganic organic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlib_license
zlib License
["1 Terms","2 Text","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Permissive free software license zlib licenseAuthorJean-loup Gailly and Mark AdlerLatest version1.2.11PublisherJean-loup Gailly and Mark AdlerPublished15 April 1995SPDX identifierZlibDebian FSG compatibleYesFSF approvedYesOSI approvedYesGPL compatibleYesCopyleftNoLinking from code with a different licenceYesThe zlib license is a permissive free software license which defines the terms under which the zlib software library can be distributed. It is also used by many other free software packages. The libpng library uses a similar license sometimes referred interchangeably as zlib/libpng license. The zlib license has been approved by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) as a free software license, and by the Open Source Initiative (OSI) as an open source license. It is compatible with the GNU General Public License. Terms The license only has the following points to be accounted for: Software is used on 'as-is' basis. Authors are not liable for any damages arising from its use. The distribution of a modified version of the software is subject to the following restrictions: The authorship of the original software must not be misrepresented, Altered source versions must not be misrepresented as being the original software, and The license notice must not be removed from source distributions. The license does not require source code to be made available if distributing binary code. Text The license terms are as follows: Copyright (c) <year> <copyright holders> This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages arising from the use of this software. Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject to the following restrictions: 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required. 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software. 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. See also Free and open-source software portal Comparison of free and open-source software licenses Software using the zlib license (category) References ^ "Zlib License". ^ a b c d "Various Licenses and Comments about Them". Retrieved 17 June 2007. License of ZLib is a free software license, and compatible with the GPL. ^ "The zlib/libpng License (Zlib)". Retrieved 16 January 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zlib/libpng. License text on the zlib homepage vteFree and open-source softwareGeneral Alternative terms for free software Comparison of open-source and closed-source software Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities Free software Free software project directories Gratis versus libre Long-term support Open-source software Open-source software development Outline Timeline Softwarepackages Audio Bioinformatics Codecs Configuration management Drivers Graphics Wireless Health Mathematics Office suites Operating systems Routing Television Video games Web applications E-commerce Android apps iOS apps Commercial Formerly proprietary Formerly open-source Community Free software movement History Open-source-software movement Events Advocacy Organisations Free Software Movement of India Free Software Foundation Licenses AFL Apache APSL Artistic Beerware BSD Creative Commons CDDL EPL Free Software Foundation GNU GPL GNU AGPL GNU LGPL ISC MIT MPL Python Python Software Foundation License Shared Source Initiative Sleepycat Unlicense WTFPL zlib Types and standards Comparison of licenses Contributor License Agreement Copyleft Debian Free Software Guidelines Definition of Free Cultural Works Free license The Free Software Definition The Open Source Definition Open-source license Permissive software license Public domain Viral license Challenges Digital rights management License proliferation Mozilla software rebranding Proprietary device drivers Proprietary firmware Proprietary software SCO/Linux controversies Software patents Software security Trusted Computing Related topics Forking GNU Manifesto Microsoft Open Specification Promise Open-core model Open-source hardware Shared Source Initiative Source-available software The Cathedral and the Bazaar Revolution OS Portal Category This free and open-source software article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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